So what happens during a cat X-ray, is it risky, and how much does it cost? In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about cat X-rays so you’ll feel more prepared if your pet ever needs one.

What Is an X-Ray?

X-ray technology is used within the medical specialty called radiology. Radiology uses different types of medical imaging, including X-rays, to diagnose diseases and guide treatment choices. A radiologist is a doctor who receives additional training to read X-rays and other types of imaging studies, such as MRI and ultrasound. 

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with extremely short, high frequency wavelengths. The ability of X-rays to penetrate objects that do not allow light to pass through them (“optically opaque”), such as the body, led to their application in medicine. X-rays are used with photographic plates to create pictures called radiographs. Calling the pictures made with X-rays an “X-ray” is actually a misnomer. Although the correct term is “radiograph,” to avoid confusion, we will continue using the term “X-ray” in this article.

X-ray pictures used to be created on photographic film. Nowadays, most X-rays are digital, which is a more convenient and economical way of storing X-ray images. Digital X-rays are easily shared, so if your cat needs to see a specialist, your veterinarian can just email the digital copies. Because digital copies are so easy to share, many veterinarians now use radiology services to read their X-rays. Your vet can also easily share the X-rays with you so you can have a record. 

X-rays are very useful in seeing certain conditions in the body, but not all conditions. X-rays work best for imaging bones, joints, large body cavities, large organs, and structures that don’t allow X-rays to pass through them (“radio-opaque”), such as swallowed or inhaled foreign bodies and some bladder stones.

The soft tissues of the body don’t absorb X-rays well, which can make it more difficult to evaluate soft tissues and small organs with pictures taken by X-ray. In these cases, a special imaging procedure called contrast radiography can be used to provide more detailed images. With contrast radiography, a harmless dye is given by various routes that blocks X-rays, and then a series of X-ray pictures are taken. 

Cat Ultrasound vs. X-ray

While X-rays can give veterinarians a lot of information, sometimes additional information is needed. In these cases, X-ray is often combined with other imaging types, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, to give the doctor a more complete picture. Ultrasound, for example, uses sound waves to make moving pictures, and is very good for imaging soft tissue structures in the abdomen and chest. By combining different imaging studies, your veterinarian can use more complete information to diagnose and treat your cat. 

Why Do Cats Need X-Rays?

A veterinarian will order cat X-rays for a variety of reasons. X-rays are often included in preliminary diagnostic testing for many conditions and symptoms, including: 

• Cancer
• Limping
• Trauma or other injuries
• Vomiting
• Abdominal enlargement
• Coughing
• Dental disease
• Heart disease
• Swallowing abnormalities
• Difficulty breathing
• Urinary tract symptoms, including bloody urine, increased urination, and straining to urinate
• Intervertebral disc disease

X-rays are most useful for detecting:

• Fractures
• Injuries
• Deformities
• Osteoarthritis
• Tumors
• Obstructions
• Dental disease
• Enlargement or deformity of medium to large internal organs, such as the stomach, liver, heart, and kidneys
• Fluid
• Air

In these situations, X-rays can confirm a diagnosis, locate a problem, and provide information on how the condition should be treated. X-rays can also be used to track progress during treatment, such as rechecking a bone after a fracture has been repaired surgically. 

Types of Cat X-Rays

While any part of the body can be X-rayed, it is more beneficial to focus X-ray diagnostics on locations where vets can obtain a clear picture. The most common X-rays performed in cats include the following:

Chest X-rays to view structures in the thoracic cavity including heart, lungs, large vessels, diaphragm, esophagus, windpipe, and pulmonary cavity. Chest X-rays also provide information on the ribs, thoracic spine, and body wall of the chest.

Abdominal X-rays are used to view structures in the abdomen, including stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, bladder, ureters, and spleen. Abdominal X-rays also provide information on the lumbar and sacral spine, as well as the pelvis and hip joints.

Other common X-ray studies in cats include:

• Bones and joint X-rays to assess injuries, swellings, or signs of lameness
• Dental X-rays
• Skull X-rays
• Cervical (neck) X-rays

Veterinarians must use a different, smaller X-ray machine to take dental X-rays that provide up close, detailed pictures of the teeth and jaw bones.

What to Expect During a Cat X-Ray

Most X-rays can be done on an outpatient basis, sometimes even while you wait in the exam room. As long as the cat stays still for the procedure, it is very quick. Veterinary technicians will cover themselves with lead aprons to block X-rays and restrain your cat on an X-ray table to take the picture. Pet parents are generally not allowed to be with their cat during an X-ray because of OSHA regulations. The X-ray technician will narrow (“collimate”) the X-ray beam down to the smallest size to avoid unnecessary exposure to X-rays. 

While X-rays are not painful, some cats become frightened by the sights and sounds of the equipment and restraint. To help these cats have a better experience and allow the technician to take good X-rays, veterinarians often recommend sedating the cat so they feel sleepy and relaxed.

In some cases, your vet may be able to diagnose the problem right away with an X-ray. In other cases, they will need to send the film to a radiologist for interpretation, which can take up to 24 hours. 

Cat X-Ray Cost

The cost of cat X-rays depends on several factors, including:

• The cost of living in your area
• How many X-rays your cat needs
• Whether your cat has to be sedated for X-rays
• Any additional special X-ray studies, such as contrast dye studies

The following is a cost guide, but always check with your veterinarian:

• Dental X-rays: $50-$150
• Chest or abdominal X-rays: $100-$200
• Bone or joint 2 view X-rays: $75-$150
• Whole body X-rays: $250-$350
• Spinal X-rays: $200-$1,000 depending on whether cat requires sedation 

If your cat requires sedation or special X-ray studies, like contrast dye studies or fluoroscopy (which is X-rays in motion), the cost will go up. 

Pet parents have several options that they can use to offset the cost of veterinary care, such as pet insurance, line of credit, emergency credit card, or wellness plans offered through the veterinary clinic. 

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In this article, you will learn why dogs need blood tests, the most common types of blood tests in dogs, how to understand blood test results, and how much testing generally costs. 

Why Do Dogs Need Blood Tests?

Veterinarians can gain a wealth of information about the health of a dog by running different blood tests. 

At your dog’s last annual examination, your veterinarian may have recommended running routine bloodwork to check the health of blood cells and internal organ function. The reason for this is even though a dog may look and act healthy on the outside, they may have hidden problems “under the hood.” Testing allows veterinarians to detect problems early when they are small and intervene to stop or slow the progression of disease. Having your dog’s blood tested annually can also help your veterinarian track health trends over time and know what is “healthy” for your dog if they ever get sick. 

Another reason your veterinarian will recommend or require routine bloodwork is if your dog is receiving certain medications over a long period of time or about to start a new medication. For example, if your dog is regularly receiving a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) like carprofen, your vet may require bloodwork before refilling the medication. Bloodwork for medication varies but usually checks liver and kidney function and sometimes levels of medication in the blood. If you want to purchase heartworm prevention for your dog, your vet will run a heartworm test before they prescribe the medication. 

Lastly, if your dog is going to be anesthetized for any reason, a veterinarian will often run routine blood tests to ensure that the dog is healthy enough for anesthesia. 

In addition to routine bloodwork, a veterinarian will run blood tests if your dog is sick. Routine bloodwork can provide information about many diseases and conditions, including:

• Anemia
• Blood parasites
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Protein losing diseases
• Inflammation
• Infection
• Auto-immune disease
• Dehydration
• Cancer

Types of Dog Blood Tests

Routine bloodwork typically consists of a few tests that can usually be run in-hospital for same-day results:

• Blood chemistry checks internal organ function, body electrolyte and fluid balance, blood proteins, blood sugar, minerals, and some enzymes
• Complete blood count, otherwise known as CBC blood test for dogs, checks red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• Heartworm antigen test checks for the presence of heartworm disease
• 4DX blood test for dogs checks for four infectious diseases (heartworm disease, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis) carried by external parasites.

Additional blood tests that are not included in routine bloodwork can be run to further classify and diagnose a dog’s problem. There are many specialized blood tests for dogs available. Some tests can be run in-hospital for same-day results. Other tests must be run in a reference laboratory. Results for tests that are run at a reference laboratory take longer because the blood sample must be sent to the laboratory. Some of the more common specialized blood tests used by veterinarians include:

• T4, Free T4 by dialysis, and T3 – used to diagnose thyroid problems
• ACTH and low-dose-dexamethasone testing – used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome
• Serological testing – used to determine vaccination/protection status of a dog against specific infectious diseases
• B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) – checks a hormone that is released by heart muscles when they are stressed, used to monitor heart disease
• Spec cPL Test/Spec fPL Test – checks a hormone that is released by the pancreas when it is inflamed, used to diagnose pancreatitis
• Nu.Q Cancer Test – tests for seven common cancers found in dogs
• SDMA test for early detection of kidney disease
• Allergy testing
• DNA testing

Understanding Blood Test Results for Dogs

Trying to interpret dog blood test results can feel like trying to understand ancient Greek if you don’t know what you are looking for. While any and all blood tests for your dog should be interpreted with the guidance of a veterinarian, it can be helpful to at least understand the basics of blood test results. 

First, let’s talk about blood tests that result in a numerical value. For every blood test that results in a number, there is a reference range that has been previously established as “normal.” The reference range is the result of testing many healthy dogs and averaging the results. Reference ranges are provided by the laboratory and do not vary based on individual dogs. 

For example, the normal reference range for blood glucose (sugar) in dogs is 80-120 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl) of blood. If your dog’s blood sugar falls within this range, they are considered to have normal blood sugar. Blood values that fall within their reference range and are “normal” will usually show up as green on printed lab work. If a dog’s blood sugar is outside this range and is either too high or too low, then the result will be flagged with a red color, alerting the veterinarian that something isn’t right.

Interpreting blood test results isn’t as straightforward as it seems, however. A completely normal dog may have high blood sugar levels because they just ate. A dog may have low thyroid hormone levels because they are sick with something else, not because they are hypothyroid. Dehydration causes concentration of red blood cells in the blood, and blood tests on a dehydrated, anemic dog may come back with “normal” levels of red blood cells, even though the dog is clearly very sick. This is why it is very important for veterinarians to interpret blood test results in light of the dog’s overall condition and take into account anything that can affect test results. 

Specialized testing, especially tests that are run in reference laboratories, will not only give a numerical result but also will provide additional context on how to interpret the results. Furthermore, if a veterinarian does not understand the results, they can call the laboratory to get more information. 

In addition to tests that result in numerical values, there are blood tests that give spot results. The 4DX snap test is the most common spot test used for dogs in veterinary medicine. In this test, blood is mixed with a reagent and then pipetted onto a test kit. If the dog is infected, then blue spots will appear in the test window. These screening tests are interpreted subjectively like a pregnancy test, and are often followed up by additional testing.

Once blood tests have been run, a veterinarian will follow up with the pet parent to go over the results. Even if you don’t understand everything that is written on the printout, it is a good idea to keep a copy for your own records. You can also take notes on the paperwork while the veterinarian is talking. A veterinarian should show you all the results, both normal and abnormal, explain what the abnormal results mean, and provide guidance on what to do next. 

Dog Blood Test Cost

The cost of testing varies based on what test is being run and where the test is being run. The cost of testing includes the cost of labor (paying the veterinary staff), supplies, and paying for the blood analysis machine or paying the reference laboratory for the test. Some testing is less expensive because the test is routine, easy, and the veterinary clinic uses that test for large volumes of patients. Other testing is more expensive based on how labor intensive the test is (for example a blood glucose curve requires day hospitalization, multiple blood draws, and then a veterinarian to analyze the results) or how much the reference lab is charging for the test.

In general, routine complete blood panels cost $100-$300. Specialized testing costs anywhere from $50-$400 or more, depending on the test. Veterinary care is an investment in your dog’s health, but it can be pricey. Pet parents have several options that they can use to offset the cost of veterinary care, such as pet insurance, line of credit, emergency credit card, or wellness plans offered through the veterinary clinic. 

Dog Blood Test Benefits

Having your dog’s blood tested has many benefits that include early detection of disease, infectious disease control, ensuring safe anesthesia, and monitoring medication. Interpretation of blood tests is a nuanced skill that veterinarians develop by taking classes in clinical pathology and years of practice, which is why it is always important to work with a veterinarian you trust to interpret blood test results. By combining your veterinarian’s knowledge with modern lab technology, pet parents can help their dogs live longer, healthier lives.

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Read on to learn more about Babesiosis in dogs, including what causes it, common signs to watch for, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What Is Babesiosis?

Babesiosis is a blood-borne disease that is caused by a microscopic parasite called Babesia. Babesia are single-celled protozoan parasites that must live in a host to survive. Currently, a minimum of seven different Babesia species have been identified in our canine companions: B. canis, B. vogeli, B. rossi, B. gibsoni, B. conradae, B. vulpes, and B. negevi.

Babesia infections are found worldwide, wherever ticks are found (1). Babesiosis is called an emerging disease because it is diagnosed more frequently and in more places than it was historically. This may be due to increased numbers and range of ticks and/or dog importation around the world. 

How Do Dogs Get Babesiosis?

Dogs are infected with Babesiosis when they are bitten by a tick that is infected with the parasite. Ticks transmit the disease to dogs after the tick has bitten and attached to the dog for two to three days. Several species of ticks, including the brown dog tick and the American dog tick, appear to carry the parasite, and both dogs and cats are at risk. Humans can also contract Babesia infection. However, Babesia is not considered a zoonotic disease because the Babesia species that infect dogs and cats do not appear to infect humans.

Some species of Babesia, such as B. gibsoni, are also spread from dog to dog via dog bites, contaminated blood transfusion, or even in utero from mother to puppy via the placenta. Any age and breed of dog can become infected. However, Greyhounds seem to be predisposed to B. canis infections, and B. gibsoni infections are seen more often in American Pit Bull Terriers than other dogs. Dogs who are housed together in kennels where ticks are prevalent are at higher risk for becoming infected, as well as dogs who have had their spleen removed, have had chemotherapy, or have had a blood transfusion. 

Babesiosis Symptoms in Dogs

Incubation time for Babesiosis is two weeks. This means that dogs will not show symptoms until two weeks after infection. Babesiosis can be tricky to diagnose because the symptoms can mimic symptoms of other diseases and dogs can either present acutely with symptoms, have chronic waxing and waning symptoms, or have no symptoms at all.

Babesiosis attacks several systems in the body, including blood, lymphatic, immune, liver, and nervous systems. Babesia attack and destroy red blood cells leading to anemia, which causes symptoms. Babesia also cause mild to moderate liver inflammation. The most common symptoms associated with Babesiosis include:

• Low energy
• Loss of appetite
• Pale gums
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
• Jaundice
• Collapse

Depending on the severity of disease, Babesiosis can also be implicated in acute kidney failure, low blood sugar, damage to heart muscles, pancreatitis, muscle pain, multiple organ dysfunction, and vision changes (2).

Some dogs carry the infection for years without any symptoms. These dogs are called carrier dogs because even though they are not affected by the infection, they can still transmit the disease to other dogs.

How Is Babesiosis in Dogs Diagnosed?

A veterinarian diagnoses canine Babesiosis with a combination of a history of recent tick exposure or dog bites, physical examination, and symptoms. They will then run laboratory tests based on their index of suspicion of a Babesia infection. These tests can include:

• Complete blood count to check red and white blood cells
• Microscopic examination of blood to look for parasites
• Serum biochemistry to check internal organ function, electrolytes, blood proteins, and some enzymes
• Urinalysis to check for kidney function and urinary health

If the vet suspects a tick-borne disease like Babesia, then they will want to run a few more specialized tests. These could include:

• Immunofluorescence Assay to check for antibodies against Babesia
• PCR to test for presence of Babesia DNA in the blood

If a dog who is housed in a kennel or multi-dog household is diagnosed with Babesia, all dogs in that household or kennel should be screened for Babesia because there is a higher percentage of carrier dogs within kennel situations. 

Babesiosis Treatment in Dogs

Babesia infections are treatable in dogs, however, treatment will vary depending on how sick the dog is. Severely affected dogs will need to be hospitalized. Dogs with mild disease can be treated on an outpatient basis. Dogs who have dangerously low blood pressure require fluid therapy. Severely anemic dogs may require a blood transfusion. 

• The only FDA approved treatment for Babesia are injections of Imidocarb dipropionate administered every 1-2 weeks. This treatment clears B. canis infections but may not completely clear B. gibsoni infections. 
• Combination oral treatment with azithromycin and atovaquone is the treatment of choice to potentially clear B. gibsoni infections. 

Additional medications that may be prescribed to clear the infection include:

• Clindamycin 
• Metronidazole
• Doxycycline
• Enrofloxacin
• Prednisone (to treat immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells)

Most dogs respond well to treatment within one to two weeks of starting medication. Prognosis is good to fair, depending on what body system is affected. Pet parents should also be aware that dogs who survive a Babesia infection may still be persistently infected without clinical symptoms and may relapse in the future. Because of this, never use dogs who have recovered from Babesiosis as a blood donor. 

One of the more important aspects of Babesiosis treatment is following up with your veterinarian after your pet starts treatment. Your vet will likely set up a series of recheck appointments after your dog has started medication. This will include laboratory tests to determine whether your dog’s red blood cell count is recovering and whether the parasite has been cleared from your dog’s body. Be prepared for recheck appointments to continue for several months, as dogs should be tested to ensure they are negative for the disease for two to three months after finishing treatment. 

Dogs who are infected with one tick-borne disease are sometimes infected with multiple tick-borne parasites. If your dog is failing to respond to treatment, then they may be carrying additional tick-borne diseases like Erhlichia, and need to be tested for that disease. 

How to Prevent Babesiosis in Dogs

Although there is a vaccine available in Europe against B. canis and B. rossi, this vaccine is not available in the States and may not protect against other Babesia species. The best way to protect your pets is by applying or administering an effective tick prevention medication on a regular basis when ticks are present, which can be year-round in many locations. 

Tick control is by far the most effective way to prevent Babesiosis in dogs and cats. If your dog frequents locations that are known to have ticks and/or wildlife, then check your dog for ticks regularly. If your dog does acquire a tick, then promptly remove the tick and keep it in a sealed container in case your vet wants to test it. 

Babesiosis is a serious disease, but fortunately it is relatively easy to prevent with strict tick control. In addition to protecting your dog against Babesia, tick control can help prevent other tick-borne diseases, several of which can be transmitted to people as well. Talk to your veterinarian about the best tick control for your dog.

References

1. Evason, ME. (2019). Babesia spp. (babesiosis). In S. Weese & M. Evason (Eds.), Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat: A Color Handbook (first edition, 201-204) CRC Press.
2. World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings. “Update on the Complications and Management of Canine Babesiosis.” 2006. Retrieved from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3859055&pid=11223

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Read on to learn more about bile duct obstruction in cats, including signs to watch for and next steps to take.

What Is a Blocked Bile Duct?

Before we get into bile duct obstruction in cats, it is helpful to understand a bit about cat bile duct anatomy. One of the functions of the mammalian liver is to make bile, a yellow-green liquid that aids the intestines in digesting food. Small bile ducts collect bile from the lobes of the liver and transport bile via the common bile duct to the intestines where it is used to digest food. Extra bile is stored in the gallbladder, which is linked to the bile ducts inside the liver. Disease anywhere along the bile ducts or nearby organs can result in bile duct obstruction and the accompanying symptoms. 

Bile duct disease is also called cholestasis. Bile duct obstruction in cats often occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. In those cases, the disease is called cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis. 

Because the bile ducts are sensitive to what is going on around them in the nearby organs, bile duct obstruction due to inflammation in the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or small intestines is moderately common in cats. 

Bile duct obstruction can happen in any age cat, but is more common in middle aged cats. Cats with a history of liver inflammation, intestinal parasites, or cats who are predisposed to inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), gallstones, or repeated bouts of small intestinal or stomach inflammation are at increased risk for bile duct obstruction. 

10 Symptoms of Blocked Bile Duct in Cats

Bile ducts are closely associated with the liver and gastrointestinal system, and the symptoms of a blocked bile duct reflect this relationship. Symptoms of blocked bile duct in cats are notoriously non-specific and can occur all of a sudden or wax and wane over a period of weeks or months. 

Symptoms of blocked bile duct in cats are vague, but include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Increased hiding or lethargy, other behavioral changes
• Changes in appetite, either up or down
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice (yellowed skin, eyes, and gums due to a buildup of bile)
• Bleeding tendencies, increased bruising, bleeding gums
• Swollen abdomen
• Pale stools or orange urine

What Causes Bile Duct Obstruction in Cats?

There are a few reasons why bile ducts can become obstructed. The most common reason is inflammation in a neighboring organ, such as the liver, gallbladder, intestines, or pancreas, externally compresses the common bile duct, causing obstruction. Additional causes include:

• Gallstones
• Intestinal parasites
• Cancer
• Anatomical malformations (usually seen in young cats)
• Duct fibrosis and stricture secondary to trauma or peritonitis

Diagnosis

Because the symptoms of bile duct obstruction in cats are so vague, it can be tricky for a veterinarian to diagnose. A veterinarian will obtain a history by asking you questions and then conduct a physical examination. Based on the history and physical exam findings, a veterinarian will then recommend laboratory testing and imaging studies. These can include:

• Complete blood count (to check red blood cells and platelets, may see a low blood count)
• Serum chemistry (to check electrolytes and internal organ function, often see elevated liver enzymes, increased bilirubin, additional abnormalities include changes in glucose, albumin, cholesterol, and globulins)
• Urinalysis (often see bilirubin crystals)
• Serum bile acids (typically increased, indicates bile dysfunction)
• Coagulation tests (to determine the cause of bleeding)
• Fecal examination (to look for parasites)
• Abdominal radiographs (X-rays, may be able to see gallstones)
• Abdominal ultrasound (more sensitive test, may see distended bile ducts or gallbladder, pancreatitis, etc.)

Depending on what your veterinarian sees in the initial tests, they may recommend additional tests, such as a liver biopsy.

Treatment

Treatment for a blocked bile duct does vary depending on the underlying disease condition and how sick the cat is, but in general, bile duct obstruction requires hospitalization and inpatient care. These cats feel awful, are usually painful and nauseous, and early intervention is key to prevent secondary problems like hepatic lipidosis from occurring. 

Mainstays of treatment for most cats with bile duct obstruction include:

• Intravenous fluid therapy to rehydrate and balance electrolytes and vitamins (veterinarians often add water soluble vitamin B to IV fluids)
• Vitamin K
• Vitamin E (antioxidant)
• Antibiotics for bile duct infections and before surgery
• Appropriate nutrition (fat restricted)
• Ursodeoxycholic acid AFTER the bile duct has been decompressed (dissolves gallstones and thins out bile fluid)
• Gastro-protectant medications, such as antacids (famotidine), sucralfate, or omeprazole
• Pain medication as appropriate

In addition to these treatments, a cat with an obstructed bile duct needs the bile duct unobstructed. Treatment for this varies depending on what is causing the obstruction, but can range from surgical correction to hospitalization for pancreatitis. 

A cat with a blocked bile duct often will stop eating, which must be addressed if it happens. Ways to address inappetence in a sick cat include appetite stimulants or feeding a liquid diet through a stomach tube. 

Cost

Cost of treatment for bile duct obstruction is high, and includes initial testing, hospitalization, and surgery if required: 

• Initial testing costs can range from $300-$1,000
• Hospitalization can run several hundred dollars per day
• Surgery will cost $1,000-$3,000
• Take-home medications will likely cost $100 or more

After your cat has been discharged from the hospital, your veterinarian will want you to bring the cat back for recheck examinations and testing to make sure the condition has resolved. This includes checking the bile duct as well as checking coagulation and other laboratory tests. Your veterinarian may also want to ultrasound your cat’s belly again to ensure everything is healing. 

Recovery & Management

If the cat has an obstruction due to pancreatitis that is fully resolved, the prognosis is good. The prognosis for other cats with bile duct disease depends on several factors:

• The cause of obstruction and whether it can be resolved
• The health of the bile duct (secondary scarring and strictures make the prognosis worse)
• The overall health of the cat
• The motivation of the pet parents to care for the cat

If your cat has recovered from a bile duct obstruction, then it is possible for your cat to still live a long and happy life, however, there will be some things that your veterinarian will want you to do to ensure that the cat doesn’t relapse. These can include:

• Regular rechecks that may include laboratory tests or imaging studies
• Monitoring your cat for recurrent symptoms, letting your vet know immediately if they occur, and then following your vet’s recommendation
• Feeding your cat a low fat diet, which can be over the counter, therapeutic prescribed by your vet, or homemade with the guidance of a board certified veterinary nutritionist.

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Read on to learn more about chlorhexidine for dogs and how this antiseptic substance can help eliminate bacterial infections in pets. 

What Is Chlorhexidine for Dogs?

Chlorhexidine is a chemical substance that has both antiseptic and disinfectant properties. Chlorhexidine gluconate is the most common form used by veterinary professionals, and it has many applications. It has been in use since the 1950s and is available via prescription and over-the-counter. 

Chlorhexidine is mostly used to disinfect the skin and eliminate bacterial infections in both humans and animals. At low concentrations, chlorhexidine inhibits bacterial growth, preventing bacteria from replicating. At higher concentrations, chlorhexidine kills bacteria by disrupting the bacterial cellular membrane. As a disinfectant against viruses, chlorhexidine has shown variable activity (1), and is more effective against some viruses than others. Chlorhexidine has also been shown to be effective in treating yeast infections on the skin of dogs (2).

Most shampoos and other products that are formulated with chlorhexidine are considered generally safe for most dogs when used properly. However, caution is recommended when using chlorhexidine products without the guidance of a veterinarian for the following reasons: 

• The concentrated liquid form of chlorhexidine can be very irritating to skin and can delay wound healing if used improperly.
• Chlorhexidine is considered toxic to the inner ear. If chlorhexidine is instilled into the ear canal and the dog has a ruptured eardrum, it can damage the inner ear and cause deafness.
• If swallowed, chlorhexidine is moderately irritating and may cause vomiting.

Always use products containing chlorhexidine under the guidance of a licensed veterinarian. If you notice any issues while using the product, stop using it and consult with your local veterinarian.

Chlorhexidine for Dogs: Benefits and Uses

The most common use for chlorhexidine in dogs is to clean and disinfect the skin. However, there are additional ways to use chlorhexidine in dogs:

Treat skin infections, wounds, hot spots, or abscesses. Chlorhexidine is used to disinfect skin when it is infected by bacteria. It is also used to clean wounds and irrigate abscesses. It can be used to clean skin after insect bites as well.

Surgical prep. Chlorhexidine is commonly used to prepare dogs for sterile surgery. After the skin is shaved, a soapy chlorhexidine scrub is used to clean the skin. Then, chlorhexidine solution is applied to disinfect the skin by killing bacteria, thereby sterilizing the skin.

Disinfect surgical instruments. Chlorhexidine solution is often used in a veterinary “cold tray.” A cold tray is a convenient way to store sterile surgical instruments. It typically contains several surgical instruments that are soaking in chlorhexidine solution so they are not only clean but also free of bacteria that the veterinarian can grab and use as needed.

Oral rinse. Chlorhexidine is effective against most bacteria that are involved in gum infections, thus it is commonly used as an oral rinse to reduce bacteria in the mouth.

Chlorhexidine for Dogs: Forms and Products

Chlorhexidine is available in both liquid and powder forms. The concentrated liquid form is the most common form used by veterinarians, but you can also see chlorhexidine formulated into wipes, sprays, shampoos, rinses, mousse, gel, and mouth rinses. Chlorhexidine is also formulated into dog chews called CET chews that are designed to reduce dental plaque and freshen breath. Chlorhexidine is often combined with other medications, such as miconazole, to more quickly and effectively eliminate infections. 

Some of the products that include chlorhexidine and are often prescribed by veterinarians include:

• Cerasoothe CHX Antiseptic Shampoo: Formulated to treat bacterial skin infections in dogs
• Clenz-a-Dent Chlorhexidine Rinse: Oral rinse designed to reduce dental plaque buildup and freshen breath
• DOUXO® Chlorhexidine PS Micro-Emulsion Spray: Antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory skin spray for dogs

In the veterinary setting, the most common types of chlorhexidine that are used include solution and scrub. Chlorhexidine scrub, otherwise known as Nolvasan Surgical Scrub, is a soapy solution that is used to scrub a dog’s skin to prepare for surgery. Chlorhexidine solution is used to irrigate wounds or abscesses and is applied to disinfect dog skin. 

In the veterinary setting, the most common types of chlorhexidine that are used include solution and scrub. Chlorhexidine scrub, otherwise known as Nolvasan Surgical Scrub, is a soapy solution that is used to scrub dog’s skin to prepare for surgery. Chlorhexidine solution is used to irrigate wounds or abscesses and is applied to disinfect dog skin. 

Other Tips and Advice

• When used properly, chlorhexidine is an excellent antiseptic, but it isn’t without caution or negative side effects. 
• Some dogs are allergic to chlorhexidine and develop itchy, red skin after it is applied. Chlorhexidine effectively kills bacteria, however, full strength chlorhexidine can also damage skin cells that are healing in skin wounds, which can delay wound healing. 
• Sometimes, you may be prescribed chlorhexidine, which needs to be diluted before use. Always read prescription labels completely, and ask questions if you don’t understand what you are being prescribed.

Make sure to always follow all directions from your veterinarian in regards to using products that contain chlorhexidine. If you ever notice any problems when using chlorhexidine products on your dog, stop using them and contact your veterinarian. 

References

1. Lin, Qianyu et al. “Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection.” View (Beijing, China) vol. 1,2 (2020): e16. doi:10.1002/viw2.16
2. Maynard, L et al. “Comparison of two shampoos for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial.” The Journal of small animal practice vol. 52,11 (2011): 566-72. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01124.x

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So, what causes this peculiar phenomenon, and how long does it last? We spoke to veterinarians to get all the important details.

What Is Fever Coat in Cats?

Also referred to as “stress coat,” fever coat presents as a newborn kitten having a coat that’s partially lighter in color than what their genetics would typically dictate. For example, a kitten that you’d expect to be entirely black might be born with black fur with frosted gray tips. 

This occurrence is believed to happen in kittens whose mothers experienced fever, prolonged stress, or were administered certain medications during pregnancy. Fever coat exclusively affects kittens in the womb (in utero) and can impact one or all kittens in a litter, says Dr. Doug Mader, a triple board-certified veterinarian based in the Florida Keys and author of The Vet at Noah’s Arc.

What Does Fever Coat in Cats Look Like?

“Fever coat in cats results in a temporary lightening of the kitten’s fur color, often accompanied by faint striping or tabby markings,” says Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with the national mobile pet care service The Vets.  

There aren’t formal classifications for different types of fever coat, Dr. Savageau says, but variations can occur. It can be subtle, with just a few patches or stripes of lighter fur, to very pronounced, making the entire kitten look frosted.

In addition to a silver-gray color, fever coat may also manifest as a cream or light reddish color.

Black Smoke vs Fever Coat

Fever coat can easily be mistaken for a genetic coat color pattern known as “black smoke,” yet there are distinct differences between the two. With fever coat, the fur appears lighter at the tips but maintains the kitten’s natural darker color at the roots. Black smoke presents the opposite pattern, with darker tips and lighter or white roots. Additionally, fever coat is temporary while black smoke is a permanent genetic trait. 

It’s not uncommon for people, including cat breeders, to confuse fever coat with black smoke. Additionally, some dishonest breeders may take advantage of this confusion to deceive buyers into believing they’re purchasing a black smoke cat when they’re actually getting a kitten with a temporary fever coat. Black smoke cats can drive a high demand and value, resulting in this deception.

If you’re considering adopting a black smoke cat, it’s essential to educate yourself about these differences to ensure you’re making an informed decision.

Feline Fever Coat Causes

Unfortunately, there isn’t any solid research about fever coat in cats. The rarity of this condition makes it challenging to gather enough cases for a thorough investigation. Plus, it would be unethical to cause the mother cat stress or induce a fever for research purposes.

The lack of research leaves veterinarians, researchers, and cat experts only able to theorize based on experiences. So, what might cause the color changes in a kitten’s coat? Some of the proposed causes, all of which affect the mother cat during pregnancy, include:

• Fever-inducing illness: An illness or infection (such as a viral infection) is the most commonly suggested cause.
• Prolonged stress: Stressful situations, such as living in a shelter environment or on the streets, changes in environment, relocation, or alterations in social dynamics, are considered potential triggers.
• Medications: Side effects of medications administered to pregnant cats may play a role. Unfortunately, there isn’t any solid information about which specific medications, if any, might have an impact. 

Stress, fever, or medications during pregnancy may disrupt normal physiological processes, including those involved in pigment production in the hair follicles of the developing kittens, resulting in color changes in the kittens’ coats, Dr. Savageau says.

Does Fever Coat Go Away?

Yes, fever coat is temporary. “As the kitten grows, they will eventually shed out the abnormal colored fur and their normal color coat will replace it,” Dr. Mader says.

Dr. Mader adds that fever coat does not suggest that your kitten is ill or at increased risk of illness. “They are normal in every way except for the unusual color.”

What about the health of the mother cat? It depends on what caused the fever or prolonged stress, and how that affected the mother cat’s health. In most cases, a fever or stress will resolve, leaving the mother cat healthy. But, it’s always best to take a mother cat who falls ill during pregnancy or gives birth to a kitten with fever coat to a veterinarian for a thorough examination.

Cats with Fever Coat: Conclusion

Fever coat in cats remains an intriguing yet poorly understood phenomenon. Despite its mysterious origins and rarity, veterinary experts reassure us that it poses no health risks to affected kittens. 

As we continue to unravel the mysteries of feline biology, fever coat serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors in shaping the appearance and well-being of our feline companions.

The post Fever Coat in Cats: Vets Explain This Strange Phenomenon appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Still, surgery relating to your dog’s major organs can sound pretty overwhelming. I’ve found that the more I can share with pet parents about such surgeries, the less scary they may seem.

If you’re worried about splenectomy in dogs, here’s what you need to know about the procedure. I’ll explain when and why veterinarians recommend the surgery, what it involves, and its benefits and risks.

Whether your dog is scheduled for splenectomy or you’re concerned about the prospect, you’ll learn exactly how to support your pet through the process and recovery.

Splenectomy in Dogs: What is it?

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing the spleen from a dog’s abdomen. The canine spleen is an internal organ located in the upper part of your dog’s abdomen, near the stomach.

Here’s a quick explanation of dog spleen anatomy. In most healthy dogs, the spleen is a dark red, boomerang-shaped organ that’s about as long as their front leg. It plays an important role in the canine immune and circulatory systems. Here are just a few of the jobs a healthy spleen does for your dog’s body:

• Stores extra red blood cells in case your dog needs them due to sudden blood loss
• Removes old and damaged blood cells from circulation
• Supports the immune system by sending white blood cells to areas where the body needs them to fight infections

Veterinarians often recommend a splenectomy if the spleen is diseased or traumatized. In some cases, it may be the only solution for dogs with life-threatening spleen health issues.

Conditions that often require a canine splenectomy include:

• Spleen cancer in dogs
• Infection of the spleen
• Rupture and bleeding of the spleen
• Torsion of the spleen (when it becomes twisted and loses its blood supply)
• Enlarged spleen (which can happen for various reasons)
• Blood clots in the spleen
• Immune-mediated diseases of blood cells, including immune-mediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia (destruction of red blood cells and/or platelets)

Fortunately, dogs (unlike humans) can survive without a spleen. Following a splenectomy, other organs take on important spleen functions, allowing many dogs to live full and healthy lives.

However, some conditions, like spleen cancer, may reduce a dog’s life expectancy and quality post-splenectomy, regardless of how well other organs are performing.

What Does a Dog Splenectomy Involve?

If your veterinarian decides your dog needs a splenectomy, there are two different types:

Total splenectomy – In this procedure, the entire spleen is removed. This is, by far, the most common type of splenectomy surgery.

Partial splenectomy – In this procedure, only a portion of the spleen is removed. It is rare and reserved primarily for focal splenic bleeds or lesions.

Depending on your dog’s health and the reason for the splenectomy, your vet will recommend either a scheduled elective procedure or emergency surgery.

In both cases, a vet or veterinary surgeon will perform the surgery in a sterile environment with your dog under general anesthesia so they don’t move or feel any pain.

For a scheduled splenectomy, you’ll receive detailed instructions on how to prepare your dog. This will include when to stop feeding them before the procedure so their stomach will be empty. Typically, your vet will conduct a complete physical exam before surgery, including bloodwork to check internal organ function. They’ll also confirm whether your dog can safely undergo anesthesia and if any additional precautions need to be taken.

In an emergency, your dog will go straight into surgery without any fasting or other pre-anesthetic preparation. 

Once in the operating room, your dog will receive general anesthesia, typically a combination of intravenous and inhalant drugs. Clinicians will shave, clean, and sterilize your dog’s abdomen. They’ll also prep an intravenous catheter so your dog can receive antibiotics and pain medication before or during surgery.

During spleen surgery in dogs, the veterinarian will make a midline incision down the center of the abdomen. Then they will isolate the spleen using sterile abdominal sponges, tie off and cut all blood vessels connected to the spleen, and remove the spleen.

The procedure itself is fairly straightforward and typically takes less than an hour to perform from start to finish. Things that can complicate the surgery and make the surgical time longer include uncontrolled bleeding or widespread cancer. 

Typically, dogs undergoing a splenectomy need to stay overnight (or longer) in a veterinary hospital to recuperate. However, in some cases, it can be an outpatient procedure, with your dog going home the same day. This also depends on the dog’s overall health and the reason for the surgery.

Pros and Cons of Dog Spleen Removal

Sometimes, splenectomy is the only viable option to save a dog’s life. This is often the case when a dog has splenic cancer or suffers uncontrolled bleeding. These are often emergency procedures that leave pet parents little time to think.

In other cases, such as when dogs have auto-immune disorders, vets may recommend splenectomy as an elective procedure. Since these are often not as emergent, it’s important to take the time to understand the pros and cons of the procedure. That way, you can discuss any concerns with your vet ahead of time

Here are some things to consider about splenectomy in dogs. In general:

• Vets typically recommend splenectomy to preserve life.
• Splenectomy does not treat conditions that are painful, nor does it relieve pain.
• The recovery process for most dogs undergoing splenectomy is comparable to any other abdominal surgery, including routine spays. It usually requires 10-14 days of quiet rest to allow the incision to heal.
• Pain management is similar to any other abdominal surgery.
• Once a dog recovers from the surgery itself, their overall health and prognosis may still depend on the condition being treated.

As with any surgery, there are risks associated with splenectomy. The most common complications associated with splenectomy in dogs include:

• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Infection
• Anesthetic complications
• Trauma to other abdominal organs
• Severe blood loss (anemia after splenectomy in dogs)
• Increased risk of gastric-dilatation volvulus (GDV) after surgery

Even routine surgeries like splenectomy in dogs require careful consideration. Be sure to consider all the factors that could impact your dog’s outcome — age, overall health, other health conditions, and prognosis after surgery. And always discuss your questions and concerns with your veterinarian before you make your decision.

Dog Splenectomy Cost

The cost of a splenectomy varies dramatically depending on several factors, including:

• Whether the procedure is elective or emergency
• Where the procedure is performed and by who (for example at an emergency clinic vs. at the regular veterinary hospital, whether it is performed by a regular DVM or a board certified surgeon)
• Whether the dog requires extensive hospitalization
• Whether the dog requires blood transfusions

In general, dog spleen removal cost ranges from $1,500 to $4,000, depending on the factors above. If your dog requires a splenectomy for treatment, there is no alternative therapy.

What to Expect: Dog Splenectomy Recovery

After surgery, dogs typically rest at the hospital for 24-48 hours, and then go home. You’ll need to ensure they remain calm and restrict them from licking their incision during the healing period, which lasts 10-14 days. Investing in an e-collar (also known as an Elizabethan collar or “cone of shame”) can help deter licking and chewing.

If your vet prescribes medications to help with pain or healing, you’ll need to administer them consistently. You’ll also have to check the incision site daily to ensure it’s healing well. And steer clear of any baths for a dog recovering from spleen removal. Wait until your vet removes their sutures and gives you the all-clear.

A week or two post-surgery, bring your dog back to the vet for a follow-up visit. Your vet will check your dog’s progress and remove their sutures once the incision is healed. They may also check your dog’s hematocrit to check for blood loss.

Some dogs may experience complications following their splenectomy. If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian right away.

• The incision has increased redness, swelling, heat, or has a bad odor or any discharge
• Missing sutures or gaping incision
• Vomiting
• Won’t eat
• Not rousable from sleep
• Pale or white gums
• Collapse
• Fever

If you fail to follow your vet’s discharge instructions, you could risk causing serious health complications for your dog. These could require additional surgery and treatment or could result in pain or death.

Following a splenectomy, veterinarians typically send the removed spleen to a laboratory for biopsy. Your vet will call you with the results of those tests when they come in. They may also provide additional recommendations based on the findings. 

In general, most dogs can go back to regular life after they have recovered from a splenectomy. If needed, your vet can advise you on any precautions or restrictions. For example, some dogs may have a less robust immune system, post-splenectomy. So you may need to avoid places like dog parks or boarding facilities where infectious disease is more prevalent.

Life expectancy after spleen removal in dogs can vary widely. The outcome depends on many factors, including a dog’s age, overall health, and the reason for the splenectomy.

For example, if a dog needs a splenectomy to address bleeding due to abdominal trauma, the odds are good for a full recovery and a long life.

However, If a dog has a splenectomy to remove a cancerous spleen (e.g., hemangiosarcoma), then the prognosis is guarded. This very malignant cancer can spread even after the spleen is removed. So life expectancy may be shorter.

Your veterinarian will give you the most accurate prognosis and recommendations based on your dog’s unique health profile. Ultimately, you are in the driver’s seat of your dog’s health and the decision is yours to make. So be sure to ask plenty of questions to determine the best path for your pet.

Dog Splenectomy Tips and FAQs

Where is a dog’s spleen?

A dog’s spleen is located in the upper abdomen just below the rib cage, adjacent to the stomach.

Can a dog live without a spleen?

Fortunately, dogs suffer no ill effects when their spleen is removed, which is different from humans. Dogs can live long, full, happy, and healthy lives without a spleen. 

What does the spleen do in dogs?

The spleen is an internal organ that is part of the blood system and the immune system. The spleen functions to store additional blood for the body, removes old and damaged blood cells, and helps the immune system fight off infections.

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In this article, you will learn about the types of intestinal parasites in dogs, the symptoms of intestinal parasites, and how intestinal parasites are diagnosed, treated, and prevented.

Types of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs

Dogs can carry a variety of intestinal parasites, including the following intestinal worms that live in the gut and cause problems:

• Hookworms
• Roundworms
• Tapeworms
• Whipworms

Dogs can also carry microscopic protozoan parasites that can cause diarrhea and weight loss, including:

• Giardia
• Coccidia

How Do Dogs Get Parasites?

Dogs acquire intestinal parasites in a variety of ways. The manner of infection depends on the parasite. Dogs can commonly become infected with intestinal parasites by ingesting a parasite egg from the environment – either by eating poop or an animal carcass, snuffing up contaminated soil, or drinking contaminated water. Some intestinal parasites can be transmitted from mother to puppies while they are still in utero or via nursing. 

Dogs that are in locations with high-density populations, such as kennels, animal shelters, and dog shows, or those that visit dog parks or doggie daycare, are at higher risk of acquiring intestinal parasites. Dogs that have compromised immunity are also at higher risk of an intestinal parasite infection. 

7 Symptoms of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs

Abdominal distension

Dogs that are carrying intestinal worms, especially roundworms, often have a swollen, pot-bellied appearance. This is due to inflammation in the gut caused by the parasite.

Weight loss

Intestinal worms steal nutrients from dogs, which can result in weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite. These dogs often have a poor haircoat and an unthrifty appearance because they are not getting enough nutrients despite eating normally.

Belly pain

Intestinal parasites can cause painful inflammation in the gut. Hookworms (voracious, blood-sucking worms that bite the lining of the gut) can also result in a serious stomach ache. Additionally, worms can sometimes cause an obstruction in the intestines, which is also painful.

Worms in stool

One obvious sign of intestinal parasites is seeing worms in the stool. You may see flat, white worms, worms that look like spaghetti, or rice grains that are adhered to the fur around the anus.

Stool changes

Intestinal parasites in dogs cause gut inflammation, which affects stool quality. Dogs with worms may have normal stool, or they may experience diarrhea or constipation. If infected with hookworms, they may have black, tarry stool that indicates digested blood. Dogs with giardia may have mucoid diarrhea.

Weakness

If a dog has lost a significant amount of weight due to a heavy worm burden, they may be weaker. Those who have lost a lot of blood to hookworms will appear weak and lethargic and have pale gums.

Cough

Sometimes worms don’t stay in the intestines. They can migrate to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, causing inflammation and coughing. 

All of these signs are more severe in puppies and very small dogs. Puppies in particular can die from a heavy worm burden if not treated promptly and properly. When time is of the essence, having a health and pet care credit card, such as CareCredit, can provide peace of mind so you can focus on helping your puppy. Whether you use the card for an emergency visit or a routine veterinary appointment (at any provider in the CareCredit network), it allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.*

If you see these signs in your dog, regardless of whether you think they have intestinal parasites or not, visit your veterinarian as soon as possible. If you think your dog’s life is in danger, get there immediately.

The signs of intestinal parasites in dogs can be acute (happen all of a sudden), chronic (occur for more than two weeks), or intermittent. The tricky thing about intestinal parasites is a dog can be carrying them and not show any signs at all. That’s why it’s a good idea to have your dog’s poop checked every year at their annual examination. 

Diagnosing Internal Parasites and Dog Worms

If you suspect that your dog may have intestinal parasites, or if you notice any of the signs listed above, call your veterinarian. Most veterinarians will want to conduct a physical examination on a dog before they prescribe treatment. They will test your dog’s poop for parasites, so be sure to bring a fresh sample in a sealed container. 

The veterinary staff will take the sample and run such tests as:

• Fecal float microscope test that makes parasite eggs easier to detect (this is also the only way parasites are detected in asymptomatic animals)
• Fecal direct smear microscope to look for parasites
• Fecal culture to determine if there is a bacterial infection
• Additional specialized tests for specific parasites, such as an antigen test for Giardia

It’s important to get an accurate diagnosis on the cause of your dog’s symptoms, as the symptoms of intestinal parasites can be mimicked by other more serious diseases that require alternative treatment. Additionally, different intestinal parasites require different treatments, so be sure to see your veterinarian as soon as possible.

Intestinal Dog Parasite Treatment

Fortunately, most intestinal parasites are easy to treat with a broad-spectrum dewormer. Your veterinarian will prescribe the correct medication to kill adult worms and larvae. Typically, treatment for intestinal parasites is outpatient and doesn’t require hospitalization. Some of the common dewormers that are prescribed include:

• Febantel or Fenbendazole: used to treat many parasites, including roundworms, hookworms, lungworms, whipworms, and some rare species of tapeworms
• Ivermectin: used to treat hookworms and roundworms
• Pyrantel Pamoate: used to treat intestinal roundworms and hookworms
• Praziquantel: used to treat tapeworms
• Metronidazole: used to treat Giardia

If your dog is being treated for worms, don’t be surprised if you see dead worms in their feces during and after treatment. Even though it’s gross, it’s a good thing.

Preventing Intestinal Canine Parasites

Don’t forget – humans can get worms and Giardia from dogs, but in addition to being easy to treat, most intestinal parasites are easy to prevent. In fact, most heartworm prevention medication also includes broad-spectrum protection against intestinal worms. So if you protect your dog against heartworms year-round, you’re usually protecting them against intestinal worms as well – but always check with your veterinary provider to confirm. 

Additional parasite prevention recommendations include: 

• Picking up after all animals in your yard regularly
• Not allowing your dog to investigate or eat animal feces
• Having your dog’s feces tested annually for parasites

By practicing intestinal parasite awareness and utilizing parasite prevention and common sense, you can keep intestinal parasites out of your dog and out of your life. 

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post 7 Signs of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to find out what head pressing looks like, what causes head pressing in dogs, how it is diagnosed by a veterinarian, and how it is treated.

What Is Head Pressing in Dogs?

Dog head pressing refers to an abnormal behavior when a dog compulsively pushes or presses their head against something vertical, stationary, and firm: a wall, a corner, a piece of furniture, etc. The most common places pet parents see their dog head pressing is against a wall or corner of the room. Dogs are typically standing on all four legs and stationary when they exhibit this behavior.

Head pressing in dogs isn’t a common symptom reported by pet parents, but it is considered an emergency. If you notice your dog head pressing, take them to the veterinary clinic or the veterinary emergency clinic immediately. 

What Causes Head Pressing in Dogs?

While we know what head pressing looks like in dogs and what diseases are associated with it, we don’t really know what the dog is thinking or feeling when they are head pressing. One theory is that it is uncomfortable, like a headache, and pressing takes away the pain. Another theory is that dogs who are head pressing have altered mental activity (mentation) and don’t really know what is going on. Some dogs will respond to their name while head pressing, others will not. What we do know is that head pressing is usually a sign of serious illness in dogs. 

Head pressing is usually a symptom of neurological disease. It has multiple causes, and it can occur in any dog of any breed and at any age. The following are some of the known causes of head pressing in dogs.

Liver Disease

Dogs with liver disorders can develop liver-related brain disease (hepatic encephalopathy) due to a buildup of toxins in the blood. The liver normally removes toxins. If the liver is sick, toxins build up, and brain cells are very sensitive to toxins. Dogs with liver shunts often exhibit head pressing after they eat a meal. Liver shunts are most commonly seen in puppies, and affected breeds include Yorkshire Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Maltese.

Brain Tumor

Brain tumors in dogs cause inflammation in the brain and impact normal structures. The presence of brain tumors can cause head pressing and are more common in older dogs.

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is commonly referred to as “water on the brain,” and causes brain swelling due to the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull. This is more common in toy breeds with dome-like heads, such as Chihuahuas.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Head trauma can cause head pressing in dogs, but it is less common.

Stroke

Brain cells are very sensitive to damage, and require constant blood flow. A stroke refers to ischemic damage to the brain when blood flow to brain cells is blocked or a blood vessel bursts inside the brain. Stroke symptoms have a rapid onset and are typically severe. 

Encephalitis

Encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brain, which can cause dog head pressing. 

Brain Infection

Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections and tick-borne diseases can cause inflammation in the brain, resulting in head pressing or seizures.

Low Sodium (Hyponatremia)

Hyponatremia refers to the body having abnormally low sodium levels which causes brain cells to swell and can cause head pressing in dogs. Hyponatremia can be caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, Addison’s disease, kidney disease, and other metabolic disorders.

Toxin Exposure

Any toxin that causes damage to brain cells, such as lead, can cause head pressing. 

Other Dog Head Pressing Symptoms

Head pressing is typically associated with dysfunction of the part of the brain known as the forebrain. The forebrain is responsible for thinking, behavior, and integrating sensory information that comes into the brain. It is also where sight is processed. If a dog is head pressing because their forebrain is dysfunctional, then they may also develop acute blindness and behavioral abnormalities. Other symptoms that may be associated with head pressing include: 

• Loss of potty training or other training
• Changes in appetite
• Pacing or circling
• Loss of vision or other senses on one side of the body, bumping into things only on one side
• Abnormal vocalization
• Seizures
• Acting depressed or unusually grouchy
• Pupils are different sizes
• Neck pain
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Incoordination or “acting drunk”
• Yellow skin or eyes (indicates jaundice in liver disease)

If your dog exhibits any of these signs in conjunction with head pressing, take them to a veterinarian for evaluation immediately. If you can, take a video of the behavior to show your vet.

Diagnosis of Dog Head Pressing

Head pressing can be caused by many things. Your veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you, medical records, physical examination, neurological examination, and diagnostic testing to determine the cause of dog head pressing. They will also take your dog’s vitals, including weight, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and sometimes blood pressure. 

Diagnostic testing depends on what your vet thinks is causing the problem. Most dogs will receive baseline diagnostics that include blood work and urinalysis. From there, testing can often include:

• Liver function tests if your vet suspects liver disease
• Abdominal ultrasound to evaluate abdominal organs
• Chest or abdominal radiographs (x-rays)

The cost of getting a diagnosis of the cause of head pressing with a regular veterinarian can run $750-$1,500.

If the problem is determined to be primary brain disease, such as a brain tumor or encephalitis, then your veterinarian will refer you to a veterinary neurologist for further evaluation. At this point, testing can include:

• MRI
• Testing the cerebral spinal fluid
• Electroencephalogram to measure brain activity

The cost of diagnostics with a veterinary neurologist run $1,500-$2,000.

Head Pressing in Dogs Treatment

Treatment of head pressing in dogs depends on the cause. If it is liver disease or an operable brain tumor, then surgery is indicated. If it is a brain infection, then antimicrobials are prescribed. Whether treatment is inpatient or outpatient is dependent on the cause, how sick your dog is, and your veterinarian’s preference. 

The outcome of treatment depends on the cause as well. Many dogs with head pressing due to brain infections and liver disease can be successfully treated and live normal lives. Dogs with brain tumors or stroke have a more guarded prognosis. Your veterinarian will be your best resource for learning and understanding your dog’s prognosis. 

The cost of treatment depends on the cause. Generally speaking, treating neurological disease in dogs is expensive, running into multiple thousands of dollars. 

Management of Head Pressing in Dogs

After your dog has been treated, then head pressing should decrease over time. Head pressing usually disappears altogether once a dog has been treated. If your dog still has neurological problems:

• Make sure areas where your dog has access are free of hazards
• Prevent them from going up or down stairs or going around pools or bodies of water by using baby gates or other structures to bar access
• Use a non-slip rug to help them get up
• Work with your veterinarian to ensure that you have all the medications and tools you need to provide a safe and comfortable home for your dog, including anti-seizure medication if indicated

The post Head Pressing in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you will learn what bobcat fever is, what causes it, which cats are at higher risk for the disease, symptoms to watch for, how it is treated, and also tips for prevention.

What is Bobcat Fever?

Bobcat fever is an infectious disease seen in cats. It is spread when a cat is bitten by a tick that is infected with a microscopic blood parasite called Cytauxzoon felis or C. felis for short. The official medical term for bobcat fever is cytauxzoonosis. Bobcats are traditionally considered the main wildlife reservoir host of C. felis. However, other wildcats, including the Florida panther, are also considered to be reservoir hosts that perpetuate the disease in the wild.

Bobcat fever is rare in cats, but is seen in both domestic and feral cats of all ages and genders. Cats who roam outdoors in places where reservoir hosts live or live with a cat who is already infected with cytauxzoonosis are at increased risk for the disease. Bobcat fever poses no infectious risk to humans or dogs.

Causes of Bobcat Fever in Cats

Cytauxzoonosis in cats is caused by the bite of a tick that is infected with a microscopic blood parasite called C. felis. Ticks that carry C. felis include the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). The parasite multiplies in the bloodstream of an infected cat and causes related symptoms. 

Typically, bobcat fever is not spread directly from cat to cat, as the parasite requires a tick to complete the full life cycle. However, bobcat fever can also be spread by bite wounds from an infected cat, a blood transfusion from an infected cat, or accidental inoculation by contaminated needles or surgical instruments, but this is rare. Cats infected by these routes typically only develop mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.

Bobcat Fever Symptoms in Cats

Bobcat fever symptoms are typically severe — these cats are usually very sick by the time they are seen by a veterinarian. You might think that seeing ticks on a cat is a common symptom of bobcat fever. Even though bobcat fever is spread by tick bites, it can take up to three weeks for symptoms to develop after the initial bite. Therefore, there may be no ticks present on a cat who is sick from bobcat fever.

Symptoms are associated with the destruction of red blood cells, inflammation of blood vessels, anemia, blood vessel blockages, and dangerously low blood pressure. Symptoms can include:

• Fever
• Pale or white gums
• Difficulty breathing
• Jaundice (yellowed eyes and skin)
• Low energy, depression
• Poor appetite
• Dehydration 
• Enlarged spleen and/or liver

These symptoms often progress rapidly to hypothermia, collapse, coma, and death. 

Unfortunately, severe disease and death are common with bobcat fever. In contrast, a few cats will only develop mild symptoms and recover completely. The severity of symptoms is thought to vary depending on the strain of the parasite and the overall health and immunity of the cat. If you are at all suspicious that your cat may have been exposed to a tick infected with C. felis, get your cat seen by a veterinarian right away. Supportive care can make the difference between life and death.

Diagnosing Bobcat Fever in Cats

A veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you, a complete physical examination, and laboratory testing to diagnose bobcat fever.  If you know that your cat has been exposed to a tick-infested environment, it is important to let the veterinary care staff know. Laboratory testing will likely include blood and urine testing, and possibly testing for other infectious diseases that can cause similar symptoms. 

Bobcat fever is definitively diagnosed by seeing the blood parasite under the microscope on a fresh blood smear. There is also a PCR blood test available. Some cats may require bone or splenic aspirates to diagnose the disease.

Bobcat Fever Treatment in Cats

Bobcat fever treatment requires several days of hospitalization and aggressive supportive care. Most cats require fluid therapy. Some cats may require a blood transfusion, a chest tube to drain excess fluid, or a feeding tube. It depends on the severity of the symptoms and the cat’s response to care. Additional medications that may be prescribed to treat bobcat fever include:

• Antibiotics (atovaquone, azithromycin, enrofloxacin)
• Imidocarb dipropionate
• Atropine
• Heparin

Cost to Treat

Most cats with severe symptoms require three to seven days of hospitalized care. The cost to treat bobcat fever is high, usually costing several thousand dollars. 

Survival Rate

Unfortunately, even with aggressive supportive care and hospitalization, most cats with severe symptoms die from Bobcat fever. Without treatment, most infected cats die within five days of diagnosis. 

For the cats who do survive, however, the prognosis is good with a return to normal activity within two to four weeks after infection. These cats will enjoy immunity that will prevent re-infection of C. felis. 

How to Prevent Bobcat Fever in Cats

There is no vaccine available to prevent bobcat fever. Ask your veterinarian if bobcat fever, aka cytauxzoonosis, is present in your area. If you live in an area that has bobcat fever, the best way to protect your cat against bobcat fever is to keep them indoors to avoid tick exposure. 

If you do not keep your cat indoors, then it is strongly recommended to keep your cat on an effective, fast-kill flea and tick control product year-round. In addition to rigorous tick control medication, it is also recommended to check your cat daily for ticks. If you see any, promptly remove them. Douse the tick in alcohol, and save the tick in a closed plastic bag or jar, or take a high-resolution picture of the tick and dispose of it properly. 

In addition to daily tick checks and regular tick control medication, do your best to reduce ticks in your cat’s outdoor environment. This can be accomplished by removing debris and leaf piles, keeping shrubs and grass short and mowed, and using wildlife deterrents in your yard.

If your cat ever acquires a tick and then becomes sick afterward, be sure to take them to the veterinarian immediately. While the possibility of bobcat fever can be a scary proposition, take comfort that the disease is rare and can be prevented in most cats using the recommendations above.

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In this article, you will learn about the different types of diabetic testing for dogs, the cost of testing, and what to expect for testing your dog if they are diagnosed with diabetes.

How Do I Know if My Dog Is Diabetic?

The signs of diabetes in dogs are typically very obvious in dogs. The most common signs are excessive thirst, urination, and weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite. There are several other disorders that can cause similar symptoms, such as Cushing’s or certain cancers. If you suspect that your dog has diabetes or is sick in any way, book an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible to confirm.

How to Test for Diabetes in Dogs: What to Expect

A veterinarian will conduct a complete physical examination of your dog and check their vital signs and weight. They will also ask you questions about what symptoms you are noticing at home. After they have examined your dog, they will then ask permission to run some tests to determine if your dog’s symptoms are due to diabetes. These tests can usually be run in the hospital the same day, and you can often have results in less than an hour.

Types of Dog Diabetes Tests

The laboratory tests a veterinarian will likely order include blood and urine lab work that checks for any abnormalities in internal organ function or blood cells. This is not only to check for diabetes, but also to check for any other conditions that could cause similar clinical signs. These tests typically include a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and a urinalysis. Included in this testing is checking blood glucose or sugar levels. If the blood sugar levels are high, or your dog has sugar in their urine and the symptoms line up with diabetes, then the veterinarian will have determined that diabetes is the cause of your dog’s symptoms. 

In addition to the general laboratory tests that most veterinarians will run for diabetes, there are also specific tests that are used to diagnose diabetic dogs as well as monitor their treatment. These additional tests can include the following:

Fructosamine testing. Fructosamine testing checks for sugar that is bound to proteins in the blood. This test shows the levels of sugar in the blood over a longer period of time. This test often requires that blood is sent out to a laboratory for testing, but some veterinary clinics can run this test in house. 

Blood glucose curve. A glucose curve shows how blood sugar levels fluctuate throughout the day. This test requires multiple blood draws during the course of the day. Most pet parents elect to leave their dog at the veterinary clinic for the day while the test is being run. This test is also usually run after a dog has been diagnosed and started on insulin to control blood sugar.

Cost of Diagnosing Diabetes

The cost of diagnosing diabetes in dogs varies depending on your geographic region, but in general, expect to pay $300-$500 for initial diagnostics that include physical examination, office visit, and laboratory testing. 

If your dog has already been diagnosed with diabetes, then follow-up care can include the following recurring costs:

• Recheck examinations ($35-$50)
• Fructosamine testing $80-$125)
• Blood glucose curve ($50-$75)

My Dog Has Diabetes. Now What?

If your dog has been diagnosed with diabetes, then they will need help from you and the veterinarian to manage it. If diabetes is uncontrolled and not treated, it can cause cataracts, recurrent urinary tract infections, and can be life-threatening in some cases. It is important to find and work with a veterinarian you trust. At least in the beginning, you will be seeing a lot of your veterinarian.

The most important thing to do with diabetic dogs is to help them get control of their blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication. The most common medication used to control diabetes is insulin. Your veterinarian will likely schedule an appointment with you to go over how to care for a diabetic dog. This may include:

• Feeding your dog a high-quality, low carbohydrate dog food or a therapeutic dog food designed for diabetic dogs 
• How to develop a feeding and insulin routine
• How to store and give insulin injections
• What to do with used syringes and needles
• How to recognize the signs of high and low blood sugar levels
• How to test your dog at home

Your veterinarian will also treat any secondary diseases as well, and discuss a follow-up plan. Plan on taking your dog to the veterinarian multiple times, at least in the beginning. Your veterinarian will evaluate how well treatment is going and make adjustments as necessary to insulin therapy. Once your dog’s blood sugar levels are well controlled, then you likely will only need to see your veterinarian twice a year for rechecks and other preventive care.

Receiving a diabetes diagnosis can be emotionally difficult for some pet parents. It is important to remember that with proper care, many diabetic dogs live long and happy lives that are relatively normal. If you suspect your dog is diabetic, scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible will help get them back on the road to wellness. 

The post How to Test for Diabetes in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Determining the root cause of your kitty’s excessive itching and licking is crucial to getting them the care they need to feel better. Read on to learn what may be behind your cat’s discomfort and how to address it.

Why Is My Cat Itching and Licking So Much? 8 Common Causes

There are several potential causes of excessive licking and itching in cats. According to Dr. Colleen Lambo, DVM, a veterinarian with the national mobile pet care service The Vets, the top three reasons are parasites, allergies, and psychological factors. Let’s break down these common causes below.

Flea Allergy Dermatitis 

According to Dr. Carol Osborne, DVM, founder of Chagrin Falls Veterinary Center & Pet Clinic, flea bites are by far the most common allergy affecting cats, especially when the temperature outside is warm. These tiny parasites bite and feed on your cat’s blood, during which they inject a small amount of saliva into the cat’s skin. The proteins in the saliva can trigger an allergic reaction on the cat’s skin known as flea allergy dermatitis (FAD).

This condition leads to intense scratching, excessive grooming and sometimes hair loss, says Dr. Lambo. Flea allergy dermatitis also causes a unique skin condition in cats called military dermatitis that results in small crusty bumps all over the body. The constant scratching and licking can further damage the skin, resulting in open sores and secondary yeast and bacterial infections.

Cats can get fleas through contact with other flea-infested animals, such as other cats, dogs, or wildlife. They can also pick up fleas from contaminated outdoor and indoor environments including grass, carpet, throw rugs, leaf litter, mulch, and bedding where flea eggs, larvae, or adult fleas are present. Fleas can and do easily jump onto cats and dogs from these surfaces, leading to an infestation.

Mites

Mites are microscopic parasites that chew on and burrow into a cat’s skin, causing intense irritation and itching. Certain types of mites can cause a skin disease called mange that can lead to significant hair loss, skin redness, and the development of scabs and lesions due to persistent scratching. Other types of mites, like ear mites, can cause itching around the ears and head, leading to excessive scratching or head shaking, explains Dr. Lambo. Symptoms associated with ear mites also include black debris in ears and secondary ear infections. 

Like fleas, cats can contract mites through direct contact with infected animals or a contaminated environment. Additionally, kittens can contract mites from their mother during grooming and nursing.

Ringworm 

Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm but rather a group of fungi called dermatophytes that infect the skin, hair, and nails. This fungal infection can cause significant irritation and discomfort, leading cats to persistently scratch and lick the affected areas.

Ringworm typically presents as circular patches of hair loss with red, scaly skin, but it can also show up as irregular red skin lesions, overall hair loss, or no symptoms at all! Ringworm fungi thrive in warm, moist environments and are highly contagious to other cats, pets, and people, spreading through direct contact with an infected animal or contaminated objects like bedding, grooming tools, or furniture.

Environmental Allergies

If your cat is itching but doesn’t have fleas or other parasites, an environmental allergy could be to blame. This occurs when a cat’s immune system has a hypersensitive reaction to substances in their surroundings, such as pollen, dust mites, or mold. These allergens can cause skin irritation, leading your cat to excessively lick, chew, or itch themselves.  

Food Allergies

Certain ingredients in your cat’s diet, such as beef, dairy, or grains, can trigger an allergic reaction. Dr. Lambo says this reaction often manifests as intensely itchy skin, typically affecting the ears, face, and paws. Cats with ingredient sensitivities often have digestive signs as well as skin signs. Chronic licking and scratching can lead to hair loss and skin infections if the food allergy is not identified and managed.

Contact Dermatitis

Contact dermatitis occurs when a cat’s skin reacts to substances it touches, such as certain chemicals in cleaning products, fabrics, plants, or topical shampoos or medications. This causes localized itching and redness. The cat’s attempts to soothe the irritation through licking and scratching can lead to further skin damage and infection.

Secondary Skin Infections

Secondary skin infections can develop as a result of excessive scratching and licking. Bacteria and yeast live normally on skin, but when a cat has allergies or external parasites, the microorganisms on the skin can overgrow, causing itching, pimples, pustules, hair loss, skin redness, and odor. Skin infections require treatment for the infection and the contributing underlying skin disorder.

Psychological Issues

If parasites or allergies aren’t the root of your cat’s licking and itching, consider their mental health. “Cats may excessively groom or lick themselves as a response to stress, anxiety, or boredom,” says Dr. Lambo. “This behavior can become compulsive and lead to skin irritation or hair loss over time.”

Diagnosing the Causes of Cat Itching and Licking

Excessive itching and licking typically indicate underlying health issues that require professional diagnosis and treatment. A veterinarian will determine the cause and provide appropriate solutions to relieve your cat’s discomfort.

According to Dr. Lambo and Dr. Osborne, veterinarians use a variety of tests to diagnose the cause of a cat’s itching and licking, including:

• Physical examination: Your vet will do a thorough physical exam to check for visible signs of fleas, mites, infections, or skin irritation.
• Skin scraping: This entails collecting skin samples to check for mites and other parasites under a microscope.
• Skin allergy testing: This procedure is done by a veterinary dermatologist, and requires sedation and shaving a testing area on the skin. In this test, the veterinarian injects small amounts of allergens under the skin to determine if the cat has allergic reactions. From the results of this test, an allergy serum can be created for ‘allergy shots’ that are intended to reduce an allergic cat’s symptoms.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can measure immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which are present when the cat has an allergic reaction. These tests, alongside skin testing for allergies, can help identify specific allergies to environmental factors, such as grass, pollen, and dust.
• Elimination diet: An elimination diet is conducted if a veterinarian suspects a food allergy. This process involves working with your veterinarian to systematically remove foods from your cat’s diet until symptoms improve. A prescription allergy food is typically prescribed during a food trial. To confirm a specific food as the culprit, the food in question is added back into the cat’s diet to see if the symptoms reappear. Any offending foods should be permanently eliminated from your cat’s diet.
• Skin culture: This test is used to diagnose ringworm and resistant bacterial infections.
• Skin biopsy: Typically done for cases of chronic skin conditions, this involves taking a small sample of your cat’s skin and sending it to a laboratory for examination.

In some complex cases, a veterinarian may refer pet parents to a board-certified veterinary dermatologist, says Dr. Lambo. These specialists have advanced training in diagnosing and treating complex skin conditions.

Treatment for Cat Itching and Licking (Plus, Product Recommendations)

Once the underlying cause of a cat’s excessive itching and licking has been diagnosed, your vet will provide an effective treatment plan. It may involve a combination of allergen avoidance, medical therapies, environmental changes, and preventative measures. Some common components of treatment for excessive itching and licking include:

Flea Control

Treatment for cats diagnosed with flea allergy dermatitis involves eliminating fleas and their eggs from your cat and their environment. According to Dr. Osborne, this typically entails:

• Medicated shampoo: While bathing your cat is not typically recommended to maintain their cleanliness, bathing them with a medicated shampoo can help if they’re dealing with a flea infestation. These shampoos help soothe irritated skin and remove any fleas present on your cat’s skin.
• Topical or oral flea medications: Give your cat a flea medicine, such as a spot-on treatment, oral tablet, or flea collar, to eliminate fleas and prevent re-infestation. A flea preventative should be given monthly thereafter.
• Environmental cleaning: It’s crucial to thoroughly clean your living space and clear your yard to eliminate fleas, flea eggs, and flea larvae that could re-infest your cat.

Allergy Management

Treatment for allergies depends on the type of allergy your cat is dealing with. Options may include:

• Diet change: For food allergies, switching your cat to a diet free from the offending food can eliminate symptoms.
• Avoid contact: For contact allergies, avoid exposing your cat to the allergen. For instance, if your cat is sensitive to wool, remove their access to that material.
• Environmental control: Avoiding allergens like house dust and pollen can be trickier, as they’re largely out of your control, says Dr. Osborne. You can try to minimize exposure to environmental allergens like pollen, dust mites, and mold through regular cleaning, keeping windows closed on high pollen days, and air filtration.
• Allergy medications: If environmental control is not enough to tame your cat’s symptoms, antihistamine allergy medications, such as Benadryl or chlorpheniramine, may be helpful. In more severe cases, Dr. Osborne says inhaled steroids and bronchodilators are available to bring respiratory relief that can occur in addition to itching. Additional medications such as Atopica can also be used in cats.
• Allergy shots: Dr. Osborne says allergy shots (aka allergen immunotherapy) can help reduce your cat’s allergies by desensitizing the body to the offending allergen.

Treating Infections

If secondary infections are present, they need to be addressed promptly with medication. This may include oral antimicrobials, injectable antibiotics, or topical antimicrobial medications. Your cat may also be given an anti-inflammatory medication to reduce symptoms.

Addressing Psychological Problems

For cats whose itching and licking are related to anxiety, it’s important to implement techniques to reduce stress. This may include: 

• Providing more environmental enrichment
• Establishing a routine
• Using calming products like Feliway pheromone diffusers
• Removing any controllable stressors (such as playing loud music)

In some cases, your cat may be prescribed anti-anxiety medications or supplements to help manage stress-related behaviors.

Skin Care

Certain products can help soothe your cat’s itchy skin and maintain overall good skin health. These may include:

• Supplements: Certain supplements, such as fish oil and hemp oil, are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and can reduce skin inflammation and improve skin health.
• Topicals: Using topical products like coconut oil and anti-itch cream for cats on patches of irritated, dry skin can help hydrate and provide itch relief. 
• Humidifier: If the air is dry where you live, consider using a humidifier in your home. This may help improve your cat’s dry skin.

Regular Veterinary Check-Ups

Regular check-ups with your veterinarian are essential to monitor your cat’s condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed. Continuous monitoring helps ensure the treatment is effective and allows for timely adjustments if new issues arise.

By understanding and addressing the reasons behind your cat’s itching and licking, you can help your furry friend find the comfort they deserve and keep those happy purrs coming.

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While not always, white specks in dog poop can indicate that your dog has intestinal worms. 

Never fear! This article will help you figure out what those white specks are and more importantly, what to do if you see white stuff in dog poop.

White Stuff in Dog Poop: What to Watch For

Even though it seems gross, it is important to pay attention to the contents of your dog’s poop. If you notice weird white things, it’s time to summon the courage to take a closer look. First, note the size and shape of the white stuff. Then, consider the following:

• Are the white specks moving or not moving?
• Do the white specks look like rice or spaghetti? 
• Do the white specks look like chewed up foreign material or food?

In addition to the white specks, pay attention to whether your dog has any other signs of sickness or an upset stomach. These symptoms can include vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, pot belly, and low appetite, and all indicate the need for veterinary attention.

Why Are There White Specks in My Dog’s Poop?

White stuff in dog poop can be a variety of things, ranging from harmless to infectious, including:

• Undigested bits of food or bones
• Chewed up, undigested foreign objects, such as plastic, fabric or rocks
• Intestinal worms or worm eggs

Intestinal parasites in dogs are very common, and some types of worms are contagious to people as well. The most common types of intestinal worms in dogs are:

• Hookworms
• Roundworms
• Whipworms
• Tapeworms

Dogs typically pick these worms up from the environment: an infected animal leaves feces containing parasite eggs that contaminate the soil. When a dog comes into contact with parasite eggs, they become infected. These dogs can pass infectious eggs in their feces, as well. In addition, dogs can get certain worms by eating infected animal carcasses or ingesting an infected flea. Some worms can also pass from a mother to her unborn puppies. 

Worms in dog poop that look like rice are likely tapeworm segments, whereas spaghetti-like worms in dog poop are likely roundworms. Whipworms and hookworms are rarely noticed outside the body. 

You can protect your dog against most intestinal worms by giving them a broad-spectrum dewormer every month, such as Interceptor Plus. This chicken-flavored chew protects against five of the most common types of worms that infect dogs.

What to Do If Your Dog’s Poop Has White Spots

If you notice white specks in dog poop that may be worms, don’t panic. It’s not an emergency, but you really should get veterinary attention for your dog as soon as possible. Call your veterinarian and make an appointment. Explain to the receptionist what you noticed, when you noticed it, and any other symptoms your dog may be experiencing.

If you notice white specks in your dog’s poop but think they may be undigested food or chewed up material, and if your dog is acting otherwise normal, it is acceptable to monitor your dog to see if the problem continues. If the problem continues, or if your dog is acting sick in any way or is losing weight, see your veterinarian.

The day of your dog’s veterinary appointment, collect a fresh sample of poop from your dog and bring it with you in a sealed container. It is important that the sample is fresh because vital clues in your dog’s poop may disappear if the feces sits out too long. It is very helpful if you can actually collect the white specks or strings and bring those as well. Make sure to wear gloves and wash your hands after! If you have a compromised immune system, ask someone else to collect the sample for you. If you can’t collect the white stuff, take a picture or video and show it to your vet.

During the appointment, the veterinary care team will weigh your dog, take vitals, ask you questions about your dog’s health history, and conduct a complete physical examination. The veterinary technician will test your dog’s feces for parasite eggs, abnormal bacteria, blood, or other abnormalities.

If it turns out that your dog has worms, then deworming medication will be prescribed to eliminate the worms from your dog’s gut. Fortunately, intestinal parasites are easily treatable and there are multiple deworming medications available. The type of deworming medication required is dependent upon the type of intestinal parasites present. Your veterinarian will be your best resource to determine the right type of medication that is necessary to treat your dog. 

Treatment for intestinal parasites should eliminate the problem and also resolve any other symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss. Pet parents may notice white specks in dog poop after deworming: if you see this don’t worry, this is a part of the normal process of expelling worms. You may also not notice any worms after deworming. This is also normal — trust the process.

If your dog still has diarrhea, upset stomach, low energy or appetite, or is acting sick in any way after treatment, call your veterinarian for advice.

White Worms in Dog Poop: Prevention

The best way to deal with white specks in dog poop is to avoid them in the first place. The following are recommendations for keeping worms out of your dog:

• Pick up dog (and cat) poop regularly.
• Cover children’s sandboxes to prevent them from becoming contaminated by passing animals.
• Regularly deworm your dog. Most heartworm preventatives also protect dogs against intestinal parasites year-round. Interceptor Plus prevents heartworm disease and treats and controls adult hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and whipworm infections in dogs. 

For 360-degree parasite protection inside and out, ask your vet about using a monthly tick and flea control medication for dogs, such as Credelio. 

Although tiny white worms in dog poop are gross, with common sense and the right parasite protection, you can keep them out of your dog and out of your life. 

The post White Specks in Dog Poop: What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Outside of the U.S., bird flu infections in cats have been reported in Poland, South Korea, and France (1). If you have a pet, you may be asking yourself, is my cat or dog at risk of getting bird flu during the current outbreak? Am I at risk, too? Here’s what you need to know.

Is your pet at risk of bird flu?

So far, the cats who have been infected with bird flu in the U.S. have lived on affected dairy farms. In a recently released study, researchers described how about a dozen barn cats on a Texas dairy farm became ill and died (4). Tissue samples from two of the deceased cats tested positive for the virus. The cats had been fed raw milk from the sick cows, but the virus also could have spread from exposure to or consumption of infected wild birds, the researchers stated. 

Outside of the country, international cases have included cats who ingested contaminated cat food in shelters and cats who likely ate raw meat (2).

While these conditions may not exist for everyday pet parents, it’s important to know that yes, this virus can spread to domestic pets such as dogs and cats. If your pet eats or is exposed to an infected bird or an environment contaminated with the virus, they could get sick with bird flu. While the odds of you catching bird flu from your pet are low, it’s not impossible (5). 

Bird flu symptoms in cats and dogs to watch for

Bird flu-infected cats have reportedly exhibited a variety of symptoms, including respiratory and neurological signs. According to the AVMA, signs of bird flu in infected cats and dogs may include (6):

• Fever
• Low energy (lethargy)
• Lack of appetite (inappetence)
• Conjunctivitis (red, weepy eyes)
• Shortness of breath
• Neurologic signs, such as seizures or incoordination
• Death

In addition to the above signs, most types of influenza can also cause fever, coughing, and nasal discharge.

As always, if your pet is showing signs of illness, promptly contact your veterinarian.

How to protect your pets from bird flu

The best way to keep your pets safe and healthy is to keep them away from wild birds or poultry. Other ways to protect your dog or cat from bird flu include:

• Keep curious pets who like to chase birds or sniff dead animals on a leash when possible
• If you have a lot of wild birds in your area, keep cats mostly indoors and supervised when outdoors
• Avoid bringing your pets around livestock 
• Do not feed raw or undercooked poultry to your pets (7)
• Consider taking down bird feeders and bird baths that attract wild birds (and their droppings) into your yard (7)

Pet parents should also avoid contact with wild birds, as the virus—again, while rare—can be transmitted from bird to human.

If you find a bird that appears to be sick, injured, or dead, call your local state wildlife agency to report it (8). Don’t try to pick it up yourself. Humans should also cook poultry to an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, which can kill many bacteria and viruses, such as bird flu. 

Stay informed

It’s also a good idea to keep up with the official health status of the outbreak. Public health risk for H5N1 bird flu is currently listed as “low,” according to the CDC. However, this risk varies by state. Some states, including Texas, have reported more of the virus in livestock and/or birds. The CDC is working with states to monitor people with animal exposures. 

References

1. “Considerations for Veterinarians: Evaluating and Handling of Cats Potentially Exposed to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 10, 2024. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/veterinarians-handling-cats.htm
2. “4 more cats test positive for H5N1 bird flu in the U.S.” BNO News. April 26, 2024. Retrieved from https://bnonews.com/index.php/2024/04/4-more-cats-test-positive-for-h5n1-bird-flu-in-the-u-s/
3. “H5N1 Bird Flu: Current Situation Summary.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated May 2, 2024. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-flu-summary.htm
4. Ly, Hinh. “Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections of dairy cattle and livestock handlers in the United States of America.” Virulence vol. 15,1 (2024): 2343931. doi:10.1080/21505594.2024.2343931
5. “Bird Flu in Pets and Other Animals.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 8, 2024. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-other-animals.htm
6. “Avian influenza.” American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/avian-influenza
7. “Animal Health Alert: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Detected in Wild Birds in Los Angeles County: Guidance and Reporting Forms.” County of Los Angeles Public Health. Jan., 24, 2024. Retrieved from: http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/vet/HPAI.htm
8. “Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Bird Flu Virus in People.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed April 10, 2024. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/prevention.htm

The post Can Dogs and Cats Get Bird Flu? What to Know appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fleas are a common external parasite in domestic cats. But why aren’t indoor cats immune to these pesky pests? In this article, we will take a closer look at how indoors cats can get fleas, plus share ways you can protect your feline friend from infestations.

Can Indoor Cats Get Fleas? 

Yes, indoor cats can get fleas. Research shows that fleas are most common in kittens under 12 months old and more prevalent between July and October (1). But cats can get fleas at any age and at any time of the year—even if they never go outdoors.

If you spot fleas (or notice common symptoms of a flea infestation) in your indoor cat, Mitzi Clark, DVM, DACVD, assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, offers an important piece of advice.

“Don’t panic,” Dr. Clark says. “It doesn’t mean you are a bad pet parent or have a dirty house.” 

How Do Indoor Cats Get Fleas?  

Fleas go through four stages of development: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult insects. 

It’s possible for fleas to lay eggs on your cat, but you’re more apt to find flea eggs on beds, cat towers, perches, and other places where your cat spends time. White, worm-like larvae and cocooned pupae are also found in carpets, beds, and other dark, warm hiding spots. Once adult fleas emerge, the tiny crawling insects need a blood meal—and that leads to flea infestations.

Fleas might seem like a problem that only affects outdoor cats, but their preferred environment is full of cozy hiding spots: the deep recesses of the carpeting, tucked under the cat bed, or snuggled up in the couch cushions. Outdoors, fleas don’t survive well in hot, sunny temperatures with low humidity, but the conditions are ideal in the house.

Even though fleas don’t have wings, these parasites are excellent jumpers. They can reach an estimated 150-200 times the length of their bodies. This allows the crafty creatures to climb aboard pets or pant legs and hitch a ride inside.

Dr. Clark notes that fleas can come into the house on other household pets who go outdoors, and pet parents can bring fleas in on their clothing. The wingless parasites also can crawl in through cracks in the windows and doors or come home from kennels, groomers, and the vet’s office. In apartment buildings, Dr. Clark adds, “fleas from common areas like hallways can enter the home.”

Fleas can also live on rodents or in the fabric of old furniture. This means that a mouse sneaking inside or the purchase of secondhand furniture can bring fleas into the house, where they can seek out your indoor cat for a blood meal.

How to Tell If Your Indoor Cat Has Fleas

Fleas on cats can cause health issues, so it’s important to know the telltale signs that an indoor cat may have fleas and provide treatment. Common signs that your indoor cat has fleas include:

• Constant itching or scratching, especially around the base of the tail, groin, and rump
• Hair loss
• Scabs and bumps on their skin
• Flea “dirt” that looks like small black dots on their skin

Do Indoor Cats Need Flea Treatment?

All cats with fleas need flea treatment, including indoor cats with fleas. Flea medicine for cats comes in several forms, from chewable and topical medications to flea collars. Some products were designed to treat fleas while others offer flea prevention.

Dr. Clark notes that the timing for application varies between products; some flea products are given monthly while others need to be given every three months. 

Before starting flea treatment, she advises calling your veterinarian to ask about flea control that is specifically designed for cats. “Not all over-the-counter flea preventatives are safe for cats,” Dr. Clark says. “You want something that is effective, safe, and meets you and your cat’s needs for administration.” 

One effective oral medication that kills fleas fast is Credelio CAT, a tiny, tasty tablet flea treatment for cats. This medication also protects cats against blacklegged ticks. However, if your cat isn’t a fan of taking pills or tablets, you can opt for NexGard Combo, instead. This easy-to-apply, once-monthly topical treatment kills fleas and ticks (both blacklegged and Lone Star) fast. Plus, it prevents heartworm and treats roundworm, hookworm, and tapeworm infections, too.

Most indoor cats need tick and flea protection year-round, not just during “peak” months in their region. Dr. Clark notes that fleas can survive all winter in warm, indoor environments and seasonal temperature spikes could reawaken outdoor fleas that can crawl back inside.

“I’m a big fan of year-round prevention, except in really isolated pet populations in really cold climates— perhaps those pets can take winter off,” she says. “But I generally just suggest year-round flea prevention in all of my patients.”

Flea and Tick Protection for Cats: Tips and Tricks

Treating fleas in indoor cats is important, but it’s also essential to prioritize prevention. In addition to using a year-round flea control product, such as Credelio CAT or NexGard Combo, these strategies can help minimize parasites in your home.

Get grooming: Regularly brushing your cat is a wonderful way to promote coat health, bond with your cat, and look out for any skin or hair abnormalities, including fleas. Flea combs are ideal for removing adult fleas as well as flea dirt from your indoor cat’s coat.

Keep it clean: Vacuum carpets and upholstered furniture and other areas where fleas hide. Use the crevice tool to vacuum along baseboards and around the cracks in the doors where fleas can enter the house. Afterward, immediately empty the vacuum canister into a trash bag and throw it away in an outdoor trash can. A steam cleaner is also ideal for carpets and furniture, because the hot steam and soap will kill eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult fleas. 

Do the laundry: Wash all pet bedding and the blankets, pillows, and other soft surfaces where pets spend time in hot, soapy water every two to three weeks. To treat a severe flea infestation, you may need to toss old bedding and buy new items.

Treating the environment is as important as treating your pet for fleas.

“[You] may not realize that fleas spend much of their life cycle off the host and so environmental clean-up such as vacuuming and washing bedding can be as important as continuing flea prevention long-term to treat all future generations of fleas that will hatch from the environment,” Dr. Clark says. “Just treating the adult [fleas] you see today will not rid your home of a flea infestation.”

Reference

1. Farrell, Sean et al. “Seasonality and other risk factors for fleas infestations in domestic dogs and cats.” Medical and veterinary entomology vol. 37,2 (2023): 359-370. doi:10.1111/mve.12636

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Read on for a full comparison of Trifexis vs. Simparica Trio so you can have informed conversations with your veterinarian about the best choice of parasite control medication for your dog. 

Simparica Trio vs. Trifexis: A Quick Comparison Guide

Key Differences When Comparing Trifexis and Simparica Trio

Both Trifexis and Simparica Trio for dogs are considered to be excellent choices for parasite protection, but there are a few important differences that may make one product better for your dog than the other.

• Simparica Trio kills five species of ticks, including Brown dog ticks, Gulf Coast ticks, deer ticks, American dog ticks, and Lone star ticks. Trifexis does not kill ticks or prevent ticks.
• Simparica Trio is FDA approved to prevent infections that may cause Lyme disease.
• Trifexis for dogs eliminates whipworm infections, Simparica Trio does not.
• While both products are labeled for puppies 8 weeks of age and older, Simparica Trio can be used in smaller puppies (2.8 pounds) than Trifexis (5 pounds).
• Simparica uses three ingredients (sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel), Trifexis uses two ingredients (spinosad and milbemycin oxime). 
• Trifexis starts killing fleas quickly within 30 minutes with 100 percent of fleas dead by 4 hours. Simparica Trio starts killing fleas within 4 hours with 100 percent of fleas dead by 12 hours.
• Simparica may be prescribed by veterinarians ‘off-label’ to treat mites, including sarcoptic mites, demodex, and ear mites. 
• While both of these medications are given once a month, Simparica Trio is a little more forgiving because it has a slightly longer window of efficacy than Trifexis. 

Pros and Cons: Trifexis Vs. Simparica Trio

While Trifexis and Simparica Trio have several overlapping benefits, there are some distinct pros and cons to each medication that can help you decide which product to use.

Comparing Side Effects of Simparica Trio vs. Trifexis

Both Trifexis and Simparica Trio are known to be safe and effective for most dogs, and are widely prescribed and used by pet parents and the veterinary community. However, Simparica Trio and other drugs in the isoxazoline class come with an FDA warning regarding the potential for neurological side effects, including tremors, incoordination, and seizures, in some pets being treated with these products. If your dog has a history of seizures or a neurological disorder, your veterinarian may err on the side of caution and recommend a flea and tick product that is not in the isoxazoline class.

In general, the incidence of both short-term and long-term side effects is low with both medications, but some dogs may experience gastrointestinal upset that can manifest as decreased appetite, decreased energy, vomiting, and/or diarrhea with either medication. If you notice any side effects in your dog, consult with your local veterinarian. 

Cost Comparison of Trifexis and Simparica Trio

Depending on where you shop, Simparica Trio is on average more expensive than Trifexis. This may be due to the fact that Simparica Trio also kills ticks and Trifexis does not. If you think that Trifexis is a cheaper alternative to Simparica Trio, remember: if your dog needs protection against ticks, you may still end up paying the same amount of money if you purchase Trifexis and a product to protect against ticks. 

Pet insurance may be able to help offset the cost of parasite control medication, but it depends on the policy. If you purchase a basic accident and illness policy, it likely will not cover flea, tick and heartworm medication. If you purchase an insurance policy that includes preventive care, then it likely will cover the cost of parasite control medication. Always read the fine print, and ask your veterinary care team for pet insurance recommendations that include flea, tick and heartworm medication. 

The Bottom Line: Trifexis Vs. Simparica Trio

Both of these medications are well tolerated by most dogs and offer effective, fast protection against fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. If your dog needs protection against ticks, then Simparica Trio is a better choice. If your dog needs additional protection against whipworms and does not need tick protection, then Trifexis is a better choice. Your veterinarian will be your best resource to ask about what parasite protection your dog needs, and they can also provide valuable advice on whether to use Trifexis, Simparica Trio, or another flea, tick or heartworm medication. 

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Pandora syndrome is a term coined by feline health expert Dr. Tony Buffington. It was named after multiple problems that were released when Pandora opened the box in Greek mythology. It refers to a complex and challenging stress-related disease condition in cats. 

Read on to learn more about Pandora syndrome in cats, including how it’s diagnosed and treated, and how you can lower your cat’s risk.

What Is Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats?

Pandora syndrome is a blanket term that is used to describe what happens when a cat gets sick because they are chronically stressed. As a result of stress, these cats develop multiple illnesses at the same time, one of which is usually lower urinary tract inflammation. For example, a cat could have bloody urine and red, runny eyes from conjunctivitis or sneezing from an upper respiratory infection at the same time. 

Pandora syndrome can be used interchangeably with other veterinary terms that describe lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline interstitial cystitis (FIC), feline idiopathic cystitis, sterile cystitis, and feline lower urinary tract disorder (FLUTD).

What Causes Pandora Syndrome in Cats?

Historically, veterinarians believed that symptoms due to inflammation in the urinary tract were associated with a urinary tract infection or urinary crystals and stones. Now we know that most of this explanation is incorrect. In actuality, many cats have lower urinary tract inflammation due to chronic stress, and symptoms often resolve once the stress is managed.

While we don’t entirely know which cats Pandora syndrome will affect, we do know that the condition tends to be seen in: 

• Male cats
• Young to middle aged indoor-only cats who are overly nervous or anxious
• Overweight cats
• Cats who consume a diet that is more than 50 percent dry food
• Cats who live in multi-cat households

These cats also have a history of prenatal stress or early severely stressful events. Research has shown that these cats have anatomical and functional differences in their central nervous system as compared to healthy cats, including upregulated sensory neurons, increased secretion of stress hormones, increased pain sensation, and an increased startle response [1].

In addition to changes in the central nervous system, Pandora syndrome cats can also have abnormal lining of the wall of their urinary bladder. This makes their bladders more easily irritated and painful.

So what does this all mean? Pandora syndrome cats are in a continual, hyperexcitable state of fight, flight or freeze, and they feel pain more sharply than normal cats. 

Additional factors that can trigger a Pandora syndrome flare-up include:

• Cats who don’t have quiet, protected access to resources (food, water, litter box, resting areas). Instead, something bothers them (such as a child, other pet, furnace, buzzing dryer, etc.) when they try to access those resources
• Moving from one house to another
• Having visitors in your home
• Visits to the veterinary hospital or grooming
• Boarding 
• Renovating or moving furniture
• Adding or subtracting people or animals from the household
• Being bullied by another cat
• Stray cats in the neighborhood
• Dirty, crowded, or otherwise undesirable litter box
• Cats who do not have opportunities to engage in typical hunting behavior
• Lack of scratching opportunities
• Boredom

Pandora Syndrome in Cats Symptoms

One of the systems usually affected by Pandora syndrome is the lower urinary tract, causing the following symptoms that wax and wane, flaring up after stressful events: 

• Bloody urine
• Straining to urinate
• Vocalization during urination
• Spending more time in the litter box or visiting the litter box more often
• Urinating outside the litter box
• Vomiting
• Hiding
• Loss of appetite

Pandora syndrome is also known for affecting multiple body systems, causing a variety of additional fluctuating symptoms. These can include:

• Behavioral abnormalities (pica, aggression, hiding)
• Cardiovascular problems (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, saddle thrombus)
• Endocrine issues (obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus)
• Gastrointestinal problems (feline odontic resorptive lesions, vomiting, excessive hairballs, diarrhea, pooping outside the litter box)
• Low immunity (upper respiratory infections, infectious conjunctivitis)
• Respiratory problems (asthma)
• Skin problems (overgrooming, chin acne)

Any of these issues in combination with lower urinary tract symptoms increases the suspicion that a cat is suffering from Pandora syndrome. 

Diagnosing Pandora Syndrome in Cats

Pandora syndrome is an anxiety disorder and considered a diagnosis of exclusion — this means that it is diagnosed and treated by a veterinarian only after all other diseases have been ruled out. Pandora syndrome is diagnosed by using an oral history, physical examination, and testing. Your veterinary care team will acquire a comprehensive history from you by asking questions about:

• Your cat’s life history (stray, orphaned, bottle fed, exposure to serious trauma, etc.)
• Your cat’s health history (especially if sickness occurs frequent and in association with identifiable stressors and if your cat is fearful or anxious)
• Your cat’s home environment

The veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination and recommend testing based on what they find. Testing may include lab work (blood work and urinalysis) and imaging studies (radiographs and abdominal ultrasound). 

Treating Pandora Syndrome in Cats

Veterinary intervention usually includes pain or anti-inflammatory medication and anxiety medication to reduce inflammation and calm your cat. Veterinarians also provide support to pet parents on how to modify the home environment to reduce their cat’s stress. 

Pandora syndrome is usually a self-limiting condition and often resolves on its own. However, it is very painful and symptoms will return the next time a cat is stressed. This is why it is important to identify what is stressing your cat out and modify the environment to reduce stress triggers. 

How to Prevent Pandora Syndrome in Cats

The best way to prevent Pandora syndrome is by reducing your cat’s exposure to stressful triggers. Try seeing the world through their eyes to figure out what is stressing them out. The following recommendations can help reduce stress for most cats: 

Environmental enrichment

Ensure that each cat has access to their own resources (food and water bowls, resting areas, toys, litter box) in a quiet, low traffic area. Also, each cat needs to feel safe and secure in their home environment.

Maintain a pristine litter box —  scoop poop daily and refresh the litter every three days.

Use unscented, sandy, clumping litter. Use a regular box that is big enough for the cat to turn around in, and cover the bottom with 1 inch of litter. Avoid litter boxes with covers, liners, or anything fancy.

Have one more litter box than the number of cats in the household, and place them in different spots.

Provide ample scratching opportunities, both vertical and horizontal, in your cat’s favorite substrate. Most cats prefer the texture of sisal rope scratching posts. 

Use feline pheromones, such as Feliway, to reduce stress.

Play time

Boredom can trigger Pandora syndrome in indoor cats. You can minimize your cat’s stress (and maximize their wellbeing) by playing with your cat. Cats have short attention spans and tend to enjoy multiple short 5-10 minute play sessions per day. 

If your cat enjoys outdoor time, train them to wear a harness and take them for walks. Alternatively, invest in a catio where your cat can spend unsupervised time safely outdoors.

For more ideas, ask your veterinary care team for their thoughts on how to improve your cat’s home environment.

Feeding

Cats need to eat an appropriate amount of complete and balanced food that meets or exceeds AAFCO nutritional standards. Try to feed your cat a combination of canned and dry food, and give them opportunities to exercise their minds with feeding puzzles and no bowl feeders. Use a water fountain to encourage them to drink more water. Some pet parents may want to consider giving their cat a probiotic supplement (e.g., Purina Pro Plan Calming Care) that is designed to calm the nervous system.

While there are commercial diets that are formulated to support the health of the nervous system, it is not advised to change a cat’s diet while they are experiencing Pandora syndrome symptoms. This is because changing a cat’s diet can be stressful for some cats and make the problems worse. If you want to change to a calm cat food, wait until your cat is feeling better before switching their diet. 

Recurrence of the symptoms associated with Pandora syndrome can be common. It is important to watch for symptoms and be aware of stressful changes in your cat’s environment that may trigger a recurrence. Pandora syndrome cats can be very sensitive to these changes. Thankfully, if you are aware that your cat is anxious or sensitive, have taken steps to reduce stress in your cat’s environment, and are attentive to flare-ups, you can keep this condition under control.

Related Conditions

• Urinary tract infection
• Anxiety disorders
• Urinary struvite stones
• Urinary calcium oxalate stones
• Urinary crystals
• Overgrooming
• Inappropriate elimination
• Urethral blockage

Reference

1. Wooten, Sarah J. “Feline interstitial cystitis: Its not about the bladder.” DVM360. Nov 2017. Retrieved from https://www.dvm360.com/view/feline-interstitial-cystitis-it-s-not-about-bladder

The post Pandora Syndrome in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To keep your pet safe, it’s important to educate yourself about how parasite risks differ between geographical regions and states and know how to protect your dog or cat.

Keep reading for a regional guide to heartworm disease, fleas, and ticks in the Western states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Heartworm Disease in the West

Heartworms are an internal parasite that is spread to dogs and cats by mosquitoes. While both dogs and cats can get heartworms, dogs are the preferred host of heartworms. “Heartworms are transmitted through mosquito bites,” explains Los Angeles-based veterinarian Dr. Sehaj Grewal, the CEO of TheMelroseVet.com. “It takes about six months for the worms to mature and (start causing symptoms in pets.”

Heartworms not only affect the heart, they can also impact a pet’s lungs and blood vessels. Once these parasites are inside your pet, they can cause severe lung disease, heart failure, and damage to other organs if untreated, according to the American Heartworm Society. 

When compared to other parts of the U.S., such as the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the incidence of heartworm disease in the West is generally lower. But that doesn’t mean it’s non-existent. Southwest states with warmer climates typically have more cases compared to states in the Pacific Northwest that experience frigid cold snaps over the winter. In Alaska, the only documented heartworm cases are in pets with a history of travel outside the state. However, as global temperatures rise in response to climate change and people travel more with their pets, cases of heartworm disease are popping up in new places.

In addition, heartworm disease is becoming more frequent in some states due to dog and cat relocation programs led by animal welfare organizations and pet adoption agencies, says Dr. Cassan Pulaski, a clinical assistant professor and director of the Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine. One of the effects of that is when these animals are relocated, if they are infested, they bring parasites with them, Dr. Pulaski says.

For example, increased animal relocation could be a contributing factor to a recent rise in heartworm cases in Colorado. According to a 2019 study published in Parasites & Vectors, animal shelters and rescue groups imported more than 114,000 dogs into Colorado between 2014 and 2017. Many of these imported dogs originated from states with high prevalence of heartworm disease, such as New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma. Around the same time, the state saw a 67.5 percent increase in heartworm disease in dogs in Colorado, between 2013 and 2017. 

Regardless of where you live in the West, the American Heartworm Society recommends year-round heartworm prevention — even regions with cold winters. 

Fleas in the West

Fleas are found in just about every U.S. state, making it hard to escape these pesky, blood-feeding insects. Yet, there are certain areas — and times — where fleas are more abundant, Dr. Pulaski says.

“When we think about the states that are the most problematic, they’re going to be states that are hot, warm, and very moist,” Dr. Pulaski says. “Fleas don’t particularly like cold, and they don’t like dry.”

So when temperatures rise, the risk of your pet getting fleas goes up, even in states where fleas aren’t as common. That being said, fleas can be a problem year-round (or nearly year-round) for many Western states. (Compared to other U.S. states, Alaska and Wyoming have shorter flea seasons.)

“Fleas are going to be emerging and going to be really happy at about 70 or 75 degrees [Fahrenheit],” Dr. Pulaski adds “but they can go into a dormant state at around 50 or so degrees and stay in that dormant state for a long time.” 

The most common flea to affect pets is the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), which, despite its name, affects both dogs and cats. Besides making your dog or cat itchy, cat fleas can lead to health conditions like anemia or flea allergy dermatitis and potentially transmit other parasites like tapeworms.

Dogs and cats can also carry various types of rodent fleas that are known to transmit the bubonic plague, according to the New Mexico Department of Health. Since 1970, more than half of plague cases in the U.S. have been reported in New Mexico. In 2017, fleas were found to be carrying the bacteria for the bubonic plague in two counties in northern Arizona. In 2023, Wyoming also recorded its first known case of bubonic plague in a pet cat, and a recent case of human plague in Oregon was likely caused by a pet cat.

Pets can get fleas from “infested animals or environments,” Dr. Grewal says. Spending time outside in “grassy or wooded areas increases the risk” of your pet getting fleas, he adds. Dr. Grewal recommends regular flea control and keeping your indoor and outdoor spaces clean.

Ticks in the West

While there are many different ticks found in the western states of the U.S., three of the most common ones are the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus), and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). However, the prevalence of ticks varies for each state. In Alaska, for instance, ticks are not very common, but coastal states like California and Oregon tend to have relatively high tick activity.

If your dog or cat gets a tick, it doesn’t necessarily mean they will get a tick-borne disease. But left unnoticed and untreated, pets with ticks can be at risk of a range of issues, including serious illnesses like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

“Pet owners should be aware of the specific tick species in their area and use preventive measures to protect against tick-borne diseases,” says Dr. Jessica Jensen, an Oregon-based veterinarian with the mobile pet care service, The Vets. “Regular grooming and tick checks are essential for effective tick control. Consultation with a veterinarian can provide personalized guidance based on local tick species and associated risks.”

Both you and your pet are most likely to encounter ticks while walking through wooded or bushy areas, or places with long grass. You can protect yourself by wearing repellent, shirts with long sleeves, and pants. As for your pet, talk to your veterinarian about regular tick and flea control. 

Below are common tick-borne diseases impacting pets in the West and the tick species that can cause them: 

• Anaplasmosis: Western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus)
• Colorado tick fever: Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni)
• Ehrlichiosis: Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
• Lyme disease: Western blacklegged tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Rocky Mountain wood tick, brown dog tick, American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis)
• Tick-borne relapsing fever: Soft ticks in the genus Ornithodoros
• Tick paralysis: Rocky Mountain wood tick, American dog tick
• Tularemia: American dog tick, lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), Rocky Mountain wood tick

Ticks in Alaska

No matter the season, Alaska has a ton of outdoor activities you can enjoy with your furry friend. Together, you can explore state parks, relax at campgrounds, or go kayaking. While parasites are less of a concern in this cold Pacific Northwest state, there has been an increasing number of flea and tick cases there, due to the world’s changing climate and people transporting  infected pets into the state from other places. 

According to the state of Alaska’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, American dog ticks and brown dog ticks have occasionally been found on companion animals. If you do find a tick on your pet, the state recommends that you carefully remove it, put it into a container, and send it to the Alaska Submit-a-Tick program for testing and data collection. 

Types of Ticks in Alaska Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick (rare)
• Squirrel tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Alaska

While ticks found in Alaska have the ability to carry and spread the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and other tick-borne diseases, so far researchers have not found any evidence that ticks currently in the state are carrying the germs that cause these diseases.

Ticks in Arizona

While most national parks in the U.S. do not permit pets, Arizona is an exception to the rule. You’re allowed to take your dog around the Rim Trail of the Grand Canyon and through many parts of the Petrified Forest National Park. But if your dog or cat is out adventuring in Arizona, you will need to be mindful of ticks, which can affect your pet year round.

In Arizona, ticks are moving into new locations and tick-borne diseases are spreading across the state, according to the University of Arizona. The most common tick found in Arizona is the brown dog tick, which can transmit several diseases to dogs and cats. Western blacklegged ticks and Rocky Mountain wood ticks are also found in Arizona, but they’re only found in a limited part of the state’s north, according to data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 

Types of Ticks in Arizona Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain ticks
• Western blacklegged ticks

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Arizona

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ticks in California

California has it all — sandy beaches, snow-capped mountains, and wide stretches of desert. Adventure-loving dogs and cats have no shortage of activities to do in this coastal state. But California’s diverse climate means that ticks can affect your pet at any time of the year. Not only that, but longer periods of rain that are now occurring in the state have expanded the range of disease-carrying ticks and are keeping them out for longer periods. For instance, California has seen an uptick in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially fatal tick-borne disease that can affect both people and pets.

Types of Ticks in California Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Pacific Coast tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in California 

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Colorado

With its mountains, canyons, and waterways, Colorado has plenty of outdoor attractions for you to explore with your pet. However, you should be aware that ticks and the diseases they carry are becoming more prevalent in Colorado. 

According to CDC data, there are two ticks that mainly affect pets in the state: the brown dog tick and the Rocky mountain wood tick. However, a 2022 study published in the journal Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases found that ticks like the American dog tick are also present in Colorado. The lone star tick has also been making an occasional appearance, likely after being carried by animals from other states, according to the Colorado Tick-borne Disease Awareness Association.

Types of Ticks in Colorado Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (rare)
• Brown dog tick
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Colorado

• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Hawaii

With its sun-soaked beaches, volcanic mountains, and stunning waterfalls, the Aloha state has much to offer you and your adventure-loving pet. While ticks are relatively rare in Hawaii, it is still possible for your pet to get them, especially as people move other pets and livestock into the state. 

According to the Hawaii Department of Health, the tick you need to be mindful of is the brown dog tick. Other tick species, including the American dog tick and the lone star tick, have been found on Hawaii, but these instances are incredibly rare. 

Types of Ticks in Hawaii Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Hawaii

• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Idaho

Idaho is a great place for pets. There are pet-friendly restaurants, parks for unleashed play, and plenty of hiking trails for your dog — or cat — to explore the great outdoors. But you can also find at least three different types of ticks in Idaho, according to CDC data: the brown dog tick, American dog tick, and the Rocky mountain wood tick. American dog ticks can be found in areas of long grass and low-lying brush, brown dog ticks can be found in homes and dog kennels, and Rocky mountain wood ticks can be found along trails, grasslands, and lightly wooded areas.

Although rarer, Western blacklegged ticks — a tick known to carry Lyme disease — have also been found in parts of Northern Idaho, according to the University of Idaho. Pets can pick them up in grass, brushland, along trails, or even semi-rural or suburban areas where wild animals like deer — which are known to carry the ticks — are present. Western blacklegged ticks are very small and seem to know how to hide in your dog’s fur, making it really difficult to find them.

Types of Ticks in Idaho Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Idaho

• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Montana

With its mountains, rivers, and prairies, Montana is the perfect state to enjoy the outdoors with your furry friend. But you should know that ticks in Montana can be found along streams or rivers, or in sagebrush flats, grassy meadows, wetlands or woods. Other ticks are found in indoor environments like homes, kennels or sheds. 

There are at least four ticks known to affect companion animals in Montana, all of which can cause various tick-borne diseases. But luckily, Lyme disease is not one of them. The only incidences of Lyme disease in pets are believed to have originated in other states.

Types of Ticks in Montana Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Winter tick (rare)

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Montana

• Anaplasmosis (rare)
• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Ehrlichiosis 
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Nevada

Nevada is famous for the city of Las Vegas, but there is also a trove of natural attractions you can explore with your furry friend — from canyons to lakes to wilderness areas. Nevada’s dry climate means that ticks aren’t as prevalent here as they are in neighboring coastal states like California and Oregon. But this doesn’t mean that they’re not around. 

According to the CDC, four different disease-harboring ticks that affect companion dogs (as well as people) can be found in the state. What’s more, ticks are present in Nevada year round, which means that your pet may need year-round protection. 

Types of Ticks in Nevada Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (rare)
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Nevada 

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease (rare)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in New Mexico

New Mexico is a state with a dry, temperate climate that is full of parks, trails, and campgrounds for you to explore with your pet. But like many parts of the U.S., ticks are on the rise in New Mexico. Data compiled by the CDC indicates that there are two main ticks to watch out for: the brown dog tick and the Rocky Mountain tick. There are also reports of lone star ticks appearing in the state.

Types of Ticks in New Mexico Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick (rare)
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in New Mexico

• Anaplasmosis
• Colorado tick fever
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease 
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Oregon

With its mild and cool climate, you can explore Oregon’s many state parks, beaches, and wilderness areas year round. However, ticks could pose a problem for you and your pet at any time of the year. Reports also suggest that ticks are expanding their range in Oregon due to warmer weather.

Dr. Jensen says that pet parents in states like Oregon should be aware of the local risks and implement preventative measures. “Regular tick checks, repellents, and veterinary-approved preventatives are crucial for reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases,” she says.

Types of Ticks in Oregon Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Pacific Coast tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Oregon

• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Utah

Utah is a land-locked state with dozens of parks, trails, and campgrounds you can explore with your furry friend. While parasites tend not to be a problem during the state’s snow-packed winters, you need to be mindful of ticks, fleas, and the mosquitoes that cause heartworm disease when the temperatures rise. 

Utah State University indicates that the most common tick people and their pets encounter in Utah is the Rocky Mountain wood tick, which can transmit diseases like the Colorado tick fever. 

Types of Ticks in Utah Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Utah

• Colorado tick fever 
• Lyme disease (rare in pets who have not left Utah)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Tick paralysis
• Tick-borne relapsing fever 
• Tularemia

Ticks in Washington

Washington state is a great place to live or visit if you have an adventure-loving pet. This Pacific Northwest state has dozens of pet-friendly parks, trails, and beaches you can explore with your furry friend. 

Ticks can be found all over Washington state, and they can affect your dog or cat at any time of the year. Your pet is most likely to pick one up when exploring the outdoors — from trails to grassy meadows to wooded areas frequented by other wildlife. 

Types of Ticks in Washington Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Washington

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tick-borne relapsing fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Wyoming

Wyoming has some of the nation’s most picturesque wilderness areas, and you can explore many of these places with your dog or cat. However, you should know that you can encounter ticks at nearly every part of the year in the state, according to the Wyoming Department of Health. There are at least three types of ticks that can affect your pet in Wyoming, the most common one being the Rocky Mountain wood tick.

Types of Ticks in Wyoming Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Wyoming

• Ehrlichiosis (rare)
• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Living in the West: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

So, how does one protect their pets from parasites in the western U.S. states, especially if they want to spend a lot of time outside? Dr. Jensen says pet parents should “work with veterinarians to establish parasite prevention plans tailored to their specific location and pet’s lifestyle.”

“Regular veterinary check-ups and preventive medications are crucial to safeguarding pets from these parasites,” Dr. Jensen adds.

In addition to check-ups and medications, Dr. Grewal suggests keeping your yard clean and reducing possible mosquito breeding sites, and minimizing your pets’ exposure to high-risk areas, especially during peak parasite season in your state. 

Dr. Pulaski says it’s also important for all pets to be tested and protected against parasites, no matter how prevalent parasites are said to be in their state. However, she acknowledged that it is not always financially possible for every pet parent to give their dog or cat year-round protection.

“If doing full protection every day of the year is not available, I really think pet owners should talk to their vet about what is the highest risk in their area for this time of the year or this season,” Dr. Pulaski says. “This is how things like prevalence data and forecast maps can really help.”

References

• “Heartworm Basics.” American Heartworm Society. Retrieved from https://www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources/heartworm-basics
• Drake, J., Parrish, R.S. Dog importation and changes in heartworm prevalence in Colorado 2013–2017. Parasites Vectors 12, 207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3473-0
• “Plague in New Mexico.” New Mexico Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.nmhealth.org/publication/view/guide/998/
• deGrandpre, Andrew. “There’s plague in Arizona. Authorities warn of fleas that can infect people and pets.” The Washington Post. Aug. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/08/15/two-arizona-communities-120-miles-apart-see-evidence-of-the-plague/
• “Plague Recently Confirmed in a Wyoming Pet.” Wyoming Department of Health. July 2023. Retrieved from https://health.wyo.gov/plague-recently-confirmed-in-a-wyoming-pet/
• “Dog Ticks Have Been Introduced and Are Establishing in Alaska.” The State of Alaska. Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved from https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/disease/pdfs/dog_tick_memorandum_2016.pdf
• Berman, Annie. “As ticks gain ground in Alaska, researchers say health risk remains low for now.” Anchorage Daily News. June 2023. Retreived from https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2023/06/11/as-ticks-strengthen-their-foothold-in-alaska-researchers-say-human-health-risk-remains-low-for-now/
• “Great Arizona Tick Check.” The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.arizona.edu/great-arizona-tick-check
• “Regions Where Ticks Live.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from
• https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/about/where-ticks-live.html
• Toohey, Grace. “A gross side effect from California’s extra wet winter: More disease-carrying ticks this spring.” Los Angeles Times. Feb. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-02-09/california-wet-winter-increase-ticks
• “Guide to Ticks and Diseases They Transmit in California.” California Department of Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/GuidetoTicksandDiseasesTheyTransmit.pdf
• “Ticks in California.” Los Angeles County West Vector Control District. Retrieved from https://www.lawestvector.org/ticks/ticks-in-california/
• Freeman, Elizabeth A, and Daniel J Salkeld. “Surveillance of Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Colorado.” Ticks and tick-borne diseases vol. 13,6 (2022): 102036. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102036
• “Other Tick-Borne Diseases & Conditions.” Colorado Tick-Borne Disease Awareness Association. Retrieved from https://coloradoticks.org/other-tick-borne-diseases-conditions-introduction/
• Duncan, Kathryn T et al. “Recent reports of winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, from dogs and cats in North America.” Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports vol. 22 (2020): 100490. doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100490
• “Brown Dog Tick.” Vector Control Branch  Hawaii Department of Health. Retrieved from https://health.hawaii.gov/vcb/files/2020/04/04272020_Brown-Dog-Tick-06-2017_ocr.pdf
• Leong, Mark & Grace, J.. (2008). Occurrence and Distribution of Mites and Ticks (Acari) of Public Health Importance on the Island of Oahu. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 40. 19-31. 
• “Ticks on Companion Animals.” Montana State University. Retrieved from https://apps.msuextension.org/montguide/guide.html?sku=MT201303AG
• “How to Protect Yourself from Ticks.” Oregon State University. Retrieved from https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/how-protect-yourself-ticks
• Swanson, Conrad. “Ticks spreading in the Pacific Northwest? Warming trends could worsen health threat.” The Seattle Times. Aug. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/ticks-spreading-in-the-pacific-northwest-warming-trends-could-worsen-health-threat/
• Davis, Ryan S., and Ramirez, Ricardo A. “Ticks and Tickborne Diseases of Utah.” Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Dec. 2017. Retrieved from https://epi.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/Ticks-and-Tickborne-Diseases-of-Utah.pdf
• “Tick-Borne Diseases.” Washington State Department of Health. Retrieved from https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/tick-borne-diseases
• “Avoid Ticks to Avoid Diseases They Spread.” Wyoming Department of Health. May 2019. Retrieved from https://health.wyo.gov/avoid-ticks-to-avoid-diseases-they-spread/

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Even if your dog develops Cushing’s, there’s hope. Depending on the cause, there are surgical treatments and medications, like Vetoryl, to help manage the disease.

In this article, we will identify which dog breeds are more likely to develop Cushing’s disease. Plus, we’ll cover symptoms to watch out for and tips on how to manage the disease in your dog. 

Cushing’s Disease: What Exactly Is It?

Cushing’s disease is a hormonal imbalance also known as Cushing’s syndrome and hyperadrenocorticism. It develops when a dog’s body overproduces the hormone cortisol. 

This can happen when:

• Dogs develop a tumor on the pituitary or adrenal gland (known as “natural” Cushing’s disease) 
• Dogs experience long-term exposure to steroid medications (known as iatrogenic Cushing’s disease)

Common symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased appetite
• Weight gain
• Increased panting
• Potbellied appearance
• Recurrent skin or urinary tract infections
• Haircoat changes

Dogs Prone to Cushing’s Disease

Any dog can develop Cushing’s disease, but studies show that some dog breeds are diagnosed more frequently than others. Dog breeds prone to Cushing’s disease diagnosis include: [2, 3, 4]

• Dachshunds
• Poodles
• Bichon Frises
• Border Terriers
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Beagles
• Lhasa Apsos
• Yorkshire Terriers
• Staffordshire Bull Terriers
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Conversely, the same research shows that Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, French bulldogs, Rottweilers, and Great Danes have a lower incidence of Cushing’s disease. 

No genetic testing exists yet that can reveal whether a dog is likely to develop Cushing’s disease. But if you know your dog’s breed has a higher risk of hyperadrenocorticism, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for early warning signs or symptoms.

Can You Prevent Cushing’s Disease in Dogs?

While you may be able to prevent the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs, most cases of the disease are not preventable.

Currently, there’s no way to stop “naturally occurring” cases of Cushing’s disease, which are the most common. 

Scientists can’t tell what causes the pituitary or adrenal tumors in dogs that boost cortisol levels and lead to Cushing’s disease. The fact that certain breeds are prone to develop the disease suggests that there’s a genetic component, but not one we can control. 

However, pet parents can prevent cases of iatrogenic Cushing’s disease by limiting exposure to steroids. 

If your dog is prescribed any type of steroid medication, be sure to follow your veterinarian’s prescribing instructions closely to avoid overdosage. Use caution when administering over-the-counter steroid medications. And avoid giving your dog any type of steroid medication repeatedly or long-term, unless prescribed by a licensed veterinarian.

Additional research suggests that dogs who are middle-aged, obese, female, spayed, or neutered also face an increased risk of developing natural Cushing’s disease. [4] While you cannot prevent glandular tumors from developing in your dog, you may be able to minimize your dog’s risk of developing Cushing’s disease by:

• Feeding your dog a complete and balanced dog food
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Exercising your dog daily
• Visiting your veterinarian annually for a physical examination and routine bloodwork to detect problems early
• Talking with your vet about the right time to spay or neuter your dog

Tips for Managing Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Though you may not be able to prevent most cases of Cushing’s disease, there’s good news for parents of at-risk breeds. You can treat Cushing’s disease, and the treatment options are generally very successful in managing or curing the condition.

If you suspect that your dog has Cushing’s disease, please consult with your veterinarian and follow their testing recommendations. These can include lab work and imaging studies to determine if your dog has the disease and what type. Your treatment options may vary depending on your dog’s diagnosis. 

In dogs with iatrogenic Cushing’s disease, symptoms tend to resolve once you discontinue the steroid medication.

For dogs with natural Cushing’s disease, pet parents can choose from two treatment options.

If your dog has adrenal tumors, a veterinary surgeon can perform an adrenalectomy to remove them. If successful, the procedure eliminates any sign of Cushing’s disease. 

In cases of pituitary-dependant Cushing’s syndrome, or when surgery is not an option, there are medications like Vetadyl that block your dog’s ability to produce cortisol. Vetadyl is the first drug approved to treat both pituitary- and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s in dogs.

Dogs who take medication for Cushing’s disease typically continue the treatment for the rest of their lives. Most dogs respond well to therapy for years after diagnosis. 

If your pet is a dog breed prone to Cushing’s syndrome, knowing about the disease and its impact can help you provide the best care for your pup. Be sure to talk with your veterinarian about any concerns at your regular checkups. And don’t hesitate to ask about testing if you recognize symptoms of Cushing’s disease in your dog — whether it’s prevalent in their breed or not!

References

1. Carotenuto, Gaia, et al. “Cushing’s syndrome-an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs.” Open veterinary journal vol. 9,1 (2019): 27-32. doi:10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5
2. Ling, G V et al. “Canine hyperadrenocorticism: pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 117 cases.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 174,11 (1979): 1211-5.
3. Reusch, Claudia E. “New Treatment Options in Canine Cushing’s Syndrome .” Veterinary Information Network, Inc, WSAVA 2002 Congress, 2002, www.vin.com/doc/?id=3846172.
4. Schofield, I., et al. “Frequency and Risk Factors for Naturally Occurring Cushing’s Syndrome in Dogs Attending UK Primary-care Practices.” Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 63, no. 4, 2022, pp. 265-274, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13450. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024.

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Heartgard and Heartgard Plus are two of the top vet-recommended heartworm disease preventives for dogs. But what are the active ingredients and is Heartgard safe for dogs? 

Here’s what you need to know regarding the safety of Heartgard and Heartgard Plus so that you can make informed decisions for your dog. 

What Is Heartgard for Dogs?

Heartgard is a medication that is used to prevent heartworm disease in dogs. Heartgard contains ivermectin and only prevents heartworm disease. Heartgard Plus contains both ivermectin and pyrantel, and is intended to prevent heartworm disease, as well as treat and control hookworms and roundworms. 

Dogs are infected with heartworm larvae from the bite of an infected mosquito. Ivermectin prevents heartworm disease by targeting and killing any immature heartworm larvae that may have been transmitted to your dog via mosquito bites. 

Pyrantel, the other active ingredient in Heartgard Plus, is an intestinal dewormer that kills hookworms and roundworms. Most pet parents and veterinarians prefer using Heartgard Plus vs. Heartgard because of the additional protection against intestinal parasites that are also contagious to humans.

Is Heartgard Safe for Dogs?

Heartgard, when appropriately prescribed through a veterinarian, is safe for most dogs. Your veterinarian will take several factors into account when prescribing heartworm prevention to your dog, including your dog’s breed, concurrent health conditions, and which parasites your dog needs protection from. If your veterinarian has any concerns about the safety of Heartgard in your dog, they may want to run some blood tests before prescribing it. Dogs with seizures and dogs with kidney disease must be evaluated by a veterinarian before they are prescribed any heartworm prevention, including Heartgard Plus. Your veterinarian is best suited to determine the ideal heartworm prevention for your dog. If your dog has liver disease, kidney disease, or a seizure disorder, talk with your veterinarian about options for heartworm prevention.

Heartgard Plus has shown to be very safe when the recommended dose is administered to most dogs, including pregnant dogs, breeding dogs, stud dogs, and puppies who are older than 6 weeks of age.

As mentioned earlier, ivermectin is one of two active ingredients in Heartgard Plus. Ivermectin is safe for most dogs when it is used at the correct dosage and under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. However, not all dogs can take ivermectin. Some herding dog breeds are more sensitive to ivermectin due to a mutation in their MDR1 gene. This can include:

• Collie
• Border Collie
• Australian Shepherd
• Mini Aussie
• Old English Sheepdog
• Sheltie
• Mixed breed with herding dog

In dogs who have the MDR1 mutation, ivermectin can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause severe brain damage that can be lethal. There is a simple genetic test available to check if dogs have the mutation that causes sensitivity to ivermectin. In general, the dosage of ivermectin contained in heartworm prevention is far below the toxic dose and considered safe even in sensitive breeds. However, if you have concerns, talk to your veterinarian. 

Heartgard for Dogs: Precautions to Consider

Heartgard Plus has been prescribed to millions of dogs and used safely without any side effects. The vast majority of dogs who receive Heartgard Plus do not experience side effects. 

Can Heartgard Plus cause diarrhea in dogs? Clinical trials testing the safety of Heartgard in dogs showed that about 1 percent of dogs experienced vomiting or diarrhea after administration [2]. Pet parents have reported some adverse effects after giving Heartgard Plus to their dog. Heartgard Plus for dogs side effects reported in some dogs include:

• Low energy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dilated pupils
• Incoordination
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Drooling

If you notice any side effects after giving Heartgard Plus to your dog, consult with your local veterinary, local emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline as soon as possible. Most side effects will resolve within a day or two, but some may require emergency treatment.

Heartgard should only be used in dogs who have tested negative for heartworm disease. Heartgard products are not effective against adult heartworms. Therefore, dogs who are infected must be treated to remove adult heartworms and microfilariae that are circulating in the blood before using Heartgard as monthly heartworm prevention [3]. 

The safety of Heartgard Plus has also been tested and shown to be safe in dogs when given at the same time as many treatments, including:

• Flea collars
• Medicated and unmedicated shampoos
• Antibiotics
• Vaccines
• Steroids 
• Parasite medication

The ingredients in Heartgard can, however, have negative interactions with certain medications and herbs, so be sure to tell your veterinarian about anything you are giving your dog before they are prescribed Heartgard, including vitamins, herbs, and supplements. 

Some dogs who gobble their treats whole can be at risk for choking on the chewable tablets. If this is the case for your dog, break up the tablet before administering it.

It is possible to overdose a dog on Heartgard Plus, so never double up doses to “catch up” or give your dog more than the prescribed amount. If your dog accidentally overdoses on Heartgard Plus, call your local veterinarian, the emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline immediately for support. If you miss a dose of Heartgard Plus and it is longer than 30 days since the last dose was given, call your veterinarian for advice.

In general, Heartgard Plus is safe and well tolerated by most dogs, and since its introduction has saved countless lives from heartworm disease. In addition, Heartgard Plus treats and controls intestinal parasites in dogs that are also public health concerns for humans. Heartgard Plus should not be used in all dogs, however, and should only be prescribed and administered under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. 

References

1. Heartworm Incidence Map. American Heartworm Society. 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources/incidence-maps
2. Heartgard Plus prescribing information. Retrieved from: https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/AH/HEARTGARD_Plus_PI.pdf
3. Heartworm Life Cycle illustration. American Heartworm Society. Retrieved from https://www.heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/practice-tools/heartworm-life-cycle

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When dealing with fleas, it is helpful to learn how cats get fleas, how to identify them and how to choose an effective cat flea prevention product to get rid of them. But figuring out how to put flea medicine on a cat may seem like a daunting task. 

In this article, you will learn strategies and expert tips on how to apply the medication correctly and keep the experience stress-free for you and your feline friend. 

Types of Cat Flea Medicine

Prescription flea medication for cats comes as a topical solution that is applied to the skin or a chewable tablet. These products kill fleas quickly, offer monthly protection, and some provide cross-protection from other parasites such as ticks, heartworms, and intestinal parasites. For example, NexGard Combo is a “one-and-done” monthly topical solution for cats that kills fleas and ticks, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. It comes in a convenient applicator that is designed to make monthly parasite protection easy.

There are non-prescription, over-the-counter flea prevention products available for cats. These come in the forms of topical solutions, shampoos, powders, and collars. However, some of these options are ineffective at controlling fleas.

Talk to your veterinarian to choose the best type of flea medicine for your cat and your lifestyle.  

Applying Cat Flea Medicine: Preparation Tips

The steps for applying topical flea medication on your cat aren’t always the same for every product. Here’s how to prepare your feline friend before applying the preventative. 

Read the instructions and safety information. Before you begin, start by reading through all of the instructions. Each product may have unique steps or important safety information. Do not skip or ignore this step. 

Confirm your cat’s weight. The amount of medication in a topical flea treatment application tube typically correlates to your cat’s weight. It is a good idea to weigh your cat before applying the medication. If your cat has gained or lost weight since their last dose, they may need a different dosage amount. Before applying the medication, confirm that your cat’s weight still matches the weight ranges that are listed on the box or label. For example, NexGard Combo comes in two dosage options: one for cats 1.8-5.5 pounds and one for cats 5.6-16.5 pounds.

Double check the age minimum. If you plan to apply flea medicine to your kitten, it’s important to make sure your cat is old enough. Most topical flea products have an age minimum for kittens (usually 8-12 weeks old) and it’s important to follow those guidelines to ensure your kitten’s safety. NexGard Combo is safe for kittens 8 weeks of age and older, weighing 1.8 pounds or more.

Avoid bathing your cat. It is also recommended not to bathe your cat for 2-3 days before applying the medication. Bathing before dries out the skin and reduces the absorption of the medication.

Do not split or double the dose. You will need to apply all the medication that is in the tube to your cat’s skin in order for the medication to function properly. If you have two cats, do not split the medication in the tube between two cats as this can lead to either accidental overdosages or ineffective under dosages. Use one tube of topical flea medicine per cat.

Prep your space. Have some treats or food ready nearby to give to your cat after you put the medication on. You should also decide on a place for administering the medication that will be comfortable for both you and your cat – whether that is on your lap or on a table. 

How to Apply Flea Treatment on a Cat: 6 Steps 

Step 1: Remove the application tube from the packaging. 

Step 2: Hold the tube vertically and open the tip as directed on the instructions. It may require inverting the tip and pushing it through the foil covering or it may require scissors.

Step 3: Hold your cat still and remain calm. Steady your cat on a table or on your lap in a comfortable position with their back and neck easily accessible. If you have a family member or friend who can hold your cat, a second set of hands may make the application process easier. Make sure to breathe and be calm. Your cat can pick up on your tension, which can make the situation more difficult. 

Step 4: Part the hair high on your cat’s neck and upper back – in between the shoulder blades. Use this area to apply the medication. 

Step 5: Follow the instructions to apply all the medication as directed. Squeeze out all of the medication in the tube directly onto your cat’s skin.

Step 6: Throw the empty applicator in the trash. Make sure to dispose of it somewhere that your cat, other pets, and children cannot reach or access.  

How to Put Flea Medicine on a Difficult Cat

If your cat does not want to have flea medication applied and is hissing, growling, swatting, biting, or running away, there are some things you can try to make applying the medication easier.

Use food as a motivator. Coat a lick mat with some tasty canned food (pate style works best) or peanut butter (xylitol free) and let them lick the mat while you apply the medication. Alternatively if your cat loves treats, just distract them with treats while you apply the medication.

Consider using a mild sedative. Talk with your veterinarian about a safe sedative that you can give your cat before applying the flea medication.

Ask your vet for help. If you are really struggling with putting flea medicine on a difficult cat at home, most veterinarians are willing to help. Take your cat to the vet office and let a veterinarian or veterinary technician apply the flea medication to your pet.

Switch to an oral flea medication. Most cats will eagerly eat the flavored flea medication chewable tablets.

Precautions When Using Topical Cat Flea Medicine

While most topical flea medications are safe and non-toxic to humans, there are still some general safety tips to keep in mind when applying these preventatives to your cat. 

Here are some important precautions to follow:

• Wash your hands after applying medication.
• Do not touch the area where the medication has been applied for at least 30 minutes. If the area looks wet or greasy, avoid touching it.
• Do not let children touch the area where medication was applied for the same amount of time or longer. To be safe, it is recommended to keep children from touching the cat for several hours after application.
• Do not wash your cat for at least 72 hours after applying the medication. It is best not to wash them at all, as it will reduce the medication efficacy.

FAQs About Applying Cat Flea Treatment

Where is the best place to put flea medicine on a cat?

The best place to apply flea medication on a cat is on their back — down the back of the neck and in between the shoulder blades. It is important to put the flea medication on your cat in a place where they cannot lick it off.

How do you give a difficult cat flea medicine?

If your cat is resisting topical flea treatments, you can try a few different steps to make the application easier. Put some wet food or xylitol-free peanut butter on a lick mat and let your feline lap away while you apply the medicine. Make sure to reward your cat with a special treat following the application. You can also try to have a friend or family member hold your cat still while you apply the flea treatment. If you’re still having a tough time, ask your veterinarian if they can apply the flea medicine or consider switching to a chewable flea preventative for your cat.

Does if matter if the flea treatment goes on a cat’s fur?

If a little bit gets on your cat’s fur, it won’t be a problem. However, it’s important to apply your cat’s topical flea medication directly onto their skin. Try to part your cat’s fur and put the tip of the applicator directly in contact with your cat’s skin to ensure the product is absorbed properly.

How long should you wait before touching a cat following flea treatment?

It’s best to wait at least 30 minutes before touching your cat following the application of topical flea medicine. This will give the product time to be absorbed and dry. If the area looks greasy or appears to be wet, don’t touch it. To be safe, children should wait a few hours before touching cats after flea medicine is applied.

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Okay, so why do dogs yawn? What does a dog yawn look like? And what does it mean? Let’s delve into what’s known — and what still needs to be discovered — about dog yawning.

Do Dogs Yawn?

Yes, dogs yawn. And their yawns look a lot like human yawns, says Dr. Janet Cutler, an animal behaviorist and professional dog trainer at Landmark Behavior.

“Dogs yawn very similarly to people, opening their mouths wide and breathing in, and you’ll often see their tongue curl a little,” Dr. Cutler explains.

It’s not just dogs and humans who yawn alike. Dr. Rosalind Wrightson, a dog behaviorist, a veterinary surgeon, and owner of Wright Behavior, says that the physiological behavior of yawning can be found in a wide range of species.

“It’s quite an old behavior that you see in reptiles and birds as well as mammals,” says Dr. Wrightson. “As we all know, we tend to yawn when we’re tired, and that’s thought to be an effort of the body to try and increase our alertness.”

Why Do Dogs Yawn?

There is ongoing debate about why dogs yawn, and more research needs to be conducted on this phenomenon. But most experts seem to agree that dogs yawn for physiological, behavioral, or social reasons.

Yawning as a physiological response is connected to feeling tired. “Physiologically, it has been proposed that yawning helps to increase arousal, including heart rate,” says Dr. Cutler.

Experts also believe dogs yawn for different behavioral reasons. For instance, it’s theorized that they yawn when they’re scared, stressed, uncomfortable, bored, or even content.

Last but not least, some research suggests that yawning could be a communication tool, meant to show those around them how they are feeling. According to a book written by Norwegian dog trainer and behaviorist Turid Rugaas, yawning is one of several “calming signals” that a dog may display to communicate their discomfort in certain situations, such as a visit to the veterinary clinic. Dr. Wrightson says that a dog who yawns in the vet’s office may be “indicating that they’re stressed,” and that pet parents should be aware that their dog may be trying to communicate this to them.

What Does It Mean When a Dog Yawns?

If you see your dog yawning a lot, it could mean many different things. Your dog might be tired, stressed, content, or relaxed. Or the yawn could simply be an unconscious, physiological response of their bodies in response to tiredness.

To figure out why your dog is yawning, you need to examine the whole situation. “You need to look at the dog’s overall body language,” says Dr. Wrightson. “If they just flopped out of bed and [are] yawning, they are probably just tired. But if you look at a dog and you see other signs of stress as well — tense ears and a tense face, and they’re yawning — you need to think what could be causing this.”

One situation that might be tricky to interpret is if a dog yawns while you pet them. After all, this might be a positive situation for you — but possibly not for the dog.

“A dog could yawn when you pet them because they’re relaxed and possibly sleepy, or they could be yawning because they are stressed and uncomfortable with you being near and petting,” says Dr. Cutler. “In order to tell the difference, it’s important to look at the rest of their body.”

If the dog’s body is loose or floppy, this indicates that they are relaxed, she says. But if there is stiffness in their body or they’re showing other signs of discomfort, such as lip licking, they’re probably not enjoying being pet. 

It also might be hard for you to know why a dog yawns when you talk to them in a friendly way.

Dr. Wrightson says it’s likely that a yawning dog in this situation is feeling “conflicted about the intensity of that interaction.”

“Sometimes sustained eye contact can be difficult for dogs,” she continues. “So if you’ve got a good relationship with your dog, and they really trust you, then I’m sure they wouldn’t mind you looking at them for a long time. But if a stranger comes up and they’re like, ‘Oh what a lovely dog, you’re so cute,’ and they’re talking to them and really staring at them, maybe even looming over them … you could definitely see yawning in that situation.”

Even if it’s your own dog, adds Dr. Wrightson, uncertainty can cause a yawning reaction. “It could be your pet dog and they’re perfectly happy in your relationship, but they’re unsure about what’s going to happen next,” she explains. “If my dog is really hoping for a walk and we’re kind of walking in the direction of the lead, she might yawn because she feels a bit conflicted.”

Should You Worry About Dog Yawning?

In most cases, no, you don’t need to worry.

Dr. Pieter Vanacker, a veterinary surgeon at AniCura Veterinary Center Anthemis in Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Belgium, says that in most cases, yawning in dogs is not connected with any medical conditions.

However, he says that in some situations, a dog yawning excessively could indicate a problem with the jaw. “They might be stretching the jaw because they have a cramp in the muscle,” he notes.

If you are in doubt, or if you notice any changes in your dog’s behavior, always check with your veterinarian. “Any big changes in behavior could be a sign of a medical concern, so it’s important to rule that out,” explains Dr. Cutler.

Or it could just be that your pup is a habitual yawner. “If it’s something your dog has always done, then it’s possible they just yawn a lot,” Dr. Cutler adds. “It’s also important to look at the rest of their body language to make sure there aren’t any signs of stress that could be causing them to yawn excessively.”

Reference

1. Romero, Teresa et al. “Familiarity bias and physiological responses in contagious yawning by dogs support link to empathy.” PloS one vol. 8,8 e71365. 7 Aug. 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071365

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In this article, you will learn why a dog’s back legs might begin giving out, and if that happens, what you can do to help your dog regain strength and stability, or at least stay as comfortable and pain-free as possible.

Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out: What It Looks Like

What does a dog’s back legs giving out look like? An obvious manifestation of this is when a dog is dragging their hindlimbs. Other signs a dog’s back legs are giving out include:

• Difficulty getting up (uses front legs to pull self up)
• Shaking back legs
• Stiff back legs
• Falling or tripping
• Wobbly hindlimb gait
• Dragging back toenails
• Avoiding stairs or jumping
• Increased irritability
• Limping
• Bunny hopping hind limbs 

Why Are My Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out? 19 Reasons 

A dog’s back legs give out due to several broad reasons: 

• Lack of strength
• Lack of function (inability to move muscles/bones)
• Instability in the legs
• Pain

More specifically, there are many diseases and conditions that can affect the back legs of a dog. Here’s a partial list, broken down into categories:

Joint Pain/Injury

• Osteoarthritis (OA) in hip, knee, ankle, toe, or spine (causes pain, lack of strength; seen in older dogs)
• Acute injury to muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, etc. anywhere on the back legs (causes pain, lack of function, instability; seen in any age)
• Excessive weight (causes joint pain from osteoarthritis; seen in any age)

Spinal Problems 

• Intervertebral spinal disc disease (causes pain, weakness, lack of function; seen in any age; common in long back breeds)
• Degenerative myelopathy (degenerative condition of the spinal cord; causes loss of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Lumbosacral stenosis (narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal pain; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Wobbler’s syndrome (narrowing of the cervical spinal canal that pinches nerves; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in any age)
• Spinal tumors (cause pain, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)

Neurological Issues

• Neuromuscular disease, like myasthenia gravis (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Seizures (neurological disease; causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Vestibular disease (causes loss of balance due to inner ear or brain problems, instability; seen in older dogs)

Other Conditions

• Heart disease (causes lack of strength; seen in any age)
• Debilitation from advanced age (causes lack of function and strength, pain)
• Exercise-induced collapse (causes lack of strength and collapse after hard exercise; seen mostly in Retrievers, any age)
• Hormonal conditions, including hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, and uncontrolled diabetes (impacts nerves and muscles; causes lack of strength and function; seen in older dogs)

External Factors

• Poisoning or bite/sting from a venomous animal (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Tick paralysis (from bites of infected ticks; causes paralysis, lack of function; seen in any age)
• Botulism (from food poisoning; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)
• Rabies (from a virus; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)

Treatment Options for Leg Weakness in Dogs

As you can see, there are many reasons why a dog’s back legs are weak, and it should make sense that treatment for this really depends on what is causing the problem. For example, you wouldn’t give pain medication to a dog whose legs are giving out as a result of heart disease or botulism because it wouldn’t help.

If you don’t know why your dog’s legs are giving out, you need the assistance of a veterinarian to give you a diagnosis, as treatment will depend on what’s causing the issue in the first place.

Once the cause of your dog’s legs giving out is determined, your veterinarian can walk you through treatment options. Sometimes, the treatment is to cure the underlying cause, which then cures the issue with the back legs. This can occur with several conditions, including:

• Injuries
• Intervertebral disc disease
• Poisoning and envenomation
• Tick paralysis
• Vestibular disease
• Spinal tumors
• Excessive weight

Sometimes the problem can be mitigated by managing the underlying cause, as in chronic hormonal conditions and heart disease that require medication. Other conditions, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative myelopathy, are slowly progressive diseases that cannot be cured. In these cases, the goal is managing pain and maintaining the best quality of life possible.

If your dog’s back legs are giving out because of osteoarthritis in their hips or knees, for example, then there are many options available to you to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of symptoms. 

These options can include:

• Weight loss (If your dog is overweight, it can help improve symptoms of OA in most dogs) [1]
• Anti-inflammatory pain medication
• Muscle relaxants
• Joint supplements that reduce inflammation and promote healthy joints
• Joint fusion surgeries
• Joint injections of anti-inflammatory medication
• Cold laser therapy (photobiomodulation)
• Massage
• Acupuncture
• Monoclonal antibody injection
• Doggie joint braces and wheelchairs

Physical Therapy 

Another important treatment for leg weakness can be low-impact cardio exercise, strength building, and physical therapy. Physical therapists will tell you motion is lotion for your joints — the same is true for dogs! Exercise also preserves and builds muscles, which are important for overall metabolism and support of bones and joints. Working with a veterinarian certified in canine rehabilitation is extremely helpful to learn the most beneficial exercises for your dog.

Conditions like osteoarthritis are best managed with a combination of therapies that veterinarians call “multimodal therapy.” The right combination of treatments varies with each dog, but when you work with a veterinarian, they can guide you on the most effective treatment combination so that your dog feels better faster and you waste less time and money. 

Comfort Measures and How to Help Your Dog Cope

If your dog is suffering from a condition that can only be managed not cured, take heart! There are also a number of easy things you can do at home to help your dog be more comfortable and get around more easily. These include:

• Getting your dog a high-quality orthopedic mattress
• Using non-slip tread on stairs and non-slip rugs or mats on slippery hard floor surfaces
• Using ramps or pet stairs for your dog to climb stairs, into cars, and onto furniture
• Giving your dog a high-quality CBD oil for pain [2]
• Giving your dog high-quality fish oil daily. (Ask your veterinarian for the right dosage)
• Walking your dog twice daily (after managing pain. Remember, motion is lotion!)
• Keeping your dog’s nails trimmed regularly
• Using baby gates to fence off stairs or slippery floors

Related Conditions

• Osteoarthritis
• Intervertebral spinal disc disease
• Degenerative Myelopathy
• Cushing’s Disease
• Obesity
• Heart Disease

References

1. Marshall W, Bockstahler B, Hulse D, Carmichael S. “A review of osteoarthritis and obesity: current understanding of the relationship and benefit of obesity treatment and prevention in the dog.” Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(5):339-45. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-08-08-0069. Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19750285. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750285/ 
2. “Cornell University Study Says Hemp Oil Works For Dogs.” Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine Retrieved from: https://www.ellevetsciences.com/news/cornell-university-study-says-hemp-oil-works-for-dogs-in-pain/

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This article is intended to give you the information you need to know about the types of cat mouth cancer, what symptoms to look out for, the available treatment options, the prognosis, and how to reduce your cat’s likelihood of developing mouth cancer.

Types of Cat Mouth Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cat mouth cancer, accounting for 70-80% of all oral tumors in cats. SCC manifests as a tumor that develops in the mouth, usually in the tissues surrounding a tooth, on the roof of the mouth, or on the underside of the tongue. SCC can also manifest in tonsils and salivary glands as well.

Fibrosarcoma is another type of mouth cancer in cats that causes destruction of normal mouth tissues and can sometimes invade bone and muscle. Fibrosarcoma usually does not create tumors, and it is less common than squamous cell carcinoma.

Other cat mouth cancer types include melanoma, lymphoma, and osteosarcoma that spreads from other parts of the body, but these types of oral cancer are much less common in cats.

Signs of Mouth Cancer in Cats

While you or your veterinarian may actually see a tumor in a cat’s mouth, oftentimes the signs are more subtle and may mimic the signs of dental disease or gum disease. Sometimes there will be no signs at all. Additional signs of feline mouth cancer can include:

• Unexplained loss of an apparently healthy tooth (most common with SCC)
• Bleeding from the mouth, or bloody saliva
• Reduced appetite
• Chewing on only one side, dropping food when eating
• Refusing to eat kibble, will only eat soft food
• Weight loss
• Bad breath
• Drooling
• Head shy
• Facial swelling
• Difficulty swallowing

If you notice any of these signs, make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. If your cat does have mouth cancer, treatment is more successful and the prognosis is often better when the condition is caught early.

Causes of Cat Mouth Cancer

The cause of most oral cancers in cats is still undetermined, though SCC may have a viral component. Mouth cancer in cats is also believed by the scientific community (though not confirmed) to be a result of exposure to: 

• Environmental carcinogens (like secondhand cigarette smoke or other tobacco products)
• Consumption of canned foods containing tuna
• Chemicals in flea collars [2]

Studies showed that cats that wore flea collars had five times the risk of developing mouth cancer. In addition, any chronic inflammation or irritation in the mouth, including inflammation associated with periodontal disease, increases the risk of the development of oral tumors.

Diagnosing Oral Cancer in Cats

Diagnosis of cancer of the mouth in cats starts with a full physical examination by a veterinarian. To get an accurate diagnosis, your veterinarian will likely need to sedate your cat for a complete oral examination and radiographs (X-rays) of the mouth. They will also recommend bloodwork to assess the overall health of your cat and rule out other medical conditions. In some cases, they may recommend an MRI or CT scan, and in most cases, they will either submit a portion of any suspicious lesions or remove the tumor or for biopsy to determine the type.

Treating Cat Mouth Cancer

Treatment of mouth cancer in cats depends on the type of tumor, but it typically involves surgery and radiation. Sometimes chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies are utilized. In addition, cats with mouth cancer are also treated for pain and may need nutritional therapy, such as a feeding tube, to support them through their recovery.

Cost to Treat Cat Mouth Cancer

The cost to treat mouth cancer in cats typically ranges from $1,000-$7,000, depending on the tumor type, location, and degree of malignancy. 

Treatment expenses include:

• Cost of diagnosis
• Cost of surgery
• Costs of radiation and chemotherapy (if indicated)
• Follow-up costs

Prognosis for Cats With Mouth Cancer

A cat’s prognosis depends on tumor type, location, and if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are typically successfully treated with surgical removal and sometimes radiation, and in general, have a good prognosis. Malignant tumors are treated surgically with varying levels of success, depending on the type of tumor, where it is located, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. 

Unfortunately, by the time SCC is usually diagnosed, the tumors are too large and the cancer has often spread to the local lymph nodes. In these circumstances, prognosis is poor, and only palliative treatment is available.

How to Prevent Mouth Cancer in Cats

While there is no fool-proof way to protect your cat from mouth cancer, there are proactive steps you can take to lower your cat’s risk, such as:

• Reduce or eliminate your cat’s exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
• Talk to your veterinarian about flea collars.
• Talk to your veterinarian about the type of food you feed your cat, and avoid feeding tuna. (The EPA recommends no more than 1.5 ounces [45 grams] of canned tuna per week for adult cats.)
• Brush your cat’s teeth regularly, pay attention to their oral hygiene, and routinely examine your cat’s face (and inside of their mouth if they will let you) for anything suspicious.
• If your cat has dental disease, have it treated by a veterinarian.
• Have your cat’s mouth examined yearly by a veterinarian. (If your cat has a history of dental disease and is older than 7, schedule twice yearly oral examinations with your veterinarian.)
• Remember that cat mouth cancer carries a better prognosis if caught early. If you notice any of the signs listed in this article, talk to your veterinarian right away.

References

1. “Oral Cavity Tumors.” Cornell Feline Health Center. Retreived from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-c[…]/health-information/feline-health-topics/oral-cavity-tumors 
2. “A Review of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma” (2016, October) Today’s Veterinary Practice. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/oncology/feline-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/

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Weighing your dog or cat at home can be a useful tool, whether you want to help your pet maintain a healthy weight, catch weight issues early, or track their weight loss journey. But the process can be challenging if your pet isn’t used to getting on a scale.

If you are wondering how to weigh a dog or how to weigh a cat, this article will provide steps, tips, and advice to help make weighing a pet at home safe, easy, and accurate.

How Often Should I Weigh My Dog or Cat?

If your pet received a clean bill of health at their last annual vet visit, and they were at a healthy weight, then consider weighing your dog or cat at home every couple of months. This should suffice to catch any weight gain or weight loss before it becomes a problem. 

If your dog or cat is too heavy or too thin, then it is a good idea to weigh them once a month to track trends of weight loss or weight gain.

If your pet has a disease condition that causes changes in weight (such as cancer or diabetes), consult with your veterinarian to see how often you should weigh your dog or cat—and what to do if you notice changes in your pet’s weight. 

How to Weigh Your Dog or Cat: Preparation and Training

Before even attempting to weigh a dog or cat at home, it is important to get them comfortable with the process first. Most pets don’t mind the scale if they have learned that it’s not something to be scared of. 

But can you weigh a dog or cat on a human scale or do you need to buy special scales to weigh dogs and cats? The method and type of scale you use will vary depending on your pet’s size and comfort level. Options for weighing a dog or cat at home include:

• Placing a very small dog or cat on a baby scale
• Holding a small pet while standing on a bathroom scale
• Having a larger pet sit on a dog scale

Here is a closer look at each option to help you decide which is right for you and your pet:

Baby scale: If you have a very small pet (less than 10 pounds), then use a baby scale. Baby scales are more precise than adult scales, which is important for weighing small fur babies. Baby scales cost $20-$40.

Bathroom scale: If your dog or cat is small enough for you to lift and hold (generally less than 25 pounds), and they are happy and stay still while being held, then you can weigh them on your regular bathroom scale. First, weigh yourself while holding your pet. Then weigh yourself again alone. To calculate your pet’s weight, simply subtract your weight alone from your weight while holding your pet:

Your Weight While Holding Your Pet – Your Weight Alone = Your Pet’s Weight

Dog scale: If you want to weigh a large dog at home that is too big to lift (>40 pounds), you can purchase a dog scale. Scales for weighing dogs can be purchased online or at your local pet retail store. Prices start at $100. Different scales have different weight limits, so read the fine print before purchasing. 

Getting Your Pet Used to Being Weighed

Since you will be weighing your pet on a regular basis, you will want the process to go as smoothly as possible. The best way to get your pet comfortable with being weighed is with practice and positive reinforcement.

To get started, place the scale on a hard, level surface before using it. It is best to place the scale on the floor to prevent falls from countertops. Then, using your preferred method, practice weighing your pet once or twice daily—without actually getting a measurement—for several days. Afterward, reward your pet with praise, pets, or a special treat that is reserved only for weighing. That way, your pet will build a positive relationship with the process.

If your pet resists, acts scared, or is wiggly, do not punish them or force them. This is new for them! The goal is to make weighing easy and stress free for both of you. You will need to go slow, be calm and reassuring, and work beneath your pet’s fear threshold. Maybe it just starts with leaving the scale out for a few days with a treat or two on it so your pet can get used to the strange new device. 

If you go slow and your pet still is struggling with the scale, ask your veterinary care team or your trainer for advice on how to desensitize and counter condition your pet to not be fearful of the scale.

Steps for Weighing Your Pet

Once your pet feels more comfortable with the idea of being weighed, you can attempt to get an accurate weight measurement. To weigh your dog or cat at home, follow these steps:

Step 1: Depending on the method you are using, either pick up your pet and place them on the baby scale, hold your pet and get on the bathroom scale with them, or ask your dog to sit on the dog scale.

Step 2: Wait until your pet is still and the number stabilizes on the scale, then note the number.*

*If you are using a bathroom scale, step off the scale, put your pet down, and weigh yourself again alone, then calculate your pet’s weight using the formula discussed earlier:

Your Weight While Holding Your Pet – Your Weight Alone = Your Pet’s Weight

Step 3: Record the date and your pet’s weight in a calendar or pet health journal. 

Benefits of Weighing Dogs and Cats

Tangible benefits to weighing your pet at home include:

• Raises the likelihood you will keep your pet at a healthy weight and will alert you to weigh gain earlier, making it easier to course correct and shed unhealthy weight gain
• Lets you know if your pet is losing weight. Many diseases, including cancer and diabetes, cause weight loss and are easier to treat if caught earlier.
• Saves you a trip to the veterinary clinic to weigh your pet.
• Less stressful to most pets than weighing them at the veterinary clinic.

If you don’t have an easy way to weigh your pet at home or simply don’t want to, then you can weigh your pet at your local veterinary clinic. Most clinics will let you weigh your pet for free. The benefit of weighing your pet at the veterinary hospital is that they will keep track of your pet’s weight too. Your pet also gets to have a ‘fun’ visit, which can help lower stress for your pet when they have to go to the vet for less fun procedures. 

Other Tips for Successful Weight Checks for Pets

The best way to make weight checks for pets successful is to make them fun and practice, practice, practice. Now that you know how to weigh your dog or how to weigh your cat, here are some other helpful tips to consider:

• Start training your pet on the scale when they are a puppy or kitten.
• Use the notes application on your phone or use an online weight tracker to keep a record of your pet’s weight over time, so you can see trends or intervene early with weight gain or weight loss
• Always use the same scale, as individual scale measurements will vary.
• Your pet’s weight varies during the day just like it does for humans. Try to weigh your pet at the same time of day.
• With dogs, it may help to brush up on basic training cues, such as ‘sit’ and ‘stay’ before trying to weigh them.
• Dogs and cats can also be clicker trained to sit on a scale. Click and reward your pet for sniffing the scale. Click and reward your pet for placing a paw on the scale, and then click and reward them for holding a sit or standing quietly on the scale.
• If you weigh your pet at home and notice a change in your pet’s weight that is not expected, it is best to take your pet to the veterinary clinic to confirm the weight change on a hospital scale.

References

1. 2022 Pet Obesity Prevalence Survey. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.petobesityprevention.org/2022

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But how do you know the difference between healthy dog gums vs. unhealthy gums? What do healthy dog gums look like? 

In this article you will learn what healthy dog gums look like and how to recognize warning signs that could indicate problems.

Healthy Dog Gums: What to Look For

In order to make sure that your dog’s gums are healthy, you first have to know what normal dog gums look like. If your dog is comfortable with you touching their mouth and in a relaxed, happy mood, then go ahead and lift their lips and take a look. 

Make sure to look on both sides of the mouth, top and bottom. Normal dog gums should be pink or pale pink, moist, with no bleeding or sensitive areas. If your dog is very excited, hot, or was just exercising, their gums will be darker pink. 

If you see black spots on a dog’s gums, don’t panic! Many dogs have black pigmentation on their gums and tongue. However, dogs can get melanoma on their gums, so if the black spot is new to you, be sure to have your veterinarian take a look to make sure it is nothing to worry about. 

It is best to check your dog’s gums at least once a week.

Warning Signs to Watch Out For

Signs of gum disease in dogs include:

• Red gums
• Bleeding gums
• Foul breath
• White buildup and brown staining on teeth (plaque and tartar)
• Abnormal growths or swollen gums
• Mobile teeth and tooth loss
• Gum sensitivity
• Trouble chewing, drooling, or dropping food
• Gums that look like they are growing over teeth

Dog Gum Color Chart 

When checking your dog’s gums, it’s important to know what to keep an eye out for. The following chart can identify potential problems, so that you can discuss gum changes with your veterinarian.

What Causes Unhealthy Dog Gums?

Dog gum health is mostly a function of oral hygiene, but genetics also play a role. While small and toy breed dogs have more problems with gingivitis and poor gum health than large breed dogs, any dog can develop gum disease. 

In general, gum disease in dogs is usually due to poor oral hygiene leading to plaque and tartar build up on the teeth. Bacteria multiply on the surface of the teeth and eat away at gums and bone, causing gum recession, loose teeth, pain, and tooth loss. 

The Importance of Healthy Dog Gums

Gum disease not only creates bad breath and leads to bone and tooth loss, it is also painful and can negatively impact internal organ function. Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream through inflamed gums. This bacteria circulates throughout the body, landing in the liver, heart, and kidneys and causing extra wear and tear in these internal organs. 

What to Do If Your Dog Has Unhealthy Gums

If your dog has unhealthy gums, then it is time to get a veterinarian involved. Do not try to brush your dog’s teeth if they have evidence of gum disease because it will hurt and may make the problem worse. 

If your dog’s gums are an odd color that you know isn’t normal, then you need to get your dog to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Many times, abnormal gum color can indicate a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care. 

If you are noticing the signs of inflamed gums due to gum disease, then veterinary intervention is also required. While this isn’t a life-threatening emergency, it is uncomfortable, can lead to tooth loss, and is causing stress on your dog’s body, so it is best to get it addressed as soon as you can. Schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian. 

During the appointment, your vet will take your dog’s vitals and conduct a full physical examination, including examining the teeth and gums. If your vet notices gum disease, they will likely recommend a full dental cleaning, x-rays, and full dental evaluation under anesthesia. Your dog will need to come back for this procedure and stay at the hospital during the day to have the procedure and recover. 

During the procedure, if your vet notices any diseased teeth that need to be removed or other issues, they will need your approval to remove those teeth. Always be available by phone when your dog is undergoing a veterinary dental cleaning. 

How to Maintain Healthy Dog Gums

The best way to maintain healthy dog gums at home is to brush your dog’s teeth regularly. Brushing every 2-3 days is best because it takes approximately 72 hours for plaque (white, soft build up that can be brushed away) to harden into tartar (must be scaled or scraped off). 

In addition to brushing, the following products can be helpful for some dogs:

• Wiping the teeth with dental wipes
• Long-lasting dental chews (keep your dog chewing for 10-15 minutes)
• Water additives that reduce plaque build up
• Therapeutic dental dog foods formulated to reduce plaque build up

Look for products that have the Veterinary Oral Health Council seal of approval on them. 

It is also important to have your dog’s teeth checked once a year by your local veterinarian. Your vet can tell you if your dog needs professional dental cleaning and give you more advice on how to keep your dog’s teeth and gums healthy. Even though a dental procedure is pricey, consider it an investment in your dog’s overall health, longevity, and quality of life. You can offset the cost of veterinary dental care with pet insurance, wellness plans, pet care credit cards, or payment plans offered by your vet.

While gum disease is common in dogs, with increased awareness and proactive measures, you can help your dog have a healthy mouth. You may also save your dog’s life or the life of another dog by understanding how gum color reveals health problems, so share this article with other dog lovers in your life!

References:

1. Wallis, C. and Holcombe, L.J. (2020), A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 61: 529-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13218 

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In this article, we will take an in-depth look at what causes protein in dog urine, the symptoms of too much protein in a dog’s urine, and what veterinarians recommend for treatment.

Protein in Dog Urine: What is it?

Typically, a healthy dog’s urine should have very little to no protein in it. Protein is a precious resource in a healthy body and must be conserved. When blood is filtered through the kidneys, the kidneys resorb protein, vitamins, and minerals back into the bloodstream. At the same time, these vital organs excrete metabolic by-products, toxins, and excess water into urine, to be eliminated from the body. If the kidneys aren’t working correctly or there is bleeding or inflammation anywhere in the urinary or reproductive tract, that can be picked up on a urine test as protein in the urine, also known as proteinuria in dogs. 

A complete urinalysis is one of the most common laboratory tests run in veterinary hospitals. This is a dog urine test to check the health of the urinary system and other related body systems. A veterinarian may run this test during routine annual examinations or when a dog is sick. It is usually a paper strip dipped in urine and then evaluated for things like sugar in the urine, blood, infections, etc. The test also checks for protein in the urine. 

If proteinuria is detected on the screening test, your veterinarian will examine the urine under a microscope for evidence of red blood cells or a urinary tract infection, which can falsely elevate protein readings on urinalysis dipstick tests. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend a more specific test called a urine protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) to accurately determine how much protein is in your dog’s urine. Here is how UPC ratios are measured:

• UPC less than 0.2 is considered normal
• UPC between 0.2-0.5 is considered borderline proteinuria
• UPC greater than 0.5 in dogs indicates that your dog has an abnormal amount of protein in their urine 

These ratios can vary, and most veterinarians will repeat a UPC a few times over a few weeks to determine persistent proteinuria before moving on to more testing or treatment. 

Causes of Protein in Dog Urine

There are many causes of proteinuria in dogs, and it isn’t always kidney disease. Proteinuria is grouped into three main categories: pre-renal (caused before the kidneys), renal (kidney in origin), and post-renal (caused after the kidneys).

Pre-renal causes of proteinuria in dogs include:

• Hemolysis (widespread destruction of red blood cells)
• Severe muscle injury
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Fever
• Heat stroke
• Seizures
• Strenuous exercise

In all these conditions, the kidney is overwhelmed by protein and filters excessive protein from the blood into the urine.

Renal (kidney) causes of proteinuria in dogs include kidney disease of any kind. Kidney disease impairs the kidney glomeruli, which are the thousands of mini-filtration apparatus in the kidney that filter the blood and make urine. This damage may be reversible if caught early but often creates permanent scarring. If the glomeruli are damaged, microscopic holes are punched in the filter, which lets protein escape into the urine. 

Kidney disease in dogs can be caused by:

• Bacterial infections
• Parasitic infections, including heartworm
• Cancer
• Immune-mediated disease
• High blood pressure
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Pyometra
• Chronic inflammation of any kind, including obesity

Post-renal causes of proteinuria in dogs include:

• Lower urinary tract inflammation, such as is seen with urinary tract infections, cancer, or urinary stones

Inflammation in the lower urinary tract will be detected as protein on the urine test.

If your dog has proteinuria, it is considered abnormal, and it will be important to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and eliminate it if possible.

Symptoms of Proteinuria in Dogs

Moderate to severe proteinuria can cause the following symptoms: 

• Weight loss
• Decreased or increased appetite
• Lethargy
• Swollen paws or belly (edema)

Dogs that have proteinuria due to kidney disease often have the following symptoms:

• Peeing a lot
• Drinking a lot
• Weight loss
• Decreased appetite 

If you notice any of the symptoms in either of the above lists, make an appointment to have your dog seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Mild to moderate proteinuria does not usually cause clinical symptoms in dogs unless they have clinical signs associated with the underlying cause. For example, dogs with proteinuria due to a urinary tract infection may also have bloody urine, increased urge to urinate, and may be straining to urinate. These dogs need to be seen by a veterinarian.

Diagnosing the Cause of Excess Protein in Dog’s Urine

If your dog has had a confirmed diagnosis of elevated urine protein by multiple UPCs or if your dog is sick and has an elevated UPC, then it is time to run some additional tests to determine the cause of proteinuria. These tests can include:

• Blood tests (complete blood count, serum chemistry, thyroid, tests for Cushing’s if suspected)
• Imaging tests such as abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or abdominal ultrasound 
• Blood pressure monitoring
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Kidney biopsy if urine proteinuria is thought to be kidney in origin

Protein in Dog Urine Treatment 

Treatment of excess protein in dog urine varies depending on the underlying cause. For example, if the cause is pre-renal (fever, heat stroke, Cushing’s Syndrome, etc.), treatment focuses on fixing those issues. If the cause is post-renal (urinary tract inflammation), the treatment can be antibiotics for infections or surgery, or food therapy for urinary stones and crystals. Proteinuria should resolve once the underlying cause is identified and eliminated, and no further treatment should be necessary.

Proteinuria due to kidney disease has a range of treatments that may include:

• ACE inhibitor medication to reduce proteinuria
• Medication to lower blood pressure
• Omega 3 fatty acids from high-quality fish oil (ask your vet for a dose)
• Low-dose aspirin to prevent blood clots
• Low protein therapeutic food formulated for pets with kidney disease

The prognosis for dogs with kidney disease varies. While it is usually not cured by treatment, there are reports of spontaneous remission. If your dog is diagnosed with kidney disease, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian you trust, follow their recommendations, and give medications as prescribed.

How to Prevent Protein in Dog Urine

Because mild to moderate proteinuria often has no accompanying symptoms, it can be helpful to have your dog’s urine tested each year by your veterinarian, as most diseases associated with proteinuria have a better prognosis if caught early. 

Related Conditions:

• Kidney disease
• Urinary tract infection
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Edema
• Thromboembolism

The post Protein in Dog Urine: What Does It Mean? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn the ins and outs of jealousy in dogs.

Do Dogs Get Jealous?

It’s hard to say with 100 percent certainty if dogs get jealous, but if you’ve ever petted another pup in front of your own, welcomed a new baby, or brought another dog (or cat!) into the family, you may have noticed your dog exhibiting different behavior.

“It’s difficult to assign human emotions to animals without anthropomorphizing,” says Oakland, California-based veterinarian Gary Richter, DVM, author of The Ultimate Pet Health Guide. “Dogs can get upset when someone or something else is getting attention or a coveted toy, food, etc. Whether this is jealousy in the way people experience the emotion is unknowable.” 

Renee Rhoades, applied animal behaviorist and head of behavior at R+Dogs, suspects that jealousy in dogs does happen. “I believe that jealousy does exist in dogs, and to what degree would be dependent on factors such as attachment style and resources,” she explains. “For example, if a person is a [primary] caregiver to a dog, supplying all their needs for positive welfare along with their fundamental needs, the potential for jealous-like behavior would be higher. I hypothesize that to some degree, dogs do understand the need for cohabitation for survival, and therefore, some dogs might see their guardians as necessary resources. The guarding of resources is innate (in some dogs), so that might also be a factor in jealousy-like behavior.”

Overall, what appears to be dog jealousy is still normal behavior.

Causes of Jealousy in Dogs

Pet experts hypothesize several reasons why dogs get jealous, including being territorial (resource guarding), showing dominance rank, anxiety, and dog parent-oriented behavior.

“The jealous-like behavior dogs may exhibit is more similar to the parent-child dyad than any other human-associated jealousy,” says Rhoades. “This makes sense as the dog-human relationship mirrors parent-child relationships in attachment.”

Let’s go over some more specifics on some of the possible causes of dog jealousy, including whether or not the experts think they truly have an impact.

Do Dogs Get Jealous of Other Dogs?

There are a few studies that have indicated dogs can experience jealous-like behavior over their guardians. A 2021 study indicated that jealousy could start as early as puppyhood, with puppies seen to express an increased desire to get to their caregivers upon seeing them interact with an expressive robot dog [1].

A 2018 study determined that dog jealousy is not associated with dominance rank and territorial behaviors [2]. The results found that the dogs losing their parent’s attention during an interaction with another dog was not enough by itself to elicit jealous behavior. More specifically, the dogs in this study showed pet parent-oriented behavior (trying to direct the owner’s attention) when presented with a familiar dog rather than an unfamiliar dog.

Do Dogs Get Jealous of Babies?

While new and soon-to-be parents might be concerned that their dog will get jealous when a new baby arrives and the majority of their attention is diverted elsewhere, in general, it seems that babies aren’t the biggest cause of jealous behavior in dogs.

The current studies have indicated that dogs are more likely to show jealous-like behavior when their guardian is interacting with another dog or dog-like figure, according to Rhoades.

Perhaps with babies, it is more the sudden change in patterns and household dynamics that causes a change in the dog’s behavior due to anxiety versus jealousy. “Welcoming a baby into the home changes everyone’s life in the family, and this shift can be confusing as well as stressful for dogs,” says Rhoades.

While other pets and people may be the cause of jealous-like behavior, Rhoades cautions against assuming jealousy is the issue. “Any change in your dog’s behavior should be assessed by a qualified behavior consultant,” she explains. “There are other behaviors which we might label ‘jealousy,’ however have other motivating factors which are best left to an expert to investigate…often we can just dismiss the dog as being jealous when there could be something else going on.” (For example, fear or anxiety could be the cause.)

Dog Jealousy Signs

What are some signs of a potentially jealous dog? Here are a few common behaviors to watch for:

• Snapping
• Pulling on a leash
• Getting between you and the other dog, child, or pet
• Vocal behaviors like whining, barking, and growling
• Sulking
• Pushing or touching another dog or owner
• Aggression

What to Do If Your Dog Is Jealous

As a pet parent, you may experience signs that you might assume are dog jealousy at some point. Determining what to do depends on their behavior as well as the situation at hand.

Bring in a Professional

Dog possessive aggression and jealousy behaviors need to be worked on with a dog behavior professional as soon as possible. “The best course of action if you see your dog acting in a way that you believe to be jealous would be to contact a qualified behavior consultant for individual advice,” advises Rhoades. “I have addressed jealous-like behavior with dogs successfully, but the right approach must be taken to ensure what you’re seeing is jealous-like behavior and the best way to help your dog feel positive about these interactions.”

When it comes to avoiding jealousy surrounding a new baby, Rhoades has some advice. “The best way to help a dog transition is to reach out to a certified dog professional who specializes in babies and children. Ideally, you would do this as soon as you find out that you are pregnant or if you are in the planning stage of bringing a baby home.”

Introduce New Dogs Slowly

What about welcoming a new dog into the mix? Make sure introductions are in a calm, neutral environment (such as the front yard or a local park) and give both dogs time. It’s also a good idea to keep the dogs separate and allow the new dog time and space to relax in a gated off area. And remember, it’s okay for your first dog to see you giving the new dog attention — just make them wait their turn for your attention, then show them love, too.

Avoid Punishment

If you suspect that your dog is jealous, don’t yell at them or punish them. This can make the situation worse by pushing the dog to continue feeling negative about the interactions you are having, Rhoades advises. “This will only cause the feeling to become stronger with your dog, leading to the potential for more negative and elevated interactions in the future.”

Tips for Preventing Dog Jealousy

While you can’t control or prevent anyone’s — including your pets’ — behaviors from happening, you can take steps to minimize the likelihood that your dog will experience dog jealousy.

Redirect. Do not reward a dog’s jealous behavior by reassuring them when they are acting jealous – this reinforces the bad behavior. Instead, if your dog is exhibiting jealous-like behavior, ask them to perform a behavior (such as sit) and reward them with attention or a high-value treat for behaving like a nice dog. This will interrupt the jealous behavior and redirect the dog into behaving in an acceptable manner.

Ensure your dog isn’t anxious or fearful. Sometimes, fearful or anxious behavior can be mistaken for jealousy. If you aren’t sure, schedule a consultation with an expert. It helps to record your dog’s “jealous” behavior so the expert can see what you are talking about.

When in doubt, grab two of everything. Avoid putting dogs in situations where they need to get along or share. If you’re interacting with two dogs, make sure they each get their own resources, including toys, bedding, food, treats, and water.

Change the scenery. If your dog is expressing discomfort, it’s best to remove yourself and your dog from the situation, if possible.

Keep aggression in check. If your pup exhibits aggressive behavior toward another animal or human for any reason, separate your dog from the situation and seek help from a veterinarian or professional dog trainer.

Don’t turn your dog into a social experiment. From time to time, there are trends on social media to do things that provoke jealous-like behavior in dogs (such as the #jealousdogchallenge). “It’s important to not perpetuate these trends,” says Rhoades. “In fact, most dog trends on social media are often ill-advised by qualified dog experts.”

Speak to an expert. “When it comes to behavior patterns, much like humans, dogs tend to evolve into behavior patterns rather than abandon them,” notes Rhoades, adding that if you see elements of what you believe to be jealousy in your dog, it’s better to contact a qualified dog behavior consultant for an evaluation. This way, you can learn more about these patterns of jealous behavior and how they can be remedied before they become permanent.

References

1. Bastos, Amalia P. M. Psychological Science, “Dogs Mentally Represent Jealousy-Inducing Social Interactions.” 2021; https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797620979149
2. Abdai, Judit. Nature. “Investigating jealous behaviour in dogs.” 2018 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27251-1

The post Do Dogs Get Jealous? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you will learn how to induce vomiting in dogs safely and effectively, as well as when to do it and when NOT to do it. You will also learn any potential risks involved and when to get a veterinarian involved.

Inducing Vomiting in Dogs: When Should You Do It?

Dogs are known as indiscriminate eaters — they can and do eat things they shouldn’t. With some caveats (see ‘When NOT to make a dog throw up’), inducing vomiting is the treatment of choice when a dog eats a toxic or dangerous item. This may include:

• Toxic human foods such as grapes, garlic, onions, chocolate, or sugar-free items that contain xylitol
• Human and pet prescription medication (sometimes they also eat the bottle!)
• Over-the-counter supplements
• Recreational drugs, including edible cannabis products
• Toys, socks, and various other non-food items
• Toxic chemicals, such as antifreeze
• Rat poison that causes bleeding
• Alcohol
• Toxic plants

When NOT to make a dog throw up

There are plenty of situations where you should NOT make a dog throw up, including: 

• If more than an hour has passed since your dog has eaten the offending item. In this case, it has probably passed through the stomach, so vomiting likely won’t remove the substance or item. Inducing vomiting in a dog only helps if the item is still in the stomach and hasn’t been digested and absorbed into the dog’s bloodstream
• The ingested item/substance is going to cause more problems coming up than going down. Examples include caustic substances like bleach (can cause ulcers in the esophagus), sharp items, or petroleum jelly or mineral oil (which can be accidentally inhaled)
• The dog is already vomiting
• The dog has an underlying health condition that can make inducing vomiting unsafe
• The dog is already showing signs of poisoning (seizures, drooling, lethargy, hyperactivity, etc.)
• The dog is very old or debilitated
• The dog has laryngeal paralysis, megaesophagus, or difficulty swallowing. (They would be at risk for accidentally inhaling vomited material, which can cause aspiration pneumonia)
• The dog is brachycephalic. (Smush-face dogs, like Pugs, are also at risk for accidentally inhaling vomited material)
• The dog has a recent history of surgery
• The dog is already on medication that may have a negative interaction with hydrogen peroxide (we’ll get deeper into why this matters in a minute)

How to Make a Dog Throw Up: Step-by-Step Instructions

If you do end up having to induce vomiting in a dog, there are a couple things you should do first:

Talk to a professional. Call your veterinarian, local emergency clinic, or the pet poison hotline before making your dog throw up. Even if you are planning on making your dog vomit at home, do your best to get information from pet health experts beforehand. They can tell you if doing so is an appropriate treatment for your dog and their specific situation. When you call, have all pertinent information on hand, including what your dog ate, how much they ate, when they ate it, their weight, and any health issues they already have. 

Feed your dog a small amount of food. Give your dog a couple of bites of food if they haven’t eaten in the past couple of hours. This will make them more likely to throw up.

Using hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting in dogs

The easiest and safest way to make a dog vomit at home is to give them 3% hydrogen peroxide by mouth. It’s important that you ONLY use 3% hydrogen peroxide, as higher concentrations are considered toxic to dogs and can burn the gastrointestinal tract. 

To get your dog to throw up using 3% hydrogen peroxide, follow these three steps:

Step 1: Get some assistance. Since administering 3% hydrogen peroxide is often easier with two people, enlist a second pair of hands if you can.

Step 2: Calculate how much 3% hydrogen peroxide you need. The standard recommended amount is 1 teaspoon per 5 pounds of body weight with a maximum amount of 3 tablespoons. 

Step 3: Administer 3% hydrogen peroxide. Use a syringe or baster to squirt the liquid into the corner of a dog’s mouth (into the pouch formed at the corner of the mouth between the lips and gums). You don’t even have to open their mouth — just squirt into the corner of the mouth, and then gently massage their throat with a downward motion to encourage them to swallow. Dogs will usually lick their lips after they swallow.

The 3% hydrogen peroxide will foam in the stomach and make your pup feel nauseous enough to vomit. 

In severe cases, dogs may still require treatment (such as medications or intravenous fluids) after inducing vomiting for added support, to treat toxicity symptoms, or to remove any absorbed toxins.

If you are unable to make your dog vomit, then get them to a veterinarian as soon as possible. Your veterinarian may administer a stronger emetic (medication that induces vomiting), provide other supportive care, or run testing if clinically indicated.

Avoid alternative methods

If you’ve wondered how to make a dog throw up with your fingers or salt, wonder no more: don’t use either method. 

Using your fingers to make a dog vomit is dangerous and puts you at risk for an accidental dog bite injury. Using salt to make a dog vomit is not recommended because it puts your dog at risk for life-threatening electrolyte imbalances.

What to Do After Making a Dog Throw Up

Monitor your dog closely after giving 3% hydrogen peroxide and collect everything they vomit — your veterinarian may want to see it and you want to make sure your dog doesn’t eat it. If your dog doesn’t vomit within 15-20 minutes of giving 3% hydrogen peroxide, readminister a single dose. If your dog still doesn’t vomit, call your veterinarian or take your dog to them immediately.

Watch your dog after vomiting for several hours, and take them to the vet if they exhibit any of the following signs:

• Vomiting for more than 1 hour after administering 3% hydrogen peroxide
• Diarrhea
• Extreme tiredness
• Swollen abdomen or abdominal pain
• Bloody vomit or feces
• Tarry feces
• Fever
• Any signs of toxicity (seizures, bleeding, abnormal behavior, etc.)
• Refusing to eat the day after administration of 3% hydrogen peroxide

Precautions and Risks

The main risks with making your dog throw up at home include:

• Not removing all the toxic material from your dog’s system
• Accidental inhalation of vomitus or hydrogen peroxide
• Accidental overdosage of hydrogen peroxide

By following the precautions and instructions included in this article and enlisting the help of your local veterinarian or pet poison hotline, you can avoid problems associated with making your dog throw up and quickly get them back on the road to health.

The post How to Make a Dog Throw Up: Inducing Vomiting in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Whether your dog is considered a senior or you are just preparing ahead of time, this article will share everything you need to know in regards to senior dog care. The good news is that old age is not a disease. If you use the appropriate knowledge and care, your dog can live long and live well.

Senior Dog Care: What to Expect

At home, senior dog care may not look all that different from caring for a younger dog. That being said, here are some important senior health tips that can help prevent pain, suffering, and big vet bills—and help your dog age better:

• Weigh your dog monthly and track weight trends, either up or down
• Monitor your dog’s eating and drinking habits and note any changes 
• Consider switching to a senior dog food
• Check their skin once a month for lumps and bumps
• Monitor for pain or mobility issues
• Increase to twice annual vet visits to catch and treat problems early

How to Care for a Senior Dog: 10 Things to Know

If your dog is getting older, here is what you need to take into consideration:

Regular Vet Checkups

Annual vet visits are crucial for all pets, but senior pets may need to be seen more often, especially if they have health concerns. Remember that dogs age more quickly than humans, and their health can change rapidly. In order to catch problems early, many veterinarians recommend biannual check ups even for healthy senior dogs. 

In general, pet parents should expect the following at senior dog vet visits:

• Full physical examination at every visit
• Vitals and weight check at every visit
• Nutritional assessment at least once a year
• Bloodwork, urinalysis, and fecal exam (once a year, twice a year, or more often if the dog is sick or takes long-term medications)
• Vaccinations (usually once a year or less, dependent on the health of your dog and their infectious disease risk, veterinarians will recommend vaccinations to protect against infectious disease)
• Parasite control (once a year for fleas, ticks, heartworms, and intestinal worms) 

Common Health Issues 

While older dogs have a lower risk for certain problems, such as infectious disease and injuries, they are at higher risk for other issues, such as cancer and joint disease. Senior dogs are predisposed to skin lumps and bumps that may or may not be cancerous. Check your dog’s skin at least once a month for any changes, and if you notice anything, schedule an appointment with your vet to have it checked out. 

Other conditions that tend to affect older dogs more often than younger dogs include:

• Laryngeal paralysis
• Collapsing trachea
• Heart disease
• Dental disease
• Cancer
• Kidney issues
• Cognitive decline
• Vision and hearing loss
• Weight changes
• Hormonal disorders (diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism)

These conditions are easier to manage when they are caught early, which is why twice yearly vet visits and annual lab work is recommended for senior dogs.  

Some of these disease conditions are very common and require medication to manage. Some medications that are routinely prescribed to older dogs with disease conditions include:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (pain medication for osteoarthritis)
• Diuretics and other heart medication (treatment for heart disease)
• Trilostane (treatment for hyperadrenocorticism)
• Levothyroxine (treatment for hypothyroidism)

In addition to medications, some disease conditions can be improved by feeding a dog a therapeutic diet. This is a common part of treatment for dogs with kidney disease. 

Because senior dogs are at risk for disease and injury, it is a good idea to invest in pet insurance that will help offset the costs of veterinary bills. The CareCredit credit card is another great tool to have in your arsenal to help you stay focused on your dog’s health.*

Behavioral Changes

While old age itself is not a disease, there are some behavioral changes associated with some of the diseases that are seen in older dogs. If a dog is advanced in age, they may show behavioral changes without a specific disease cause. 

Osteoarthritis is very common in most older dogs of all sizes, and can cause debilitating chronic joint pain. Signs of arthritis pain in dogs include limping, slowing down or lagging behind on walks, increased irritability, and more. Your veterinarian can help you manage your dog’s joint health, reduce pain, and in many cases, slow progression of the disease. 

Senior dogs should have the same eating and drinking habits as when they were younger; if they don’t, something may be amiss. Many diseases can change drinking and urinating patterns and affect a dog’s appetite, so if you notice increases or decreases in eating and drinking, talk to your vet. 

Behavioral changes in older dogs can also include:

• Increased anxiety or clingy behavior
• Sleeping more 
• Decreased energy
• Accidents in the house
• Confusion
• Circling or pacing
• Excessive vocalization
• Disrupted sleeping patterns

Many of these symptoms can be traced back to undiagnosed disease processes, and most of them can be mitigated with help by your local veterinarian.

If you have a multi-pet household, typically the other pets in the house do not react differently around a senior dog that is not having any issues. They may, however, act differently if the senior dog is exhibiting behavioral changes due to disease. If a dog is grouchy from painful osteoarthritis, for example, other pets may avoid them or there might be increased aggression between the two pets. If you notice behavioral changes in your senior dog, talk to your veterinarian about solutions. 

Nutritional Needs

Throughout all of your dog’s life stages, good nutrition is important. Nutrition is used to prevent disease, promote health, increase longevity, and in the case of therapeutic foods, manage disease conditions. If your senior dog has been diagnosed with dental disease, kidney disease, heart disease, osteoarthritis, obesity, cognitive dysfunction, skin disease, or cancer, they may benefit from eating a therapeutic food. Talk to your vet.

The benefits of senior dog food include:

• Highly digestible with balanced fiber
• High in antioxidants
• High-quality protein that is digestible
• Added supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids to promote brain, skin, and joint health
• Reduced calories to prevent weight gain

The best way to switch to a senior dog food is to see if the current brand you are feeding has a senior option. If that isn’t an option, then choose a food that has similar ingredients to what you are feeding now. In either case, go slow when you transition your dog’s food.

However, just because your dog is getting older doesn’t mean you have to change their food. If your dog is thriving on their current food, then switching them may not be in their best interest. If you are in doubt, always ask your vet.

Remember that older dogs often gain or lose weight due to changes in metabolism, hormonal disorders, or cancer. Weigh your dog once a month, note any weight trends, and talk to your vet if your dog is losing or gaining weight.

Supplements

Senior humans often take supplements to promote healthy aging. Supplements are also a good choice for many senior dogs, as they may not be absorbing nutrients from their food the way they used to, or they may have additional nutritional needs. 

Common supplements for senior dogs include:

• Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil to promote brain, joint, and skin health 
• Glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, and green lipped mussel for joint health
• Antioxidants, including vitamin E and C, to protect against free radical damage
• High quality CBD oil for chronic joint pain and anxiety
• Probiotics if your dog struggles with digestive issues

Exercise

How much a senior dog should exercise depends on several factors, including breed and overall health. Some 10-year-old Border Collies will still work all day while an 8-year-old Pug may live a sedentary lifestyle. Before starting any exercise, make sure your dog is healthy enough for exercise by checking with your vet.

Exercise goals for older dogs include maintaining muscle mass, preventing excessive weight gain, and mental and emotional enrichment for brain health and wellbeing. Most senior dogs are perfectly content with two walks a day in the morning and evening, for 30-60 minutes each time, with plenty of time to sniff. Other healthy senior dogs still enjoy fetch, flyball, hiking, or agility training. It all depends on the dog. Dogs will tell you when they have had enough, and signs they are tired or painful include:

• Lagging behind on walks
• Sitting down and refusing to move
• Excessive panting or breathing hard
• Seeking shade to lay down

Some examples of beneficial low-impact exercises for senior dogs include:

• Swimming
• Hiking on dirt or grass
• Scent work
• Trick or obedience training (yes, you can teach old dogs new tricks!)
• Novice rally team sports

Oral Care

Oral care is an often overlooked but incredibly important part of senior dog care. Most senior dogs have some level of gum disease, causing inflammation in the gums that allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream. This causes additional wear and tear on internal organs and shortens lifespan. Plus, dental disease is painful. Pet parents should make every effort to maintain their dog’s teeth and gums in the best condition possible. Dental care includes:

• Regularly brushing your dog’s teeth at home, at least every 2-3 days
• Offering high-quality, long-lasting chews 
• Having a veterinarian examine your dog’s teeth and gums once a year
• Utilizing the services of a veterinarian to eliminate dental disease with a professional dental cleaning

Pet parents may be reluctant to schedule a professional dental cleaning because of the risks of anesthesia. Dogs are fully examined before anesthesia to ensure that they are healthy enough to go through the procedure, and if they have health issues, then the veterinarian will adjust the anesthesia plan to accommodate and take special precautions. If the veterinarian does not think the dog is healthy enough to go under anesthesia, they will not proceed with the procedure. In most cases, the benefits of a dental cleaning far outweigh the risks of anesthesia.

Grooming

Typically, a healthy senior dog’s hair coat doesn’t change that much as they age, other than turning gray or white. However, hormonal disorders, such as hyperadrenocorticism or hypothyroidism, can cause hair to fall out or become oily or brittle and dry, in some older dogs. If you are noticing hair coat changes, talk to your veterinarian. 

Overgrown nails are uncomfortable and at risk of being torn, which is why regular nail trimming is an important part of grooming for all dogs. It is even more important for senior dogs that are not wearing their nails down naturally. 

Some older dogs may need help with grooming as they age, especially if they have long hair or if your dog has arthritis, which can make it difficult for them to reach all their body parts. If you notice matting, excessive dandruff, or oil, it could be because your dog isn’t grooming appropriately. Some older dogs will need grooming help from you. Grooming tools that are helpful include a grooming rake to remove dead hair, a slicker brush, and pet wipes to clean eyes and skin folds. Some older dogs can benefit from having their fur trimmed short around their hind end. 

Home Modifications

If you have an older dog that has mobility issues or hearing or vision loss, consider ways to make them more comfortable in their surroundings, such as:

• Avoid rearranging furniture if your dog doesn’t see well
• Put down non-slip rugs on hard surfaces to reduce falling and slipping. If you don’t want rugs everywhere, at least create a rug path for your dog to walk on. Alternatively, you can train your dog to wear non-skid boots
• Use a ramp or dog stairs for your dog to get in the car or on furniture
• Invest in an orthopedic mattress to cushion sore joints away from the floor and provide a supportive sleeping surface
• Use night lights in your home so your dog can easily see at night
• Raise your dog’s food and water bowls to make it easier for them to eat
• Block off areas (such as stairs or pools) with baby gates

Cost

The costs of caring for a senior dog are similar to caring for a younger dog with the exception of veterinary bills, which may be higher depending on the health of your dog. Even if your dog is currently healthy, it is important to plan ahead for unexpected veterinary bills. Pet insurance is a good option to help offset veterinary costs. Other options include a savings account, emergency credit card, or line of credit. For example, a CareCredit credit card can be used for routine vet appointments, care of chronic pet diseases and conditions, emergency pet care, surgeries, and more, at veterinarian locations that accept the card.

Other than veterinary bills, other costs that may be increased for senior dogs include home modifications (such as an orthopedic mattress or ramps), supplements, and therapeutic or specialized diets.

*Subject to credit approval

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post A Veterinarian’s Guide to Senior Dog Care appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn what jaundice is, what it looks like in cats, what causes it, and whether jaundice can be reversed if the cause is treated appropriately.

What Is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the general term for yellow discoloration of body tissues. Jaundice is also known as icterus. Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of a yellow-brown compound called bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bodily fluid that is created by the breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is a major part of bile, which is a digestive fluid that is removed from the bloodstream by the liver. If the liver is damaged or if so many red blood cells are breaking down or being destroyed that it overwhelms the liver’s capabilities, bilirubin will leak into the bloodstream. When bilirubin leaks into the bloodstream, it stains body tissues and urine yellow.

What Does Jaundice Look Like in Cats?

Jaundice causes yellow staining of bodily tissues, including eyes and skin. It can be difficult to notice if your cat is jaundiced, as much of their skin is covered in fur. Coat color doesn’t affect how easy jaundice is to recognize. The most likely places that you will notice jaundice is the hairless skin of the ears, the skin right above the eyes, and the whites of the eyes. Cats with yellow eyes are often the first thing that people notice. 

Causes of Jaundice in Cats

Veterinarians will put jaundice into one of three categories, depending on the cause of jaundice.

Pre-liver jaundice caused by destruction of red blood cells due to:

• Auto-immune disease (IMHA)
• Infectious diseases (FeLV, heartworm, tick-borne diseases, FIV, Mycoplasma haemofelis)
• Toxicity (onions, propylene glycol, certain antibiotics (TMS), zinc)

Liver-related jaundice caused by:

• Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
• Adverse drug reactions that injure the liver
• Cholangiohepatitis (liver and gallbladder inflammation)
• Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease)
• Infectious liver disease 
• Bacterial sepsis
• Liver cancer
• Hyperthyroidism
• Copper toxicity

Post-liver jaundice caused by:

• Obstruction of the bile duct with gallstones or sludged bile
• Pancreatitis
• Cancer of the pancreas, intestines, or bile ducts
• Liver flukes (parasites)
• Inflammation of the bile duct

Many of the conditions that cause jaundice in cats are considered life-threatening. Therefore, if you notice your cat is jaundiced, please make sure to take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

Other Symptoms Associated with Jaundice in Cats

A jaundiced cat will usually have other symptoms that relate to the underlying cause of jaundice. If a cat has jaundice due to destruction of their red blood cells, they will likely act more tired than usual. If a cat has jaundice due to liver disease, they will likely not want to eat, have vomiting and/or diarrhea, and may exhibit strange behaviors associated with liver disease, such as head pressing, drooling, and seizures.

Diagnosing the Cause of Jaundice in Cats

If your cat is jaundiced, your veterinarian will want to conduct a physical exam and laboratory tests on blood and urine to determine the cause. Blood work will be important to check internal organ function (including the liver), electrolytes, and red blood cell health. Initial lab tests include serum chemistry, complete blood count, and urinalysis. If jaundice is related to red blood cell destruction, then anemia may be noted on blood work. If jaundice is related to liver failure in cats, then elevated liver enzymes will be noted on blood work. 

Depending on what initial labs show, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing, which may include:

• Bile acids test
• Bilirubin assay
• Imaging studies, including ultrasound and/or radiographs (x-ray)
• Auto-agglutination and coagulation studies to determine if it is an issue with autoimmune destruction of red blood cells
• Liver biopsy

Jaundice in Cats Treatment

It is important to note that jaundice itself is not life-threatening, but the underlying disorder that is causing it might be, and must be treated. Jaundice in cats treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying cause of jaundice. If your cat has a blood disorder, that will be treated. If your cat has liver disease, that will be treated. If your cat has bile or gall bladder disease, that will be treated. Depending on the cause, surgery and/or hospitalization may be needed. If the underlying disorder is treatable, then jaundice is 100 percent reversible.

Prognosis for Cats with Jaundice

The prognosis for cats with jaundice depends on the underlying cause and whether it can be resolved, or not. In many cases, cats with jaundice can make a full recovery if properly treated. Your veterinarian will assess your cat and determine your cat’s prognosis. 

How to Prevent Jaundice in Cats

While you may not be able to prevent all causes of jaundice, there are things you can do at home to minimize your cat’s risk. These include:

• Having your cat examined yearly by a veterinarian and having any recommended lab tests performed
• Work with your veterinarian to keep your cat vaccinated appropriately for their lifestyle 
• Feed your cat food that is AAFCO certified to be complete and balanced 
• Keep your cat indoors, supervise outdoors activity by keeping them on a leash or keeping them in an outdoor enclosure
• If your cat doesn’t eat for more than two days, take your cat to the vet
• If your cat is vomiting, have them checked by a veterinarian

While jaundice can seem scary, there are often treatments available that can help your cat recover fully. Most causes of jaundice in cats can be successfully treated with early intervention — the survival rate of cats with jaundice is moderate to high. If you notice your cat is jaundiced, please take your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible — by working with a veterinarian you trust you are more likely to help your cat recover quickly and without long lasting health complications.

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So when is drooling normal, and when is it not? In this article, you will learn some of the potential medical causes of excessive drooling in dogs, what to do if you notice your dog drooling more than usual, and when it’s a problem. We’ll even share tips for how to deal with health issues that stem from standard, everyday drooling in dogs who tend to slobber!

Dog Drooling: What Is Normal?

Dogs constantly produce saliva from their salivary glands. Normally, most dogs swallow their saliva. Certain large and giant breed dogs, like those mentioned above, have very droopy lips that can accumulate excessive saliva that will then drip out as drool. Other breeds that are known for their drool include:

• Bloodhounds
• Newfoundlands
• Mastiffs
• Bernese Mountain Dogs
• Great Danes
• Boxers
• Bulldogs

Certain environmental factors can also cause dogs to drool more than usual but these are still considered normal, including:

• Dogs that are overheated and cooling themselves by panting
• Dogs that are anticipating eating something yummy
• Dogs that have been given a bitter or yucky-tasting oral medication
• Dogs that have been given eye drops or nose drops

Characterizing Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Excessive drooling, also known as ptyalism, is a condition that occurs when something abnormal is happening in a dog’s body that generates excessive saliva. 

Depending on the underlying cause, dogs with ptyalism may or may not act sick but may have one or more of the following symptoms in addition to excessive drooling:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting or regurgitation
• Lip smacking
• Excessive swallowing
• Suddenly head shy (doesn’t want to be touched around the head)
• Changes in eating behavior, such as dropping food, chewing only on one side, refusing to eat hard food, etc.
• Increased irritability or reclusive behavior, especially if the dog is in pain
• Other abnormal behavior such as excessively tired or loss of interest in regular activities
• Pawing at the face or muzzle
• Chin acne
• Anxiety

If your dog is acting normal other than suddenly drooling a lot, it is still a good idea to call your veterinarian for advice, as you could be missing subtle signs of sickness. 

Medical Causes of Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Drooling is impacted by a dog’s mouth, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and abnormalities in any of those systems can result in excessive drooling.

The following is a partial list of medical conditions that can cause excessive drooling in dogs:

• Diseases of the mouth: periodontal disease, oral trauma, mouth cancer, infections, chewing on an electrical cord, swallowing problems
• Salivary gland diseases: infections, tumors, trauma, inflammation
• Esophageal diseases: megaesophagus, inflammation (esophagitis), gastric reflux, parasites, foreign body, hiatal hernia
• Stomach diseases: gastric inflammation, gastric ulcers, gastric parasites, twisted stomach (gastric dilation volvulus)
• Neurological diseases: motion sickness, botulism, tetanus, facial nerve palsy, seizures, brain inflammation or cancer, vestibular disease, anxiety
• Drugs and toxins: swallowing caustic substances like bleach, chewing on house or yard plants, licking insecticides or herbicides, ingesting recreational or prescription drugs, spider or snake bites, licking toads, caffeine, drugs used in anesthesia
• Liver and kidney disease (nausea)

What to Do if Your Dog is Drooling Excessively

Suppose your dog is drooling excessively but acting fine in every other way (their behavior, appetite and energy level are all normal and they are not vomiting). In that case, calling your veterinarian or emergency clinic for advice is likely fine as a first step. Your veterinarian may still recommend that you bring your dog in for an examination, or they may instruct you to monitor your dog at home; in either case, follow their recommendations.

If you notice that your dog is excessively drooling and acting sick in any way, or you know that they chewed on or swallowed something toxic or dangerous, take your dog to a veterinarian for evaluation as soon as possible. Some causes of excessive drooling, such as gastric dilation volvulus, are imminently life-threatening without veterinary care, so it is always better to be safe than sorry.

Treatment of excessive drooling in dogs varies widely and depends on the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will need to conduct a physical examination, ask you some questions and may need to run some tests.

If your dog needs treatment, the following are some common treatments for excessive drooling in dogs, according to the cause:

• Dental disease: sedation, x-rays (radiographs), removal of diseased teeth, cleaning of the teeth, antibiotics, etc.
• Salivary gland problems: surgery, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories
• Esophageal problems: medications, feeding modifications, surgery
• Stomach problems: medication, surgery, food therapy
• Neurological problems: medication, surgery
• Motion sickness: anti-nausea medication
• Drugs and toxins: supportive care, removal of drugs and toxins from systems

Some cases of excessive drooling are easy to cure and manage. If your dog is drooling due to motion sickness, medication can help them feel better. If they are drooling due to dental disease or drug toxicity, they will stop as soon as the underlying problem is eliminated.

If a dog is drooling excessively due to megaesophagus, liver disease, kidney disease or seizures from epilepsy, their symptoms can be managed with food therapy and medications. Ensuring these dogs do not develop dehydration from chronic drooling is also important. Working with a veterinarian you trust is critical to eliminating the underlying cause of excessive drooling in your dog.

If your dog’s drool is considered “normal” for their breed, but they are still getting chronic skin infections around their chin and muzzle due to constant wetness, try the following:

• Clean affected skin (or skin folds) every 12 hours with an over-the-counter medicated wipe (either pet or human) designed for acne to dry the area and reduce the number of bacteria on the skin’s surface. Wipes with astringents (witch hazel) can also be helpful, but be sure to avoid causing problems with over-dryness.
• Apply petroleum jelly to cleaned areas to protect the skin
• Use stainless steel food and water bowls and wash them in the dishwasher every couple of days

Related conditions

• Periodontal disease
• Megaesophagus
• Motion sickness
• Vestibular disease
• Seizures
• Gastric ulcers
• Gastric dilation volvulus
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease

The post Excessive Drooling in Dogs: 7 Medical Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. However, not all cats are candidates for oral treatment for diabetes, and insulin therapy is still considered the mainstay of diabetes treatment in cats. Potential candidates are cats who meet the following criteria:

• They have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• They are otherwise healthy and do not have any health complications from diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in cats, especially overweight and obese cats, and is due to insulin resistance. While cats with type 2 diabetes are making enough insulin, their bodies do not respond appropriately to the insulin, causing blood sugar to remain high. 

In contrast, type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body does not make enough insulin. Cats with type 1 diabetes are dependent upon insulin to control their blood sugar and cannot receive oral treatment. In general, cats who require insulin to control diabetes include:

• Cats with type 1 diabetes
• Cats who are sick
• Cats who have been treated with insulin injections in the past 
• Cats with liver or kidney disease

These cats are considered poor candidates for oral treatment without insulin, as they are at increased risk for a potentially dangerous medical complication called diabetic ketoacidosis. These cats should regularly receive insulin injections to lower their blood sugar. 

How to Treat Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Apart from receiving oral medication to control their blood sugar instead of insulin, much of a cat’s basic treatment plan will remain the same as a diabetic cat who receives insulin injections to control their diabetes. This treatment plan includes:

• Daily medication
• Feeding an appropriate amount of food at the same time every day. The best food for diabetic cats is low carbohydrate, moderate- to high-quality protein, moderate fiber, and moderate fat. Most people elect to feed their cat a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to control blood sugar in cats with diabetes
• Weight loss, if indicated
• Constant access to fresh, clean water
• Moderate daily exercise that is at the same time each day, if possible
• Monitoring your cat’s blood or urine sugar or ketones at home, depending on what your vet recommends
• Monitoring for diabetic complications, and calling your vet if you see increased urination, drinking, vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in energy levels or appetite
• Maintaining or improving your cat’s dental health
• Taking your cat to the vet a couple of times a year for examinations and lab work

Treating a diabetic cat without insulin requires administering a daily medication by mouth that is designed to keep blood sugar normal. Medication options that are currently available for treating a cat without insulin include:

• SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Bexacat daily oral tablet
• Glipizide

Treating Diabetes in Cats with Bexacat

Bexacat is the brand name for bexagliflozin, a drug that is known as a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. SGLT2 inhibitors have been used in humans since 2013. Currently, Bexacat is the only SGLT2 inhibitor on the market that is approved by the FDA for use in cats. However, additional FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors are on the horizon. 

This type of medication increases urine excretion of sugar (glucose) by inhibiting SGLT2, a membrane protein in the kidney. Normally, SGLT2 reabsorbs most of the sugar from the blood that is filtered through the kidney. SGLT2 inhibitors, like Bexacat, prevent reabsorption of sugar from the blood as it is filtered through the kidney. The cat then pees out excess sugar in their urine, and their blood sugar is lowered to a normal level.

Bexacat is given as a once-daily flavored 15 mg tablet, and should be given at the same time each day. Bexacat costs about $70 for 30 tablets. 

Pros

• Once-daily flavored chewable tablet increases ease of administration, reduces owner confusion if multiple people are caring for the same cat, and improves the quality of life of people who care for diabetic cats
• Can be given with or without food
• Adverse side effects are generally mild and self-limiting in most cats
• The dose is the same for all cats who weigh more than 6.6 pounds 
• Very low risk for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Things to Consider

• Can only be used in cats with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes who have never received insulin and are otherwise healthy
• Cannot be given to cats who are dehydrated, have liver or kidney disease, have or have had pancreatitis, or cats with elevated cholesterol or blood triglycerides
• Cannot be given to cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds
• Common adverse side effects include dehydration, urinary tract infections, vomiting, and loose stools or diarrhea
• Requires ketone monitoring, as some cats are at risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis, a rare but serious adverse reaction
• Long-term use may alter blood calcium levels or increase the risk of urinary tract infections or certain cancers
• Cats may still drink, eat, and urinate more than usual on this medication even though their blood sugar is normal
• Some cats may gain excess weight

Treating Diabetes with Glipizide for Cats

Glipizide (brand name Glucotrol) is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in humans. In cats with type 2 diabetes, glipizide is often prescribed to lower blood sugar levels. Glipizide lowers blood sugar by increasing the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas and by making the tissues of the body more sensitive to insulin. Most cats start with half a 5 mg tablet twice daily and increase to one tablet twice daily if needed.

Pros

• 100 tablets cost about $15, making glipizide relatively inexpensive
• Can be formulated into a tasty liquid, chewable tablet, or transdermal lotion
• Can be used in cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds

Things to Consider

• There is some concern that glipizide can contribute to progression of diabetes mellitus in cats, leading to a need for insulin injections 
• Glipizide tablets must be given twice daily with food
• Transdermal lotion has variable absorption and is not considered reliable
• Use of glipizide in cats is considered ‘off label’ usage by the FDA
• Cats need to be screened regularly for liver toxicity while on this drug
• Not all cats will benefit from glipizide, with benefits reported in around 40 percent of cats

How to Give a Cat a Tablet

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts treatment for diabetes, you can expect their clinical signs to lessen once their blood sugar is controlled. This can look like:

• Normalized appetite
• Maintaining body weight or gaining some weight (note that weight gain should not be encouraged in cats with obesity)
• Normalized drinking and urination
• Normalized energy and activity levels

These are all signs that the medication is effective. With oral treatment for diabetes, it can take 6-8 weeks to see improvement in some cats. For newly diagnosed diabetic cats, you can expect to visit the veterinarian several times after starting the medication for physical examinations and lab work to ensure that the medication is helping your cat.

In contrast, if the medication is not controlling their blood sugar or if your cat has other health complications, then you will not notice any improvement or your cat may get worse. It is very important to monitor diabetic cats daily for adverse reactions, especially when they are starting a new medication. If you notice any of the following signs while your cat is receiving oral medication for diabetes, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Excessive tiredness
• Increased drinking and urination

If oral medication is not working for your cat, then your veterinarian will endeavor to discover why and eliminate the problem. Dental disease or urinary tract infections, for example, can interfere with blood sugar control. If your cat has high blood sugar but doesn’t have any conditions that interfere with blood sugar levels, then they will likely need to switch to insulin injections to control their blood sugar. 

Cats who have type 2 diabetes due to obesity may achieve diabetic remission once they have lost the excess weight, and may not continue to require medication to control their blood sugar. Many of these cats can be maintained in diabetic remission with a strict diet alone. This is one of many reasons that if you have a diabetic cat, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar. With the right tools, knowledge, and veterinary care, diabetic cats can live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. 

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What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM for short, is a disease of heart muscles, specifically the ventricular muscles, which are responsible for pumping blood forward and through the blood. In DCM, the heart muscles weaken over time resulting in a big, weak, floppy heart. Dilated chambers in the heart have a reduced ability to contract and push blood through the body’s blood vessels. A heart affected by DCM becomes overloaded with blood, and can result in congestive heart failure.

Thirty years ago, DCM was one of the leading causes of heart failure in cats. It was theorized that DCM in cats was due to a dietary deficiency of an essential amino acid called taurine. Most cat foods manufacturers began supplementing their foods with taurine, and now DCM is rarely seen in cats, and accounts for around 10 percent of heart disease seen in cats (1).

Causes of an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Before 1987, dilated cardiomyopathy was the most common type of heart disease diagnosed in cats. Thanks to dietary modifications in commercial cat foods, now DCM in cats is relatively rare. In the past, it was theorized that taurine deficiency was the main culprit of feline DCM. Today, the underlying cause in the majority of DCM in cats is unknown. In some families of cats, a genetic predisposition has been identified, just like in humans.

While dilated cardiomyopathy can affect any cat of any age, Asian breeds, including Persians, Burmese, Abyssinian, Siamese, seem to be disproportionately affected. DCM can also be the result of end-stage heart failure due to other heart disease in cats, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy, both of which are more common in cats than DCM.

Symptoms of DCM in Cats

The most common signs associated with any type of heart disease in cats are rapid breathing (sometimes open-mouth), decreased appetite, and decreased energy levels. Sometimes, cats with heart disease don’t show any signs. Other times, they may hide, not want to eat, or act non-specifically sick. Other more severe symptoms of heart disease in cats include:

• Pale or bluish tinge to gums
• Weakness
• Racing heart
• Collapse
• Sudden onset of inability to move hindlimb due to paralysis and/or severe hindlimb pain (caused by a blocked blood vessel called a thromboembolism)

If you notice any of these signs in your cat, make an appointment to see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Heart disease can progress quickly in cats and become life-threatening. Remember a cat’s instinct is to hide any signs of sickness, so if your cat is showing you that they are sick, then they need to see a vet ASAP to determine what is causing the problem.

Diagnosing Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Cats

A veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you and physical examination of the cat including taking vitals and listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. Depending what the veterinarian notices on physical exam, they will recommend diagnostic testing, which can include:

• Chest radiographs (X-rays)
• Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram)
• Electrocardiogram
• Blood work (CBC, Blood Chemistry, thyroid testing, taurine testing, heart biomarkers)

Treatment for an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Cats that are suffering from congestive heart failure due to DCM are usually very sick and require hospitalization to be stabilized. They may need to be put in an oxygen cage to make it easier for them to breathe.

DCM often causes fluid buildup around the lungs that can make it hard to breathe, and using a needle and syringe to remove that fluid (in a procedure called thoracocentesis) is used to help cats breathe. Veterinarians often submit the fluid for testing as well. Even on medication, some cats will require intermittent thoracocentesis to remove fluid from their chest.

Medications for Managing DCM in Cats

Heart medication is the long term treatment of choice for managing DCM in cats. Prescribed medications can include:

• Furosemide, a diuretic that removes excess fluid from the body
• Pimobendan, to strengthen the heart muscle and dilate blood vessels so the heart can pump blood more effectively, alternatively digoxin may be prescribed
• Blood vessel dilators to reduce the work the heart has to do to move blood through the body
• Anti-arrhythmia heart medication if clinically indicated
• Taurine supplementation if clinically indicated

Caring for a Cat with DCM

Cats with DCM should be kept indoors only in a low stress environment. These cats often have a poor appetite, so ask your veterinarian for food recommendations to tempt your cat to eat. Avoid foods that are high in salt; some cats may need a low sodium diet.

Recheck Appointments

If your cat has DCM, it is very important to work closely with your veterinarian and report how your cat responds to therapy and any symptoms as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will need to see your cat back for rechecks fairly frequently to check how they are responding to treatment. Some medications, such as furosemide, must be accurately dosed, as too much will cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and kidney issues, and too little will not be effective. During recheck appointments, your veterinarian will:

• Examine your cat
• Take their blood pressure
• Take blood samples to ensure that your cat is responding appropriately to medication and that there are no negative side effects

Prognosis for Cats with DCM

Unfortunately, DCM in cats that is not related to a taurine deficiency carries a poor prognosis, and survival even with treatment is usually weeks to months after initial diagnosis.

How to Prevent DCM in Cats

Ensure that your cat is eating a high quality cat food that contains animal protein to prevent a taurine deficiency. Do not feed cats a vegetarian or vegan diet. Have your cat’s health and heart checked by a veterinarian once a year to catch any problems early. 

Related conditions

• Congestive heart failure
• Thromboembolism
• Pleural effusion
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The post Enlarged Heart (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you’ll learn what incontinence is, why it happens, how an incontinent dog is different from dogs experiencing other urinary problems, and how to treat and prevent incontinence in your dog.

What Is Urinary Incontinence?

Urinary incontinence in dogs is a condition in which a dog loses voluntary control of urination. It is most often observed by pet parents when they find their dog leaking drops of urine while lying down. When the dog gets up, there is a wet spot left behind. 

While any dog can be affected, urinary incontinence is most common in middle-aged to older spayed female dogs (which is why it is sometimes called “old dog incontinence”). Medium and large breeds are more affected by dog incontinence than small breeds. 

Dogs can also have problems with fecal incontinence, but unless a dog has a neurological disease like a herniated disc in their spine that is compressing the spinal cord and causes both fecal and urinary incontinence, these two conditions typically have different causes and are treated differently.

Incontinence Vs. Urinary Problems in Dogs

Incontinence is different from other urinary disorders in that a dog usually doesn’t realize it’s happening and often does not behave differently. They still go outside and void urine normally. What you will notice with incontinence in dogs is that after your pup gets up after lying down somewhere for a little while, there will be drops or a small spot of urine. 

In contrast, if a dog has a urinary tract infection, they will likely have an increased urge to urinate, may urinate smaller amounts more often, may have a strong smell to their urine, may strain to urinate, and may have bloody urine. 

Urine marking, a behavioral condition usually seen in dogs that haven’t been spayed or neutered and causes them to urinate inappropriately inside the house, may be confused with incontinence, but it is not the same. 

Signs of Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

An incontinent dog can pee normally when they go outside. The most common sign of urinary incontinence in dogs is that the dog is involuntarily leaking urine while lying down. 

Some of the other signs of urinary incontinence include:

• Excessive licking “back there”
• Brown staining around the vulva
• Urine scald (a rash around the vulva caused by persistent wetness)

Causes of Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

In a dog with a healthy lower urinary tract, urine in the bladder is prevented from leaking by a sphincter that closes in the urethra (the tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the dog). Dog incontinence is often caused by a failure of the urethral sphincter to stop urine from escaping from the bladder. This is called urethral incompetence and in older female dogs, it is caused by hormonal changes. 

Other causes of dog incontinence include:

• Neurological disease, such as trauma to the spinal cord due to herniated discs or blunt trauma (hit by car), nerve disease, or brainstem disease
• Chronic inflammation from urinary tract infections
• Birth defects
• Cancer
• Prostatic disease in male dogs

Diagnosing Urinary Incontinence in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has urinary incontinence, make an appointment with your veterinarian. They will conduct a full physical examination, and may also perform a rectal exam,neurological examination, and a urinalysis. 

If a urinary tract infection is suspected, your veterinarian will also order a urine culture and sensitivity to determine what bacteria is infecting the bladder and which antibiotics to use to treat the UTI. 

Your veterinarian may also want to run imaging studies, such as abdominal ultrasound and/or abdominal radiographs (X-rays) to see if there are any anatomical abnormalities. Sometimes bloodwork is ordered. 

Less commonly, if the cause of incontinence cannot be determined, the urinary bladder will be scoped under anesthesia, or special imaging studies will be ordered.

Dog Incontinence Treatment

Urinary incontinence in dogs is typically treated on an outpatient basis: no hospital stay is required unless your dog is sick. If there is a urinary tract infection, treating the infection can resolve the problem. Urinary tract infections can cost a couple of hundred dollars to treat unless they are complicated – then treatment is more expensive.

Dog Incontinence Medication

If a dog’s urinary incontinence is due to a leaky urethra, this condition is not cured but managed with medication. The most common medications prescribed for urinary incontinence in dogs include:

• Phenylpropanolamine
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Diethylstilbestrol
• Deslorelin
• Leuprolide
• Imipramine

Dog incontinence medication can be in the form of an oral pill or chew, or it can be implanted under the skin. Typically, medication is very successful in managing urinary incontinence due to urethral incompetence, and dogs stop leaking urine while they are on medication, negating the need for dog diapers. 

With the right treatment, dogs with hormonal urethral incompetence can live long, healthy lives free of the symptoms of urinary incontinence. The other good news is that the most common urinary incontinence medication, phenylpropanolamine, is relatively inexpensive: a 180-count bottle of 50 mg phenylpropanolamine will run you about $30 a month.

 How a dog responds to therapy is very individual, therefore it is important to work with a veterinarian you trust to determine the right course of therapy for your dog. 

Dog Incontinence Surgery

If there is an anatomical urinary obstruction, cancer, prostatic disease, or a neurological problem, surgery may be recommended. Once the underlying cause is treated, urinary incontinence will resolve on its own. 

How to Prevent Incontinence in Dogs

Spaying female dogs early (before the dog is fully mature) increases their risk of developing hormonal urethral incompetence in middle age, especially in large breed dogs. The same is true for early tail docking. 

You can lower your dog’s risk of developing urinary incontinence by delaying their spay/neuter surgery until they are fully done growing. Dogs mature at different rates, so ask your veterinarian when they think your dog will be fully grown.  

Obesity may increase the risk of urinary incontinence in dogs. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to reduce their risk of many diseases, including urinary incontinence. 

The post Incontinence in Dogs: Signs and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dog UTI Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once your furry friend is diagnosed, dog UTI treatment depends on the underlying cause. If your dog has a one-time, uncomplicated UTI without any underlying problems, then treatment is straightforward and relatively inexpensive. If your dog has recurrent urinary tract infections or underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s disease, or urinary stones, then treatment is aimed at resolving the urinary tract infection and the underlying cause (if possible) and will cost more. 

Antibiotics are always prescribed for dog UTI home treatment. Dogs are typically given oral antibiotics in pill or capsule form for the pet parent to administer themselves, or they can be administered by the veterinary staff as a one-time injection under the skin. Be sure to give all antibiotics as prescribed until finished, even if your dog’s symptoms resolve before they’re done with the medication. 

While antibiotics are needed to resolve the UTI, they can also disrupt normal gut flora. Therefore many veterinarians will also recommend probiotics to reduce the likelihood of diarrhea or stomach upset. If you are giving antibiotics and probiotics at the same time, be sure to separate administration of these medications by at least 2 hours, otherwise the antibiotics will kill the probiotics. It’s best to give probiotics to dogs right before bed.

Additionally, because UTIs are painful, veterinarians may also prescribe pain medication, such as muscle relaxants and/or anti-inflammatories. 

If your dog has recurrent or complicated UTIs, treatment may extend beyond antibiotics and could include:

• Therapeutic dog food to dissolve urinary stones and crystals
• Surgery 
• Multiple veterinary rechecks with lab tests
• Treatment of other underlying problems (diabetes, Cushing’s, etc.)

Dog UTI Treatment Cost

Since there are a number of dog UTI treatments available, the cost will vary. The cost of antibiotics can range from $35 to $300, depending on which antibiotic is used (ex: amoxicillin treatment usually ranges from $35 to $75), the size of the dog, how long the dog has to be given antibiotics, and whether or not the UTI is complicated. 

The cost of pain medication typically ranges from $30 to $75, while therapeutic dog food ranges $40 to $100 per bag, depending on the size of the bag of dog food. 

If surgical therapy is needed, it’ll usually be anywhere from $1000 to $3000. 

Veterinary rechecks with lab tests can cost $50 to $150 per visit (with the exact price contingent on geographic location and what tests are ordered), and the cost of treatment for other underlying issues will vary.

Dog UTI Medications

UTI treatment for dogs always involves prescription antibiotics. Amoxicillin is often used as a first-line antibiotic in dogs that have not had a UTI before. Otherwise, antibiotics are selected based on urine culture and sensitivity, which means that bacteria in the urine are cultured in a laboratory, and then different antibiotics are tested to see which one will be effective in eliminating the infection. 

In addition to amoxicillin, some of the antibiotics that are commonly used for UTIs include:

• Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS)
• Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Clavamox)
• Cefovecin
• Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin

Less commonly, amikacin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, or meropenem may be prescribed. 

Uncomplicated UTIs are typically treated with 7 to 10 days of antibiotics, while complicated UTIs may require 4 to 6 weeks of antibiotics.

Prescription pain medication for UTIs may include carprofen (Rimadyl), trazodone, and/or muscle relaxants. It’s also important to note that you should never give your dog any over-the-counter pain medication without first consulting with your veterinarian.  

Dietary Considerations for Dogs With UTIs

If your dog has a single, uncomplicated UTI then you do not need to change their food; regular dog food is fine for them to eat. If they have recurrent urinary tract infections or problems with urinary crystals or stones, then your veterinarian may recommend a therapeutic dog food that is designed to reduce urine crystal formation and promote bladder health. 

The type of therapeutic food that your vet will recommend will depend on the type of crystals or stones your dog has in their urine, so it’s critical to work with a veterinarian to choose the right one. 

UTI Supplements for Dogs

Probiotics are an excellent way to boost your dog’s immune system. This is because the gut has the largest collection of immune cells in the body, and dogs that develop a UTI often have alterations in their gut flora. By giving a high-quality probiotic, you can help improve immunity in the gut, which protects the whole body. 

If you don’t routinely give your dog probiotics, you should at least give your dog probiotics while they are on antibiotics and for a couple of weeks after finishing antibiotics to restore normal gut flora. Remember to separate from antibiotic administration by at least 2 hours. 

Cranberry extract is another supplement pet parents can consider for dogs that are predisposed to recurrent UTIs, as it may inhibit some bacteria from sticking to the bladder wall. Additionally, fish oil (which contains omega-3 fatty acids) is known to promote health of the entire urinary tract. Before giving your dog any supplements, check with your veterinarian to make sure there are no contraindications or drug interactions. 

Dog UTI Treatment at Home: Tips and Advice

If your pup has an uncomplicated UTI, you can expect to see improvement after starting treatment. Your dog should start to feel better right away with pain medication, and urinary signs should improve dramatically within the first 24 to 48 hours. Uncomplicated UTIs can be assumed to be completely resolved if there is no recurrence of symptoms after treatment is completed.

If your dog starts to have signs of a UTI again after you have finished treatment, or if their symptoms don’t improve within 24 to 48 hours after starting therapy, then you should assume that treatment is not resolving the infection. In this case, your dog either needs different antibiotics or has a complicated UTI that requires additional therapy. Call your veterinarian right away for advice, as they will most likely want you to bring your dog back to run some tests. Fortunately, UTIs in dogs are often uncomplicated, easy to treat, and respond well to treatment under the supervision of a veterinarian. If your dog has signs of a UTI, work with your veterinarian to get them on the road to recovery as fast as possible.

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If you are just starting out on this journey with a dog that has been newly diagnosed with Cushing’s, or you want to be more informed about what to expect in regards to treatment for Cushing’s disease in dogs, this article will give you the knowledge that you need to make informed decisions for your dog. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once a dog is diagnosed with Cushing’s disease, their health care depends on the severity of their symptoms, the type of Cushing’s disease they have, the dog’s overall health and condition, and any complicating factors (for example, if they have diabetes mellitus or osteoarthritis).

The most common type of Cushing’s disease diagnosed in dogs is called pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. This means that a small, usually slow growing tumor in the pituitary gland in the brain causes the adrenal glands to secrete too much cortisol, a steroid hormone. This type of Cushing’s disease in dogs treatment involves long-term daily medication that reduces the level of cortisol in the dog’s body back to normal levels. 

Typically, when a dog is diagnosed with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease, their veterinarian will prescribe an initial dosage of daily medication for the dog and ask the pet parent to come back in a few weeks for a recheck examination and blood tests.

The reason for the recheck is to ensure that the medication dosage is appropriate:

• If the dosage is appropriate, then your dog’s blood tests will be normal and their symptoms will be improving (appetite/drinking/urinating return to normal, better energy levels, etc.). If this is the case, your veterinarian will likely tell you to continue on the same dosage and ask you to return for a recheck in 3-6 months, as long as your dog is doing well.
• If the dosage is too low, then your veterinarian will increase the medication dosage and ask you to come back again in a few weeks to repeat the examination and blood test.
• If the dosage is too high, then your veterinarian will decrease the dosage and ask you to come back again in a few weeks to repeat the examination and blood test. 

Dogs can also develop a tumor on their adrenal gland that causes the symptoms of Cushing’s disease. This type of Cushing’s is less common, but still occurs in dogs. If this is the case, then your veterinarian will recommend surgery to remove the tumor. While this type of Cushing’s can also be managed with long-term medication, surgery will cure the condition and is the recommended treatment of Cushing’s disease in dogs that is caused by an adrenal tumor, unless your dog is not a good candidate for surgery. 

If your dog has other disease conditions, that complicates things. Sometimes, dogs can develop multiple hormonal conditions at the same time, which can be challenging to manage. Other times, dogs may have silent skin or joint problems that suddenly become a problem once the Cushing’s is under control. In these situations, it is best to have patience and realize that it will likely take longer to get multiple health conditions under control and will require more veterinary visits. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment Cost

The cost to manage Cushing’s disease in dogs depends on several things: what type of Cushing’s your dog has, how big your dog is, how easy your dog’s Cushing’s disease is to manage (e.g., how many follow-up visits and blood tests are required), the type of medication prescribed, if surgery is required, and your geographical area. Ballpark estimates are as follows:

• Initial diagnosis: $300-$1,000 (examination, laboratory testing, abdominal ultrasound)
• Follow-up visits: $150-$250 per visit (examination, laboratory testing)
• Medication: Ranges from $50-$150/month, depending on the size of your dog, the type of medication prescribed, and the dosage required to control symptoms
• Surgery: $2,000-$4,000

Cushing’s disease in dogs treatment can be costly. Pet insurance, emergency credit lines, savings accounts, and payment plans can all help with the cost of veterinary bills. 

Medication for Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Medication controls the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs by suppressing the production of cortisol from the adrenal glands. When dosed appropriately, medication normalizes the levels of cortisol in the body and symptoms of Cushing’s resolve. While Cushing’s medications are very effective, they can also be dangerous, causing abnormally low levels of cortisol that can be fatal, if the dosage is too high. That is why it is very important for pet parents to closely monitor their dogs while on Cushing’s medications and to return to the veterinarian for scheduled rechecks, especially at the beginning of treatment. 

If you notice any of the following symptoms in your dog while they are on Cushing’s medications, stop the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Loss of appetite (misses a meal)
• Excessive lethargy, shaking, or weakness
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea 

Most veterinarians will counsel pet parents thoroughly on this risk associated with Cushing’s medications, and most veterinarians will also send you home with a few prednisone tablets with instructions to give them if the symptoms of low cortisol are ever noticed while on medication. 

Trilostane (trade name Vetoryl), is the most widely prescribed FDA approved medication for dog Cushing’s disease treatment. This medication works by suppressing the production of cortisol in a dog’s body, and is very effective in controlling the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs. This drug is either given once or twice daily and is well tolerated in most dogs. Anecdotally, Cushing’s dogs that are treated with trilostane often need less after a year or two of treatment, and some dogs go into remission completely, no longer requiring medication. 

Mitotane, otherwise known as Lysodren, is the other main drug used to treat Cushing’s disease. It works by selectively destroying cells in the adrenal gland that secrete cortisol. It may also be used in dogs for adrenal tumors that aren’t good surgical candidates since it may destroy tumor cells as well as control symptoms. This medication is usually given once a day.

Other drugs that may be prescribed for Cushing’s disease in dogs include ketoconazole and selegiline hydrochloride.

Diet for Dogs with Cushing’s Disease

Dogs who are being treated for Cushing’s disease usually do not require a diet change; a regular maintenance diet is appropriate for most dogs unless they are also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. If the dog is overweight, your veterinarian may recommend a short-term change to a weight loss diet to facilitate weight loss. 

Keeping Dogs with Cushing’s Disease Comfortable

Cushing’s disease in and of itself is not a painful condition. Dogs with Cushing’s can have a hard time regulating their body temperature and breathing, however, so make sure they have a cool place to rest and don’t force exercise, especially in the heat. The best thing you can do for a dog with Cushing’s is get the condition treated appropriately, which will resolve symptoms.

Excessive cortisol secreted in Cushing’s disease, however, can mask painful inflammatory conditions, like joint pain from osteoarthritis. It can also mask skin allergies because cortisol works the same way steroids do. If you notice that your dog starts limping, is having a hard time getting around, or starts excessively scratching their skin while they are under treatment for Cushing’s, speak to your veterinarian about how to keep your pet comfortable. 

If your dog has surgery to remove an adrenal tumor, then they will need to ‘stay quiet’ for 2 weeks to allow their incision to heal. This includes no running, jumping, or long walks. For the first 48 hours, your dog will likely just want to sleep, eat a little, and drink water. Make sure they have a warm, soft place to recover, prevent them from licking or biting at the surgery site, and monitor their incision daily for any signs of infection (heat, swelling, redness, discharge), gaping, or loose sutures. 

Dog Cushing’s Disease Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your dog’s cortisol levels are controlled, you can expect to see rapid resolution of symptoms associated with Cushing’s. This includes resolution of:

• Excessive drinking and urinating
• Excessive eating
• Excessive panting
• Anxiety
• Hair loss
• Skin and urinary tract infections
• Weakness and trembling
• Pot belly

As stated above, if you notice signs of low cortisol, stop medication and call your veterinarian immediately. 

Cushing’s, in general, is fairly easy and rewarding to treat. Most dogs can live for years with a good quality of life, and most pet parents are very pleased with how their dogs respond to therapy. Just be patient, remain vigilant for the signs of adverse drug reactions or low cortisol, communicate regularly with your vet, take it one day at a time, and you will likely be successful in helping your dog feel much, much better. 

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Some cats may be candidates for a needle-free alternative to insulin, such as Bexacat (bexagliflozin). Bexacat is a once-daily flavored tablet for treating diabetes. Cats taking Bexacat also must have their blood sugar levels regularly monitored by their veterinarian. 

Veterinarians use what’s called a fructosamine test for cats and continuous glucose monitoring to adjust the dose of insulin in order to best control the cat’s blood sugar and minimize the signs of diabetes. A fructosamine test can also be used to see how cats are responding to an insulin alternative such as Bexacat. This helps determine whether cats can continue using the medication or need to switch to insulin.

In this article, you will learn what these diabetic blood tests are, how they work, and what you can expect when it comes to monitoring blood sugar levels in diabetic cats as part of treatment.

What Is a Fructosamine Test for Cats?

Serum fructosamine testing is used by veterinarians to evaluate how well a diabetic cat is responding to insulin therapy or insulin alternatives over the long term. 

Fructosamine is a protein found in blood serum that has sugar attached to it. The level of fructosamine in blood serum samples is representative of the average blood sugar levels that a cat has had over the past 1-2 weeks. If it is too high, then that lets the veterinarian know that they need to adjust the cat’s insulin dosage or type of medication, their food, or look for something else that is causing problems with the cat’s blood sugar.

In contrast to a blood glucose curve for cats, only one blood draw is required to obtain a blood sample for the fructosamine test. The fructosamine test is either run in house at the veterinary clinic or the blood sample is sent to a local laboratory for analysis.

Also unlike a glucose curve in cats, fructosamine tests do not require any special timing or fasting. However, serum fructosamine cannot detect abrupt changes in blood sugar, only long-term changes. Therefore, it is important to still monitor your cat daily at home for any signs of abnormal blood sugar levels like drinking and peeing more, and call your veterinarian immediately if you see them, even if your cat has normal fructosamine levels when they are tested.

Fructosamine Test vs. Glucose Curve in Cats

Monitoring blood sugar in cats who have been diagnosed with diabetes can be tricky. A glucose curve in cats, which is the standard blood test used for diabetics, isn’t always a reliable test for our feline companions. That’s because when cats are stressed by the veterinary hospital or by having their blood drawn, their blood sugar is higher than it would be at home when they are calm. 

A fructosamine test for cats is unaffected by stress, which can make it a good test for cats who have elevated blood sugar due to stress. This is why veterinarians use a fructosamine blood test to check blood sugar control in diabetic cats.

A fructosamine test requires a veterinary professional trained to draw blood samples from a cat — it cannot be done by a pet parent. It is typically done in a veterinary hospital, but it can also be done by a veterinary professional who comes to your home for a house call.

How often your cat needs a fructosamine test depends on how well your cat’s diabetes is controlled. If your cat’s diabetes is well controlled, then you will likely only need a fructosamine test every 6 months. If your cat’s diabetes is not controlled, then your cat may need a fructosamine blood test every few weeks until their diabetes is under control.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Cats

Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) are being used more and more in veterinary medicine as an alternative way to monitor diabetic cats at home. CGM provides continual data about your cat’s blood sugar, and is a good option if your cat’s diabetes is difficult to control, your cat is newly diagnosed with diabetes, or for cats that may be approaching diabetic remission (cure). In general, if your cat is a stable diabetic that only needs blood tests every six months, then testing them with serum fructosamine is a better choice than CGM.

The FreeStyle Libre system is the most common CGM technology that is utilized in cats. It uses a small sensor disc that is placed on an area of skin (usually the neck or thorax) that has been shaved. The sensor disc communicates with a phone app or a reader device that stores data from the disc. Collected data can also be sent to your veterinarian for analysis. CGM measures interstitial glucose, which while it is different from blood glucose, still correlates fairly closely and can be used to monitor diabetic cats. 

CGM is generally well tolerated in most cats. It is easy to place, avoids multiple needle pokes, and lasts about 2 weeks in most patients. In addition, the FreeStyle device has an alarm that will alert you if glucose levels are too high or too low.

Fructosamine Test Process: What to Expect

Fortunately, if your cat needs a fructosamine test, it is a fairly easy, quick, and straightforward outpatient procedure. Sometimes, if your cat doesn’t need an examination by a veterinarian, you may only need a veterinary technician to draw your cat’s blood and submit the sample, which can save you time and money.

For well-controlled diabetic cats, it should only take 15-20 minutes to have your cat’s blood drawn at the veterinary hospital or in your home. If your cat’s diabetes isn’t controlled, then you may need to see the veterinarian and have your cat’s blood drawn, which will take longer — between 45 minutes to an hour —and will require additional cost.

There are no restrictions after your cat’s blood is drawn for a fructosamine test — they can go back to their normal routine afterward. If there is a pressure bandage placed on their arm where blood is drawn, you will need to remove it after 15 minutes.

If your veterinary clinic runs the tests in house, then they will likely call you later the same day with results and recommendations. If they have to send the blood sample to the local laboratory, then it will be a day or two before they call you with the results.

If you don’t hear from your veterinary clinic within two days, call them and ask for an update.

Cost of Fructosamine Test for Cats

While the cost of a fructosamine test can vary by geographical location, the average cost of the test ranges from $75-$125. If your cat requires an examination by a veterinarian at the same time as a test, that is an additional cost.

What The Results Mean

If your cat is taking insulin, here is what you can expect. If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back normal and your cat doesn’t have any signs of high blood sugar at home, then your veterinarian will likely recommend that you don’t change anything about your cat’s routine. They’ll likely ask you to come back in 6 months to repeat the test.

If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back too high, then your veterinarian will likely increase your cat’s insulin dosage, recommend that you switch foods, or both. If your cat’s fructosamine test comes back too low, then your veterinarian will reduce the insulin dosage. In either case, you will likely be asked to authorize your cat to be retested in 3-4 weeks to check if those changes help regulate your cat’s blood sugar, which is the end goal.

If your cat is prescribed Bexacat, recommended monitoring includes glucose curves and fructosamine tests at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after starting treatment (1). If these tests show that your cat’s average blood glucose is too high, they will need to stop taking Bexacat and transition to insulin. If your cat is responding well to Bexacat treatment after 8 weeks, they will be re-checked every 3 months (or as medically indicated).

Reference

1. Bexacat Patient Selection and Monitoring for Diabetic Cats. Jan 2023. Retrieved from https://assets.elanco.com/0cec44ed-3eaa-0009-2029-666567e7e4de/1b0d2a58-023b-4ce1-948e-4f0f011c0eed/Bexacat%20Vet%20Patient%20Selection-Monitoring%20Sheet%20-%202nd%20update%20-%20Jan%202023.pdf

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In this article, we’ll take an in-depth look at cat limping, including potential causes of lameness in cats, what to do if your cat is limping, and how to prevent the problem, if possible. 

Why Is My Cat Limping?

There are many potential causes of limping in cats. A bone, muscle, tendon, or ligament injury is the most obvious reason that a cat is limping.

Infections from bite wounds are also a very common reason why cats limp. When cats fight, they can leave behind deep puncture wounds caused by bites. These wounds become infected and abscess, causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and lameness in cats, especially outdoor cats that like to fight. Sometimes, you may see or feel the swelling, and other times, you may not notice it. 

Other reasons that a cat may limp include:

Arthritis that causes joint pain (worse in obese cats); you may not see your cat limping but you may notice your cat jumping less, grooming less, sleeping more, playing less, etc.

Cancer in the bone or nerves that causes pain; this can affect any leg

Toe pain from a torn toe nail, foreign body, burned/injured toe pads, or phantom pain from a declawing surgery; cats may also lick their paws a lot or have increased aggression due to chronic pain from declawing

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus that causes cats to have an abnormal, dropped stance in their back legs (called down in the hocks)

Hip dysplasia that causes pain or dysfunction in the hip joints of a cat’s back legs

Bone infection that causes bone pain in any leg

Bone fractures that healed abnormally, causing abnormal gaits in cats

Tick bite paralysis caused by a bite from certain species of female ticks

Spinal disc disease that causes a cat to drag their legs or be unable to get up

Pinched nerve that usually causes neck and shoulder pain and limping in front legs

Saddle thrombus/aortic thromboembolic disease caused by heart disease that causes a blood clot to block blood flow to the rear legs, resulting in rear leg lameness

Vaccine reaction that causes pain, swelling, and limping after the injection is given 

What to Do If Your Cat Is Limping

It can be tempting to take the wait-and-see approach if you notice your cat limping. However, some conditions are more serious than others and require prompt veterinary attention. You might be asking yourself, what should I do if my cat is limping but acting normal? What about a cat limping all of a sudden or a limp that comes and goes? Here is a general guide: 

Pay special attention to when the limping occurs (e.g., after sleeping, running, playing, etc.) and how long the cat has been limping—your vet will want this information. 

If your vet advises you to monitor your cat’s limping at home, here are some steps you can take to make your cat more comfortable:

• Put all food, water, bedding, and toys on the ground level
• Place a ramp for your cat to walk up
• If you have been tasked with keeping your cat “quiet,” keep your cat in a small bathroom or large dog crate to limit movement
• If you have started treatment but still notice your cat limping, call your vet

It is very important to NOT give your cat any human over-the-counter or prescription pain meds. This is especially important in regards to ibuprofen or acetaminophen—these medications are extremely toxic to cats and should never be given to a cat. 

Diagnosing Cat Limping

A veterinarian will utilize a physical examination, an oral history from you, and various tests to diagnose cat limping. A physical examination is almost always necessary and depending on the cause of limping, may be all that is required to diagnose the problem. Abscesses, for example, can be diagnosed with a physical examination.

Common tests a veterinarian may run for a limping cat include:

• Radiographs (X-rays) to look at bone and muscle
• Blood work to rule out problems like diabetes
• MRI or CT scan if the cause of limping isn’t readily apparent

How to Treat a Limping Cat

Almost all limping cats will be given pain medication but beyond that, how lameness in cats is treated depends on the underlying cause. Here are some examples:

• Arthritis is treated with weight loss if needed and pain medication. Joint supplements, laser therapy, acupuncture, and omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other adjunct treatments, are also available
• Abscesses are lanced by a veterinarian and then treated with antibiotics and pain medications
• Cancer requires surgery +/- radiation therapy
• Paw injuries are treated appropriately
• Bone infections receive antibiotics
• Spinal and nerve disease is treated with surgery, anti-inflammatories, and cage rest
• Saddle thrombus is treated with pain medication, cage rest, blood thinners, and time

Your veterinarian will tailor your cat’s treatment to their specific condition and treat it appropriately. 

How to Prevent Cat Limping

While you can’t prevent all causes of cat limping, there are several things you can do as a pet parent to minimize your cat’s risk, such as:

• Keep your cat indoors to avoid abscesses and injuries
• Keep your cat at a healthy weight to reduce problems with arthritis
• Have your cat checked by a veterinarian yearly to catch any problems early
• Give your cat omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil
• Do not declaw your cat
• Give your cat adequate scratching surfaces
• Keep your cat active with 3-4 daily play sessions every day

Related Conditions

• Abscesses
• Osteoarthritis
• Cancer
• Injuries
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Saddle thrombus

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What Are Eye Allergies in Dogs?

Eye allergies in dogs, otherwise known as allergic conjunctivitis, is an inflammatory condition. Just like in people, this inflammation is irritating to dogs, causing itchy, red, watery eyes. 

Dog eye allergies are often confused with eye infections because they cause similar symptoms and are similarly common. So, how can you spot the difference? Eye allergies are often coupled with other allergy symptoms, such as sneezing or itchy skin. But other key differences between dog eye allergies and infections include:

These differences may be subtle and hard to differentiate. Especially if you notice any of these symptoms for the first time, take your dog to the vet as soon as possible. Other red flags include a lack of response to at-home treatments, or more explicit signs of infection like yellow or green discharge. 

Causes of Dog Eye Allergies

Believe it or not, dogs can have allergies just like humans. Eye allergies occur when a dog’s immune system has a hypersensitive response to otherwise harmless environmental substances. We call these things allergens, and they can include grass pollen, tree pollen, mold, cat dander, dust, insect particles, and more. When a dog comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system recognizes it as a “foreign invader.” This causes an inflammatory response, resulting in dog eye allergy symptoms. While any dog can develop eye allergies, dogs that have skin allergies tend to have more problems with eye allergies than other dogs. 

Eye allergies in dogs can also occur after contacting certain chemicals or eating certain food ingredients. If your dog is sensitive to a particular laundry detergent or after eating chicken, for example, it can cause itchy, red eyes. 

Symptoms of Dog Eye Allergies

Dog eye allergies can be simple to spot if you know what you are looking for. If your dog goes outside in the spring or summer and comes back in with red, itchy eyes, you can usually assume it’s eye allergies. Symptoms of eye allergies in dogs can include:

• Acute onset of itchy, red, watery eyes
• Swollen, red eyelids
• Dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
• Pawing at eyes
• Rubbing face on carpet or furniture
• Increased eye discharge that may be clear, white, or caked on eyelids
• Yellow or green eye discharge if the eye develops a secondary infection

Remember that dog eye allergies can mimic the symptoms of other more serious eye conditions. This includes conditions like eye infections, glaucoma, eyelash disorders, dry eye, and corneal ulcers. In addition, infectious conditions like distemper or eye worms can cause itchy, red eyes and ocular discharge. If it’s the first time you notice eye symptoms in your dog, go to the vet to rule out other more serious causes of red eyes.

Diagnosing Dog Eye Allergies

Your vet will perform a physical exam, ophthalmic (eye) exam, and other ocular tests to diagnose what’s going on. Your vet will also ask you questions about how long the problem has been going on, if it’s happened before, and if your dog has any problems with skin allergies.

Eye tests your vet may run include staining the eye to look for corneal ulcers, a Schirmer Tear test to check tear production, and tonometry to check pressure inside the eyes to rule out glaucoma. Other tests can include bacterial or viral culture if your vet suspects infection.

Dog Eye Allergy Treatment

If your dog has mild eye allergies, you can often manage the condition at home by rinsing your dog’s eyes with sterile saline any time they become red. While human over-the-counter eye drops may be effective in some dogs, always check with your vet before using any human eye drops on your dog.

If these treatments don’t help, the problem may not be an eye allergy or your dog may need stronger prescription-strength topical medications, like artificial tears. In either case, it’s time to call your vet for advice. Your vet may run more tests, chat with you about food allergies, or prescribe different a medication. 

Never use steroid eye drops in your dog without the supervision of a veterinarian. These can cause serious side effects that can result in severe pain and blindness if used inappropriately. 

Eye allergies usually clear up on their own when the dog is no longer exposed to the allergen. However, they may appear again in the future if the allergen reappears. Set a reminder in your phone for the same time next year to prevent allergy symptoms before they start.

How to Prevent Dog Eye Allergies

You can minimize your dog’s eye allergy symptoms by applying an eye lube (ask your vet for a product recommendation) before the dog goes outside and then rinsing their eyes with sterile saline after they come back inside. This will remove any allergens from your dog’s eyes. Antihistamines can also be helpful to prevent allergy symptoms in the first place if you start them before symptoms begin. Ask your veterinarian for a type of antihistamine and dosage to use in your dog.

Related Conditions

• Infectious conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• Atopy
• Food allergy

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If your dog has been diagnosed with heartworm disease, it may feel overwhelming and scary. You may wonder what a dog’s life expectancy after heartworm treatment is, and you may not know the right course of action to take. Fortunately, your veterinarian is an excellent resource for all of your questions. Read on to learn more about heartworm treatment for dogs and what to expect.

Dog Heartworm Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Dogs usually require treatment for heartworms in the following situations:

• You missed your dog’s heartworm prevention, you live in an area with heartworm disease, and your dog tests positive for heartworms
• You have adopted a dog who tested positive for heartworm disease
• You didn’t know that your dog had heartworm disease until they were tested

The goals of heartworm treatment for dogs are to improve the health of the dog and eliminate all life stages of the parasite from their body. The type of treatment your veterinarian will recommend depends on several things:

• How sick your dog is from heartworm
• If your dog has any other health conditions
• How many worms they are carrying

If your dog is not exhibiting any symptoms of heartworm disease, then treatment is generally straightforward and successful. If your dog is sick from heartworms, then they will need to be stabilized before starting treatment to eliminate heartworms. This may require that they receive intravenous medications, such as steroids, diuretics, blood pressure medication, heart medication, and fluid therapy. Sometimes, dogs are carrying so many worms that they require surgical removal of worms. Treating these patients can be very difficult, which is why heartworm prevention is so important in dogs. 

The American Heartworm Society recommends that all dogs undergoing treatment for heartworm disease, whether they are sick or not, are hospitalized while they are receiving and recovering from medication injections to kill worms. This is because it is critical that they stay very quiet while they are receiving medication to eliminate the worms. Overheating, excitement, or exercise during treatment—and for 6-8 weeks after the last medication injection—are the most significant factors contributing to life-threatening heart and lung complications associated with heartworm disease treatment, including death from pulmonary thromboembolism. It is best that a dog go on cage/kennel rest as soon as they are diagnosed with heartworm disease.

In some cases, your veterinarian may elect to pre-treat your dog with medication before starting injections to eliminate the worms. These medications can be given at home (and are covered in more detail in the “Dog Heartworm Medicine” section of this article). 

For most dogs, heartworm treatment takes about four months from beginning to end. However, expect some testing to be required after treatment has stopped, and plan to keep your dog on heartworm prevention continually after they are treated. 

Dog Heartworm Treatment Cost

Cost of heartworm disease varies, but in general, you can expect the following:

• Initial physical examination and heartworm test: $75-$125
• Confirmation tests: $25-$45 
• Additional tests (chest X-rays, chest ultrasound): $250-$1,000
• Pre-treatment medications: $50-$100
• Heartworm prevention to kill heartworm larvae: $20-$60
• Injections to kill adult heartworms: $500-$1,500
• Hospitalization during injections: $20-$40/day
• Follow-up veterinary visits and testing: $100-$150
• Surgery costs: $3,000-$6,000

If your dog is very sick or requires multiple rounds of treatment, the cost goes up.

Heartworm disease in dogs treatment can be costly. Pet insurance, emergency credit lines, savings accounts, and payment plans can all help with the cost of veterinary bills. In addition, if you can afford part of the treatment but not all, talk to your veterinarian—they can offer options that can still help your dog.

Dog Life Expectancy After Heartworm Treatment

Dog life expectancy after heartworm treatment varies. Heartworms cause serious inflammation and damage to the heart and lungs. The longer a dog is infected with heartworms, the more damage occurs. Dog life expectancy after heartworm treatment depends on how much damage was done, how the dog tolerates treatment, and the overall health of the dog. 

In general, dogs that are asymptomatic for heartworm disease can live a long, healthy life free of symptoms after treatment. Dogs who are sick with heartworm disease and have symptoms (cough, exercise intolerance, etc.) have a poorer prognosis with treatment. Your veterinarian will be able to best advise you of your dog’s life expectancy after treatment. 

Dog Heartworm Medicine

Dogs who are initially diagnosed with heartworms are given several medications to weaken adult worms, kill worm larvae, and reduce side effects associated with killing adult worms. 

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is often given for four weeks prior to administration of melarsomine to kill a bacteria called Wolbachia, which is often present with heartworms. This drug often minimizes side effects associated with melarsomine and kills worm larvae.

If a dog is showing signs of heartworm disease (coughing, etc.), they will also be pre-treated with steroids and other medications before melarsomine injections. 

Heartworm prevention medication is often administered for eight weeks before giving melarsomine to kill worm larvae. 

Melarsomine is the only drug approved by the FDA to kill adult heartworms. It is administered by an injection into muscle. After each injection, dogs must be kept as quiet as possible while worms die. This equates to six to eight weeks of rest, no exceptions. Most dogs need to be crated or kenneled to stay quiet, and they must be kept on a leash to do their business. If you have guests over, ensure that your dog remains crated in a separate, quiet room to minimize stress and excitement. Remember—this is for your dog’s own good.

Additional medications that may be prescribed include aspirin or heparin to reduce clotting or risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. There is no natural heartworm treatment for dogs.

After treatment, dogs should be given heartworm prevention monthly for the duration of their lifespan. If they have any lingering symptoms associated with inflammation caused by the worms, they will be prescribed medication to manage those. 

How to Treat Heartworm in Dogs at Home

Letting a dog who is undergoing treatment for heartworms exercise or get excited is a serious no-no can result in serious adverse side effects. However, it can be challenging to keep dogs quiet. Here are some tips that can help you:

• Keep your dog indoors and in a large kennel/crate most of the time
• Keep your dog on a leash when they urinate/defecate
• Keep on-leash walks very short and slow; allow your dog to sniff for 10 minutes several times a day
• Refrain from having visitors to your home if that makes your dog excited
• Spend lots of time with your dog just hanging out
• Utilize food puzzles and long-lasting chews
• Reduce overall calories by 20 percent to prevent weight gain while confined
• Train your dog to follow quiet commands while crated
• Utilize over-the-counter calming aids
• If you are struggling, talk to your vet and ask them for advice or additional tools
• If your dog had surgery, monitor the surgical site daily for two weeks for any signs of inflammation and infection, such as redness, swelling, discharge, or odor

Heartworm Treatment for Dogs: Tips and Advice

Most dogs will have lower energy while being treated for heartworms. Signs that your dog is experiencing serious side effects of heartworm treatment in dogs and that you need to call a veterinarian immediately include:

• Pale gums
• Coughing
• Extreme lethargy
• Paralysis/dragging legs/can’t get up
• Confusion
• Swelling, redness, or discharge from injection site

Heartworm poses a grave risk to dogs. The longer they remain in a dog’s heart and lungs, the greater the damage to the cardiopulmonary system, the greater the risk of illness and death, and the higher likelihood that heartworms will be spread to other dogs. While heartworm treatment can feel overwhelming, remember you are doing the right thing and giving your dog the best chance at a healthy life by choosing to have them treated.

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To help ease any worries, this article provides everything pet parents need to know about toxoplasmosis in dogs.

What Is Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a single-celled organism called Toxoplasma gondii, or T. gondii for short. T. gondii is a parasite that can infect nearly all mammals including humans, though it can only grow to maturity and reproduce in domestic and wild cats. 

Toxoplasma gondii has been found all over planet Earth. If a cat eats prey animals or raw meat infected with T. gondii, the parasite will mature and reproduce in the cat’s digestive tract. When the cats infected with T. gondii defecate, their feces contain millions of infectious parasitic eggs.  

Over time, a cat’s immune system forces the parasite to stop reproducing and instead, form dormant cysts in muscle and brain tissue. Humans become infected when they accidentally ingest parasite eggs from contaminated food or water, or from not washing their hands after cleaning the litter box used by a cat that is actively infected with Toxoplasma.

Toxoplasma behaves differently in dogs because they are considered intermediate hosts (i.e. the parasite cannot mature or reproduce in dogs), and infected dogs are not considered contagious to other animals or humans. Most healthy dogs can eliminate the infection on their own if they come into contact with the parasite, though puppies, geriatric dogs, young dogs with the distemper virus, and adult dogs with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for becoming sick from toxoplasmosis. 

Causes of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Toxoplasmosis in dogs can either be an acute or chronic condition. Dogs become infected with Toxoplasma gondii by accidentally ingesting parasitic eggs in soil, eating cat poop, or eating contaminated produce or raw meat.  

Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Most dogs do not show any symptoms of toxoplasmosis, and even if they do, the symptoms can be quite vague. Toxoplasmosis symptoms in dogs may include:

• Fever
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Tonsillitis (may appear as drooling or difficulty swallowing)
• Jaundice 
• Difficulty breathing
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Seizures/tremors
• Incoordination
• Weakness
• Paralysis

If your dog is experiencing any of the symptoms listed here, please make an appointment with a veterinarian as soon as possible. These symptoms are also associated with many other disease conditions and often require veterinary assistance to diagnose and resolve the issue. 

Toxoplasmosis symptoms in dogs that require treatment are more common with the acute form of the disease; the chronic form usually has no symptoms and does not require treatment.

Diagnosing Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

To diagnose toxoplasmosis, a veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination and measure vitals, including body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and weight. Be sure to let your veterinarian know if your dog has eaten cat poop or if you have stray cats that visit your yard. Laboratory tests on blood and urine will be ordered to evaluate your dog’s immune system and organ function.  

Your veterinarian will likely order a fecal test to check for other parasites that can cause the same symptoms as toxoplasmosis. They might also order imaging tests such as radiographs (X-rays) and abdominal ultrasound to get more information. If your dog has neurological signs, your veterinarian may want to evaluate their spinal fluid for signs of infection or inflammation, and also conduct a neurological examination. Remember, symptoms of toxoplasmosis are rare in dogs, so your veterinarian may need to run a few tests to figure out what is going on.

The most specific tests for toxoplasma are serological tests that measure the level of toxoplasma proteins (antigens) present in the body. PCR is the typical test to diagnose toxoplasmosis and determine if the infection is acute or chronic. 

If you are curious as to whether your dog has been exposed to toxoplasmosis, you can have their antibodies tested. If they have already been infected, they will have antibodies in their blood, however, antibody tests are not useful to determine if a dog has an active infection or if they need treatment.

Treating Dogs for Toxoplasmosis

If your dog is very sick from toxoplasmosis, they will need to be hospitalized for treatment. While hospitalized, dogs will typically receive intravenous fluid treatment for hydration and intravenous antibiotics to eliminate the infection through an IV catheter placed in their arm. If your dog has seizures, anticonvulsant medication may be prescribed to control them.

Most of the time, however, dogs will be treated for toxoplasmosis with antibiotics on an outpatient basis, as dogs rarely show symptoms or get very ill from this disease. Also remember – most dogs don’t require any treatment for toxoplasmosis. Usually it is only the dogs with compromised immune systems and very young dogs with developing immune systems that show clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis.

Cost to Treat Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

The cost for treating toxoplasmosis in dogs depends on a few factors, starting with the testing portion of the process. The cost of testing for toxoplasmosis varies and can range from $300-$1,500. From there, the cost will vary based on the necessary treatment. Hospitalized treatment can cost upwards of $1,000, but when it comes to a simple dose of antibiotics, most dogs can be treated for under $100

How to Prevent Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Even though Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite, the good news is that most dogs do not get sick from it, and there are ways to minimize your dog’s exposure. 

Because the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis is commonly spread by ingestion of raw meat and unwashed produce, the best way to prevent your dog from acquiring this parasite is to refrain from feeding your dog raw meat and always wash produce before giving it to them.

To avoid ingestion of cat poop, you should limit your dog’s access to it. Keep feral cats out of your yard, and if you have a cat, keep the litter box in an area where your dog cannot access it. 

Additional strategies to reduce your dog’s exposure to toxoplasmosis include:

• Washing your hands after playing outside
• Covering outdoor sandboxes
• Cleaning the litter box daily

If you have further questions about toxoplasmosis in people, check out the CDC website for more information.

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This article will cover what to expect during chemotherapy for cats to help you feel prepared and confident, including the treatment process, costs, and recovery, along with how to keep your cat comfortable during the process.

What is Chemotherapy?

Cat chemotherapy describes medications that are used to treat cancer. Whether used by itself or in conjunction with other cat cancer treatments such as surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy can shrink tumors, kill or slow the growth of cancer cells throughout the body, reduce inflammation, and manage symptoms associated with cancer (such as pain or nausea).

Chemotherapy can be helpful for many types of cancer in cats. However, it is most commonly used in cancer that can’t be treated with surgery (such as lymphoma) or when cancer metastasizes (spreads). 

Depending on the situation, it may be one single drug or a combination of drugs, and it can be administered several ways, including injection, intravenous, and pill form. The good news is that the side effects of cat chemotherapy are minimal compared to the side effects that humans experience.

Chemotherapy for Cats: Step by Step

If your cat is receiving a single injection of chemotherapy or receiving it in pill form, your veterinary provider will administer the injection and/or send you home with detailed instructions that include how to give pills and monitor for side effects.

Since the process for intravenous chemotherapy is a bit more involved, we’ll go over it step by step.

Step 1. Pre-Treatment Appointment

First, your veterinarian will have an appointment with you before starting therapy to discuss what drug(s) will be administered and how often, how long treatment will last (it can vary), and any associated costs.

Step 2. Treatment Prep

When your cat goes in for treatment, the support staff will check their vitals, such as weight, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. If everything looks ok, your cat will be prepped for treatment by a veterinary technician. This includes shaving and sterilizing their arm and placing an intravenous catheter. 

Because chemotherapy can cause bone marrow suppression in some cats, blood may be drawn from the catheter to check your cat’s blood cells before treatment. Your cat might also receive pre-treatment with medications to reduce nausea or allergic reactions to chemotherapy drugs.

Step 3. Chemotherapy Infusion

Once the catheter is secured, your cat will receive an IV infusion of fluids and chemotherapy drugs. Infusions can take 45 minutes to several hours to complete. Most treatment centers will allow you to stay with your cat while they are receiving treatment.

Step 4. Post-Treatment Care

After treatment, the veterinarian or veterinary technician will go over any side effects to look out for (pain, nausea, appetite loss, etc.) and schedule your cat for their next treatment, if appropriate. This is the best time to ask your provider any questions for home treatment.

Step 5. At-Home Care

During chemo treatment, you should be able to continue your at-home relationship with your cat without interruption. It is safe for most people to pet, hug, and kiss cats who are undergoing chemotherapy, with the exception of pregnant or nursing mothers, who should avoid contact with the cat for 3 days after treatment. If you are pregnant or nursing, be sure to let your veterinary provider know.

Extra care should be taken with litter boxes, as chemotherapy drugs are excreted via urine and feces. Use gloves for 3-5 days after chemotherapy treatments when cleaning your cat’s litter box. It is safe for cats in multi-cat households to continue sharing boxes.

If you are giving chemotherapy drugs at home, follow all instructions from your veterinarian, including safe handling practices.

Cat Chemotherapy Side Effects

Chemotherapy targets fast-growing cells, causing adverse side effects for some cats. In general, side effects of chemotherapy in cats are milder and less prevalent than in humans and can be easily controlled with medication. The most common side effects include:

• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Drooling
• Excessive tiredness after treatment
• Bone marrow suppression
• Increased thirst and urination in cats treated with steroids
• Whisker thinning
• Shaved hair that grows back more slowly

If your cat is receiving chemotherapy, it is important to provide them with a quiet, warm place to rest. In addition, you should also:

Monitor appetite. Decreased appetite is common after treatment for the first day, but if your cat’s appetite remains poor for longer than 48 hours, or if they’re vomiting, contact your vet. You can entice cats to eat by feeding canned food that has been slightly warmed in the microwave or by adding chicken broth or toppers to their food.

Monitor the litter box. If you notice diarrhea, or if your cat is straining in the litter box without producing feces or urine, call your veterinarian.

Monitor energy level. It is normal for cats to have lower energy immediately following treatment, but if it lasts longer than 24 hours, contact your vet.

Monitor hydration. Provide ample fresh water and ask your veterinarian how to check your cat’s hydration status and temperature. Give your vet a call if you notice signs of dehydration or a fever.

Is Chemotherapy for Cats Worth It?

The decision to pursue chemotherapy is a highly individualized choice, and no matter what your veterinarian thinks, it’s entirely up to you. Choosing to go with chemo depends on several factors, including:

• If the type of cancer your cat has will respond well to chemotherapy
• Whether you are treating to cure (remission), slow cancer growth, or provide palliative care (manage symptoms when a cure is not possible)
• Your cat’s age, overall health, and quality of life with and without treatment
• Your financial situation

If your cat has been diagnosed with cancer and chemotherapy has been recommended, first make sure that you are working with a veterinarian you trust and is receptive to questions from you. If you aren’t comfortable, you have the right to get a second opinion. Be sure to ask your provider about the following:

• Prognosis with chemotherapy and without
• Possible risks and side effects of treatment
• Other treatment options
• If a local veterinary oncologist is available to administer treatment (oncologists have access to the latest treatments, research, and drugs)
• Overall cost, including follow-up care (examinations and lab tests)
• What is best for your cat

Cat Chemotherapy Cost

Depending on the treatment, the cost of chemotherapy varies. Intravenous drug therapy is the most expensive treatment, and you will pay more to work with a board certified oncologist vs. a local veterinarian. 

In general, chemotherapy for cats costs $1,000-$5,000.

Cat Chemotherapy Success Rate

The success rate of chemotherapy depends on what type of cancer your cat has been diagnosed with, how far the cancer has spread, and the overall health of your cat. 

Some cancers have an excellent success rate of treatment with chemotherapy, but with others, all chemotherapy can do is slow the progression of the disease or help your cat feel better. The variability of success underscores how important it is to ask your veterinarian questions before starting therapy.

Cats and Chemotherapy: Other Tips and Advice

In addition to educating yourself about the type of cancer your cat has and the options for treatment, it’s also very helpful to enlist support from your community. A cancer diagnosis is hard, no matter if it’s a pet or a human. Having a supportive group of humans beside you as you walk through this journey can be incredibly helpful. 

Many pet parents have found utilizing an online service like CareCorrals can help create a circle of support, empathy, and love. If you find that you are struggling mentally or emotionally, don’t hesitate to reach out to a mental health professional or join a support group.

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An Overview of Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease is a condition that causes the adrenal glands to secrete too much of a hormone called cortisol. Excessive secretion of cortisol is most commonly caused by a small, slow growing, typically benign tumor in the pituitary gland, or more rarely, by an often malignant tumor in an adrenal gland. 

The symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs can also be caused by excessive or long-term administration of corticosteroid drugs – typically prednisone, prednisolone, or triamcinolone.

Different types of Cushing’s disease are managed in different ways:

• Cushing’s disease that’s due to a tumor in the pituitary gland is managed with medication 
• Cushing’s disease that stems from a tumor in an adrenal gland is cured with surgery
• Cushing’s-like symptoms as a result of corticosteroid drugs resolve when the dog stops taking the drug(s)

Signs and Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Cushing’s disease has typically very recognizable symptoms, and it tends to behave the same way in most dogs. How severe the signs are depends on how long the dog has been affected by Cushing’s disease and how much excess cortisol is circulating in their system. The earlier you catch this disease, the less wear and tear it has on your dog’s body, and the faster they can return to normal with appropriate treatment. 

To help you spot any signs and symptoms of cushing’s disease in your dog, we’ve broken them down into two categories.

Early Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

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Increased appetite. We know that in people, excessive cortisol levels stimulate their appetite and lead to weight gain. The same appears to be true for dogs. Since insulin in part controls hunger and satiety, the mechanisms that cause this may be related to insulin resistance due to persistently high blood sugar, which is a result of excessively high cortisol. In addition, fat hormones that control hunger are disrupted by cortisol.

Increased urination. Excessive cortisol inhibits ADH, a hormone secreted by the kidney to concentrate urine in order to conserve body water. Thus, dogs affected by Cushing’s disease typically pee more than they typically should.

Increased thirst. Because dogs with Cushing’s are peeing more than normal, they’re chronically dehydrated, which causes them to drink more than normal.

Behavioral changes. Cortisol also functions as a fight or flight hormone, telling the body when to sleep and when to wake up. Chronically elevated cortisol in dogs can cause anxiety, excessive licking of surfaces like the floor, irritability, pacing, and abnormal sleep patterns.

Increased panting. There are several reasons why Cushing’s causes panting in dogs. Dogs with Cushing’s have weakened respiratory muscles. Coupled with an enlarged liver that keeps the diaphragm from expanding properly and abnormal fat deposits in the chest, this results in difficulty breathing and increased panting. Additionally, increased anxiety can also cause panting.

Increased shedding and hair thinning. Excessive cortisol disrupts hair growth, which can lead to thinner hair and shedding. Anxiety can also cause increased shedding.

Symptoms of Advanced Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Pot belly. Over time, cortisol weakens muscles, including abdominal muscles. This, plus an enlarged liver that is associated with Cushing’s, causes a pendulous abdomen.

Hair loss. Because cortisol disrupts hair growth, dogs start to develop bald patches and hair loss called flank alopecia, usually on both sides of their body.

Skin changes. Excessively elevated cortisol disrupts normal skin cell growth over time and can cause many skin changes, including increased pigmentation, thin skin, excessive bruising, testicular atrophy, blackheads, bacterial infections, hardening of the skin (calcinosis cutis), and slow wound healing.

Urinary tract infections. Because elevated cortisol negatively impacts the immune system, dogs are more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections that they would normally have fought off. The most common are skin and urinary tract infections.

Obesity. Because dogs with Cushing’s eat more, move less, and have altered metabolism, they tend to gain weight quickly.

Weakness. Over time, cortisol weakens muscles and causes them to shrink. Dogs with Cushing’s often have shaky back legs and decreased endurance.

Palsy. Excessive cortisol can also cause facial nerve damage, resulting in a droopy, lopsided appearance to your dog’s face. Additional signs associated with facial nerve palsy can include messy eating, dropping food, extreme drooling, inability to close an eyelid, and discharge from the affected eye.

High blood pressure. Metabolic, hormonal, and electrolyte imbalances in Cushing’s can lead to a dog having elevated blood pressure. This puts additional wear and tear on the cardiovascular system, liver, and kidneys, and can also predispose a dog to stroke, blood clots, and other issues. Additionally, high blood pressure may cause a dog to feel anxious.

What To Do if You Notice Signs of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

If you notice these signs and symptoms, it is often not an emergency, but an urgency. It is best to call your veterinarian as soon as possible to set up a consultation and physical exam for your dog. 

Your veterinarian will first want to get a history from you (i.e. what you’ve noticed at home and how long it’s been going on). They’ll then conduct a full physical examination and run some baseline tests, including:

• Blood chemistry to check electrolytes, blood sugar, and internal organ function
• A complete blood count to check blood cells
• A urinalysis to check urinary health 

These tests do not specifically diagnose Cushing’s disease, but they can rule out other problems that can cause a lot of the same clinical signs, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and liver problems.

If your veterinarian suspects Cushing’s, they’ll typically want to run additional blood tests. The most common test is called an ACTH stimulation test, which examines how your dog’s hormones respond to an injection of a hormone called ACTH. It’s a very sensitive test for Cushing’s and only takes two hours to complete. Other recommended tests may include dexamethasone suppression tests, a urine cortisol:creatinine ratio test, or measuring your dog’s ACTH levels.

While all of these tests can determine whether your dog has Cushing’s, they cannot differentiate between pituitary and adrenal disease. To find out which form your pup has, your veterinarian may also recommend imaging with abdominal ultrasound. This will tell you specifically whether your dog needs medication for pituitary disease or surgery for adrenal disease.

Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is a common hormonal condition seen in dogs, and it responds very well to treatment. If you notice these symptoms in your dog, seek help as soon as you can to get them back on the road to recovery.

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While we know that canine cancer treatment can be complicated and very individualized depending on the dog and the stage and type of cancer, there are some common things that you can expect during dog cancer treatments.

Goals of Cancer Treatment for Dogs

The goal of cancer treatment can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. These goals may include:

Remission. This means that signs of cancer are gone. Remission can be complete or incomplete.

Cure. This is the complete removal of cancer from your dog’s body.

Palliative care. When a cure or remission is not possible, treatment is aimed at controlling pain and improving quality of life as much as possible. Palliative care can include surgery and medications to manage pain and nausea. 

Dog Cancer Treatment: Types and What to Expect

Cancer in dogs is typically treated with either surgery, chemotherapy for dogs, radiation, or a combination of these treatments. 

Surgery

Surgery is often used to completely eliminate a cancerous tumor from a dog’s body. This type of treatment typically has the best outcomes if it is successful at removing all the cancer cells, however it can be useful in reducing a tumor’s size before radiation treatment or as a palliative treatment. Whether a dog is a candidate for surgery will depend on the type and location of the cancer and the dog’s overall health.

Cancer surgery in dogs is typically performed by a surgical oncologist, who has special training and skills. For this procedure, dogs are put under anesthesia and recovery time usually takes around two weeks. 

Not all surgeries will be able to completely remove or cure all types of cancer in dogs. 

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy includes giving dogs one or more drugs that can kill cancer cells. The type of drugs prescribed will depend on the type of cancer your dog has. It is often recommended for cancer that has already spread (metastasized), cancer that has a high potential to spread, or cancer that cannot be treated by surgery or radiation.

Chemotherapy drugs for dogs are either given intravenously in a veterinary hospital setting or administered orally at home. 

Fortunately, dogs do not suffer from the same side effects of chemotherapy as humans do and usually tolerate the drugs very well. 

Radiation

Radiation therapy for dog cancer involves delivering radiation to specific cancer cells to either kill the cancer cells or destroy DNA in order to stop cancer cell replication. It is usually administered in small doses over multiple treatments and dogs are placed under anesthesia during radiation treatment.

Radiation is usually recommended when surgery isn’t an option. It can also be administered in conjunction with surgery if the surgery cannot remove all the cancerous cells from a dog’s body.

Side effects from radiation treatment are minimal for dogs. However, pet parents may see redness and irritation at the treatment site. 

Other Dog Cancer Treatments and Medications

Cancer care for dogs can also include additional medications and nutritional therapy.

Dog Cancer Medications

Sometimes, cancer can make dogs feel pain or it can cause them to lose their appetite. Sometimes, dogs with cancer develop secondary infections that need antibiotics. In any case, there may be times when a dog’s cancer treatment includes additional medications, such as:

• Anti-nausea medication if they are feeling sick.
• Pain medication if they have had surgery or if they have a painful tumor.
• Appetite stimulants if they have a poor appetite.
• Fluid therapy if they are dehydrated.

Nutritional Therapy

Nutritional support is also part of cancer treatment for dogs, and it is important to feed your dog the best quality food you can afford. The main goals with nutrition for dogs that have cancer are to improve a dog’s response to cancer therapy and improve quality and quantity of life. 

In general, dogs with cancer are recommended to eat a diet that is low in carbohydrates, moderately high in protein, and moderately high in fat. 

In addition, dogs with cancer may have special dietary requirements, such as:

• If your dog is losing weight due to cancer (this is called cancer cachexia) or has recently undergone surgery, then it will be important to feed your dog a food that has increased levels of protein and energy to replenish body nutrient storage.
• Most dogs that have been diagnosed with cancer can benefit from eating a diet that is high in omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil.
• If a dog has cancer in their mouth, they may not be able to eat regular food, and should be fed a high quality canned diet.
• If a dog has cancer in their intestinal tract, they may not be able to absorb nutrients very well or they may have vomiting or diarrhea, in which case, they will benefit from being fed a food that is designed to support the gastrointestinal tract.
• Dogs with cancer can benefit from arginine supplementation, which has a positive impact on the immune system.
• Your veterinarian may also prescribe a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to help dogs with cancer.
• In some cases if a dog cannot or won’t eat, a feeding tube can be placed.

Dog Cancer Treatment Cost 

Cost of treating cancer is extremely variable and depends on many factors, including:

• The type of cancer diagnosed and whether it is benign or malignant 
• The type of treatment needed and whether your dog needs more than one treatment
• What type of diagnostics are required (labwork, X-rays, MRI scans, etc.)
• How often you need to go to the vet for follow-up
• Whether you work with a general practice veterinarian or a veterinary oncologist
• The size of your dog
• Your geographical location

In general, the cost of dog cancer treatment can range from a few hundred dollars to remove a benign skin tumor, to thousands of dollars. Fortunately, there are usually payment options available to finance care, including pet insurance and payment plans.

If you are concerned about the cost of your dog’s cancer treatment, talk to your veterinarian about your options. 

Prognosis for Dogs With Cancer

Prognosis for dogs that are diagnosed with cancer also depends on several factors, including:

• The type of cancer and whether the cancer is benign or malignant. Malignant cancer spreads quickly and to other parts of the body and carries a worse prognosis than benign.
• How early the cancer is detected.
• The overall health of your dog.
• The location of the cancer—some areas of the body are harder to treat than others.
• What type of treatment you authorize for your dog.

In general, the prognosis for many types of dog cancer with treatment is favorable. Veterinarians can often help dogs achieve remission or a cure in many instances. In many cases, appropriate cancer treatment can extend the lives of dogs diagnosed with cancer, and those dogs generally enjoy a good quality of life. 

Even in dogs that have been diagnosed with a type of cancer that carries a poor prognosis, there are measures that can be taken to help that dog live out their days with maximum comfort and the best quality of life possible.

Your veterinarian will be able to tell you specifically what the life expectancy is for your dog’s type of cancer. 

Keeping Dogs With Cancer Comfortable

Dogs with cancer are sometimes uncomfortable or in pain. The best way to know if your dog is in pain is to observe your dog—do you notice any changes in behavior that might be consistent with pain? Teach yourself how to see your dog’s pain, and if you notice it, talk to your vet about pain management options.

Deep, restful sleep is important for dogs that are being treated for cancer, as their body is healing while they sleep. Many dogs with cancer cannot get comfortable. If this is the case, consider investing in an orthopedic dog bed for your dog. It should be thick enough that you can kneel on it without feeling the floor, and made from orthopedic foam.

Some dogs with cancer have trouble getting around. If this is the case, mobility aids can help. Ramps, non-slip rugs, keeping nails trimmed, and in some cases, dog wheelchairs or braces are all available to help your canine companion get around the best that they can.

After Dog Cancer Treatment: What to Look For

Once your dog has started cancer treatment, they should start improving. Signs of improvement include a shrinking tumor, their blood cell count is normalizing, or they are experiencing less pain and more energy. These are all signs that cancer treatment is working. 

Remember that dogs do not experience negative side effects with chemotherapy like humans do. Most dogs tolerate cancer treatments very well, and start feeling better pretty quickly. Your veterinarian will be your best resource on how quickly to expect improvement in your dog. 

Signs that cancer treatment isn’t working (and reasons to call your vet) include:

• Continued weight loss and appetite
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Loss of energy
• Swollen potbellied appearance
• Jaundice of skin or eyes
• Hair loss
• Fever
• Swelling (tumor) that isn’t improving or new swellings/tumors appearing
• Loss of vision or hearing
• Inability to get up

Dogs who are receiving cancer treatments are seen fairly frequently by their veterinarian or oncologist, and they can tell you more specifically what signs to look for that would indicate that there is a problem. 

Also, expect that there will be repeat lab work done at follow up exams, and possibly more X-rays or imaging studies to determine whether cancer treatment is working.

In Conclusion

Even though getting a cancer diagnosis can feel scary, your veterinarian is there to walk through it every step of the way with you. It can be overwhelming at first, which is why it always helps to enlist empathy and support from your loved ones when dealing with a cancer diagnosis. Utilizing an online community can be very helpful. Don’t forget to care for yourself, as well.

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This article is intended to help you on your journey with canine osteoarthritis by sharing some treatment plan steps, as well as what you can expect in most cases.

Dog Arthritis Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Once a dog is diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA for short), the typical course of action your veterinarian will take is offering you ‘multimodal treatment’ options. Multimodal simply means “multiple modes of dog arthritis treatment.” 

The reason for this is that dog arthritis usually responds best when multiple types of treatment are used to create a synergistic beneficial effect. In the past, vets just gave arthritic dogs pain medication. But now we know that when you combine therapies – including pain medication, joint supplements, weight loss (if needed), surgery (if needed), a supportive sleeping surface, appropriate exercise, and complementary therapies – dogs respond much better and have less pain and better mobility. This leads to an overall improved quality of life.

In general, the best practices for treating a dog that has OA include:

• Early intervention
• Improve quality of life as much as possible
• Reduce pain as much as possible
• Reduce arthritis flare-ups
• Increase movement through daily exercise

Not all dogs respond the same to treatment. Sometimes, it takes a little trial and error to see what is the best combination for your dog. This is why it is a good idea to work with a veterinarian you trust, keep a journal of how your dog responds to treatment, and be willing to try different things.

Cost of Managing Dog Arthritis

The cost of dog arthritis treatment varies depending on the size of the dog and what treatments are recommended. Cost of care is more expensive for bigger dogs than smaller dogs because medication costs more.

However, here is an estimate of what pet parents might expect to spend on different arthritis treatments for dogs:

• Cost of pain medication ranges from approximately $30-$100 per month (depending on size of dog). For example, a 30-count bottle of Galliprant for dogs may range in cost from a little over $50 (20 mg dosage) to slightly above $120 (100 mg dosage) when purchased from your local veterinarian.
• Joint supplements range $15-$50/month (depending on product and size of dog)
• Annual blood work, which is required if a dog takes pain medication chronically, costs $200-$400.
• Rehabilitation and physical therapy costs $200-$400/month if you are working with a certified canine rehabilitation veterinarian.
• Photobiomodulation or piezoelectric therapy costs $60-$100/month.
• Therapeutic foods for OA or weight loss cost $40-$90/month.
• An orthopedic mattress costs $300-$400.
• If surgery is required, such as dogs that need hip replacements, then that can cost upward of $5,000 per hip.

Dog Arthritis Medicine

To manage pain, most dogs with OA are started on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These may include:

• Grapiprant (Galliprant)
• Carprofen (Rimadyl)
• Meloxicam (Meloxidyl)
• Etodolac
• Deracoxib
• Tepoxalin

These drugs are used to reduce pain and inflammation associated with OA. They are generally well tolerated by most dogs, have a low incidence of negative side effects, and can be given long term. 

However, if your dog takes them regularly to manage pain, your veterinarian will require annual blood work to make sure the medications aren’t negatively impacting internal organs. Galliprant works a little differently from traditional NSAIDs in that it specifically targets the source of dog arthritis pain and inflammation while reducing the impact on a dog’s organ health [1, 2].

In general, aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen are not recommended because of toxic side effects.

Additional pain medications that may be prescribed include amantadine, amitriptyline, gabapentin, or tramadol. These medications work synergistically with NSAIDs to provide more complete pain control. Amantadine inhibits pain signals in the nervous system. Amitriptyline works by increasing serotonin for a general feeling of wellbeing. Gabapentin is a muscle relaxant. Lastly, tramadol has opioid-like effects. All of these medications are given orally in pill, capsule, or liquid form. They can also be formulated into tasty chews by a compounding pharmacy.

In some cases, dogs may respond better if they receive different treatments, such as surgical fusion of the affected joint, or periodic injection of medication, stem cells, or platelet-rich plasma into affected joints. Your veterinarian will be your best resource for what is best for your pet.

Tips for Managing Arthritis Pain in Dogs

In addition to managing pain, dogs with arthritis do much better when their owners provide lifestyle modifications, such as:

• Using ramps to get on furniture or in the car
• Providing non-slip rugs on hard surfaces to help the dog get up and not slip and fall
• Providing a supportive sleeping surface that has been clinically proven to reduce pain and improve mobility
• Regularly trimming nails to avoid paw pain and deformity
• Providing appropriate stretching of tight muscles
• Providing appropriate heat and cold therapy on achy joints and muscles
• Providing complementary therapies such as massage, photobiomodulation, piezo-electric therapy, and acupuncture

Dietary Considerations for Dogs With Arthritis

Did you know that dog obesity is the number one risk factor for development of osteoarthritis? It’s true! OA has a vicious, negative cycle with obesity that involves pain that causes inactivity that leads to weight gain that contributes to the development of OA. 

On the flip side, OA leads to inactivity, which leads to weight gain. Both OA and obesity limit a dog’s movement, negatively impact cartilage health, and contribute to shrinking muscles that result in weakness and altered biomechanics, all of which contribute to chronic pain in dogs.

The good news is that weight loss can reverse many of these issues and in some cases, obese dogs can stop having symptoms associated with OA altogether with just weight loss alone. Therefore, one of the best things you can do for a dog to both reduce pain associated with OA and slow progression of the disease is keep them at a healthy weight and if they are overweight, actively pursue weight loss. Foods that are formulated with L-carnitine can facilitate weight loss. If your dog is overweight, work with your vet to create a weight loss plan.

You can also help a dog with OA by feeding a high quality food. Some dogs can benefit from a therapeutic diet that is formulated to improve mobility and reduce pain in dogs that have OA.

While there are many dog joint supplements on the market today, only a few are backed by science to have any benefit for your dog. In general, omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil at a recommended daily amount of 100 mg/kg of combined EPA and DHA are shown to reduce pain in arthritic dogs. 

Other nutraceuticals that have been shown to be clinically helpful include:

• Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans
• Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASUs)
• Glucosamine hydrochloride
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Boswellia serrata
• CBD oil

When in doubt, always ask your veterinarian for joint supplement recommendations.

Note: Supplements take longer to work than conventional pain meds – up to several weeks in some dogs. If you are using supplements to reduce the dosage of pain medication, monitor your dog’s pain closely and if you want to reduce pain medication, taper slowly under the supervision of a vet.

Arthritic Dog Exercise Plan

Daily movement is key to helping a dog with OA because it strengthens muscles and improves flexibility. As human physical therapists say, motion is lotion! It is recommended to work with a

veterinary canine rehabilitation specialist or veterinarian, at least at the beginning, so you can learn how to do the exercises safely, and create maximum health benefits for your dog. Before you start any exercise program, it is imperative to ensure that your dog’s pain is controlled. 

In general, exercises to help dogs with arthritis should:

• Be daily and consistent
• Condition both front and rear legs and strengthen core muscles
• Include both cardio and strength training
• Be low impact, such as walking and swimming
• Be fun!

If you have the availability, exercising your dog on sand can be a wonderful way to condition your dog. Check out this awesome video on several other exercise options for dogs with OA.

Arthritis in Dogs Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your dog is started on an arthritis treatment plan, you should expect to start seeing results immediately. Dogs started on pain medications should immediately be able to move better, be happier, sleep better, and enjoy a better quality of life. If you are not seeing improvement immediately, call your veterinarian.

Other results, such as improved strength and endurance, weight loss, and results from joint supplements will take longer, but patience and consistency usually pay off. You will see better long-term results if you pair pain management with weight reduction or control, high quality food and supplements, a supportive sleeping surface, and daily appropriate exercise. If you are not seeing these results within a week or two of starting therapy, contact your veterinarian.

References

References 

1. Rausch-Derra LC, Huebner M, Rhodes L. Evaluation of the safety of long-term, daily oral administration of grapiprant, a novel drug for treatment of osteoarthritic pain and inflammation, in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(10):853-9.
2. Kirkby Shaw K, Rausch-Derra LC, Rhodes L. Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation. Vet Med Sci. 2016;2(1):3-9.

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Here are seven telltale signs of an overweight dog, and what to do if you see these signs. 

Overweight Dog: Risks to Know

Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic problem: if a dog is overweight, they are more likely to have painful, chronic disease and less likely to have a long, healthy life. That is because excess weight not only adds more wear and tear to the body, obesity is also an inflammatory and hormonal condition that predisposes dogs to all sorts of diseases. According to data from the American Animal Hospital, obesity predisposes dogs to developing:

• Orthopedic disease, including osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
• Chronic inflammation
• Cancer
• Kidney dysfunction
• Respiratory disorders
• Back pain
• Hypertension
• Skin disorders
• Metabolic and endocrine disorders, such as Type II diabetes
• Reduced life expectancy and diminished quality of life

Is My Dog Overweight? 7 Signs to Watch For

Because dogs come in so many shapes and sizes, it can be challenging to determine if your dog is overweight. A healthy weight in a Labrador Retriever will look different than a French Bulldog. However, there are a few signs that are consistent across breeds that give you clues that your dog is carrying too much fat.

Increased Weight on the Scale

This one might seem obvious, but if you notice the pounds creeping up when you weigh your dog or when your dog is weighed at the veterinarian, excess body fat could be causing the increase. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes excess weight gain is due to other medical problems, such as retained body water or a heavy tumor.

Visual Changes in Your Dog’s Body

Visually inspect your dog from the side and above. A dog with a healthy weight should have a waist that tucks up slightly behind the end of the rib cage, at about the midpoint of the trunk. If there is no tuck, then it is likely that your dog is too heavy. 

While this is a good starting point for weight assessment, there are exceptions. For example, older dogs who have been spayed or neutered may have a droopy belly due to a lack of sex hormones, and dogs with heart disease or Cushing’s syndrome may have a bigger belly due to their medical condition.

In addition to looking for visual changes, you can gently feel your dog’s ribs behind their front legs. A dog at a healthy weight should have easily definable ribs that feel like the back of your hand or an antique washboard—even dogs with long or thick fur. A dog who is too heavy will have ribs that feel like your palm. 

Slowing Down on Walks

Dogs who are too heavy have a harder time exercising due to respiratory compromise and degenerative joint disease, both of which are exacerbated by excess body fat. If your dog is slowing down or lagging behind on walks, it could be a weight problem. However, it can also be heart disease or joint disease, so it is always best to talk to your veterinarian if you notice this in your dog. 

Undefined Tail Base

One place that body fat likes to accumulate is around the tail base. A dog with a healthy weight should have clearly defined hip and tail bones around the base of the tail. You should be able to easily feel them, even in dogs that have skin rolls around their tail base, like Frenchies or Pugs. If you can’t easily feel the bones of the base of the tail, your dog might be too heavy. 

Increased Panting

Dogs who are overweight tend to pant more and have less tolerance to heat than fit dogs. If you notice your dog is panting more than usual, in combination with the other signs above, it could be due to weight. Increased panting can also be due to pain, hormonal issues, anxiety, and cardiovascular issues, so be sure to have your dog checked by your veterinarian. 

Reluctant to Climb Stairs and Jump

Overweight dogs have a lot of extra weight to lug around, and if they are too heavy, then they may not want to climb stairs, jump, or play like they used to. Difficulty climbing stairs can be a sign of arthritis pain as well, which is also exacerbated by weight gain.

High Body Condition Score

A veterinarian uses a body condition score to keep track of a dog’s weight because it is an easily measurable and accurate visual tool. Body condition scores are either on a scale of 5 or 9, with 3/5 and 5/9 being healthy weights, and 5/5 and 9/9 equating to obesity.

How to Calculate Your Dog’s Body Condition Score at Home

Measuring your dog’s body condition score is simple to do at home. While it should never replace yearly assessments conducted by a trained veterinary pro, it’s an easy way to recognize worrisome weight changes before they become bigger issues.

To evaluate your dog’s body condition, you can use this 9-point scale from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) or the 5-point body condition scale shown in the dog weight chart above. 

Whichever scale you use, figuring out your dog’s score involves simply observing and feeling their body, then comparing your observations to established standards.

Start by looking down at your dog from above to detect the shape of their silhouette. Then, gently run your fingers from the front of your dog’s ribcage to the back and along their spine. Finally, gently press on their abdomen.

Underweight dogs tend to have distinct hourglass shapes, with a noticeable narrowing at the waist. You may even be able to feel their spine and ribs beneath their coat. In some cases, their pelvic bones may jut out sharply. Not only will their bones be easy to feel under the skin, but they may even be highly visible from a distance.

Dogs with a healthy weight will have a well-proportioned hourglass silhouette with subtle indentations at the waist. When you run your hands down their body, you should still be able to detect their ribs and spine, but they should be slightly cushioned by a thin layer of body fat. The abdomen should feel taut, but not squishy.

In overweight dogs, you may not be able to observe a waistline at all, when viewing them from above. It may also be difficult to feel your dog’s ribs beneath the fat that covers them. Their abdomen may hang down so much, it appears equal with the ribcage.

And in obese dogs, their waist bulges out instead of in. It’s unlikely you will be able to feel the ribs or spine at all. Their abdomen will sag and may even sway noticeably.

What to Do if Your Dog Is Overweight

If your dog is overweight, then it is time to start a weight loss program for your dog! Here are some tips to help a dog lose weight:

Increase caloric burn. To get a dog to lose weight, they need to burn more calories than they take in. While embarking on an exercise plan with your dog may sound daunting, in reality, many of the activities your dog already enjoys can count as exercise.

Helping your dog lose weight can start with something as simple as adding an extra loop around the block to your daily walk or scheduling some time for play. Want to learn more? Find out the top 10 exercises veterinarians recommend to help your dog lose weight. Then choose a few that you and your pup enjoy. That way, it’s more likely that you’ll do them consistently.

Reduce caloric intake. Restrict the amount of calories (especially empty calories from treats) that you feed your dog. If you are unsure of how much to feed, ask your vet—they can give you the exact amount of calories that your dog should be eating daily. Pro tip: ask your vet how much to feed in grams, get a gram scale, and weigh your dog’s food.

For best results, ask your veterinarian whether you should switch your dog to a weight management dog food diet. Regular dog food isn’t designed to be calorie restricted, and doing so could lead to micronutrient imbalances. Weight management dog food diets are specially formulated and clinically proven to help obese and overweight dogs lose weight safely.

Depending on how many pounds your pup needs to shed, your vet may suggest a therapeutic diet, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Dog Metabolic Weight Management dog food or Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Overweight Management​ dog food, which require approval from a veterinary professional to purchase.

Or, an over-the-counter weight management diet, such as Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight dog food or Purina Pro Plan Weight Management dog food, might be a better fit to help your dog slim down to a healthy weight.

To discover more dog food diets that can help your dog achieve or maintain a healthy weight, don’t miss our helpful guide on Weight Management Dog Food: 7 Vet-Recommended Options.

Regular weigh-ins. Just like WeightWatchers, regular weigh-ins can track your dog’s progress and allow you to make tweaks if necessary. Weigh your dog monthly, either at home or at the vet clinic, and be patient: most dogs will reach their weight loss goals in 3-6 months. 

Get a check-up. Sometimes dogs can have health challenges, like Cushing’s or hypothyroidism, that make it difficult or impossible to lose weight. In addition, dogs can often have joint disease that makes it too painful to exercise regularly. So schedule a check-up with your veterinarian to rule out any health concerns before embarking on your dog’s weight loss journey.

It’s a good idea to prepare a list of questions for your vet ahead of time to make sure you cover all aspects of dog weight loss. Here are some key questions to include. 

Remember, exercise and caloric restriction have a purpose: you are helping your dog live longer and have a better quality of life. All of your efforts will pay off with more years to love your pet, deepen the bond that you share, and do both of you a world of good. 

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What Is Asthma?

Asthma is an allergic disease that causes inflammation in the lungs, which results in coughing and difficulty breathing. When a person or pet is exposed to something they are allergic to, the airways in the lungs become inflamed. This inflammation causes the airways to constrict and spasm and for fluid to build up in the bronchi and bronchioles, which are the small and large airways of the lungs. All of these airway reactions result in the symptoms associated with an asthma attack. 

Can Dogs Have Asthma?

Yes, any dog can develop asthma. However, it is much less common than asthma in cats or humans. Small, middle-aged dogs seem to be more affected by asthma than other dogs. 

The cause of asthma is the same whether it is in a dog, cat, or human: constricted airways spasm and become filled with fluid, resulting in difficulty breathing. 

Dogs are less likely to become panicked during an asthma attack than a human. Dogs having an asthma attack are more likely to sit or stand quietly and try to breathe with their mouth wide open. 

Common Dog Asthma Triggers

Asthma attacks in dogs can be triggered by anything the dog has an allergic reaction to. Some of the more common environmental allergens that can trigger asthma include:

• Tree and grass pollen
• Mold and mold mites
• Dust and dust mites
• Cat dander
• Scented candles
• Air fresheners
• Hair spray
• Household cleaners
• Smoke, including cigarette smoke
• Insect particles

In addition to the allergens listed above, certain infectious agents, such as heartworms, lungworms, fungus, or bacterial lung infections, can cause allergic reactions in the airways that mimic the signs of asthma. 

Dog Asthma Symptoms

As mentioned, dogs don’t tend to panic during an asthma attack like humans do. They tend to become very focused on getting enough air, and will often become very still, refuse to lie down, and breathe or pant with their mouth open. You may also notice that it looks like they are working very hard to breathe with exaggerated movements of their chest wall trying to move air in and out. Additional signs your dog may be having an asthma attack include:

• Coughing
• Wheezing
• Blue-tinged or pale gums
• Decreased eating and drinking
• Lagging behind on a walk
• Decreased energy for play or lack of interest in playing
• Laying around more, lethargy

What to Do If Your Dog is Having an Asthma Attack

If you notice your dog having difficulty breathing, blue gums, or wheezing, it is very important to get your dog to a veterinary clinic as soon as possible for evaluation. Asthma attacks are considered a medical emergency. If you can’t get in to see your regular vet, call an emergency clinic. 

It is also important to get your dog seen as soon as possible while they are having an attack because dogs with asthma can be completely normal in between episodes and not show any signs of disease at all. If you can’t get to a veterinary hospital right away, take a video of your dog with your phone so your veterinarian can see what is going on.

If you are just noticing a lack of energy, decreased appetite, and coughing, it may or may not be asthma. You may not need to go to the veterinary clinic right away, but there is still something wrong with your dog, and it is best to call for advice and get an appointment set up on the calendar. In the meantime, monitor your dog, keep them in a cool, quiet environment, watch for any worsening symptoms, and if you notice any, seek emergency care. 

While an asthma attack is often not life threatening, the symptoms of an asthma attack can be identical to other conditions that are life threatening, including heart failure, pneumonia, foreign bodies that are stuck in the windpipe, or pulmonary hypertension. 

Your veterinarian will conduct a full physical exam, including listening to the heart and lungs. They will also want to take radiographs (X-rays) of your dog’s chest. Your veterinarian may also want to check blood work and/or urine and fecal samples for any parasites if they suspect a worm infestation or infection. 

Dog Asthma Treatment 

Treatment of dog asthma consists of immediately reducing airway inflammation and reopening airways so the dog can breathe and over the long term, minimizing exposure to offending allergens. 

To help dogs who are having an asthma attack breathe, oxygen may be administered. Medication that opens airways (bronchodilators) and reduces inflammation (steroids) is used. Bronchodilators may be prescribed in pill form, or they may be in an inhalant form. Dogs who have repeated problems with asthma can have a special inhaler created for them that fits to their face. Antihistamines are also used to stop the allergic reaction. 

If a dog has airway inflammation due to worms or other infections, then additional treatment will be aimed at resolving those conditions as well. 

How to Prevent Dog Asthma Attacks

As best as possible, remove any triggers from your dog’s environment that cause asthmatic episodes. Strategies to avoid dog asthma attacks include: 

• Changing furnace and air conditioner filters on a regular basis and using high efficiency air filters on your indoor air exchange and vacuum cleaners 
• Stopping smoking inside 
• Removing carpeting where possible and replacing with hard flooring
• Washing pet bedding regularly with hot water or sanitize cycles and using unscented detergent
• Keeping your dog up-to-date on parasite control
• Talking to your veterinarian about seasonal usage of antihistamines, if your dog has seasonal asthma

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On the other hand, we all know some cats can also be aloof and/or territorial. The latter characteristics are often tricky when it comes to introductions, whether to a new cat or other new pet, or even other people. 

“It’s important to note that cat introductions can be very challenging and time-consuming,” says Dr. Audrey Wystrach, co-founder and co-CEO of Petfolk animal clinics. “It’s a process that requires time and patience.” 

Here are some things to keep in mind if your cat has some introductions coming up in the future.

Introducing Cats: The Basics

Whenever your cat will be around new cats, it’s essential that you observe your feline friend’s cues. 

“It’s very important to pay attention to the details when introducing your cat to another animal or person, because your ability to understand what your cat is experiencing and feeling is imperative for their comfort and happiness,” says Lauren Parsch, a certified cat behaviorist and practicing cat behavior consultant. “If they’re experiencing discomfort or viewing the interaction as negative, this is going to shape their future experiences and relationships with this person or animal, and potentially even with other people or animals.”

Getting that first introduction right is important, so be sure to research the steps to take both ahead of time and during to ensure everything goes as smoothly as possible. 

First, if your cat generally spends a lot of time under the bed or couch, in the closet or squeezed above the fridge, Parsch suggests working to build up their confidence and lessen their fear level before trying to introduce them to other cats.

If you do believe your cat is ready to meet another feline, check out our essential techniques to implement when introducing them. For example, designating a safe space for any new pet entering the picture is crucial, as is making sure your current cat has all the things that make them feel safe and happy readily available when the introduction occurs. 

5 Warning Signs When Introducing Cats

Once you have a plan for cats to meet, be on the lookout for the following warning signs when introducing cats that may signal trouble is afoot:

Negative Body Language

Our cats tell us a lot about what they’re thinking with just a few small moves. For example, “the most common dynamic that will develop between cats is the prey and predator dynamic,” says Parsch. “Cats are both prey and predator in the wild, so it’s very instinctual for them to assume one of the roles.” 

Your cat might display the following prey-type body language upon seeing — or even just smelling — another animal or strange person. These can all be signs of a fearful, anxious, or defensive cat:

• Hunched position 
• Dilated pupils
• Ears down or flattened
• Tucked tail
• Arched back/puffed fur (this is an extreme case, says Parsch, and likely an effort to make themselves look bigger)

Hiding

A cat that’s hiding is often doing so for one of two reasons:

Stress. If your cat is hiding underneath the furniture or on top of the fridge, they’re likely stressed out from a new introduction. This is particularly dangerous, since “cats can even develop stress-related inflammation in their urinary tract that can mimic the signs of urinary tract infections,” explains Parsch.

Playtime. On the flip side, a cat that’s hiding behind something — likely combined with other movements like getting low to the ground, dilated pupils, forward ears, tail tapping or twitching, and a wiggling butt — is probably preparing to pounce in a playful way, like they would with a toy. 

Verbal Cues

The following cat verbal cues are warning signs when introducing cats. Most often associated with anger or fear:

• Growling
• Hissing
• Spitting
• Swatting

Be sure to take note of any of these noises – or any combination of them – when making your introductions. If you notice any negative verbal cues, stop the introductions and try again another time.  

Urine Issues

Cats may develop litter box avoidance or urine marking habits when they feel threatened. “Cats identify and interact with their surroundings largely through scent,” says Parsch. “Urine marking is a desperate attempt for a cat to feel safe and claim a sense of ownership over their territory.” 

For example:

Litter box problems. When introducing a new animal or human, your current cat may spray or urinate outside of their litter box.

Urine marking. They may also urinate on items and areas that heavily hold the cat parents’ scent, like the sofa, the bed, or their shoes, as a means of marking their territory.

Resource Guarding

If your cat feels there aren’t enough resources to go around, they may resort to blocking the newcomer from having access to certain things. 

Signs of resource guarding may include:

• Laying across doorways/entryways
• Blocking entrances to the litter box
• Blocking food or water
• Using intimidating body language (like puffing up or arching) and hissing to get another animal away from a coveted resting spot

Prey or Play: How To Tell The Difference

It can often be difficult to tell the difference between a cat that’s playing and a cat that’s fearful or exhibiting dangerous behavior. 

For example, “a cat that’s growling or hissing is usually demonstrating a fear response and is assuming the role of the prey,” says Parsch. “If they decide to run and try to hide, this can trigger a predator response in the other cat, who will instinctually chase the prey cat. The other cat could then act in an aggressive way, or a playful one.” 

Talking to your veterinarian or having a cat behavior professional examine your cat’s body language can help you further determine their true intention.

Introducing Cats: What to Do When It Goes Wrong

Although a little hissing or growling is normal, Parsch suggests redirecting your cat’s attention to something positive if you notice warning signs when introducing cats. “If they continue hissing or growling [and] have the body language mentioned previously, and you’re unable to draw their attention from the other cat with food or a toy, separate them right away,” she advises. “It’s much easier to keep the exposure very short and sweet than to try to push it and create a negative association.”

In general, the goal should always be to build up positive experiences with that person or animal.

How to Tell When it’s OK to Try Again

After an introduction has gone awry, it can be difficult to determine when to try again. Much of it will depend on whether an actual fight occurred between the two animals, says Parsch. 

“Once a fight breaks out, it’s going to be more difficult to backtrack,” she explains. That’s why your goal during any introduction should always be to pay attention to signs — even subtle ones — and stop extreme behavior from occurring in the first place.

If a fight doesn’t break out, try separating your cat from the new cat for awhile. If they can still smell each other and there are no signs of agitation from either one, you can try again. 

To help animals smell each other when separated, “use a soft brush or clean sock and gently stroke the face, head and shoulders — where the cat secretes its friendliest pheromones — of one of the cats, and then present the brush to the other cat,” suggests Parsch. “If there are no signs of hostility or fear from either cat when presented with the other cat’s smell, you can try to restart the introduction process.”

In general, keep in mind that it’s better to go too slow than to go too fast when introducing your cat to another cat. This makes it easier to always stay one step ahead of those warning signs. Good luck!

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These days, graham crackers are a staple ingredient for s’mores and school lunches – and, dare we say, the perfect pairing with peanut butter.

If you’ve found yourself munching on graham crackers and felt tempted to feed one to your begging pup, you’ve probably wondered: “can dogs eat graham crackers?” Or even, “are graham crackers bad for dogs?”

These are smart questions for any pet parent to ask themselves. After all, there are many foods that are toxic to dogs. So where do graham crackers fall on the scale of safe to dangerous? Here’s everything you need to know about dogs and graham crackers.

Can Dogs Eat Graham Crackers?

Short answer: yes!

“Graham crackers are not bad for dogs, but they also contain ingredients that pets don’t need (like honey and sugar) and are a little higher in calories than an equivalent crunchy dog biscuit,” says Dr. Danielle Bernal, global veterinarian with Wellness Pet Food. “For these reasons, they can be best thought of as ‘okay’ for a one-off treat.”

She adds that in general, it’s best to give dogs a lower calorie, meat-rich treat, which is the better alternative for a dog’s health and wellbeing. But if you happen to be eating a graham cracker and a piece falls on the ground, your pup can go ahead and enjoy!

Can Dogs Eat Honey Graham Crackers?

Yep, graham crackers with honey also get a thumbs up from Dr. Bernal.

“These are okay as a one-off treat, but there are better alternatives that will deliver less calories and better-quality ingredients that support dogs’ nutrition,” she says.

Honey is generally safe for dogs in small amounts.

Can Dogs Eat Cinnamon Graham Crackers?

Not to worry! If your pup downs a graham cracker with cinnamon, you’re in the clear. According to the Pet Poison Helpline, cinnamon is not toxic to dogs. They do note that it may cause negative effects if your pup ingests greater than 1 teaspoon of cinnamon powder – but keep in mind that’s way more than what may be sprinkled on your graham cracker.

Are Graham Crackers Good for Dogs?

Okay, so we’ve established that dogs can eat graham crackers, but it’s important to call out that ultimately, graham crackers are not good for dogs.

“There are no toxic ingredients in graham crackers, but they are higher in calories than other dog treats and are not complete and balanced,” says Dr. Bernal. “So keeping these treats in moderation is a good rule of thumb to ensure the health of your dog.”

She points out that pet parents should make sure that any treat (graham crackers included), should not contribute any more than 10 percent of total nutritional intake. 

“For a 22 pound dog, their approximate intake is 400 calories a day. So if one graham cracker rectangle is 59 calories, that 10 percent rule means that they should only receive closer to 2/3 of that cracker,” adds Dr. Bernal.

Since graham crackers are higher in sugar, they can also be a problem for dogs who are overweight, obese, or dealing with diabetes.

“Sticking to a moderate serving is key to ensure pets maintain a healthy weight,” says Dr. Bernal.

Plus, the sugar in graham crackers also isn’t great for your dog’s teeth since it can lead to tooth decay.

And if you find yourself eating sugar-free graham crackers that contain the artificial sweetener xylitol, do not feed these to your pup, as xylitol is toxic to dogs.

Another thing to consider: if you are making s’mores with your graham crackers, be sure that your dog does not get a hold of one. 

“Chocolate can be toxic for dogs, and marshmallows certainly aren’t good for dogs,” says Dr. Bernal. “Made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, vanilla extract, and coated with either cornstarch or confectioners’ sugar, marshmallows contain very little, if any, nutritional value or health benefits for dogs.”

Graham Crackers and Dogs: The Verdict

Bottom line: if you drop a graham cracker and your dog scarfs it down, you don’t have to worry that they will get sick. However, you shouldn’t get in a habit of regularly feeding graham crackers to your dog. Stick to treats made specifically for them when you can.

“Dogs aren’t little people,” says Dr. Bernal, “so keeping them on dog biscuits instead of graham crackers is always a good idea.”

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What is Scabies?

Scabies is a catch-all term for the itchy skin disease caused by burrowing microscopic skin parasites called mites. Scabies can also be called sarcoptic mange. Dogs and cats are both susceptible to scabies. The parasite species that most often targets dogs (Sarcoptes scabei canis) is different from the species that tends to target cats (Notoedres cati). However, both species come from the same family of Sarcoptic mites.  

In cats, Notoedres mites cause intense itching, hair loss, and redness. These mites are considered highly contagious — if one cat contracts scabies mites, usually all cats in the household are affected. 

Unfortunately, Notoedres mites can pose a risk to other members of the household, too. Humans who come into close contact with a mite-infested cat can develop an itchy, bumpy rash, typically on their arms, chest, or belly. Humans that are bitten by Notoedres mites are not considered contagious, however. And human symptoms usually resolve once the cat is treated. 

What Causes Scabies in Cats?

Scabies mites are transmitted from cat to cat when the cats are in direct contact with each other, and all cats in contact with Notoedres mites typically develop symptoms. Cats usually start to display symptoms of scabies a few weeks to a month after they become infested with mites. The mites cause itching and other skin problems when they burrow through the skin between hair follicles. Female mites lay 3-4 eggs per day in the burrows they create. The eggs hatch after 4-5 days, then the larvae crawl to the surface of the skin and dig their own burrow. The mites then molt, grow, dig more burrows in the skin, and become reproducing adults within 15 days. 

Scabies is common in large feral cat populations. And while Notoedres mites only reproduce on cats, they have also been known to bite dogs, lynx, tigers, ocelots, foxes, rabbits, raccoons, coatis, bobcats, and humans. 

Scabies mites are only considered contagious when they are on a cat because they die very quickly when deprived of their feline host. So there’s not much risk of environmental contamination since they can’t go from one host species to another, like some other parasites can. 

However, a scabies mite could transfer from your cat to you accidentally and bite you before it dies. So, if your cat is infested, it is still a good idea to wash all their bedding and avoid handling them.

Symptoms of Scabies in Cats

Scabies is a very itchy, non-seasonal skin disease. After a cat has direct contact with another cat that has scabies mites, they may initially experience only mild itchiness. But, generally, itching becomes more intense the longer a cat is infested. 

Cats that are infested for a long period of time develop hypersensitivity to the mites, which is what makes the itching worse. Some cats can become infected without developing itchy skin, but this is rare. 

Additional signs of scabies in cats to look for include:

• Itching, crusting, and bumps that first appear along the margin of the ear and spread to the eyelids, face, and neck
• Itching, crusting, and bumps on the  legs, feet, and perineum (spread through self-grooming)
• Intense scratching; some cats scratch themselves raw to relieve the itchiness of scabies
• Long-term mite infestations can lead to thickened, rough skin covered with gray-yellow crust
• Widespread hair loss
• Enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, as the cat’s immune system tries to fight off severe infestations
• Lethargy, weight loss, fever, and debilitation in severe cases

How to Diagnose Scabies and Mange in Cats

Fortunately, feline scabies is easy to diagnose and treat once your cat undergoes a veterinary examination. Your veterinarian will conduct a physical exam and most likely use a skin scraping to confirm the diagnosis. In this case, your veterinarian may collect a sample from the skin and put it under the microscope to confirm the presence of mites. 

Some veterinarians may request a fecal sample, since cats often ingest mites while self-grooming, which then can be detected in their waste. 

Cat Scabies and Mange Treatment 

Notoedres mites, once diagnosed on a cat, are easy to treat, and there are several products available that can rid your cat of mites. It is important to treat your cat for scabies if they ever become infested, as the disease is highly contagious among cats, will usually get worse if untreated, and can cause serious pain and suffering in your cat. 

Different treatment options that may be prescribed by veterinarians for cats with scabies include:

• Ivermectin injected under the skin every other week for two to three treatments
• Off-label use of selamectin (present in a product called Revolution) applied every two weeks for three applications
• Fipronil (present in several veterinarian-prescribed products, including Frontline Plus for cats)
• Imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advantage Multi)
• Lime sulfur rinses once a week for six to eight weeks (less commonly used because it’s very smelly, stains, and requires a cat to be shaved)
• Amitraz rinses weekly for three weeks (less commonly used due to negative side effects)
• For cats with secondary bacterial infections and intense itching, antibiotics and steroids or Apoquel may also be prescribed

All cats in the household, regardless of whether they are showing symptoms or not, should be treated for scabies mites. 

General Cost of Scabies Treatment for Cats 

The general cost of a veterinary appointment for scabies including a physical examination and skin scraping test can range from $75-$150. The general cost of treatment depends on which medication is prescribed and can range from $35-$150. 

How to Prevent Scabies in Cats

The good news is that feline scabies can typically be prevented by simply using a monthly flea and tick prevention that also protects against mites. Several of the products listed above to treat mites, including Revolution, Advantage Multi, and Frontline for Cats, are also used for flea and tick prevention. So you can protect your cat against several parasites, including mites, with one product. 

In addition to flea and tick prevention, one surefire way to protect your cat against mites is to keep your cat indoors only, or only let your cat outside while supervised or in an enclosure like a Catio. This ensures that your cat will not come into contact with any roaming cats that might be infested with scabies mites. 

Related Conditions: 

• Pyoderma
• Bacterial folliculitis
• Miliary dermatitis

This disease can also be confused with:

• Cutaneous adverse reactions to food (food allergies)
• Ringworm
• Demodex
• Malassezia dermatitis
• Chiggers (trombiculosis)
• Cheyletiellosis
• Otodectic dermatitis
• Autoimmune disorders (pemphigus)

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Learn how to recognize rectal prolapse in dogs, what to do if it happens, and steps you can take to prevent one from happening in the first place. 

What Is Rectal Prolapse in Dogs?

Rectal prolapse is the term for when a dog’s rectum protrudes out of the body through the anus. 

It can happen one time (acute rectal prolapse), intermittently, or be a chronic condition that dogs experience throughout their lives. Young dogs that have diarrhea due to intestinal parasites will strain, which can cause rectal prolapse more commonly in this group of dogs.

Rectal prolapse is classified by veterinarians in two ways:

Incomplete rectal prolapse: This is when only the innermost part of the rectum protrudes out of the anus. Incomplete rectal prolapse can occur intermittently, and appears worse when the dog is defecating or straining to defecate. 

Complete rectal prolapse: This is when the entire rectum protrudes out of the anus. Complete rectal prolapse looks like a red, irritated tube that is sticking out of a dog’s anus.  Complete rectal prolapse is a serious threat to a dog’s health, as it can prevent stool from passing. This is considered a medical emergency. 

Fortunately, most dogs respond well to treatment and recover fully from this condition.

What Causes Rectal Prolapse in Dogs?

The most common cause of rectal prolapse is straining to defecate, either from constipation or diarrhea. Dogs can also strain to defecate if they are trying to pass a foreign object, like a sock or chewed up toy. 

Other causes of rectal prolapse include:

• Internal parasites, including hookworms, whipworms, roundworms, coccidia, and Giardia
• Rectal diverticulum ( a herniated pouch in the rectum)
• Proctitis (inflammation of the rectum)
• Rectal or anal tumors, which can cause straining and/or weakened tissues
• Urinary problems, like cystitis (bladder inflammation), urinary stones, or a blocked urethra
• Prostate problems, like prostatic hypertrophy or prostatitis
• Dystocia (meaning difficult birth), when mother dogs have to push very hard to get their puppies out 
• Surgery on the anus or perineum

Symptoms of Dog Rectal Prolapse

The most obvious sign that your dog is experiencing a rectal prolapse is seeing a red tube-like mass at the opening of their anus that is not supposed to be there. The red mass is either intermittent after a dog defecates in a partial prolapse, or it is persistently present in a complete prolapse.

Your dog might try to lick or bite the mass if it is painful, or they might scoot their butt, which can cause bleeding.

A dog that is experiencing rectal prolapse is also often straining to defecate. The medical word for straining to defecate is tenesmus, and dogs that are experiencing tenesmus will posture with a hunched back like they want to defecate, but nothing comes out.

If it isn’t treated, complete rectal prolapse can go from looking like a red tube-like mass to dark blue or black, which indicates that the tissue of the rectum is dying or already dead. This is a serious threat to your dog’s health. 

How to Diagnose Rectal Prolapse in Dogs

To diagnose a rectal prolapse, a veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination of your dog, including a rectal exam. During a rectal exam, a vet will insert a gloved finger into the anus to palpate, or feel the structures and determine the exact problem. Rectal examination can rule out other issues, like stuck foreign bodies, impacted anal glands, or tumors. 

Most times, a rectal prolapse is caused by another underlying medical condition. Resolving rectal prolapse requires also figuring out what that underlying condition is. This may require additional testing. 

Additional tests that may be ordered include a fecal (poop) exam to look for parasites, blood and urine testing, or imaging with radiographs (X-ray) or abdominal ultrasound. If a dog is repeatedly having problems with rectal prolapse, a colonoscopy may be recommended. 

Treatment for Rectal Prolapse in Dogs

Mild, incomplete rectal prolapse may resolve on its own if the underlying cause has stopped.

If your dog is experiencing an incomplete or intermittent rectal prolapse with periods where the anus looks normal, you still need to get to a veterinarian as soon as possible to prevent the problem from getting worse.

Complete rectal prolapse is considered an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care to prevent further damage to rectal tissues. 

If your dog is experiencing a persistent rectal prolapse, apply petroleum jelly, saline, water, or water-based lube to the mass, and gently cover it with a moist cloth. This will protect the rectal tissue from drying out before your veterinarian can treat it.

To correct a rectal prolapse, your veterinarian will gently replace protruding rectal tissue through the anus with the use of lubricants and gentle massage. Your dog will (in most cases) be sedated, anesthetized, or receive an epidural for this procedure because it is not comfortable. If there is severe swelling of rectal tissue, then medication is often applied to the tissue before it is replaced.

Once the rectal prolapse is corrected, a veterinarian will usually put sutures in the anus to keep it from prolapsing again. These sutures are tight enough to prevent prolapse, but loose enough to allow stool to pass. Sutures are generally removed 3-7 days later.

Dogs will usually be discharged on pain medication and stool softeners to decrease straining. A low residue dog food, which means that it creates less stool, may also be prescribed. 

If the rectal tissue is damaged beyond repair, a veterinarian will surgically remove the tissue and connect the anus to healthy rectal tissue. 

In rare cases, if a dog has recurrent problems with rectal prolapse or straining that doesn’t respond to treatment, colopexy may be recommended. Colopexy is a surgical procedure where the large intestine is attached to the abdominal wall.

If your dog has surgery, it is very important to follow your aftercare instructions from your veterinarian carefully. If your dog doesn’t heal correctly, complications can occur, such as the surgical site opening up, narrowing of the rectum, or fecal incontinence.

Other than correcting the prolapse, the most important part of treating rectal prolapse is to identify and resolve the underlying cause. Treatment of the underlying cause depends on what it is. Parasites are treated with a dewormer, colitis is treated with a bland diet, probiotics and medication, etc.

General cost for treatment of rectal prolapse depends on the severity, whether surgery is required, and what the underlying cause is. Minor cases that are caused by intestinal parasites can cost a few hundred dollars to correct. However, major surgery for rectal prolapse can cost several thousand dollars.

How to Prevent Rectal Prolapse in Dogs

Fortunately, there are several things you can do to reduce your dog’s risk of a rectal prolapse:

Treat straining and diarrhea quickly. If you notice your dog straining to defecate or having diarrhea, see a veterinarian as soon as possible to resolve the problem.

Feed a healthy diet. Feed your dog a complete and balanced dog food, and reduce or completely eliminate treats that could cause diarrhea.

Keep up on wellness exams. Have your dog examined by a veterinarian every year, including a rectal exam.

Prevent intestinal parasites. Keep your dog free of intestinal parasites by using a monthly preventative from your veterinarian

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Keep reading to find out why you should never lift your cat by the scruff of the neck. You’ll also find a better way to hold your cat. 

What is Scruffing a Cat?

A cat’s scruff is the loose skin located at the back of the neck. Scruffing refers to picking up a cat by this loose skin. The behavior may have originated upon “watching [mother cats] use their mouths to move their kittens around,” says Dr. Andrew Koch, director of operations for Heart + Paw. “The kittens seem to freeze while being transported in this way,” Koch adds. 

Scruffing is also used among adult cats during copulation and for showing dominance during a fight. 

When humans do it, however, scruffing is an act of dominance that cats don’t like. Restraining a cat in this way takes away their sense of control and could make her scared, stressed, or aggressive.  

Historically, scruffing was mainly used in veterinary clinics during examinations, nail trimming and medicine administration. While this might be an easy option for restraining a cat, Dr. Carley Faughn, animal behaviorist at Best Friends Animal Society, says it can result in fear of the veterinarian. And if cat parents do this at home, it can create mistrust between the pet parent and the cat. 

Scruffing could also be painful and harmful to the cat. Since the pet is lifted off the ground or table entirely by the skin of their neck, it could be extremely uncomfortable, causing them to act out due to stress and fear. This could lead to injuries. 

6 Reasons You Should Never Grab a Cat by the Scruff

Scruffing is an outdated method that has no place during handling a cat. Here are six reasons why you should never scruff a cat.  

Scruffing is painful

“A firm grasp of skin at the base of the neck is undoubtedly uncomfortable for cats,” says Dr. Koch. Moreover, suspending their weight by the nape of their neck can cause pain.

It causes fear and stress

Scruffing can activate the sympathetic (fight or flight) response that increases feelings of fear and stress, explains Dr. Koch. A visit to the veterinary clinic can be stressful for cats already (due to being in a carrier, going for a car ride and being surrounded by barking dogs), and there’s no need to create more anxiety for our feline friends. It’s best to implement fear-free handling to cause as little stress as possible for the cat. 

It leads to negative associations

According to Dr. Faughn, being held in an uncomfortable position and not being able to move can lead to the cat “associating that environment, person/people, and situation with fear.” This will make any future visits to the veterinarian even more difficult. 

It can lead to aggressive behavior

Scruffing can cause fear in a cat. When that fear crosses a certain threshold, says Dr. Koch, the cat is likely to defend themself by biting or scratching.  

Cats can get injured during scruffing

In addition to scruffing being painful, it can result in injuries if the handler is not careful. Cats may react with fear or aggression and this may cause a person to accidentally drop a cat. Further, in rare cases, some cats have skin fragility syndrome, where “their skin can rip right off the underlying fat layer,” says Dr. Koch. 

It can hurt your relationship with your cat

Scruffing essentially immobilizes a cat and it is not a pleasant experience at all. This makes felines develop negative feelings for the person doing the scruffing. “Cats learn best through positive reinforcement, and this is the opposite of that,” says Dr. Faughn.

How to Properly Pick Up or Restrain a Cat

If you are wondering how to hold a cat without scruffing, there is a right way to do it. The best way, says Dr. Faughn, is to call the cat to you or approach them slowly, and pick them up with your arms and hands underneath their front and back legs, fully supporting their weight. 

To lightly restrain a cat at home, Dr. Koch recommends having the cat in between your legs when “sitting cross-legged and using your hands to gently hold the cat still while you either look at something or perform nail trims or another at home procedure.”

Another good way to humanely restrain a cat is to use the towel method, which some people refer to as the “kitty burrito.” This method has been adopted by many veterinary clinics. You wrap a towel around a cat, and gently restrain them, leaving their head out of the towel. 

“Once the cat is wrapped, you can safely and calmly manipulate the cat to continue with your procedure,” says Dr. Faughn. 

In a situation where your cat is really stressed out, anti-anxiety medications, like trazodone hydrochloride tablets; pheromone sprays, such as Feliway; or calming treats can help facilitate the restraint.

Pheromone sprays can be used inside a cat carrier or on a towel to help a cat remain calm during veterinary appointments. Sometimes, a veterinarian may send home an oral medication to administer before bringing the cat to the appointment. If the cat gets stressed upon arriving at the clinic, injectable medications can be used to subdue the cat without scruffing. 

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Alopecia in dogs is the medical term for hair loss. Alopecia is different from shedding because it results in baldness, whereas shedding does not. Shedding is often considered a normal process in dogs, and is caused by seasonal changes or stress. 

A dog losing hair for reasons besides shedding is not normal. We’ll explore the different causes of alopecia in dogs and how you can help your dog if you notice hair loss. 

What Is Alopecia in Dogs?

Alopecia in dogs is characterized by complete or partial loss of hair or fur in areas where hair is normally present. 

It is usually caused by an underlying medical problem, either associated directly with the skin or indirectly through problems with metabolism, hormones, the immune system, or the blood and lymphatic system. 

Alopecia is a very common disorder in dogs. Some breeds are predisposed to genetic causes of alopecia (which we’ll discuss in more detail below).

Types of Alopecia in Dogs

There are three main categories of alopecia in dogs that can help you determine why your dog is losing hair. These include:

Multifocal Alopecia. This is when dogs lose hair in multiple areas of their body. 

Symmetrical Alopecia. This is when dogs lose hair on both sides of their body in a symmetrical pattern.

Patchy/Diffuse Alopecia. This is when dogs lose hair in patches or all over the body.

Symptoms of Alopecia in Dogs

The main symptom of alopecia in dogs is simply baldness where there was hair or fur before. 

Beyond that, veterinarians use clues like what part of the body is affected, if the dog is itchy or the skin is inflamed, and the breed of the dog to determine the cause of hair loss. 

Dogs that are losing hair due to medical issues with hormones or immune disorders may have additional symptoms, such as:

• Weight loss or weight gain
• Changes in appetite
• Increased thirst and urination
• Decreased energy
• Skin or urinary infections
• Crusty noses or eyelids

Why Is My Dog Losing Hair?

A veterinarian can help you determine why your dog is losing hair and the cause of your dog’s alopecia. Below are some common causes of hair loss in dogs:

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that affects roughly 10-15 percent of dogs [1]. It’s characterized by excessive itchiness, which often results in red, inflamed skin and hair loss. Atopic dermatitis is often linked to environmental allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, dander, and even food.

Demodex Skin Mites

Demodex mites can cause one small area of hair loss, multiple small patches of hair loss, or complete hair loss. Dogs infested with demodex mites may or may not be itchy, and their skin may be swollen, red and crusty or look completely normal.

Ringworm 

Ringworm causes hair loss in one small area or multiple areas. It also causes scaly skin, redness, but it may not be circular.

Cushing’s Disease

Dogs with Cushing’s disease often show signs of symmetrical alopecia. This includes hair loss on the body, bacterial skin infections, and blackheads.

Bacterial Infections 

Bacterial infections of the skin or hair follicles with Staphylococcus can cause circular hair loss with redness, pimples, crusting, and dark bumps.

Vaccines

Injections with vaccines or medication can cause localized inflammation and hair loss for 2-3 months after injection.

Inflamed Glands

Inflamed sebaceous glands in the skin of short-coated breeds can cause hair loss and crusty skin.

Hypothyroidism

When a dog’s thyroid is underactive, hair loss and balding can be a symptom of the disease. 

Cancer

Dogs with lymphoma may display hair loss on the body with scaling and intense skin redness. These areas may later form plaques and nodules on the skin. 

Keratinization Disorders

These disorders are associated with excessive dandruff and greasy skin, which may lead to hair loss in dogs. 

Breed Predispositions for Hair Loss

Certain breeds may experience alopecia due to their genetics. The following are hair loss disorders and breeds who are predisposed to them:

• Breed-related alopecia. This is seen in hairless breeds, such as the Chinese Crested Terrier, Mexican Hairless, Inca Hairless, Peruvian Inca Orchid, and American Hairless Terrier.

• Hypotrichosis. This is a birth defect when hair does not grow normally. It is seen in Cocker Spaniels, Poodles, Whippets, Beagles, French Bulldogs, Yorkshire Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Belgian Shepherds, Bichon Frise, Basset Hounds, and Lhasa Apsos.

• Color dilution alopecia. This is another genetic disorder seen in fawn or blue Doberman Pinschers, cream Chow Chows, blonde Irish Setters, blue Pit Bull Terriers, silver Labradors, and other breeds with dilute coat colors.

• Cyclical flank alopecia. This is seen in Boxers, English Bulldogs, and Airedale Terriers.

• Pinnal alopecia. This is alopecia on the tips of the ears. It is seen in Greyhounds, American Water Spaniels, Dachshunds, Boston Terriers, Portuguese Water Spaniels, Whippets, Italian Greyhounds, Chihuahuas, and Manchester Terriers.

• Alopecia X. This is also known as growth-hormone responsive alopecia. It is characterized by hyperpigmented skin on a dog’s neck and body. Alopecia X is most often seen in Pomeranians, Akitas, Chow Chows, Keeshonds, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds, and Alaskan Malamutes. 

Diagnosing the Cause of Dog Hair Loss

If your dog is losing hair, the best thing to do is go to a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. 

A veterinarian will ask you questions about your dog and conduct a full physical examination. They can often get clues from the pattern of hair loss and whether the dog’s skin is itchy and inflamed.

Alopecia can be further diagnosed by the location on the body where hair is being lost. For instance, pinnal alopecia occurs on a dog’s ear tips; traction alopecia occurs on the top of the head due to a dog wearing rubber bands or barrettes that are too tight; and dermatomyositis is crusting and alopecia on the face, ear tips, tail, and feet.

However, if your veterinarian thinks there is an underlying medical cause like hormonal disorders or cancer that is causing your dog’s hair loss, they will likely want to run some additional laboratory tests. 

Additional tests that may be ordered include:

• Blood and urine tests
• Skin scraping
• Fungal culture for ringworm
• Black light exam for ringworm
• Thyroid testing
• Testing for Cushing’s syndrome
• Other hormonal testing
• Skin biopsy

Cost of testing varies depending on what is the underlying cause: simple tests for ringworm cost less than $100. Hormonal testing or skin biopsies can run several hundred dollars.

How to Treat Alopecia in Dogs

Treatment for a dog losing hair depends on what is causing the alopecia. 

If your veterinarian determines that your dog’s hair loss is linked to atopic dermatitis, they may recommend a fast-acting medication like Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) to control the allergic itch. Zenrelia is an oral medication for dogs at least 12 months of age. You give your dog once a day, and it gets to work fast, easing itch and inflammation within 24 hours.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

If alopecia is due to mites, the first step in treatment is eradicating the mites. If your dog’s hair loss is due to ringworm, then antifungals are required. If the cause is inflamed hair follicles and auto-immune skin disorders, anti-inflammatories, vitamins, and/or special shampoos may be prescribed. 

Other treatments may include hormones, spay/neuter surgeries, retinoids, or melatonin. It all depends on what is causing the hair loss. 

How to Prevent Hair Loss in Dogs

While not all causes of alopecia in dogs can be prevented, there are several measures you can take to ensure your dog doesn’t lose their hair:

Purchase puppies from reputable breeders. These breeders should guarantee their breeding stock to be free of genetic disorders that cause alopecia by showing you test results and offering a health guarantee.

Use flea and tick prevention. Use appropriate flea and tick control that also protects dogs against mites (ask your veterinarian).

Feed the right food. Feed your dog a complete and balanced diet. Proper nutrition supports overall skin and coat health, which can decrease excess oil production and reduce chances of bacterial infections.

Avoid hair accessories. Do not use tight rubber bands or barrettes in your dog’s hair.

Treat hormonal disorders. If your dog is diagnosed with a hormonal disorder like hypothyroidism or Cushing’s, have them treated appropriately to avoid losing hair.

References

1. Hillier A, Griffin CE. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (I): incidence and prevalence. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;81(3–4):147–51. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00296-3

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But why do cats hate water? And what can you do if your cat dislikes getting wet but needs a bath? We answer these questions and more information about felines and water below. 

Do All Cats Hate Water?

Most typical domesticated cats hate getting wet, but there is some nuance. Being submerged in water could be a cat’s worst nightmare, but playing with a stream of running water from a faucet is perfectly suitable for many cats.

Interestingly, several cat breeds actually like the water and even enjoy swimming (yes, cats can swim!). Here’s a list of cat breeds that don’t mind getting in the water:

• Bengal
• Bobtail
• Abyssinian
• Maine Coon
• Turkish Van
• Turkish Angora
• Norwegian Forest Cat
• American Shorthair

These breeds have water-resistant coats, making it easy to spend time in the water without getting soaked. 

Why Do Cats Hate Water?

There are various reasons why cats hate water:

Evolution

Cats’ wild ancestors lived in dry, arid environments and thus had little contact with water. Fortunately, these wild ancestors got enough hydration from eating their prey, so being far away from a water source was not a big problem. 

Over the lengthy timeline of cats’ evolution, cats have not changed much regarding their relationship with water. Today’s domesticated cats have very little evolutional pull to get in the water.

Lack of Familiarity

Because cats don’t have a strong need or desire to get in the water, they’re generally not familiar or comfortable with it. Some cats could even be afraid of water. Also, since cats are meticulous groomers, they can keep themselves clean without needing a bath.

The best time to get a cat familiar with water is during the socialization window of kittenhood—between about 3 to 16 weeks of age. If kittens are exposed to water and have positive experiences with it during that time frame, they’ll be familiar and comfortable with water and might not mind a bath or dip in the kiddie pool.

Lack of Control

When a cat dips their paw in a stream of running water, they fully control the situation and their interaction with water. Being fully submerged in a tub of water is another matter, with the cat no longer being in control. 

Discomfort 

A wet cat is generally an unhappy cat. A cat’s grooming process distributes healthy oils through the skin and coat. However, oil and water do not mix. If a cat gets completely wet from a bath (or gets stuck in the rain), it will get soaked down to its skin.

Being completely soaked weighs down a cat, making them less agile. In addition, a drenched coat will take hours to fully dry, leaving a cat uncomfortably wet and cold for a long time.

Punishment

Cat owners will sometimes use a squirt bottle to deter or punish bad behavior in cats. For example, a cat that jumps up on the kitchen counter may get a squirt of water to the face as punishment. This type of punishment creates a negative association with water, increasing the likelihood of a cat hating, or possibly fearing, water.

Aversion to Scents

Cats can smell 14 times better than a person can. So, what may smell like a lovely scented shampoo or conditioner may be overkill for your cat, making them not want to take a bath.

Cats can also detect chemical scents in tap water, but there are varied opinions about whether these scents are off-putting for cats.

What to Do if Your Cat Hates Water

Having a cat that hates water does not need to be a source of great concern. Providing your cat with a comfortable and controllable level of water exposure may be all you need to do to keep your cat happy.

If you have a young kitten, consider gradually exposing them to water when they are 3 to 16 weeks old (you can follow the steps below for bathing a cat). Your kitten may not fall in love with water, but at least they will be comfortable in it if they ever need a bath.

How to Bathe a Cat Who Hates Water

Certain situations may make it necessary to bathe a cat. For example, arthritis or serious illness can make it difficult for cats to groom and keep themselves clean. 

But how do you bathe a cat that hates water? The key is to acclimate your cat to bathing and make bathing enjoyable. Let’s break down how to do this:

Acclimate your cat. Baths aren’t an emergency for cats, so take plenty of time to get your cat used to bath time. 

First, place some of your cat’s favorite toys into an empty tub. You can even spread a tasty treat like anchovy paste on the bottom of the tub so your cat can lick it (clean your tub first).

After your cat is acclimated to being in an empty tub, add an inch or two of warm water and place your cat’s toys in the water. Give your cat lots of verbal praise as they play in the water.

Create a comfortable bath environment. Bath time should be pleasant for your cat and you. Gather all of your supplies, including a fluffy towel, cat-specific shampoo and conditioner, and a non-slip tub mat. You’ll also need special treats and toys. Keep the room quiet so your cat can feel more relaxed.

Bathe gently. Depending on your cat’s temperament, you may want to have someone gently hold your cat and keep them calm. Minimal restraint is ideal when bathing a cat.

Bathe your cat gently with the shampoo and conditioner, carefully avoiding the face. Consider using a warm washcloth to wipe and rinse your cat’s face. Encourage your cat with verbal praise.

Dry off your cat. After the bath, wrap your cat immediately in a warm towel and dry them off. Your cat will need some extra time to dry off fully, but the towel will remove most of the wetness. Give your cat lots of verbal praise and offer them a treat as a tasty reward.

In Conclusion

Cats aren’t big fans of water, but that’s not necessarily bad. Find fun ways for your cat to interact with water. If your cat does need a bath, make it a pleasant experience for both of you.

The post Why Do Cats Hate Water? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

One eye issue that dogs can experience are corneal ulcers. While a dog eye ulcer can happen in any dog, they are more common in dogs with dry eyes and brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds with prominent eyes. 

In this article we will go over everything you need to know about dog eye ulcers, what to do if it happens to your dog, and how to prevent corneal ulcers.

What is a Dog Eye Ulcer?

Corneal ulcers, or dog eye ulcers, are caused when inflammation of the cornea (the clear, front surface of the eye) causes an open sore on the surface of the cornea. Dog eye ulcers can happen in any breed or age of dog, though brachycephalic dog breeds with prominent eyes, such as Pugs, Boston Terriers, Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, and Boxers, are predisposed to this disease condition. 

Dog eye ulcers are very painful and require immediate treatment once noticed. They can occur all of a sudden (acutely) or be a chronic problem. Corneal ulcers can be superficial or deep, and uncomplicated or complicated.

Superficial corneal ulcers are shallow erosions of the surface of the cornea, and heal within 5-7 days with treatment.

Deep corneal ulcers can extend all the way through the cornea and put a dog at risk for a ruptured eyeball. Deep ulcers take longer to heal, and may require surgery.

Uncomplicated corneal ulcers are usually superficial and due to trauma, and respond well to medical treatment, healing in 5-7 days.

Complicated corneal ulcers usually have an underlying cause that prevents them from healing, and require the underlying cause to be resolved before the ulcer can heal. 

Causes of Dog Eye Ulcers

The most common cause of dog eye ulcers is trauma to the eye. Trauma can be due to the eye being hit by something or something getting stuck in the eye, like a splinter or sharp grass seed. 

Additional causes of corneal ulcers can include:

• Eyelids roll in (entropion) or out (ectropion)
• Hair that grows on conjunctiva and rubs on the surface of the eye (ectopic cilia)
•  Eyelashes that grow inward and rub on the eye (distichiasis)
• Hair that is growing around the eye that rubs on the eye (trichiasis)
• Eyelid tumors
• An inability to completely close the eye that results in drying out the eye (lagophthalmos)
• Insufficient tear production associated with keratitis conjunctivitis sicca (KCS), commonly known as dry eye
• Bacterial or viral infection
• Corneal defects
• Chemical burns 

Symptoms of Eye Ulcers in Dogs

Signs of a dog eye ulcer include redness, excessive tearing, squinting, and rubbing at the eye. 

Additional signs of a dog eye ulcer include:

• Increased sensitivity to light
• A sudden white film over the eye (due to swelling of the cornea)
• A prolapsed third eyelid that doesn’t go away
• Lethargy
• Head shyness
• Sudden blindness in one eye

Diagnosing Eye Ulcers in Dogs

Corneal ulcers are generally simple to diagnose. Your veterinarian will conduct a complete physical exam and an ophthalmological examination of the eyeball and surrounding structures. The ophthalmological examination will let your vet know if there are any underlying conditions, like eyelash abnormalities, that are causing the ulcer. 

The standard test for a corneal ulcer is fluorescein dye test. During this test, your vet will put a drop of yellow dye in your dog’s eye, and then shine a black light on the eye. Normal, healthy eyes will not pick up any yellow stain. If your dog has a corneal ulcer, the affected part of the eye will stain bright, fluorescent yellow. 

Additional tests may include:

• Schirmer Tear test if KCS (dry eye) is suspected
• Tonometry to check intraocular pressures if glaucoma is suspected
• Corneal culture and sensitivity for bacterial infections in complicated or deep ulcers

Basic testing for corneal ulcers generally costs $100-$150.

How to Treat Dog Eye Ulcers

Treatment of dog eye ulcers depends on 3 things:

• Whether the ulcer is deep or superficial
• Whether the ulcer is complicated or uncomplicated
• How rapidly the ulcer is growing

Superficial, uncomplicated dog eye ulcers can usually be treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment that are applied several times a day. Pain medication is also prescribed, and dogs are fitted with an elizabethan collar (or dog cone alternative) to prevent them from scratching their eye while it is healing. Some eye medications can cause drooling. With treatment, superficial uncomplicated dog eye ulcers heal in 5-7 days, at which point you will take your dog back for a repeat eye stain test to see if the ulcer has healed. Cost of treatment is generally between $25-$50.

If an ulcer doesn’t heal after one week of treatment, then it is considered complicated, and the underlying cause must be resolved in order to resolve the ulcer. If the underlying cause is an eyelash or eyelid abnormality, surgery is usually required to correct it. If the underlying cause is dry eye, then medication will be prescribed to improve tear production and lubricate the eye. If the pet has a thickened, chronic ulcer that won’t heal, then surgery on the ulcer itself may be required. If the ulcer is deep and rapidly spreading, your dog may need to be hospitalized for surgery immediately to save the eye. Cost of treatment of complicated ulcers depends on the underlying cause. Surgery can cost several hundred dollars to $1,000 or more.

Signs a Dog Eye Ulcer is Healing

Signs that a dog eye ulcer is healing include decreased redness and squinting, and the dog just seems more comfortable. 

Additional signs a dog eye ulcer is healing include:

• Third eyelid goes back down
• Eye no longer looks white
• Less head shyness
• Increased energy

How to Prevent Dog Eye Ulcers

While you can’t always prevent dog eye ulcers, there are several things you can do to lower the likelihood that your dog will develop one. Follow these best practices to help prevent corneal ulcers.

Correct eye abnormalities. If your dog has any anatomical eye abnormalities that can cause an ulcer, get surgical correction as soon as possible.

Don’t ignore eye irritation. If you ever notice your dog squinting, rubbing, or pawing at their eye, or eye redness, get your dog’s eye checked out by a veterinarian as soon as possible.

Treat dry eye. If your dog has been diagnosed with dry eye, use medications as prescribed

Treating a corneal ulcer takes vigilance, time, effort on your part, and patience. However, most corneal ulcers in dogs can be successfully treated and/or prevented in dogs that are predisposed to them. 

The post Dog Eye Ulcer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Parasite protection is an important part of preventative care in veterinary medicine. Various products are available to kill fleas and ticks, prevent heartworm disease, and treat and control intestinal parasite infections. 

In the United States, 34 percent of dogs are infected by intestinal parasites, such as roundworms and hookworms. For dogs in the southeastern U.S., this percentage is even higher [1]. Some internal parasites are zoonotic, which means they can make people sick too. External parasites like fleas and ticks are also very common in dogs and can transmit infectious diseases to pets and people.

Monthly parasite control products, such as Trifexis, can help protect your dog and your household against parasitic risks. Let’s take a closer look at what Trifexis for dogs is and how it works.

What Is Trifexis for Dogs?

Trifexis is an antiparasitic product for dogs that is used to protect against fleas, heartworm disease, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm. It is a chewable tablet given by mouth, so it is typically easy to administer and well-liked by dogs. Trifexis is manufactured by Elanco and contains the active ingredients spinosad and milbemycin oxime. It was approved by the FDA on Jan. 4, 2011 [4]. It is not currently available in a generic form and is only available by prescription from your primary care veterinarian. It is readily available throughout the United States.

What Does Trifexis for Dogs Look Like?

Trifexis is a light brown, circular tablet. It comes in boxes of 1, 3, or 6 tablets that are each color-coded according to the dosage and intended weight category. 

What Is Trifexis Used for in Dogs?

Veterinarians typically prescribe Trifexis to protect against parasitic infections in dogs. These include fleas, heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm in dogs. Trifexis is not effective against ticks.

Protection against heartworms is important to keep your dog’s heart and lungs healthy. If your dog gets heartworm disease, they will need to undergo expensive treatments and have activity restrictions until the heartworms have been eliminated. 

Likewise, intestinal parasites can be especially bothersome to dogs. They can result in poor appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stools, and vomiting. Once infected, it can take some time to fully eliminate these parasites from the dog and their environment. Another concerning factor is that two intestinal parasites—hookworms and roundworms—are zoonotic, which means they can be spread from animals to humans. Hookworm infections in people can cause a skin condition called cutaneous larva migrans, while roundworm infections in people can cause visceral larva migrans, which affects internal organs. Reducing the risk of zoonotic infection is just one important reason to keep your dog on monthly parasite protection. 

How Does Trifexis Work?

Spinosad is an active ingredient in Trifexis that is used to kill fleas and prevent infestations. It works by activating certain receptors in the fleas, resulting in involuntary muscle tremors. Continued activation of these receptors leads to paralysis followed by death.

Milbemycin oxime is the component of Trifexis responsible for preventing heartworm disease and treating and controlling adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. It works by binding to certain channels in nerves and muscle cells, which allows chloride to get into these cells. Too much chloride leads to paralysis and death of the parasites. Milbemycin oxime can also disrupt transmission of certain neurotransmitters within the parasite, which has a detrimental effect [3]. 

How to Give Trifexis to Dogs

Trifexis is administered orally to dogs once a month. It is recommended for pet parents to give this medication on the same day each month to ensure continuous protection. Most dogs are happy to take this medication since it is beef-flavored and viewed as a treat. However, for dogs who may not readily take it, pet parents can put it in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet dog food to disguise it. If your dog still won’t take the medication, contact your veterinarian who can demonstrate safe, alternative ways to administer it. 

Trifexis Reviews

Trifexis is well-accepted in the veterinary community. I have used Trifexis in my own dogs before, and it was well-tolerated. I prefer oral medications over topical ones simply because they are less messy and don’t leave residue in the dog’s fur. Trifexis is also beef-flavored, so in my experience the tablets are also easily administered, much like a treat. 

Dogs who would benefit from this product include those who spend most of their time indoors and tend to stay in their own yards. This would not be a good option for dogs who regularly hike or spend a lot of time in wooded areas since it has no protection against ticks. 

With all of the options for parasite protection, it can easily become overwhelming. However, pet parents can work with their veterinarians to discuss the option that would be the best fit for their pet. 

There are several things to consider when choosing a product. Many pet parents are curious about how Trifexis compares to other parasite protection products on the market. Trifexis is a good alternative to Comfortis, which only treats fleas, because it has the added benefit of protecting against heartworm disease and three intestinal parasites (hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm). However, Comfortis Plus and Trifexis provide the same protection. While Nexgard and Bravecto protect against both fleas and ticks, they unfortunately provide no protection against intestinal parasites or heartworm disease like Trifexis does. Bravecto is available as a chew or a topical solution and only needs to be administered once every three months, while Trifexis must be administered once monthly. 

Simparica Trio is a combination parasite control product that protects against both fleas and ticks, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. However, it does not protect against whipworm infections like Trifexis.

Trifexis Side Effects

While Trifexis is generally well-tolerated in most dogs, there are some side effects to be aware of. When administering this product, pet parents should watch for any abnormal behaviors in their dogs that could signify a reaction. The following side effects may occur when using Trifexis [2]:

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Itching
• Lethargy

Trifexis should not be taken with other medications formulated to prevent fleas or heartworm disease. Serious side effects may occur if high doses of ivermectin are used concurrently with Trifexis [2]. Always discuss any medications your pet is taking with your veterinarian prior to starting your dog on Trifexis. This will help prevent drug interactions and ensure safety.

Trifexis Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Trifexis is based on a dog’s weight. It is safe for use in puppies who are 8 weeks of age or older and at least 5 pounds [2]. It should be given once monthly for optimal protection. There are five dosage forms available to cover the following weight ranges: 

• 5-10 lbs
• 10.1-20 lbs
• 20.1-40 lbs
• 40.1-60 lbs
• 60.1-120 lbs

What Does Trifexis Cost?

Trifexis is an affordable option for parasite protection. While there is a monthly cost, protection is much less expensive than the treatment that would be required if your dog developed a severe infestation or disease. Pet parents can expect to pay around $20 a month for this product, though the price will vary slightly based on the strength of the dose (which depends on your dog’s size).

Trifexis Storage Instructions

This product should be stored at room temperature. 

Where to Buy Trifexis

Interested in purchasing Trifexis for dogs? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

References

1. Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center. (n.d.). Zoonotic Potential of Common Cat/Dog Intestinal Parasites. Retrieved from https://www.ksvhc.org/services/pet-health-center/intestinal-parasites.html 
2. https://pet.elanco.com/us/en/trifexis/dose-administration-safety
3. https://www.elancolabels.com/us/trifexis
4. https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/app/search/public/document/downloadFoi/878

The post Trifexis for Dogs: Heartworm, Parasite & Flea Medicine  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Internal worms can make our pets sick, and some are infectious to people, too. They can cause uncomfortable symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting in otherwise healthy dogs. Young puppies infected with intestinal worms like hookworms and roundworms can quickly develop severe anemia, which can be fatal. Heartworms, which live in the blood vessels of the lungs and heart, can seriously damage your dog’s cardiovascular system and be fatal if left untreated. 

The bad news is that worms are more common than you realize. With changing weather patterns and increased mobility of pets and people, they are growing in prevalence. 

The good news is that you can protect your dog against internal parasites with a product like Interceptor Plus. 

What Is Interceptor Plus for Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is an oral medication that protects against five types of worms in dogs: heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. The active ingredients in this tasty soft chew for dogs are milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Originally produced by Novartis Animal Health, Interceptor had been around for more than 25 years as a heartworm prevention medication. Interceptor was added to Elanco Animal Health’s portfolio when the company acquired Novartis in 2015, and Interceptor Plus was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2017. It is available in all parts of the United States and via online pharmacies by prescription only. 

The difference between Interceptor vs. Interceptor Plus is that Interceptor only contains milbemycin oxide and Interceptor Plus contains milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Both protect dogs against heartworm disease, adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. The main difference between these two medications is that Interceptor Plus also protects against tapeworm infections. 

What Is Interceptor Plus Used for in Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is prescribed to prevent heartworm disease and treat and control roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and tapeworm infections in dogs. Heartworms are internal parasites that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Heartworms live in the large artery that exits the heart, and cause inflammation and damage to the heart and lungs. Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms are internal parasites that live in the intestines and cause diarrhea and weight loss. Some intestinal parasites in dogs are also contagious to people, especially children. 

Credelio, a highly effective oral tick and flea control medication, can be paired with Interceptor Plus to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Interceptor Plus Work?

Milbemycin oxide, an active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, kills roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and young heartworms by interfering with the central nervous system of the parasites, causing paralysis and death. 

Milbemycin is not effective against the adult form of heartworms, so it is important to test your dog for adult heartworms before administering Interceptor Plus. This can be done with a simple blood test at your local veterinary clinic.

Praziquantel, the other active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, works by expelling tapeworms from the intestines and preventing newly hatched insect larvae from reaching adulthood or reproducing. 

How to Give Interceptor Plus to Dogs

To control worms in dogs, Interceptor Plus should be given once a month, preferably on the same day each month. Most dogs will readily eat Interceptor Plus, as it looks and smells like a chewy treat. 

Interceptor Plus is designed to be chewed before it is swallowed. If your dog swallows treats whole, break the chew into pieces before feeding it to your dog. If your dog refuses to eat it, you can try offering the chew wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. 

Interceptor Plus for Dogs Reviews

Interceptor has been used within the veterinary community for over 25 years for heartworm disease prevention and intestinal parasite protection in dogs with great success and a high level of safety. Praziquantel, the additional active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, has also been used to treat tapeworms in dogs for many years. I personally have prescribed Interceptor Plus to thousands of patients and used Interceptor Plus in my own pets without any problems and excellent control of internal parasites.

Internal parasites can be found in any dog—even dogs that rarely go outside. Interceptor Plus is recommended for all dogs (6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater).

Many pet parents ask how Interceptor Plus for dogs compares to other oral parasite control products like Heartgard and Simparica Trio. Here is a comparison chart:

Interceptor Plus Side Effects

In general, Interceptor Plus is considered to be very safe and tolerated by the majority of dogs. The following rare adverse reactions have been reported in dogs after administration:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Salivation
• Convulsions
• Incoordinations

If you are concerned about giving Interceptor Plus to your dog, please talk to your veterinarian.

Interceptor Plus Dosage for Dogs

Dosage of Interceptor Plus varies depending on the weight of your dog. There are four dosages available for different weight ranges in dogs: 2-8 pounds, 8.1-25 pounds, 25.1-50 pounds, and 50.1-100 pounds. For maximum efficacy, talk to your veterinarian about the right dose for your dog. 

Puppies older than 6 weeks of age and weighing more than 2 pounds can safely take Interceptor Plus.

Interceptor Plus stays in your dog’s system for about 24 hours, killing and removing any heartworm larvae and intestinal worms. If your dog is accidently infected in the next month, the next dose of Interceptor Plus will kill all larvae before they have a chance to grow or reproduce. 

Cost of Interceptor Plus for Dogs

Interceptor Plus costs approximately $80-$100 per year, depending on the size of your dog (it is more expensive for larger dogs).

Interceptor Plus Storage Instructions

Interceptor Plus can be safely stored at room temperature out of reach of dogs.

Where to Buy Interceptor Plus

Interested in purchasing Interceptor Plus for dogs? You can check to see if it is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

The post Interceptor Plus for Dogs: Internal Parasite Protection appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Keeping your dog and cat free of fleas and ticks is not just a kind thing to do, it can potentially save them (and you!) from infectious diseases that fleas and ticks carry. Considering that fleas and ticks are active year round in many areas of the U.S., it is important to have a good flea and tick control strategy to protect you and your pets from these blood suckers. Credelio and Credelio CAT are highly effective products on the market that can protect dogs and cats. 

What Is Credelio for Dogs and Cats?

Lotilaner, the active ingredient in Credelio and Credelio CAT, is part of the isoxazoline class of parasiticides. It is deadly to ticks and fleas. It was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2018 and for use in cats in 2021 as the first oral flea and tick treatment for cats. Lotilaner is not available as generic, it is only available as brand name Credelio, made by Elanco. Credelio can be purchased from veterinarians and online pharmacies across the entire United States. 

What Does Credelio Look Like?

Credelio tablets are small, light brown tablets that come in blister packs. Credelio only comes in tablet form. 

What Is Credelio Used For in Dogs and Cats?

Credelio is an oral medication prescribed to kill fleas and ticks on dogs and cats. 

Credelio for dogs offers protection against four types of ticks—lone star tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick—and is suitable for dogs 8 weeks or older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. It starts killing fleas and ticks (Ixodes ricinus species) on dogs within four hours. In a well-controlled U.S. study, Credelio killed 100 percent of fleas on dogs within 12 hours after administration and for up to 35 days after administration.

Credelio CAT starts killing fleas on cats (as young as 8 weeks weighing 2 or more pounds) within six hours. It also protects against black-legged ticks (deer ticks), the most prevalent tick species in cats in the U.S., in cats 6 months and older. 

Fleas and ticks are not just a nuisance, these parasites can carry diseases such as Lyme disease, plague, tapeworms, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Several of these diseases are also infectious to humans, making it doubly important to protect your pets against external parasites like fleas and ticks. In addition, some dogs and cats have flea bite allergies, and the bite of just one flea can cause them to feel itchy enough to tear their hair out and create hot spots. 

In addition to external parasites like fleas and ticks, pets are at risk for internal parasites, some of which can be transmitted to humans (like hookworms and roundworms). If you have a dog, Credelio can be paired with Interceptor Plus—which protects against five major worms—to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for your pup. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Credelio Work?

Credelio kills fleas and ticks by inhibiting specific receptors in their neurological system. These neurological receptors are different from receptors in dogs and cats. Credelio works fast because it is quickly absorbed into the blood. Because Credelio kills fleas before they have a chance to lay eggs (which takes anywhere between 20-24 hours after a female flea has her first blood meal), Credelio also prevents fleas from laying eggs. One of the perks of Credelio is that since it is an oral product and not topical, bathing your pet is not suspected to have any impact on its efficacy or how long it provides protection. 

How to Give Credelio to Dogs and Cats

Credelio for dogs is given by mouth and is formulated into a tasty beef-flavored tablet. 

Credelio for dogs is gluten free, however, the tablets contain flavoring made with pork liver, soy, barley, wheat, and lactose, so consult your veterinarian before giving to your pet if they have food allergies.

Credelio CAT has a vanilla and yeast scent and flavor that is designed to be appealing to cats, and has been successfully administered by most cat owners in the U.S. 

The manufacturer does not recommend splitting the tablets for dosing, as they are not scored for splitting, and there are a wide range of dosages available for different pet weights.

Credelio must be given with food or given within 30 minutes of feeding to assure it is absorbed completely from the intestinal tract. If your pet won’t readily eat it, you can place the tablet in their mouth. Pets can chew it or swallow it whole. You can try offering the tablet wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. There are no efficacy studies available for crushing the tablet or adding it to water, but many veterinary professionals have reported success with doing that with picky pets. 

Credelio Reviews

Credelio is widely used and accepted within the veterinary community as a safe, effective way to control fleas and ticks in dogs and cats. I have personally prescribed Credelio to my dog patients with success and client satisfaction. 

Credelio CAT is the only oral tick and flea medication for cats available on the market.

Many pet parents also ask how Credelio for dogs compares to other oral flea and tick products like Nexgard, Bravecto, and Simparica. Here is a comparison chart:

Credelio Side Effects

Credelio contains lotilaner, an isoxazoline class of drug. This drug class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions in a few animals that include tremors, incoordination, and seizures. Even with the reported reactions, the FDA attests that approved isoxazoline products are considered safe and effective for dogs and cats, and that there is a slight chance for adverse effects, as with any drug. 

Credelio should be used with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or other neurological problems. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in dogs include weight loss, increased urination, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and diarrhea.

If you have a dog with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio is right for your dog. 

Credelio CAT should be used with caution in cats with a history of neurological disorders. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in cats include weight loss, rapid breathing, and vomiting.

If you have a cat with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio CAT is right for your pet.

Credelio Dosage for Dogs and Cats

Credelio is given orally once a month according to your dog’s weight: 

• 4.4-6.0 lbs: 56.25 mg (1 tablet)
• 6.1-12.0 lbs: 112.5 mg (1 tablet)
• 12.1-25 lbs: 225 mg (1 tablet)
• 25.1-50 lbs: 450 mg (1 tablet)
• 50.1-100 lbs: 900 mg (1 tablet)
• Greater than 100 pounds: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio CAT is given orally once a month according to your cat’s weight: 

• 2.0-4.0 lbs: 12 mg (1 tablet)
• 4.1-17.0 lbs: 48 mg (1 tablet)
• Over 17 lbs: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio can be used in dogs 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. Credelio CAT can be used in cats 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 2 pounds or more. (However, the effectiveness of Credelio CAT against black-legged ticks in kittens less than 6 months old has not been evaluated.) Credelio has not been studied for use in breeding animals. If your pet is pregnant or nursing, talk to your veterinarian before administering. 

Cost of Credelio

The cost of Credelio depends on your pet’s weight, your geographical location, and if you are purchasing through your local veterinary clinic. In general, Credelio is $15-$20 per month for dogs, and $8-$10 per month for cats. 

Credelio Storage Instructions

According to the label, Credelio tablets must be stored at 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit. Temporary periods of time outside of this range, 41-104 degrees Fahrenheit, are permitted. Store out of reach of pets to prevent accidental overdose.

Where to Buy Credelio

Interested in purchasing Credelio for dogs or cats? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

The post Credelio for Dogs and Cats: Tick & Flea Protection appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But when temperatures drop, cats – especially those who roam outdoors – are at risk of dangers such as hypothermia and frostbite. We asked veterinarians and cat experts for tips on how to keep cats warm in winter. Here’s what they had to say.

Do Cats Get Cold?

Just like humans, cats can feel cold when the mercury drops, especially when they spend time outdoors. Yet, cats handle low temperatures pretty well, says Dr. Kristopher Sharpe, a veterinary staff internist and the medical director at BluePearl Veterinary Partners in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

“Most cats deal with cold, cooler temperatures quite well, particularly if they have time to acclimate to what they’re in and their surroundings,” says Sharpe. “They can get thicker fur and longer fur during the colder months. They’re pretty good about being active as well to keep their metabolism and body heat up.”

He added that cats are generally more tolerable to low temperatures inside a house than people are. “As long as they have blankets available they should be fine,” he says.

While Dr. Sharpe does not recommend a particular temperature at which you should keep your house, the American Veterinary Medical Association suggests keeping rooms above 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6 degrees Celsius), for both dogs and cats.

What can be worrisome is when a cat is suddenly exposed to an environment they aren’t used to, says Dr. Sharpe. For instance, a cat accustomed to a very warm environment might not cope well if abruptly exposed to a very cold environment. The same is true in reverse.

“It’s the change in temperature that’s probably the biggest problem,” Sharpe says.

Pet parents should also be aware of exposing cats to extremely cold outdoor temperatures for long periods of time, which can lead to hypothermia and frostbite. 

Senior cats, kittens, cats with underlying diseases, and hairless cat breeds, including Sphynx and Lykoi cats, tend to be more sensitive to cooler temperatures and temperature variances. 

How to Keep Cats Warm: Tips and Recommendations

Cats might be able to tolerate a range of temperatures, but let’s face it — most cats love being warm and snuggly. Why is that? Jane Ehrlich, a professional cat behavorist based in Arizona, says it’s likely to do with the fact that domestic cats originated from wildcat species that lived in hot, arid parts of the world.

“Cats were, after all, desert animals — despite the full-furred breeds,” says Ehrlich.

Sharpe says that while cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, they “prefer the option to be in warmer areas.”

How to Keep Indoor Cats Warm in Winter

Give your cat plenty of space. Dr. Sharpe suggests making sure your cat has a good amount of space so he or she can move around and self-regulate their body heat. Cats will often stay active as a way to keep their metabolism and body heat up, and they need space to play and roam.

Break out the blankets and cozy bedding. Dr. Sharpe recommends furnishing your home with beds and blankets for your cat to cuddle in. You can also try a heated cat bed, which can provide extra warmth during cooler months. 

Take extra precautions when going outdoors. When taking an indoor cat outside in the cold — say, on a trip to the vet — Dr. Sharpe says you can help keep your cat warm by adding an extra blanket or two to their carrier during transport. You can also look for cat carriers that provide extra warmth and comfort. 

How to Keep Outdoor Cats Warm in Winter

The most effective way to keep a cat warm in the winter is to keep them indoors. But for some cats, that’s easier says than done, especially if a cat is feral. So how can pet parents and cat lovers keep outdoor cats warm and safe in the winter?

Provide access to enclosed spaces. The most important thing is giving an outdoor cat “access to a place where they can get warmer, like a garage,” says Sharpe. “You can also buy little igloos or enclosures where they can get out of the elements.”

Use heated blankets and beds. Heated blankets and beds are very useful to outdoor cats, says Sharpe. However, he stresses the importance of making sure there’s a blanket between the cat and heating element for safety reasons, as well as checking cords regularly for signs of wear that could pose an electrocution risk.

Make DIY cat shelters. Alley Cat Allies, an advocacy group working to protect feral and stray cats and kittens, suggests making winter cat shelters out of plastic tubs filled with straw. Not only will these DIY-cat shelters insulate cats in cold weather, they can save lives.

Protect your cat’s food and water from the elements, too. While keeping your outdoor cat safe from winter’s chill is your top priority, protecting their food and water is a close second. When temperatures drop, it doesn’t take long for your cat’s food and water bowls to freeze over. To guard against hunger and thirst, check on your cat’s food and water at least twice a day to make sure it’s not frozen. If possible, place your cat’s water bowl in an area that’s sheltered from wind and rain. And you may want to switch to a dry kibble, which is less likely to freeze in wintry weather.

Dangers of Cold Weather for Cats

While cats can tolerate a range of temperatures, there are situations in which cold weather can become dangerous. If a cat is exposed to cold weather for too long and does not have a warm, dry place to retreat to, they can get hypothermia or frostbite. 

Hypothermia in cats is a condition characterized by unusually low body temperatures. Dr. Sharpe says that cats suffering from hypothermia would be “acting very sick.”

“They may be very quiet, they may be lethargic, they may not be very responsive,” he says. “They could be shaking, although their body temperature gets colder … they won’t even shiver or shake anymore.”

If you think your cat has hypothermia, you should wrap them up in a towel or blanket. However, don’t place them directly on a heating element because rewarming needs to be done gradually. Instead, seek veterinary care as quickly as possible.

Another cold weather risk for cats is frostbite, a condition in which the extreme cold damages your cat’s body tissues. According to Dr. Sharpe, frostbite in cats is rare, but it can happen when they’re exposed to extreme cold or have poor blood circulation. 

“We see it on the paw pads and ear tips,” he says. “How long it would take to develop frostbite is hard to say because it would be dependent on the severity of the cold temperature and direct exposure.”

But you can greatly reduce cats’ risk of getting these conditions by keeping them in an indoor environment replete with blankets and beds. Or, at the very least, providing a refuge for outdoor cats so they can warm up.

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But is a black dog tongue normal? We’ll cover this topic and talk about pigmentation, different breeds who have black dog tongues, and if a black or discolored tongue could signal a medical problem that requires veterinary attention.

Black Dog Tongue: What Does It Look Like?

A dog can have extra pigmentation in their tongue that makes it appear black, blue, or purple. Pigmentation in a tongue can make the overall tongue black or blue, or it can create dark pigmented spots on a tongue that is otherwise pink. 

Black or spotted tongues like this are completely normal – the coloration is just extra pigment. Most dogs that have black, blue, purple, or spotted tongues are born that way. 

As a dog ages, the color of the tongue or the spots may change a little and get darker or spots might slightly change shape, but in general, the tongue color and spotting that a dog is born with is the way it will stay for the life of the dog. 

Black, blue, and purple tongues and dark spots are flat just like a pink tongue, have the same texture, and do not have any bumps or raised areas. 

Is It Normal for Dogs to Have a Black Tongue?

Dogs that are born with black or spotted tongues (or blue or purple) are considered normal. The dark color and spots are just highly pigmented cells on the surface of the tongue, and are similar to freckles in humans. 

Another way to think about the variety in the color of dog tongues is to think about how some dogs have black skin, other dogs have pink skin, and some dogs have both. Dogs can have dark pigmentation on their skin, lips, around their eyes, eyelids, paw pads, toenails, and as you now know, on their tongues as well. In addition to having a black or spotted tongue, dogs can have black or spotted gums and lips as well.

While a pigmented black dog tongue can be considered completely normal in many dogs, there are some medical conditions that can cause tongue discoloration. 

Abnormal things to watch for include:

• Rapidly appearing dark spots on the tongue or a dark spot that starts changing appearance rapidly. These can be a sign of cancer, trauma, or bleeding disorders.

• Spots or discoloration of the tongue that also have a different texture than the rest of the tongue or are bleeding

• Foul odor coming from the mouth

• Bleeding and blackened gums around teeth. This can be associated with periodontal disease

• Weakness, collapse, or difficulty breathing with blue gums is a medical emergency

Regardless of whether your dog has a black tongue, pink tongue, or a spotted tongue, it is a good idea to regularly check your dog’s teeth, gums, and tongue for any changes. Seek veterinary attention if you notice anything out of the ordinary or if you have questions about your dog’s black tongue.

Dog Breeds with Black Tongues

Chow Chow dogs are bred to have solid blue-black tongues, and tongues that are black on the top and edges are actually considered to be a breed standard in this breed. Shar Peis are also bred to have blue-black tongues as well as blue-black gums and roof of the mouth. 

Shar Peis and Chow Chows aren’t the only dog breeds that have darkly pigmented or spotted tongues. In fact, there are many dog breeds that have black or spotted tongues. Darkly pigmented tongues are more common in dogs that have black points (black eyebrows, shoulders, lips, etc.). In addition, dogs that are closely related to Chow Chows in the Spitz family, Mastiff breeds, and Setter, Spaniel, and Pointer breeds are prone to having black tongues. 

These breeds can include (but are not limited to): 

• Rottweiler
• Airedale
• Labrador Retriever
• Pitbull
• Mastiff
• German Shepherd
• Newfoundland
• Golden Retriever
• Akita
• Irish Setter
• Great Pyrenees
• Pomeranian
• Dalmatian
• Australian Shepherd
• Shiba Inu
• Siberian Husky
• Belgian Malinois
• Australian Cattle Dog
• Belgian Sheepdog
• Bichon Frise
• Cairn Terrier
• Collie
• Cocker Spaniel
• Doberman Pinscher
• Gordon Setter
• English Setter
• Tibetan Mastiff
• Flat-Coated Retriever
• Rhodesian Ridgeback
• Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier
• Kerry Blue Terrier
• Keeshond
• Pug

Should You Worry About Your Dog’s Black Tongue?

In general, if your dog is healthy, happy, and has had a black, purple, blue, or spotted tongue their whole life, then there is nothing to worry about. 

As stated above, if you notice rapid changes in your dog’s tongue such as a new spot appearing or a change in texture or any raised areas, or if your dog is acting sick in any way in conjunction with a change in tongue appearance, it is important to seek the services of a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

The main concern with black spots suddenly appearing on otherwise pink tongue or gum tissue is oral melanoma. 

Oral melanoma is a tumor of melanocytes, which are pigmented cells. Oral melanoma can appear on the tongue, gums, or roof of the mouth, and is usually a malignant tumor that invades surrounding healthy tissue, including the jaw bone and skull, and spreads to other areas of the body, including lymph nodes, lungs, and bones. 

Oral melanoma is more common in some dog breeds that have naturally black-blue tongues, including Chow Chows, Retrievers, and Cocker Spaniel. It is also more common in Miniature Poodles and older dogs in general. 

The main signs associated with oral melanoma include:

• Tumor-like growth on tongue or gums, may or may not be pigmented, often bleeding
• Drooling, often bloody
• Bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Loose teeth or pain

The prognosis for oral melanoma is better if the disease is caught early, the tumor is surgically removed, and the dog is treated with chemotherapy. 

Oral melanoma is one of the reasons why it is important to regularly monitor your dog’s oral health and see a veterinarian if you notice any changes in your dog’s mouth or if you are worried about a black or spotted tongue. 

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If your dog is suffering from an upset stomach, you might be wondering: can dogs have Tums? 

Here, we’ll explore whether calcium carbonate, the active ingredient in Tums, is safe for dogs, whether Tums can be used to treat indigestion in dogs, and more.

What Are Tums?

The primary ingredient found in Tums is calcium carbonate, a naturally mined material that is found all over the planet. Calcium carbonate is found in chalk, marble, and limestone. Calcium carbonate is also found in baking powder and some toothpastes.

The primary medical use for calcium carbonate is for helping relieve occasional heartburn, acid reflux, upset stomach, and ingestion in humans. While calcium carbonate is primarily used as an antacid, it can also be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis in humans.

Acid reflux is a condition that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, and it is a very common cause of heartburn symptoms in humans. Heartburn occurs when the acidic contents of the stomach touch the lining of your esophagus and cause pain.

Calcium carbonate, when chewed and swallowed, quickly neutralizes esophageal acid, relieving the symptoms associated with heartburn. 

Can I Give My Dog Tums?

The short answer is yes, you can give your dog Tums. But the more important question is: should you?

There are very few negative side effects seen in dogs that are given appropriate amounts of calcium carbonate on a short-term basis. However, elevated blood calcium levels and other mineral imbalances are possible if a dog is given too much calcium carbonate or if they are given it over a long time period. 

The biggest problem is that the calcium carbonate found in Tums can decrease absorption (and therefore effectiveness) of other medications. Tums can interfere or negatively interact with certain antibiotics, antacids, and iron supplements, so if your dog is on any other medications, consult with your veterinarian before giving Tums. 

You may also want to ask your vet if there are alternatives to Tums you should consider. Many veterinarians recommend other medications designed to reduce acid, combat heartburn, and prevent or treat ulcers, such as:

• Cimetidine, a generic form of the brand-name medication Tagamet
• Famotidine, a generic form of the brand-name medication Pepcid
• Omeprazole, a generic form of the brand-name medication Prilosec
• Sucralfate, a generic form of the brand-name medication Carafate  

However, like Tums, these are all medications formulated for people. So it’s essential to consult with your vet before you administer these or any other human over-the-counter medications to your dog. 

Can Tums Help Dogs? 

Calcium carbonate is prescribed to dogs for a couple of different medical conditions, including:

Low calcium. Dogs with low blood calcium levels, which can occur in pregnant or lactating dogs or dogs with low-functioning parathyroid glands 

Kidney disease. Kidney disease in dogs can cause blood phosphate levels to be too high. Calcium carbonate binds phosphate in the intestines, preventing it from being absorbed, and lowering the level of phosphorus in the blood. 

Can Tums Be Toxic to Dogs?

Dogs like the taste of Tums, and it is possible for them to eat too many if they get into a bottle of Tums. If your dog eats more Tums than he should, call your local veterinarian, after-hours emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline immediately for advice. 

In most cases, eating too many Tums will likely not be lethal, but can cause vomiting, electrolyte imbalances, diarrhea, and/or constipation. 

Additional signs of Tums toxicity in dogs can include drooling, tremors, difficulty breathing, acting drunk or uncoordinated, or collapse. 

Precautions When Giving Tums to Dogs

While Tums can be used on a short-term basis to help a dog with an upset stomach or for the above-mentioned medical conditions, they should not be used on a long-term basis unless under the supervision of a veterinarian. There are also certain precautions to take when giving your dog Tums:

Read the label. Tums are created with humans in mind, not dogs. Some sugar-free calcium carbonate products contain xylitol, which is very toxic to dogs. Dextrose is a safe sweetening ingredient in Tums, but xylitol is not. 

Watch for allergies. Some dogs may have allergies to food dyes in colored Tums. Food dyes are designated with the letters ‘FD&C’ – if you see those on the ingredient list, don’t give them to your dog. It is best to just give white Tums to dogs.

Do not give Tums to puppies. Do not give Tums to young dogs or puppies that are still growing. In large and giant breeds this can take upwards of two years! The calcium carbonate in Tums can alter a growing dog’s blood calcium levels, which can negatively impact a growing skeleton.

Only use Tums on a short-term basis. Do not use Tums in dogs on a long-term basis, as they can imbalance the level of minerals in a dog’s body. At the most, you can give a dog Tums for a day or two, as long as they are otherwise healthy and do not have any other medical conditions or on any other medications. 

Talk to your veterinarian. It is best to always consult with a veterinarian before giving your dog Tums.

Giving a dog Tums should not substitute for a veterinary visit – at best, they could be a short-term band-aid to help your dog feel a little better until you can get them seen by a veterinarian. Tums do not provide long-lasting relief from stomach problems in dogs, and giving a dog Tums may mask the symptoms of serious medical conditions that need a veterinarian’s help. 

Tums Alternatives: How to Treat Dog Digestive Problems

Signs that your dog is having problems with their stomach and/or intestines include vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, weight loss, and constipation. Since Tums are only moderately effective at controlling symptoms associated with acid reflux or upset stomach in dogs, it is a good idea to consider alternatives to giving your dog Tums. 

The following list of ideas may help your dog feel better without giving them Tums:

Add in a nightly snack.  If your dog vomits up food first thing in the morning, they could have a sour stomach from waiting too long to eat. Try giving them a small, high-protein snack right before bed.

Withhold food and try a bland diet.  If your dog is suddenly ill with mild vomiting and/or diarrhea associated with something they ate, you can try not feeding them (but still give them access to water) for 6-8 hours (except in toy breeds, puppies, or diabetic dogs). Then offer frequent, small meals of bland food – boiled white chicken, lean ground meat, low-fat cottage cheese, and rice or potatoes for several days. Many dogs will recover without incident. 

If your dog doesn’t stop vomiting within a day, refuses to eat when you offer food for more than a day, has no improvement in stool quality,  or is otherwise acting sick in any way, call your veterinarian.

Talk to your vet about other medications. Ask your veterinarian for acid-reducing medication recommendations, such as proton pump inhibitors or H2-blockers, like cimetidine. 

As always, if your dog is struggling with gastrointestinal problems, it is best to talk to your veterinarian. They can get to the bottom of your dog’s problem and recommend treatments that are safe and effective, bringing you peace of mind and relief to your dog. 

Editorial image credit: Jenari / Shutterstock.com

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What Is Frostbite?

Frostbite is a term for what happens to skin and associated body tissues when they are exposed to extremely cold temperatures. When the air temperature is lower than 32 degrees Fahrenheit, blood vessels in the skin constrict in order to keep the core body temperature in a normal zone. The body does this to avoid damage to vital organs like the heart and brain and to preserve life. This protective measure reduces blood flow to areas of the body that aren’t considered critical for life, such as extremities including fingers, the nose, and ear tips. Cold temperatures plus reduced blood flow to these areas can result in these body parts freezing, which is severely damaging and results in the condition we call frostbite. 

Can Dogs Get Frostbite?

Just like all mammals, dogs that are exposed to freezing temperatures can get frostbite. The parts of a dog’s body that are most susceptible to frostbite are the parts that are farthest from the heart and are exposed to the elements. This includes the paws, the tip of the tail, and ear tips. Dogs that have less hair in these areas, dogs that spend a lot of time outdoors without shelter in the winter, and small dogs are at highest risk of developing frostbite. In addition, dogs that have poor blood supply to their ear tips, such as the miniature Italian Greyhound, are at increased risk for dog frostbite in these areas. Dogs with heart disease, diabetes, or other medical conditions that cause poor circulation are also at increased risk for frostbite. In addition, dogs that live in freezing, damp environments have a higher risk of frostbite than dogs in cold, dry environments.

Dog Frostbite: 7 Signs to Know

Frostbite in dogs is easy to spot once you know what you are looking for. The most common frostbite symptoms in dogs include:

• Holding one paw up after being outside in freezing temperatures (frostbite is painful, and this signifies pain)
• Skin that is cold or feels hard or brittle to the touch because the skin cells are frozen
• Damage to the skin, which results in discoloration on the paws, ear tips, or tip of the tail that is either gray, pale, or blue. In severe cases, frostbite will kill skin and result in  blackened, dead skin
• Swelling of the affected skin due to inflammation
• Dog yelps or pulls body part away when you touch it (signifies pain)
• Blisters or ulcers that occur as dead skin sloughs off; this is a delayed symptom that can take hours to days to develop
• Skin turns red and painful when it is thawed

It is important to note that signs of frostbite in dogs can take hours or days to appear on the tips of the ears or the tip of the tail. If the skin is severely damaged, it will die. Dead skin will turn black over a couple of days and then slough off, leaving behind ulcers or red, raw skin. If the skin becomes infected, it may develop an odor and pus may appear. 

What to Do If Your Dog Has Frostbite

If you think your dog has frostbite, you will need to administer first aid to your pet. Here are the steps to follow:

1. Move your dog to a warm, dry area immediately.
2. Call your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary clinic as soon as possible and get your dog seen by a veterinarian.
3. If your dog has signs of hypothermia, treat that first, as hypothermia is life threatening. 
4. If you cannot move your dog to a warm, dry area, do not warm frostbitten skin if it has the chance of freezing again. Thawing and then refreezing skin and body tissues will cause more damage. 
5. If your dog is in a warm, dry area, place affected body parts in a bowl of warm water or wrap affected body parts in a moist, warm compress. Use warm water, not hot. The water should be cool enough that you can comfortably keep your hand in it—around 102-105 degrees Fahrenheit. Do not use a heating pad or a hair dryer to warm affected areas.
6. After you have warmed the skin, pat the skin dry. Do not rub or massage any skin that appears frostbitten. This is painful and will cause additional damage. Keep your dog wrapped in a dry blanket or towels that have been warmed in a dryer if possible. 
7. Do not give your dog any human pain medication, as they can be toxic to dogs. If you are concerned your dog is painful, call your veterinarian to discuss the best options.

A veterinary examination is recommended for any dogs that have developed frostbite, as these dogs are often affected by additional problems associated with hypothermia. Your veterinarian can also prescribe pain medication that is safe for your dog to keep any pain associated with frostbite under control. If the frostbite is severe enough to cause the skin to die, then your veterinarian will advise you on what to expect, including sloughing and signs of infection. Your veterinarian may also prescribe antibiotics if they suspect skin infection is likely. Your dog may need to wear a dog cone (e-collar) to keep them from licking the affected area. In severe frostbite cases, amputation of the affected area may be required, however, most cases are mild.

How to Prevent Frostbite in Dogs

The only way to prevent dog frostbite is by protecting your dog from prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. Remember—there are several factors involved in the development of frostbite, including wind speed, time spent outdoors, relative humidity, your dog’s size, breed, and age, the amount of hair on your dog, and any medical conditions that your dog may have. If you’re wondering how many minutes of exposure can lead to frostbite, there are charts available that tell you how long it takes humans to develop frostbite. Keep in mind that frostbite can take less time to develop in some dogs than humans.

You can reduce your dog’s risk of developing frostbite by:

• Minimizing outdoor exposure when temperatures are freezing
• Taking shorter, more frequent walks instead of longer walks
• Putting boots and a jacket on your dog when temperatures are freezing
• Paying attention if your dog starts holding up a paw outside or shivering, and taking them inside immediately if this happens
• Providing fresh water so your dog stays hydrated—hydrated dogs have lower risk of frostbite

The post Dog Frostbite: 7 Signs and How to Prevent it appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To prevent these problems and keep dogs at a healthy weight, veterinarians may recommend weight loss for dogs. If you’re wondering how to help a dog lose weight—and do it safely—we’ve rounded up some effective methods and tips. But first it helps to understand more about what causes obesity in dogs and how excessive fat can impact your pet’s health.

Understanding Obesity in Dogs

Obesity in dogs is caused by excess body fat. Dogs that weigh more than 30 percent of their ideal weight are generally defined as obese. Veterinarians use body condition scores (which are similar to BMI measurements in humans) and breed standards to determine the ideal weight for a dog. 

Overweight Dogs: How it Impacts Health

Excessive fat on a dog is not just a cosmetic problem—obesity comes with significant health consequences. In fact, obesity is likely the greatest health threat that dogs face. We now know that obesity is an inflammatory and hormonal disease, and is linked to many diseases in dogs, including osteoarthritis, cancer, kidney disease, urinary tract problems, underactive thyroid, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and liver disease. 

The good news is that you can drastically reduce your dog’s risk of most of these diseases and live longer, healthier, and more pain-free through proper diet, exercise, and weight management. 

7 Ways to Help Your Dog Lose Weight

Fortunately, if your dog is carrying around extra weight, it is fairly straightforward and simple to help your dog slim down. Here are seven tips to get you started. 

Ask Your Vet for Target Weight and Daily Calories

You know your dog needs to lose weight, but how many pounds? And how much should you be feeding your dog every day? This is where your vet’s knowledge comes in. Don’t hesitate to ask your vet for a healthy dog weight, and how many calories you should be feeding your dog every day to facilitate weight loss. This calorie amount includes dog food and any treats the dog receives during the day. You can also calculate calories yourself (but it is much easier to ask your vet).

Do Monthly Weigh-Ins

Just like Weight Watchers, you need to see your dog shed pounds to feel successful and make sure you are on the right track. Most veterinary clinics will let you come by and weigh your dog for free, and keep a record of their weight loss journey. If you have a small dog, you can always check progress at home by weighing yourself while holding your dog, then weighing yourself alone and subtracting to get your dog’s weight. However, your vet office may have a more accurate scale. Most healthy dogs should be able to reach their target weight within 3-6 months.

Use a Weight Management Dog Food

It is a good idea to switch your dog to a veterinarian-recommended weight management dog food instead of just restricting the amount of their regular food. This is because restricting a maintenance food leads to imbalances in micronutrients. Instead, switch to a low-calorie, low-fat, and high-fiber diet that is designed for weight loss to ensure your dog does not develop an imbalanced nutritional state. 

Many veterinarians prefer to use therapeutic foods that have been clinically proven to facilitate rapid, safe weight loss in dogs, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Dog Food or Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Overweight Management Dog Food.

However, depending on your dog’s specific weight management needs, your budget, or your preferences, your veterinarian might suggest an over-the-counter weight loss food like Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Dog Food or Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Dog Food, instead.

In addition to feeding your dog the weight loss diet your veterinarian recommends, you can make easy changes to your pet’s feeding routine to help them keep the weight off.  For example, if your dog eats their food too quickly and then begs for more, try giving them their food in a food puzzle or slow feeder bowl.

Discover more veterinarian-approved weight management dog food options, along with the pros and cons of each formula, here.

Weigh Your Pet’s Food

Using a measuring cup to measure pet food turns out to be fairly inaccurate, and feeding even a kibble or two extra each day to a small dog can sabotage your weight loss goals. This is why it is most accurate to weigh the food daily on a gram scale. Again, you will need your veterinarian’s expertise. Just tell them that you weigh your dog’s food, and you would like to know how much, in grams, to feed each day. Your veterinarian will need to know the exact brand of food you are feeding to calculate the amount to feed. 

Give Low-Calorie Treats

While you are restricting your dog’s calories, it still might be an important part of your bond to feed your dog treats. You don’t have to stop feeding treats, but instead of choosing high calorie milk bones, give your dog raw or cooked veggies. Many dogs love veggies like carrots, cucumber, zucchini, and green beans. You can also give berries and apple slices in moderation. 

If your dog prefers commercial treats, look for low-calorie, high-fiber options. There are even dog treats that are specially formulated to help your dog lose weight or maintain a healthy weight, such as Nutrisentials Lean Treats or Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Treats.

Just remember that 90 percent of a dog’s daily calories should come from their dog food, so limit treats to no more than 10 percent of their daily calorie target. 

If your dog is used to getting more treats than your calorie budget will allow, here’s a helpful tip: Break your dog’s treats up into smaller bits. So, for example, if you normally give your dog a biscuit four times a day, you can switch that to four biscuit halves. It’s an easy way to treat your dog and keep them from feeling deprived without going over your calorie target. 

Walk for Weight Loss

Taking your dog on a brisk 30-minute walk every day can boost calorie burn, reduce behavioral problems including begging, and improve heart health and immune function. Commit to 30 minutes daily of low-impact cardio with your dog, rain or shine. It will be good for you both! You can even train a dog to walk on a treadmill if there is inclement weather or play indoor fetch or other games. 

Supplement for Weight Loss

Talk with your veterinarian to see if they would recommend any nutritional supplements to help assist your dog’s weight loss efforts.

L-carnitine, an amino acid derivative, has been shown to facilitate weight loss and promote muscle building. Many weight loss dog foods contain L-carnitine, but it can also be added to your dog’s diet with a supplement like LiquiCarn. 

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, have also been shown to facilitate weight loss and reduce inflammation. They can also help dogs that have arthritis pain feel better, so supplementing your dog’s daily diet with an Omega-3 and Vitamin Supplement could offer multiple benefits. 

Always check with your veterinarian before starting any supplements to make sure they are the right choice to support your dog’s overall health and do not cause any imbalances that would derail their weight loss efforts.

Weight Loss Safety for Dogs

It is always a good idea to get your dog checked out by a veterinarian to make sure there aren’t any underlying conditions, like Cushing’s or hypothyroidism, that can make it very difficult for dogs to lose excess weight. Your vet can also make sure your dog is healthy enough for an exercise program, and ensure that any pain from osteoarthritis that might make your dog reluctant to move is controlled. 

If you are changing your dog’s food, do so gradually. Introducing a new food too quickly can cause stomach upset, leading to diarrhea, nausea, and possible refusal of the new food. 

Start any new exercise routine slowly, even with healthy dogs. As long as your dog is healthy, you can use the following guidelines from the Association of Pet Obesity Prevention for a safe dog exercise program:

• Week 1: 10 minutes brisk walk, 20 minutes casual pace (to allow for the sniffing on the way home)
• Week 2: 15 minutes brisk walk, 15 minutes casual pace
• Week 3: 20 minutes brisk walk, 10 minutes casual pace
• Week 4: 30 minutes brisk walk, 5-10 minutes casual/cool down

You don’t need a warm-up at the beginning unless your dog is stiff when they start out. Otherwise, just go for it! If you are walking your dog in cold winter weather, jackets and protective booties may be needed. If you are exercising in the heat, try to time walks during the cooler parts of the day. Use caution in temperatures over 80 degrees. Pavement can become much warmer than surrounding air temperatures when warmed by the sun, and temperatures over 80 degrees can increase heat stress. Avoid walking very old, sick, or brachycephalic (smush-face) dogs in the heat.

The post How to Help a Dog Lose Weight: 7 Effective Methods appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Diabetes in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Cat diabetes can seem overwhelming at first because there is a lot to learn, but it gets easier over time. Unfortunately, cat’s do not follow the ‘textbook’ on diabetes, and there can be a lot of trial and error to figure out the best way to treat your pet. Once your pet is diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian will likely create a treatment plan that will cover medication, diet, exercise, and treatment of any concurrent condition, such as obesity or a urinary tract infection.

Your veterinarian will likely start with a medication to control the diabetes, such as insulin, glipazide, or a new medication called Bexacat. They will also discuss the ideal diet for your pet, including how much and how often to feed. Exercise and weight control is an important part of diabetes management and will be addressed in your cat’s treatment plan. And lastly, the treatment of any other diseases or conditions that are present will also contribute to the success of your cat’s diabetes management.

Because there is no one size fits all approach to feline diabetes, your veterinarian’s plan might change along the way. After assessing your pet’s overall health status, they will create a starting place to begin treatment. Rechecking lab work can be frequent at first, sometimes weekly until the diabetes is well managed, then will occur at more sparse intervals. Changes will be made based not only on lab work results but also how your cat responds at home. This is why it is imperative for you to track your pet’s response at home to treatment, taking extra careful notes after any changes are made.

How to Give a Cat Insulin in 10 Steps

Since giving your cat insulin shots will likely be part of a veterinarian-recommended treatment plan, here are the steps you can take to ensure you do it safely:

Step 1: Take the insulin out of the fridge and mix it according to the instructions. Some insulin types need to be gently mixed while others need a more vigorous shake.

Step 2: Use an alcohol wipe on the top of the bottle. Turn the bottle upside down, and insert the needle into the rubber top.

Step 3: Use the syringe to draw up the correct amount of insulin. Remove any air bubbles by lightly flicking the syringe. Double-check check the amount that you are giving is correct.

Step 4: Use an alcohol wipe to disinfect the injection area on your cat. 

Step 5: Using your non-dominant hand, gently pick up the loose skin in between your cat’s shoulder blades.

Step 6: In the area of lifted skin, insert the needle at a 45-degree angle and gently pull back on the syringe. If there is no blood, inject the insulin, and then withdraw the needle. If there is blood, withdraw the needle and try again. Enlist help if you need it. 

Step 7: Check the injection site to make sure there is no insulin on the skin (wetness).

Step 8: Each time you inject insulin, try to slightly vary the site of injection to avoid scarring.

Step 9: Place the used syringe in a safe disposal container. 

Step 10: It can help to have the veterinary staff shave a patch of fur where you are giving the injections so you can better visualize the skin. 

Insulin pens are sometimes available depending on the needs of your pet. Instructions with the preparation of the pens vary slightly and it is important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions.

A glucose curve test is an all day test where your cat’s blood sugar is checked at regular intervals (usually every 2 hours) to see how your cat is responding to their insulin dose. While these can be helpful, they can also be stressful and cause your cat’s sugar levels to be artificially elevated. A discussion with your veterinarian will help you figure out the best option to monitor your diabetic cat.

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Cats that have uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus may be able to be managed without insulin. A newer alternative to insulin for treating feline diabetes is called Bexacat (bexagliflozin), a once-daily flavored tablet. It lowers blood sugar by increasing urine excretion of glucose through the inhibition of a membrane protein called SGLT2, which is found in the kidney. However, cats who have previously been treated with insulin, who are currently receiving insulin, or who have insulin-dependent diabetes should not use Bexacat.

Another alternative to insulin for cats with uncomplicated Type II diabetes mellitus is a drug called glipizide. Glipizide is a medication that works by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin. It comes in tablets, oral flavored liquid, or a lotion that is rubbed on their skin. 

In addition to medication, weight loss is necessary to treat overweight or obese cats with Type II diabetes mellitus. In fact, some cats may be ‘cured’ of Type II diabetes mellitus with weight loss and medication alone, and may not need to continue on medication for the rest of their life. It is always important to work closely with a veterinarian in order to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar.

Diabetic Cat Diet: What to Feed

Nutrition is an important facet of cat diabetes treatment. Factors like food type and the way you feed a diabetic cat are important to success. Here are a few best practices to help:

Keep feeding times the same. The goal of feeding a diabetic cat is to match the blood sugar-lowering effect of insulin or glipizide with the blood sugar-raising effects of a meal. Most insulins are at their highest effect in a cat’s body 2-4 hours after injection. Unless otherwise directed by your veterinarian, feed your cat before giving insulin. Most diabetic cats do well with twice daily feedings, however, if your cat is a ‘grazer’, then you can free-feed a measured amount of kibble each day and add in a small meal of canned food morning and night in conjunction with insulin injections. If you can only inject insulin once a day, feed the day’s total calories in 2-3 meals within 6-8 hours of giving insulin. If you treat your cat with glipizide, then give glipizide at the same time you feed your cat in the morning and evening. 

Keep everything consistent. The type of food, the amount, and the time you feed your cat should be the same every day, as much as possible. Pet owners often fail to achieve control of their cat’s diabetes because they are not disciplined with timed feeding. This can be very frustrating, so set yourself up for success with a consistent routine.

Follow your vet’s recommendation for food. When it comes to the type of food to feed a diabetic cat, pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations. Diabetic cats should eat a diet that is ultra-low in carbohydrates because carbs cause elevated blood sugar. In fact, low-carb canned foods may reverse diabetes in some newly diagnosed diabetic cats. 

Diabetic diets for cats are low in carbohydrates and contain fiber to help cats feel full and promote intestinal health. Avoid soft-moist foods because they cause severe elevations in blood sugar. 

For cats with food allergies or if you want to make a home-cooked diet for your cat, it is recommended to consult with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist so they can formulate a diet recipe for you that is complete and balanced.

Follow feeding recommendations for weight loss. Healthy weight loss is an important part of therapy in overweight diabetic cats and will lower the amount of medication required in most cats. Therefore, your veterinarian will prescribe restricted caloric intake until your cat achieves their ideal weight. This can usually be achieved within 2-4 months using a low-carb weight loss food.

Keep treats at a minimum. Diabetic cats should not be provided snacks or treats unless the treats have very low calories and no carbs. Providing 3-5 tiny pieces of white meat chicken or turkey can make a nice daily treat. Alternatively, you can hand-feed your cat’s kibble as a treat.

Have fresh water handy. Diabetic cats become dehydrated quickly if their blood sugar levels are too high. Keep fresh water available at all times, and if you notice they suddenly start drinking more, that could indicate that their blood sugar levels are too high. Call your veterinarian for a follow-up.

Diabetic Cat Exercise Plan

Having a regular exercise plan for your cat is another way to help regulate blood sugar levels and keep your feline happy and healthy. As with feeding, try to keep the exercise sessions at the same time each day. High-intensity exercise is not recommended, as it can cause abrupt changes in blood sugar levels. A stroll around the block on a harness or two moderate-intensity 15-minute play sessions at the same time each day are recommended. 

In the event that your cat does experience low blood sugar while exercising, (which will look like weakness or collapse) you will need to raise your cat’s blood sugar quickly. The best way to do this is to rub a small amount of sugar on their gums, so always keep a small container of honey or corn syrup handy. It is also a good idea to ask your veterinarian for exercise recommendations for your cat, especially if your cat has any other health challenges. 

Cat Diabetes Cost

How often a diabetic cat needs to see a vet depends on how well the cat is responding to therapy and if there are any other health complications, such as hyperthyroidism or kidney disease. Cats with uncontrolled diabetes or other disease conditions have higher veterinary bills than cats with uncomplicated diabetes.

Cats with uncomplicated diabetes that are well controlled with therapy should see the veterinarian every 3-6 months for a check-up and a laboratory test called fructosamine, which measures how well blood sugar is controlled over time. Glucose curve tests are unreliable in cats because stress can make a cat’s blood sugar go up. 

Costs associated with cat diabetes include:

• Physical examinations cost $50-$100, every 3-6 months
• Fructosamine tests cost $60-$90 
• At home urine glucose strips cost $15-$20/50 count 
• A bottle of lente insulin costs $60-$70 and will last 2-3 months. You may be able to purchase insulin for less at big box retailer pharmacies or online 
• Glipizidine costs $0.10/day to treat most cats 
• A large bag of diabetic cat food costs $70-90, but should last you quite a while 
• A case of canned diabetic cat food costs $50-$60

Diabetes in Cats Treatment: More Tips and Advice

When you are managing diabetes in cats, it is important to maintain a good relationship with your veterinarian and communicate on a regular basis. Additionally, here are some other things to consider as part of your cat’s treatment plan. 

Keep detailed notes. Keep a journal of relevant information about your cat, including how much water they drink daily, weekly body weight, current insulin or glipizide dose, and how much food is eaten each day.

Watch for early signs of blood sugar issues. The early signs that blood sugar is not regulated included increased drinking and urination. If you notice this, call your veterinarian.

Pay attention to your cat’s urinary health. If your cat shows any signs of urinary tract infections (straining to urinate, increased urge to urinate, accidents in the house, bloody urine) or skin infections (pimples, red, flaky skin), call your veterinarian. If your female cat isn’t spayed, have her spayed.

Don’t use steroids. Avoiding using steroids, including hydrocortisone, on your cat. These can make diabetes worse. If your cat has skin allergies, ask your vet about alternative treatments that are safe for cats with diabetes.

Try at-home urine testing. Check for sugar in your cat’s urine at home with over-the-counter urine glucose strips. While they can’t tell you how high the sugar is, they can let you know that there is sugar so you can inform your vet.

Signs of hypoglycemia: Cats can enter remission from diabetes at random. It is important to know the signs of hypoglycemia (too low of blood sugar), which can include weakness, lethargy, depression, lack of coordination/stumbling, and seizures. If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian immediately.

The good news is that a consistent routine of properly timed feeding and medication creates an excellent prognosis for cats with diabetes.

The post Diabetes in Cats Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Veterinary expenses can also trigger stress about how to pay. On average, the cost of treating diabetes in dogs for the first year is $2,700, according to Pets Best claims data.¹ Fortunately, there are solutions like the CareCredit health and pet care credit card that can help you stay focused on your pet’s health. It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options so you’re ready to get the care your pet needs.*

To help you along this journey, this article will share some treatment plan steps, as well as what you can expect.

Diabetes in Dogs Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Diabetes in dogs can seem overwhelming at first because there is a lot to learn, but it usually gets easier as you gain confidence in your routine. If your dog has been diagnosed with diabetes, then your veterinarian will create a treatment plan that involves:

• Diet
• Exercise
• Insulin administration

The plan will also involve the treatment of any other conditions, such as urinary tract infections or obesity. 

First, your veterinarian will prescribe an initial insulin dose, show you how to administer the insulin, and give you detailed instructions for home care, including food recommendations and exercise recommendations. 

Next, they will ask you to drop your pet off at the clinic in one week for a glucose curve. The veterinary staff will check your dog’s blood sugar every 1-2 hours for 6-8 hours to see how well the insulin is controlling your dog’s blood sugar. Your dog may need to go in for several glucose curves until the dose of insulin has been adjusted to best control blood sugar. 

In some cases, your vet may use a different test called fructosamine, which measures how well blood sugar is controlled over a longer period of time. 

On average, the cost of treating diabetes in dogs for the first year is $2,700.”

Source: Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs.

How to Give a Dog Insulin in 10 Steps

Since giving your diabetic dog insulin at home will be necessary in most cases, it’s important to learn how to do it safely and effectively. Here are some steps:

Step 1: Take the insulin out of the fridge and mix it according to the instructions. Some insulin types need to be gently mixed while others need a more vigorous shake.

Step 2: Wipe the top of the bottle with alcohol wipe, turn the bottle upside down, and insert the needle into the rubber top.

Step 3: Draw up the correct amount of insulin in your syringe. Flick the syringe to remove any air bubbles, and double check the amount that you are giving is correct.

Step 4: Wipe the area of skin where you will be injecting with an alcohol wipe.

Step 5: Using your non-dominant hand, gently pick up the loose skin in between your dog’s shoulder blades.

Step 6: Insert the needle at a 45 degree angle in the lifted area of skin, gently pull back on the syringe, if there is no blood, inject the insulin, and then withdraw the needle. If there is blood, withdraw the needle and try again. It is best to do this quickly and smoothly, so enlist help if you need it.

Step 7: Check the injection site to make sure there is no insulin on the skin (wetness).

Step 8: Try to slightly vary the site of injection each time to avoid scarring.

Step 9: Do not put the cap back on the needle – place the used syringe in a safe disposal container.

Step 10: It can help to have the veterinary staff shave a patch of fur where you are giving the injections so you can better visualize the skin. 

Diabetic Dog Diet: Food and Feeding Tips

An important facet of dog diabetes treatment includes diet and nutrition. While the food type is important, the way you feed a diabetic dog is also critical to successful management of their condition. Here are a few best practices to help:

Pay attention to timing. The goal with feeding a diabetic dog is matching the blood sugar lowering effect of insulin with the blood sugar raising effects of a meal. Most insulins are at their highest effect in the body 2-4 hours after injection. Most food is absorbed and blood sugar goes up about 1 hour after eating. Therefore, the best chance at controlling blood sugar is to give insulin first and feed the dog 1 hour later. 

Most diabetic dogs do well with twice daily feedings. However, if your dog is a ‘grazer’, then you can free-feed a measured amount of kibble each day and add in a small meal of canned food morning and night in conjunction with insulin injections. If you can only inject insulin once a day, feed the day’s total calories in 2-3 meals within 6-8 hours of giving insulin. 

Keep things consistent. The type of food, the amount of food, and the time you feed your diabetic dog should be the same every day, as much as possible. Pet owners often fail to achieve control of their dog’s diabetes because they are not disciplined with their dog’s feeding and insulin injections. This can be very frustrating, so set yourself up for success with a consistent routine.

Stick to vet-recommended foods. When it comes to the type of food to feed a diabetic dog, pet parents are best served by following their veterinarian’s recommendations. Diabetic dogs should eat very little carbohydrates because carbs cause elevated blood sugar. Diabetic diets are low in carbohydrates and contain soluble or insoluble fiber to help dogs feel full and promote intestinal health. For dogs with food allergies or if you want to make a home-cooked diet for your dog, it is recommended to consult with a board certified veterinary nutritionist so they can formulate a diet recipe for you that is complete and balanced.

Some dogs may need weight-loss food. Healthy weight loss is an important part of therapy in overweight diabetic dogs, and will lower the amount of insulin required in most dogs. Therefore, your veterinarian will prescribe restricted caloric intake until your dog achieves their ideal weight. This can usually be achieved within 2-4 months using a food that is high in fiber and low in calories. 

Be extra careful with treats. This is the hardest part! Diabetic dogs should not be provided snacks or treats unless the treats have very low calories. Fresh veggies, like cucumber slices or green beans, make a great snack for diabetic dogs. Alternatively, you can hand feed your dog’s kibble as a treat.

Always provide fresh water. Diabetic dogs become dehydrated quickly if their blood sugar levels are too high. Keep fresh water available at all times, and if you notice they suddenly start drinking more, that could indicate that their blood sugar levels are too high. Call your veterinarian for a followup.

Diabetic Dog Exercise Plan

Having a regular exercise plan is another way to help regulate blood sugar levels and keep your diabetic dog happy and healthy. As with feeding, try to keep the exercise sessions at the same time each day. 

High intensity exercise is not recommended, as it can cause abrupt changes in blood sugar levels. 1-3 walks or hikes of moderate intensity at the same time each day are recommended. 

In the event that your dog does experience low blood sugar on a walk (which will look like weakness or collapse) you will need to raise your dog’s blood sugar quickly. The best way to do this is to rub a small amount of sugar on their gums, so always carry a small container of honey or corn syrup with you. 

It is also a good idea to ask your veterinarian for exercise recommendations for your dog, especially if your dog has any other health challenges. 

Dog Diabetes Cost

The cost of diabetes care includes vet visits, insulin, syringes, and therapeutic food. If your dog has uncomplicated, easy-to-control diabetes, the costs are lower. However, costs go up for complicated conditions that are harder to manage. 

If you have CareCredit, you can use your card again and again for any type of care your dog needs, at any provider in the CareCredit network.*

CareCredit Fast Facts

CareCredit Fast Facts

• Pay over time with flexible financing options*
• Use your card again and again for any type of care your pet needs
• Accepted at most veterinary hospitals**

Learn More

In general, here are what pet parents can expect to spend on diabetes diagnosis and care for their dogs:

• Glucose curves cost $100-$150 and they are run every 3-6 months or more frequently if the diabetes is not well controlled
• Physical examinations generally cost $50-$100
• Insulin costs more for larger dogs because they require more than small dogs. A bottle of insulin typically costs $60-$70, you may be able to purchase it for less at big box retailer pharmacies or online. Different types or brands of insulin may have different price ranges.
• A large bag of diabetic dog food costs around $90-$100

Diabetes in Dogs Treatment: Other Tips and Advice

Diabetes in dogs is best managed when there is a good relationship between the pet owner and the veterinarian, and the two parties communicate regularly. Here are more tips to help your dog’s treatment go smoothly:

Track symptoms. Keep a journal of relevant information about your dog, including how much water they drink daily, weekly body weight, current insulin dose, and how much food is eaten each day.

Watch for warning signs. The early signs that blood sugar is not regulated included increased drinking and urination. If you notice this, call your veterinarian. Signs that your dog’s blood sugar is too low include lethargy, depression, and unstable/wobbly legs.

Pay attention to your dog’s urinary health. If your dog shows any signs of urinary tract infections (straining to urinate, increased urge to urinate, accidents in the house, bloody urine) or skin infections (pimples, red, flaky skin), call your veterinarian. If your female dog isn’t spayed, have her spayed.

Stay away from steroids. Avoiding using steroids, including hydrocortisone, on your dog:  they make diabetes worse. If your dog has skin allergies, ask your vet about alternative treatments that are safe for dogs with diabetes.

Consider at-home urine testing. Check for sugar in your dog’s urine at home with over-the-counter urine sugar strips. While they can’t tell you how high the sugar is, they can let you know that there is sugar so you can inform your vet.

The good news is that a consistent routine of twice daily insulin and properly timed feeding creates an excellent prognosis for dogs with diabetes.

¹ Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs. 

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

**Internal estimates based on publicly available market sizing information, as of Feb 2023

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Diabetes in Dogs Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

That is why it is important to recognize the early symptoms of diabetes in dogs, so that if something is wrong, you can get help.

Here, we’ll outline some of the signs of diabetes in dogs, how these signs may look similar to or different from other diseases, and what pet parents should do if they suspect their dog may have diabetes.

Understanding Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in dogs. Insulin is the hormone that is largely responsible for blood sugar regulation in dogs. Diabetes is a disease where blood sugar is unregulated and higher than normal, either due to the loss of insulin-secreting ability by the pancreas, or insulin resistance. 

Diabetes in dogs is thought to be caused by immune-mediated destruction of the cells of the pancreas, the organ that secretes insulin. This type is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM.

Another disease, diabetes insipidus, also occurs in dogs and can be confused for diabetes mellitus. However, it is an unrelated disease of water metabolism. 

Signs of Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes mellitus in dogs is a fairly straightforward condition that has a list of typical associated symptoms. Here are some of the most common signs of diabetes in dogs:

Increased Urination

Increased urination is caused by sugar in the urine. Increased sugar in the blood makes the kidneys work hard to keep blood sugar levels in balance, and if the kidneys can’t keep up with the sugar in the blood, then they will try to flush excess sugar from the body through the urine. You may notice your dog having to go to the bathroom more frequently or having accidents in the house.  

Increased Thirst

Increased thirst happens as the dog’s body becomes dehydrated from the kidneys dumping excess sugar in the urine. This signals the dog’s brain to drink more to compensate for the loss of fluid. Uncontrolled diabetic dogs are often dehydrated. 

Increased Appetite

A dog with diabetes may have an increased appetite. This is because there isn’t enough insulin in the body or the body is resistant to insulin. Without insulin, sugar remains in the bloodstream until it is excreted by the kidneys, and doesn’t move into the cells where it is needed. This causes a dog to want to eat more than usual. 

Weight Loss

Weight loss occurs for the same reason as increased appetite. The sugar in the blood cannot move into the cells, which starves the cells of needed energy and weight loss results. 

Blindness

Blindness occurs from cataracts. The sugar in the blood can build up on the lens inside the eye, and can result in blindness. Owners will often notice increased opacity inside their dog’s lens as the cataract develops. Cataracts can cause total blindness, partial blindness, or decreased vision in low light. 

Vomiting and Diarrhea

Vomiting and diarrhea can occur in severe cases of uncontrolled diabetes in dogs, which causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that make the dog feel very sick. This results in vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and loss of appetite. These signs in a diabetic dog indicate a severe potentially fatal condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA. If you notice the signs of DKA in any diabetic dog, call or go to an emergency clinic immediately. 

Repeat Infections

Repeat infections are also common in diabetic dogs. Because diabetic dogs have a suppressed immune system, they are at increased risk for bacterial skin infections that are red and flaky. In addition, the excess sugar in the urine can lead to repeated urinary tract infections, which can manifest as straining to urinate, strong urine odor, or blood in urine. 

What Should You Do If You See Signs of Diabetes in Dogs?

If you notice the signs of diabetes in your dog, then it is important to schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian as soon as possible to get things figured out. This is important because:

• Vets have the technology to diagnose and treat diabetes.
• Other conditions, such as kidney disease or liver disease, can mimic the signs of diabetes.
• If diabetes is uncontrolled it can result in significant problems, including blindness, infections, liver disease, severe dehydration, weight loss, and in terminal cases, death. The earlier you can get your dog treated, the better their prognosis becomes.

At the vet, expect that the doctor will want to conduct a full physical examination and run some tests, including analysis of blood and urine samples to check for abnormalities, including sugar in the urine or elevated sugar in the blood. They may also need additional testing, depending on what problems your dog is having. Additional tests can include imaging studies, like X-rays (radiographs) and abdominal ultrasound. 

If your dog is having any diabetic complications, such as urinary tract infections or blindness from cataracts, then your vet will recommend treatment for these conditions as well. 

If your dog is diagnosed with diabetes, then the first thing to do is breathe. Diabetes can often be successfully managed in dogs with insulin injections and a special food that is lower in carbohydrates and higher in fiber. Insulin needles are tiny and many dogs don’t even notice that they are getting a shot, especially if you distract them. Weight loss in overweight dogs diagnosed with diabetes is also prescribed.

The most challenging part of controlling diabetes in dogs is that it is a process, not a cure – the goal is to manage symptoms and control blood sugar since most dogs never regain the ability to secrete insulin on their own. In addition, prescribing insulin isn’t an exact science, and most dogs need slight tweaks in their insulin dosage to get it right. 

One of the cornerstones of managing diabetic dogs is a glucose curve. This is a lab test where your dog stays several hours at the veterinary hospital and has their blood sugar checked every couple of hours. Glucose curves give your vet information on how well the insulin is controlling blood sugar throughout the day, and whether any changes are needed. Your vet may order glucose curves frequently at the beginning of your dog’s diagnosis with diabetes, but if your dog is well controlled, then they may only need a glucose curve every 6 months or so. If your dog is overly anxious at the vet or not amenable to multiple blood draws, ask your vet about alternative ways to assess your dog’s diabetes.

The most important thing to remember is that with proper treatment, most diabetic dogs can live relatively long and happy lives. By seeking early veterinary attention when you first notice the signs of diabetes, you give your dog the best chance at a happy life. 

The post 7 Signs of Diabetes in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Gastritis is a common cause of vomiting in dogs, and in this article, you will learn everything you need to know about this canine stomach condition. 

What Is Gastritis in Dogs?

Gastritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the stomach from any cause. Gastritis can have an acute (sudden) onset, or it can be chronic and long term. Chronic inflammation in any bodily organ is bad for your dog’s health, but the risk gastritis poses to your dog’s health depends upon the cause, how severe the inflammation is, and if any other organs are involved. 

All dogs are at risk for acute gastritis, however, young dogs that tend to get into garbage or otherwise eat things they shouldn’t are at higher risk for acute gastritis. Older, small-breed dogs, like Shih Tzus, Miniature Poodles, and Lhasa Apsos are more commonly affected by chronic gastritis. In addition, Norwegian Lundehunds, Basenjis, and Drentse Patrijshond dogs are at risk of certain types of chronic gastritis. 

What Causes Gastritis in Dogs?

The most common cause of dog gastritis is dietary indiscretion – eating something that doesn’t agree with them and causes their stomach to become inflamed and angry. This may include consuming:

• Garbage
• Dead animals
• High-fat people food
• Plant material
• Toys
• Too many treats or dog food
• Spoiled food
• Irritating chemicals or cleaning agents
• Fertilizers
• Mulch
• Mushrooms

All of this can upset a dog’s stomach and cause gastritis. Dogs that are stressed can also develop gastritis. 

Additional causes of gastritis in dogs include:

• Liver or kidney disease, which results in a buildup of toxins in the blood that irritate the stomach
• Stomach cancer
• Addison’s disease, which results in electrolyte imbalances that irritate the stomach
• Inflammation from intestinal parasites
• Certain drugs, like NSAID or steroids, which can irritate and erode the stomach lining, causing stomach ulcers
• Infectious viruses or bacteria that attack the lining of the stomach
• Acid reflux, where stomach acid flows backward from the duodenum into the stomach
• Bilious vomiting syndrome from acid reflux from fasting overnight while sleeping, usually causes vomiting first thing in the morning that is green or yellow foam without food present
• Pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas that is often associated with inflammation in the gut
• Adverse food reactions (the most common allergens are protein sources like chicken, beef, dairy, egg, or soy)

Gastritis in Dogs: Symptoms and Signs 

Signs of gastritis in dogs vary depending on whether the problem is acute or chronic. 

Signs of acute gastritis can include:

• Sudden onset of vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Dry gums, sunken eyes, and skin tenting, all signs of dehydration
• Blood in vomit or feces
• Painful abdomen
• Lethargy
• Increased thirst

Acute gastritis is often short in duration, lasting less than 24 hours, and often will resolve on its own.

Signs of chronic gastritis in dogs can include:

• Intermittent vomiting (can range from daily to every few weeks) that may be stained green or yellow from bile, and can contain undigested food, fresh blood, or digested blood that looks like coffee grounds. Vomiting may be stimulated by eating or drinking. 
• Loss of appetite that may be intermittent or chronic
• Weight loss associated with chronic loss of appetite
• Increased thirst
• Diarrhea or melena (black stools associated with digested blood) in dogs with concurrent intestinal disease

Chronic gastritis usually does not resolve on its own. If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis, get help from a veterinarian. 

How to Diagnose Gastritis in Dogs

Diagnostics for acute gastritis and chronic gastritis are usually different. Acute gastritis is often self-limiting, which means it often resolves on its own within 24 hours before the dog is seen by a veterinarian. Often, the cause is never determined. If the symptoms don’t resolve within 24 hours, or if the dog is acting sick enough to cause you to be worried, then it’s time to call a veterinarian. 

If your dog is suffering from acute gastritis, then your veterinarian will conduct a full physical exam. She will likely ask you about what your dog has recently been eating, or if your dog has any other medical conditions, so be sure to have all the information on hand, including the brand of dog food you feed. 

Diagnostic tests may include a fecal test to check for parasites or other abnormalities, blood lab tests, and sometimes X-rays (radiographs) and a urinalysis, but not always. 

If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis, then your veterinary visit may look a bit different. Your vet will still conduct a full physical exam and take a history from you. Diagnostic testing will likely be the same to start (blood lab tests, fecal test, urinalysis, abdominal radiographs) but may also include advanced imaging like abdominal ultrasound, endoscopy and biopsy of the stomach, and specialized testing depending on what your vet thinks is causing the problem. 

Treatment for Gastritis in Dogs 

Treating Acute Gastritis

Acute gastritis in dogs is typically treated by withholding food for 12-24 hours to rest the stomach, and then feeding small amounts of bland food every 6-8 hours that can either be purchased from your veterinarian or cooked at home until all symptoms resolve. This typically takes 2-3 days. If symptoms do not resolve, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

Once symptoms have resolved, then you can slowly transition back to your dog’s regular food by mixing the bland diet with the food for a couple of days. The most typical recipes for bland diets in dogs include boiled chicken breast without skin or spices and either rice or white potato. Lean ground meats or low fat cottage cheese can be substituted for chicken breasts. 

Additional treatments may include maropitant, a medication to stop nausea, antibiotics or parasite medication if needed, and fluid therapy if the dog is dehydrated. Getting treatment for acute gastritis is important if it doesn’t resolve quickly, as gastritis is painful, makes your dog feel miserable, and can lead to more serious disease if not addressed. Most dogs respond well to treatment and recover fully. 

General cost for treatment of acute gastritis can range from $150-$500, depending on testing, treatment, size of your dog, and your geographic location.

Bilious vomiting syndrome causes gastritis in the early morning usually after fasting all night, and is arguably the most benign cause of chronic vomiting in dogs. This condition can often be managed by simply feeding your dog a small, high protein snack right before bed. If this doesn’t help, ask your veterinarian for a dosage of famotidine (Pepcid) to give your dog at night to reduce stomach acid. 

Treating Chronic Gastritis

If your dog is suffering from chronic gastritis from other causes, then treatment depends on resolving the underlying cause if possible. If it’s not possible to treat the underlying cause, managing the symptoms as best as possible can ensure a good quality of life. Treatment may include medication, specialized food, surgery to remove polyps or foreign bodies, or treatment for cancer, if detected. 

Medications that may be prescribed for chronic gastritis may include maropitant for nausea, steroids or other immunosuppressive medications for chronic inflammatory conditions, antibiotics like amoxicillin or metronidazole, antacids, or medications such as sucralfate for gastric ulcers. 

Foods that might be prescribed for dogs with chronic gastritis are often low-fat and contain a single carbohydrate and protein source. Alternatively, a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein food may be recommended if food allergies are suspected. Frequent (every 4-6 hours), small meals are recommended, and any prescribed diet must be fed for 2-3 weeks to assess how your dog responds. 

Cost of testing and treatment for chronic gastritis varies with the underlying cause, and can range from $150-$500 for uncomplicated cases to several thousand dollars for severe or difficult to diagnose and treat cases. Left untreated, gastritis will likely continue to cause pain and weight loss, and may lead to loss of stomach tissue and permanent digestive problems. 

In both acute and chronic gastritis, probiotics may be recommended by your veterinarian to treat bacterial imbalances in the gut. Gastritis can be caused by an overgrowth of ‘bad’ bacteria that cause inflammation, and in addition to removing the ‘bad’ bacteria with antibiotics, probiotics can help repopulate the gut with ‘good’ bacteria. 

How to Prevent Gastritis in Dogs

Acute gastritis can be prevented by avoiding feeding your dog table scraps, securing garbage or other things your dog might accidentally consume, keeping your dog in a secured yard to prevent free-roaming, and making sure your dog is free of intestinal parasites by having their poop tested every 6 months or using parasite prevention, like Heartgard. Heartgard Plus is a beef chew that prevents heartworm disease and also treats and controls hookworms and roundworms.

Monitor your dog closely for any signs of gastritis if they take NSAIDs for arthritis pain or are on steroids for any reason. 

Feed your dog an appropriate complete and balanced diet, have them checked if they show signs of gastritis, and take them to the veterinarian at least once a year for an examination.

The post Gastritis in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s take a closer look at why some dogs seem to fart more than others, what causes gas in dogs, when dog farts are a cause for concern, and more importantly, what pet parents can do about this smelly situation. 

Dog Farts: What They Are and Why They Happen 

After a dog eats, the bacteria in the gut breaks down the food. During this process, gas is released. When excessive amounts of gas form in the stomach or intestinal tract, that gas has to go somewhere! Gas is either released through burps (eructation) or through the other end (flatus or flatulence). Intestinal gas is mostly composed of gases that are odorless, including nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. The problem is any gas that stinks, such as ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. Inadequately digested protein also contributes to the rotten smell of dog farts.

A small amount of daily farting is normal for dogs. However, if you feel like you have to leave the room every time your dog passes gas, you notice a distinct uptick in the number of farts your dog lets fly each day, or your dog is passing gas and having problems with vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in appetite, then something might be wrong. 

Why Does My Dog Fart So Much? 

There are many reasons why a dog could develop excessive gassiness, and they range from medical to food related to behavioral. 

Some of the more common causes of gassiness in dogs include:

Excessive Air Swallowing (Aerophagia)

Dogs that swallow excessive amounts of air while they eat fart more than other dogs. Dogs that may have an increased incidence of aerophagia include brachycephalic dogs (flat-faced, short-nosed dogs like Bulldogs, Pugs, etc.), dogs that are gluttons or competitive eaters, nervous dogs, dogs with respiratory conditions, and dogs that are fed right after exercise.  

Abrupt Food Changes

Suddenly changing dog food can upset the balance of gut flora and lead to increased flatulence.

Poorly Digested Foods

Food that is not properly digested is available for fermentation by gut bacteria, which results in, you guessed it, dog farts. Ingredients that are slowly absorbed, such as whole grains, beans, and peas, and spices can also contribute to gas. 

Fiber-Containing Foods

Diets high in fermentable fiber and containing inulin, psyllium, oat bran, or pectin may cause excessive gas due to decreased digestibility of fiber and increased fermentation within the GI tract. 

Inappropriate or Spoiled Foods

Dietary indiscretion (i.e., getting into the garbage) or food that has been contaminated with bacteria or fungus can cause gas in dogs. 

Disease Conditions

Intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, imbalances in gut bacteria, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal parasites like hookworms or Giardia, adverse food reactions (food allergies), cancer, infections with Salmonella or Campylobacter, and viruses that attack the digestive tract can all cause excessive gas. 

Sedentary Lifestyle

An older study reported that pet owners detected a higher incidence of flatulence in sedentary dogs. 

Lactose Intolerance

Adult dogs lack the enzyme necessary to digest milk products, and consuming dairy products like cheese may cause flatulence. 

Dog Gas: When to Worry

While dog farts themselves aren’t life threatening (except to human noses!), they can sometimes indicate a disease process that needs intervention. As noted above, several different intestinal disorders can lead to excessive flatulence, and in these cases, excessive gas should not be ignored. 

If dog farting is accompanied by the following warning signs, seek veterinary assistance:

• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Difficulty defecating (constipation)
• Abdominal bloating or pain 
• Loss of energy
• Respiratory problems, such as coughing, sneezing, excessive panting, wheezing, etc. 

You should also contact your veterinarian if your dog has excessive, out-of-character farting that doesn’t resolve with home remedies.

Dog Farting a Lot: What to Do

If you notice excessive gas in your dog, then it is always a good idea to get a veterinary check-up. Your veterinarian will conduct a physical exam and may recommend some laboratory tests to determine the cause of your dog’s flatulence. It can be helpful to bring a stool sample with you. 

If your dog has a clean bill of health from your veterinarian, there are several home remedies that you can try to help reduce gas in your dog, such as:

Exercise. Exercise increases intestinal movement, so encourage your dog to have an active lifestyle. Depending on your dog’s breed, age, and overall health status, this may include taking your dog for twice daily brisk walks, playing games of fetch, or getting your dog involved in agility training. This will help expel excessive gas and promote regular bowel movements. 

Frequent, small meals. Feed small meals three to four times a day in a quiet environment, away from other pets or children. 

Food puzzles. If you have a dog that bolts (gulps) their food, try using a food puzzle or spread their food out on a cookie sheet to slow down eating. 

Digestible diet. Slowly transition to a food that is highly digestible, with low fiber and fat concentration. Therapeutic intestinal foods and therapeutic hypoallergenic foods are a good choice for dogs that have food allergies or digestive issues (both require a prescription card from your vet). You could also try an over-the-counter limited-ingredient food that uses protein sources your dog has not eaten before, like alligator, rabbit, or venison. If you want to cook for your dog, ask your veterinarian about a balanced, home-cooked diet that will reduce gas. 

Supplements. Supplement your dog with a high-quality probiotic daily to balance gut flora. You can also try feeding dog food and treats that contain zinc acetate and Yucca schidigera to reduce dog gas. 

Simethicone. Simethicone (brand name Gas-X) works by decreasing the surface tension of intestinal gas bubbles, making small bubbles into big bubbles that are more easily eliminated. It does not decrease gas formation, but it aids in elimination.

To help prevent dog gas, do not feed your dog table scraps and make sure they can’t get into the garbage or eat other things they shouldn’t, including poop. You should also avoid feeding your dog any dairy products or abruptly changing their dog food.

The post Why Do Dogs Fart So Much? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Anorexia is the medical term for when a dog refuses to eat. Anorexia may happen suddenly, or your puppy may gradually eat less and less over time. In this article, you will learn why puppies stop eating, how long a puppy can go without eating, warning signs that your puppy needs immediate veterinary care, and how to encourage a puppy to eat.