By using heartworm prevention for cats, pet parents can protect their cats from potentially deadly heartworm infestations. Find out everything you need to know about cat heartworm prevention, as well as several vet-approved picks to consider.

Why Do Cats Need Heartworm Prevention?

Heartworm prevention for cats is the most effective method for protecting your cat from feline heartworm disease. The following are specific reasons that cats need year-round heartworm prevention:

Heartworms have been diagnosed in all 50 states, in all seasons of the year, and in indoor-only cats. 

Dogs, foxes, and coyotes are all important vectors for heartworms. The wind can blow mosquitoes for miles, easily carrying heartworms from an infected canine to your cat. It only takes one bite from an infected mosquito for your cat to contract heartworms. These mosquitoes can enter your home and infect indoor cats, too. In fact, the American Heartworm Society notes that one study found that 25 percent of cats with heartworms were considered indoor-only [2].

There is no approved treatment for adult heartworm infestations in cats. 

Thus far, no study has shown that any form of therapy that kills adult heartworms increases the survival rate in cats. Unfortunately, many cats with heartworms have to be managed symptomatically, usually taking steroids for lung disease. These cats have to stay on prevention to keep the worms from reproducing while waiting for the worms in their hearts to die, which can take years. During this wait, the worms can cause damage to the cat’s heart and lungs.

Heartworms have a relatively high fatality rate in cats. 

While around 80 percent of cats will manage to self-cure their heartworm infestation, around 10-20 percent will experience sudden death [3]. 

Types of Heartworm Prevention for Cats

Cat heartworm medicine comes in two basic forms—oral and topical. Oral heartworm prevention for cats can include tablets or pills. Topical heartworm medications for cats are usually applied to the skin at the base of the skull or back of the neck. Most cat heartworm prevention medicines are given once monthly.

Heartworm preventatives on the market belong to the macrocyclic lactone class of antiparasitic drugs and include drugs like: 

• Milbemycin oxime
• Moxidectin
• Selamectin

Most heartworm medication for cats also provides coverage against several intestinal worms. You may also notice combination products that extend coverage to fleas and/or ticks. 

Heartworm prevention for cats requires a prescription from a veterinarian. 

Best Heartworm Prevention for Cats: 5 Vet-Approved Picks

Your veterinarian will help you pick the best heartworm preventative for your cat. There are other great products that we have not included on this list, and your veterinarian may recommend a different product from the ones we’ve included in this review.

The following products are not listed in any specific order.

Revolution Plus

Revolution Plus is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs selamectin and sarolaner. This medication is applied monthly to the skin at the base of the neck in front of the shoulder blades.

Revolution Plus prevents heartworm disease; treats and controls roundworms, intestinal hookworms, and ear mites; and kills adult fleas. Because it can kill adult fleas, it helps to prevent tapeworm infestations in cats. Revolution Plus can also treat and control four species of tick infestations in cats. 

Cats taking Revolution Plus should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 2.8 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

Pet parents should also note that the drug sarolaner is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

There is also a topical product called Revolution, which contains only selamectin. This product protects against heartworms, fleas, roundworms, hookworms, and ear mites. Without sarolaner, the product does not protect against ticks.

Advantage Multi

Advantage Multi is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs moxidectin and imidacloprid. This medication is applied monthly to the skin at the base of the neck in front of the shoulder blades. 

Advantage Multi prevents heartworm disease; kills adult fleas; and can treat and control ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats.

Cats taking Advantage Multi should be at least 9 weeks old and weigh at least 2 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

NexGard Combo

NexGard Combo is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs eprinomectin, esafoxolaner, and praziquantel. This medication is applied monthly to the skin on the neck between the base of the skull and the shoulder blades.

NexGard Combo prevents heartworm disease in cats; treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms; kills adult fleas and prevents flea infestations; and treats and controls two species of tick infestations in cats.

Cats taking NexGard Combo should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 1.8 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

Like sarolaner in Revolution Plus, the esafoxolaner in NexGard Combo is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

Bravecto Plus

Bravecto Plus is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs moxidectin and fluralaner. This medication is applied every two months to the skin at the base of the skull.

Bravecto Plus prevents heartworm disease, treats roundworms and hookworms, kills adult fleas, prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls three species of ticks in cats. 

Cats taking Bravecto Plus should be at least 6 months old and weigh at least 2.6 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

The fluralaner in Bravecto Plus is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

Interceptor

Interceptor is an oral heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drug milbemycin oxime. The medication is given by mouth every month and is a chewable, beef-flavored tablet. This drug may be a good option for pet parents looking for heartworm pills for cats instead of topical preventatives.

Interceptor prevents heartworm disease and treats hookworm and roundworm infestations in cats. 

Cats taking Interceptor should be at least 6 weeks old and weigh at least 1.5 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight.

How to Choose a Heartworm Preventative for Cats

Your veterinarian will help you choose the best heartworm preventative for your cat. Considerations include:

• Your cat’s willingness to take an oral medication
• Whether your cat has had a reaction to preventatives in the past
• Any active parasite infestations your cat has 
• Your cat’s age and weight
• Your cat’s medical history, especially food allergies and neurologic conditions
• Other pets or children in the home who may come in contact with topical preventatives
• How often you want to give prevention (monthly vs. every two months)
• Financial restrictions

It may take a little experimenting to find which product your cat tolerates best. Make sure to let your veterinarian know if your cat develops any adverse effects after taking heartworm prevention.

Cat Heartworm Medicine FAQ

Can I buy heartworm medication for cats over the counter?

Heartworm medication for cats is not available over the counter. These medications require a veterinary prescription.

Do indoor cats need heartworm prevention?

Yes, indoor cats should be kept on heartworm prevention. Around one-fourth of heartworm infestations in cats are thought to occur in cats considered indoor cats.

Is a cat heartworm test necessary before starting a preventative?

Yes, heartworm testing is necessary before starting a preventative. If a cat is heartworm positive, giving preventatives can lead to a rare but possibly severe reaction.

How often do cats need heartworm medicine?

Cats should be kept on heartworm medicine year-round. Most heartworm medicines for cats are given monthly. Bravecto Plus needs to be given every two months.

References

1. Nelson, C Thomas, and Calvin M Johnson. “Evaluation of feline heartworm disease based on gross necropsy, serology, pulmonary histopathology, and radiographic evidence in adult shelter cats in northeastern Alabama.” Parasites & vectors vol. 17,1 161. 29 Mar. 2024, doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06178-9
2. “Current feline guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm infection in cats.” American Heartworm Society. 2014. Retrieved from https://heartwormsociety.org/images/pdf/2014-AHS-Feline-Guidelines.pdf
3. Brooks, Wendy. “Heartworm infection in cats.” VeterinaryPartner. Rev. April 20, 2023. Retrieved from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951471

The post Best Heartworm Prevention for Cats: 5 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Few pet parents get to this point without researching “how much does a puppy cost?” However, your puppy’s first year may be costlier than you think, especially if unexpected expenses crop up, like accidents or illnesses.

To help you understand the true cost of puppy ownership, we’ve prepared a comprehensive breakdown of expenses. You’ll learn about everything from puppy essentials like food and toys to puppy vet costs, emergency visits, and more.

We’ll share expert tips from veterinarians to help you budget for your new puppy. Plus, you’ll find out how helpful financial tools, like a CareCredit credit card, can help you manage unexpected new puppy care costs so you can enjoy a long, healthy life together.*

How Much Do Puppies Cost? Guide to the First Year

You may not be able to put a price tag on love. However, keeping your beloved pup healthy, nourished, and happy can cost a pretty penny.

Exactly how much does a puppy cost a year? A study by Synchrony estimates the average cost of owning a puppy is between $1,300 and $2,800 in the first year [1]. These expenses include food, vet visits, medication, vaccinations, supplies, grooming, and more.

There can be a lot of variance in the first-year cost of owning a puppy based on your particular pup, where you live, and how they became a part of your forever family. For example, acquiring a purebred dog from a breeder typically costs much more than rescuing a puppy from your local shelter. And some care costs depend on the size or sex of your dog.

How Much is a Puppy: Yearly Cost by Category

If puppy expenses have you rethinking your new dog dreams, there’s good news. Many of these costs are exclusive to the first year of puppy parenting.

The early days of dog ownership tend to be more expensive. “Puppies must go to the veterinarian every month until they’re about 4-5 months of age to complete all their vaccines,” says Dr. Ambika Vaid, DVM, with Holistic Veterinary Care in Oakland, California. “After this, only a semi-annual or annual examination is required.”

To help you assess what you will likely be spending on your puppy in its first year, here is a breakdown of anticipated costs: 

Adoption or Breeder costs: $50 to $5,000

According to Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, a purebred puppy can cost between $1,000-$5,000 [2]. The cost can vary depending on the breed type, how sought-after the breed is, and even the region you live in.

Adopting your new puppy from a shelter tends to cost much less, “usually around $150-$500,” Dr. Vaid says. Adoption fees are set by the agency you work with. They may skew higher or lower depending on your puppy’s age, breed, and size, according to the Animal Humane Society [3]. The cost may also depend on the healthcare provided by the shelter, such as whether the puppy is kept on parasite preventives and spayed or neutered.

Puppy Healthcare: $534-$1,285

Just as with human healthcare, determining how much you’ll pay for puppy healthcare can be tricky. That’s because each veterinary hospital and state has its own structure for pricing exams, vaccines, surgeries, and more.

That said, regardless of the veterinary rates in your region, bringing your pup in for preventative vet care is a must. Sticking to a puppy vet schedule is the single most important thing you can do to help set your newest family member up for lifelong health.

A puppy’s health-related expenses typically fall somewhere between $534-$1,285 in the first year [4]. This includes the cost of medications, parasite control, vaccinations, checkups, dental care, etc. 

Here is a breakdown of various veterinary costs puppy parents will face:

• Exams: Routine vet visits for puppies can cost between $50-$250. However follow-up/progress visits are generally less expensive [5].
• Vaccines: Each shot costs around $40-$50 each, and some vaccines require booster shots. On average, pet parents can expect to pay about $300-$400 on puppy vaccinations [6]. 
• Microchipping: The average cost of microchipping a pet is around $45, though some companies may charge you a one-time or annual fee to register your pup’s microchip in a national database [7].
• Spaying/Neutering: The cost for this essential surgery ranges from $85-$414 depending on your puppy’s sex and breed size [4]. Neutering a male puppy tends to be less expensive than spaying a female pup because the surgery is less invasive. However, both procedures cost more when performed on larger pups, as they require more anesthesia, which drives up the cost.

Puppy supplies: $231-$551

You can expect to spend between $231-$551 on supplies for your new puppy [4]. These may include items such as toys, feeding bowls, leashes, collars, bedding, crates, and carriers. 

Toys range from $15-$30 each, good quality beds will range from $50 to hundreds, depending on how much you want to pamper your pup. Again, the bigger the dog, the more expensive this will be.

Food: $434-$684

Your pup’s annual food bill will cost you between $434-$684, excluding snacks and treats [4]. The exact cost will depend heavily on your pet’s anticipated adult size and whether your pup prefers dry food or canned food. It can also cost more if your pup requires special vet-recommended puppy food or a prescription diet.

Typically, dry food is more economical because you can purchase in bulk, so one bag can last for months. Canned/wet diets are generally more expensive and must be refrigerated once open. Prescription diets are based on the veterinarian’s recommendation and a prescription will be required to purchase this. These diets are typically more expensive and can often be purchased directly from your vet.  

Nutrition plays a crucial role in your puppy’s health and development, so always buy the best quality food you can afford. Your veterinarian is your best source for specific food recommendations.

Grooming: $47-$500 

Grooming costs can vary quite a bit based on your puppy’s breed and coat characteristics, as well as whether you visit a professional groomer or groom your puppy yourself. 

Short-haired breeds such as cattle dogs, Pugs, French Bulldogs, and the like may not need expensive sessions with a professional groomer. Their coats may look and feel fine with just a home bath and shampoo session once every 4-6 weeks. According to the American Kennel Club, the average annual cost of DIY dog grooming aids and brushes is $47 [8].

Long-haired dogs such as Pomeranians, Poodles, Golden Retrievers, terriers, Shih Tzus, and others need to be groomed more frequently. Vets typically recommend monthly grooming sessions for dogs with longer coats to prevent matting that can lead to health issues. Depending on the size of your pup and how complex their grooming needs are, professional groomers typically charge between $30-$90 per session [9].  

Pet Health Insurance: $160-$209

Puppy parents generally pay between $160-$209 on pet health insurance premiums annually [4]. Depending on your coverage, pet health insurance could help offset many of your puppy’s health care costs, from routine vet visits and vaccines to treatment for accidents and illnesses.

It’s a good idea to get pet health insurance as soon as possible for your pup, since it can cost a lot more as your dog ages or develops certain health conditions. Some policies only cover accidents and/or illnesses, while others can include preventative care for an added cost.

Tips for Managing First-Year Puppy Expenses

To help you better manage your expenses during your puppy’s first year of life, here are four helpful tips.

Get your puppy pet health insurance ASAP 

The longer you wait to get insurance, the greater the risk that your puppy may develop a pre-existing condition that may not be covered. 

“Schedule your wellness examination as soon as you get your puppy and sign up for insurance right after that,” Dr. Vaid recommends.

“Keep in mind, insurance companies often require medical records, and they often have a 15-day waiting period before coverage begins.”

Pet insurance can deny coverage for pre-existing conditions. For some breeds, this may include specific health issues, such as brachycephalic airway syndrome in French Bulldogs. Before selecting a plan, make sure you understand what is and isn’t covered.

Invest in training as soon as you can 

The sooner and better your puppy is trained, the less you will have to worry about accidents and injuries and the costs that accumulate with them. 

“Consider puppy training as early as 4 months for basic commands and one one-on-one training around 6 months of age,” Dr. Vaid urges.

Consider a ‘wellness plan’

Many veterinarians offer puppy parents the option of signing up for a “wellness plan” or “care plan.” These are essentially a discounted monthly subscription that covers the costs of all (or many) “puppy needs,” such as vaccines, dewormers, exams, and pre-operative lab work. 

“I recommend investing in these plans for the first year of your puppy’s life to cut costs on routine exams and required vaccinations your puppy will need,” Dr. Vaid says.

Plan for emergencies

Hopefully, you’ll never need it. But it’s a good idea to think about how you’ll care for your puppy in the event of an emergency. 

Dr. Vaid recommends building an emergency fund of at least $1,000 to $1,500 to cover surprise expenses.

“Puppies are not trained yet, so they will get into things they shouldn’t and may need to go to the ER for eating toxins or ingesting a toy they got too excited about,” she says. If your puppy ingests a dangerous foreign object, like a toy or sock, the surgery required to treat the issue can cost over $3,000 [10].

“Aside from that, intestinal parasites, ear infections, and GI upset are all common ailments that can happen to puppies in their first year.”

Even if you don’t have the cash reserves to cover such costs, there are other solutions that can help you prepare for the unexpected. For example, with a dedicated pet care credit card like CareCredit, you can focus on your puppy’s health instead of worrying about the cost. CareCredit offers flexible financing options that let pet parents pay for out-of-pocket pet health care costs over time.*

How Much Does a Puppy Cost in the First Year FAQs

How much is a puppy’s first vet visit?

Your puppy’s first visit to the vet is likely to include an extensive exam, vaccine shots (depending on your puppy’s age and what they are due for), and parasite prevention. It generally costs between $100 to $200, though that may vary according to region and your pup’s unique health needs [11].

How much do puppy shots cost?

“Puppy vaccines range from $40-$60 [each],” Dr. Vaid says. Typically, puppies will need three doses of distemper/parvo combo, two doses of leptospirosis, and one dose of rabies to meet the core vaccine guidelines issued by the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). [12] Depending on their risk level, some puppies may also benefit from two doses of flu and one of Bordetella (kennel cough) vaccines, which are non-core.

How much does it cost to neuter a puppy?

The average cost to neuter a male puppy is around $315 [13]. 

How much does it cost to spay a puppy?

The average cost to spay a female puppy is around $465 [13].

When do puppies start eating food and drinking water?

“Puppies start eating food and drinking water around 4 weeks of age,” Dr. Vaid says. “They should not be separated from their pack/adopted until 6-8 weeks of age.”

References

1. Synchrony Study Reveals Pet Owners Spend As Much As $55,000 During A Pet’s Lifetime. Synchrony. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://www.synchrony.com/contenthub/newsroom/synchrony-study-reveals-pet-owners.html
2. Selecting a Purebred Puppy. Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center. Updated July 2024. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/selecting-purebred-puppy
3. Adoption fees. Animal Humane Society. Retrieved from https://www.animalhumanesociety.org/resource/adoption-fees
4. Lifetime of Care Study. Synchrony. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://petlifetimeofcare.com/
5. Plotts, Edwin. How Much Does a Vet Visit Cost? Here’s Everything You Need to Know. Pawlicy Advisor. Retrieved from https://www.pawlicy.com/blog/vet-visit-cost/
6. Kleszynski, Brittany. How Much Do Puppy Shots Cost? GreatPetCare. March 2025. Retrieved from https://www.greatpetcare.com/new-dog/how-much-do-puppy-shots-cost/
7. Hanson, Mel. The Cost of Microchipping a Dog. Spots. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://spots.com/microchip-cost/
8. Gibeault, Stephanie. Know the True Cost of Owning a Dog. American Kennel Club. Updated June 2023. Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/know-true-cost-owning-dog/
9. Schifano, Joseph. How Much Is Dog Grooming: Understanding Grooming Costs. The Academy of Pet Careers. August 2023. Retrieved from https://www.theacademyofpetcareers.com/blog/how-much-is-dog-grooming/
10. Pets Best Claim Data, 1/2022 – 12/2022. Pets Best. Retrieved from https://www.petsbest.com/coverage/surgery-coverage
11. Elfenbein, Hanie. Puppy’s First Vet Visit: New Pet Parent’s Checklist. February 2024. Retrieved from https://www.greatpetcare.com/wellness/11-questions-to-ask-at-your-puppys-first-vet-visit/
12. 2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. The American Animal Hospital Association. Retrieved from https://www.aaha.org/resources/2022-aaha-canine-vaccination-guidelines/
13. Dog Spay vs Neuter: Age Guidelines, Benefits and Costs. CareCredit WellU. June 2024. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/dog-spay-vs-neuter/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

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However, kittens don’t live on love alone. The cost of adoption fees, vet care, food, and supplies can add up quickly.

So, just how much do kittens cost? If you’re not sure what to expect (or how to prepare), don’t worry. We did the math! Find out what caring for your new kitten will cost you, plus some helpful tips on how to pay for your kitten’s care, feeding, grooming, and more! 

How Much Do Kittens Cost?

More than 2 million cats are adopted from shelters and rescue groups every year [1]. The initial adoption fees for shelter kittens can range from $50 to $175 [2]. Purchasing a kitten from a breeder typically costs even more—in some cases, even thousands of dollars. 

However, it’s important to note that the fee you pay to obtain your kitten is just the beginning. One survey estimated that the lifetime cost of care for cats ranged from $15,000 to $45,000, with the first year of care for a kitten costing between $961 and $2,487 [3].

Common kitten costs can include:

• Adoption fees
• Pet licenses
• Food and treats
• Veterinary care, including sick visits, preventative care, medications, parasite prevention, and more
• Pet insurance or wellness plans
• Supplies (food and water bowls, litter boxes, litter, cat trees, toys, scratching posts, etc.)
• Grooming supplies and/or appointments
• Extras like smart feeders, pet monitors
• Boarding or pet-sitting

There are several factors that impact initial expenses, according to Dr. Bruce Kornreich, DVM, Ph.D., director of the Cornell Feline Health Center.

While adopting a kitten from a shelter is generally less expensive than purchasing from a breeder, other kitten costs can vary dramatically. How much you pay for vet care may vary based on where you live, your kitten’s breed, and their health issues. And, depending on your preferences, kitten supplies like litter boxes, bowls, and toys can range from basic to bougie. 

You may not be able to put a price tag on the joys of being a kitten parent. However, you can make smart decisions about how to plan for kitten costs. Here’s a breakdown to help you budget for your kitten’s first year.

How Much Does a Kitten Cost by Category?

When deciding whether or not to get a new kitten, it’s easy to let the heart overrule the head. Seriously, who can think about the cost of kibble when you have an adorable little furball purring away in your lap?

However, a kitten should not be an impulse purchase. Truly caring for your kitty requires both a generous heart and the foresight to plan how you will provide for your pet’s needs.

“Responsible pet care considers not only the effort and emotions of owning a cat but also the anticipated financial burdens,” Dr. Kornreich says. 

Those burdens can sometimes strain your budget, especially when you’re facing unexpected kitten expenses, like vet bills following an accident or injury. That’s when it’s helpful to have an option like CareCredit, a dedicated health and pet care credit card. CareCredit’s flexible financing rates let you pay for planned and unplanned kitten care costs over time.* So you can feel financially prepared to handle whatever your kitten’s first year brings. 

Covering the cost of kitten care, especially in the first year, plays an important role in your pet’s overall health, wellness, and longevity. 

Here’s a breakdown of common kitten costs in all categories.

Kitten Health Costs: $431 to $1,171

Veterinary care is the biggest expense for new kitten parents. The cost of spaying/neutering, vaccines, medications, and parasite control ranges from $431 to $1,071 [4]. These are crucial investments that can help set kittens up to live long, healthy lives.

Here’s how that investment breaks down:

Vaccines – Kittens have immature immune systems and vaccines prepare them to fight illness-causing viruses and bacteria [5]. Core vaccines for kittens include rabies, FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia), and feline leukemia (FeLV).

Most shelters will vaccinate kittens prior to adoption. However, pet parents still need to follow the recommended vaccine schedule post-adoption.

After the first FVRCP vaccine, which kittens receive at 6 weeks, the vaccine will need to be “boosted” every three to four weeks until kittens are between 16-20 weeks of age, according to Dr. Zarah Hedge DVM, MPH, vice president of shelter medicine at the San Diego Humane Society.

The feline leukemia vaccine can be administered as early as 8 weeks of age and requires two doses three to four weeks apart. The age for rabies vaccination depends on state and local laws, Dr. Hedge adds.

The costs for kitten vaccines range from $110-$280 [6].

Spaying and neutering – Getting your kitten “fixed” is essential for preventing unplanned litters. And it can also help kittens live longer, healthier lives.

“Spay and neuter surgery can protect male and female kittens against some reproductive-related cancers later in life,” says Dr. Hedge. “It can also help prevent pyometra (an infection of the uterus) in female cats. It can help minimize nuisance behaviors, too, such as spraying, fighting, and roaming.”

Some research even shows that the average lifespan for spayed female cats is 39 percent longer than their unaltered counterparts. Similarly, the lifespan for neutered male cats is reportedly 62 percent longer than unaltered male cats [7].

The average cost to spay or neuter your kitten can range from as low as $50 to upward of $300-$500, depending on a variety of factors [8], including your kitten’s sex, age, and size. However, the biggest influence on the cost of the procedure is where you choose to have it done. 

Private veterinary clinics tend to charge much more for spay and neuter surgeries. However, Dr. Hedge suggests looking for low-cost clinics to keep costs in check, adding, “There are resources available in many communities to help.” 

If cost is a concern, ask your local animal shelters and humane societies about affordable spay and neuter options.  

Microchipping – Microchips increase the odds that lost kittens will be reunited with their owners. It’s a one-time expense that averages around $45 [9].

Sick visits – Some lucky kittens reach their first birthdays without any unexpected illnesses or injuries. However, when it comes to your kitten’s health, you may not want to rely on luck. According to a study, 1 in 3 pet owners face unexpected pet expenses that cause them financial stress [10].

Unexpected expenses can range from allergic reactions that can be treated with medications to broken legs that require surgery or amputation, so it’s hard to pinpoint an average cost. The average cost for an ER exam is $121 for cats and the need for overnight care (up to $243 per night) plus treatment can make that number climb [11].

Kitten Supplies: $169-$698

You’ll need to stock up on food bowls, litter boxes, and other essentials before bringing home a new kitten. There can be a huge range in costs at big box retailers, pet boutiques, or online shops.

Here, too, prices can run the gamut, according to Dr. Kornreich. “There’s nothing wrong with high-tech things like automated litter boxes and feeding stations that recognize chips on collars to feed cats,” he says. However, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the safety warnings on the products and ensure they’re safe for your kitten. 

Make a new kitten checklist before heading to the store to pick up everything a growing kitty needs, which may include:

• Litter box
• Cat litter
• Bed
• Climbing tree
• Scratching post
• Food and water bowls
• Toys
• Brushes and other grooming tools

Kitten Food: $351-$584 

What you’ll spend on mealtime for your kitten generally falls between $351-$584 [4], depending on the type of food your pet prefers. Dry cat food tends to be more affordable, while wet cat food appeals to pickier palates.

Not sure what to feed a newborn kitten? Check the label for “kitten food.” Kittens need more protein than adult cats. Dr. Kornreich suggests choosing foods with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) label, which guarantees that the food is complete and balanced for your kitten’s age. 

Dr. Hedge advises pet parents to steer clear of raw foods. “Many diseases can be obtained from this type of diet,” she warns. “And recently there have been several cases of cats fed a raw diet dying of avian influenza.”

Kitten Grooming: $30-$130 

Cats are well-known for being very capable self-groomers. However, they may need occasional brushing to remove dried skin and loose hair or a bath if they’re really dirty. Grooming costs are pretty reasonable if you prefer to brush or bathe your cat at home. Some long-haired breeds may need professional grooming to help prevent matting and tangling. The average cost for professional grooming services ranges from $92 to $134 [12]. 

Tips for Managing First-Year Kitten Expenses

The good news is that welcoming a furry new member to your family doesn’t have to break the bank.

Adopt, don’t shop. The cost to adopt a kitten from a shelter or rescue is cheaper than purchasing from a breeder—and most include initial vaccines, microchips, and spay/neuter surgeries in the cost of the adoption fee. If you do choose to select your cat from a breeder, make sure to find a reputable breeder who prioritizes the health of their cats.

Look for low-cost clinics. Local nonprofits may host low-cost vaccine and spay/neuter clinics that charge less than private veterinary clinics. These are great options to keep costs in check but aren’t a substitute for regular preventive care. 

“Long term, it will be important to create a relationship with a veterinarian in your area to provide annual examination and ongoing care,” Dr. Hedge says. “If cost is an issue, there may be affordable vet hospital options [and] many vet clinics also offer packages for kittens that include all of their preventive care.”

Purchase pet insurance. Pet health insurance is an added expense, but it may help offset the cost of vet care if your kitten gets sick or injured. Cat health insurance generally costs between $101-$150 per year [4]. 

“Insurance is a good idea for kittens,” Dr. Kornreich says. “It can become quite expensive to treat significant diseases. In most cases, it’s probably reasonable to consider paying the premiums rather than the thousands it would cost to treat diseases.”

Consider alternative ways to pay. Pet insurance may not cover all expenses, which could leave you with pricey veterinary bills. Luckily, there are solutions like CareCredit, a dedicated pet health and care credit card you can use to pay for everything from kitten vaccinations to emergency surgery and more. Thanks to CareCredit’s flexible financing options, you can get your kitten the care they need, when they need it, and pay over time.*

How Much Does a Kitten Cost in the First Year FAQs

How much is a vet visit for a kitten? The average cost of a vet visit for a new kitten ranges from $50 to $250, depending on your cat’s medical needs [13].

When do kittens start eating food and drinking water? Most kittens start eating gruel, a mix of canned cat food and kitten formula, and drinking water around 4 weeks of age [14].

How much do kitten shots cost? The total cost for kitten vaccines ranges from $110-$280 [6].

How much does it cost to spay a kitten? It can cost as little as $30-$50 to spay a cat at a low-cost clinic. At many animal shelters and rescue organizations, you are more likely to pay between $50-$150. Rates at private veterinary practices can run between $300-$500 [15].

How much does it cost to neuter a kitten? The average cost to neuter a male kitten ranges from $25-$150 [16].

How much does it cost to adopt a kitten? Kitten adoption fees can range from $50 to $175 [2].

References

1. Pet Statistics. ASPCA. Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics
2. Heather M. How Much Does It Cost to Have a Cat? ASPCA Pet Health Insurance. Retrieved from https://www.aspcapetinsurance.com/resources/cat-ownership-cost/
3. Synchrony Study Reveals Pet Owners Spend As Much As $55,000 During A Pet’s Lifetime. Synchrony. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://www.synchrony.com/contenthub/newsroom/synchrony-study-reveals-pet-owners.html
4. Lifetime of Care Study. Synchrony. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://petlifetimeofcare.com/#page=24
5. Vaccines. American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF). Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/vaccinations
6. Swiniarski, Emily. How Much Do Kitten Shots Cost? GreatPetCare. March 2025. Retrieved from https://www.greatpetcare.com/new-cat/how-much-do-kitten-shots-cost/
7. State of Pet Health 2013 Report. Banfield Pet Hospital. Retrieved from https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/Banfield-State-of-Pet-Health-Report_2013.pdf
8. Heigel-Meyer, Kathryn. Cat Spay and Neuter: Cost, Procedure and What to Expect. GreatPetCare. February 2025. Retrieved from https://www.greatpetcare.com/cat-health/cat-spay-and-neuter/
9. Bauhaus, Jean Marie. How Much Does It Cost to Microchip a Dog or Cat? CareCredit Well U. September 2023. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/pet-microchipping-cost/
10. Lifetime of Care Study. Synchrony. Jan 2022. Retrieved from https://petlifetimeofcare.com/#page=24
11. Wiederkehr (Wentworth), Kathy. How Much Does an Emergency Vet Visit Cost? CareCredit Well U. September 2023. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/emergency-vet-visit-cost-and-veterinary-financing/
12. 2024 Cat Grooming Pricing Survey. Cat Naps Grooming & Boarding. Retrieved from https://www.catnapscattery.com/pricing-survey-2024
13. Bauhaus, Jean Marie. How Much Does a Cat Cost? Breaking Down Expenses. CareCredit Well U. November 2023. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/costs-of-owning-a-cat/
14. Caring for Kittens from Birth to Eight Weeks. UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program. Retrieved from https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/guidebooks/guide-to-raising-unweaned-underage-kittens/caring-for-kittens-from-birth-to-eight-weeks
15. Batiari, Lila. How Much Does It Cost To Spay A Cat? Everything You Need To Know. Pawlicy Advisor. Retrieved from https://www.pawlicy.com/blog/how-much-does-it-cost-to-spay-a-cat/
16. Keiser, Keilah. How much does it cost to spay or neuter your cat? Betterpet. February 2024. Retrieved from https://betterpet.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-spay-or-neuter-your-cat/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post How Much Do Kittens Cost? Guide to the First Year appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Many pet parents report this oddly familiar, corn chiparoma emanating from their pups’ paws. And that includes Dr. David Haworth, DVM, executive vice president of research and development at Embark Veterinary.

Dr. Haworth is a fan of the smell of Frito paws on dogs. “It’s corn chips, it’s Doritos. It’s an umami, salty, earthy flavor that, if you’re really lucky, has grass overtones and rosemary,” he says. “It’s a bouquet.”

So, what is this scent? Why do dogs smell like Fritos in the first place, and is it something to worry about? Let’s dig in and find out.

All About Dog Frito Smell

Pet parents have compared the smell of their dogs’ paws to all kinds of salty snacks — corn chips, popcorn, and even Cheetos. 

In most cases, this odor comes from your dog’s feet or paws, rather than another part of their body. It’s often due to the sweat glands in the nooks and crannies of dog feet. These can create an ideal environment for microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and algae to cultivate.

Two bacteria in particular — Pseudomonas and Proteus — are the most common culprits behind dog Frito paws. They tend to thrive on dog feet, where they produce the yeasty aroma that smells like corn chips to many pet parents.

However, these offenders rarely act alone. Dogs who spend a lot of time outside can collect microorganisms from the dirt, grass, and other natural materials. As Dr. Haworth puts it, outdoor dogs have the “highest concentration of ground smells.”

Although the corn chip scent is usually strongest on a dog’s feet, Dr. Haworth says that it can also occur elsewhere. You might also smell that Frito scent near your dog’s tail head (where the back meets the tail) or even on the ears. Essentially, the smell can develop anywhere yeast and bacteria thrive.

Some dog breeds may be more susceptible to Frito feet than others. For instance, breeds such as Bulldogs, Shar Peis, and Pugs are more likely to contract skin fold dermatitis. And this condition can contribute to that distinctive corn chip smell. 

Breeds with extra-thick fur around their paws — such as Golden Retrievers or Bernese Mountain Dogs — also tend toward Frito feet. The more profuse the fur around their paws, the more likely it is to trap microorganisms.

Dr. Haworth adds that he thinks dogs have more strongly scented paws when they have big feet as opposed to small feet. “That’s just a mass effect, I would expect,” he says.

Why Does My Dog Smell Like Fritos?

In most cases, Frito-scented dog feet are completely normal and nothing to worry about.

However, a strong corn chip smell can also accompany infections on dog paws. This could happen if your dog has an infected nail bed, an infection within the paw crease, or even an infected paw laceration.

Dr. Haworth says the main signs of an infection are:

• Pain
• Redness
• Swelling 
• Foul or yeasty odor
• Excessive paw licking

So, while Frito paws on their own aren’t cause for concern, stay alert for other warning signs of infection.

In cases of infection, Dr. Haworth says, “You’d notice their discomfort. Or you’d see them licking their paws a lot more than usual because that’s the way that they scratch — with their teeth. They might hesitate to put their paw down,” he adds.

Some dog breeds are more susceptible to paw problems. For instance, one report noted that Labradors’ wide paws make them more likely to develop paw diseases. Similarly, Pekingese and some terriers are prone to foot dermatitis and other paw-related health issues.

If you think your dog might be suffering from some kind of paw infection, take them to the vet as soon as you can.

What to Do if Dog’s Paws Smell Like Fritos

As long as your dog’s Frito feet aren’t due to an infection or other paw health issue, there’s no need for treatment.

However, if the smell bothers you, Dr. Haworth offers a simple solution: bathtime.

“Make sure you like the smell of the shampoo and then give your dog a bath,” says Dr. Haworth. 

And if your dog has extra fur around their paw pads that could trap microorganisms, consider trimming that fur. This is what Dr. Haworth does for his golden retriever.

“I take a pair of scissors to his feet because he gets what we call hobbit feet — tufts of fur coming out between his toes,” says Dr. Haworth.

“I find it adorable, but it can trap bacteria or other organics that we don’t want trapped in there,” he notes.

You may find electric shavers with a guard safer to use between the paw pads. If you are using scissors, be extremely careful to avoid accidentally snipping the paw pads or the skin webbing between the toes.

If the smell persists, you can try cleaning your dog’s paws with a solution of chlorhexidine diluted with water. However, it’s important to use caution, says Dr. Haworth.

Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant with antiseptic properties. Even when it’s diluted, it can be toxic if ingested. So Dr. Haworth recommends ensuring your dog doesn’t lick their paws when the solution is on them. And after you wash their paws, carefully dry your dog’s feet with a towel.

If you want more advice on how to clean your dog’s stinky Frito feet, always seek advice from your veterinarian. A reputable dog groomer may also have good recommendations for managing Frito feet.

How to Prevent Dog Frito Feet

To help prevent your dog from having Frito feet, here are some expert tips for pet parents:

• Bathe your dog regularly
• Trim excess fur around their paw pads
• Wash their paws with diluted chlorhexidine, if necessary

But for the most part, unless there are signs of infection, pet parents don’t have to worry about Frito-scented paws. 

In those cases, “it’s absolutely harmless, and in fact, I find it to be a quite endearing smell,” says Dr. Haworth.

If you don’t love the scent already, maybe you’ll grow to love it, too.

The post Why Does My Dog Smell Like Fritos? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Most intestinal parasites in cats are easily treated with cat dewormers. Pet parents can also protect their cats from worms by keeping their cat on year-round parasite preventatives. 

Find the best dewormers for cats on our list of vet-approved cat dewormers.

What Is Deworming for Cats?

Dewormers for cats treat intestinal worm infections. Parasite preventatives, on the other hand, are designed to prevent a parasitic infection from fully developing. Some preventative products also include dewormers. These products may protect your cat from heartworms, ticks, and/or fleas in addition to treating intestinal worm infestations. 

When it comes to cat dewormers, these products generally treat one or more of the following parasites:

• Tapeworms 
• Roundworms 
• Hookworms 

Dewormers for cats come in a variety of forms, including pills, liquids, and topical solutions.

Common ingredients in cat dewormers include:

• Pyrantel pamoate
• Praziquantel
• Selamectin
• Moxidectin
• Eprinomectin
• Emodepside

Keep in mind that there are other forms of intestinal parasites in cats aside from worms, such as coccidia or giardia, that may require treatment. 

Why Dewormer for Cats Is Important

Dewormers are important for your cat’s health. Some intestinal parasites, like roundworms, can steal nutrients from the food your cat ingests. Hookworms actually latch on to your cat’s intestinal wall and feast on blood. These parasitic infestations can lead to anemia, poor weight gain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Cats who go outside have a higher risk of contracting worms. Cats can contract worms by:

• Ingesting an infected host, such as a flea, rodent, or insect
• Consuming or coming into contact with infected feces

Even an indoor cat can develop a worm infestation. Tapeworms, for instance, are usually contracted when a cat eats a flea or a rodent. If fleas hitchhike into the home on a person or a dog, your indoor cat can easily become infected.

Some of these worms, like roundworms, can also cause infections in people. Certain members of your household, such as children, may have a higher risk of contracting intestinal worms if you have an infected cat in the home. 

If you are unsure if your cat needs a dewormer, it’s best to speak with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian may recommend a dewormer that targets the specific parasite and then starting year-round parasite prevention. Some parasites may be treated with long-term parasite preventatives, meaning the preventative doubles as a dewormer.

6 Vet-Approved Dewormers for Cats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Although we will cover six vet-approved dewormers for cats in this article, it’s best to speak with your veterinarian to find the best option for your individual pet. 

Drontal® (praziquantel/pyrantel pamoate)

This broad spectrum dewormer for cats treats tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis), hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme), and roundworms (Toxocara cati). Drontal comes in the form of scored tablets.

Highlights:

• Treats five types of intestinal worms
• Comes in scored tablet form
• Suitable for kittens over 1 month of age and weighing at least 1.5 lbs.
• FDA-approved
• Side effects are rare

Things to Consider:

• Reinfection with tapeworms transmitted by fleas is likely to occur unless the flea infestation is also controlled
• Requires a prescription

Profender™ (emodepside, praziquantel)

For cats who are hard to medicate with pills, the broad spectrum dewormer Profender may be a great alternative to Drontal. Profender comes in the form of a topical solution applied to the skin at the base of the skull. Profender treats roundworms (Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina), hookworms (Uncinaria stenocephala), and tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis).

Highlights:

• Treats five types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Suitable for kittens over 2 months of age and weighing 2.2 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Reinfection with tapeworms transmitted by fleas is likely to occur unless the flea infestation is also controlled
• Requires a prescription

NexGard® COMBO (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel)

NexGard COMBO is a topical dewormer and parasite preventative. This product prevents heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis and both treats and controls roundworms (Toxocara cati), hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Ancylostoma braziliense), and tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum). The product also kills adult fleas (Ctenocephalides felis), prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls infestations with two types of ticks. 

Highlights:

• Treats four types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and two types of tick infestations
• Suitable for kittens over 8 weeks old and weighing at least 1.8 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., esafoxolaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Revolution® PLUS (selamectin and sarolaner)

Revolution PLUS is a dewormer and parasite preventative that is applied topically to the skin at the base of the skull on the back of the neck. The medication prevents heartworm disease. It also treats and controls roundworms (Toxocara cati) and intestinal hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme). Revolution PLUS is also approved for the treatment of ear mites (Otodectes cynotis). The drug can kill adult fleas, treat and prevent flea infestations, prevent tapeworm infestations by killing fleas, and treat four types of tick infestations.

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and four types of tick infestations
• Approved for treating and controlling ear mites
• Suitable for kittens over 8 weeks old and weighing at least 2.8 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., sarolaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Bravecto ® PLUS (fluralaner and moxidectin)

Bravecto PLUS is a topical product that only needs to be applied every two months. Intestinal worms that are treated include roundworms (Toxocara cati) and hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme). The medication also prevents heartworm disease, kills adult fleas, prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls infestations with three types of ticks. 

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Lasts twice as long as monthly products
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and a couple types of tick infestations
• Suitable for kittens over 6 months old and weighing at least 2.6 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., fluralaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Advantage Multi® for Cats (imidacloprid and moxidectin)

Advantage Multi is a topical, broad-spectrum dewormer and parasite preventative. This monthly topical treats hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme) and roundworms (Toxocara cati). It can also prevent heartworm disease, kill adult fleas, treat flea infestations, and treat ear mites. 

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations
• Treats ear mites
• Suitable for kittens over 9 weeks old and weighing at least 2 lbs.
• FDA-approved
• Does not contain an isoxazoline

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription

Dewormer for Cats: Other Factors to Consider

When choosing the best dewormer for your cat, you’ll want to consider the following factors:

Proper diagnosis: If your cat has worms, it’s important to determine the type of worms to ensure treatment is effective. Generally, this involves taking a fecal sample to your veterinary clinic, where they will perform a fecal flotation test.

Types of parasites covered: Different dewormers are effective against different parasites. For example, a lot of preventative products do not treat active tapeworm infections. For products that are both dewormers and parasite preventatives, you’ll want to ensure the product covers the parasites of concern in your area. This depends on the active ingredients in the product.

Formulation: Some of the dewormers are topical while some are oral. Some cats have a strong aversion to being pilled or the smell of a topical. You should speak with your veterinarian if you are having trouble administering the dewormer to your cat.

Frequency of dosing: Some dewormers are a one-and-done deal while others require several days of treatment. Preventatives that contain dewormers are given once monthly or once every two months. 

Side effects: Generally, the risk of side effects is low. However, there are reports of cats developing neurologic signs after taking isoxazoline drugs. Some of the preventatives listed in this article utilize ingredients from the isoxazoline drug class. If your cat has a reaction to a dewormer you should speak with your veterinarian. Some cats may also develop skin reactions to topical dewormers.

Cost: Your veterinarian can help you find the dewormer or parasite prevention that best works with your budget.

Cat Dewormer FAQs

How long does dewormer take to work on cats?

The length of time a dewormer takes to work on cats differs by product and by parasite. For example, praziquantel can begin killing tapeworms within 1 to 2 hours, though it may take a few days for you to stop seeing tapeworms in your cat’s feces. Fenbendazole, which is used off-label in cats, can take a day or two to begin taking effect.

How much does it cost to deworm a cat?

One-time parasite treatments or cat dewormers are usually around $20 to $50. The veterinary visit and fecal testing necessary to diagnose parasites may bump the cost up over $100. 

Can you use dog dewormer on cats?

You should not use dog dewormer on cats. Some products in dog dewormers and parasite preventatives, like permethrin, are toxic to cats. Dosages may also differ between cats and dogs.

How often can you deworm a cat?

You should use parasite preventatives on your cat year-round, with most preventatives given monthly. Some dewormers, like pyrantel or praziquantel, are more useful if your cat has been diagnosed with an active infection. Overuse of dewormers may encourage parasites to develop resistance.

Can you buy cat dewormer over the counter?

Some dewormers are available over the counter (like Elanco Tapeworm Dewormer), while some require a veterinary prescription (like Drontal).

Reference

1. Nagamori, Yoko et al. “Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 277 (2020): 109008. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109008

The post Best Dewormer for Cats: 6 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Like many cat parents, you may be worried about your cat contracting bird flu. However, there are plenty of proactive things you can do to reduce your pet’s risks. 

Here’s a veterinary perspective on bird flu in cats, along with guidance on how to keep your cat safe.

Bird Flu Cases in Cats

Prior to 2022, there were no known cases of cats contracting the bird flu and showing symptoms. Since December 2022, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has reported 62 cases of the bird flu infecting domestic cats, with 49 of those cases occurring since February 2024. Including wild and captive cats, there have been over 120 detected cases of bird flu in feline animals since 2022.

The symptoms bird flu in cats include:

• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Labored breathing
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Discharge from the eyes and/or nose
• Depression
• Seizures
• Clumsy gait (ataxia)
• Blindness

Unfortunately, many of the detected cases in cats have been fatal. The fatality rate for cats diagnosed with bird flu is reportedly around 67 percent. 

Pet parents should keep in mind that there may be even more cases of bird flu in cats than have been reported. That’s because mild cases of respiratory illness in cats may never be tested for bird flu. 

To diagnose bird flu in a cat, a veterinarian must swab the cat’s throat and collect urine, serum, or blood. Vets then send these samples off-site to a laboratory for testing and report the suspected case to their public health officials for tracking.

How Are Cats Contracting Bird Flu?

One of the more concerning ways that cats are contracting bird flu is through the consumption of raw cat food. This is one of the only ways indoor-only cats with no exposure to dairy or poultry have developed known bird flu infections at this time.

Last year, a cat in Oregon died from bird flu traced to contaminated raw turkey cat food, prompting a nationwide recall by Northwest Naturals. More recently, a cat in California tested positive for bird flu after eating Monarch Raw Pet Food. A sample of the raw cat food showed evidence of the bird flu virus.

Multiple cases have also been detected in cats who have consumed raw milk infected with bird flu. The raw milk of infected cows is not safe for cats to consume. Luckily, pasteurization inactivates the bird flu virus.

Cats can also get bird flu if they are exposed to or consume wild birds or farm birds.

How to Help Prevent Bird Flu in Cats

Luckily, there are easy steps you can take to protect your cat from bird flu. Here is some helpful guidance the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently issued for cat parents.

• Avoid feeding raw pet food to your cat that contains raw poultry or bird parts. This includes freeze-dried pet food. 
• Do not allow your cat to consume any raw milk products or unpasteurized milk. 
• Keep your cat indoors.
• If your cat goes outside, remove bird feeders or bird baths that may encourage birds to congregate.
• Prevent your cat from contact with farm animals. 
• Make sure your cat is up to date on their rabies vaccine. Rabies symptoms and the neurologic symptoms of bird flu can look like one another.

If your cat is kept inside and doesn’t eat raw food, their risk of contracting avian influenza is minimal. Barn cats are at an increased risk when compared with indoor-only companion cats.

Although bird flu cases in humans are rare, the first fatal case was reported in Louisiana this year. It’s possible for humans to contract bird flu after being in close contact with a sick animal. While the risk of a cat spreading H5N1 to a person is considered low, you should take precautions if you’re concerned your cat may have H5N1. 

Feline Bird Flu and Veterinary Care

Regular veterinary check-ups and getting prompt vet care for any symptoms of bird flu are crucial during this outbreak.

Before taking your cat to the veterinary clinic, make sure to call ahead and describe your cat’s symptoms before showing up so that the clinic can be prepared and limit potential spread. You should prevent any immunocompromised individuals in your home from having contact with a symptomatic cat. Wash your hands after handling your cat.

For more advice on how to keep your cat healthy, talk to your veterinarian. By staying informed and taking proactive measures, pet parents can play a pivotal role in mitigating the spread of avian influenza among our feline friends.

The post Bird Flu in Cats: Vet Perspective and Prevention Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Find out what canine lethargy is, potential causes, and the steps you should take to help your dog.

What Is Lethargy in Dogs?

Lethargy in dogs is defined as a decrease in energy and activity levels. If your dog is lethargic, you may notice they’re lounging around more than usual, uninterested in play, indifferent to walks, acting sluggish, and/or potentially not as interested in food as they typically would be.

While it’s normal for senior dogs to have a lower energy level than rambunctious puppies, that doesn’t mean that the senior dog is lethargic. Similarly, a low-energy Pug isn’t lethargic just because they don’t have the natural agility of a Border Collie! 

Remember, lethargy involves a decrease in energy and activity compared with the individual dog’s usual baseline. “Lethargic” is not a synonym for “lazy,” “calm,” “reserved,” or “relaxed.”

Why Is My Dog Lethargic? Causes of Canine Lethargy

Your dog could be acting lethargic for a wide variety of reasons. Here, we’ll cover general reasons for a dog acting sluggish:

Infectious Disease

We experience lethargy when we’re sick, and our dogs are no different. Infections are usually bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Examples of infectious diseases that can cause lethargy in dogs include parvovirus, kennel cough, canine influenza, leptospirosis, heartworms, and hookworms.

Pain

Pain is an important cause of sudden lethargy in dogs. Pain can stem from arthritis, dental disease, injuries, intervertebral disc disease, and more. Unfortunately, your dog cannot easily tell you what hurts. Luckily, veterinarians are accustomed to figuring it out!

Chronic Health Conditions

Many canine health conditions include lethargy as a symptom. Examples include kidney disease, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Chronic health conditions are generally more common in older dogs but can occasionally occur in young dogs.

Stress and Anxiety

While some dogs become more hyperactive when experiencing stress and anxiety, other dogs act withdrawn. Causes of stress and anxiety could include thunderstorms or fireworks, moving to a new home, a recent veterinary visit, a new pet or person in the home, lack of sufficient exercise or mental stimulation, and more.

Medications

Lethargy is a commonly listed side effect of many medications. Lethargy is often noted after a dog receives pain medications, anxiety medications, or sedatives. It’s also common for a dog to remain lethargic for around a day after undergoing anesthesia. While it’s possible for some antibiotics to make a dog tired, keep in mind that the underlying infection that the antibiotics are treating may also contribute to lethargy.

Vaccinations

Your dog may not feel quite like themself for a day or two after receiving a vaccination. Lethargy, achiness, and low grade fevers are normal side effects of recent vaccination.

Lethargic Dog Symptoms

Other symptoms that occur concurrently with lethargy could indicate that your dog is experiencing a medical issue. Examples of what to watch for include:

• Decreased or lost appetite
• Changes to the amount your dog is drinking
• Increased urination
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Drooling
• Dropping food or difficulty chewing
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Hunched posture
• Pale or yellow mucous membranes (gums, whites of eyes, genitals)
• Sneezing, discharge from the eyes or nose, and/or coughing
• Difficulty breathing
• Limping

How to Help a Lethargic Dog: Next Steps

If you’re noticing your dog acting lethargic, the first thing you’ll want to do is observe them, taking note of any other symptoms that they’re exhibiting. 

A dog acting lethargic with an obvious cause, such as recent vaccination or taking pain medications after surgery, may not be a cause for concern if they are otherwise still eating and acting okay.

If your dog has been acting lethargic for more than one day, you should contact your veterinarian. They may suggest bringing your pup in for an appointment to rule out pain, infections, and health conditions as causes.

Contact your veterinarian if your dog is experiencing other issues in addition to lethargy, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or limping. You should also contact your veterinarian if you have a lethargic puppy. Puppies are very susceptible to infectious disease and several other causes of lethargy. If your puppy is not eating much and sleeping a lot, talk to your vet.

If your dog is collapsing, has pale or yellow gums, is having difficulty breathing, or is showing any other serious symptoms, seek emergency attention.

If you note any other changes from your dog’s normal behavior, make sure to discuss these with your veterinarian. The more information your veterinarian knows, the easier it will be for them to find out what’s causing your dog’s lethargy.

Diagnostics for Lethargic Dogs

Your veterinarian’s very first step will be to discuss your pet’s history and perform a full examination. The information your veterinarian gathers will drive what diagnostics they perform next. 

Common diagnostics for a dog showing lethargy include:

• Blood and urine tests to look at overall organ function
• X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound

In puppies and unvaccinated dogs, parvovirus tests are also common for lethargic dogs. 

In some cases, additional testing may be recommended. This would depend on your individual pet’s symptoms and what baseline testing shows.

Treatment for Dog Lethargy

The treatment for your dog’s lethargy will depend on the suspected cause: a dog suspected of having a bacterial infection may be given antibiotics. A dog with diabetes may be started on insulin and a special diet, while a dog with arthritis might start taking pain medication.

Your pet’s overall prognosis depends on the underlying cause. For example, an infection may improve over 10 to 14 days. Dental pain may resolve within a week or two of a professional dental cleaning. Arthritis pain may be controlled after a month or two of consistent treatments but may relapse as the arthritis worsens. Dogs with systemic health conditions like chronic kidney disease may also improve with supportive care but later decline as the condition progresses. Your veterinarian is your best source for what to expect in your pup’s individual case.

Bottom line, if you have any concerns about your dog’s behavior, including decreases in their energy level, it’s important to speak with your veterinarian. Lethargy in dogs generally has an underlying cause and shouldn’t be ignored.

The post Lethargic Dog: Causes and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While there’s no replacement for regular brushing and professional cleaning, dog dental chews and treats can play a role in your dog’s dental care. That’s because they can help reduce the plaque and tartar accumulation that causes dental disease.

Whether you reach for them in a pinch or to supplement your dog’s regular dental hygiene routine, here’s the scoop on dog dental treats. Plus, we asked vets about what to look for in dog teeth-cleaning treats and their top-recommended picks.

Dental Treats for Dogs: How Do They Work?

With the word “treats” right there in the name, it’s easy to assume that dental treats and chews are simply dog-safe breath mints. However, they do much more than help eliminate bad doggy breath.

“Although not as effective as brushing, the mechanical or chemical action of a dental treat can help reduce the amount of plaque and calculus build up on dog teeth,” says dental hygienist Kimi Kan-Rohrer, RDHAP, BSDH, at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. “This, in turn, helps reduce the development of periodontal disease,” she adds. 

Dog dental treats aren’t without their limitations. Even the best dog dental chews can’t fix damaged teeth. “They can’t treat more advanced dental issues like severe periodontal disease, abscesses, or tooth decay,” says Dr. Lisa Lippman, DVM, director of Virtual Medicine at Bond Vet. “Those require professional veterinary care.”

Using dental treats for dogs in tandem with regular brushing and professional veterinary cleanings is ideal. However, it’s not always feasible, acknowledges Dr. Don Beebe, DVM, DAVDC, co-founder of Apex Veterinary Specialists in Greenwood Village, Colorado.

For example, “Some pets have a strong aversion to direct tooth contact, ” Dr. Beebe explains. “Sometimes, it is the pet owner with the limitation. They may have poor compliance due to their schedule or perhaps a physical impairment that makes toothbrushing difficult.”

Types of Dog Dental Treats

Dog dental treats come in various shapes and sizes. And you may even know them by different names. On one hand, you’ll see dental treats and dental chews for dogs. But you may also see products like rawhide sticks, bones, or chews and wonder if they can benefit your dog’s dental health. 

What’s the difference between these options for dogs? Here’s a quick breakdown to help you understand what to look for. 

Edible Dental Treats for Dogs

Dog dental treats are typically designed to be chewed and digested. While the formulas vary, these treats typically contain ingredients like wheat flour, gelatin, corn starch, rice, chicken, and honey. So they are safe for canine consumption. 

They may also contain chemical compounds, such as delmopinol hydrochloride or hexametaphosphate, to prevent plaque or tartar accumulation. Many have vitamins and minerals (like calcium) that aid in dental health. 

You may hear these edible options called either chews or treats.

Dog dental chews can take the form of sticks, bones, toothbrushes, or any shape imaginable. They usually have a tough texture to encourage chewing and gnawing because that helps remove plaque and tartar. “Dental chews for dogs with a tougher texture can offer better mechanical cleaning action,” says Dr. Lippman. 

Dog dental treats are typically smaller and bite-sized. They’re often not as tough, making them a good option for dogs who have difficulty chewing. You can even use some smaller dog dental treats as a food topper.

Non-Edible Bones, Sticks, and Chews

Rawhide is an example of a non-edible chewing treat. While studies show that chewing rawhide is an effective way to reduce plaque and tartar, it can be dangerous for dogs. 

Rawhide “can be a choking hazard and harder for your dog to digest,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, DVM, a partner doctor with Heart+Paw in Philadelphia. 

If you choose to give your dogs these types of chewing treats, be aware that they aren’t formulated for dental benefits, like dog dental treats are. And always supervise your dog so they don’t ingest bits of rawhide.

Vet-Approved Dental Dog Treats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

We considered a variety of dental chews and treats for dogs. And these are the top picks based on recommendations (or recommended product features) from veterinarians. 

Our List

• Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs
• OraVet Dental Hygiene Chews
• C.E.T. VeggieDent Chews for Dogs
• ProDen Dental Care Dental Bites
• Pedigree Dog Treats Dentastix
• Purina DentaLife Dog Dental Chews

All our recommendations are available without a prescription. However, it doesn’t hurt to check with your veterinarian to be sure the product you’re considering is a good fit for your pup.

Dental Dog Treats: What to Look For

According to veterinarians, here are some things to keep in mind when shopping around for dental treats and chews.

Look for the VOHC label

The Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) is a group of veterinary dentists and scientists appointed by The American Veterinary Dental College. They review pet dental products to see if they really work to reduce plaque and tartar.

If a product meets their standards, it gets the VOHC Seal of Approval. This seal tells pet parents and veterinarians the product is effective in promoting healthier teeth in pets.

To earn this seal, manufacturers must “complete clinical trials and provide research to prove their product reduces plaque and/or calculus (tartar) by at least 15 percent,” explains Dr. Kan-Rohrer.

If a product does not bear the VOHC Seal of Approval, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s not effective, Dr. Kan-Rohrer adds. It could be that “they just haven’t submitted for VOHC review due to cost or lack of clinical trial data,” she notes.

Find options that fit your dog

Choose canine dental chews and treats that are appropriate for your dog’s size. “That way, you can avoid the risks that come with eating them too quickly or swallowing them whole,” says Dr. Kan-Rohrer. “These include choking, esophageal obstruction, and GI obstruction,” she warns.

Also, check the label for any ingredients that may trigger an allergic response in your dog or cause other health problems. For example, if your dog has thyroid issues, avoid chews with iodine-rich ingredients.

Ingredients to avoid

Veterinarians recommend avoiding treats containing excessive refined sugar because they can contribute to weight gain or other health issues. If your pet has food allergies, you should also avoid dental treats that contain ingredients that cause an allergic reaction.

Also, steer clear of products with xylitol or fluoride because they can be toxic to dogs (and cats), adds Dr. Kan-Rohrer. Treats that are approved for dogs should not have these ingredients.

Check the texture

Texture is an important feature of good dental chews for dogs. “Dental treats should be firm on the outside and chewy on the inside,” recommends Dr. Karwacki. The combo encourages your dog to bite on the treat multiple times, which helps scrape plaque and tartar from their teeth, she notes.

6 Best Dental Treats for Dogs that Vets Recommend

Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs

The plaque and tartar fighting power of Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs comes, in part, from their tough, chewy texture. The treats also feature distinctive grooves to promote chewing and prevent dogs from swallowing large chunks.

Greenies “are designed to be easily digestible,” says Dr. Lippman. “They also contain added ingredients that freshen breath.” (Their Fresh line contains natural dried spearmint.)

Greenies dog dental treats contain added nutrients like antioxidants vitamins A and E, and minerals, including calcium, which is essential for strong teeth. Best of all, Greenies has an extensive line of specialized dental treats, including Aging Care for older dogs and Weight Management.

Highlights

• The unique design promotes chewing activity and prevents dogs from swallowing large chunks.
• They contain added vitamins (like A and E) and minerals like calcium.
• Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs carry the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• The Greenies line comes in a wide variety of formulas, flavors, and sizes.

Things to Consider

• Greenies offers a sweet potato flavor variety. While antioxidant-rich sweet potatoes provide important nutrients, Dr. Beebe says these starchy treats could increase the risk of cavities in some dogs. “They may be okay if the pet’s teeth are brushed regularly,” he cautions.

Oravet Dental Hygiene Chews

These are among the best dog chews for teeth because they offer dual benefits, fighting bad breath and plaque at the same time. They also contain delmopinol hydrochloride, a chemical compound used in human dentistry.

“When added to a dental treat, this molecule helps make the tooth surface more slippery,” says Dr. Beebe. That helps by making it harder for plaque and tartar to accumulate. Oravet Dental Hygiene chews come individually wrapped for freshness. 

Highlights

• This dual-action chew contains delmopinol hydrochloride, a compound that helps stave off plaque and tartar buildup.
• Each chew is individually wrapped for freshness.
• They’ve earned the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.

Things to Consider

• Oravet dog dental chews don’t come in as many varieties as some competitors.  
• Individual wrapping of each treat contributes to waste.

C.E.T. VeggieDent Chews for Dogs

The signature Z-shape of this plant-based chew is by design. The unique shape makes it easier for the chew to reach (and clean) more areas of the dog’s mouth. 

VeggieDent chews are one of the dog dental treats Dr. Karwacki recommends to pet parents. “These chews tend to hold up to some of the tougher chewers,” she says. They’re easily digestible and contain a prebiotic to promote gastrointestinal health.

The VeggieDent line isn’t just about dental health. You’ll find options that promote joint health and cognitive ability, too. An added plus: They’re manufactured by Virbac. So your purchase contributes to the company’s Every Pet Project, which donates $2,500 to two animal charities each month.

Highlights

• The unique shape makes it easier to reach more areas of the mouth.
• VeggieDent dental chews contain a prebiotic to aid in gut health.
• Available in unique formulations that focus on joint, gut, and mental health in addition to removing plaque.
• Seal of Acceptance from the VOHC.
• Virbac runs the Every Pet Project.

Things to Consider

• C.E.T. products are not as widely available in stores as some other better-known brands, and they’re a bit pricier.

ProDen Dental Care Dental Bites

These soft, small-sized dental bites can be a good option for dogs who have difficulty chewing. Another benefit: They contain sustainably sourced Scandinavian kelp that helps prevent plaque and calculus accumulation in dogs, according to one manufacturer-funded study.

While kelp is rich in antioxidants, feeding too much of it to a dog can lead to hyperthyroidism, due to its potent iodine content. 

Highlights

• Good option to consider for dogs who have difficulty chewing.
• Formulated with an antioxidant-rich form of kelp that’s been studied for its effectiveness in removing plaque and tartar.
• These dog dental chews bear the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• ProDen dental treats are available as bites, soft chews, and “bones”.

Things to Consider

• Excessive kelp consumption can lead to hyperthyroidism.
• ProDen products are not as easy to find at retailers as some of our other recommended products.

Pedigree Dog Treats Dentastix

The key feature of the Dentastix chew is its deeply grooved, X-shaped design. According to the manufacturer, the unique shape makes it easier to clean hard-to-reach places in your dog’s mouth.

These treats feature calcium for strong teeth and beneficial vitamins like A, D3, and B. Dentastix chews are available in beef, chicken, and bacon flavors to tempt the most discerning of canine palates. They also have a minty flavor to help combat bad breath. The Pedigree Foundation donates millions of dollars to U.S. animal shelters and rescues.

Highlights

• The unique shape allows the chew to make its way to hidden areas of the mouth.
• Contains beneficial vitamins and minerals.
• Pedigree dog dental treats are available in a variety of flavors.
• They’re easy to find at retailers and are a more cost-effective option.
• The Pedigree Foundation supports U.S. rescues and shelters.

Things to Consider

• Though they’re made in the U.S., some of their ingredients are sourced from China and other countries. 
• The only Dentastix product currently assigned the VOHC Seal of Acceptance is Pedigree Dentastix Advanced.

Purina DentaLife Dog Dental Chews

These porous dental sticks are ridged to promote chewing and plaque removal in difficult-to-reach places. They come in chicken flavor, with some varieties incorporating apple, pumpkin, and blueberry flavors into the mix.

The DentaLife line offers dog dental chews that promote immune health and digestion while also removing plaque buildup. They’re manufactured by Purina, a brand that provides grants to animal shelters and helps facilitate adoptions through its Purina + Petfinder Foundation.  

Highlights

• Ridges in the chew make it easier to remove plaque in hidden areas of the mouth.
• Formulated with calcium.
• The DentaLife line includes dental chews that also target immunity and digestion.
• Has the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• Purina products are easy to find at retailers.
• Purina supports animal shelters and helps facilitate adoptions.

Things to Consider

• Some of their dog dental chews contain honey.

Tips for Using Dog Treats for Dental Care

Supervise your dog

Dr. Karwacki encourages pet parents to observe their dogs closely when giving them dental treats, especially in the beginning. That way, they can be sure their dog is chewing it appropriately and not attempting to swallow large pieces.

Monitor calorie intake

According to the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), dog dental treats are not complete-and-balanced foods. So they should not be used in place of your dog’s regular diet. But if you’re adding them to your dog’s daily food intake, do so sparingly as some can be high in calories.

“To avoid weight gain, reduce the pet’s food intake proportionately to the calories provided by treats,” says Dr. Beebe.

Keep in mind that your dog’s normal diet should comprise at least 90 percent of their calories. Your dog should get no more than 10 percent of their calories from treats, which includes dental treats and chews.

Watch for signs of injury

In some cases, consuming too many dog dental treats can cause serious health issues. Dr. Beebe cites the risk of dogs developing pancreatitis, especially if the treats are high in fat. “If the product is excessively dense or hard, there is also a risk of tooth or gum injury,” he notes.

Such injuries could be even more serious for dogs with fractured teeth or those recovering from oral surgery, says Dr. Beebe. “Dogs with excessive chewing behaviors could potentially irritate gum tissues.” Dr. Lippman recommends checking your dog’s gums for irritation or injury after using a new dental treat.

Always remember, even the best dog teeth-cleaning treats can never replace consistent daily brushing and professional dental cleaning for your dog. If you’re ever in doubt about giving your dog dental chews or treats or need product recommendations, check with your veterinarian. When it comes to your dog’s dental or overall health, it’s always better to be safe than sorry.

The post Dental Treats for Dogs: 6 to Consider appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While most fungal infections in dogs are restricted to the skin or ears and are easily treated, some fungal infections affect the dog systemically and can be life-threatening. Learn about fungal infections in dogs and how they’re treated.

How Do Dogs Get Fungal Infections?

Dog fungal infections are caused by fungi, which are living organisms that spread in the environment by producing spores. Most commonly, fungi live in the soil. The spores that infect dogs are microscopic.

Fungal infections on the skin, like ringworm, usually pass directly through skin contact or contaminated surfaces. Most of the fungi that infect internal organs are inhaled, but they can also be ingested or enter the dog’s system through an open wound. 

Dogs who spend more time outside, like hunting dogs, may be at an increased risk of contracting a systemic fungal infection. Most of the systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, are not contagious between dogs.

Some canine fungal infections are more prevalent in specific geographic locations. For example, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis are more common in the Midwest United States while coccidioidomycosis is more prevalent in the Southwest United States.

Dog Fungal Infection Symptoms

The symptoms of a dog fungal infection depend on the type of fungus and which part of the dog is affected.

For example, skin infections like dermatophytosis (ringworm) might cause scaly pink lesions on the skin and hair loss. A Malassezia infection of the ear might cause dark brown discharge, itchiness, and a foul odor from the ear. Blastomycosis in the lungs might cause coughing, while histoplasmosis in the gastrointestinal tract might cause diarrhea. 

Symptoms of a fungal infection in dogs can include:

• Fur loss
• Scaly lesions on the skin
• Coughing
• Loss of appetite
• Itchiness
• Difficulty breathing, coughing, or congestion
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Nasal discharge
• Dark debris in the ear

8 Types of Fungal Infections in Dogs

Dogs can contract a variety of fungal infections. Here, we’ll cover eight important canine fungal infections.

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

Type: Skin

You may be surprised to hear that ringworm isn’t actually a worm at all — it’s a fungus! Ringworm is a common dog fungal skin infection. The fungus passes directly from animal to animal via physical contact. Infection from contaminated environments, such as an uninfected dog lying in the bed of an infected dog, is also possible. 

Dogs with ringworm develop scaly areas of hair loss. The skin may be itchy, though this isn’t always the case. 

Your veterinarian should give you instructions on how to clean the environment while your pet is undergoing ringworm treatment. Treatment usually entails both topical therapies and oral medications. Topical therapy can include antifungal baths like lime sulfur dips, shampoos with antifungals, and leave-on creams. The oral antifungal drug of choice for dogs with ringworm is terbinafine.

Ringworm can pass from a pet to a person, so it’s important to regularly wash your hands and decontaminate the environment if your pet has ringworm. If you have a lesion that you suspect is ringworm, it’s best to consult with a medical professional. 

Malassezia

Type: Skin

Malassezia dermatitis is caused by overgrowth of Malassezia yeast, which is a normal yeast on the skin. Most commonly, this occurs in dogs who have an abnormal skin barrier, such as dogs with allergic skin disease. 

Dogs with a Malassezia infection will usually have very itchy skin with areas of redness, thickened skin, and/or hair loss. The coat may be oily, and the pet parent may notice a yeasty smell. 

Malassezia is also responsible for most dog fungal ear infections and dog paw fungal infections. When a dog has a yeasty ear infection, the ear will often be quite itchy, red, and have dark debris inside. On the paws, the nailbeds are commonly affected, and a dark discoloration of the nails may be noted.

Treatment may include topical antifungals like shampoos or creams and systemic oral drugs, like terbinafine. Because most dogs who get yeast skin infections have an underlying skin condition, it’s important to manage any underlying factors to prevent recurrence.

Malassezia is not usually considered zoonotic, or able to pass from animals to people. However, caution should be used if there are immunocompromised individuals in the home.

Histoplasmosis

Type: Generalized/systemic, respiratory, gastrointestinal

Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease that’s more common in young adult dogs, especially sporting (hunting) breeds. The fungus is typically inhaled by a dog nosing around in the soil. Bat and bird feces may contribute to soil contamination. Histoplasmosis can remain isolated to the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, or it can spread throughout the body.

Dogs may have general signs like lethargy, weight loss, and appetite loss. If the lungs are affected, pet parents may notice difficulty breathing and coughing. Dogs who have histoplasmosis affecting their gastrointestinal tract usually have severe diarrhea and weight loss. In some cases, histoplasmosis can affect the eyes and/or brain, causing changes to vision and neurologic signs like seizures or an abnormal gait. 

For mild to moderate histoplasmosis that remains in either the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, oral antifungal medications like itraconazole or fluconazole may be used. Treatment with oral medications lasts at least four to six months. Dogs who are very sick may benefit from intravenous amphotericin B. Some dogs, especially those with lung involvement, may benefit from a short course of steroids.

Dogs who have histoplasmosis restricted to their lungs are more likely to have a positive outcome than dogs who have histoplasmosis in their gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body.

Histoplasmosis does not spread from pets to people, but people can become infected with histoplasmosis from soil.

Blastomycosis

Type: Generalized/systemic or respiratory

Blastomycosis is contracted by inhaling fungal spores from soil. Dogs who roam outdoors and live close to water are at an increased risk of contracting blastomycosis. 

Symptoms of blastomycosis in dogs include loss of appetite, weight loss, cough, difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance, changes to the eyes and vision, and limping. In some cases, dogs can develop neurologic signs like seizures, drunken gait, and walking in circles. The lymph nodes may be enlarged. 

Out of the oral antifungals, itraconazole is the treatment of choice for blastomycosis. Fluconazole is also an option for dogs. In severe cases or cases with neurologic signs, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. Steroids may be recommended short-term for dogs with difficulty breathing. 

Most dogs will achieve a cure with appropriate treatment, but prognosis is worse if blastomycosis has spread throughout the body. It’s also possible for dogs to experience recurrence of blastomycosis after antifungal therapy is stopped. 

The disease is not transmitted from infectious dogs to people through the air. Humans can get blastomycosis from a needle stick injury, but this is more of a risk for veterinary staff than pet parents.

Aspergillosis

Type: Nasal/respiratory or generalized/systemic

Most commonly, aspergillosis is inhaled and causes a nasal infection. In some cases, however, the fungus can disseminate through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

In dogs who have nasal aspergillosis, signs will include nasal discharge, sneezing, and bleeding from the nose. If aspergillosis has spread systemically, the dog may be lethargic, experience loss of appetite, and potentially spinal pain and weakness in limbs.

For nasal aspergillosis, treatment is to infuse intranasal clotrimazole endoscopically. For systemic aspergillosis, antifungal voriconazole is the antifungal of choice. Treatment may last for months. In some cases, antifungal treatment is lifelong. 

Aspergillosis does not spread from dogs to people.

Cryptococcosis

Type: Generalized/systemic

Dogs usually contract cryptococcosis by inhaling the spores. The spores will then disseminate throughout the body in the dog’s bloodstream. Pigeon droppings are known to harbor this fungus.

Although cryptococcosis more commonly causes inflammation in the nose and sinuses (rhinosinusitis) in cats, this fungus tends to affect dogs more systemically. 

Symptoms of cryptococcosis in dogs can include changes to their eyes and vision, lethargy, loss of appetite, skin masses and sores, changes to temperament, seizures, and circling. They can develop symptoms associated with the nose, like sneezing and discharge, but this is much less common in dogs than in cats.

Dogs are usually treated long-term with oral antifungals like fluconazole or itraconazole. In some cases, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. If large masses are present, surgical removal may be recommended. In dogs with a lot of nervous system signs, steroids may be recommended to reduce inflammation. Treatment may last for months to over a year.

The prognosis is guarded for dogs with systemic disease, especially if they have neurologic signs like seizures, blindness, or a wobbly gait. 

Cryptococcosis cannot pass from your dog to you. Humans can get cryptococcosis from inhaling the spores in the air, much like our dogs do.

Coccidioidomycosis

Type: Respiratory or generalized/systemic

Coccidioidomycosis usually develops in dogs who inhale the spores from the environment. Infection may remain within the respiratory tract, or it may spread throughout the body, including to the brain and bones.

Symptoms of this fungal infection in dogs include cough, respiratory distress, loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, limping, skin masses, vision loss, seizures, and drunken gait. Some dogs can develop heart failure.

Treatment usually includes oral antifungals like fluconazole, itraconazole, or ketoconazole. In some cases, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. Dogs who have the disease limited to their lungs may have a good outcome. Prognosis is poorer for full recovery if the disease has spread to the bones and/or brain.

While there haven’t been reports of coccidioidomycosis spreading from dogs to people, there have been reports of the disease spreading to a person via cat bite.

Sporotrichosis

Type: Skin

Dogs usually get sporotrichosis when the fungus enters through a puncture wound. 

In dogs, sporotrichosis is more likely to affect the skin, while cats can also develop a disseminated form that spreads throughout the body. In some cases, it can affect both the skin and lymph nodes. 

Symptoms include mass-like or sore-like lesions on the skin with draining tracts. The dog is often lethargic and has a poor appetite. Lymph nodes may be enlarged.

Treatment for sporotrichosis in dogs includes an oral antifungal like itraconazole or fluconazole. Treatment usually lasts for at least 30 days after the signs have resolved. 

While cat-to-human transmission is considered possible, dog-to-human transmission is unlikely or rare. 

How to Treat Fungal Infections in Dogs

The specific treatment for a dog fungal infection depends on the type of fungus.

Generally speaking, most fungal infections in dogs are treated with one or more of the following treatments:

• Topical creams like miconazole
• Antifungal baths
• Antifungal wipes
• Oral antifungal medications like itraconazole or terbinafine

Some fungal infections, particularly ones that are affecting the lungs or parts of the nervous system (like the brain) may require hospitalization. In some cases, intravenous antifungal medications like amphotericin B are recommended.

Many systemic fungal infections require months of treatment. In some cases, treatment is lifelong.

Antifungal Medications for Dogs

Veterinarians have a range of options when it comes to antifungal medications for dogs. These can include oral antifungal medications, topical medications, antifungal shampoos, and more. 

Itraconazole: This is an oral antifungal that’s used for a lot of systemic fungal infections, like blastomycosis or histoplasmosis. Use in dogs is off label.

Fluconazole: This oral antifungal is often used off-label for systemic fungal infections.

Terbinafine: This oral antifungal is often used off-label for ringworm and Malassezia infections. It is sometimes used for systemic fungal infections, as well. 

Miconazole cream: Miconazole is often applied directly to ringworm lesions. 

TrizUltra + Keto Solution: This ear flush contains an antifungal that may be useful for fungal ear infections.

MiconaHex+Triz Shampoo: This shampoo can help with both bacterial and fungal skin infections. 

Duoxo S3 Pyo Shampoo: This shampoo is also useful for bacterial and fungal skin infections.

How to Prevent Fungal Infections in Dogs

Pet parents should familiarize themselves with the fungal infections that can affect their dog in their area. Consider restricting your dog’s ability to sniff around in moist soil or near pigeon droppings.

Pet parents can also monitor their dog’s skin by practicing regular grooming. Make sure to check the skin, ears, and nails for any abnormalities when you bathe your pet or trim their nails. 

Parasite prevention is important for skin health. Dogs who have skin parasites like fleas may be more likely to develop a yeasty skin infection. 

Lastly, keep up on your pet’s health care! Your veterinarian may be able to detect any changes to your pet’s health before you can. They can also help you to manage underlying conditions, like allergic skin disease, that can contribute to fungal skin infections in dogs. 

The post 8 Fungal Infections in Dogs You Should Know About appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To help you promote your pup’s heart health, we asked leading veterinarians what to look for in a good cardiac diet for dogs. Discover what we learned, plus the scoop on vet-recommended heart-healthy dog food options to consider.

Understanding Heart Disease in Dogs

There are various forms of canine heart disease. The two most common types are mitral valve disease (MVD) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Common signs of heart disease in dogs generally include the presence of a heart murmur, lethargy, chronic coughing, and fainting. 

Left untreated, heart disease can progress to congestive heart failure (CHF). Symptoms of this more serious heart condition include difficulty breathing, moist cough, swollen belly, and fainting.

Treatment for heart disease in dogs depends on the severity of the disease. In mild cases, vets may recommend managing the disease on an outpatient basis with heart medicine, cardiac dog food, and/or other measures to keep your dog comfortable. Severe cases usually require hospitalization.

What is the prognosis for dogs with heart disease?

The prognosis for dogs with heart disease varies widely. It often depends on the stage of the disease at diagnosis, says Dr. Martín Ortiz, DVM, an associate veterinarian at Heart+Paw in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.

Early detection can make a significant difference in your dog’s prognosis. This is why regular veterinary check-ups and physical exams are so crucial, says Dr. Ortiz. “If a heart murmur is detected soon enough, early intervention could lead to better quality of life and increased life expectancy for your pet,” he adds.

These interventions may include a combination of heart-healthy dog food, medications, and lifestyle adjustments. However, Dr. Ortiz cautions that such measures may not change the prognosis if the disease has progressed.

Dogs can live with CHF for months to years. However, “for late-stage heart disease in congestive heart failure — with fluid collection in the lungs, fainting, labored breathing — the prognosis is grave,” Dr. Ortiz says. 

Dog Food for Heart Health: How It Helps

While heart-healthy dog food can help promote canine cardiac health, it’s important to understand the limitations of any diet.

“Unfortunately, most heart disease in pets is actually genetic and breed specific,” says Dr. Ortiz. “No current studies show that specific heart-healthy diets can prevent heart problems in dogs,” he cautions.

Heart-healthy dog food may, however, help slow the progression of heart disease in dogs or reduce the severity of their symptoms. And research shows that a change in diet may even help reverse DCM in dogs who have been fed specific grain-free or boutique diets. 

“Diet does play an important role in cardiac health for dogs mostly because of the balance of very specific ingredients,” says Dr. Ortiz. Here are some key factors to consider when evaluating heart-healthy dog food diets.

Reduced Sodium

Restricted sodium is a key feature of a diet for dogs with heart disease. “Just like in humans, foods with high sodium content draw more fluid into the vessels through osmosis. This increases the workload on the heart and the kidneys,” says Dr. Ortiz. 

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil have anti-inflammatory properties. This can help ease mild inflammation associated with heart disease, says Dr. Joseph Wakshlag, DVM, a nutrition specialist at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Clinical trials have also shown that these fatty acids help with heart rhythm, and may improve heart function and blood pressure, adds Dr. Ortiz. 

Taurine

Taurine is an amino acid that helps boost the strength of the heart muscle in dogs. Taurine deficiency in dogs has also been linked to heart conditions in dogs. “We often fortify diets with this amino acid derivative since it has potential to be helpful in things like dilated cardiomyopathy,” says Dr. Wakshlag.

High Protein

Because a low protein diet can contribute to muscle loss in dogs with heart disease, cardiac dog food diets often contain higher levels of protein. However, if your dog has other health complications, like kidney disease, too much protein could be harmful. Check with your veterinarian to ensure the proper balance.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants like vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene neutralize harmful substances (free radicals) that contribute to heart disease.

Heart-Healthy Food for Dogs

You’ll find many commercial dog food formulas that claim to promote heart health in dogs. However, not all of them may be a good fit for your dog’s specific nutritional and cardiac health needs.

That’s why it’s essential to consult your veterinarian before transitioning your dog to a heart-healthy diet. Your vet can determine whether or not your dog would benefit from a prescription diet and recommend a formula based on key factors, such as:

• whether or not your dog has been diagnosed with heart disease
• your dog’s current heart condition and risk factors
• whether your dog needs to lose or gain weight
• the presence of other health complications, such as hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease 

Best Dog Food for Heart Problems: 4 Top Picks

Based on criteria from veterinary nutritionists, here are the top dog food options vets recommend for canine heart health.

• Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Dog CC Cardiocare
• Royal Canin Veterinary Diets Early Cardiac Diet for Dogs
• Hill’s Prescription Diet Dog h/d Heart Care
• Royal Canin Breed Diets

Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Dog CC Cardiocare Dog Food

This innovative prescription diet contains a powerful Cardiac Protection Blend featuring nutrients proven to promote heart health in dogs. The science-backed formula also helps slow the progression of early-stage mitral valve disease, the most common heart issue veterinarians diagnose in dogs. (2)

CardioCare is rich in taurine for heart function, omega-3 fatty acids to help reduce inflammation, and antioxidants to help reduce stress on the heart. The high-protein, low-sodium formula was developed by a team of Purina Pro Plan veterinarians, nutritionists, and researchers. And it comes in tasty chicken-flavored dry and canned options to please a variety of palates. 

Highlights

• Contains low sodium content, which vets recommend for dogs with heart disease
• Formulated with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil and enhanced with higher level of vitamin E
• Available in both dry and canned varieties
• Purina is a long-standing, trusted brand that relies on experts to formulate its prescription diets

Things to Consider

• It can’t be purchased without a prescription from your veterinarian
• The CardioCare diet can run roughly three times the cost of standard dry dog food diets

Royal Canin Veterinary Diets Early Cardiac Diet for Dogs

Royal Canin’s Early Cardiac Diet stands out as a strong option for dogs diagnosed in the early stages of heart disease and pet parents who want to promote canine cardio health.

The formula is carefully balanced to help maintain cardiac health and delay the progression of heart disease. It features moderate levels of sodium to reduce stress on the heart, along with a trio of amino acids (arginine, carnitine, and taurine) to help prevent deficiencies linked to DCM.

Royal Canin is another trusted pet food brand, and it employs board-certified veterinary nutritionists to formulate its prescription diets. 

Highlights

• Moderately reduced sodium levels
• Contains antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids in the form of both EPA and DHA  
• Formulated by board-certified veterinary nutritionists
• Royal Canin is a trusted, well-established pet food company 

Things to Consider

• It requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• As with other therapeutic diets, expect to pay more than you would for heart-healthy dog foods available without a prescription
• This formula is currently only available in dry form

Hill’s Prescription Diet Dog h/d Heart Care

This prescription diet from Hill’s offers a balanced approach to managing heart health without sacrificing essential nutrients. It’s specifically tailored to help ease the symptoms of heart disease in dogs so they can stay active and comfortable.

The low-sodium formula helps reduce the workload on your dog’s heart, normalizing blood pressure and minimizing fluid retention. It’s supplemented with taurine for heart muscle metabolism and powerful antioxidants, including Vitamin E and beta-carotene. This diet also helps support liver and kidney health, a bonus for dogs facing multiple health issues.

Hill’s has a long-standing reputation for scientific innovation and quality in nutrition. The brand’s h/d diet was developed by veterinarians and nutritionists and comes in both dry and canned varieties.

Highlights

• Low sodium content helps minimize fluid retention and maintain normal blood pressure
• Contains antioxidants like vitamins E and beta-carotene
• Contains high levels of taurine
• Developed by veterinarians and nutritionists
• Hill’s is a well-established pet food company

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• Pricier than standard dog food diets

Royal Canin Breed Diets

For pet parents seeking heart-healthy dog food that doesn’t require a prescription, Royal Canin breed diets may be the solution.

While any dog can have heart disease, it’s more likely in some breeds than others. Golden Retrievers, for example, are at higher risk of developing DCM, notes Dr. Ortiz. Other breeds predisposed to heart disease include: Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Boxers, Miniature Schnauzers, Great Danes, Doberman Pinschers, Dachshunds, Chihuahuas, and Shih Tzus.

Royal Canin’s breed-specific diets are individually formulated to address the unique nutritional and health needs of each breed. For example, the Royal Canin Golden Retriever diet contains a precise balance of calories and fats to support a healthy weight, plus taurine, EPA, and DHA to promote heart health.

Highlights

• Tailored to fit the specific heart health and nutritional needs of breeds prone to heart disease disease.
• No prescription required
• Many formulas available for both puppies and adult dogs

Things to Consider

• Breed-specific diets may not be a good nutritional fit for other breeds living in your home
• More affordable than prescription cardiac diets, however still pricier than standard diets

Cardiac Diets for Dogs FAQs

What is the best dog food for heart disease?

It depends on the stage of your dog’s heart disease and the presence of other health conditions. Ultimately, your veterinarian can best determine what the optimal heart-healthy dog food diet is for your pup.

How much sodium should be in heart-healthy dog food?

For dogs diagnosed with heart disease, veterinarians generally recommend reduced sodium dog food. These diets typically contain less than 0.3 percent sodium (100 mg per 100 kcals). However, depending on what stage of heart disease your dog has, your vet may recommend going even lower. In some cases, dogs may require only 50 mg of sodium per 100 kcals, says Dr. Wakshlag. 

What shouldn’t you feed a dog with heart problems?

Avoid giving dogs with heart problems any dog food with high sodium content. And since people foods often contain higher levels of sodium, it’s best to avoid those, too. Veterinarians also generally recommend against feeding grain-free or boutique diets, especially for breeds that are predisposed to DCM.

Can healthy heart dog food prevent heart problems in dogs?

Feeding your dog heart-healthy dog food will not prevent heart problems, but it can help slow the progression of heart disease. This can ultimately translate to better life quality. 

Reference

1. Walker, A L et al. “Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.” Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology vol. 40 (2022): 99-109. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.001
2. Li, Q., Heaney, A., Langenfeld-McCoy, N. et al. “Dietary intervention reduces left atrial enlargement in dogs with early preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease: a blinded randomized controlled study in 36 dogs.” BMC Vet Res 15, 425 (2019). doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2169-1

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If you’re worried about whether or not your feline is feverish, you’ve come to the right place! Here’s a helpful guide that covers how to recognize signs of fevers in cats, how to take a cat’s temperature, and when you should visit the veterinarian.

What’s a Normal Cat Temperature?

If you look up the normal cat temperature, you’ll find a wide range of results…all of which claim to be the standard.

For example, a 2015 study from the Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery states that the normal range for adult cat body temperature should be between 98.1°F to 102.1°F (36.7 °C to 38.9°C). (1) However, it’s common for veterinarians to see ranges from 100°F to 102.5°F (37.8°C to 39.2°C) in clinic. And many vets consider this a normal temp for cats.

There are other factors that may have some bearing on what we consider a normal cat temp, too. Some cat breeds run at a slightly warmer or cooler normal body temperature than others. However, what is considered an average cat temperature for each breed isn’t well-established. Kittens usually have a slightly higher baseline temperature than adult cats.

If your cat’s body temperature is abnormally elevated, it could be due to either hyperthermia or fever.

• Hyperthermia occurs when a cat’s temperature rises due to heat exposure or excessive physical activity (like having a seizure).
• Fevers, on the other hand, are caused by infections, injuries, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. If your cat develops a fever, you’ll want to contact your veterinarian to determine and treat the cause.

How to Tell if Your Cat Has a Fever: 6 Signs

Obviously, the best way to know your cat has a fever is to take their temperature. However, getting a cat to sit still and consent to a temperature check isn’t always in the cards. Instead, you may want to keep an eye out for other signs that your cat could have a fever, which include:

• Lethargy: A cat with a fever doesn’t feel well, so they’re likely to have a reduced activity level and may sleep more.
• Reduced appetite: The cat may show less interest in both food and water while they’re not feeling well.
• Shivering: Similar to how people often get chills and shiver when they have a fever, a cat with a fever may shiver. 
• Poor grooming habits: Because the cat isn’t feeling well, they are often less fastidious about their grooming habits. You may notice clumped fur or an unkempt appearance when your cat is sick.
• Visible wounds, injuries, or swellings: Injuries can cause a fever, both due to inflammation and infection. Cats with abscesses or tumors can also develop fevers. 
• Warm to the touch: While you cannot rely on this alone, a cat who is warm to the touch and has other signs of illness may have a fever. If you notice that your cat’s ears are hot or their face is hot to the touch, that’s a warning sign worth heeding. But it’s important to note that other factors — including your own body temperature, the weather, and your cat’s activity level — can all affect your perception of how warm your cat is.

Cats with other signs of illness, such as coughing or diarrhea, may also develop fevers related to whatever is causing their underlying infection.

Though it’s helpful to keep an eye out for cat fever symptoms, be aware that many things other than a fever could cause them. If you’re still unsure, the best way to tell if your cat has a fever is to take their temperature.  

How to Take a Cat’s Temperature

If you’re wondering how to check a cat’s temperature at home, there are three main methods veterinarians recommend. You can use a digital thermometer designed for humans to measure your cat’s temperature. But, it’s a good idea to label your cat thermometer and store it separately from your family’s thermometers to avoid cross-contamination.

Here are three vet-recommended methods for measuring your cat’s temperature with a thermometer.

Axillary (armpit) temperature

While this method is generally considered the least accurate of the three, it’s also the least disruptive. So it’s a good choice if you have a cat who’s less than thrilled about having their temperature taken.

To use this method: Place the tip of a digital thermometer in your cat’s armpit, as far forward and upward as possible. Keep your cat’s leg down, trapping the thermometer against their body, until it shows the final result.

Rectal temperature

Veterinarians generally prefer this method for measuring a cat’s body temperature quickly and accurately. Cats, on the other hand, tend to be less tolerant of it. So you’ll definitely want to have a helper on hand.

To use this method: It’s best to have a digital rectal thermometer; these have a shorter, blunter tip than standard digital thermometers. Turn the thermometer on and apply lubricant to the tip. Then, lift the cat’s tail and gently insert the thermometer about half an inch into the anus. Make sure to wash the thermometer and your hands after it reads the temperature.

Ear temperature

Pet parents can also use a digital cat ear thermometer to take their cat’s temperature. This method appeals to many pet parents because it’s less invasive than taking a rectal temperature. However, it can be difficult to get the thermometer aimed at the correct location (inner ear canal) for an accurate reading. If there’s wax, debris, or discharge in your pet’s ear canal, that could also affect the reading (which is why vets don’t recommend it in cases of ear infection).

To use this method: Hold the ear thermometer horizontally and insert it gently into your cat’s ear canal until it shows the final result.  

No matter which method you choose, it’s easier to take a cat’s temperature with at least one other person to help you. Your helper can hold your cat in position and soothe them.

Some cats may tolerate a rectal temperature better if you wrap them in a towel with their backside out. If your cat is attempting to bite, scratch, or is otherwise noncompliant, it’s best to contact your veterinarian. Together, you can review your cat’s symptoms and determine if a visit is in order.

When to Visit a Veterinarian

If your cat’s temperature is above 102.1°F and they’re acting abnormally, you should call your veterinarian.

If the temperature is above 103.5°F, consider seeking emergency attention immediately. You should also seek emergency attention if your cat is:

• Having seizures or acting disoriented
• Having difficulty breathing
• Unable to urinate and/or defecate
• Experiencing severe diarrhea or vomiting
• Completely disinterested in food
• Collapsing
• Severely injured (such as being hit by a car)

When you bring your cat in for evaluation, your veterinarian will try to determine what is causing your cat’s fever. This will involve a physical examination and additional diagnostics. These could include blood work, urine testing, X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, and more. Based on the findings, your veterinarian will recommend treatment.

Vets commonly prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like meloxicam to reduce fever in cats. Your cat may also receive fluids either under the skin (subcutaneously) or into their vein (intravenously). Rest assured, depending on the cause of your cat’s fever, your vet will tailor a specific treatment plan that fits your pet’s diagnosis and health needs.

A cat with a fever can be experiencing significant illness, even if they seem to be acting normal. The sooner you can get your feverish cat treatment, the better off they will be. That’s why it’s so important to familiarize yourself with the signs of illness and fever in cats. Recognizing warning signs could help head off more serious health issues.

If you can do it safely and accurately, taking your cat’s temperature is still the best way to find out if they have a fever. However, it should not be used as the sole indicator of disease. Pet parents should consider their cat’s overall clinical signs and behavior when deciding whether to contact their veterinarian.

Reference

Levy, Julie & Nutt, Kelly & Tucker, Sylvia. (2015). Reference interval for rectal temperature in healthy confined adult cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17. 950-952. DOI:10.1177/1098612X15582081

The post How to Tell if a Cat Has a Fever appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“Seasonal allergies are just that, seasonal,” says Medical Director Lauryn Benson, DVM, of Veterinary Emergency Group in Carle Place, New York. “They are also correlated to the environment, both indoors and outdoors.”

According to a 2018 study, environmental allergies in dogs have increased 30 percent over the preceding decade. Environmental research also shows that rising temperatures have extended the growing season of allergens like mold spores and ragweed.

This means pet parents are more likely to encounter fall allergies in dogs. So, here’s what you need to know about what could be causing your dog’s fall allergies and how to recognize the signs. Plus, we’ll cover how medications like Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) can help ease allergic itch, as well as other ways you can provide relief.

What Causes Fall Allergies in Dogs?

Can dogs have seasonal allergies? Absolutely. 

As the seasons change, dogs encounter different allergens in their environment. According to Dr. Benson, these allergens can be present in the great outdoors, as well as in your home. Your dog may be allergic to molds or the pollens of certain plants that are more abundant in the fall. Or the dust that collects in your home heating system could trigger an allergic reaction in your dog. In some cases, your dog could be allergic to both outdoor and indoor allergens.

While all dogs can suffer from fall allergies, certain dog breeds are more prone to environmental allergens, such as:

• Boxer
• Boston Terrier
• Dalmatian
• Golden Retriever
• Labrador Retriever
• Lhasa Apso 
• Scottish Terrier 
• Shih Tzu
• West Highland White Terrier
• Pit Bull

“Doodle” dogs, including Labradoodles and Goldendoodles are also on the list, according to Dr. Benson.

The most common allergens dogs encounter during the autumn months are:

• Ragweed pollen
• Mold spores
• Mildew
• Dust mites

However, there is no official start or end to fall allergy season. That’s because specific allergens may be more or less prevalent throughout the season.

Dog pollen allergy sufferers will have a different “allergy season” than dog mold allergy sufferers. In many areas, ragweed pollen is prevalent from August to November (with a peak in September). Whereas mold spores are more abundant from summer through the first frost.

Dog with Fall Allergies? 5 Symptoms to Watch Out For 

Some fall allergy symptoms in dogs may be all too familiar to human allergy sufferers. Other signs of dog allergies in fall can be surprising and even misleading. To ensure your dog gets a prompt diagnosis and treatment for fall allergies, stay alert for changes in your dog’s health and behavior.

Here are some classic allergy symptoms dogs in fall may experience:

Itchy skin

Excessive scratching is one of the hallmark symptoms of autumn dog allergies. Dogs can scratch their bodies or paw at their eyes to help ease their itchiness. 

“The primary way that dogs exhibit allergies is on their skin,” Dr. Benson says. “You may see an increased amount of itching and redness.” Also, look for lesions and crusty wounds from excessive scratching.

Excessive licking

Fall allergies can cause red, inflamed skin that is uncomfortable or even painful. Dogs often lick at their paws or other affected areas to ease the discomfort. Excessive licking can contribute to the development of skin infections in dogs with allergies.

Chronic ear infection

Allergies can cause chronic ear infections in dogs. Dogs with fall allergies might shake their heads or paw at their ears. You may also notice a foul odor coming from their ears. These are all signs of ear infection, which could be due to fall allergies or other causes. 

Sneezing, coughing, or trouble breathing

Dog fall allergies can cause rhinitis or inflammation inside the nose. This can lead to allergy symptoms like sneezing, sniffling, and itchy, watery eyes. Dogs with fall allergies may also experience coughing and changes in breathing.

However, Dr. Benson notes these “hay fever” symptoms are less common than symptoms affecting the skin, since allergic rhinitis affects just 15 percent of dogs with allergies.

Upset stomach

Vomiting, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal upset can affect dogs with fall allergies, though skin issues are much more common.

Since the symptoms of allergies in dogs could also be signs of other issues, always talk to your veterinarian if you think your dog may have fall allergies.

“It’s very important to see a veterinarian to determine if the symptoms are allergies or something even more concerning,” Dr. Benson says. Your vet will conduct a thorough exam to determine the best course of action to provide your pet relief.   

How to Help a Dog with Fall Allergies

Most private practice veterinarians do not perform specific tests for diagnosing environmental allergies, which can make it tricky for vets to diagnose autumn allergies in dogs. However, Dr. Benson notes that veterinarians often use a process of elimination to confirm an allergy diagnosis.

“They may consider some bloodwork or x-rays to rule out things unrelated to allergies causing the same signs,” she says. They may also look at samples of cells or discharge from the skin or ears to rule out infections and parasites.

If your vet does confirm your dog has seasonal allergies, you could try eliminating or avoiding specific allergens. However, depending on what triggers your dog’s allergies, that may not always be possible.

For example, in the great outdoors, it would be pretty difficult to avoid triggers like grass and tree pollens or mold spores completely. Inside the home, diligent cleaning, vacuuming, and an air filter could help you minimize allergens for a dog allergic to dust mites or mildew. 

Veterinary dermatologists can perform intradermal allergy testing (IDAT), which involves injecting allergens under the skin to see what the dog reacts to. This is the most reliable way of identifying specific environmental allergens in dogs at this time.

Your veterinarian may recommend several treatment options to alleviate the symptoms of fall dog allergies. These include:

Dog allergy medications

There are various dog allergy medications that can help alleviate fall allergy symptoms in dogs, each with their own pros and cons. Over-the-counter antihistamines like cetirizine are convenient, but not always effective. Corticosteroids like prednisone are generally effective, but not recommended for long-term use due to harmful side effects.

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) is a new FDA-approved allergy treatment for dogs that could help provide the benefits pet parents are looking for. This prescription oral medication is a JAK inhibitor, which means it works by blocking itch signals to provide fast, effective relief in dogs at least 12 months or older.

All it takes is one dose a day, so it’s more convenient and affordable than its competitors. Plus, studies show that Zenrelia provided greater itch reduction over time than the competition, without the risk of rebound itch.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Medicated baths

Bathing your dog with a medicated shampoo can be helpful for treating fall allergies. These shampoos have ingredients that can rinse allergens out of your dog’s fur and soothe their itchy and irritated skin. 

Topical treatments

Anti-itch sprays, creams, and other over-the-counter products can provide some relief from dog fall allergy symptoms. You can also use anti-inflammatory wipes on your dog’s coat and paws after a walk or spending time outdoors. These can help remove pollen and other environmental allergens.

Immunotherapy

Also known as Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) or “allergy shots,” this treatment helps desensitize dogs to allergens. It involves giving dogs a shot that contains seasonal allergens to help increase their tolerance and decrease their allergic reaction. It can take time for immunotherapy to work for treating seasonal allergies but it can be very effective.

ASIT is an option for dogs who undergo skin allergy testing or IDAT, usually under the supervision of a dermatologist.

With all dog allergy treatments, Dr. Benson notes that response can vary.

“Our goal is always to provide comfort,” she says. “If you aren’t seeing your pet act more comfortable within a few days, follow up with your veterinarian for additional treatment options.”

Unlike food allergies, it’s not always possible to reduce exposure to allergens in the environment. So, your best option is to work with your veterinarian to find the most effective relief for your pup. And even if you can’t alleviate the symptoms of fall allergies completely, seasons change. So your dog’s autumn allergies won’t last all year long! 

The post Dog with Fall Allergies: Causes and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If these pesky parasites have your brain spinning and your skin crawling, you’ve come to the right place! Let’s get some answers and advice from veterinary expert Dr. Alex Crow, DVM, on the tick life cycle and how to handle these pests. 

How Long Do Ticks Live?

Believe it or not, ticks are not insects — they’re arachnids (the same class as spiders…which could explain why they give us the creeps). However, unlike their spider cousins, ticks don’t prey on insects. Instead, they survive off the blood of humans and animals.

That’s important, because when and how frequently ticks feed — also known as a “blood meal” — affects how long they live.

Typically, ticks live for around two to three years. However, that lifespan can vary because while ticks need blood to survive, they can go for long stretches without a blood meal.

So, how long can a tick live without a host? The length of time a tick can survive without a host depends on the species of the tick. Most adult ticks can survive for at least six months to a year without a blood meal. Some ticks can live even longer than that!

The good news is that most types of ticks cannot survive for long indoors. In the US, the Brown Dog Tick is the only species that can thrive in indoor environments, such as a kennel or a house. 

The Tick Life Cycle: What You Need to Know

The best way to protect your pet and your household from tick threats is to know your enemy. And that starts with understanding the tick life cycle, so you know when to avoid ticks looking for their next blood meal.

The tick lifespan includes four distinct life stages: eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult ticks. Most ticks have a three-host life cycle. That means they need a warm-blooded “host” (or several) to feed on at each life stage (larva, nymph, adult) before they can move from one stage of their life to the next.

The amount of time ticks take to feed on a host varies depending on their life stage. It can be anywhere from a few hours to a week. If the tick can stay on the host until it has finished feeding, it will drop off to prepare for the next life stage.

While the life cycle of a tick varies between species, here’s how it typically progresses.

• Adult female ticks generally lay eggs in the spring.
• In the summer, tick eggs hatch into the larval stage.
• Once hatched, the larvae find their first host to attach to and feed on.
• In the late summer or fall, the larvae fall off their host.
• Between the fall and the winter, they then molt into nymphs.
• Once the weather starts to warm up in the spring, the tick nymphs find a second host to attach to and feed on.
• Later in the summer or fall, the nymphs fall off their host and molt into adults.
• The following spring, the adult tick seeks its third and final host.
• Once ticks have fed on their third host, they will mate. Males usually die after mating and females will die shortly after laying their eggs in the spring.[1] 

How Do Ticks Look at Each Life Stage?

Knowing how to spot ticks is another important part of prevention. But that can be tricky because a tick’s appearance can change dramatically as they pass through each stage of life.

Many pet parents wonder: What do baby ticks look like? How do they differ from adult ticks? What should I watch out for? You’re about to find out, as we explore the four stages of the tick lifecycle. 

Egg Stage 

After an adult female has fed and mated, she drops off of her host and lays eggs on a leaf, grass, or something else that is soft and hidden.

An adult female tick can lay a cluster of thousands of very small eggs. These eggs are usually amber or brown, translucent, sticky, and remain together until they hatch. The individual eggs are incredibly tiny and may appear as mere specks. However, the egg cluster can measure about an inch wide.

Depending on the species, hatching occurs anywhere from two weeks to two months after laying. Since adults are not able to lay eggs on a host, you won’t need to worry about finding tick eggs on your dogs or cats!

Six-Legged Larva Stage 

Tick larvae have six legs and are also known as “seed ticks” at this stage. Larval ticks seek to attach to their first host as soon as they hatch. Because they are small and close to the ground, they usually consume their first blood meal from small animals, such as mice or birds.

The bite of a tick larva is less likely to carry a disease, since they are most likely taking their first blood meal. This makes the tick larva stage the least dangerous in the lifespan of a tick. However, the tick may pick up a transmissible disease at this stage.

Eight-Legged Nymph Stage 

Once ticks have molted into nymphs, they have eight legs and tend to look for larger hosts for their next meal. A nymph is smaller than an adult tick.

Nymphal ticks are more likely to carry diseases at this stage because their first hosts tend to be small animals, like mice. Like larvae, nymphs may pick up a transmissible disease while feeding.

Adult Stage

Adult ticks also have eight legs and are more aggressive in seeking out their hosts. Adult ticks, while at the end of their life cycle, are much more likely to carry a disease from one of their previous hosts. Research shows that roughly one in three adult deer ticks (or black legged ticks) carry the bacteria that causes Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). 

Here’s the bad news: To protect yourself and your pets from tick bites, you’ll need to watch out for ticks of all stages, from larval to adult. Ticks searching for a host may target any warm-blooded animal, including pets and humans.

However, there’s good news, too. Ticks can only transmit tick-borne diseases to a host if they stay attached for 1-2 days. That’s why it’s so important to keep watch for ticks and remove them quickly to prevent the spread of tick-borne diseases.

A tick that is full of blood will look engorged and can become the size of a pea. However, not all ticks are that obvious. Most ticks found on pets and people are discovered before they finish feeding.

That’s why using effective tick prevention treatments or medications is also important. They work by repelling ticks, preventing attachment, or killing the ticks quickly once they have attached. [2] If your pet is protected by a preventative and is exposed to ticks, you will likely find dead ticks in their coat.  

Vet Answers to Top Tick FAQs

You’ve got tick questions, and we’ve got the answers! Let’s check in with Dr. Crow for the scoop on pet parents’ most pressing questions about ticks.  

Do ticks die in winter?

Depending on where you live, peak “tick season” is generally between May and October. Many people assume ticks die off in the winter, but these pesky parasites are more resilient than you’d think.

Most ticks survive colder winter temperatures by going dormant in sheltered spots like leaf litter and animal burrows. Some species, like the deer tick, remain active during milder winter days. That’s why effective year-round tick protection is so important! 

Where do ticks lay eggs?

Female ticks lay their eggs in the environment, not on the host. After feeding, a female tick drops off the host to find a suitable spot to lay her eggs. Tick nests are often found in protected areas with leaf litter, grass, or soil. A single tick can lay thousands of eggs. 

How big can ticks get?

Ticks can vary greatly in size. Larval ticks are super tiny and hard to see. Nymph ticks are slightly larger, about the size of a poppy seed. Adult ticks can be as small as a sesame seed when unfed but swell to the size of a small pea when engorged with blood, making them easier to spot.

When are ticks most active?

Ticks are most active during the warmer months, from spring through fall. However, in regions with milder climates, ticks can be active year-round. They’re typically most active during the early morning and late afternoon when temperatures are cooler. 

When do ticks come out?

Ticks become active in early spring as temperatures rise and can remain active until late fall. They wait on grasses and shrubs for a host to pass by, a behavior known as “questing.” Ticks can sense the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals and latch on when they detect a nearby host. It’s important to remember that ticks cannot fly and they cannot jump! 

How do ticks reproduce?

Ticks reproduce sexually, with males and females mating on a host. After mating, the female drops off the host to lay thousands of eggs in the environment. These eggs hatch into larvae, which then seek out small hosts to feed on, continuing the life cycle. 

At what temperature do ticks become inactive?

Ticks generally become inactive at temperatures below 40°F. However, some species can tolerate colder temperatures and may remain active during mild winters. 

Can ticks survive in water?

Ticks are not strong swimmers, but they can survive brief submersion in water. While bathing your pet can help remove ticks, it’s not a reliable method for prevention. 

How long will a tick stay on a dog or cat?

A tick can remain attached to a host for several days, feeding until it becomes engorged. The longer a tick stays attached, the greater the risk of transmitting diseases. It’s important to remove ticks as soon as they are found to minimize this risk.    

Tick Prevention Tips

Does the idea of a tick getting on your pet stress you out? If so, you’re not alone! Many pet parents struggle with navigating the risk of ticks when outdoors.

“I understand how stressful that can be, but don’t worry,” says Dr. Crow. “Ticks are common and we have many effective ways to deal with them.”

“While ticks can carry diseases, not every tick bite will result in illness,” he adds. 

Luckily, there are a few steps you can take to help prevent these pesky parasites from attaching to you or your pet. 

Keep Your Yard Tidy

Mow your lawn regularly, clear away leaves, and trim bushes to help eliminate the places ticks like to hide and nest.

Ticks seek out places that are dark and protected from predators. So, remember, even if your yard is free of debris, landscaping features like tall ornamental grasses can still harbor ticks.

Use Year-Round Monthly Preventatives

If you’re wondering: When do ticks go away, the bad news is they never really do.

Ticks can be found in every state in the United States, throughout every month of the year. They tend to be more active in warmer weather. However, ticks in winter may still be a threat…especially if you live in a milder climate. This is why vets highly recommend using year-round prevention.

Your vet can help determine the most effective tick prevention plan for your pet. This will depend on several factors, including where you live, your pet’s health, and what other parasites pose a risk in your region.

Talk to your vet to help find the best preventative to fit your pet and your lifestyle to ensure consistent, year-long protection. 

Check For Ticks

It’s always a good idea to check your pets for ticks when they’ve been outdoors, especially during prime tick season. However, it’s crucial when you know your pets have been in areas with long grass, overgrown bushes, and piles of fallen leaves.

If ticks are on your pet, they are most likely to hide in warm, moist areas. So always check your pet’s ears, neck, armpits, and between the toes for tick stowaways. 

If you find a tick on your pet, it’s important to stay calm and remove it as quickly and efficiently as possible. Removing ticks quickly can reduce the chance of transmission of a tick-borne disease, so staying vigilant is the best action you can take. 

While it is common to find ticks on our pets, they may not be completely harmless. Dr. Crow reminds us, “If you notice any concerning symptoms or if you’re unsure about anything, then please come to see the vet.”

REFERENCES

1. “The Tick Lifecycle.” Lyme & Tick-Borne Disease Testing & Statistics, Tick Research Lab of Pennsylvania, 1 Dec. 2020, www.ticklab.org/blog/2020/12/01/the-tick-lifecycle/. 
2. Cohen, Aly. “Flea and Tick Prevention.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/flea-and-tick-prevention.

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Here’s everything you need to know about GI lymphoma in cats, including signs, causes, and treatment options.

What Is GI Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of a specific type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. GI lymphoma in cats refers to lymphoma that develops in the gastrointestinal tract. While this is most often the small intestine, it can also develop in the stomach.

GI lymphoma affects cats similarly to other intestinal diseases. It’s common for cats with GI lymphoma to lose weight, have diarrhea, and vomit.

A cat can have small cell GI lymphoma or large cell GI lymphoma:

Small cell gastrointestinal lymphoma is more common and has a better prognosis when compared with large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma. Small cell GI lymphoma in cats is often treated at home with oral medications and has a longer survival time of two to four years. 

Large cell GI lymphoma in cats is more malignant and may require surgery and injectable chemotherapy to treat. Survival time for large cell GI lymphoma with treatment is usually six to nine months.

Other common locations for cats to develop lymphoma include the kidneys (renal lymphoma) and within the chest (mediastinal lymphoma). These forms of lymphoma will have different clinical signs, treatment recommendations, and prognoses.

Causes of GI Lymphoma in Cats

GI lymphoma develops when the lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract grow uncontrollably. The exact cause of GI lymphoma in cats isn’t known, and several factors could contribute to the development of this cancer.

One factor that has been suggested as contributing to the development of GI lymphoma is chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs concurrently in up to 60 percent of GI lymphoma cases in cats (2). Over time, inflammation may lead to cancerous changes in the lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Other potential factors being investigated include exposure to secondhand smoke and dietary factors, though definitive links have not been found. While other types of lymphoma in cats have been linked to the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), most cats that develop gastrointestinal lymphoma are not positive for FeLV or FIV.

GI Lymphoma in Cats Symptoms

GI lymphoma most commonly develops in older cats between 9 to 13 years of age. Because the signs of GI lymphoma are similar to the symptoms of other gastrointestinal conditions like IBD, pet parents may not initially realize their cat has cancer.

The main signs to watch for include:

• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy

Appetite changes aren’t always consistent in cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Some cats with GI lymphoma will have a normal appetite, some will have a reduced appetite, and some may seem like voracious eaters. 

Cat GI Lymphoma Stages

Staging has not been shown to predict outcomes for gastrointestinal lymphoma, so many veterinarians do not perform complete staging for cats with this form of cancer. 

Complete staging could involve:

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Chest X-rays
• Fine needle aspirates or biopsies of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen
• Stomach and/or intestinal biopsies
• Bone biopsy

Diagnosing GI Lymphoma in Cats

GI lymphoma may be suspected based on the clinical signs of weight loss, vomiting, and/or diarrhea in an older cat. During abdominal palpation, the veterinarian might notice thickened intestines or intestinal masses. Abdominal ultrasound often shows a thickened intestinal wall or intestinal masses. However, a biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis.

For most private practice veterinarians, biopsies will need to be collected surgically. The veterinarian will enter the abdomen and take several biopsies from the intestines and/or stomach while the pet is under general anesthesia.

Veterinarians with endoscopy may be able to take biopsies from the stomach or upper small intestine using their endoscope. If a mass is present, an ultrasound machine may be used to guide a needle into the mass to take a sample of cells. Biopsies are usually sent to a special pathology lab for interpretation.

Treating GI Lymphoma in Cats

Small cell lymphoma is usually treated at home with an oral steroid called prednisolone and an oral chemotherapy drug called chlorambucil. 

Large cell GI lymphoma is much more aggressive. If there is a single mass, surgery may be considered to remove the mass. Chemotherapy for large cell GI lymphoma usually follows the CHOP protocol, which involves several months of three chemotherapy drugs and prednisolone. This treatment is usually performed by a veterinary oncologist. 

Cost to Treat

The cost to treat will depend on the type of GI lymphoma and the treatment pursued. 

Chemotherapy can cost over $3,000, often ranging from $6,500 to $8,500 for the large cell lymphoma CHOP protocol. If surgery is pursued for an intestinal mass, the cost could range from $1,500 to over $3,000. 

Treatment for small cell lymphoma is generally less costly since medications can be purchased through various pharmacies and administered at home. Your cat will still need to see the veterinarian for regular rechecks and bloodwork.

GI Lymphoma in Cats Prognosis

Small cell GI lymphoma in felines has a better prognosis of two to four years with treatment. In older cats diagnosed with small cell GI lymphoma, they may end up passing away from another condition while undergoing treatment.

Large cell GI lymphoma is aggressive and carries a prognosis of six to nine months, even with treatment. 

How to Prevent GI Lymphoma

At this time, there is no sure way to prevent GI lymphoma in cats. Consider keeping your cat vaccinated and indoors to prevent contraction of FeLV or FIV, which could contribute to the development of other lymphomas. You should also reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.

If your cat is a frequent vomiter or has loose stools, consider seeing a veterinarian. Although it’s not a definitive link, chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract may contribute to the development of GI lymphoma. Inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out and, if present, controlled for your cat’s overall welfare.

Reference

1. Paulin, M.V., Couronné, L., Beguin, J. et al. Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease. BMC Vet Res 14, 306 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5
2. Paulin, Mathieu V et al. “Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease.” BMC veterinary research vol. 14,1 306. 11 Oct. 2018, doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5

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If your cat suffers from hip dysplasia, here’s what you need to know about its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. This article will guide you through the key aspects of hip dysplasia in cats, so you can ensure the best care for your cat.

What Is Cat Hip Dysplasia?

Hip dysplasia in cats is a developmental disease that affects the hip joint. Cats have a hip joint on either side of their pelvis that functions as a ball and socket. In these cat joints, the acetabulum of the pelvis is the socket and the head of the femur is the ball.

Normally, the head of the femur fits snugly within the acetabulum. When a cat has hip dysplasia, often the socket of the pelvis is too shallow. This is the most common trait for cats with hip dysplasia, and it is likely a major contributor to the development of osteoarthritis.

Some cats may have hip joints that are too lax (loose), meaning the joint(s) may partially or completely dislocate. While not a consistent trait for cats, hip laxity is a constant feature of hip dysplasia in dogs.

In cats with hip dysplasia, the top of the femur that connects to the pelvis may also be malformed. Though this change usually happens later in life in cats than it does in dogs.

Over time, a cat with hip dysplasia will experience degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis). While mild or early feline hip dysplasia may not be painful, as arthritis develops, cat hip pain often increases.

Types of Feline Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia can range from mild to severe in cats. Where a cat falls in this continuum depends largely on their clinical signs.

If X-rays reveal evidence of hip dysplasia, but the cat shows no obvious signs, a vet would rate the condition “mild.” In cases deemed “severe,” cats may have difficulty using the stairs or walk hunched over in pain, even though the X-rays don’t look too bad.

What Causes Hip Dysplasia in Cats?

Experts believe genetics play a major role in the incidence of hip dysplasia in cats. The condition is developmental, so it usually begins in young cats. However, hip dysplasia in kittens may go undiagnosed until a cat gets older and shows signs of arthritis.

The condition may also be more common in cats than many might expect. The reported incidence of hip dysplasia in cats ranges from 6.6 up to 32 percent — nearly a third of all cats. (1) The wide range in reported cases could be because cats are better at hiding their symptoms than dogs. Also, in some cases, changes in gait due to cat hip problems may be harder to detect.

Hip dysplasia can occur in any cat, regardless of breed. However, statistics show that purebred cats are more prone to develop hip dysplasia than domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. Cat breeds that have higher incidences of hip dysplasia include:

• Maine Coon
• Persian
• Himalayan

Interestingly, some research has suggested that female cats may be more likely to develop hip dysplasia than male cats. (2,3) One study also suggests that cats with patellar luxation (dislocating kneecaps) may be more likely to have hip dysplasia. (4) This may occur because the patella popping out of place causes rotation of the femur, affecting the hip joint.

Symptoms of Feline Hip Dysplasia

The following are symptoms of hip dysplasia in cats: 

• Decreased activity level
• Reluctance to climb and jump
• Difficulty with stairs
• Difficulty squatting to defecate 
• Lameness in the hindlimbs (often both), which may worsen after exercise
• Walking in a crouched position
• Change in appetite
• Changes to claw-sharpening behavior (e.g., less likely to stretch up on a scratching post)

Diagnosing Cat Hip Dysplasia

Veterinarians typically diagnose hip dysplasia in cats using a physical exam and radiographs (X-rays). During the physical examination, your veterinarian will look for feline hip dysplasia symptoms, including:

• Pain when extending the hip joints
• Crackling or popping when extending the hip joints
• Muscle atrophy (wasting) in the hind end
• Reduced range of motion
• Resistance to hip abduction (pulling leg outwards to the side)
• Subluxation of the hip joint, which is sometimes better assessed when a cat is sedated

X-rays are usually performed on sedated patients to allow for easy positioning and manipulation of the legs. Without sedation, your cat may resist X-rays because of pain or disdain for restraint. 

Hip Dysplasia in Cats Treatment

Treatment for hip dysplasia in felines can be surgical or non-surgical. Non-surgical management of feline hip dysplasia can include:

• altering the cat’s environment
• physical therapy
• a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids
• weight reduction
• nutritional supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin for cats
• pain medications

Some clinics are starting to offer stem cell therapy to help regenerate damaged joint tissue. The procedure uses adult stem cells harvested from your cat’s body. However, it can be costly and is not yet widely available to treat hip issues in cats.

Examples of environmental modifications you can make for a cat with hip dysplasia include:

• Providing stairs or steps so cats can continue to access heights
• Low-edged litter trays
• Providing cat toys and catnips to encourage physical activity
• Having play sessions to encourage physical activity

Physical therapy (PT) is becoming more commonplace for dogs but is less so for cats. Physical therapy for cats might include (but is not limited to):

• Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill)
• Using stairs
• Range of motion exercises
• Massage
• Laser therapy

If you’re interested in PT, ask your vet to refer you to a veterinary therapist specializing in joint pain.

Medication and Pain Relief for Hip Dysplasia in Cats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used to treat pain due to feline hip problems like dysplasia. Examples of NSAIDs used in cats include meloxicam and robenacoxib. These meds help reduce pain and inflammation and improve mobility in cats with arthritis.

Other medications your vet may add to the treatment plan include amantadine, gabapentin, or amitriptyline.

The injectable drug frunevetmab (Solensia) may also be an option for cats with osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia. This medication is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets a pain signal called the nerve growth factor.

Surgery Options for Cats with Hip Dysplasia

Typically, vets only recommend surgical treatment for hip dysplasia in cats after medical treatment has failed. The two main surgical options for cats with hip dysplasia are:

• Femoral Head and Neck Excision (FHNE)
• Total Hip Replacement (THR)

In the FHNE procedure, a surgeon removes the head and neck of the affected femur. This encourages a false joint of fibrous tissue to form, preventing bone-on-bone pain.

Following this surgery, cats typically require intense rehabilitation. Your veterinarian will either provide detailed rehabilitation instructions or refer you to a rehab specialist. Surgical outcomes can be unpredictable for FHNE.

THR surgery is more commonly recommended for dogs; though studies report that cats often have excellent outcomes. However, this surgical procedure is not currently available at most specialty hospitals. 

General Cost of Treatment for Hip Dysplasia

The cost of treating hip dysplasia in felines can vary widely, depending on your vet’s recommendations.

Predictably, managing the condition using medication is much more affordable. Medications to treat cat joint pain due to hip dysplasia are likely to cost around $100 to $200 per month. 

Surgical solutions can get pretty pricey. As a specialty procedure, THR for cats has a much higher cost than FHNE. A one-sided FHNE for a cat generally costs around $1,000 to $1,500. Total hip replacements (both sides) can range from $7,000 to $12,000.

How to Prevent Hip Dysplasia in Cats

Because genetics likely play a role in hip dysplasia, it is not considered a preventable disease. Cats with hip dysplasia should not be bred to prevent passing on the condition. You can slow the progression of disease by keeping your cat at a healthy weight and encouraging physical activity. 

Related Conditions

• Degenerative joint disease or arthritis
• Patellar luxation

References

1. Perry K. “Feline hip dysplasia: A challenge to recognise and treat.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2016;18(3):203-218. doi:10.1177/1098612X16631227
2. Hayes HM, Wilson GP, Burt JK. “Feline hip dysplasia.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1979;5:447–448.
3. Koeppel E, Ebner J. “Hip dysplasia in the cat.” Kleintierpraxis. 1990;35:281–298.
4. Smith GK, Langenbach A, Green PA, Rhodes WH, Gregor TP, Giger U. “Evaluation of the association between medial patellar luxation and hip dysplasia in cats.” J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 Jul 1;215(1):40-45.

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What Is GOLPP in Dogs?

GOLPP stands for Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy. GOLPP is a neurologic condition affecting older dogs that involves the slow degeneration of long nerves in the body. Over time, the nerve degeneration leads to loss of nerve function. Most commonly, changes are noticed in the larynx (voice box), esophagus, and back legs.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves are some of the longest nerves in the dog’s body. These nerves affect the ability of the larynx to open and close when the dog breathes. As a result, dogs with GOLPP develop a condition called laryngeal paralysis where their larynx doesn’t open fully when they breathe air in. Laryngeal paralysis in dogs is often the first sign that’s noticed with GOLPP. The nerves in the esophagus are also commonly affected, causing difficulty swallowing food and water. 

The sciatic nerve is another long nerve in the body, which runs down the back legs. This nerve is often affected as well, resulting in hind end weakness and loss of muscle mass. Over time, other nerves are affected, causing generalized weakness.

Causes of GOLPP

GOLPP in dogs is most common in medium-to-large, geriatric dogs with an average onset of 11 years of age. Labrador Retrievers are the most commonly affected dog breed.

Although the underlying cause of GOLPP isn’t well understood, the fact that some breeds are predisposed implies that genetics play a role.

GOLPP in Dogs Symptoms

GOLPP often starts with symptoms of laryngeal paralysis in dogs, and then progresses to loss of nerve function in the limbs and difficulty swallowing.

The signs of GOLPP include:

• Noisy breathing (stridor), which sometimes sounds raspy
• Coughing and gagging
• Regurgitating food and water
• Exercise and heat intolerance
• Excessive panting
• Changes to how the dog’s bark sounds (sometimes sounds hoarse)
• Hind end weakness, causing difficulty rising or pushing off the back legs
• Loss of muscle mass, especially in the hind end 
• Collapse

GOLPP doesn’t have specific stages, but the signs of laryngeal paralysis are usually noticed first, meaning noisy breathing, excessive panting, gagging, and bark changes. Pet parents should seek veterinary evaluation if they’re noticing these early signs of GOLPP in their dog.

Dogs with laryngeal paralysis and difficulty swallowing have an increased risk of accidentally inhaling water, food, or vomitus. These dogs can develop aspiration pneumonia, which can cause coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, vomiting, and lethargy.

GOLPP Dog Diagnosis

The laryngeal paralysis part of GOLPP is diagnosed with a sedated laryngeal exam. During this procedure, the dog is sedated, and the veterinarian looks into the dog’s mouth with a light to examine the larynx. The veterinarian will be able to see if the larynx opens appropriately when the dog inhales.

The overall diagnosis of GOLPP is usually made when a dog with laryngeal paralysis has progressive loss of neurological function, such as becoming weak in the hind end.

GOLPP Dog Treatment & Management

Many dogs with mild signs of GOLPP live their lives without any treatment. For dogs who do require intervention, it’s more about ongoing management rather than actual treatment. The exception to this is dogs who undergo laryngeal surgery.

Dogs who have laryngeal paralysis that is affecting their breathing significantly may benefit from a surgery called a laryngeal tie-back. The larynx is opened during the surgery, which allows the dog to breathe more effectively.

Dogs who have trouble swallowing may need to be fed in an upright position (such as in a Bailey chair) to reduce the risk of aspiration of food. If your veterinarian recommends using a Bailey chair, make sure to follow their instructions regarding how long your dog needs to remain upright after eating. If a dog with GOLPP develops aspiration pneumonia, they may need to be hospitalized for treatment and monitoring.

Dogs with GOLPP may also benefit from physical therapy to maintain muscle mass. Other things you can do to help your pet include reducing stress, using anti-anxiety medications, limiting exercise and exposure to hot weather, using a harness rather than a collar around the neck, and keeping your pet at a healthy weight.

Cost

The cost of the laryngeal tie-back procedure could range from $3,000 to $6,000. Dogs who have respiratory difficulty or develop aspiration pneumonia may have increased costs. 

Prognosis

GOLPP is not currently curable. The symptoms of GOLPP in dogs will progressively worsen over time. Luckily, the condition is usually slowly progressive. Some dogs will have only mild signs of laryngeal paralysis for years and live a normal lifespan, passing away from an unrelated condition.

If breathing is seriously affected by laryngeal paralysis, laryngeal tie-back surgery may be necessary to improve quality of life.

For dogs who develop the condition when they’re a bit younger or who experience more rapid progression, euthanasia may need to be considered when the condition progresses to severely impact breathing or mobility. Dogs with recurrent episodes of aspiration pneumonia will also have a poorer prognosis.

Ongoing Monitoring

Pet parents will want to monitor their dogs for breathing difficulties, especially after exercise or in the heat. As GOLPP progresses, they may begin to notice hind end weakness and/or difficulty swallowing. If your dog is coughing when eating or drinking, it’s a good idea to speak with a veterinarian. 

Signs of aspiration pneumonia to be on the lookout for include coughing, lethargy, loss of appetite, and vomiting. 

It is best to avoid strenuous activity and prolonged exposure to heat, as these may exacerbate a dog’s difficulty breathing. In some cases, respiratory distress that requires emergent care can develop. 

The progression of GOLPP is often unique to the individual dog. It’s best to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a management and monitoring plan specific to your pet.

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How can you determine if your own dog might benefit from probiotics, though? Here, we share some insights, including signs your dog needs probiotics and tips for choosing the best product for your pup.

Keep in mind that while probiotics are generally considered safe, it’s best to check with your veterinarian first. This is especially important if your dog has a compromised immune system.

What Are Probiotics? Covering the Basics

All dogs have a microbiome, a diverse microscopic ecosystem that harbors trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and their genetic components. These microbes are found throughout the canine body, including on the skin, in the mouth, nose, and reproductive organs. Most, however, live in the gut, where 70 percent of the immune system is contained. Although the canine microbiome is unique to the species (and can differ by individual), scientists have discovered that it’s more similar to ours than previously thought (2).

Current research surrounding probiotics for dogs is focused on bacteria in the gut, where an estimated 200 bacterial species and 900 bacterial strains call home (3). Within the dog gut, these beneficial bacteria perform critical tasks that contribute to overall health (4). They help strengthen the immune system, aid in digesting food for the purpose of manufacturing nutrients, and ward off pathogens that can cause disease.

Given the microbiome’s importance, imbalances can adversely affect not just the gut, but a dog’s overall health. “Some of the ways the microbiome can become unbalanced is from stress and anxiety, antibiotics, and diet changes,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor with Heart + Paw at their Callowhill location in Philadelphia.

Enter probiotics, available in certain dog foods and in supplement form like chews and powders. Scientists speculate that probiotics work, in general, by increasing the number of beneficial bacteria,  displacing those that cause disease. Probiotics for dogs are not a cure-all, but they can help to maintain healthy stools, and aid dogs suffering with a range of maladies, including allergies, oral health, diabetes, and even mood issues.

Types of Probiotics for Dogs

Probiotics for dogs are usually formulated with the same types of beneficial bacteria found in the canine gut, veterinarians say. The bacterial species and strains that have been studied the most for application in pet health belong to the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enteroccocus groups. Examples of probiotic types you may encounter in dog food and supplements include some of the following:

• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Bifidobacterium breve
• Enterococcus faecium (strain SF68)
• Bifidobacterium lactis
• Lactobacillus casei
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strain LGG)
• Bifidobacterium longum (also known as BL999)
• Lactobacillus plantarum

Let’s take a closer look at the research behind some of the dog probiotics currently on the market.

Enterococcus faecium

If your dog suffers from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), you know how difficult it can be to manage, and that it causes an array of discomforting signs like diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Veterinarians think the gut in dogs with IBD doesn’t contain an adequate diversity of beneficial bacteria. In one study, the gut bacterial diversity of IBD pups given E. faecium (strain SF68) was restored to levels comparable to those in healthy dogs (5).

Lactobacillus acidophilus

One study found that including L. acidophilus in dry food significantly improved stool consistency in adult dogs (6). Additionally, the novel strain L. acidophilus MJC175 has been shown to prevent the growth of pathogens that contribute to periodontal disease (7).

Bifidobacterium longum

Dogs given the probiotic B. longum were more apt to explore new environments and less likely to exhibit anxious behaviors like barking, jumping, and spinning (8).

5 Signs Your Dog Needs Probiotics

Probiotics are typically used for dog diarrhea and other tummy troubles like vomiting and excessive gas. It turns out that probiotics for dogs have other applications, too. Here’s a closer look at some possible signs your dog needs probiotics.

Digestive Upset

An upset digestive system, consisting of signs like diarrhea, flatulence, and soft stool, is the most common sign a dog may need a probiotic, Dr. Karwacki says. “A dog’s microbiome (good gut bacteria) is responsible for aiding in food digestion. When the microbiome becomes unbalanced, your dog can have poor digestion.”

Chronic Skin Condition

If your dog can’t stop scratching themselves and is exhibiting other signs like red skin and hair loss associated with an allergic skin condition like atopic dermatitis, it may be related to an imbalanced gut microbiome. Scientists have, in fact, discovered a link between atopic dermatitis and the reduction in certain bacteria in the gut (9). “Your dog’s microbiome also helps to reduce inflammation and create healthy skin,” Dr. Karwacki explains.

Allergic reactions are the immune system’s way of responding to pathogens. Other types of allergies in dogs include flea allergy dermatitis and food allergies. Dog allergies can lead to secondary issues, such as yeast infections or ear infections. In addition to avoiding offending allergens, dogs with allergies should maintain a strong immune system, which incorporates proper gut health. Given that the gut contains at least 70 percent of the immune system, it’s in a prime position to ward off yeast and other pathogens.

Behavioral Disorder

An imbalanced microbiome has been linked to behavioral issues leading to anxiety, Dr. Karwacki says. Scientists say that because the brain and gut communicate with each other, beneficial bacteria in the gut can help with mental and emotional issues (8). The gut actually makes most of the body’s serotonin, the chemical associated with mood and sleep (10).

Frequent Antibiotic Use

Probiotics are useful if a dog has been placed on antibiotics, especially for a prolonged period of time, says Dr. Jerry Klein, DVM, chief veterinarian at the American Kennel Club.

“Probiotics help balance the gut by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria by competing for the same nutrients and resources,” he explains. “Boosting the populations of helpful bacteria limits the nutrients available for the bad bacteria and reduces their numbers to levels that your dog can tolerate better.”

Obesity

Gut health plays a role in metabolism, so an imbalanced microbiome can contribute to dog obesity. In fact, dogs receiving Enterococcus faecium (strain IDCC 2102) and Bifidobacterium lactis (IDCC 4301) in concert with a high-fat diet, had a reduction in body fat (11).

Other reasons your dog may benefit from probiotics include:

• Frequent infections
• General immune support
• Support for a weakened immune system (Care should be used with dogs who have severely weakened immune systems.)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Bad breath
• Poor coat quality

There’s a reason why dog probiotics are so important for good health. “Gut health affects nutrient digestion and absorption, energy metabolism, immune modulation, brain health, and joint health,” says Dr. Lisa Pinn McFaddin, an associate veterinarian with Caring Hands Animal Hospital in Bristow, Virginia. “Dysfunction in any one of these systems can lead to the previously listed conditions. The presence of the above conditions indicates inherent microbiome imbalance,” Dr. McFaddin adds.

Ultimately, “The immune system is stronger when the microbiome is healthy. If your dog is having constant sickness, a probiotic may be needed,” Dr. Karwacki offers.

How to Choose the Right Probiotic for Your Dog

Increased competition in the pet probiotics market has brought more products to store shelves. Though variety can be a wonderful thing, it’s important to keep in mind that not all dog probiotics are equal. Here are some veterinarian-recommended tips to help you choose the best probiotic for your pup.

Start with Your Veterinarian

Giving your dog a probiotic (or any supplement) may mask symptoms of a more serious illness. “And you don’t want to miss treating something in your dog,” Dr. Karwacki says. For example, a yeast infection can be the result of Cushing’s disease or hypothyroidism, which require specific courses of treatment.

You’ll also want guidance from your veterinarian if your dog’s immune system is compromised (8), as it may not be able to tolerate the increased influx of bacteria.

Select the Correct Bacterial Strains and Number of CFUs

Veterinarians recommend choosing a probiotic from the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus groups.

Also look for an adequate number of colony forming units (CFUs), which are the number of bacterial organisms found in a product. “Personally, the more the merrier,” says Dr. McFaddin, who has a special interest in integrative and rehabilitative medicine. “To a certain extent the use of probiotics is a numbers game. The goal is repopulation of the gut with higher numbers of healthy gut bacteria. So, to me, it would stand to reason the more strains and the higher the CFUs, the greater the chance of a beneficial response,” she says.

Veterinarians recommend products that contain between 1 and 10 billion CFUs per day (8).

Stick With Trustworthy Brands

Given that supplements aren’t regulated by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, quality control can be an issue. “Consumers and veterinarians must ensure the manufacturers of the products they use follow good manufacturing practices, have excellent quality control, and can provide data supporting these practices if asked,” Dr. McFaddin says. She recommends using products that carry the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) quality seal to help ensure safety and effectiveness.

Prebiotics Can Make a Difference

Prebiotics are the fiber that bacteria (including beneficial ones) eat for their survival. “The presence (or concurrent administration) of prebiotics within the probiotics can impact the efficacy of the probiotic,” Dr. McFaddin says. Ask your veterinarian if prebiotic supplementation is appropriate for your dog.

Use Probiotics Made Specifically for Dogs

Although it may be tempting to give your dog some of your yogurt (which can be high in sugar) or one of your own probiotic supplements, veterinarians recommend giving them dog probiotics. While the dog microbiome may be more similar to ours than previously thought, it’s still different enough to warrant probiotics formulated to meet their unique needs.

References:

1. Pet Probiotics Market Size, Share, Industry, Forecast and Outlook (2023-2030). (2024, January). Data Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.datamintelligence.com/research-report/pet-probiotics-market
2. Coelho, L., Kultima, J., etal. (2018, April). Microbiome Journal. Similarity of the dog and human gut microbiomes in gene content and response to diet. Retrieved from https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0450-3
3. Suchodolski, J. (2011, March. Intestinal Microbiota of Dogs and Cats: a Bigger World than We Thought. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132526/
4. The Amazing World of the Canine Gut Microbiome. (2020, May). Morris Animal Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/article/amazing-world-canine-gut-microbiome
5. Chandler, M. (2018). Probiotics: Not All Created Equal. From World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress Proceedings, 2018. In Veterinary Information Network. Retrieved from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=22915&catId=124642&id=8896543
6. Marelli, S., Fusi, Eleonora, etal. (2020, August). Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) on the nutritional and health status of boxer dogs. The Veterinary Record. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7456698/
7. You, H., Mahiddine, F. (2022, September). Lactobacillus acidophilus novel strain, MJCD175, as a potential probiotic for oral health in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.946890/full
8. The power of probiotics. (n.d.). Dogwatch newsletter. In Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/health-info/power-probiotics
9. Rostaher, A., Morsy, Y., etal. (2022, September). Comparison of the Gut Microbiome between Atopic and Healthy Dogs—Preliminary Data. Animals. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9495170/
10. Chiochetti, R., Galiazzo, G., etal. (2022, January). Localization of the Serotonin Transporter in the Dog Intestine and Comparison to the Rat and Human Intestines. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8766808/
11. American Society for Microbiology. (2024, January). Probiotics promote weight loss in obese dogs. In Science Daily. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/01/240129182338.htm

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It can be hard for pet parents to know if a cat vomiting clear liquid is serious, so let’s get into it. Learn about possible causes of clear cat vomit and what you should do if your cat is puking clear liquid. 

Cat Vomiting Clear Liquid: Immediate Next Steps

Not only is your cat vomiting clear liquid, but now you’ve got a mess on your hands. Let’s go over the immediate steps to take.

Step 1: Check on your cat. Are they acting normal? If so, you can usually monitor at home. Plan to contact your veterinarian if the problem persists. If they’re acting abnormal, such as repeatedly vomiting or acting lethargic, call a veterinarian. 

Step 2: As gross as it may sound, take a picture of your cat’s vomit. You can show this to your veterinarian or potentially use the image for a telemedicine consult.

Step 3: Use paper towels to remove excess vomit. It’s better to scoop than to push down into the carpet.

Step 4: Wet the area with cold water and then blot it with a dry paper towel.

Step 5: Saturate the area with a store-bought or homemade carpet cleaner. Agitate the area by scrubbing with a towel or cleaning brush. Blot dry.

Step 6: Sprinkle a little baking soda on the area, making sure to keep pets and children away while it dries.

Step 7: Once the area is dry, you can vacuum up the baking soda.

Make sure to wash your hands with soap after handling your cat’s vomit.

13 Possible Causes of Clear Cat Vomit

Your cat’s clear vomit could look like watery liquid, clear foamy liquid, or clear stringy mucus. Sometimes the clear vomit may have a yellow tinge to the color because of the presence of bile and stomach acid. 

The causes of clear cat vomit can range from a little stomach upset to much more serious issues. We’ve listed causes below and other signs to watch for.

Empty stomach

Your cat will usually act normal but vomit shortly before their expected mealtime. They’ll still eat when food is presented.

Parasites

Cats with stomach worms are called “happy pukers” because they act normal despite occasional or frequent vomiting. Other parasites like giardia sometimes cause vomiting. Additional signs of parasitism could include diarrhea or loose stools, visible worms in stools, and weight loss.

Indigestion or food intolerance

Like us, sometimes our cats eat something that doesn’t sit well with them. You can also cause stomach upset by switching your cat’s food too rapidly rather than slowly over seven to 10 days. Other signs to watch for include decreased appetite and diarrhea. 

Infectious diseases

Some infectious diseases, like feline coronavirus (not the same as COVID-19) or panleukopenia, can also cause vomiting of clear liquid. These diseases are more common in young cats, unvaccinated cats, cats who go outside, and cats who spend a lot of time in social settings like a cattery or animal shelter. The cat usually has other signs of disease, such as diarrhea, poor appetite, and lethargy.

Constipation

When your cat is constipated, they may vomit because secretions from their stomach or intestines can’t pass through their gastrointestinal tract. Other signs include lethargy, straining in the litterbox, appetite loss, and a bloated appearance.

Obstruction in the stomach or intestines

If your cat eats something they shouldn’t, like a string or a piece of a toy, it can cause a blockage in their stomach and/or intestines. You’ll usually notice them vomiting multiple times, acting lethargic, losing their appetite, and potentially having diarrhea.

Diabetes

Cats with uncontrolled diabetes may vomit clear liquid. Other signs of diabetes include weight loss and excessive drinking or urination. Cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a medical emergency, may repeatedly vomit, act lethargic, become dehydrated, and lie next to their water bowl. Diabetes is more common in overweight, middle-aged to older cats.

Kidney disease

Besides vomiting, other signs to watch for include weight loss, excessive urination and thirst, dehydration, and decreased appetite. Kidney disease is more common in older cats.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a common senior cat health issue that can cause the cat to vomit clear liquid or clear foamy liquid. Cats with hyperthyroidism often lose weight despite a normal or increased appetite. You can also notice an unkempt appearance, drinking and peeing more than normal, increased activity, behavioral changes like aggression, and soft stools or diarrhea.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas can come on suddenly or be a long-standing issue for a cat. Aside from frequent vomiting, the cat may also have a poor appetite, act lethargic, have diarrhea, and react painfully to being picked up.

Liver or gallbladder disease

Vomiting is a common sign of liver or gallbladder issues in cats. Other signs of liver or gallbladder issues can include acting lethargic, appetite loss, drinking and peeing excessively, and diarrhea. With severe disease, you may see yellowing of the gums and whites of eyes (jaundice) or your pet may act disoriented or have seizures.

Urinary obstruction

If your cat can’t urinate, toxins build up in their system and cause vomiting. Your cat will usually act lethargic, lose their appetite, and repeatedly try to urinate. Classically, the cat is standing in the litter box yowling while they try to urinate. 

Cancer

A wide variety of cancer types can cause your cat to vomit clear liquid, and the signs may vary depending on what kind of cancer your pet has and how aggressive it is. In some cases, your cat may be acting normal aside from vomiting clear liquid and weight loss. In other cases, your cat could have other signs like diarrhea or changes to appetite.

Treatment

If your cat is vomiting before meals, consider feeding smaller, more frequent meals to prevent the build-up of stomach acid. For cats with frequent hairballs, there are diets and supplements (like Vetoquinol’s Laxatone) you can give to help move things along in the intestinal tract.

Make sure you’re not feeding spoiled or expired food. If you suspect your pet is experiencing stomach upset, you could speak with your veterinarian to see if they recommend feeding a bland diet for a few days. You should also keep your pet on regular parasite preventives. Always provide water at all times.

If your cat’s vomiting occurs frequently and at random times of day but they otherwise act normal, you should set a veterinary appointment. Frequent vomiting is not normal in cats. If your cat has other symptoms, like diarrhea, weight loss, or excessive drinking, contact your veterinarian.

Signs that your pet needs to go to the emergency veterinarian include:

• Repeated vomiting with loss of appetite
• Severe vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Blood in the vomit or in diarrhea
• Lying next to a water bowl due to excessive thirst
• Lethargy or collapse
• Disorientation or seizures
• Sunken eyes or prolonged skin tent (dehydration)
• Jaundice
• Straining and/or vocalizing in the litter box with no urine or feces produced
• Abdominal pain that causes yowling or aggression when the cat is picked up

My Take on Clear Cat Vomit

So, what’s the overall gist for clear cat vomit? 

If your cat vomits once and is acting normal, you’re good to monitor at home. But if your cat is regularly vomiting clear liquid, puking multiple times throughout the day, or having other signs like a loss of appetite or diarrhea, this is more concerning to me. You should contact your veterinarian as soon as possible so they can help your cat get back to feeling good. 

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So why do dogs rub their face and what should you do about it? Here’s what you need to know.

Dog Face Rubbing: What’s Normal?

Dog face rubbing is less common than it is in cats. However, that doesn’t mean that dogs never rub their face on stuff.

Dogs may rub their face for medically unconcerning reasons, such as scratching a quick itch, displaying affection, scent marking, or enjoying the smell of something stinky. 

Happy dogs may rub their faces in the grass when they’re let outside, adds Leslie Sinn, DVM, DACVB, who runs Behavior Solutions in Ashburn, Virginia. But typically, that behavior is not so face-focused. The dog is sort of rubbing their whole body over the grass, including their back and belly, when they’re feeling excited and playful.

When your dog is fixated on rubbing their face, however, it’s most likely a sign that something isn’t quite right. One way to test this is to try and distract your dog with food or a favorite toy, suggests Elizabeth Drake, DVM, DACVD, a veterinary dermatologist and associate professor at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. Think about whether your dog is food-motivated or play-motivated when choosing an appropriate distraction. If the distraction doesn’t work, and your dog continues to rub their face, it could be indicative of pain or discomfort.

Some dogs may vocalize while scratching or rubbing their face, which could provide another clue that there is a physical ailment causing the behavior, Dr. Drake adds.

Why Do Dogs Rub Their Face?

Dogs may rub their face on furniture, the carpet, or other surfaces for a variety of reasons, such as allergies, external parasites, infections, or pain. 

Dogs often rub their faces because they are itchy. Allergies are one of the most common causes of itching in dogs. If you tend to see a seasonal pattern in this type of behavior, it’s likely a sign that environmental allergies are the culprit, Dr. Sinn says. “If an owner reports a spike in the fall, the cause is probably grasses. In the spring, it’s tree pollen,” she adds.

If your dog has allergies, you may notice them excessively rubbing their face with their paws or against surfaces that create an easy, soothing friction to help relieve the itch. Dr. Sinn says it can be fairly easy to identify because it’s not a playful behavior. Terriers and Golden Retrievers seem to be especially cursed with allergic itch, Dr. Sinn says. “They really seem to have a tough time with allergies.”

External parasites, including fleas, sarcoptic mites, and ear mites, can also make dogs excessively itchy. Some dogs are hypersensitive to flea bites and experience a more severe reaction than other dogs. Mosquito bites and tick bites can also trigger itching and inflammation. 

If your dog appears to be pawing at or rubbing their eye on objects, this could be a sign of an eye allergy, eye infection, or another eye issue, such as ulcers or eyelids rolling inward (entropion). Similarly, if your dog appears to be focused on rubbing their ears, they could have an ear infection. 

Oral health problems, such as dental disease or infection in the lip folds, could also compel your dog to paw at their face or rub their mouth, Dr. Drake says. Other signs of dental problems in dogs include bad breath, red or swollen gums, swelling on the face, and decreased appetite.  “If the pet is only rubbing one side of the face and not both sides,” she says, “that implies something on that side of the face is causing discomfort, and thorough examination is indicated.”

Some pet parents may mistake head pressing in dogs as face rubbing. This is when a dog presses their head against a wall or other object, and is often due to a brain issue. Head pressing requires immediate medical attention. 

Why Does My Dog Rub His Face on Me?

Some dogs just like to be scratched and rubbed in general. Your dog may rub their face on you, — leaning in for scratching and petting. If pet parents reinforce the behavior, they may see an increase in the behavior, Dr. Sinn says.

In that case, Dr. Sinn says a dog rubbing their face on you is only really a problem if it becomes a nuisance. “If they’re nudging you to be rubbed, they’re seeking attention,” she says. “So if you reinforce it all the time and pet him whenever he rubs up against you, it’s going to get to the point where the dog gets insistent and may begin really hassling you to be rubbed.”

Your dog may simply rest their muzzle in your lap or alongside of you, rather than rub their face on you. “Your dog is probably just saying, ‘It’s time to pay me attention,’” Dr. Sinn says. 

The best way to still be affectionate when your dog is asking for pets or rubs like this is to ask them to do something else — sit or a trick, for example — before they’re rewarded with a pet, Dr. Sinn says. 

Face Rubbing in Dogs: Next Steps

If your dog is excessively rubbing their face, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Once your veterinarian identifies the cause, you can determine the best course of action.

If your dog has environmental allergies, for example, your veterinarian may prescribe a dog allergy medication to help alleviate and manage your dog’s symptoms. One easy-to-administer option is Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets), a fast-acting oral medication you give your dog once a day to relieve allergic itch and inflammation.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

In some cases, your veterinarian may suggest dog allergy testing to identify the offending allergens, Dr. Sinn says. There are blood (serum) and skin exposure (intradermal) tests available, but skin testing is the gold standard, she says. Skin testing is when small amounts of allergens are individually injected under the skin to assess for reactions. If a food allergy is suspected, your veterinarian may recommend an allergy food trial, which involves exclusively feeding an allergy diet for eight weeks.

In the case of external parasites, your veterinarian will collect skin samples to check for mites and other parasites under a microscope. This is called skin scraping. Ear mite treatments for dogs may include ear drops and oral or topical anti-parasitics. If your dog has a flea infestation, treatment will include flea medicine, medicated shampoo, and environmental cleaning to eliminate fleas from the home. Year-round flea and tick control is recommended for dogs.

For suspected eye issues, your veterinarian will perform an eye (ophthalmic) exam and other eye (ocular) tests to pinpoint the issue. Eye tests may include staining the eye to look for ulcers, a Schirmer tear test to assess tear production, or bacterial or viral cultures to rule out infection. Depending on the cause, your dog may be prescribed eye drops, eye ointment, or oral medication to help alleviate symptoms. Dogs rub at eye problems so much that it’s highly likely your veterinarian will recommend using an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) to prevent your dog from rubbing. 

If your dog is scratching and shaking their head, your veterinarian will examine the external ear and also use an otoscope to look inside your dog’s ear canal. They will then take a sample of your dog’s ear debris with a swab and review it under a microscope to check for mites, bacteria or yeast overgrowth. Ear infection treatment will depend on the underlying cause but may include topical medication or ear drops.

If your veterinarian suspects oral pain, they will look inside your dog’s mouth and feel around the facial area. They may take dental X-rays (radiographs) to make a more accurate assessment. To take dental X-rays, your dog will need to be sedated. Most oral causes of pain require treatment, such as dental cleaning, tooth extraction, or root canals. Oral antibiotics like clindamycin may also be prescribed.

If your dog is pressing their head, as opposed to rubbing their face, they will require a neurologic exam. They will likely be referred to a neurologist for a cerebrospinal fluid tap (CSF) and MRI.

It’s possible for face rubbing to become so frequent and intense that your dog opens up their skin, which could lead to secondary infections, or starts losing fur in a specific area, Dr. Sinn says. This is another reason why you should always pay attention to your dog’s behavior, trust your instincts when something doesn’t seem right, and seek prompt veterinary treatment.

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If you see this, your dog may be experiencing an intense but brief bout of head pain that occurs when eating or drinking something cold. This is referred to as brain freeze or an ice cream headache. While this sensation is known to occur in people, experts say it can happen in dogs, too. 

Here’s what you need to know about dog brain freeze.

Can Dogs Get Brain Freeze?

Do dogs get ice cream headaches? Yes, they most likely do. 

According to Dr. Lisa Lippman, director of virtual medicine at Bond Vet, brain freeze is “not a studied phenomenon in dogs.” This makes it difficult to definitively know what is going on in a dog’s body. However, she says it makes sense that dogs experience brain freeze like humans do since “anatomy-wise, we’re really extremely similar.” 

Dr. Andrea Johnston, a board-certified small animal veterinary internist and medical board member at The Vets, takes a corresponding view, noting the anatomical similarities between dogs and humans.

“Dogs have similar nerve endings in their mouths that can react to cold temperatures,” Dr. Johnston says. “Dogs may exhibit discomfort or sudden reactions when they consume something very cold, indicating they could be experiencing a sensation akin to brain freeze.”

However, Dr. Johnston adds that “since dogs can’t communicate their sensations like humans, the exact experience may differ.”

What Causes Brain Freeze?

Brain freeze usually happens when a person or dog consumes a cold drink or food item quickly, which causes a reaction in the blood vessels and nerves.

“When a dog consumes something cold rapidly, the sudden temperature change can cause the blood vessels in their mouth to constrict and then rapidly dilate,” Dr. Johnston says.

This expansion of blood vessels sends a signal to highly sensitive nerves in the roof of the mouth.

“When those nerves signal a sudden change in temperature, it almost registers as pain — and it can feel like a sudden headache,” Dr. Lippman says.

Dog Brain Freeze Symptoms

What do dogs do when they get an ice cream headache? For one thing, a dog may no longer want to eat the cold treat they were rapturously consuming a second ago. But there are other signs as well.

According to Dr. Johnston, dog brain freeze symptoms can include:

• Suddenly stopping eating or drinking
• Shaking the head
• Pawing at the mouth
• Whining
• Briefly avoiding the cold food or drink
• Exhibiting a confused or uncomfortable expression

How to Help Dogs with Brain Freeze

If you think your dog is experiencing brain freeze, there are ways to help them. The first and most obvious thing to do is to take away the cold drink or food.

“If you suspect your dog has a brain freeze, remove the cold item immediately and allow them to rest in a comfortable environment,” Dr. Johnston says. “Offer room temperature water to help normalize their mouth temperature and soothe any discomfort.” Do not remove the item if your pet has food aggression.

Can brain freeze ever lead to a dog fainting or having a seizure? The short answer is no. This does not happen in healthy dogs without underlying conditions. 

“Brain freeze itself typically does not lead to fainting or seizures in dogs,” says Dr. Johnston. “However, if a dog shows severe signs like collapse, prolonged disorientation, or seizure-like activity after consuming something cold, it could indicate a different health issue and requires immediate veterinary attention.”

Dr. Lippman says there are also certain conditions that may mimic dog brain freeze.

“There are other things that could potentially look like it — like headaches, other neurologic conditions, or dental pain. Or foreign bodies in the mouth.”

However, Dr. Lippman says what distinguishes brain freeze from other conditions is the simple fact that brain freeze happens after a dog consumes something cold — and that it doesn’t persist.

“It lasts a very short period and then your dog would return to normal,” Dr. Lippman says.

Preventing Dog Brain Freeze

Can pet parents do anything to prevent their dogs from getting brain freeze? Dr. Johnston says there are several things you can try. 

“Offer cold treats gradually or allow them to thaw slightly before giving them to your dog,” she says. “When using a Kong or similar toy, use softer fillings like room-temperature peanut butter or yogurt instead of very cold substances. This helps minimize the risk of discomfort from sudden cold exposure.”

Of course, the possibility of brain freeze shouldn’t stop you from giving your dog cold treats to begin with, especially if your dog loves the occasional ice cream on a hot summer day.

“I think everything in moderation,” Dr. Lippman says. “But it’s a great, fun treat for them.”

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We asked dog experts to weigh in on some signs your dog is bored, what causes boredom in dogs, and how to keep a dog from being bored. Since signs of boredom can mimic other behavioral and physical conditions, we recommend consulting with your veterinarian if your canine companion is out of sorts.

Do Dogs Actually Get Bored?

The short answer is yes, though there’s also more to it. “It’s not clear whether animals feel ‘bored’ in the same way that people do,” says Dr. Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon. Given that dogs have unique cognitive needs and don’t perceive time the same way we do, boredom is not something that can easily be measured in human terms.

Dogs do, however, benefit from enrichment, Dr. Parthasarathy says. “Enrichment can take several forms, including mental stimulation, exercise, environmental enrichment, or social enrichment.” 

Bored dogs who don’t receive adequate enrichment may start to sleep more or engage in repetitive behaviors like chewing, pacing, or barking. Although these behaviors can be indicative of other problems like separation anxiety, fear, or a health issue, they’re also linked to boredom (1). An estimated 16 percent of dogs are known to engage in repetitive behaviors, and it’s often triggered by frustration, stress, or boredom.

Breed type can indeed play a role in boredom, though any dog can become bored. 

“Understanding typical breed traits will likely give people a sense of what their dog’s needs might be, but there will always be exceptions and pet owners should observe and learn about the dog in front of them rather than relying on breed stereotypes,” says Anna Wong, a Karen Pryor Academy-certified dog trainer who owns Mutts Have Fun: Training You and Your Dog in Oakland, California.

In general terms, some breeds are more prone to boredom. One study, for example, found that breeds most closely related to wolves (like the Akita, Samoyed, and Siberian Husky) who were left alone at home and didn’t have backyard access, exhibited destructive and repetitive behaviors consistent with what we understand as boredom (2). High-energy breeds and active individuals may need more enrichment and stimulation to stave off behaviors associated with boredom.

How to Tell if a Dog Is Bored: 7 Signs

While any of the following can be signs your dog is bored, they can also signal a health or behavior problem. If these are new behaviors, have increased in frequency or severity, or you’re in doubt, it’s best to consult your veterinarian.

Pacing and Restlessness

When pacing becomes frequent or compulsive, boredom may be a factor. “It’s often said that a tired dog is a well-behaved dog,” says Bradley Phifer, executive director of the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers. “When our dogs don’t receive enough mental and physical exercise tailored to their specific needs, they resort to behaviors we’d rather they didn’t.” Pacing may be a way for your dog to release all that excess energy and anxiety.

Chewing on Furniture and Other Objects

Chewing is a natural behavior in dogs, especially in puppies, who teethe to help ease their sore gums, similar to human babies. Compulsive chewing that isn’t typical of certain breeds may be one of the signs your dog is bored. “In general, if a dog doesn’t have a direction to put their energy, they will do it in whatever way(s) they have available to them,” Dr. Parthasarathy says.

Excessive Barking and Vocalization

Barking is an innate behavior in dogs that facilitates communication. Some breeds, like Beagles and Icelandic Sheepdogs, are typically more vocal. Persistent barking for no apparent reason, however, can indicate a lack of stimulation, Phifer says. “Dogs are highly receptive to learning through their interactions with people, often adapting their behaviors to gain attention or access to desired outcomes.”

Excessively Licking the Floor

When you accidentally drop a tasty piece of food on the floor, your dog will likely lick it up on cue. Licking the floor becomes a potential problem when it lasts longer than a few minutes, is habitual, or is happening more frequently. It’s a repetitive behavior that signals something may be amiss.

Excessive Digging

Digging is inherent to certain breeds, Phifer says. “For instance, Terriers have a natural inclination to dig, rooted in their historical role.” Digging habitually, however, can indicate a lack of stimulation,” Phifer adds. A bored dog who is left alone will find an available way to keep occupied. If left outdoors, that can translate to excessive digging. 

Stealing and Rummaging

Changes in a dog’s environment can result in boredom. Say, for example, a favorite human is working longer hours and doesn’t demonstrate the typical level of attention to the dog. In these cases, the dog may find a way to seek attention in other ways. This can take the form of stealing items and running away with them to get attention or to start a fun game, Wong says.

Sleep Disturbances

A healthy dog typically sleeps between 8 and 14 hours a day, not including lounging time. Bored dogs, however, might be inclined to sleep the entire day away. A study in the Journal of Veterinary Behavior provides evidence for this hypothesis (3). It found that dogs kept in a sterile facility slept about 20 percent more than dogs kept in an environment with enrichment. 

Reasons a Dog Might Be Bored

Most bored dogs typically aren’t receiving adequate mental, physical, environmental, or social enrichment, our experts say. 

“Lack of opportunity to engage in proper exercise, sniffing, mental stimulation, foraging, hunting, digging, play, and other social interactions may lead to what we’d label as boredom,” Wong says.

Changes in a dog’s routine or a reduction in the amount of attention you show your dog can lead to boredom. For example, maybe you’ve recently introduced a new pet or baby to the home or are working away from home more often.  

Even enrichment that’s not suited to the dog’s temperament can cause boredom, Dr. Parthasarathy says. “For example, food interactive toys may not be mentally stimulating for a dog who has a gastrointestinal disorder.”

How to Stop Boredom in Dogs

If your dog seems sad and bored, first rule out any health or other behavior problems. “It’s crucial to distinguish between normal breed behaviors and signs of boredom, while also being vigilant for any sudden or unusual behavior that could signal underlying health issues, such as gastrointestinal distress,” Phifer says. 

Once you’re certain there are no other significant health issues at play, there are certain techniques you can try to alleviate the boredom. Our experts offer tips on how to keep a dog from being bored. 

Customize Your Dog’s Activities

Tailoring activities to your dog’s preferences and instincts is key, Phifer says. “For example, Sighthounds thrive on chasing, so engaging them with a flirt pole can be enriching. Beagle owners might consider hiking on nature trails, while herding dog enthusiasts could explore activities like Treibball.”

Make Training Fun

Training tires the brain and builds skills that often enhance the dog-human bond, Wong says. “If you make training fun for you and your dog, it can be a way to meet several goals: stave off boredom for your dog, build your relationship, engage the brain, and build skills that help you both live more enriched lives in the long run.”

Review Your Dog’s Exercise Plan

A good exercise regimen incorporates quantity and quality, Wong says. For example, going on nature hikes, or “allowing your dog to stop and sniff, roll in the grass, dig, or simply lay down and enjoy the sun may help meet your dog’s needs more than adding time or distance.” 

More exercise is not always necessarily better, however. “It’s not always the case that a tired dog is a good dog,” Dr. Parthasarathy says. “Many of my patients are not taken on walks, for example, because it creates other issues because of overarousal or exposure to fear-provoking stimuli.”

Make sure to get your exercise plan approved by your veterinarian, especially for young dogs that are still developing, dogs with flat snouts (brachycephalic dogs like Pugs), and dogs with chronic health conditions like heart disease or arthritis.

Try Puzzles and Games

Wong likes games like Find it, where you set up treat searches in the house, yard, or safe public spaces. “You can also toss a handful of kibble or treats into the grass for your dog to sniff out.” Interactive dog puzzle toys are another great boredom buster to consider.

Incorporate Play Sessions

Playdates with other dogs can be a good way to alleviate boredom. It’s essential, however, to provide choice for your dog, Wong says. “They (and all playmates) should be able to ‘opt in and opt out’ of the interactions.” It’s also essential to “identify suitable playmates, and teach your dog safe, appropriate play skills,” Wong adds. Also be mindful of diseases like canine influenza and distemper that can be spread in social settings. Make sure your dog is up to date on their vaccines before participating in social events.

Provide Acceptable Chew Toys

Really hard chew toys can cause tooth fractures. Acceptable chew toys should have some flexibility or you should be able to indent the surface with a fingernail. Keep in mind that dogs who are left unattended are at risk of swallowing a part of a chew toy.

Let Your Dog Watch Television

This could be a good strategy for alleviating boredom, though Wong recommends observing the impact TV has on your dog’s behavior. “Some dogs react to dogs or animals on TV by lunging or barking. If this is the case, watching those animals on TV may cause frustration, fear or overarousal, and this may not be appropriate. Other dogs may not even notice the TV is on.”

For other ideas, check out our guide on how to keep pets busy at home.

References:

1. Sulkama, Sini et al. “Aggressiveness, ADHD-like behaviour, and environment influence repetitive behaviour in dogs.” Scientific reports vol. 12,1 3520. 24 Mar. 2022, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07443-6
2. Wójcik, Anna, and Kinga Powierża. “The Influence of Breed, Sex, Origin and Housing Conditions on Undesirable Behaviors in Ancient Dog Breeds.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 11,5 1435. 17 May. 2021, doi:10.3390/ani11051435
3. Zanghi, Brian & Kerr, Wendell & de Rivera, Christina & Araujo, Joseph & Milgram, Norton. (2012). Effect of age and feeding schedule on diurnal rest/activity rhythms in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 7. 339–347. 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.01.004.

The post Do Dogs Get Bored? 7 Signs and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although there are certainly things you can do to treat itching in cats and dogs once you notice the excessive scratching, you can also take a proactive approach to warding off itch in pets who are predisposed.

Itchy Pet Prevention: Is It Possible?

You may not realize it, but you’re likely performing a few methods of itch prevention for your pet already, such as administering parasite preventives or keeping up on your pet’s grooming. But for a lot of pets, itch prevention tactics are put in place after an episode of intense itchiness. For example, while you can’t necessarily prevent your pet from developing allergies, you may be looking for tactics to prevent another flare-up after having watched your pet endure the itch of allergic dermatitis.

How to Help Prevent Itching in Dogs and Cats: 8 Methods to Try

To prevent itching in dogs and cats, consider the following tips.

Keep your pet on year-round parasite prevention

Flea infestations and flea allergy dermatitis are among the leading causes of itchiness for both dogs and cats. Several other parasites, such as ticks, sarcoptic mites (scabies), or lice, can also cause intense itching in pets.

Year-round parasite prevention is recommended for both dogs and cats. The geographic ranges and active months for parasites are expanding due to global warming, making fleas and ticks an increasingly widespread and year-round issue.

Options may include oral medications, topical medications, or collars. Your veterinarian will help you pick out the best options for your pet.

Try skin and coat supplements

Skin and coat supplements may help promote a healthy skin barrier, reducing itching. One supplement that’s commonly recommended for dogs and cats with skin issues is omega-3 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids are an important part of the structure of healthy cells. While they’re not particularly useful for acute flares of itchiness, they can become part of the management strategy for pets with environmental allergies and several other skin conditions.

You should always speak with your veterinarian before adding a supplement to your pet’s daily diet. Make sure the skin and coat supplement you choose is appropriate for your dog or cat. Dosages may vary between species.

Feed a prescription diet for pets with allergies

For pets with food allergies, prescription diets are often the first line of defense for preventing flare-ups. These diets come in the form of hydrolyzed protein diets, novel protein diets, or limited-ingredient diets. Allergy diets either have the proteins broken into smaller, more digestible forms, or they don’t contain the ingredients that the pet is allergic to. 

Most allergy diets require a veterinary prescription to purchase. Your veterinarian can help you determine if your pet has food allergies and discuss a trial of a cat or dog food to prevent itchy skin.

Keep up with grooming

Your long-haired cat or thick-coated dog might require daily brushing. Fur matting can lead to skin inflammation, itchiness, and pain. By brushing your pet’s fur and preventing the development of mats, you help to avoid the itchiness and discomfort associated with mats. Regular grooming can also help you identify issues which might cause itching, such as a flea infestation or the presence of ticks.

Consider medicated shampoos

Pets with specific skin conditions may benefit from medicated baths. For example, pets with seborrhea may benefit from an anti-seborrheic shampoo. Oatmeal shampoo may be soothing for pets with frequently irritated skin.

Cats notoriously don’t like baths. Speak with your veterinarian if you’re considering bathing your cat to see if it would be beneficial. 

Try acupuncture for pets

Acupuncture is part of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM). There is some evidence that acupuncture may help to prevent allergies and infections through its impacts on the immune system. Though acupuncture isn’t often used as a sole method for itch prevention and isn’t offered by most conventional veterinarians, this is a consideration for families who have an interest in TCVM. 

Consider how to manage the home environment to reduce allergens

Environmental allergies are common in both dogs and cats. Indoor allergens, such as dust mites, can contribute to your pet’s allergies. You can help to reduce allergens in the home through frequent vacuuming (daily), regular air filter replacement (every one to two months), and frequent washing of bedding and blankets (weekly).

Manage your pet’s exposure to plants outside

Outdoor plants (specifically pollens) can contribute to pet allergies and itchy skin. Obviously, you can’t completely control the outdoors, but there are steps you can take to reduce potential exposure. If you know what plants trigger your pet’s allergies, particularly if it’s a contact allergy, you can remove the plant from your yard. If your pet is allergic to specific pollens, consider keeping the windows of your home closed when that plant’s pollen activity is high. You might also keep your pet inside after mowing the lawn. Allergy shots can also be a good idea for pets with allergies to outdoor plants.

What to Do If Your Cat or Dog Is Itchy

Sometimes, even your best efforts may not completely cut out your dog or cat’s itch. If you notice that your pet is itching a lot, there are medical interventions your veterinarian can prescribe to help give your pet some relief. Contact your veterinarian for advice on how to help stop your dog’s itching or your cat’s itching. 

When preparing to see your veterinarian, you’ll want to make sure you’re prepared to answer the following questions:

• Are you noticing anything besides itchiness?
• Are there specific parts of your pet’s body which seem especially itchy?
• How long have you noticed these symptoms?
• What parasite preventive does your pet take, and when did they last get their prevention?
• What do you feed your pet? Have there been recent changes to their diet?
• Have you changed anything in your home, like carpet cleaner or detergent?

With proactive plans in place, you can reduce your dog or cat’s itch! But even if itchiness still occurs, don’t despair—your veterinarian will be happy to help your pet with their itchiness.

The post How to Help Prevent Itching in Dogs and Cats: 8 Tips appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about nausea in dogs and how to help your nauseous dog.

Signs of Dog Nausea

Unfortunately, your dog can’t tell you that they’re nauseous. Instead, you have to rely on their body language, vocalizations, and other dog nausea symptoms to figure out that they’re not feeling their best. 

Signs of nausea in dogs include:

• Excessive lip-licking
• General restlessness
• Excessive drooling
• Whining
• Vomiting
• Pain when pressure is applied to the abdomen
• Loss of appetite or disinterest in food
• Licking the floor or other abnormal objects

Common Causes of Nausea in Dogs

Nausea in dogs has an array of potential causes, and teasing out what’s causing a dog’s nausea can sometimes be tricky. Pet parents should consult their veterinarians if they notice any symptoms of nausea in their dog. 

Causes of nausea in dogs include:

• Dietary indiscretion, which is when the dog eats something they shouldn’t
• Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract due to consumption of a foreign object, like a sock or toy
• Changing foods too quickly without a proper transition period
• Food intolerance or food allergy
• Motion sickness
• Anxiety
• Stomach ulcers
• Viral disease like parvovirus 
• Bacterial disease like salmonellosis
• Fungal disease like histoplasmosis
• Parasites like roundworms, especially in puppies
• Gastric dilatation and volvulus or GDV, which is a twisting of the stomach
• Toxin consumption, such as alcohol or antifreeze
• Pancreatitis
• Reaction to drugs like NSAIDs or chemotherapy medications
• Vaccine reaction
• Anaphylactic allergic reaction
• Kidney, liver, or gallbladder disease
• A tumor in the abdomen or within the gastrointestinal tract
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Pyometra (pus-filled uterus)

This list of dog nausea causes is by no means all-inclusive. As you can see, some of the causes would require emergency attention (like anaphylaxis or GDV) while others may not (motion sickness or changing foods too quickly). 

If your nauseous dog is vomiting multiple times, unproductively retching, lethargic, not eating, or also having diarrhea, you should contact a veterinarian right away.

At-Home Treatment for Dog Nausea

If your dog has a mild case of nausea with no other concerning symptoms, your veterinarian may speak with you about how to treat dog nausea at home. Remember to always check with your veterinarian before managing your pet at home. 

The following tips may help for at-home dog nausea treatment:

• Withhold food from your pet for around 12 hours, but do not withhold water.
• Feed a bland diet for a few days. The bland diet can be two parts boiled white rice to one part boiled chicken. Do not add any salt or seasonings and prepare in water only. Your veterinarian may provide you with a different bland diet recipe or allow you to pick up a prescription bland diet. After several days and symptom resolution, slowly transition back to your pet’s regular diet.
• When you reintroduce food, make sure to give a small meal every few hours instead of one or two large meals per day. 
• Do not give your dog any anti-nausea medications unless recommended by your veterinarian.

Anti-Nausea Medications for Dogs

Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription anti-nausea medication for dogs after ensuring your pet is well-hydrated.

Medications that provide dog nausea relief include:

Maropitant (Cerenia): This medication is one of the most common anti-nausea drugs used in dogs. It’s also commonly used for pets with motion sickness. 

Ondansetron (Zofran): This medication is used to treat vomiting and nausea in dogs.

Metoclopramide (Reglan): This medication is an antiemetic and is used to help increase motility in the intestines.

Omeprazole (Prilosec): This medication helps reduce stomach acid and may be useful for dogs who have stomach ulcers.

Famotidine (Pepcid): This medication helps reduce stomach acid more rapidly than omeprazole. It is used for more immediate relief than omeprazole.

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine): This medication helps reduce vomiting and motion sickness. The drug meclizine has a similar function.

If your pet is experiencing an emergency, they may need specialized surgery and/or treatment in the veterinary hospital. Keep in mind that some nauseous dogs may not be willing to take medications by mouth or may vomit their medications back up. If this is the case, you may need to see your veterinarian for injectable anti-nausea drugs.

When Is Dog Nausea an Emergency

Dog nausea can be a sign of a medical or surgical emergency. If you suspect an emergency, contact your veterinarian or seek emergency medical attention right away.  

The following are signs that your dog is experiencing an emergency:

• Uncontrolled vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Unproductive retching
• Lethargy and dumpiness
• Extreme abdominal pain (yelping or attempting to bite when touched)
• Bloated abdomen
• Complete disinterest in food
• Unable to keep water down
• Collapse
• Swelling of the face or limbs
• Hives

How to Prevent Nausea in Dogs

To prevent your pet from experiencing nausea, follow these tips:

• Avoid feeding table scraps
• Get pet-proof garbage cans and cupboards
• Keep medications, cleaning supplies, and other chemicals out of your dog’s reach
• Keep your pet up to date on their vaccines and parasite preventives
• Keep mealtimes regular and feed the same food consistently
• If changing diets, do so slowly over the course of a week
• Try probiotics designed for gastrointestinal health
• Have your pet’s blood and urine testing completed at annual wellness visits to detect systemic health issues early
• Only give your pet access to toys when they’re monitored
• If your dog eats objects when outside, consider training them to tolerate a basket muzzle
• Keep tempting objects like socks or underwear off the ground
• Spay your non-breeding female dogs

Remember to contact your veterinarian first before attempting any at-home management of nausea in dogs. If you are at all concerned that your pet is experiencing an emergency, get them evaluated right away.

The post Dog Nausea: 8 Signs and How to Treat It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Is There an Alternative to Apoquel for Dogs?

Apoquel (oclacitinib) is approved by the FDA for use in dogs over 1 year of age to control itchiness associated with allergic skin disease (allergic dermatitis). A major benefit of Apoquel is that its quick action means it can be used as a short-term therapy for allergy flare-ups in addition to long-term management of atopic dermatitis. Apoquel starts to reduce itchiness within 4 hours, and by day 28, pet parents report around a 50 percent reduction in itchiness. [1]

Despite the effectiveness of Apoquel, there are quite a few reasons you might be interested in alternatives to Apoquel.

Cost: It could be as simple as looking for a cheaper alternative to Apoquel, which can cost several dollars per tablet, easily reaching over $100 per month. 

Age: Apoquel is only approved for dogs over 12 months of age. 

Pre-existing illness: Dogs with serious infections like pneumonia shouldn’t take Apoquel. Caution is also recommended in dogs with pre-existing cancer or who get recurrent urinary tract infections. 

Reproductive status: Apoquel isn’t recommended for pregnant or lactating dogs.

Side effects: The most common side effects are gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite) and short-lived. Rarely, some pets will have increased liver enzymes or seizures. At labeled doses of Apoquel, your dog may have an increased susceptibility to infection, mange (caused by demodex mites), or development or exacerbation of tumors. These potential long-term side effects of Apoquel in dogs can be enough for some pet parents to seek Apoquel alternatives for dogs. It’s important to note that current studies don’t indicate an increased risk of malignant cancer for dogs taking Apoquel when compared to dogs taking other atopic dermatitis medications.

Efficacy: Although Apoquel is a great option for many dogs, not all pet parents will see the reduction in itch they’d hoped for.

8 Apoquel Alternatives for Dogs: Prescription, OTC, and Natural Options

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets)

Zenrelia is a new FDA-approved oral medication poised to become a popular alternative to Apoquel among pet parents. Just like Apoquel, Zenrelia provides fast and effective relief for itchy dogs by disrupting the immune response that triggers allergic itch and inflammation. Both are daily medications that are safe to use in dogs at least 12 months and older. And both are designed to work quickly to ease itchy skin fast. 

However, Zenrelia also offers some additional benefits that Apoquel doesn’t. 

Lower cost: Zenrelia costs less per pill than Apoquel, making it an attractive option for pet parents seeking long-term itch treatment that’s both effective and more affordable. 

Convenience: Zenrelia works with easy, once-a-day dosing, while Apoquel requires twice-daily dosing for up to two weeks to start.

No rebound itch: In a randomized, double-blind study, dogs taking Zenrelia showed continuous improvement and itch remission, whereas dogs taking Apoquel experienced rebound itch when switching from twice-daily to once-daily dosing. [2] 

As with any medication, it’s important to keep an eye out for side effects when giving your dog Zenrelia. In clinical trials, some dogs experienced side effects similar to Apoquel, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in activity levels or appetite. 

Always talk to your veterinarian before starting any new medication, especially if your dog has a history of liver or kidney problems or is currently on other treatments. If you notice anything unusual, stop the medication and check in with your vet.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Cytopoint injections

Cytopoint (lokivetmab) injections for dogs with atopic dermatitis are injected under the skin (subcutaneously) every four to eight weeks. Cytopoint is a monoclonal antibody that works by disrupting the itch signal that’s activated in dogs with allergic skin disease. One injection can relieve symptoms for one to two months.

Most dogs who receive a Cytopoint injection will see a significant reduction in itchiness, with the majority seeing reductions of over 50 percent. Cytopoint might be a good option for dogs who aren’t responding adequately to Apoquel. Although Cytopoint hasn’t been tested in pregnant or lactating dogs, it may be used in breeding female dogs if the benefits to the mother outweigh any risks to the offspring.

No contraindications, precautions, or warnings are listed on the U.S. label for Cytopoint. Rarely, a dog could have a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to Cytopoint resulting in anaphylaxis, facial swelling, and hives.

Cytopoint can be used as a solo treatment or in conjunction with other medications for allergic dermatitis. A potential drawback of Cytopoint is its financial cost. A single injection can cost anywhere from $50–$200 depending on your dog’s weight, easily costing over $1,000 annually. For pet parents having difficulty affording Apoquel, Cytopoint is unlikely to be a more affordable alternative to Apoquel. 

Corticosteroids

Pet parents looking for an affordable Apoquel alternative for dogs may discuss corticosteroids like prednisone with their veterinarian. Corticosteroids act as anti-inflammatories to reduce the effects of allergens on the skin, reducing itchiness. Doses are usually given orally and may be tapered to the lowest effective dose.

Steroids aren’t typically recommended in dogs with active fungal infections, viral infections, Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism), gastrointestinal upset, or congestive heart failure. Use with caution in pets with liver or kidney disease. 

Steroids are very effective at reducing itchiness, so you’re likely to get the desired effect. Unfortunately, you’re also likely to see side effects, especially with long-term treatment. Excessive urination, drinking, and hunger are common, even with short-term administration. You can also see coat changes, weight gain, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, pancreatitis, muscle wasting, and more. Prednisone should not be given to pregnant dogs.

Temaril-P is another option, which is a combination product that includes prednisolone and the antihistamine trimeprazine. Anecdotally, dogs taking Temaril-P may need lower doses of steroids and may see fewer side effects. Speak with your veterinarian about this option. 

If corticosteroids are discontinued, they should be tapered rather than suddenly stopped. Corticosteroids are usually recommended as short-term treatment for flare-ups or when waiting for longer-acting medications like cyclosporine to take effect.

Cyclosporine (Atopica or Cyclavance)

Cyclosporine is an oral immunosuppressant drug that is FDA-approved for use in dogs to control atopic dermatitis. The medication specifically affects cells that are involved in allergic reactions. Cyclosporine can take several weeks to take effect, so it’s used for long-term management of allergic skin disease instead of flare-ups. 

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended for dogs with cancer. Caution is recommended for dogs with diabetes mellitus or kidney disease. 

The most common side effects of cyclosporine include short-term vomiting, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. Other side effects include excessive growth of the gums (gingival hyperplasia), diabetes, excessive fur growth, and other skin changes. Because this medication is immunosuppressive, the dog may be susceptible to infections or cancer, though evidence that cyclosporine increases cancer risk is currently lacking.

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended in pregnant or lactating dogs. Dogs should be at least 6 months old and weigh over 4 pounds.

While waiting for cyclosporine to take effect, your veterinarian may recommend short-term treatment with Apoquel or steroids. Cyclosporine is a good option to try in dogs who haven’t responded adequately to Apoquel. Cyclosporine has generic forms and is usually more affordable than Apoquel. 

Antihistamines

Antihistamines like Zyrtec (cetirizine), Benadryl (diphenhydramine), or hydroxyzine may be recommended for dogs with mild skin allergies before moving to medications like Apoquel or Atopica. These oral medications work by reducing the body’s responsiveness to histamines that cause allergic symptoms. 

Many types of antihistamines are available over the counter, and they’re usually quite affordable for many pet parents. However, antihistamines very often have low efficacy for allergies in dogs. This means they’re rarely recommended as a sole therapy for dogs with chronic or severe skin allergies, though they may serve as an adjunctive treatment. Dosage is not the same in dogs as in people, so consult with your veterinarian before administering antihistamines to your dog.

Like almost all oral medications, you can see gastrointestinal side effects like vomiting or diarrhea. Antihistamines can also cause drowsiness. Some antihistamines may be an option for pregnant or lactating dogs, though you should always double-check with your veterinarian.

Allergy shots

Did you know that dogs can get allergy shots, too? Allergy shots (allergen-specific immunotherapy or ASIT) are often considered the most efficacious treatment for dogs with environmental allergies. The shot dose increases over time until reaching a maintenance level. Frequency of injections usually starts at two shots per week and then decreases to a shot every two weeks. Allergy shots are given under the skin, but there is an alternative form ASIT that is given under the tongue (sublingually). 

You will usually have to work with a veterinary dermatologist to get your dog allergy shots. They’ll run a test called intradermal allergy testing (IDAT) to find out what your pet is allergic to and then develop the allergy shots that will reduce your pet’s hypersensitivity to the allergens. 

Side effects are limited. Some dogs react painfully to injection sites. The site may be red for a short while after injection with a brief increase in itchiness.

Allergy shots are the only treatment that directly addresses the underlying cause of the disease rather than managing the symptoms. They’re a great option for pet parents who aren’t seeing the effect from Apoquel that they’d hoped for or who are concerned about Apoquel’s side effects. So, what are the negatives? Well, you’re looking at several thousand dollars early in the course of treatment for the dermatologist consult, IDAT, and allergy shots. It can also take months to a year to know if they’re working, so you’ll likely be treating your dog with other medications in the meantime.

Special dermatological diets

There are special diets for dogs with allergies. Some diets are intended for dogs with food allergies, such as novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, but prescription diets for dogs with itchy skin due to environmental allergies are also an option.

Examples of these diets include:

• Royal Canin Veterinary Skintopic
• Purina ProPlan Veterinary Diets DRM Dermatologic Management
• Hill’s Prescription Diet Derm Complete

These diets work by promoting a healthy skin barrier through a specific blend of nutrients.

Prescription dermatologic diets can be used in conjunction with other allergy treatments. The main drawbacks to dermatological diets are their cost—they are much more expensive than your usual dog kibble—and the fact that they require a veterinary prescription. For many dogs, a diet alone will not manage their symptoms. You also need to ensure that you’re feeding an age-appropriate diet by checking the AAFCO statement to see if the food is approved for growing puppies, adult dogs, or dogs who are pregnant or lactating. 

Supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids

Several natural alternatives to Apoquel exist, with supplements being a category that pet parents are often interested in exploring. One option to consider is omega-3 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids are important for cellular membranes, helping to keep the skin healthy. Although a healthy dog gets sufficient omega-3 fatty acids from a well-balanced diet, your allergic dog might benefit from supplementation in the form of gel capsules or oils added to their food.

Omega-3 fatty acids should be used with caution in dogs who have recurrent pancreatitis or diarrhea. This supplement can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Omega-3 fatty acids may affect platelet activity, resulting in increased bleeding risk. It’s possible to overdo omega-3 fatty acids, so make sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding an appropriate dose. These may be a good option for pregnant or lactating dogs.  

These items are unlikely to manage your pet’s itchy skin on their own but may be useful in mild cases and/or in conjunction with other treatments. Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the necessary dosage of cyclosporine needed for dogs with atopic dermatitis. There are other supplements, such as quercetin, which you could discuss with your veterinarian. Studies looking into the efficacy of supplements are always ongoing.

How to Help Allergic Itch in Dogs: Other Tips and Advice

Keep in mind that your itchy dog may do best with more than one medication or therapy. If your dog is showing an insufficient response to Apoquel, you may consider adjunctive therapies rather than completely switching to an alternative. Your veterinarian will also want to rule out flea allergies and food allergies before assuming that you’re dealing with environmental allergies. Lastly, if your dog has inflamed skin, pustules, hair loss, or other skin issues, make sure to ask your veterinarian about ruling out skin infections. You’re unlikely to see a good response if you’re working off the wrong diagnosis or aren’t managing co-occurring skin conditions!

References

1. Cosgrove, Sallie B et al. “A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitor oclacitinib (Apoquel®) in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 24,6 (2013): 587-97, e141-2. doi:10.1111/vde.12088
2. Elanco Animal Health. Data on File.

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But parasites living in the Northeast can create big problems for our dogs and cats. Fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes can spread dangerous diseases and even cause severe illness and death. 

While all of this may seem daunting, rest assured that any risks from these parasites can be avoided by taking precautions and keeping your pet on year-round preventatives.  

Keep reading for a regional guide to heartworm disease, fleas, and ticks in the Northeastern states of New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. 

Heartworm Disease in the Northeast 

Heartworm disease is a serious illness that could lead to lung disease, heart failure, and death if untreated. The disease is transmitted by a mosquito infected with the Dirofilaria immitis parasite biting your pet. The parasite multiplies in the heart, lungs, and blood vessels of the infected animal.

According to Dr. Jennifer Rizzo, the current president of the American Heartworm Society and an emergency veterinarian at Blue Pearl Pet Hospital in Gainesville, Florida, heartworm is spreading north due to the movement of shelter animals from the south to help reduce overcrowding and save countless dogs from euthanasia. 

“While the organizations who help with transport do their best to prevent transmission of heartworms, tests may not turn positive until pets have already arrived at their new homes,” Dr. Rizzo says. 

Although southern states still have the highest number of heartworm cases, according to the Heartworm Incidence Map from the American Heartworm Society, the number of cases is growing in the Northeast. 

“We’ve recently seen increased incidence in New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, but essentially every population center has the potential for increased heartworm incidence,” states Dr. Doug Carithers, director of applied research for Boehringer Ingleheim in Duluth, Georgia, who is on the board of the American Heartworm Society. 

Mosquitoes aren’t just relegated to wooded areas, swamps, and backyards. According to Dr. Carithers, these pesky critters also thrive in microclimates near heat-sinks in paved areas, brick buildings, and other heat sources. Therefore, urban areas can be habitats for mosquitoes, too.  

Mosquitoes that transmit heartworm disease to pets in the Northeast are at their peak in the spring, summer and fall months, but the risk of heartworm disease is all year round.  

“Some pet owners might think heartworm is only a risk to their pets during the warmer months,” says Dr. Susan Denault, a New Hampshire-based veterinarian at Banfield Pet Hospital. “However, Banfield’s data underscores the importance of year-round prevention as rates of heartworm diagnosis in pets seen at our hospitals stayed relatively the same throughout all four seasons in 2023.”

Fleas in the Northeast 

In addition to being uncomfortable and irritating, fleas are biting and blood-sucking parasites that cause skin problems and bacterial infections for pets. 

“By the time you start to notice signs of a flea infestation, your pet will already be suffering the effects of them,” says Dr. Denault. “You will already have flea eggs in your carpet and furniture. They live where your pets live, sleep, eat, and play.” 

These black to reddish-brown nuisances can live in your yard, particularly where there is shade and humidity. They also reside in shrubs, tall grasses, and piles of leaves and debris. 

“Fleas can be found during all months of the year, though there is an increase in cases in the warmer months,” says Dr. Lindsay Kendrick, medical director for Veterinary Emergency Group in Boston, Massachusetts.

Both dogs and cats living in the Northeast are susceptible to flea infestations. Pets can get fleas if they spend time outdoors, but humans, rodents, and other pets can bring these parasites indoors. Wild animals found in the Northeast region, like chipmunks, opossums, and raccoons, can carry fleas into your yard and spread them to your pet. 

According to Dr. Alex Blutinger, medical director at the Veterinary Emergency Group in Greenwich, Connecticut, and White Plains, New York, fleas are most common in indoor and outdoor pets who are not getting their regular flea and tick preventatives. 

Ticks in the Northeast 

According to Dr. Denault, ticks are found in most parts of the country but these parasites have expanded their range to Northeastern states in recent years as a result of milder winters due to climate change.  

It’s a common misconception that ticks are only active in the summer. Ticks actually thrive wherever the temperature is above 30 degrees Fahrenheit, with April through October being prime tick season. 

Ticks tend to hitch a ride on your dog after a hike, camping trip, or even walks in grassy or wooded areas. Additionally, “ticks themselves are spread by many different animals, including birds that can transport them long distances,” says Dr. Denault. Apart from deer, other animals that are host to ticks are rodents and mice. Cats who go outdoors get ticks in the same ways our canine companions pick them up.

When bitten by an infected tick, your pet potentially gets exposed to a number of serious diseases. “In our area, several types of ticks can transmit diseases to dogs,” says Dr. Kendrick. “These include blacklegged ticks, also known as deer ticks, which can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis.” 

Lyme disease gets its name from the town of Lyme, Connecticut. Dr. Denault states that Lyme disease has been identified across the country, but its highest prevalence is in the Northeast and the Great Lakes regions. Climate change is also increasing cases of babesiosis, an emerging infection which causes anemia, with severe disease leading to death. 

Below are common tick-borne diseases impacting pets in the Northeast and the tick species that cause them: 

• Lyme disease – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Anaplasmosis – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Babesiosis – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Ehrlichiosis – lone star tick, brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever – American dog tick
• Tularemia – American dog tick, lone star tick 

Another tick-related condition to keep an eye out for is tick paralysis. This isn’t an infectious disease. It’s caused in dogs by a reaction to tick saliva. Ticks in the Northeast that cause tick paralysis include the deer tick/blacklegged tick, lone star tick, and American dog tick.

Ticks in New York 

Ticks in New York state can be found from the shores of Montauk to the forests of Upstate and anywhere there are wooded and grassy areas. They can even live in backyards. 

According to Dr. Blutinger, animals that spend time outside or in wooded areas are at a particularly higher risk of infection and should be protected through monthly preventatives. “Ticks tend to thrive most in warm, humid weather, but they pose a risk as long as the temperature is above freezing.” In New York, they are mostly found in understory vegetation, trail edge vegetation, and wooded and grassy areas. 

Types of Ticks in New York Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New York 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis 
• Babesiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Connecticut 

Ticks in Connecticut are abundant in forests, their surrounding areas, and in tall grassy brush bordering woodlands. The deer tick, as its name indicates, uses deer as hosts. Increases in white-tailed deer population in the state is leading to the growth of the tick population. 

Among the types of ticks in Connecticut listed below, non-native Asian longhorned ticks were first found in Connecticut in 2018. They are known to cause serious illness and they typically are seen in the thousands. According to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, ticks in Connecticut are living year round due to climate change.  

Types of Ticks in Connecticut Dangerous for Pets 

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) 
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) 

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Connecticut 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in New Jersey

According to New Jersey Fish and Wildlife, there are several types of ticks in New Jersey and they pose a threat to outdoor enthusiasts, anglers, birders, and others enjoying nature. The Garden State’s landscape ranges from the Southeastern coastal plain to the Kittatinny Mountains in the Northwest, with major rivers like the Delaware and Raritan Rivers running through it, where people and their pets can enjoy the great outdoors.  

The Asian longhorned tick, native to East Asia, was first discovered in 2017 on a sheep in New Jersey and the species spread to other states by 2020. This invasive tick appears in the thousands and can cause death to animals due to blood loss. One tick can produce up to 2000 eggs, and they tend to infest farm animals, horses, raccoons, opossums, and dogs in Northeastern states.   

Types of Ticks in New Jersey Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New Jersey 

• Lyme disease 
• Anaplasmosis 
• Babesiosis 
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in Pennsylvania 

The Keystone State is an outdoor-lover’s paradise, with rolling hills and rivers like the Delaware and Lehigh. The Appalachian Mountains run from the south central area to the Northeastern part of the state and the Allegheny Mountains lie to the west. This also means many opportunities for ticks to thrive and seek hosts, especially in the warmer months. 

There are several types of ticks in Pennsylvania. Out of 900 species of ticks worldwide, you can find 25 of them in Pennsylvania. The most prevalent tick-borne disease seen in pets in Pennsylvania is Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Pennsylvania Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Pennsylvania 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Massachusetts 

The most common ticks found in yards and in wooded and forested areas of the state are deer ticks and dog ticks. Lone star ticks are found in some parts as well. 

Types of Ticks in Massachusetts Dangerous for Pets

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Massachusetts 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in Rhode Island 

Rhode Island is known for its Gilded Age mansions and spectacular seaside scenery, but the smallest state in the country is no stranger to ticks, which are found in thick brush and tall grassy areas. The deer tick/blacklegged tick is the most common tick in Rhode Island causing issues for pets. Lone star ticks have also spread northward and expanded into the state. 

Types of Ticks in Rhode Island Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Rhode Island

• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis 
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in New Hampshire 

With its majestic mountains and beautiful lakes, the Granite State draws people to its great outdoors. Tick Free New Hampshire claims the state has had the highest incidences of Lyme disease in the country in recent years, putting both pets and people at risk of getting infected by these pesky parasites.  

Types of Ticks in New Hampshire Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New Hampshire 

• Lyme disease  
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis

Ticks in Vermont 

Among the 15 types of ticks in Vermont, the blacklegged tick is the most abundant and is responsible for the majority of tick-borne illnesses reported. According to a 2021 study by the Vermont Department of Health, 92 percent of the ticks collected were blacklegged ticks and over half of them were infected with the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Vermont Dangerous for Pets

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Vermont 

• Lyme disease
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in Maine 

With temperatures rising, more and more adventurers are taking advantage of Maine’s rocky coastline and nature-based activities. But humans and their pets are also getting exposed to tick-borne diseases as deer (and the ticks that go with them) are migrating northbound. In the last two decades, the incidence of tick-borne diseases in the state – including Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis – has increased dramatically. On average, 1 out of every 8 dogs that are screened for Lyme disease in Maine tests positive. 

Types of Ticks in Maine Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) 
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) 

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Maine  

• Lyme disease
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Living in the Northeast: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

Although fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes that carry heartworm disease are a real risk for pets and people living in the Northeastern U.S., there are several things you can do to keep yourself and your pet protected. 

See below for tips and information on how you can protect your pets from fleas, ticks, and heartworms. 

Heartworm Preventative Care

Put your pet on a year-round heartworm preventative. Get a prescription from your veterinarian for heartworm prevention, recommends Dr. Carithers. It’s important to prevent the disease, because treating a heartworm infection in dogs is difficult and costly. “Permanent damage often occurs in the lungs of the dog, even before the dog tests positive for a heartworm infection,” he adds.

Practice mosquito management. Control the mosquito population in your backyard to reduce the risk of heartworm disease. Dr. Carithers notes that the state of Florida focused on mosquito abatement to ensure a pleasant experience for tourists and, as a result, the state has the lowest heartworm incidence in all of the southern states. 

Limit your pet’s exposure to mosquitoes. According to Dr. Rizzo, minimizing outdoor activities during peak mosquito feedings (dusk and dawn) and avoiding mosquito habitats, including standing water, will greatly reduce the risk of heartworm.

Try a mosquito repellant. Pet owners can also use topical FDA- or EPA-approved mosquito repellents and insecticides for pets to provide additional protection. “While using these products can reduce exposure to mosquitoes carrying heartworms, they should be used in conjunction with heartworm preventives, not instead of them,” Dr. Rizzo adds.

Don’t skip heartworm testing. If you’ve adopted a dog from the South, get a blood test to ensure your pet doesn’t have heartworm disease. Typically, rescues do their test before adopting the animal, but testing with your own veterinarian after adoption can help prevent the spread of heartworm disease in your area. Veterinarians recommend up-to-date heartworm testing once per year, even if pets are on a heartworm preventative. 

Keep your cats safe. Despite the prevalence of heartworm disease in dogs, cats can get infected with heartworms too and need to be on a heartworm preventative. “There is currently no safe treatment to remove or kill adult heartworms in cats,” says Dr. Denault. “Infected cats can only be treated supportively and symptomatically.” 

Fleas and Ticks Preventative Care 

Provide pets with year-round flea and tick prevention. Keeping your pets free of fleas and safe from tick-borne diseases is easy by administering preventatives. Many products approved by the FDA can protect dogs and cats against fleas, ticks, and other parasites like intestinal worms with one medication. Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and your veterinarian’s recommendations for dosing and use to ensure the products are safe and effective.     

Always check for ticks. Check your pets for ticks if they’ve been outside in wooded or grassy areas and remove any ticks you find quickly to reduce the risk of transmission, recommends Dr. Denault. “If you remove a tick from your pet or have reason to believe your pet may have been exposed to Lyme bacteria, watch for and contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any signs in the weeks that follow.”

Practice good grooming. Brush your pet regularly and use a flea comb, which can help find and remove fleas. You can also consider using flea and tick preventatives in the form of shampoos, rinses, and sprays that are approved for use with the EPA or FDA, recommends Dr. Denault. Just remember – these should be used in conjunction with a year-round oral or topical flea and tick preventative.

Ask your veterinarian about the Lyme vaccine. If you enjoy going hiking with your dog regularly, speak with your veterinarian about getting a Lyme vaccine to prevent the spread of Lyme bacteria from ticks to your dog.

Keep covered when in tick-prone areas. When out hiking or spending a lot of time outdoors, protect yourself by wearing light colored clothing (so ticks are visible), long-sleeved shirts, and long pants. You can also apply a tick repellent to exposed skin and walk in the center of paths to avoid grassy areas where ticks live.

The post Pet Parasites in the Northeast: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If left untreated, up to 90 percent of puppies infected with canine parvovirus will die. Death can occur as quickly as 2-3 days after infection due to dehydration and sepsis, a deadly blood infection [1]. Vaccination is key to preventing this disease.

With parvo being so serious for dogs, many people want to know: can cats get parvo, too?Read on to learn if and how this viral disease impacts our feline companions. 

Can Cats Catch Parvo?

Cats have their very own parvovirus. It’s called feline parvovirus or feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). The disease caused by FPV is known as feline panleukopenia or feline distemper. The feline parvovirus shares some similarities and symptoms of the canine parvovirus.

Both canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia belong to the same family of viruses called Parvoviridae. Cats become infected with FPV in the same way dogs are infected with parvovirus – through direct contact with an infected cat, feces, or contaminated objects. Kittens under 5 months are at increased risk for contracting the virus and developing complications.

Can Cats Get Parvo From Dogs?

Many people share their homes with both cats and dogs. You might worry that your animals can infect one another. The good news is that the strains of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia are species specific. That means the viruses cannot pass between cats and dogs. So, FPV cannot infect dogs while canine parvovirus cannot infect cats.

Symptoms of Panleukopenia in Cats

Panleukopenia symptoms include problems such as vomiting and diarrhea (which is often bloody). This can lead to severe dehydration, which can be fatal if not quickly treated. Other symptoms in cats include lethargy, inappetence, depression, fever, and abdominal pain. Kittens and unvaccinated cats are more at risk of developing severe symptoms. 

Kittens can be infected with the feline parvovirus before birth (in utero). As a result, they may develop cerebellar hypoplasia. This is a condition where the part of the brain responsible for movement and coordination (the cerebellum), fails to develop fully and remains very small. This causes the kitten to wobble when they walk, also known as “wobbly cat syndrome.” This condition is not painful or otherwise harmful, but there is no treatment. Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia may be more prone to fall injuries and should not go outside.

Some adult cats may be infected with panleukopenia and develop no symptoms at all. These cats are not at risk of dying or complications and do not need any sort of medical intervention. They will clear the infection on their own. Many pet parents will never even know their cats were infected at all. 

Diagnosing and Treating Panleukopenia in Cats

Diagnosis of panleukopenia in cats is typically made from observing symptoms. Veterinarians may also check vaccine history and blood work. Since the virus attacks white blood cells, a blood test may reveal low white blood cell counts. 

Fecal tests for canine parvovirus can detect feline panleukopenia infection in cat feces. However, false positives are possible for several weeks after vaccination. In the absence of vaccine history, tests are a good option for confirming panleukopenia.

Treatment typically includes IV fluids and hospitalization to fight off dehydration. Broad spectrum antibiotics are also given to help fight any secondary bacterial infections. Medications like maropitant (Cerenia) or metoclopramide can reduce nausea and vomiting. Some cats may have a tube inserted into their stomach through their nose to allow tube-feeding. If vomiting is controlled but the cat won’t eat on their own, appetite stimulants might be considered. The most severe cases of panleukopenia may even need a blood transfusion.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for cats experiencing severe symptoms from a parvovirus infection depends on many factors. These includine how soon the cat was brought in for treatment, the cat’s age, their current white blood cell count, and if there are any other complications such as other concurrent infections.

Unfortunately, the mortality rate in kittens is high, with over half of infected cats passing away [2][3]. Timing is everything. Cats brought in for treatment sooner typically have better outcomes.

Preventing Panleukopenia in Cats

The good news is that panleukopenia is preventable with the core FVRCP vaccine for cats. This is a combination vaccine given as early as 6 weeks of age. It protects cats against feline panleukopenia (parvo), calicivirus, and feline viral rhinotracheitis. Kittens receive booster doses of the vaccine every 2-4 weeks until they’re at least 16 weeks old to be fully protected. Cats should receive the FVRCP vaccine every 3 years after the initial series [4]

Following your veterinarian’s recommended vaccine schedule will allow for protection from parvo throughout your cat’s life. Since the feline panleukopenia virus lives in the environment and on objects, both indoor and outdoor cats should be vaccinated.

In addition to vaccines, there are some lifestyle changes that may help protect cats. 

• Avoid contact with cats who test positive for panleukopenia. 
• Keep unvaccinated cats and kittens indoors to prevent exposure to potentially infected cats. Avoid sharing items between cats when one has an unknown vaccination status. 
• Keep new cats separate from other cats in the household until a veterinarian has seen the new cat. 

If your cat shows any of symptoms contact your veterinarian immediately. Quick medical care is critical to help save their life. 

If diagnosed, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations for treatment. Make sure to properly disinfect the house since the virus can live on objects and in the environment for a long time.

The post Can Cats Get Parvo? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What follows is everything you need to know about tick control products for dogs, plus a list of vet-approved options to consider.

Tick Prevention for Dogs: Why It Matters

Ticks aren’t just annoying external parasites—they could be dangerous for your dog! 

Ticks endanger your dog’s health in several ways:

• Ticks carry diseases, such as ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which can make your dog sick and possibly threaten their life. 
• Ticks also cause tick paralysis in dogs, a condition in which toxins in the tick’s saliva cause gradual paralysis, which does not resolve until after the tick is removed. This condition can become severe enough that hospitalization is required. 
• If your dog gets a lot of ticks, the ticks can drink enough blood to contribute to anemia. This is especially risky in puppies.
• Tick bites are sometimes itchy! Your dog may bite, scratch, and lick at the bite area, causing hair loss, wounds, or even infection.

Your dog can also carry ticks into the home, where the parasites can latch onto you, your family members, or other pets in the home. 

The ranges of specific tick species are expanding, which means the risk of contracting a tick-borne illness is going up in many areas. Although ticks are usually more active in the warmer months, exposure can occur year-round. Preventing ticks and fleas on dogs year-round is the best method for keeping your dog safe.

Types of Tick Control for Dogs

Tick control comes in multiple forms: topical solutions, oral medications, collars, and sprays. The products can be a single ingredient, which usually means they only manage ticks and fleas, or they can have multiple ingredients that allow the product to also cover heartworms and/or intestinal worms. 

Some of these products require a veterinary prescription. Any tick preventive that also covers heartworms will fall under that category.

The List

• Credelio Quattro
• NexGard Plus
• Credelio
• Simparica Trio
• ParaMonthly Plus
• Bravecto Chews and Bravecto Topical
• K9 Advantix II
• Seresto Collar

Best Tick Prevention for Dogs: 8 Vet-Prescribed Picks

Pet parents have many good tick prevention options to choose from, so determining which to use can be a daunting task. Read about eight of the best vet-prescribed tick preventives below. 

Keep in mind that your veterinarian is your go-to resource for selecting the best option for your dog. If you have any concerns about tick preventives, we recommend you speak with your veterinarian. 

Credelio Quattro

Credelio Quattro offers the broadest protection against parasites available in a monthly chewable tablet. Just one dose a month protects your dog against ticks, as well as fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. That broad-spectrum prevention comes from a combination of four powerful ingredients (lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel). The lotilaner in Credelio Quattro works quickly to kill fleas and ticks fast and helps treat and control infestations of four types of ticks:

• Lone star ticks
• American dog ticks
• Deer ticks (also known as black-legged ticks)
• Brown dog ticks Plus

By using a multi-protection preventative like Credelio Quattro, you can ensure your dog is protected against dangerous parasites, without the hassle of managing multiple medications. Plus, Credelio Quattro protects against several species of tapeworms, which many other broad-spectrum preventatives don’t.

Credelio Quattro requires a prescription from your veterinarians and comes in a tasty beef-flavored chewable tablet that’s safe to administer to puppies 8 weeks and older and dogs weighing 3.3 pounds or more. Side effects could include adverse neurological reactions, so use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

NexGard Plus

NexGard Plus is a once-monthly, beef-flavored oral chew that contains the active ingredients afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. 

The medication protects against heartworm disease, kills four types of ticks, kills fleas, and treats and controls both roundworms and hookworms. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks killed by NexGard Plus include:

• Deer ticks 
• American dog ticks 
• Lone star ticks 
• Brown dog ticks 

This medication can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks old and who weigh at least 4 pounds. You can give the chew with or without food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Like sarolaner in Simparica Trio, afoxolaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of NexGard Plus are vomiting and diarrhea. Dogs should be tested for heartworms before receiving NexGard Plus.  Safety is not established for breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs. 

A veterinary prescription is required before purchasing NexGard Plus. 

Credelio

Credelio is a beef-flavored, monthly chew that contains the active ingredient lotilaner. 

Credelio kills adult fleas, and it both treats and controls tick infestations. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks treated include:

• Lone star ticks
• American dog ticks
• Deer ticks
• Brown dog ticks 

This medication should only be used on dogs who are at least 8 weeks of age and weigh at least 4.4 pounds. This should be administered with food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Lotilaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. Safety in breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs hasn’t been established. The most common side effects include increased drinking, diarrhea, elevations in blood urea nitrogen, and weight loss, those these are uncommon. 

Credelio requires a prescription from a veterinarian.

Simparica Trio

Simparica Trio is a once-monthly, liver-flavored oral chew that contains the active ingredients sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. This is the first FDA-approved product that addresses fleas and ticks, heartworms, and intestinal worms all in one treatment. 

The medication protects against heartworm disease, kills five types of ticks, kills fleas before they can lay eggs, and treats and controls both roundworms and hookworms. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks killed by Simparica Trio include:

• Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum)
• Deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis), also called blacklegged ticks
• American dog ticks (Dermatocentor variabilis)
• Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum)
• Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

This medication can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks old and who weigh at least 2.8 pounds. You can give the chew with or without food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. The drug sarolaner, which is a member of the isoxazoline class, has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of Simparica Trio are vomiting and diarrhea. Dogs should be tested for heartworms before receiving Simparica Trio. Safety is not established for breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs. 

A veterinary prescription is required to purchase Simparica Trio.

ParaMonthly Plus

Covetrus ParaMonthly Plus is a monthly topical ointment that contains fipronil and (S)-methoprene (same active ingredients as Frontline Plus). The tick must attach for the medication to have effect.

This medication kills fleas, flea eggs, flea larvae, chewing lice, and four types of ticks. The four lice killed by ParaMonthly Plus include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Lone star ticks
• Brown dog ticks 

Puppies should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 5 pounds before taking ParaMonthly Plus.

To administer this product, part the fur between the shoulder blades and begin squeezing the tube. Move in a stripe down the back. The dog must stay dry for 48 hours after application.

The most common side effects include skin irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. Products containing fipronil are usually considered safe for pregnant and nursing dogs, but as always, we recommend you speak with your veterinarian fist.

This product is usually sold by veterinary clinics but does not require a prescription.

Bravecto

Bravecto is unique in that it has both topical and pork-flavored oral chew options, and the prevention has action for 12 weeks instead of four weeks, meaning you usually only need to give a dose around every three months. For puppies, there is the option to use 1-month chews instead of 3-month chews. The active ingredient for both the chew and the topical is fluralaner.

Bravecto kills fleas and ticks within hours of its administration. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. Bravecto kills:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Asian longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis)
• Brown dog ticks 
• Lone star ticks (Bravecto only works on lone star ticks for eight weeks)

The 3-month chew and topical solution are intended for dogs 6 months of age or older who weigh at least 4.4 pounds. The 1-month chews, which can be given to puppies who are at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 4.4 pounds, are not effective against lone star ticks for puppies under 6 months old. 

When administering the topical, you need to part the fur and apply directly to the skin. Begin between the shoulder blades and apply in one or more spots moving down the dog’s back. Wait three days to bathe your dog or before allowing them to immerse in water. The oral forms should be given with food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Fluralaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of the chews include itching, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and lethargy. The most common side effects for the topical solution include vomiting, hair loss, diarrhea, lethargy, decreased appetite, and a rash. Birth defects may occur in puppies if their mother receives the medication while pregnant.

A veterinary prescription is required for Bravecto.

K9 Advantix II

K9 Advantix II is a monthly topical preventive with the active ingredients imidacloprid, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen.

This preventive kills and repels fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes within 12 hours of administration. The ticks you can prevent with K9 Advantix II include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Brown dog ticks
• Lone star ticks

Dogs must be at least 7 weeks old and weigh 4 pounds or more before receiving K9 Advantix II. 

To administer K9 Advantix II, part the fur between the shoulder blades. Evenly apply the tube’s contents along the top of the dog’s back in several spots. Refer to the product label for more specifics. The dog must wait 24 hours after administration before immersing in water.

The most common side effects include skin irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. You should consult with your veterinarian before using this product on pregnant or nursing dogs.

No prescription is needed to purchase K9 Advantix II. 

Seresto 

Seresto is a flea and tick collar that works for 8 months. The active ingredients in Seresto are flumethrin and imidacloprid. These ingredients are slowly released over the 8 months to provide continuous protection.

The collar kills and repels fleas and ticks through contact, which means the dog doesn’t have to get bitten for the collar to work. It can also aid in the treatment and control of chewing lice and sarcoptic mange. The ticks repelled and killed by this collar include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Brown dog ticks
• Lone star ticks

The fit of a Seresto collar is important for ensuring efficacy, so speak with your veterinarian if you’re not sure how to apply the collar. You will need to adjust the collar size in puppies as they grow to prevent the collar from getting too tight. These collars are water-resistant, so your dog can swim or bathe with the collar on. If your dog swims or bathes more than once a month, the collar is considered effective for five months for fleas and seven months for ticks. 

The most common reaction is a mild sensitivity causing itchiness and hair loss. If your dog develops skin irritation or wounds associated with the collar, remove the collar, and speak with your veterinarian. You should speak with your veterinarian before using this product on breeding, pregnant, or nursing dogs. If you are concerned about the safety of Seresto collars, please consult with your veterinarian. 

Seresto does not require a prescription. 

How to Choose Tick and Flea Medicine for Dogs

Selection of a tick and flea medicine for your dog comes down to several concerns:

• Your willingness to give a monthly parasiticide versus one that lasts longer
• Your preference for an all-in-one product versus administering more than one product
• The risk of other pets (especially cats) or children in the home touching or licking topical preventives
• Any side effects your pet experiences
• Your pet’s willingness to tolerate taking a pill or having the topical applied
• Your pet’s underlying health conditions, especially seizure history
• The product’s approved age and weight ranges
• Cost of the preventive

You may begin with one product and find through trial-and-error that you prefer something else. That’s okay! Your veterinarian can work with you to pick a good option for your pet that takes into consideration your individual concerns and lifestyle.

Dog Tick Prevention FAQ

What kills ticks on dogs instantly?

No preventive will kill ticks instantly. Most preventives will take at least half a day to be effective, sometimes over a day. If you remove a tick, you can put it in alcohol to kill it.

Do ticks lay eggs on dogs?

Ticks will mate on dogs, but the female usually falls to the ground to lay her thousands of eggs. 

Do dogs need flea and tick medicine every month?

Year-round flea and tick prevention is recommended. If the product you have is monthly, it should be given every month. There are options like Bravecto which can be given every 8–12 weeks depending on which tick species you are concerned about. Seresto collars should be changed every 8 months.

How long can a tick live on a dog?

Ticks usually feed for several days before becoming engorged and falling off. However, they can stay attached for over 10 days in some cases.

The post Best Tick Prevention for Dogs: 8 Vet-Prescribed Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“All you need are a couple of adult fleas to establish an infestation,” says Dr. Bruce Kornreich, DVM, Director of the Cornell Feline Health Center in Ithaca, New York. “They can come in on people, on other pets, or through walls and other entryways.”

Veterinarians often recommend oral flea medication as the most effective option to help protect pets from fleas.[1] However, if you find the prospect of persuading your feisty feline to comply with monthly flea pills a bit daunting, take heart. Here’s everything you need to know about the best oral flea medicine for cats, including picks you can discuss with your vet.

Flea Medicine for Cats: Why it’s Important

Just hearing the word “flea” is enough to start some pet parents scratching imaginary flea bites. While it’s true that these pesky parasites are best known (and feared) for their itchy bite, Dr. Kornreich says your cat’s itchy skin may be the least of your worries. 

The more serious threat is that some fleas carry diseases that they can pass along to your pet.  “Once your cat has been infected with a disease from a flea, these can be easily transferred to other cats or humans in the home,” Dr. Kornreich explains.

Some flea-borne diseases are transmitted when a flea bites a host, passing along bacteria like Bartonella henselae, which can cause cat scratch fever in humans. Other threats, like tapeworm larvae, can be transmitted when your cat ingests an infected flea — for example, while grooming. 

Additionally, Dr. Kornreich says cats can develop anemia from flea bites, as well as flea allergy dermatitis — an allergic reaction to flea saliva that makes it especially difficult and uncomfortable to deal with their presence. 

Flea medication for cats can help keep these health threats at bay, and there are plenty of options on the market to consider. That’s why it’s important to consult with your veterinarian to find the best cat flea medicine to fit your pet’s needs.  

Cat Flea Treatment: Topical vs. Oral Cat Flea Medicine 

First, it’s important to understand the differences between oral cat flea medications and other ways of administering flea medicine to cats — specifically topical treatments.

Dr. Kornreich says the primary difference is that topical flea medications can be easily applied to your cat’s skin, where they typically kill fleas on contact.  By contrast, oral medications work from the inside out — meaning fleas must bite your cat to be eradicated. 

While choosing the option that spares your cat more flea bites may seem to make the most sense, Dr. Kornreich says there are other factors to consider. 

For example, applying topicals may be easier, but it can also be messy and inexact. Also, Dr. Kornreich says topical flea medications can be hazardous if ingested, making them a poor choice for homes with small children or other pets who may touch or lick your cat’s fur. 

The best oral flea medications kill fleas faster and more efficiently than topicals can, some in as little as 30 minutes. And because these flea medications work internally, they don’t pose a risk to other pets or members of your family. Oral flea treatments are also a good choice for cats with flea allergy dermatitis, whose skin may get irritated by topical flea solutions. 

Then there are the stats: Research published in Veterinary Parasitology showed that oral flea treatments (spinosad) were 99.9 percent effective in a 90-day study of dogs, compared to topical treatments (fipronil/(S)-methoprene), which were only 88.4 percent effective.

Top Oral Flea Meds for Cats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Overall Oral Flea Medication for Cats: Credelio
• Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication for Cats: Comfortis
• Best Over-the-Counter Oral Flea Treatment for Cats: Capstar
• Best Value Oral Flea Treatment for Cats: CAPACTION

Best Flea Medicine for Cats: 4 Vet-Approved Picks

It’s important to work closely with your veterinarian to determine the best oral flea medicine for your cat’s needs. Your vet will consider factors such as the severity of the infestation, other parasite threats in your area, whether pills or chewables would work better for your cat, and your pet’s age and weight, as some products are not safe for kittens or very young adults.

Here’s some helpful info about the top vet-prescribed oral flea medications for cats, so you can have an informed conversation with your vet about the best option for your cat. 

Best Overall Oral Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Credelio

Credelio for cats ranks highest on the list because this monthly preventative offers pet parents everything you could ask for in an oral flea medication for your pet. (And then some!) It’s the first and only chewable tablet preventative that helps kill and control fleas and black legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) which can transmit Lyme disease. 

And it comes in a yummy vanilla-flavored tablet designed to please even the most finicky felines. Just administer the chewable tablet once a month and the medication begins killing fleas within six hours. According to the manufacturer, Credelio kills 98 percent of fleas within 12 hours and is 100 percent effective within 24 hours. 

Credelio chewable tablets for cats can be given to kittens as young as eight weeks and more than two pounds for effective flea treatment. One important thing to note is that Credelio contains a class of drug (isoxazoline), which is not recommended for pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders. So make sure to work closely with your vet to ensure this oral flea and tick chewable is right for your pet. 

Highlights: 

• First and only chewable flea and tick preventative for cats
• Fast-acting and highly effective
• Made with vanilla and yeast flavor to encourage easy dosing
• Also treats and controls deer ticks

Things to Consider: 

• Must be given monthly, preferably with food
• Provides flea protection for kittens 8 weeks and older, weighing 2 lbs or more
• Provides tick protection for kittens 6 months and older, weighing 2 lbs or more 
• Not recommended for cats with seizures

Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Comfortis

If your primary concern is fleas and you want them gone fast, then Comfortis is the flea preventative for you. 

Comfortis doesn’t come with all the bells and whistles of other multifunctional oral flea medications for cats. But it does have what many pet parents want most: speedy relief and effective protection against future flea infestations.

Comfortis is the first FDA-approved chewable flea preventative that starts killing fleas in 30 minutes. It comes in an appealing beef flavor for easy administration. Some pet parents report that it has a medicinal smell that their cats don’t especially enjoy, while others say their cats gobble it down without issue. Comfortis kills fleas before they can lay eggs and is effective for a full month. 

Highlights: 

• Starts killing adult fleas within 30 minutes
• Effective for 30 days 
• Beef-flavored chewable tablet is easy to administer 

Things to Consider: 

• Must be given monthly, preferably with food
• Provides flea protection for kittens 14 weeks and older, weighing 4.1 lbs or more
• Does not kill or control any other parasites
• Requires a veterinary prescription

Best Over-the-Counter Oral Flea Medication

Our Pick: Capstar

For pet parents who want a short-term, fast-acting treatment for an active flea infestation that doesn’t require a prescription, Capstar is the answer. This oral medication offers fast flea relief, killing adult fleas on your cat within 30 minutes. And it’s safe to use in kittens as young as 4 weeks old.

However, it’s important to note that Capstar is a flea treatment, not a flea preventative. Although powerful, its effects last 24-48 hours, meaning it’s really best for a quick burst of effectiveness in conjunction with a longer-lasting monthly preventative. 

Capstar tablets can be safely administered to your pet as often as once per day. However, if you’re not addressing the root cause of the infestation with a flea preventative, your pet will remain at risk. 

Capstar is also a tablet, not a chewable, which could make administering a little more difficult (though many pet parents reported crushing it and mixing it with food without much trouble).

Highlights: 

• Fast-acting flea treatment starts killing adult fleas within 30 minutes
• Safe for very young kittens 4 weeks and older, weighing over 2 lbs
• Kills 90 percent of fleas within six hours
• No prescription required

Things to Consider: 

• Effective as a flea-killing treatment, but will not prevent re-infestation
• Available only in non-chewable tablet

Best Value Oral Flea Treatment for Cats

Our Pick: CAPACTION

Made with nitenpyram, the same active ingredient as Capstar, CAPACTION delivers the same fast-acting, flea-killing benefits at a price point that’s easier on your budget. You don’t need a prescription for this oral flea treatment, which comes in a non-chewable tablet form that starts to kill fleas within 30 minutes.

However, like other short-term treatments, CAPACTION only works on active flea infestations. While it’s a great budget option for cats who need a quick-acting burst of flea protection, it’s best to follow up with a flea preventative to avoid re-infestations from any existing flea eggs and larvae on your cat or in your home. 

Highlights: 

• Fast-acting, short-term flea treatment at a budget-friendly price
• Safe for kittens 4 weeks and older, weighing over 2 lbs
• Kills 90 percent of fleas within six hours
• No prescription required

Things to Consider: 

• Effective as a flea-killing treatment, but will not prevent re-infestation
• Available only in tablet form, not as a chew

Cat Flea Medicine Buyer’s Guide

The safest and best way to ensure that you use the best cat flea medicine for your feline friend is simply working with your veterinarian. Your vet knows your cat’s medical history and the various pros and cons associated with each option available.

According to Dr. Kornreich, among the key factors your vet will consider are your cat’s age and weight and if they have a history of seizures or other health concerns. 

While over-the-counter options may be more convenient and appealing, keep in mind that short-term flea treatments are best when paired with longer-term flea preventatives.  

Oral Flea Meds for Cats: Tips for Success

Even the most compliant cats may not always be in the mood to take a monthly flea preventative. But ensuring your cat receives (and consumes!) the full dose of any oral flea medication is important. Otherwise, it’s all too easy for fleas to return with a vengeance. 

Always administer your cat’s oral flea medication per the manufacturer’s instructions. For example, Credelio chewable tablets should always be given with food or within 30 minutes after your cat eats. The presence of food ensures that the medication will be properly absorbed into your cat’s blood for peak efficacy. 

It’s important to remember, however, that most oral flea medicines can only kill adult fleas because those are the ones actively seeking blood meals, which is how they consume the compound that kills them, Dr. Kornreich says. 

“To truly get rid of fleas, you have to disrupt the life cycle, and that means dealing with the adults and the environment,” he says. In addition to killing the adult fleas on your pet, it’s important to rid your environment of eggs or larvae that have found a home but aren’t yet hungry adults. Even with this two-pronged approach, Dr. Kornreich says it may take time to truly get rid of the problem.

Additionally, giving your cat an oral flea medication may be challenging for a different reason: Many cats hate oral medications. If that describes your cat, consider options that come in a tasty chewable format. Or, try mixing the oral medication in with your cat’s food and give a very high-value reward afterward. 

But some cats just won’t do it, and you should discuss with your vet if a non-oral medication is right in those cases. The best flea preventative for your cat is the one you can administer safely and consistently!

REFERENCE:

Dryden, Michael  W., et al. “Assessment of Owner-Administered Monthly Treatments with Oral Spinosad or Topical Spot-on Fipronil/(s)-Methoprene in Controlling Fleas and Associated Pruritus in Dogs.” Veterinary Parasitology, Elsevier, 31 Jan. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.003

The post Oral Flea Medicine for Cats: 4 Vet-Prescribed Choices appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, if your dog is diagnosed with urinary incontinence, there are some available drugs and supplements that may help. Here are some options to discuss with your veterinarian.   

Why Your Dog Might Need a Dog Incontinence Medication

Your veterinarian will prescribe incontinence medication both for your pet’s benefit and your benefit. Keep in mind that we are specifically talking about dogs who leak urine with no knowledge or control, not dogs who excessively urinate due to a condition like diabetes or who feel the urge to urinate repeatedly due to something like a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Your female dog leaking urine is more likely to get urine scalding around her vulva or to excessively lick at her vulva, which might result in a UTI. If you put a diaper on an incontinent dog (male or female), they’re more likely to get urine scalding, skin infections, and UTIs. Urinary incontinence medications for dogs can help prevent these health issues.

As much as we love our pets, we also don’t want small puddles of urine on the carpets and furniture. Controlling urinary incontinence will help keep your home cleaner (and smelling better, hopefully).

Types of Incontinence Medications for Dogs

Medications for urinary incontinence can help with incontinence that’s due to sphincter incompetence. However, canine incontinence medications are unlikely to help pets with urinary incontinence due to neurologic diseases (spinal injury or congenital malformations like ectopic ureters).

In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend more than one medication to maximize control of urinary incontinence. 

Hormonal Medications

Most cases of urinary incontinence in dogs occur in spayed females. There is a sphincter around the urethra (tube from bladder that takes urine out of the body) which keeps urine from leaking. In spayed dogs, this sphincter may become incompetent, meaning it doesn’t keep all the urine in.

For these dogs, hormonal therapies are recommended. These medications replace the action of estradiol, a natural estrogen that decreases in concentration after spaying.

In male dogs, testosterone injections may treat urinary incontinence. This is less effective than hormone therapy for female dogs, and it may result in undesirable behaviors (marking and humping). This is not routinely recommended by veterinarians.

Non-Hormonal Medications

The main class of non-hormonal medications for urinary incontinence is alpha-adrenergic agonists. These medications act on the receptors of the urethral sphincter in dogs to increase urethral tone. The tightening of the sphincter improves the ability of the bladder to hold urine.

The antidepressant medication imipramine may also help with urethral tone while potentially relaxing the bladder.

In some cases, anti-anxiety medications and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to help with bladder relaxation, especially in male dogs who are unresponsive to the usual therapies.

Supplements

Supplements are not routinely prescribed for urinary incontinence, but there are a couple options which may promote urinary tract health when used in conjunction with other medical therapies.

5 Dog Incontinence Medications and Supplements 

Incurin (Estriol)

Incurin is the brand name for the active ingredient estriol. Estriol is an estrogen that can treat estrogen-responsive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) in spayed females, the most common form of urinary incontinence seen in dogs. The FDA-approved medication enhances urethral sphincter tone.

An important note is that Incurin is not dosed by weight. All dogs will originally receive 2 mg by mouth once per day. If effective, the dose is systematically tapered to the lowest effective dose. You must follow your veterinarian’s instructions precisely to ensure you are tapering this medication correctly.

Incurin and its active ingredient estriol is only a treatment option in spayed female dogs who are over a year old. The most common side effects include gastrointestinal issues like vomiting or estrogen-related changes like a swollen vulva. Estrogens carry the risk of bone marrow toxicity, but this is uncommon when following your veterinarian’s dosing recommendations. Caution is recommended in dogs with liver disease or who are on steroids like prednisone.

Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCl)

Proin is a dog incontinence medication made from the active ingredient phenylpropanolamine HCL. Phenylpropanolamine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist used to treat dogs with urinary incontinence due to decreased muscle tone in the urethral sphincter. By stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the urethral sphincter, the medication increases urethral sphincter tone, preventing leakage from the bladder.

There are multiple formulations available, so some dogs will receive phenylpropanolamine by mouth once daily and others will receive the medication twice daily. Some cases may require administration every 8 hours.

Phenylpropanolamine is an option both for female and male dogs. Caution is recommended in pets with heart disease, glaucoma, enlarged prostate, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Cushing’s disease, liver disease, kidney disease, and high blood pressure.

Negative side effects could include increased blood pressure, heart rhythm abnormalities, vomiting and loss of appetite, anxiety and irritability, diarrhea, and increased thirst. These are more likely at high doses or with overdose.

Proin is classified as a controlled substance in some states due to potential abuse as a precursor to methamphetamine. Extra verification of the prescription with your veterinarian may be required. If you live in a state where Proin is controlled, there may be special instructions for destruction of unused medication. Please check with your veterinarian.

Imipramine Hydrochloride

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that indirectly stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, increasing tone in the urethral sphincter. The medication may also help with bladder relaxation. In humans, this medication is commonly used to reduce bed-wetting in children.

Imipramine is given by mouth twice daily. Controlled studies regarding efficacy of imipramine for urinary incontinence in dogs are currently lacking.

This medication is an option for both male and female dogs. The medication should not be used in dogs who are on another form of antidepressant called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as selegiline. Caution is also recommended in dogs with seizure disorders, heart disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, liver disease, and glaucoma.

Negative side effects include constipation, hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea, and sedation.

VetriScience Bladder Strength Supplement

VetriScience Bladder Strength Supplement aims to improve bladder control, strengthen bladder muscles, improve bladder emptying, and prevent urinary tract infections. Active ingredients include pumpkin seed powder, Rehmannia glutinosa root powder, wild yam extract, soy protein extract, corn silk powder, saw palmetto extract, olive leaf extract, and vitamin B6.

The supplement is given by mouth either once or twice daily.

The supplement is mostly aimed towards spayed female dogs and senior dogs but is an option for both male and female pets. With any medication or supplement given by mouth, stomach upset that could result in vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite is possible.

In the United States, supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food, not as drugs. This means there is no regulatory guarantee regarding the quality or efficacy of ingredients. VetriScience products do have the quality seal of the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) which identifies products from companies committed to creating quality supplement products.

PRN Pharmacal CranMate Chew Tabs

CranMate is a supplement for supporting a healthy urinary tract. This supplement isn’t necessarily going to improve urinary incontinence but may support the urinary tract of dogs who are on long-term medications for incontinence, including those who are prone to urinary tract infections. CranMate is made with American Cranberry purified fruit extract. Other active ingredients include sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, whey powder, liver powder, soy protein concentrate, iron oxide, silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.

The supplement is given by mouth once daily but may be given twice daily during UTI occurrence. 

The supplement is an option for both male and female dogs. With any medication or supplement given by mouth, stomach upset that could result in vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite is possible.

As previously mentioned with other dog urinary supplements, there is no regulatory guarantee regarding the quality or efficacy of ingredients. However, PRN Pharmacal follows Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) and standards. 

Other Medication Options for Urinary Leaking in Dogs

In some cases, especially for male dogs who aren’t responding to the usual medication treatments for urinary incontinence, your veterinarian may recommend medications geared towards incomplete bladder emptying. These dogs may actually have overflow incontinence rather than issues with their urethral sphincter. 

Medications that help with muscle relaxation – such as prazosin or methocarbamol – may be recommended in these cases. Anti-anxiety medications like diazepam may also be prescribed. 

If your pet is not responding to the usual medications, make sure to speak with your veterinarian about bladder-emptying disorders.

Dog Incontinence Medications: Tips and Safety

Make sure to discuss any pre-existing conditions with your veterinarian before starting a prescription incontinence medication, especially if your pet has heart, kidney, liver, thyroid, or eye issues.

If your dog experiences significant side effects, contact your veterinarian before continuing the medication.

Some of these medications, such as Proin, are designed to taste good to your pet. This means there is a risk that your dog might decide the medication is a nice treat and accidentally overdose if they get access to the bottle. Keep these medications out of reach of children and pets.

If your dog’s incontinence does not improve despite medications, it’s possible that they have another less common cause of urinary incontinence, so follow up with your veterinarian for additional diagnostics. Dogs under one year old with incontinence should have congenital defects of the urinary tract ruled out before starting medications.

References:

1. Forsee, Kara M., Garrett J. Davis, Emily E. Mouat, Katharine R. Salmeri, and Richard P. Bastian. “Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008)”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 242.7 (2013): 959-962. doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.7.959. Web. 12 Feb. 2024.
2. Pegram, C et al. “Associations between neutering and early-onset urinary incontinence in UK bitches under primary veterinary care.” The Journal of small animal practice vol. 60,12 (2019): 723-733. doi:10.1111/jsap.13072

The post 5 Dog Incontinence Medications That Could Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In contrast, dogs are not as prone to developing cavities as we are. And flossing (something we practice for good dental health) isn’t something veterinarians recommend for dogs. These similarities and differences prompt the question: are dogs’ mouths cleaner than humans’ mouths?

To provide a clear answer, we asked veterinarians to weigh in — because understanding how our dogs’ mouths work can ultimately help us provide them with optimal dental care.

In addition to reading this article, we recommend initiating a conversation with your veterinarian about your dog’s specific oral hygiene needs.

Origins of “A Dog’s Mouth is Cleaner Than a Human’s”

Although it’s not entirely clear how this idea originated, a look back to ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations provides a clue. These societies believed in the healing properties of dog saliva, so much so that they would let dogs lick their wounds. [1]

There’s a sliver of truth to this belief. Dog saliva does indeed have antibacterial properties that fight Escherichia coli and Streptococcus canis. [2] However, it is a fact that has been exaggerated with time, says Dr. Jeremy Kimmelstiel, medical director at Bond Vet, based in New York City. “While dog saliva does contain some enzymes with potential antibacterial properties, it is not a cure-all and should not be considered a substitute for proper medical treatment.”

Dog saliva can, in fact, cause harm to humans. “Letting a dog lick your wound can lead to infection. And the bacteria in their mouth could be harmful to the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised,” [3] explains Dr. Don LeHoullier, owner of Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Jefferson, Oregon. Dogs can transmit a number of viral and bacterial diseases to humans through infected saliva, such as norovirus, Salmonella, and staph (Staphylococcus) [4].

There may be a more recent explanation for the interest in dog mouth bacteria. “I suspect that part of that belief [that dog mouths are cleaner] is from dental care not being prioritized in dog healthcare 30 to 40 years ago,” shares Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw’s Callowhill location in Philadelphia. “More recently, dental care has become a priority during annual exams, and our recommendations have changed for dental care.” (More on this in a bit!)

Facing Off: Dog Mouth vs Human Mouth 

So, let’s get into it: are dogs’ mouths cleaner than humans’ mouths? The following comparisons and contrasts provide some clarity.  

Bacteria in the Mouth

Both the human mouth and dog mouth contain roughly 600 types of bacteria each. Although the levels of bacteria are similar, scientists estimate that we share just 16.4 percent of them in common with our dogs. [5]

One we both share in common is Porphyromonas, the bacterium most linked to periodontal disease. “The difference is humans have the species P. gingivalis and dogs have the species P. gulae,” explains Dr. Karwacki.

Cavity Frequency

Did you know that dogs are less prone to cavities than humans? Given that dogs don’t get their teeth brushed as often as we do, this may seem counterintuitive. Dog saliva, however, is much less acidic than ours. Acid erodes tooth enamel (the thin, protective layer that defends against cavities and decay).

Additionally, dog teeth are spaced farther apart than ours, providing fewer opportunities for food and debris to become trapped. They also have more conical teeth with fewer pits when compared to our teeth. It also helps, of course, that dogs don’t consume as many sugary foods as we do.

Oral Hygiene

Dentists recommend that we brush and floss every day to remove plaque and debris. Similarly, veterinarians also advise pet parents to brush their dogs’ teeth daily. That’s where the similarities end, though.

Veterinarians say that flossing dog teeth — at least the way we floss using a thin string — is not a recommended practice. It’s not just that attempting to floss a dog’s teeth would likely be an exercise in futility. Dental floss can also contain xylitol (a toxin for dogs) and result in intestinal blockage if ingested.

Though it’s not a replacement for proper brushing and flossing, gargling with certain types of mouthwash can help reduce plaque in our own teeth. [6] While dogs obviously can’t gargle, “A water additive can be used in their water bowl that can help slow down tartar,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Water additives formulated for dogs help prevent (and slow) plaque accumulation with enzymes that alter the pH of dog saliva. Some of these rinses don’t have scent or taste, so your dog doesn’t even have to know. An added benefit of water additives? Fresher dog breath.

Professional Teeth Cleaning Procedures

Professional dog dental care cleanings are performed much like the ones we get at the dentist. In both procedures, similar tools (including polishers, scrapers, and scalers) are used. Additionally, “During the cleaning, radiographs are taken of the teeth to examine the tooth roots just like what would happen at a human dental office,” explains Dr. Karwacki.

The difference in procedures is that dogs need to be sedated. Anesthesia alleviates the stress and pain resulting from all that poking and prodding. It also allows the veterinary team to perform the procedure effectively without having to constantly restrain the dog.

Chewing

Research shows that in humans, chewing sugarless gum for 20 minutes after eating can help prevent decay. [7] Similarly, “for dogs, chewing on appropriate items like dental chews or hard toys can help reduce plaque and tartar buildup,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel.

Products like ORAVET® Dental Hygiene Chews provide dual protection. Manual chewing dislodges plaque, while the added delmopinol forms a barrier around the teeth to prevent plaque and tartar accumulation.

Chewing isn’t a substitute for proper oral hygiene though, veterinarians say. Proper dog dental care still consists of regular brushing and professional dental cleanings.

Avoiding Foods with Sugar

There’s a reason human dentists advise against overuse of sugary foods and beverages. [8] As we consume sugar, the bacteria in our mouths produce an acid that becomes plaque when combined with saliva. Plaque erodes the enamel that protects our teeth, which can lead to cavities.

Because sugar can also cause cavities and tooth decay in dogs, veterinarians recommend not feeding them sugary human foods, or dog foods and snacks containing too much sugar.

Are Dogs’ Mouths Cleaner Than Humans’? The Verdict from Vets

Keeping all of this in mind, what’s the final verdict?

It’s a tough comparison to make, namely because we’re different species — one of which is not actually in charge of their oral hygiene. “Each has its own unique bacteria and hygiene considerations,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel. And with an estimated 84 percent contrast in mouth bacteria, we’re susceptible to developing different types of diseases and health concerns.

This doesn’t even take into consideration novel micro-organisms that individual dogs may contract. “Dogs like to put things in their mouth, such as animal feces, which can introduce new bacteria to their mouths,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Another factor to consider is that more than 80 percent of dogs are afflicted by some degree of periodontal disease. If their mouths were truly cleaner than ours, this number would likely not be as high as it is.

So, while it’s not 100 percent proven, we suspect that a dog’s mouth is likely not cleaner than a human’s mouth.

How to Keep Your Dog’s Mouth Clean

Tending to your dog’s oral hygiene needs goes a long way in preventing dental disease and promoting overall health. Our veterinary-recommended tips can help you navigate this important aspect of your dog’s wellness plan. 

Brush Your Dog’s Teeth Regularly

Brushing a dog’s teeth is essential for removing the plaque that can eventually lead to serious dental issues. How often should you be brushing your furry friend’s teeth, though? “Daily is best, but if not possible, several times a week can be helpful,” recommends Dr. LeHoullier.

Veterinarians say it’s best to start getting your dog accustomed to a toothbrush at a young age. Because this isn’t always possible, we’ve designed a simple step-by-step guide to brushing a dog’s teeth that will help you become a pro in no time.

Though veterinarians recommend using a toothbrush designed for dogs, you may be able to get away with one designed for human babies. One thing that’s non-negotiable? The type of toothpaste you use: it should be formulated specifically for pets. Human toothpaste contains ingredients known to be toxic to dogs. 

Keep Your Dog’s Dental Cleaning and Veterinary Wellness Appointments

Schedule regular professional dental cleanings with your veterinarian to remove tartar buildup and address any underlying issues, recommends Dr. Kimmelstiel.

A test called OraStripdx detects periodontal disease in dogs (and cats) in just 10 seconds without the need for sedation. [9] The technology was introduced very recently, however, so it may not be widely used yet.

Routine veterinary wellness checkups are also important. They “allow the veterinarian to assess your dog’s oral health and address any emerging problems,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel.

Ask Your Veterinarian About Alternative Dental Cleaners

If you’ve tried everything and your dog is still unreceptive to brushing, Dr. Karwacki says dental chews can help slow down tartar buildup. “Dental water additives can also be used if the other two methods do not work.”

Though alternatives can provide some benefit, veterinarians stress that they don’t take the place of regular brushing and veterinary cleanings.

Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet

Provide your dog with a balanced diet that promotes overall health, including dental health, recommends Dr. Kimmelstiel. “Consult with a veterinarian to determine the best diet for your dog’s specific needs.”

If needed, veterinary-prescribed dental diets are available that work to reduce buildup and improve overall dental health. Hill’s, Purina, and Royal Canin each have their own versions.

Budget for Dog Dental Care

Don’t forget to plan ahead for your dog’s dental care needs, whether through pet insurance plans, wellness plans, or financing.

References

1. “Does Dog Saliva Have Healing Powers?” (2015, October). SiOWfa15: “Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy.” Penn State. Retrieved from: https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/10/21/does-dog-saliva-have-healing-powers/
2. Hart, B., Powell, K. (1990, September). “Antibacterial Properties of Saliva: Role in Maternal Periparturient Grooming and in Licking Wounds.” Physiology & Behavior. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003193849090332X
3. Hasan, J., Hug, M. (2023, May). Pasteurella Multocida. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/
4. Ghasemzadeh I, Namazi SH. “Review of Bacterial and Viral Zoonotic Infections Transmitted by Dogs.” (2015) J Med Life. (Spec Iss 4):1-5. PMID: 28316698; PMCID: PMC5319273. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430685/
5. Dewhirst, F., Klein, E., etal. (2012, April). “The Canine Oral Microbiome.” PLoS One. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338629/
6. Mouth Rinse (Mouthwash). (n.d.). American Dental Association. Retrieved from https://www.ada.org/en/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse-mouthwash
7. Chewing Gum. (n.d.). MouthHealthy by the American Dental Association. Retrieved from: https://www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/chewing-gum
8. Nutrition and Oral Health (n.d.). American Dental Association. Retrieved from: https://www.ada.org/en/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/nutrition-and-oral-health
9. “New Test for Early Detection of Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats is Launched.” (2023, March). Fetch DVM360. Retrieved from: https://www.dvm360.com/view/new-test-for-early-detection-of-periodontal-disease-in-dogs-and-cats-is-launched

The post Are Dogs’ Mouths Cleaner Than Humans’? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Knowing what choking looks like and what to do if your dog is choking will allow you to act quickly and give your dog life-saving help.

Choking in dogs is an emergency. After quickly trying to resolve choking at home, you should immediately seek veterinary care.

Causes of Choking in Dogs

Because dogs are willing to put just about anything in their mouths, there are a number of things that can cause choking.

Small toys, rawhides, and bones can easily get lodged in the throat and are common causes of choking in dogs.

Tennis balls can get stuck at the top of the throat, also causing choking.

If a dog eats too quickly, food can go down the trachea instead of the esophagus, blocking the airway and causing choking.

It’s not always something that a dog swallows that can cause choking. A collar that’s too tight can constrict the neck during a walk if a dog pulls on the leash. Collapsing trachea is a common medical condition in small dogs and can cause choking.

This article will focus on what to do if food or a foreign object causes choking.

Signs a Dog is Choking

For people, the universal sign of choking is grabbing the neck. Our dogs, of course, cannot do that. But they do show other signs of choking that are important to recognize.

Coughing and hacking are usually the first signs of choking in dogs and are an attempt to cough up the obstruction in the throat. Here are other signs to look for:

• Gagging, retching
• Pawing at the face
• Excessive drooling
• No noise coming from your dog
• Rubbing the face on the ground
• Wheezing and difficulty breathing
• Appearing frightened, frantic, and distressed

If your dog cannot breathe because of choking, their skin and mucus membranes (gums and tongue, pink area around the eyes, genitals) will start to turn blue because their body is not getting enough oxygen. A choking dog who cannot breathe will eventually collapse and lose consciousness.

How to Help a Choking Dog

If your dog is choking, act quickly and without panicking (we know – easier said than done).

Choking is a medical emergency, and you should try to relieve it immediately. If you are not successful, get your dog to a veterinarian or veterinary emergency room.

It may surprise you, but the Heimlich maneuver can be used in dogs, large and small. Its purpose is to create enough upward force in the chest to dislodge an object from the throat.

The Heimlich maneuver for dogs is not the first step, though. First, you should try to remove the object with your hands. Let’s go over both methods, as well as what to do if neither works.

Remove the object

1. Restrain your dog without using a muzzle. If you have someone with you, ask them to gently restrain your dog. 
2. Open your dog’s mouth carefully to avoid getting bitten.
3. Look in their mouth, including the roof of the mouth, to locate the object causing the choking. Use a small flashlight if you have one nearby.
4. If you can see the object, sweep in the mouth with your fingers to try to remove it.
5. For a small object, like a chunk of food or rawhide, try to grasp it and remove it without pushing it further down the throat.
6. For a large object you can see but not remove with your hands, like a tennis ball, put your thumbs on the sides of your dog’s windpipe, under the ball, and press upward to force the object up and out.
7. Don’t reach down your dog’s throat if you cannot see anything. You may accidentally push the object farther down.

Perform the Heimlich maneuver

You’ll want to perform the Heimlich maneuver in these choking situations:

• You cannot dislodge the object with your hands
• Your dog is gasping for air, and you cannot get to the vet in time

Feel free to call your veterinarian’s office and ask them to guide you through the steps listed below.

Performing the Heimlich on a small dog

1. Position your dog’s back against your chest.
2. Wrap your arms around their chest.
3. Place the fist of one hand just under their ribcage.
4. Gently but firmly thrust upward and inward.
5. Place the dog on their side and look in their mouth to see if you can remove the object.
6. If your dog continues choking, seek emergency care.

Performing the Heimlich on a large dog 

1. If your dog is standing, bend over or kneel and wrap your arms around the belly, just behind their rib cage. Lift upward to increase pressure in their chest.
2. Firmly thrust upward and inward from just behind the rib cage.
3. If your dog is unconscious, lie them on their side on the ground, supporting their back and extending their neck. Place a fist just under their ribcage and thrust upward and inward toward your dog’s head.

After performing the Heimlich, place your dog on their side. Look in their mouth and remove the dislodged object if you can, following the steps listed above.

Perform CPR

If your dog is not breathing after performing the Heimlich, try to perform CPR. Ideally, at least one person would perform CPR on your pet while another drives to an emergency veterinary clinic.

When to See a Veterinarian

You must follow up with your veterinarian if your dog choked, even if you relieved the choking at home and your dog is breathing normally again. Your veterinarian will check to ensure that the entire object was removed and assess your dog for potential injuries caused by choking and performing the Heimlich.

For example, the dislodged object may have damaged your dog’s throat and mouth. Also, performing the Heimlich may have injured your dog’s ribs.

If your dog stopped breathing while choking, they may need to be hospitalized and receive supplemental oxygen.

Your dog may be in pain after choking. If this is the case, your veterinarian will prescribe a medication to reduce the pain.

How to Prevent Choking in Dogs

Here are some strategies to prevent your dog from choking:

• Block access or hide all small toys and objects from your dog
• Give your dog only sturdy toys that can withstand vigorous chewing
• Do not give your dog toys with small parts that may easily be chewed off and inhaled
• Do not give your dog rawhides or bones
• Secure your garbage to prevent your dog from opening the lid
• Use a slow feeder bowl to slow down your dog’s eating

The post Dog Choking: What to Do and How to Prevent It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Here is everything you need to know about heartworm prevention medicine for dogs, plus a list of vet-approved picks to consider.

Why Do Dogs Need Heartworm Medicine?

Heartworm prevention medicine for dogs is essential for protecting your pet from canine heartworms, which are parasitic worms that live in your dog’s heart. These worms can be over a foot in length, and one dog can have several hundred worms. Over time, these worms cause damage to the heart, eventually obstructing flow of blood within the heart, and leading to symptoms of heart and lung disease. Untreated, heartworm disease may be fatal.

It only takes the bite of one infected mosquito for your dog to contract heartworms. Each year, heartworm disease spreads to new areas, in part due to climate change and in part due to the transport of infected dogs between states. 

When a mosquito bites an infected dog, it can then spread the parasites to other dogs. Stray dogs, neglected dogs, coyotes, wolves, and foxes can all carry heartworms. The wind can blow mosquitoes for miles, so your dog may be at risk even if you’ve never seen the wildlife yourself. Keep in mind that heartworm-positive dogs in your neighborhood could also pose a risk to your pet. Rates of infections vary dramatically from year to year, so year-round prevention is best.

Types of Heartworm Medicine for Dogs

The dog heartworm medicines that we’re focused on are actually heartworm preventatives. 

Treatment for dogs diagnosed with heartworm disease is not the same as your usual monthly prevention. If your dog tests positive for heartworms, your veterinarian will discuss a heartworm treatment plan with you.

Heartworm preventive medications come in a variety of forms, such as chews, tablets, topicals, or injectables. Many of these products will protect your pet from other parasites, such as fleas, ticks, or intestinal worms, but you’ll notice there are differences in what the medications cover.  

All heartworm preventatives on the market belong to the macrocyclic lactone class of drugs—ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, or selamectin. These medications work by blocking the transmission of nerve cell signals in the parasites, effectively paralyzing and starving the worms. 

Heartworm prevention requires a prescription from a veterinarian.

The List

• Interceptor Plus
• NexGard Plus
• Simparica Trio
• Heartgard Plus
• Sentinel Spectrum
• Trifexis
• Advantage Multi
• Revolution
• ProHeart

Best Heartworm Medicine for Dogs: 9 Vet-Approved Picks 

There are quite a few heartworm medications for dogs on the market, and many of these are great options. If your veterinarian is recommending a different product from the ones we’ve included in this review, it doesn’t mean it’s not a good product. Work with your veterinarian to find the product that best suits you and your dog. 

Please note that these medications are not listed in any specific order.

Interceptor Plus

The active ingredients in Interceptor Plus are milbemycin oxime and praziquantel. This product is a monthly chicken-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, adult hookworms, roundworms, tapeworms, and whipworms. This product is not labeled as flea and tick prevention, so a separate product would be necessary.

It’s available in four dosing sizes (2-8 lbs., 8.1-25 lbs., 25.1-50 lbs., and 50.1-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds can still take this medication but will require a combination of chewables for appropriate dosing. Dogs must be at least 2 pounds in size and 6 weeks or older to take this prevention.

Nexgard Plus

The active ingredients in NexGard Plus are afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. The product is a monthly beef-flavored chewable tablet that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. The medication is not labeled for whipworms or tapeworms. 

It’s available in five dosing sizes (4-8 lbs., 8.1-17 lbs., 17.1-33 lbs., 33.1-66 lbs., 66.1-132 lbs.). Dogs over 132 pounds will require the appropriate combination of tablets to reach their dose. Dogs must be at least 4 pounds and 8 weeks old to take this heartworm medicine.

Simparica Trio

The active ingredients in Simparica Trio include sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. The product is a monthly pork-flavored chewable that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. It’s not labeled for whipworms or tapeworms.

Simparica Trio is available in six dosing sizes (2.8-5.5 lbs., 5.6-11.0 lbs., 11.1-22.0 lbs., 22.1-44.0 lbs., 44.1-88.0 lbs., and 88.1-132.0 lbs.). Dogs over 132 pounds will require the appropriate combination of chewables. Dogs must be at least 2.8 pounds and at least 8 weeks old for this heartworm prevention.

Heartgard Plus

The active ingredients in Heartgard Plus are ivermectin and pyrantel. The product is a monthly beef-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. This medication is not labeled for flea, tick, or tapeworm infestations.

It’s available in three dosing sizes (0-25 lbs., 26-50 lbs., and 51-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds will need to take the appropriate combination of chews to reach their weight. Dogs must be at least 6 weeks of age or older to take this medication. 

Tri-Heart Plus and Iverhart Plus are similar medications with the same active ingredients, which may be more cost-effective for some pet parents.

Sentinel Spectrum

The active ingredients in Sentinel Spectrum include milbemycin oxime, lufenuron, and praziquantel. The product is a monthly beef and bacon-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, fleas, tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. The medication isn’t labeled as preventing ticks.

It’s available in four dosing sizes (2-8 lbs., 8.1-25 lbs., 25.1-50 lbs., and 50.1-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds will require the appropriate combination of chews. Dogs must be at least 6 weeks old and 2 pounds to take Sentinel Spectrum.

Trifexis

The active ingredients in Trifexis include spinosad and milbemycin oxime. The product is a monthly beef-flavored tablet that protects against heartworms, fleas, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. The medication does not prevent ticks or tapeworms.

Trifexis is available in five dosing sizes (5-10 lbs., 10.1-20 lbs., 20.1-40 lbs., 40.1-60 lbs., 60.1-120 lbs.). Dogs over 120 pounds will require the appropriate combination of tablets. Dogs must be at least 8 weeks old and 5 pounds to take this drug.

Advantage Multi

The active ingredients in Advantage Multi include imidacloprid and moxidectin. The product is a monthly topical product that protects against heartworms, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, fleas, and sarcoptic mange (scabies). To apply Advantage Multi, the fur between the shoulder blades is parted, and the liquid in the tube is squeezed directly onto the skin. The medication does not prevent ticks or tapeworms.

It’s available in five dosing sizes (3-9 lbs., 9.1-20 lbs., 20.1-55 lbs., 55.1-88 lbs., and 88.1-110 lbs.). Dogs over 110 pounds will require the appropriate combination of topical tubes to reach their weight. Dogs must be at least 7 weeks old and weigh 3 pounds to take Advantage Multi.

Revolution

The active ingredient in Revolution is selamectin. The product is a monthly topical that protects against heartworms, fleas, American dog ticks, ear mites, and sarcoptic mites (scabies).  This medication is applied directly to the skin in the same manner as Advantage Multi. Revolution isn’t labeled as preventing intestinal worms in dogs.

It’s available in six dosing sizes (up to 5 lbs., 5.1-10 lbs., 10.1-20 lbs., 20.1-40 lbs., 40.1-85 lbs., and 85.1-130 lbs.). Dogs over 130 pounds will require the appropriate combination of topical tubes. Puppies must be at least 6 weeks old to take Revolution.

ProHeart

The active ingredient in ProHeart is moxidectin. This medication is injected under the skin and can only be administered by veterinary staff who have completed training and are certified to give ProHeart. ProHeart 6 is given every six months in the veterinary clinic while ProHeart 12 is given every 12 months in the veterinary clinic. 

The medication prevents heartworms and treats hookworms. The medication isn’t labeled as preventing roundworms, tapeworms, whipworms, fleas, or ticks.

Dogs receiving ProHeart 6 must be at least 6 months old. Dogs receiving ProHeart 12 must be at least 12 months old. 

How to Choose Heartworm Medicine for Dogs

Pet parents should work with their veterinarian to choose the best method for preventing heartworms in their pet. Things to consider include:

• How well your dog takes oral medications
• Any food allergies your dog has
• Other pets or children in the home who might touch topical products placed between the dog’s shoulder blades
• Your ability to remember to administer preventives on a regular basis
• Any reactions your pet has had to past preventives
• Your preference for having a combination product vs. administering separate heartworm and flea/tick prevention
• Your finances

In some cases, you’ll have to find the best option through trial and error. Some dogs take heartworm chews just as easily as they’d take any other treat. For these dogs, it’s a great option! Other dogs may not like the taste or get upset stomachs, so you may need to choose a different option. 

If your dog experiences any side effects from heartworm prevention, make sure to notify your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you look at different options for your pet.

Dog Heartworm Medicine FAQ

Can you buy heartworm medicine for dogs over the counter?

Heartworm medicine for dogs can only be purchased with a prescription from a veterinarian. 

Do dogs need heartworm medicine every month? Even in the winter?

The American Heartworm Society recommends that you “think 12.” Give heartworm prevention all 12 months of the year, even in the winter, and test your dog for heartworms every 12 months. 

Can I give my dog heartworm medicine without testing?

Dogs over 6 weeks old and under 7 months old can receive heartworm medicine without testing. It takes around 6 months for heartworms to reach adulthood, which is necessary for the dog to test positive. Thus, a test in a puppy will always be negative. Otherwise, dogs need to have a negative heartworm test to receive prevention. It’s recommended to test dogs six months after your initial veterinary visit, again six months later, and then annually thereafter.

Does heartworm medicine make dogs sleepy?

Some dogs may act sleepy or lethargic after taking heartworm medicine. 

What if I forgot to give my dog heartworm medicine?

If you are less than two weeks late, you can give the medication and continue as normal. If you’re over two weeks late, you should give your dog the next dose as soon as possible and speak with your veterinarian about retesting for heartworms in six months. If your dog goes over six weeks without prevention, they could be at risk for heartworms.

References

1. American Heartworm Society. 2022 Heartworm Incidence Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.heartwormsociety.org/resources/vet/infographics/839-ahs-incidence-survey-infographic

The post Best Heartworm Medicine for Dogs: 9 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

You might be wondering, what color should dog pee be, anyway? Read on for more info about different dog urine colors (including a helpful dog urine color chart), and find out what’s normal – and what’s not – when it comes to dog pee.

Normal Dog Pee: What Does It Look Like?

How often do you really look at your dog’s pee? Unless your dog is having accidents in the house, you might not pay close attention. But knowing what is normal and abnormal for your dog can help you intervene sooner if your dog develops a health condition.

“By being attentive to your dog’s urine, you can potentially detect early signs of urinary tract infections, kidney problems, bladder issues, or other medical conditions,” says Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian at The Vets. “Normal dog urine is typically light yellow to amber in color.”

Erik Olstad, DVM, health sciences assistant professor at William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, adds that: “It varies for each pet, and normal dog urine, just like human urine, can vary throughout the day. That first morning urine, I’d be expecting that dog’s urine to be darker yellow than normal because it’s going to be more concentrated [since] they haven’t been drinking water throughout the night.”

The next time you take your dog for a walk, try to peek at their urine. If your dog usually goes on grass or a tree, but you’re very curious, you can try to catch a sample by carrying a small plastic food container with you and sticking it in the stream when your dog goes.

Dog Urine Color Chart

Normal and abnormal dog urine can vary in color. It can sometimes be difficult to discern the exact color of abnormal urine, but in general, any dark or cloudy color is a reason to see a veterinarian.

Changes in Dog Urine Color

Your dog’s water intake affects the color of their pee. The urine might look darker yellow than normal if your dog is dehydrated, or it may look very pale yellow or even clear if your dog had had a lot of water.

“It’s important to remember that individual factors, such as diet and medications, can influence urine color,” Dr. Savageau says. “If you notice any significant or persistent changes in urine color, it’s best to consult with a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment if necessary.”

Many of these colors can also be caused by certain dyes and medications. Contact your veterinarian for advice if you’re noticing a change in urine color but your pet is otherwise acting normal.

Light Yellow Urine

According to Dr. Savageau, normal urine color can vary slightly in healthy dogs, but it is typically a light yellow to amber color. “Adequately hydrated dogs tend to have lighter urine,” she says, adding that, “occasional color variations within the normal range are generally not a cause for concern.”

Dark Yellow Urine

Dark yellow urine in dogs is usually a sign of dehydration. When a dog is not drinking enough water, the urine becomes more concentrated and darker in color. If you notice dark yellow urine and your dog is otherwise acting normal, try offering more water to see if the urine goes back to normal. If it remains consistently dark yellow, or if your dog is acting sick, schedule a visit with your veterinarian.

Bright Yellow Urine

Bright yellow dog urine could be from certain foods or supplements. Dr. Savageau says it’s not generally cause for concern, but if you’re worried, visit your veterinarian to have your dog checked out.

Clear Urine

Clear pee is urine that has no discernable color. If this happens when your dog drinks a huge bowl of water, it could just mean that they are temporarily extra-hydrated. However, clear urine in dogs could be a sign of kidney failure, diabetes, or Cushing’s disease. Drinking too much water and peeing more than normal (polydipsia/polyuria) are common symptoms of these three conditions. If you consistently see that your dog’s urine is clear, call your veterinarian.

Black or Brown Urine

Brownish urine in dogs, or urine that is so dark that it looks black, is a sign your dog needs urgent veterinary attention. It might be caused by hemolysis (red blood cells breaking down) or rhabdomyolysis, which occurs when dogs experience profound muscle damage. The dark color in the urine is pigment from the breakdown of muscle. In addition to occurring after a prolonged seizure, “[Rhabdomyolysis] can happen in cases of heat stroke,” says Dr. Olstad. “Any time your dog’s urine doesn’t look like urine, that’s when you need to go see your vet.”

Green Urine

Green urine in dogs is rare to see. Medical conditions which could cause green urine include severe liver disease or a Pseudomonas urinary tract infection. To be safe, contact your veterinarian for an exam.

Orange Urine

Orange pee can sometimes be difficult to discern from dark yellow pee (a sign of dehydration). If your dog’s pee is orange, it could indicate “a high concentration of bilirubin, which may be a sign of liver or gallbladder problems,” Dr. Savageau says. Orange urine can also develop if your dog’s red blood cells are getting destroyed, which can occur with an autoimmune disease called immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Either way, call your veterinarian.

Red Urine

Red or pink urine might be due to a condition called hematuria, or blood in the urine. “[In dogs,] that most frequently happens in the case of UTIs or urinary stones,” according to Dr. Olstad. “In rare cases, if a dog got into an anticoagulant rat bait, the dog could bleed into their bladder.” Dark red blood in dog urine is somewhat obvious, but lighter red or pink could potentially be pigment from another problem. Male dogs may have red or pink urine if they have a prostate infection or other prostate condition. You may see blood in the urine of female dogs in estrus (heat). Although not nearly as common as UTIs or bladder stones, urinary tract cancers like transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder can cause blood in the urine, as well. Your veterinarian can perform a urinalysis to confirm the presence of red blood cells and look for other issues.

Cloudy Urine

Murky or foamy dog urine is always abnormal. “Normal dog urine should be transparent,” Dr. Savageau notes. “Cloudy or murky urine can indicate the presence of bacteria, crystals, or other substances, suggesting an infection or urinary tract issue.”

Dog Pee Colors: When to See a Veterinarian 

Pay attention to changes in your dog’s urine, including its color, clarity, volume, frequency, and smell. Contact your veterinarian if the color of your dog’s urine changes, if the urine looks cloudy or milky, if you notice an unusually overpowering or foul odor, or if your dog is going more frequently, straining to urinate, or urinating in small amounts.

If your dog’s pee is dark yellow, but they are otherwise acting normal, you can try encouraging them to drink more water. Contact your veterinarian if the pee doesn’t change to a normal light yellow.

If your dog’s urine is clear, and they are also drinking more water than usual, it could indicate impaired kidney function or an endocrine issue like diabetes or Cushing’s disease. Consult your veterinarian for a full workup, including a physical exam, urinalysis, blood work, and possibly other tests.

If you see dark urine that is any color other than yellow, seek urgent veterinary attention. Some of the causes of dark urine in dogs are extremely serious, so time is of the essence.

Dr. Olstad points out that it can be difficult to discern dark-yellow urine from other dark urine colors like brown, orange, black, or green, so err on the side of caution and get your dog to a veterinarian as quickly as you can. His rule of thumb? “If in doubt, get the pee checked out!”

The post Dog Urine Color Chart: What Specific Shades Mean appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Whether you find flea dirt disgusting or you’re not even sure what it is, we’ve got answers to all your questions about fleas, flea dirt, and how to remove both from your pets and your home right here.

What Is Flea Dirt?

Let’s start with the basics. Flea dirt may sound like something you’d expect a messy pest to leave behind. But it’s a bit more involved (and grosser) than that. Flea dirt is technically the fecal matter of adult fleas — so it’s just a nicer way of saying “flea poop.” 

When adult fleas take up residence on your dog or cat, they consume your pet’s blood to survive. And when they defecate, they excrete mostly undigested blood in the form of dark pellets that remain in your pet’s coat. 

These flea poop pellets also serve as a food source for flea larvae, which are baby fleas.

What Does Flea Dirt Look Like?

Perhaps unsurprisingly, flea dirt looks a lot like, well…dirt. The dark pellets are often described as looking like coffee grounds in your pet’s fur or little black dots on your pet’s skin. Typically, the pellets are reddish-black or dark brown.  

It’s often easy for pet parents to mistake normal dirt, dandruff, or scabs for flea dirt. However, there’s a simple way to tell the difference between real flea dirt and other lookalikes. Best of all, it’s free and you can do it at home!

How to Conduct the Flea Dirt Test

Also known as the “paper towel flea dirt test,” this easy at-home method will reveal in an instant if those suspicious specks on your dog or cat are flea dirt or not.

Here’s how it works: Simply transfer the alleged flea dirt from your pet to a wet paper towel. If the dirt dissolves and leaves a reddish stain, it is most likely flea dirt. The blood component of the flea poop is responsible for the reddish hue. Normal dirt or skin scabs should not turn the paper towel red when wet.

Dangers of Fleas and Flea Dirt

If you find flea dirt on your dog or cat, it indicates the recent presence of adult fleas. Outside of finding actual fleas on your pet’s body, flea dirt is the clearest sign that your pet has a flea infestation.

That means you should take immediate action to treat the infestation and prevent re-infestation since fleas can pose health risks both for your pet and for your family. 

In pets, fleas can cause anemia due to blood loss, flea allergy dermatitis (an allergic skin reaction), tapeworms in dogs and cats, as well as other diseases like bartonellosis.

The presence of fleas and flea dirt on your pets also increases your family’s risk of contracting flea-borne diseases that affect people, including:

• Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), which is transmitted to cats by fleas and then transmitted to people when the infected cat bites or scratches a person
• Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), which is spread through the bite of an infected flea, or when flea dirt from an infected flea is inhaled or rubbed into wounds or eyes
• Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum), which is transmitted to people who consume an infected flea, usually children

When and Where to Look for Flea Dirt

Now that you know what flea dirt looks like and why it should concern you, here are some guidelines to tell you when and where to look for it on your pet.

Excessive itching is one of the most common signs that you should examine your dog or cat for the presence of flea dirt. But it’s not the only indicator. You should also check for flea dirt on your pet if you notice these signs:

• Biting at the fur or skin
• Red bumps on your pet’s body, which often resemble pimples
• Crusting or scaling of the skin
• Developing “hot spots,” which are moist, inflamed areas of skin
• Hair loss, especially around the rump and thighs
• Brownish staining of the fur from excessive licking
• Presence of tapeworms

When searching for flea dirt on your pet, you can either part the fur and look around the base of the hair shafts for specks of flea dirt, or use a flea comb. If using a flea comb, comb in the direction of the fur. The flea comb may pick up both flea dirt and actual live fleas. 

You may also find flea dirt in your pet’s bedding or in other areas where they like to rest — including your couch and your bed! 

Though flea dirt looks the same on both dogs and cats, there are some differences to keep in mind when it comes to where you are most likely to find it. Fleas tend to congregate in different areas on dogs than they do on cats. Here are some pointers to aid your search:

Flea Dirt on Dogs

Flea dirt on dogs can be found anywhere on your dog’s body. However, dog flea dirt is most common around the rump, particularly the lower back, tail base, groin, underbelly, and thighs.

Flea Dirt on Cats

Like dogs, flea dirt can be found on any part of the cat’s body. However, cats tend to be fastidious groomers! Because of this, you may notice more fleas or flea dirt around a cat’s neck or other areas that are harder for them to groom themselves.

How to Get Rid of Flea Dirt

Unlike actual dirt, getting rid of flea dirt requires more than a deep cleaning session. You can remove every speck of flea dirt, but if there are still fleas living on your pet, they’re just going to poop out more. To fully rid your pet or home of flea dirt, you’ll also have to get rid of the fleas, themselves. 

At the first sign of flea dirt, be sure to talk with your veterinarian about the best flea prevention and treatment plan for your dog or cat. Depending on your pet’s needs, your vet will likely recommend some combination of the following tactics to rid your pet and home of fleas and flea dirt.

Oral or topical flea medication

When it comes to flea medicine for dogs or cats, there’s no shortage of options to choose from…so many, it can feel overwhelming. That’s why it’s crucial to get guidance from your veterinarian, who can recommend the best option for your pet’s species, weight, age, and needs — both immediate and long-term.

Flea medications fall into two categories: Flea preventatives are designed to stop flea infestations from starting, while flea treatments are designed to eliminate an active flea infestation on your pet. 

Since it’s much better to head off flea infestations before they start, veterinarians typically recommend a monthly flea preventative, such as Credelio (lotilaner) chewable tablets (which are also effective against ticks), as part of a long-term plan.

Some oral and topical flea preventatives, including Revolution Plus and Simparica TRIO, also offer broad-spectrum protection against other parasites that threaten pets, such as ticks, roundworms, hookworms, and heartworms. It’s important to note that your pet will have to be tested for heartworms before beginning this type of medication.

If your pet has an active case of fleas, a fast-acting flea treatment may be in order. CAPSTAR (nitenpyram) is an oral medication that can start killing adult fleas in 30 minutes. However, it’s not effective against flea eggs and larvae, so be sure to ask your veterinarian about what flea preventative you should use, as well.

Whichever flea medication you administer, it’s extremely important to make sure you only give dog flea prevention to dogs and cat flea prevention to cats. Permethrin is a chemical in some topical flea products intended for dogs. If placed on a cat, this product can cause tremors and seizures. 

Treatments intended to be put on the skin could also be toxic if ingested, so make sure you’re giving the medication correctly. If you have questions or concerns about oral or topical flea medications, make sure to speak with your veterinarian.

Bathe your pet

If your pet has a lot of flea dirt (and fleas) trapped in their coat or on their skin, bathing your dog or cat can help remove them and provide relief. But remember this is also a short-term solution that does nothing to prevent any larvae that survive the bath from reaching adulthood.

Be sure to use a gentle, pet-safe shampoo to remove the flea dirt and prevent skin irritation. You may have heard that using Dawn dish soap is a good idea for bathing pets with fleas. However, experts caution that the detergent isn’t any more effective than other shampoos and may be more irritating. 

If you use Dawn dish soap, you may want to follow up with a soothing pet-safe shampoo. Keep in mind that you may need to do several rounds of shampoo if there is a lot of flea dirt trapped in your pet’s coat.

Vacuum pet beds, furniture, and carpets

Fleas can live in your pet’s bed, on furniture, and in your carpets. So if you want to get rid of fleas and flea dirt in your home, be sure to give your household some extra cleaning TLC, too.

Thoroughly vacuum soft surfaces and anywhere you spot flea dirt. Consider using a steam cleaner, as well. Don’t forget to consider other resting areas, such as favorite chairs or cat trees, while cleaning up!

When emptying your vacuum, be sure to dispose of the contents in a sealed bag placed into the trash outside of the home to prevent reinfestation.

Consider other pets

If one pet in your home has fleas, your other pets likely do, as well. Make sure to check them all. Regardless of what you find, all your pets should receive flea prevention to prevent flea infestations.

Tips for Preventing Flea Dirt on Dogs and Cats

As mentioned, the best way to keep flea dirt off your dog or cat is to prevent them from having the fleas that produce it. Work with your veterinarian to determine the right flea-prevention medication for your pet and stick with it. 

However, medication isn’t the only weapon at your disposal in the fight against fleas and flea dirt. In addition to meds, you can reduce the risk of flea infestations even further with the following tactics:

• Avoid exposure to unknown animals, especially wild or stray animals
• Regularly spot-check your pet for signs of flea dirt, especially after your pet has spent time with other animals (e.g., boarding or dog parks)
• Check for fleas when brushing or combing your pet’s fur
• Wash your pet’s bedding regularly and vacuum high-risk areas

With consistent flea prevention and vigilant monitoring, you can help keep your pets — and your home — free of fleas and flea dirt! 

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A Quick Comparison Guide

Galliprant is the brand name for the generic drug grapiprant. Gabapentin is a generic drug name. Galliprant and gabapentin are both medications which are used to manage pain in dogs, but they have different indications and side effects.

View the chart below for a quick comparison of gabapentin vs. Galliprant.

Differences in How These Dog Pain Medications Work

Galliprant works on a specific receptor that is more active in dogs with arthritis. By inhibiting this receptor, it decreases the inflammatory effects of arthritis, which translates to less pain for the dog.

The action of gabapentin isn’t fully understood, but it appears to inhibit the release of chemicals that cause anxiety and nerve pain.

Galliprant’s main use is to reduce chronic pain caused by arthritis. Gabapentin has multiple uses outside of pain, including anxiety reduction and seizure management.

When it comes to pain, gabapentin is most useful for nerve pain. Examples of diseases that could cause nerve pain in dogs include intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), phantom limb pain following amputation, or abnormalities in the shape or formation of vertebrae causing pressure on the spinal cord. However, the efficacy of gabapentin used alone for pain control isn’t supported by research studies at this time.

Pros and Cons: Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin

While we can give you a general idea of the benefits and risks of Galliprant and gabapentin, your veterinarian will know what is best for your pet’s specific situation

Effectiveness of Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin for Dog Pain

Galliprant has been shown to be safe for most dogs [1], as well as an effective treatment for osteoarthritis pain [2]. 

Two studies found that Galliprant wasn’t as successful at treating acute pain in patients with experimentally induced arthritis than carprofen or firocoxib, two other NSAIDs [3][4]. However, these studies didn’t look at long-term efficacy. Osteoarthritis is a long-term condition which requires long-term pain control. More studies comparing Galliprant to other NSAIDs for long-term pain control are still needed.

Gabapentin hasn’t been evaluated for efficacy in treating chronic pain in dogs [5]. In fact, gabapentin used alone for the management of pain in dogs lacks support from research studies. In most cases, gabapentin isn’t considered a first-tier option for treatment of pain. Instead, gabapentin is usually added as an adjunctive treatment to a pre-existing treatment regimen.

Comparing Side Effects

Any oral medication can cause vomiting, so you could see this side effect from giving both Galliprant and gabapentin to dogs. The main side effects of Galliprant are vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. The primary side effect of gabapentin is sedation.

Thus far, gabapentin isn’t known to cause long-term side effects in dogs. Galliprant, on the other hand, may increase liver enzymes. Despite this, studies show that long-term treatment with Galliprant is safe in most dogs [6]. Dogs with kidney disease or liver disease should not take Galliprant.

Cost Comparison of Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin

Galliprant costs quite a bit more on a monthly basis than gabapentin – usually over four times as much. Because they have slightly different uses, your veterinarian isn’t usually going to be asking you to pick one or the other.

If Galliprant is cost-prohibitive for you, there are other NSAIDs like carprofen which may be good options for your pet. However, other NSAIDs may have different safety concerns, so make sure to speak with your veterinarian about which options are safe for your dog.

If you have dog insurance, it may cover one or both medications. If your insurance isn’t covering one, speak with your veterinarian to see if there is a covered option.

Can I Give My Dog Galliprant and Gabapentin Together?

Yes, it’s okay to give dogs both Galliprant and gabapentin together as part of treating dog pain or dog arthritis.

If your veterinarian suspects nerve pain as a component of your dog’s arthritis, they may recommend both Galliprant and gabapentin together. This is especially likely in dogs with arthritis in their vertebral column (backbone) or dogs with arthritis from previous injuries like fractures.

Galliprant and gabapentin don’t have any known drug interactions that should cause you any concern using them together. You will want to be aware of their individual side effects and monitor for those.

The Bottom Line When Choosing Between Galliprant and Gabapentin

If you’re talking about dog arthritis medications, Galliprant alone or Galliprant and gabapentin together are usually better than gabapentin alone. If your dog has both arthritis and anxiety, gabapentin may be added to the treatment for its ability to treat both pain and anxiety. For chronic nerve pain, like phantom limb syndrome, gabapentin may be an effective option.

The bottom line when choosing between Galliprant and gabapentin is to rely on your veterinarian’s recommendation as to what’s best for your dog. They will work with you to determine whether one of these drugs, both drugs together, or a different option entirely is the best strategy for managing your pet’s pain.

References

1. Rausch-Derra, Lesley C et al. “Evaluation of the safety of long-term, daily oral administration of grapiprant, a novel drug for treatment of osteoarthritic pain and inflammation, in healthy dogs.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 76,10 (2015): 853-9. doi:10.2460/ajvr.76.10.853

2. Rausch-Derra, L et al. “A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist (PRA), in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 30,3 (2016): 756-63. doi:10.1111/jvim.13948

3. de Salazar Alcalá, Andrea García et al. “Correction to: Assessment of the efficacy of firocoxib (Previcox®) and grapiprant (Galliprant®) in an induced model of acute arthritis in dogs.” BMC veterinary research vol. 15,1 347. 17 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2116-1 

4. Budsberg, Steven C et al. “Comparison of two inhibitors of E-type prostanoid receptor four and carprofen in dogs with experimentally induced acute synovitis.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 80,11 (2019): 1001-1006. doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1001

5. Gruen, Margaret E et al. “2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association vol. 58,2 (2022): 55-76. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7292.

6. Sartini, I., & Giorgi, M. (2021). Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12983 

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What Is a Seroma?

In dogs, a seroma is a fluid-filled lump that most commonly forms at or near the site of a surgical incision. These swellings contain serous fluid, which is a clear to yellow fluid that is slightly thicker than water. Serous fluid is made of blood plasma and inflammatory cells but doesn’t include actual blood.

It’s normal for healing wounds to have a small amount of serous discharge. When there is dead space (open space between tissue planes) or pocketing in a surgical wound, the serous fluid can accumulate and form a seroma.

Depending on how fluid-filled they are, seromas can feel soft to firm. Squeezing or poking a seroma sometimes feels like squeezing or poking a water balloon. Other fluid-filled lumps like hematomas or abscesses often feel similar, but hematomas contain blood and abscesses contain pus.

Causes of Seromas in Dogs

Formation of a seroma in dogs post surgery is relatively common. Reports vary, but one study showed that 18 percent of dogs developed a seroma after placement of closed suction drains in clean surgical wounds. [1] 

Most post-surgery seromas in dogs appear typically within about seven to 10 days after. Surgical factors can contribute to seroma formation, such as if the surgeon leaves dead space when closing the incision or excessive dissection between tissue planes during the surgery. The dead space or pocketing can lead to serous fluid accumulation. 

Seromas often develop when incisions are in high-motion areas of the body or on the underside of your pet. Seromas can also develop in dogs who aren’t adequately rested after surgery. Dogs with surgical incisions should usually have activity restriction for at least 10 days, which means no roughhousing, jumping around, or running. Your dog should be leash-walked after surgery. 

Because spay surgery is common, with an incision on the dog’s belly, formation of a seroma after this type of surgery is one of the most common seroma presentations at veterinary clinics. 

Seromas can also develop with non-surgical wounds. Examples include traumatic wounds (like from getting hit by a car) or puncture wounds. Like surgical wounds, dead space within these wounds may result in fluid accumulation, causing a seroma.

A dog of any breed or age group can develop a seroma. Highly active dogs, dogs with large incisions, dogs who have incisions in high motion areas, and recently spayed female dogs are more likely to develop seromas.

Symptoms of Seromas in Dogs

A visible, fluid-filled lump near a recent incision is the main symptom, but other symptoms to be aware of can include:

• No pain when touched
• Serous drainage from the associated incision or wound
• Slight skin redness (Seromas don’t usually cause the level of inflammation seen with abscesses or bruising sometimes seen with hematomas.)

Diagnosing Seromas in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has developed a seroma after spay surgery or another procedure, it’s a good idea to have the surgery site checked out by your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian will usually be highly suspicious of a seroma just by knowing your dog had a recent surgery or injury and feeling the lump. Their suspicions can be confirmed by placing a needle into the lump and removing fluid. If serous fluid is removed, it’s likely to be diagnosed as a seroma.

In some cases, the veterinarian may look at the fluid under a microscope to rule out infection. If the veterinarian is concerned that there may be a hernia, they may recommend an X-ray of the area or an ultrasound of the bump prior to placing a needle in to ensure that the swelling is just fluid and not organs. 

How to Treat Seromas in Dogs

In many cases, seroma treatment in dogs simply requires patience and monitoring on your part. A lot of seromas resolve on their own over time. The body’s resorption of the seroma may take several weeks. 

If you and your veterinarian determine that waiting to see if the body handles the seroma on its own is the best option, your veterinarian may recommend placing a heat pack on the seroma for 10 to 15 minutes several times per day. The heat will encourage the vessels to dilate, which can encourage fluid resorption. 

Your pet should be activity restricted while you’re monitoring the seroma. Again, activity restriction in dogs generally means no rough play, no jumping or running, and short leash-walks only, though your veterinarian may have additional activity restriction recommendations.

If the seroma is particularly large or bothersome to your pet, the veterinarian may recommend draining the fluid. Unfortunately, a lot of seromas will refill after a one-time draining.

For particularly pesky seromas that don’t want to resolve, the veterinarian may recommend placing a temporary drain that removes fluid or undergoing a revision surgery to tack down dead space. 

Some seromas can become infected and lead to abscess development, so your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics, such as cephalexin, to prevent infection.

How to Prevent Seromas in Dogs

Preventing surgical seromas is a joint effort. Your veterinarian works to prevent seromas in tacking down dead space during your pet’s surgery, and you work to prevent seromas by following your veterinarian’s activity restriction recommendations. 

However, in some cases, despite everyone’s best efforts, a seroma still develops. Very rarely are seromas dangerous in dogs, and luckily, they’re usually easy to manage with time and patience. 

The post Seroma in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But dogs can develop heart problems that lead to heart failure. While dogs don’t tend to have heart attacks like people do, other heart conditions which can lead to heart failure are relatively common in dogs.

Heart failure in dogs rarely just happens out of nowhere. Your dog may have signs of heart disease ahead of actual heart failure. Paying attention to those signs and taking good care of your dog’s heart health — with regular checkups and measures to promote cardiovascular function — play an important role in managing the risk factors. Here’s what pet parents need to know about heart disease and heart failure in dogs to help protect their health.

What Is Heart Failure in Dogs?

To better understand signs of heart failure in a dog, let’s take a moment to learn the difference between heart disease and heart failure.

“Heart disease encompasses many types of impaired heart function,” says Dr. Hanie Elfenbein, a veterinarian based in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “It may be diagnosed as a heart murmur during a routine physical exam or may be diagnosed because of a change in behavior such as exercise intolerance, lethargy, or collapse.” 

If unchecked, heart disease symptoms in dogs can lead to congestive heart failure, or CHF. 

“Congestive heart failure is when the muscles of the heart can no longer circulate blood adequately,” says Dr. Elfenbein. “Fluid (congestion) then builds up either in the lungs (left-sided heart failure) or in the abdomen (right-sided heart failure).”

The symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs are more obvious than signs associated with heart disease. Labored or rapid breathing is the main outward sign of heart failure in dogs.

“CHF is diagnosed when a dog has trouble breathing,” explains Dr. Elfenbein. “It often requires a visit to an emergency veterinarian because it can happen suddenly and a dog’s distress can be severe.”

4 General Signs of Heart Problems in Dogs

It’s critical to keep in mind that “heart failure is the end stage of heart disease” in dogs, says Dr. Weihow Hseuh, assistant professor of cardiology at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. So learning to spot the signs of heart disease in dogs and getting them in for regular veterinary exams goes a long way toward slowing the progression from heart disease to heart failure.

Here are possible signs of heart problems in dogs to watch for:

Heart Murmur

Not all heart murmurs in dogs are equal. Many puppies have an “innocent” heart murmur, which is a very quiet murmur that goes away as the puppy matures. These murmurs aren’t related to actual heart disease. However, murmurs which are associated with a heart disease are called “pathologic” heart murmurs.

But other murmurs can signal trouble. Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a heart condition which commonly causes a pathologic heart murmur in dogs. MVD is often genetic. Dr. Hseuh says small breeds — especially King Charles Spaniels — tend to be more prone to MVD. Toy Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Pomeranians, and Yorkshire Terriers are also susceptible, although MVD-related murmurs can show up in large breeds too.

Veterinarians are trained to detect heart murmurs during their routine physical exams, which is why Dr. Hseuh says regular veterinary checkups are vital.

Lethargy or Malaise

These are two of the easiest-to-miss symptoms, especially as dogs age, says Dr. Michael Aherne, a clinical professor of cardiology at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine.

“These can be tough to see with some animals,” Dr. Aherne says. “We might think it’s just an old dog.”

But lethargy, malaise, or exercise intolerance can be a sign of canine dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM. DCM is a condition in which the muscles of the heart become abnormally thin, and the chambers of the heart enlarge. A heart affected by DCM isn’t effective at pumping blood through the body.

While a little laziness isn’t necessarily a sign of trouble, Dr. Aherne says, an obvious disinterest in playing, walking, or a marked decrease in energy is a good reason to see the vet.

Coughing

Another symptom of developing heart trouble that can be easy to misinterpret is coughing. Dogs may cough when they have respiratory illnesses, like kennel cough, or because of irritation from pollen or dust.

But a persistent cough, or especially one that follows exercise or a period of excited activity, might be a sign of heart disease. Dogs with heart disease sometimes cough excessively at night, as well.

“We tend to see a cardiac cough with large breeds,” says Dr. Aherne. “Coughing is their tell.” He adds that a “soft, insidious cough,” more than a hacking cough, is more likely a sign of heart trouble than a sign of something else.

Fainting

Dr. Elfenbein explains that fainting (also known as syncope) can be a symptom of some types of heart disease in dogs. “This type of fainting happens if the heart skips enough beats that not enough blood reaches the brain. The heart starts beating again on its own and usually the dog recovers within a few seconds and acts like nothing happened,” she says. “Dogs with fainting should be seen by a veterinarian immediately and started on medications to regulate their heart beat. Some dogs with syncope require a pacemaker.”

4 Signs of Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs

Symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs include those listed above, but there are also symptoms that signal that heart disease has likely progressed to CHF. They include:

Rapid Breathing 

As previously mentioned, the most obvious sign of heart failure in dogs is rapid breathing. “Seeing how fast they’re breathing when they’re at rest,” says Dr. Aherne, “is the most sensitive indicator we have.”

He says a dog should be breathing less than 35 or 40 times per minute at rest and might only be drawing 15 to 20 breaths per minute while sleeping. If your dog can’t seem to catch their breath after they’ve been inactive for several minutes, it’s time to call a vet.

​​Moist Cough

The cough of a dog with heart disease is usually soft and dry. If the dog has progressed to heart failure, they usually have fluid build-up within the lungs. You may notice that their cough now sounds moist. In some cases, they may cough up foamy fluid. Keep in mind that other conditions, like kennel cough, can sometimes cause a productive cough, as well.

Swollen Belly or Swelling in the Legs

Because CHF occurs when a dog’s heart can’t pump enough blood to the body, fluid might collect in a dog’s belly, causing it to swell. “This is known as ascites,” says Dr. Elfenbein. 

If you see a bloated belly in addition to more obvious signs like labored breathing, it’s important to have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. You may also notice swelling (edema) in the dog’s legs, especially their hind legs.

Collapse and Fainting

We’ve established that dogs with certain heart conditions faint due to changes in how often their heart beats, such as skipped beats. However, dogs in heart failure usually faint and/or collapse because their heart, despite its best efforts, isn’t effective at pumping blood. As a result, the dog isn’t getting enough oxygenated blood to their brain. A dog collapsing or fainting due to heart failure will often have a bluish tint to their gums and tongue.

Dog Heart Failure Symptoms: Next Steps

The good news about heart disease in dogs is that with regular veterinary checkups, usually easy to spot before it progresses to heart failure. 

And while emergencies happen, they almost always happen when pet parents are not paying attention to the warning signs of heart disease and impending heart failure. 

“It’s pretty rare to be surprised by heart failure,” Dr. Hseuh says. “[It mostly happens] if you don’t go to the vet regularly.”

The surest signs of heart failure in dogs are labored, rapid breathing and edema in the limbs (especially the rear limbs) or belly. Ignoring these warning signs is dangerous. 

If you spot any of the signs mentioned above, call a vet immediately. Depending on the condition, your dog might get a prescription for medication, such as Vetmedin (pimobendam), which can help manage the symptom of congestive heart failure in dogs Your veterinarian may also recommend an ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) and/or a Holter monitor to keep track of the heart’s rhythm.

If your dog is diagnosed with heart disease or heart failure, regular veterinary follow ups will be important for maintaining your dog’s health and quality of life. But promoting your dog’s heart health isn’t something you need to wait for a diagnosis to do, especially if you have a breed of dog that is predisposed to cardiovascular stress. Ask your vet if your dog could benefit from a nutritional supplement designed to support their heart function. These come in a wide array of options, including chews, capsules, and liquids, so they’re easy to add to your dog’s daily diet, depending on their needs and preferences.

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Maintaining an optimal weight is crucial for your dog’s overall health and longevity. So, if your dog is overweight or obese, your veterinarian might recommend weight management dog food to help your pet achieve a healthy body condition. 

But which diet is right for your extra fluffy Fido? Here’s what you need to know about vet-recommended weight management dog food to choose the best diet for your dog.

What Is Weight Management Dog Food?

Weight management dog food is specially formulated to fulfill the unique nutritional needs of dogs with obesity or weight issues. These diets provide the balanced nutrition dogs need to thrive while also curtailing calories to help dogs lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. 

Weight management dog foods typically have a lower caloric density, which means they often have fewer calories per cup or can, when compared to an equal amount of standard dog food. That way, your dog can still enjoy the same amount of food, but they won’t have as many calories in their meal. 

Weight management diets also tend to have a lot of fiber to help your dog feel full and satisfied, so they won’t overeat. And they are usually lower in fat content since fats are more calorie-dense than other nutrients like protein and carbohydrates.  

Best Weight Management Dog Foods

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Best Prescription Weight Management Dog Foods

• Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Dog Food
• Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Overweight Management Dog Food
• Royal Canin Hydrolyzed Protein Moderate Calorie Dog Food
• Hill’s Prescription Diet r/d Dog Food
• Royal Canin Satiety Support Weight Management Dog Food

Best Non-Prescription Weight Management Dog Foods

• Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Dog Food
• Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Dog Food

Prescription Weight Management Dog Food vs Non-Prescription

Depending on a variety of factors, such as how much weight your dog needs to lose or other health issues they have, your veterinarian may suggest either a prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter) weight management diet. 

Both types of diets are formulated to help dogs achieve or maintain a healthy weight. However, there are some key differences.

Prescription Weight Management dog food (also known as a veterinary or therapeutic diet) is often recommended for dogs who need to lose a significant amount of weight. You need approval from a veterinarian to purchase these diets, which are available from vet clinics, as well as some online retailers. 

Non-prescription Weight Management dog food is available for anyone to purchase at vet clinics, most online retailers, and local pet supply stores. It can be used for weight loss or weight management and is often easier on your budget than prescription options. 

Why Vets Might Recommend a Weight Management Dog Food

Minor weight fluctuations are normal in dogs. So your veterinarian isn’t likely to completely change your pet’s diet just because they weigh a bit more than they should at one visit. However, the opposite is true if a veterinarian determines that your dog:  

• is overweight (generally considered to be around 15 percent over their optimal weight)
• is obese (30 percent or more over their optimal weight)
• has struggled with weight in the past, or
• shows a pattern of incremental weight gain

In these cases, vets tend to recommend a weight management diet to help a pup slim down to a healthier weight. That’s because excess weight in dogs can lead to a wide range of health issues, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and joint issues like osteoarthritis. 

Plus, research has shown that dogs who are overweight or obese could face shorter lifespans than dogs at a healthy weight — between five months to two years shorter, according to one study. (2)

Even if you think your dog is in fine shape, your veterinarian might still recommend a weight management diet for several reasons.

In some cases, gradual weight gain can go unnoticed by pet parents. And because so many dogs are overweight or obese these days, our perception of what’s “normal” may be skewed. According to an APOP survey, about one-third of people with overweight or obese pets classified their animal’s condition as “normal,” “ideal,” or “thin.” (1)

Some dog breeds, such as Golden Retrievers, Pugs, and Beagles, are more prone to gain weight than others. So your veterinarian may recommend a weight management diet to reduce that risk. Similarly, as dogs age, their metabolism naturally slows down, so senior dogs may also be candidates for weight management dog food.

Regardless of the reason for the recommendation, keep in mind that your veterinarian is looking out for your dog’s continued health and wellness, not shaming you about their weight!

Top Vet-Recommended Weight Management Dog Foods

Understanding the benefits of weight management dog food is one thing. But making sense of the myriad options available to you could overwhelm even the best-intentioned pet parent. 

To help you discover the best diet to set your pup on the road to a healthier weight, here are the best weight management dog foods, according to veterinarians.   

However, every dog is different. So be sure to discuss these options with your veterinarian to come up with a plan that’s customized to your dog’s specific health and weight management needs. 

Best Prescription Weight Management Dog Foods

Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Dog Food

Developed by a team of Ph.D. nutritionists and veterinarians, this Hill’s prescription diet provides targeted therapeutic weight management support that’s clinically proven to help dogs lose weight. The formula works by combining ingredients that kick your dog’s metabolism into high gear for more effective fat burning, while increased fiber levels help keep your pup feeling full and satisfied. So dogs can shed pounds easily without drastic portion reductions. And the results speak for themselves. The company reports that 96 percent of dogs lost weight at home in two months. 

Highlights

• Developed for obese, overweight, or obese-prone dogs 
• Clinically proven to help overweight and obese dogs lose weight
• Stimulates your dog’s natural metabolism to burn more calories
• Made with a unique blend of fiber helps your dog feel fuller longer
• Delivers the precise, balanced nutrition dogs need to thrive
• According to Hill’s, 96 percent of dogs lost weight in two months when fed this diet at home
• Comes in both dry and canned dog food formats
• Also available in a Metabolic + Mobility formula that provides weight management and joint support
• Can be fed long-term

Things to Consider

• Prescription required
• Suitable for adult dogs only
• Pricier than standard, non-prescription options

Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Overweight Management Dog Food

This specialized formula is the product of a collaboration between Purina’s nutritionists, researchers, and veterinarians to tackle one of the biggest challenges in weight management: how to promote healthy weight loss that stays off. The result is a low-fat, reduced-calorie veterinary diet that’s rich in protein to help dogs lose weight while maintaining lean muscle mass. Plus, the formula is enhanced with isofavones, which Purina’s research has shown to help reduce weight gain by 50 percent, compared to dogs fed a control diet.

Highlights

• Rich in protein and fiber, low in fat and calories
• Contains soy isoflavones, natural antioxidants that can help manage weight and reduce the risk of regaining lost pounds
• Available in both dry and canned options
• Comes in a variety of highly palatable options, including a Select Blend formula featuring kibble in tantalizing shapes and textures
• Also available in Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Metabolic Response Plus Joint Mobility to support weight loss and joint health
• Can be fed long-term

Things to Consider

• Prescription required
• Suitable for adult dogs only
• Contains multiple sources of protein which may not be suitable for dogs with food allergies
• Pricier than standard, non-prescription diet

Royal Canin Hydrolyzed Protein Moderate Calorie Dog Food

When it comes to specialized diets for dogs, there are almost as many targeting food sensitivities as there are promoting weight management. However, it’s rare to find a formula that addresses both issues. That’s why this veterinary-exclusive formula from Royal Canin stands out from the pack. It’s made with hydrolyzed soy protein, which is broken down on a molecular level to reduce the risk of an immune response in dogs with food sensitivities. Plus, it contains fewer calories than other diets developed for food-sensitive dogs. So it’s a great choice for dogs with food sensitivities that have a tendency to be overweight.

Highlights:

• Contains hydrolyzed protein, prebiotics, and fiber for easy digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Moderate calorie level helps low-activity dogs maintain a healthy weight
• Helps reduce GI and skin reactions in dogs sensitive to proteins commonly found in pet foods
• Rich in amino acids, B vitamins, and Omega-3 fatty acids
• Highly palatable  

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Only available in kibble format
• Formulated for adult dogs only
• Pricier than standard, non-prescription diet

Hill’s Prescription Diet r/d Dog Food

The Hill’s Prescription dog food line offers a wide range of effective weight management formulas, and this is one veterinarians often recommend for obese dogs with concurrent health issues. That’s because Hill’s Prescription Diet r/d is clinically proven to promote healthy weight loss within just 8 weeks. And for dogs suffering from severe health conditions stemming from excess weight, such as diabetes or hyperlipidemia, the sooner you can help your dog get down to a healthy weight, the better.

Highlights:

• Developed for obese dogs, including those with obesity-related conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia (elevated cholesterol), and colitis
• Contains therapeutic levels of L-carnitine designed to help burn fat while increasing lean muscle mass
• Optimal blend of soluble and insoluble fiber to promote satiety
• Dry and canned options are available

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Should only be fed to adult dogs
• Intended for use of 6 months or less, not for long-term feeding
• Pricier than standard, non-prescription options

Royal Canin Satiety Support Weight Management Dog Food

Highlights:

• 97 percent of dogs lost weight in three months while eating this food
• Helps reduce begging behavior
• Blend of fibers helps dogs feel full and satisfied
• High protein helps maintain lean muscle mass during weight loss
• Available in both wet and dry dog food formats
• Can be fed long-term

Things to Consider:

• Prescription required
• Suitable for adult dogs only
• More expensive than over-the-counter brands, as well as many prescription brands

Best Non-Prescription Weight Management Dog Foods

Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Dog Food

Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight is an effective, convenient over-the-counter weight management option that’s perfect for pets with reduced calorie requirements, including dogs that are less active, neutered, or otherwise prone to weight gain. The formula contains a special fiber blend that promotes a healthy metabolism, plus natural, protein-rich ingredients to support lean muscles. Best of all, the Perfect Weight formula is clinically proven to help dogs of all shapes and sizes achieve a healthy weight. Over 70 percent of adult dogs lost weight within 10 weeks when fed Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight dog food. There are Perfect Weight formulas tailored to meet the needs of large reeds, small breeds, and even dogs with special health needs, such as joint support. 

Highlights:

• Does not require a prescription
• Formulated for safe and effective weight loss and long-lasting weight support
• Over 70 percent of adult dogs fed Perfect Weight formula lost weight within 10 weeks 
• High-fiber, high-protein formula made with natural, nutritious ingredients
• No artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
• Also available in formulas tailored for large and small breeds, as well as dogs with joint issues
• Made in the USA with global ingredients
• Can be fed long-term
• Budget-friendly

Things to Consider:

• Formulated for adult dogs only
• Not recommended for adult dogs not prone to gaining weight
• Feeding amounts vary depending on your dog’s ideal weight and weight loss or weight maintenance goals

Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Dog Food

This diet is a top-recommended over-the-counter option intended for overweight dogs or dogs who aren’t very active. It contains 15 percent less fat than the standard Pro Plan dog food diet, and it has a protein-to-fat ratio that’s optimized to help your dog lose weight and maintain lean body mass. The food contains a mixture of crunchy kibble and softer “shredded” pieces, so it’s sure to tempt even the pickiest palates. and it’s fortified with live probiotics to support your dog’s digestive and immune health. 

Highlights:

• Does not require a prescription
• Formulated for overweight and less active adult dogs.
• 15 percent less fat than other Purina Pro diets
• Small- and large-breed formulas available
• High-protein formula with real chicken as the first ingredient
• Optimal protein-to-fat ratio to maintain muscle mass during weight loss
• Contains live probiotics for digestive and immune health
• Can be fed long-term

Things to Consider:

• Only available in kibble format
• Only available in one flavor
• Suitable for adult dogs only

Switching to a Weight Management Food for Dogs

Once you’ve selected a weight-management dog food with the help of your veterinarian, it’s time to make the switch. Be sure to transition your pet to the new diet gradually, over the course of a week. Suddenly switching the diet can lead to vomiting and diarrhea, which may make your dog resistant to eating the new food again in the future. 

Veterinarians often recommend following this schedule:

Days 1-2: 75% old food and 25% new food

Days 3-4: 50% old food and 50% new food

Days 5-6: 25% old food and 75% new food

Day 7: 100% new food

Also, remember that treats and table scraps can be a major source of calories. Generally, pets who need to lose weight should forgo table scraps, which are typically high in calories and fat. However, you can still indulge them with healthy treats from your table, such as carrot sticks. Or you can opt for healthy, low-calorie dog treats, like Lean Treats from Nutrisentials. These veterinarian-recommended chicken bites contain only 7 calories per treat. 

Just be sure to factor any calories from treats into your daily total. You may even want to ask your veterinarian to recommend a specific caloric allotment that your pet can get from treats each day. Generally, this is no more than 10 percent of their daily total. However, depending on your dog’s specific weight management plan, your vet may recommend avoiding treats entirely, if possible.

As long as your dog enjoys the weight management diet you choose and it’s approved for maintenance feeding, many dogs will remain on the weight management food even after they’ve lost the weight to prevent gaining back lost pounds. 

Some weight management foods, such as Hill’s r/d, are only meant for intermittent feeding and should not be fed long-term.

Questions to Ask Your Vet About Weight Management Dog Foods

To make the most of any appointment with your veterinarian, be sure to prepare your questions about weight management before you go. Here are some questions to consider:

• What options do I have for weight management foods?
• How often should I feed my dog?
• How many treats can I give my dog per day?
• Could you provide examples of healthy treats?
• When do you want to see my dog again to recheck their weight?
• Are you concerned about any potential underlying health conditions? If so, what needs to be done to rule those out?
• Is this diet safe for my dog if they have other health conditions?

References

1. “2022 U.S. Pet Obesity Prevalence Survey.” Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, Retrieved from https://www.petobesityprevention.org/2022
2. Salt, Carina, et al. “Association between life span and body condition in neutered client‐owned dogs.” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 33, no. 1, 11 Dec. 2018, pp. 89–99, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15367

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What Is an Enlarged Liver in Dogs? 

An enlarged liver in dogs is often a sign of an underlying condition. In veterinary medicine, an enlarged liver is referred to as hepatomegaly.

The liver rests just behind the diaphragm, which is the thin muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. The bottom of the liver usually has sharp margins and doesn’t extend far past the ribs.

Most commonly, your veterinarian can monitor the size of your pet’s liver through abdominal palpation and X-rays of the abdomen. If the veterinarian sees that the margins of the liver appear rounded and that the bottom of the liver is extending into the abdomen past the edge of the ribs, they may determine the liver is enlarged.

Causes of Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Some causes of enlarged liver in dogs are harmless. Others may indicate a manageable underlying disorder. In some cases, hepatomegaly in dogs indicates a life-threatening condition.

Causes of liver enlargement in dogs include:

• Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
• Chronic hepatitis
• Nodular hyperplasia (a benign, age-related change)
• Breed-related or inherited conditions, such as inherited amyloidosis in the Chinese Shar-Pei or copper accumulation in the livers of some Bedlington Terriers
• Drugs or toxins, such as phenobarbital or blue-green algae, which cause liver damage in dogs
• Infectious diseases, such as leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus type 1), or histoplasmosis (fungal disease), which can cause liver failure in dogs
• Diabetes mellitus
• Right-sided heart failure
• Liver cancer

Symptoms Associated with Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most symptoms are actually related to the condition that is causing hepatomegaly rather than the enlarged liver itself. Symptoms may include:

• Abdominal distention or pot-bellied appearance
• Excessive urination and thirst (polyuria and polydipsia)
• Excessive panting
• Appetite and weight changes
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Changes to coat, such as loss of hair on sides
• Jaundice
• Lethargy
• Neurologic signs like pressing the head into the wall and acting mentally unaware (hepatic encephalopathy) 

Diagnosing Hepatomegaly in Dogs

Dogs with enlarged livers typically come to the veterinarian for other symptoms or for their routine wellness check.

Determining if the liver is enlarged is usually pretty simple. Some veterinarians may be able to tell if your pet has an enlarged liver by looking at them and palpating their abdomen, but if there’s doubt, an X-ray or ultrasound of the abdomen typically shows hepatomegaly. Mild cases may be more difficult to detect.

Determining the reason for liver enlargement in dogs is a bit more complicated. When your veterinarian is trying to figure out what’s causing the liver to enlarge, they’ll almost certainly perform routine bloodwork, an analysis of the pet’s urine, and imaging (X-rays and/or abdominal ultrasound).

Other tests may include:

• Confirmatory blood testing for Cushing’s disease
• Chest X-rays and echocardiogram (if heart disease is suspected)
• Testing bile acids to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Ammonia testing to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Assessment of abdominal fluid if present
• Coagulation testing to see how well the blood clots
• Hepatic cytology, in which liver cells are examined under a microscope
• Liver biopsy, in which a small section of liver is removed for examination under a microscope
• Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen (this may be recommended if cancer is known or suspected)

How to Treat an Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Treatment of liver enlargement is geared toward the underlying cause. In some cases, such as an infection, the liver may return to its normal size after treatment. In other cases, such as chronic hepatitis or liver cancer, the liver may not fully return to its normal size.

During routine wellness visits, the veterinarian palpates the abdomen and checks liver function with routine bloodwork. In younger dogs, these appointments should occur at least annually. In older dogs, usually at least every six months. If your dog has an active condition that’s impacting their liver, monitoring may initially be more frequent. Once your pet is stable, your veterinarian can help you decide how regularly to do check-ups.

Treatment for Specific Causes of Liver Enlargement

Liver Injury

In dogs who are experiencing liver injury that requires hospitalization, supportive care will be initiated. This can include:

• Intravenous fluids
• Anti-inflammatories
• Nutritional management
• Medications to prevent vomiting and treat nausea
• Blood transfusions or anticoagulants
• Pain medication

Infections

Antimicrobials are usually administered for infectious causes of liver enlargement, in addition to supportive care.

For bacterial infections, common antibiotics include:

• Penicillins
• Cephalexin
• Enrofloxacin
• Metronidazole 

Doxycycline is commonly used for leptospirosis, and for fungal infections, antifungals like itraconazole are recommended. Viral infections are managed with supportive care.

Inflammatory and Endocrine Disorders

For inflammatory disorders like chronic hepatitis, which often has an autoimmune component, treatment may include steroids and medications that suppress the immune system.

For endocrine disorders like Cushing’s disease or diabetes, medications are given to manage the hormonal disorder. For Cushing’s disease, this is typically trilostane, while diabetes is managed with insulin and dietary changes.

Liver protectants may also be recommended, including SAM-e (S-adenosylmethionine), silybin, and ursodiol. These typically come in the form of supplements.

Cancer

When cancer is suspected, treatment options depend on the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread. Treatment may include surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Liver Cirrhosis 

When liver disease in dogs is chronic or uncontrollable, it will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis, which can make the liver small and nodular and have devastating effects on liver function. This is not reversible and is the end stage for liver disease. 

How to Prevent Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most causes of liver enlargement can not be prevented. Discussion of your pet’s risk can help you determine the appropriate steps to reduce the risk of infectious diseases, such as vaccination against leptospirosis.

Although most causes aren’t necessarily preventable, paying close attention to your pet’s behavior and regular veterinary exams can help catch disorders that cause liver enlargement early.

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Cyclosporine for cats is one of the front-line treatments veterinarians use to combat non-flea, non-food allergies in cats. This condition, called atopic dermatitis or atopy, is very common in cats. In fact, one study reported that 12.5% of cats have the condition. (1) 

Cats with atopy have very itchy skin that can result in hair loss, wounds, crusts, and sores. Luckily for them, cyclosporine for cats is often an effective treatment. 

What Is Cyclosporine for Cats?

Cyclosporine for cats is a medication given by mouth that reduces the symptoms of allergic skin disease by suppressing the immune system. It is sold under the brand name Atopica, which was the first nonsteroid medication approved by the FDA to treat allergic skin disease in cats. A generic version of cyclosporine has been approved by the FDA and may become available soon. Some compounding pharmacies can compound cyclosporine for cats, as well.

Is Cyclosporine Safe for Cats? 

Most cats tolerate cyclosporine very well without side effects. Cyclosporine prescribed as a treatment for dermatitis in cats can usually be tapered to less than once daily. However, it is likely to be a long-term and potentially lifelong treatment. 

Cyclosporine is available throughout the United States. You can typically buy it directly from your prescribing veterinarian; and veterinary dermatologists often carry cyclosporine for cats, as well. 

If your finicky feline doesn’t love the flavor of Atopica for cats, ask your veterinarian if a compounded form of cyclosporine in a flavored liquid or another form could help with the administration of the drug. Compounded cyclosporine is considered safe for cats, but should only be used if the cat does not do well with the FDA-approved product.

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended for cats with a history of cancer, cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), or cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Use with caution in cats who have liver or kidney disease. In some cases, your veterinarian may need to weigh risk versus benefit, which is a conversation you should have together.

What Does Cyclosporine for Cats Look Like?

Cyclosporine oral solution for cats comes as a clear liquid in a small bottle. The dose is pulled up from the bottle using a syringe.

Cyclosporine capsules for cats are not FDA-approved, but capsules could be compounded. Use of the capsules intended for dogs or human medications is off-label. The appearance of capsules may vary based on the compounding pharmacy.

While learning about cyclosporine for cats, you may come across cyclosporine eye drops. Cyclosporine eye drops are used to treat dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) in dogs and aren’t routinely used in cats. These eye drops will not help with your cat’s allergic dermatitis.

How Does Cyclosporine Work?

Cat cyclosporine reduces the symptoms of allergic dermatitis in cats by acting on the cells of the immune system that regulate allergic reactions. While cyclosporine doesn’t cure allergies, it reduces the inflammation (redness/swelling) and itchiness that come with the allergies.

The medication may need to be given once daily for four to six weeks before you can evaluate whether the drug is working. If symptoms are stabilized, the drug can be tapered according to veterinary instructions.

What Is Cyclosporine Used for in Cats?

In cats, liquid cyclosporine is FDA-approved for controlling feline allergic skin disease (allergic dermatitis or atopy).

Cyclosporine can also be used off-label for several conditions, usually autoimmune conditions. Examples of cat diseases that can be treated with cyclosporine off-label include:

• Chronic stomatitis (inflammation in mouth)
• Feline acquired alopecia (a hair loss condition)
• Pemphigus (autoimmune skin condition)
• Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (autoimmune destruction of platelets)
• Inflammatory bowel disease

How to Give Cyclosporine to Cats

Most cats prescribed cyclosporine receive the liquid form. The dose is calculated according to the cat’s weight. Initially, the cat will take one dose per day for several weeks. After symptoms have stabilized, the dose may be tapered to every other day or twice weekly. 

Cyclosporine for cats should be administered either with a small amount of food or right after feeding. We recommend that the medication be given at a consistent time each day. If you miss a dose, give the missed dose as soon as you realize it, as long as you do not exceed more than one dose per day.

Some cats may not like the taste of cyclosporine. It can help to give it with food or to follow it with a treat. If your cat won’t take the medication in their food, you can slide the tip of the dropper into the cheek pouch at the corner of their lips and dispense the medication directly into their mouth.

Cyclosporine for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of cyclosporine in cats is vomiting, which occurred in around one-third of the cats used in the clinical safety field study. However, the study also showed that cats tend to adjust to the medication and stop vomiting with continued use. (2)

Other cyclosporine side effects in cats include:

• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Drooling
• Weight loss
• Development of behavioral disorders
• Increased hair growth
• Excessive salivation
• Upper respiratory infection symptoms like sneezing and ocular discharge

Because cyclosporine works by suppressing the immune response, cats on cyclosporine may be more likely to develop infections or tumors. The development of cancer as a side effect of cyclosporine is possible, but rare. As a result, cyclosporine should not be used in cats with a history of cancer or in cats who are already immunosuppressed, such as those with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV).  

An overdose of cyclosporine is most likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite. Some cats may have short-lived damage to their kidneys or liver after overdose. If you suspect an overdose of cyclosporine, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cyclosporine can react with other drugs and medications. Some medications increase the levels of cyclosporine in the blood, which could potentially increase the risk of side effects or impact how much cyclosporine a cat needs. Examples of such medications include:

• Antifungal medications like ketoconazole
• Some antibiotics such as metronidazole or enrofloxacin
• Amlodipine, a blood pressure medication

Cyclosporine should be used with caution when used in conjunction with other medications that impact the immune system, such as steroids like prednisolone.

You should review the medications your cat takes with your veterinarian to ensure there will not be drug interactions.

Cyclosporine Dose for Cats 

The cyclosporine dosage for cats is based on their weight. Atopica usually comes with a syringe that shows the dosage to give to your cat based on their weight. Pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations for dosing their cat.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Cyclosporine?

If you forgot your cat’s cyclosporine dose or couldn’t give it on time, you can still give the medication later but should not give it more than once daily. 

Although we recommend that you try to give the medication around the same time each day that you administer, your cat will be alright if the medication is a few hours late. If you completely missed the medication for the day, don’t double up the next day. Simply continue with your normal schedule. 

Cost of Cyclosporine for Cats

The cost of cyclosporine will vary based on your cat’s size. Larger cats will use more per dose, so you will need to purchase the medication more frequently than someone who has a smaller cat. You may also spend more on cyclosporine early in treatment when your cat is receiving it daily. If you can successfully taper your cat’s dosage, you may spend less because the cat will only need it every other day or a few times per week.

The larger bottle is usually more cost-effective, costing less per milliliter than the smaller bottle. The larger, 17-mL bottle of Atopica is usually around $100-150. The bottle may last one to two months, depending on dosage.

Cyclosporine Storage Instructions

Cyclosporine for cats should be kept at room temperature, out of reach of children or other pets. Don’t store cyclosporine in the refrigerator. Once opened, the medication should be used within two months to twelve weeks. According to the manufacturers, cyclosporine should be stored in its original container. 

Resources

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819051/
2. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=47f70173-a1d9-4156-9a7f-0f296e5dd64b&type=display

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IBD in dogs is often confused with IBS. However, that doesn’t mean IBS in dogs isn’t a thing! 

What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Dogs?

Irritable bowel syndrome or IBS in dogs is generally caused by stress and anxiety rather than an actual intestinal condition. When psychological activity causes physical ailments, we call those ailments “psychosomatic.” 

Think of how stressful situations can cause intestinal problems in people. Similarly, chronic anxiety in dogs can lead to chronic diarrhea. This is sometimes referred to as “irritable bowel syndrome” in dogs.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs, on the other hand, is an actual disease of the intestines. With IBD, white blood cells infiltrate the lining of the intestines and affect the intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in chronic and severe diarrhea.

IBS doesn’t lead to IBD. In fact, they’re completely different conditions.

No specific breeds are considered predisposed to IBS. However, dogs with anxiety are at a greater risk for experiencing IBS.

What Causes IBS in Dogs?

IBS in dogs is generally caused by chronic anxiety. Anxiety affects how the muscles of the intestines contract, resulting in diarrhea and constipation. The intestines themselves are not generally diseased in dogs with IBS.

IBS in Dogs Symptoms

The main symptoms of IBS in dogs include:

• Bouts of watery diarrhea, often with mucus in the diarrhea
• Straining to poop
• Urgency to poop, which may result in accidents
• Occasional constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting

Although blood is common in the diarrhea of dogs who have conditions of their large intestine causing diarrhea, blood isn’t common in the diarrhea of dogs with IBS. 

Diagnosing Dogs with IBS

The first step in diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome in dogs is to get a physical examination with a veterinarian. 

The veterinarian will want to ensure your pet isn’t losing excessive amounts of weight. They’ll also press on the dog’s abdomen to see if they can feel any abnormalities. Pressing on the abdomen will also key the veterinarian into your pet’s pain level. 

Another important part of the physical examination is a rectal examination. The veterinarian will ensure there aren’t any obvious masses in the anal region that are contributing to straining and urgency to defecate.

Assuming no obvious explanation for your dog’s clinical signs is found on the physical examination, your veterinarian will move on to diagnostics. Diagnosing dogs with IBS involves ruling out other causes. Common testing would include:

• Routine bloodwork and urinalysis: The veterinarian performs these tests to check on your pet’s overall systemic health, including major organ function. 
• X-rays or ultrasound of the abdomen: Imaging of the abdomen may help detect abnormalities, such as a mass, an intestinal blockage, or thickening of intestinal lining.
• Fecal testing: Testing to rule out parasites and other infectious causes of diarrhea should be performed in dogs with diarrhea.
• Dietary trials: Diarrhea also occurs in dogs with food allergies. Your veterinarian may recommend switching your dog to a diet with novel proteins or proteins that have been altered to make them more tolerable. 
• Intestinal biopsy: Intestinal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing IBD. Because IBD is an important rule-out for a dog with IBS, the veterinarian may recommend biopsies. These can be obtained surgically through a midline incision or via a colonoscopy. Colonoscopies are usually performed at a specialty center. In dogs with IBS, intestinal biopsies will usually be normal.

Treatment for IBS in Dogs

To manage loose stools, veterinarians recommend increasing the fiber in your pet’s diet. Options for increasing the fiber in your dog’s diet include:

• Dog food for IBS, usually a prescription high fiber diet
• Commercial fiber supplements
• Adding fibrous foods, such as canned pumpkin, to your pet’s diet

Prior to making changes to your pet’s diet, speak with your veterinarian. 

Some veterinarians may use anti-diarrheal medications, such as loperamide, when there is an IBS flare. If the diarrhea is severe during a flare, your pet may also need to be given fluids. Often, IBS isn’t severe enough to require hospitalization with intravenous fluids, so your veterinarian will give the fluids subcutaneously (under the skin).

The most important aspect of managing IBS is reducing stress and anxiety. If you identify a trigger for your pet’s anxiety and diarrhea, such as long car rides, avoiding those triggers when possible may reduce the incidence of IBS flare-ups. Some dogs will benefit from the addition of more physical activity, such as going for a daily walk, to reduce anxiety.

The veterinarian may prescribe anti-anxiety medications. For dogs with chronic anxiety, daily medications such as fluoxetine or clomipramine will be considered. For dogs who have specific triggers that set off their anxiety, the veterinarian may prescribe a more situational medication to be given before the incident, such as trazodone.

Shop Dog Anxiety Medications:

Over-the-counter supplements for anxiety can be purchased without a prescription. Examples of supplements that may be used for dogs with IBS include cannabidiol (CBD) or L-theanine. Speak with your veterinarian before adding supplements to your pet’s diet.

Initial diagnostics to rule out other conditions will likely be the most expensive part of managing your pet’s condition. Because this may take several visits to rule out anything more nefarious, you can expect this part to cost anywhere from $500 to over $1,000, especially if intestinal biopsies are pursued. 

Once you have a set routine, the cost will depend on what treatment options you choose and how often your pet has flare-ups of IBS. However, this will generally be more affordable.

How to Prevent IBS in Dogs

Not all dogs with chronic anxiety develop IBS. Minimize the stress your pet experiences to decrease the likelihood of IBS developing. If you’re noticing anxious behaviors in your pet, such as destructiveness, repetitive vocalization, self-injury, or house-soiling, speak with your veterinarian.

Related Conditions 

• Anxiety
• House-soiling
• Diarrhea in dogs

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Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs: What to Expect

Treatment for Severe Cases of CHF in Dogs

In sudden, severe cases of CHF, your dog will need to be hospitalized. A dog in this scenario may be coughing, weak, fainting, and in respiratory distress. The treatment plan will be focused on reducing fluid build-up within the body, providing supplemental oxygen, and relieving anxiety. You can expect your pet to have an intravenous catheter, typically in one of their legs, and for them to be housed in an oxygen chamber in the hospital.

Your dog will be given a diuretic, usually furosemide. Furosemide increases fluid excretion, helping to remove fluid from the lungs and causing the dog to pee large quantities. Diuretics for dogs are the most important therapy for patients with pulmonary edema, secondary to CHF.

Other medications your pet receives will be aimed at improving the function of the heart, reducing the work the heart does to pump out blood to the rest of the body, and helping your pet to relax. Dogs who must be hospitalized for CHF are often in the hospital for one to four days.

Treatment for Milder Cases of CHF in Dogs

Some cases of CHF come on slowly and don’t present as dramatically. You may notice coughing, exercise intolerance, and faster breathing while sleeping. These dogs should be evaluated by a veterinarian but can often be managed on an outpatient basis.  

If your dog is developing CHF, the veterinarian will want to perform chest X-rays and an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), which is the best way to determine what is causing heart failure. You may be referred to a cardiologist for an echocardiogram and management of your pet’s disease. Drug dosages may change over time as your dog decompensates, and additional medications may be started at the discretion of your veterinarian or the cardiologist. Do not make changes to your pet’s medication without consulting a veterinarian.

Your veterinarian may recommend monitoring your pet’s breathing while they sleep. An increase in resting respiratory rate is one of the earliest clues that your dog is decompensating. To monitor resting respiratory rate, count how many breaths your dog takes over 1 minute while they’re sleeping. If you notice that your dog’s resting respiratory rate is consistently over 30 breaths in a minute, schedule a follow-up with your veterinarian. If your dog normally has a lower respiratory rate, like 15 breaths in a minute, and you’re noticing this increasing over time, you can also schedule an exam with your veterinarian rather than waiting for this number to hit 30.

Heart Medicine for Dogs

Whether the condition is acute or chronic, congestive heart failure treatment in dogs always involves heart medicine. While your dog may be given additional medications if hospitalized, these are the medications you can expect to continue at home:

• Furosemide. Diuretic given orally every 12 hours to reduce fluid build-up.
• Pimobendan. Given orally every 12 hours, usually on an empty stomach. Pimobendan for dogs helps the heart contract more effectively.
• Enalapril or benazepril. Given orally once or twice daily. These medications belong to a class called ACE inhibitors. They dilate blood vessels, which reduces how hard the heart must work to pump blood. These medications additionally decrease blood pressure, as well as sodium retention.
• Spironolactone. Usually given once daily by mouth. This is a mild diuretic that is often given as an add-on to furosemide.

Your dog may start additional medications over time, particularly if they’re not responding well to the typical medications. In dogs who have abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), additional medications (mexiletine, sotalol, digoxin, diltiazem) may be given.

Cost to Treat CHF in Dogs

The initial diagnosis of CHF, which typically includes chest X-rays, bloodwork, and an echocardiogram, will likely cost $1,000 to $1,500.

If your pet needs to be hospitalized, a cost estimate is $1,500 to $4,000. This includes:

• Initial stabilization, including catheter placement
• Oxygen therapy
• Injectable medications
• Around-the-clock monitoring

Oral medications for continued management at home can cost around $50-$200/month. This cost will be on the higher end if your dog is large. Pimobendan for dogs is often the most expensive of the at-home medications, but it should not be skipped if recommended by your veterinarian. 

How Long Can Dogs Live With Congestive Heart Failure?

While congestive heart failure in dogs can have a dramatic presentation, the good news is that dogs who stabilize typically do live for another six to 14 months with medications continued at home. On occasion, some patients live over three years. Dogs whose symptoms cannot be controlled or worsen despite hospitalization have a poor prognosis. 

Keeping Dogs With CHF Comfortable

In order to keep your dog comfortable after being diagnosed with CHF, your veterinarian should discuss any recommended lifestyle changes with you. 

Recommendations may include:

• Eliminating strenuous activities, such as ball-chasing or going for runs
• Discontinuing physical activity if your pet seems tired or sluggish
• Going for short, leashed walks
• Switching to a moderately sodium-restricted diet. There are prescription diets available that are designed for dogs with heart disease
• Using additional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, carnitine, and taurine. These may be beneficial and are unlikely to cause harm. However, they are not regulated by the FDA and should always be cleared with your veterinarian 

Congestive Heart Failure: When to Choose Euthanasia

This is a difficult decision that many pet parents will face. When the dog reaches Stage D or “end-stage” heart failure, they will typically have severe symptoms that do not respond to medications. If your dog is coughing up foam, has difficulty breathing, is unable to exercise or play, has a distended and uncomfortable abdomen, and is not responding to medications, it may be time to consider helping your dog pass peacefully. Your veterinarian is the best person to consult with on euthanasia decisions.

The post Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs Treatment Plan appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what if your dog gained weight suddenly without a dietary change? We’ve got the first two steps down! We’ve noticed the weight gain, and we’ve reviewed the diet. But what comes next? 

There are medical reasons for sudden weight gain in dogs, and it’s important to rule those out, too.

Noticing Sudden Dog Weight Gain: Signs and Symptoms

Obviously, you might notice that your dog is looking a bit bigger or that the number on the scale at the veterinary office has increased. However, some medical causes of weight gain have other symptoms that accompany the dog’s changing weight. 

Other signs you may notice include:

• Change to appetite (increased or decreased, depending on the cause)
• Excessive panting
• Excessive drinking and urinating
• Hair loss or hair thinning on the trunk of the body and/or tail (“rat tail”)
• Chronic skin infections
• Dark-colored areas on the skin (hyperpigmentation)
• Mineralization in the skin (calcinosis cutis)
• Bloated or “pot-bellied” abdomen
• Lethargy or low activity level

If your dog is having weight gain due to overeating, they’re not usually going to have the additional symptoms listed above. 

However, some dogs who’ve gained weight without an underlying medical reason will pant more and engage less in physical activity. Obesity makes dogs prone to overheating and causes more stress on their joints when active.

7 Causes of Sudden Weight Gain in Dogs

Aside from excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, there are medical reasons and lifestyle changes that may cause your dog to gain weight quickly. 

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a hormonal condition that decreases your dog’s metabolic rate. As a result, you may notice your dog gaining weight despite no changes in their eating habits. It’s also possible to see an appetite decrease in the face of weight gain. Some pet parents notice that their hypothyroid dog is overweight but doesn’t eat much.

Cushing’s Disease

Hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease is a hormonal condition that increases your dog’s appetite. It can also cause enlargement of the liver, which contributes to the pot-bellied appearance to the abdomen. Pet parents of dogs with Cushing’s often notice that their dog is gaining weight and panting more, drinking more, peeing more, and eating more.

Orthopedic Conditions

Conditions like arthritis or a healing bone fracture may make it difficult for your dog to get around. As a result of decreased activity levels, your dog may gain weight.

Medication Use

Long-term use of steroids like prednisone can increase your dog’s appetite, leading to weight gain. The antiepileptic drug phenobarbital can also increase appetite.

Getting Spayed or Neutered

The surgery itself does not cause your dog to gain weight. However, your pet’s energy requirements decrease after they’re altered [1]. As a result, you should be adjusting their dietary intake. Your veterinarian can help you plan to avoid weight gain in your altered dog.

Pregnancy

Pregnant dogs should have a weight increase of 15-25 percent in the last month of pregnancy [2]. Speak with your veterinarian about how to feed a pregnant dog.

Aging

Sudden weight gain in older dogs may occur due to a decreased metabolic rate. Senior dogs generally have a lower energy requirement than their younger counterparts. If you haven’t adjusted your older dog’s food, you may notice them gaining weight.

Sudden Weight Gain Vs. Bloating in Dogs

There is a difference between looking bloated and actually gaining weight. Looking bloated means your pet’s abdomen appears stretched compared to normal. Your dog’s abdomen can look bloated without a change in their weight. Potential causes of bloating include:

• Binge eating: If your dog gets into the pantry and eats the whole bag of dog food, they may have a bloated appearance.

• Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV): GDV most commonly affects large, deep-chested dogs. The stomach fills with gas or food (gastric dilatation/bloat) and then twists on itself (volvulus). One of the most common symptoms is nonproductive retching. This is an emergency!

• Ascites: Fluid build-up within the abdomen (ascites) can cause your dog to appear bloated. Ascites has multiple potential causes, with heart failure or bleeding splenic masses among the more common causes in dogs.

• Tumors:: A growth within the abdomen may cause a bloated appearance.

What to Do if Your Dog Is Gaining Weight Rapidly

If your dog is gaining weight quickly, you should call your veterinarian for an appointment. Even if the issue is simply that you’re overfeeding your pet, your veterinarian can rule out underlying conditions and help you develop a healthy weight loss plan.

Information to provide your veterinarian includes:

• Exact amounts and types of foods and treats you’re feeding
• How long you’ve noticed the weight gain occurring
• If you’ve noticed changes to appetite, coat quality, skin health, urination, or water intake

Your veterinarian will perform a physical exam and likely recommend baseline blood work and urine testing. Based on these results, additional blood tests may be recommended to rule out conditions like Cushing’s disease or hypothyroidism.

If your veterinarian suspects an issue within the abdomen, such as binge-eating or fluid build-up, they may recommend an X-ray or an ultrasound of your dog’s abdomen. X-rays will be recommended if your veterinarian suspects an orthopedic condition like arthritis.

If your dog appears suddenly bloated and is vomiting, retching non productively, having difficulty breathing, coughing, is unable to stand, or you’re otherwise worried that they’re not acting like themselves, seek emergency care as quickly as possible.

Coming up With a Treatment Plan

Your veterinarian’s treatment plan for rapid weight gain in dogs will depend on the underlying cause.

If your dog’s rapid weight gain is due to overfeeding without an underlying medical cause, your veterinarian will focus on control of caloric intake and increasing physical activity. Dietary changes may involve feeding less of your dog’s current food, limiting treats, or a prescription weight loss diet. Other causes of sudden weight gain that require dietary management include getting altered (spay/neuter), pregnancy, and aging.

Some causes of sudden weight gain can be controlled with oral medications. For example, Cushing’s disease is usually controlled with the medication trilostane. Hypothyroidism is usually controlled with the medication levothyroxine.

For dogs gaining weight due to painful orthopedic conditions that limit their mobility, the focus will be on pain control. This may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like carprofen or grapiprant, joint supplements, or other medications.

An overweight dog lives anywhere from 5 months to over 2 years less than a lean dog, depending on their breed [3]. If you are concerned that your dog is suddenly gaining weight, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations to identify an underlying cause and get your dog back on the right track.

References:

1. https://www.aaha.org/globalassets/02-guidelines/2021-nutrition-and-weight-management/resourcepdfs/new-2021-aaha-nutrition-and-weight-management-guidelines-with-ref.pdf 
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169170/ 
3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.15367 

The post Sudden Dog Weight Gain: 7 Possible Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Of the many houseplant varieties, succulents are gaining popularity in the United States, with one survey ranking them top pick among all houseplants. This isn’t surprising – these hardy plants are relatively easy to maintain and come in fun varieties. 

If you’re a cat parent with an aspiring green thumb, you’ll want to consider a few things before bringing any plant, including succulents, into your home – namely, are they poisonous to cats?

Are Succulents Poisonous to Cats?

Succulents are a large group of plants with thick leaves or stems that serve as water storage, allowing them to live in desert environments. These plants can include cacti, jade, and snake plants.

In general, succulents are not poisonous to cats but should be avoided. 

“Succulents can cause stomach upset in cats,” says Dr. Renee Schmid, DVM, senior veterinary toxicologist and manager of veterinary medicine and professional services at Pet Poison Helpline. “It’s not a big concern if your cat were to start chewing on a succulent, but after taking a few bites, they might start to drool or exhibit other signs of nausea or stomach upset.”

Aloe plants, which are not technically succulents but are often grouped with succulents, are considerably more toxic to cats than a true succulent and can cause significant vomiting and diarrhea, Schmid says.

Of course, we can tell our cats not to eat our succulents, but that doesn’t always mean they will listen. One recent study showed that 65 percent of cats eat plants weekly, possibly to resolve stomach upset (the study also showed that 37 percent of the cats that ate plants vomited after the fact).(2) Cats may also nibble on plants out of stress, boredom, or simply because they like the taste. 

Succulent Poisoning in Cats: Symptoms

If you believe your cat ate a succulent, here’s what to look out for, according to Schmid:

• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Loose stools
• Diarrhea
• Drooling
• Decreased appetite

“Luckily, these symptoms usually go away independently without needing medical intervention,” Schmid says. That said, some cats have particularly sensitive stomachs and may need to be seen by a veterinarian if they continue to eat succulents and get ill. 

Cat Safe Succulents: Use Caution

Overall, succulents are not very toxic to cats. Eating succulents can cause temporary stomach upset, but that is usually the extent of it. Some of the “safe” succulents include:

• Christmas cactus
• Chicks and hens
• Hoya (wax plant)
• Living stone plants
• Echeveria
• Haworthia
• Sedum

Succulents Poisonous to Cats

There are some succulents that present a more serious — and possibly fatal — threat to curious cats. According to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control website, succulents toxic to cats include:

• Jade plant – This popular succulent (also known as baby jade, dwarf rubber plant, jade tree, Chinese rubber plant, Japanese rubber plant) can cause mild to moderate symptoms of poisoning, which include vomiting, lethargy, weakness, depression, lack of coordination, and confusion.
• Inch plant – This low-maintenance trailing succulent (also known as speedy Henry, small-leaf spiderwort, river spiderwort, wandering willie) has sap-filled stems that can cause a toxic reaction if chewed. Watch out for signs including skin irritation, scratching, bowel irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Desert Rose – While beautiful, this succulent (also known as karoo rose, impala lily) contains toxic sap that poses a deadly threat to cats. Due to their size, ingesting even a small amount of the sap can cause a severe reaction, with symptoms including excessive drooling, dilated pupils, erratic heartbeat, tremors, seizure, and collapse.
• Kalanchoe – This fuzzy-leafed succulent genus contains many species known by many names (such as panda plant, mother-in-law plant, devil’s backbone, mother of millions, horsehead philodendron, fruit salad plant, red princess). Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, and (in rare cases)  abnormal heart rhythm.
• Moss rose – Classified as a semi-succulent, this plant (also known as wild portulaca, rock moss, purslane, pigwee, pusley) can cause a severe toxic reaction if ingested. Symptoms of poisoning include kidney failure, tremors, and drooling.
• Crown of Thorns – This prickly succulent contains toxic sap that can poison cats, causing symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, even contact with the plant can irritate your cat. So watch out for signs of skin irritation, redness, and itchiness.

As noted above, aloe vera, which is not a succulent but can be miscategorized as such, is poisonous. If your cat eats an aloe plant, it can cause severe gastrointestinal upset and may require medical intervention.

Other Toxic Plants

It’s also worth noting that while succulents are usually safe to keep around cats, there are houseplants that can be deadly. Lilies are highly poisonous to cats, including daylilies, Asiatic lilies, tiger lilies, and any plant in the Lilium genus. 

Other plants pet parents should watch out for include azaleas, rhododendrons, and sago palms.

“I have seen little table-size sago palms, which can cause liver failure and neurological issues if a cat eats them,” Dr. Schmid says. “They should be avoided if you have cats in your home.”

Succulents and Cats: Expert Tips to Protect Your Pet

If your goal is to prevent your cat from chewing on your succulents, there are some ways to keep them (and your plants!) safe.

“Keeping succulents up and out of [your cat’s] reach is ideal,” Dr. Schmid says. “I know there are sprays that are supposed to deter your cat, but I don’t know if they work in the manner advertised. Keeping the plants in a room or area the cat does not have ready access to is the best approach.”

If you suspect your cat is experiencing symptoms of stomach upset after eating a succulent, Dr. Schmid recommends waiting to see if the symptoms pass. There are a variety of reasons why a cat may throw up food, so it is important to pay attention to frequency and contact your veterinarian if there’s cause for concern.

“I usually say if your cat has more than two or three episodes of vomiting or two or three episodes of diarrhea, then she should probably go into a veterinarian,” she says. If your cat doesn’t eat for several days, that is an emergency, and she should immediately see a veterinarian.  

Sources

1. https://ijbes.utm.my/index.php/ijbes/article/view/597 
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8300339/

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While the idea of a dog in a football helmet is pretty darn adorable, most of them don’t tolerate such large head gear. In this article, we’ll go over what dog concussions look like, and what preventative measures we take to keep our canine companions safe. 

What Is a Concussion?

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that can be caused in two ways. The first cause, which most of us are familiar with, is a direct bump or blow to the head. The second is when the body experiences a sudden jolting or jostling movement that results in the brain colliding with the inside of the skull. 

Can Dogs Get Concussions?

Yes, dogs can get concussions. Concussions are harder to diagnose in dogs than they are in humans because dogs can’t tell us what happened or how they’re feeling. This is especially true if the concussion is very mild or if the traumatic event wasn’t witnessed by a human. 

Just like in humans, a dog concussion can range from mild to severe. While we presume head trauma in dogs is very similar to humans, we can’t say for sure if dogs experience all the same symptoms as people, such as headaches, memory loss, and ringing in the ears. 

Symptoms of Concussions in Dogs

Because it’s harder to recognize dog concussion symptoms, if you’re noticing them, it’s likely the injury is significant enough that they should have medical attention. If you see symptoms of a concussion in your dog, get them to a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Signs of concussion in dogs include:

• Acting mentally inappropriate or confused
• Loss of consciousness
• Different sized pupils (anisocoria), or pupils that don’t respond to light
• Rapid eye movements
• Difficulty walking, standing, and balancing
• Disinterest in food and activity
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Blood in the eyes or coming from the nose or ear

Because a lot of concussions in dogs are caused by traumatic injuries, such as being hit by a car, it’s not uncommon for dogs to have other injuries concurrently with a concussion, like a broken leg. 

Causes of Dog Concussions

Most cases of head trauma in dogs are related to accidents, especially car accidents. 

Other common causes of dog concussions include:

• Falls from heights, especially in small dogs
• Roughhousing or fights between dogs, especially when a small dog is interacting with a larger dog
• Collisions with other dogs, trees, fences, and other hard surfaces
• Getting kicked by livestock or horses
• Accidental blunt force trauma, like a falling branch
• Abuse in the home 

Treating Dog Concussions

A mild concussion may not require hospitalization and might improve on its own, but the pet should still be evaluated by a veterinarian to ensure it’s not more severe than you think.

Treatment for Mild Concussions

If your veterinarian thinks the head injury is mild, they may simply recommend that you monitor your dog at home and return if symptoms worsen or don’t improve. At-home monitoring and treatment is more likely in cases where the head bump was less significant, such as the pet running into a table, colliding with another dog, or experiencing a small fall. 

Your veterinarian will likely recommend that your dog rest for at least a couple days and may prescribe medications to reduce pain and anxiety during the recovery period. They may also recommend that your pet’s head stay elevated 15-25 degrees from the ground when resting. If your veterinarian does recommend this head position, they can show you the best way to achieve it. Make sure your pup is not sleeping with their neck kinked, as this can affect blood flow.

Treatment for Severe Concussions

More severe head trauma in dogs, such as concussion from a car accident, falls from significant heights, or getting struck by a baseball bat usually require hospitalization.

If your pet is having significant signs of concussion, the veterinarian may want to perform imaging to assess the damage. This may include radiographs of the head to look for skull fractures, a computed tomography (CT) scan to look for skull fractures and hemorrhage, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the brain itself.

In cases requiring hospitalization, treatment will be focused on maintaining good blood flow to the brain and decreasing the pressure in the skull. Your veterinarian should assess your pet’s overall neurologic status to help you determine if they’re likely to improve with treatment. Determining the severity of brain injury is important for making quality of life decisions before pursuing treatment. Severely injured pets have a lower chance of recovering. Those that do survive may have a long rehabilitation road ahead of them.

Treatments for hospitalized patients could include:

• Intravenous fluids that help decrease pressure in the skull by pulling fluid into the blood vessels
• Oxygen delivered via a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen cage
• Elevation of the head
• Pain and anxiety medications
• Assisted feeding or use of feeding tubes
• Range-of-motion exercises and physical rehabilitation
• Surgeries to address skull fractures or other injuries

How to Prevent Concussions in Dogs

Not all cases of concussion can be prevented, and accidents do happen to the best of pet parents. However, there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of concussion, such as:

• Having a fenced-in yard or only taking your dog outside on a leash
• Using a leash on walks
• Using a dog seatbelt for car rides
• Restricting your pet’s access to large farm animals
• Blocking access to fall risks, such as putting netting along the handrails on a high porch
• Keeping your dog inside or separate when your family is playing with baseball bats or balls in the backyard
• Separating small dogs from rambunctious or aggressive large dogs

Keep in mind that if your pet is showing symptoms of concussion, they should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible, even if you’re not sure that they actually have one. There are other conditions, such as meningitis, that may present similar symptoms, and anything that causes signs of concussion warrants an evaluation by a veterinarian.

The post Can Dogs Get Concussions? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As your cat becomes a senior, you’ll need to make some changes to provide them with the topnotch care they deserve. 

Senior Cat Care: What to Expect

As your pet changes with age, the care you’ll need to provide will change with them. Be prepared for:

• Visiting the veterinarian more often
• Regularly checking for lumps and bumps
• Monitoring for signs of pain
• Paying attention to weight gain or weight loss
• Providing low-impact play activities
• Modifying your home to help with mobility
• Changing their diet
• Assisting your pet with grooming
• Increased costs for maintaining your pet’s health

How to Care for a Senior Cat: 10 Things to Know

If your cat is getting older, here is what you need to take into consideration:

Cost

Most senior cats will cost more annually than a younger cat. This is because you’re likely going to see the veterinarian more, going to run more screening tests, may need to treat chronic health conditions, may need to feed more to maintain weight, and may need to make some changes in the home to help your senior pet. 

Nobody likes to talk about money, but increased cost of care is an unfortunate reality for senior cat parents.

Make sure to budget for:

• Two annual wellness visits with a veterinarian
• Emergency or urgent veterinary care
• Potential for chronic disease management, such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease
• Increased food costs, especially if you’ll be feeding a prescription diet
• Grooming appointments if needed
• Home modifications, such as small sets of stairs or elevated food bowls

Some veterinary clinics may have annual wellness plans that allow you to spread costs out over the course of a year, which could make wellness care more affordable for you. 

Consider saving at least a couple thousand dollars in an account for your pet so that you can be prepared for unexpected veterinary visits as health concerns arise.

Other options you could consider include pet insurance or the CareCredit credit card. The CareCredit credit card can be used for routine vet appointments, pet surgeries and emergencies, medication, and more, at veterinarian locations that accept the card.*

Regular Vet Checkups

For young adult and mature cats, an annual wellness examination with recommended vaccinations and parasite control is usually sufficient. The veterinarian may occasionally recommend lab work for baseline monitoring.

For our senior cats, we instead recommend twice yearly visits, though senior cats with health conditions may require visits even more frequently. 

You can expect the veterinarian to recommend a senior blood panel, an analysis of the urine, and potentially imaging at these check-ups. Vaccinations and parasite control usually follow the same schedule in healthy senior cats as they do in mature adult cats. 

Make sure you’re regularly checking for lumps and bumps between wellness appointments. If you’re noticing a growth on your cat that wasn’t there before, it’s best to contact your veterinarian for an appointment.

Common Health Issues

Age isn’t a disease, but it does increase the likelihood of experiencing specific conditions.

A cat of any age can experience health issues, but some conditions are more common in senior cats. Routinely having your pet examined and lab work performed can identify conditions early to improve outcomes.

Conditions we see more frequently in senior animals include:

• Arthritis or degenerative joint disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Heart disease (such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes
• Vision loss
• Hearing loss
• Cancer
• Dental disease
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Cognitive dysfunction (dementia)

Some of these conditions may be managed with medications. Medications your senior cat might take include but are not limited to: 

• Methimazole
• Gabapentin
• Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan^®)
• Frunevetmab (Solensia^®)
• Amlodipine
• Diuretics such as furosemide
• Insulin
• Prednisone

A good pet health insurance plan can help offset the cost of vet visits, diagnostic tests, and medications, but it may not cover everything. This is where it can be helpful to consider financing options like the CareCredit credit card. 

Behavioral Changes

Some behavioral changes are to be expected in senior cats, such as sleeping more and engaging in play less. However, if your cat has a new or unusual behavior, step one is to get your pet evaluated for medical conditions. Call your veterinarian for an appointment.

Behavioral changes that may indicate an underlying health condition include:

• Changes in frequency of litter box usage (more or less often)
• Peeing or pooping outside of the litter box
• Vocalization, especially at night
• Aimless wandering
• Changes or reductions in jumping and/or climbing
• Changes to appetite or drinking habits
• Poor grooming behaviors
• Increased activity levels and aggression in a previously relaxed cat

Many senior cats will remain playful with the other cats in the home, though some may have a decreased tolerance for youngsters. As far as introducing new cats goes, senior cats may have less patience for new cat siblings, especially playful kittens and young adults.

Nutritional Needs

Senior cats often experience weight loss as they age. These cats require more caloric intake than their mature adult counterparts. This is because they have a reduction in their ability to digest food efficiently and effectively. 

Some senior cats will need up to 25 percent more food than they did as a mature adult, though 10 percent to 20 percent is more is typical (1). If your senior cat is obese, you shouldn’t increase their caloric intake and should instead work with your veterinarian on a healthy weight loss plan. 

Selecting your senior cat’s diet should be based on their specific nutritional needs rather than ages marketed on food bags or cans. Importantly, there are no guidelines for senior cat diets set forth by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). 

The nutritional content of foods labeled for senior cats, especially those that consider senior cats to be 7+ years old, are often not significantly different nutritionally than normal adult cat diets (2). 

Some diets labeled for cats 11+ years old do have more calories in a specific amount (higher caloric density), which may be of benefit to older cats who struggle to maintain weight.

Some senior cats, such as those with chronic kidney disease, will do best with a prescription diet designed to help manage their condition. 

When in doubt, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations when feeding your senior cat.

Supplements

You should not start supplements for senior cats without speaking with your veterinarian. Common supplements that pet parents consider for their senior cats include:

• Glucosamine and chondroitin (Dasuquin or Cosequin)
• Omega-3 fatty acids
• Cannabidiol (CBD)
• Probiotics

Exercise

When exercising your senior cat, let them dictate the activity level. Some senior cats are still quite playful, and it wouldn’t be fair to restrict their activity just because they’re old. 

However, some senior cats, especially those with arthritis or heart disease, may need low-intensity activities.

Examples of low-intensity activities you can do with your senior cat include:

• Spreading interesting but cat-safe scents around the room for them to explore 
• Spreading a couple healthy treats around the room for them to find on their own time
• Using a puzzle feeder to keep them mentally stimulated
• Introducing a new or favorite toy

You can continue to use things like wand toys, laser pointers, and cat trees as long as your senior pet remains interested in these objects and is tolerating the activity well.

Signs that you’re overdoing it and need to back down on the intensity of exercise include:

• Panting
• Coughing
• Limping
• Lying down in the middle of play and hesitating to get back up

Oral Care

Senior cats are more likely to experience dental disease simply by virtue of having been around the block more. Your veterinarian will check on your pet’s teeth at each wellness exam.

Oral pain can be quite significant for our feline friends, even though they’re quite good at hiding it. 

If your veterinarian recommends a dental cleaning or extractions under anesthesia, they’ll also recommend screening your senior pet to ensure they are healthy for anesthesia. Based on screening tests, your veterinarian will design an anesthetic plan individualized for your pet.

Remember, age is not a disease, and many senior cats tolerate anesthesia very well.

Some senior cats have fewer remaining teeth than their younger counterparts, so you may need to change the type of food you’re feeding them. For example, a cat with only four remaining teeth may prefer canned food, although there are many cats who have no teeth that still like kibble.

Grooming

Senior cats may have difficulty keeping up on self-care due to loss of flexibility and the development of arthritis. Senior cats with obesity often have even more trouble reaching hard-to-access locations during their grooming sessions.

Your cat may have some mats here and there that require a little TLC. You should especially watch for mats to develop around the tail base, on the back of the thighs, neck, and armpits. It’s a good idea to ask a groomer or veterinarian to help remove mats, as your senior cat’s thin skin is easy to accidentally nick or cut with a razor or scissors.

Make sure you’re making grooming sessions a positive experience. Be gentle with your senior cat, use soothing tones, and reward them with a nice treat.

Home Modifications 

As we get older, we have to modify our homes to suit our own mobility needs. The same goes for our cats. Your cat may have trouble jumping on or off furniture, vaulting cat trees, and navigating the home with vision loss.

You could consider:

• Ramps or small steps leading to their favorite resting areas
• Orthopedic beds that support your cat’s achy joints when they rest
• Smaller cat trees or cat trees with steps or ramps
• Raised food and water bowls for cats who have trouble bending down
• Carpet on the stairs to help with traction
• Traction mats to prevent slipping, such as when they get out of the litter box
• Wide, low-lipped litter boxes on every level of the home
• Using baby gates to restrict access to specific parts of the home
• Placing night lights to help with night vision 

For cats with significant vision loss, the most important thing you can do is minimize furniture rearrangement. Blind cats learn to navigate the home by memorizing its layout, and significant changes to that layout can make it hard for them to get around. Consider placing bells on the collars of other animals in the home so that your cat is less likely to be surprised by a rambunctious housemate.

Learning more about your senior cat’s care will help you be prepared as your cat moves into their golden years. While there’s a lot to learn, it sure is nice to know we’re keeping our cats with us for longer than ever before.

References

1. Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2021;23(3):211-233. doi:10.1177/1098612X21993657
2. Summers SC, Stockman J, Larsen JA, Sanchez Rodriguez A, Zhang L. Evaluation of nutrient content and caloric density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):2029-2035. doi:10.1111/jvim.15858

*Subject to credit approval

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post A Veterinarian’s Guide to Senior Cat Care appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fortunately, we’ve got answers to those questions and many more, including some that might surprise you. Diet plays an important role in the health and happiness of senior felines. With this helpful guide, you’ll learn everything you need to know about selecting a senior cat food that fits your feline family member’s specific tastes and needs.

Senior Cat Nutrition: Why It’s Important

Senior cats experience many changes in their golden years, and nutrition impacts how they tolerate those changes. 

Appropriate senior cat nutrition may prevent some health concerns in older cats. For other cats who go on to develop various conditions, their diet may alleviate symptoms. For all senior cats, we want their nutrition to promote overall wellness.

To understand the importance of senior cat nutrition, it’s helpful to know how your cat’s health and needs may change in the years ahead, as well as the role diet can play in managing those changes. 

Here are some of the most common challenges cats face as they age:

• Increased energy needs: While most adult cats are prone to obesity and may require calorie restriction, senior cats tend to face the opposite problem. Many aging cats have trouble keeping weight on. This is because their digestive system becomes less efficient, meaning they don’t absorb as much energy from their food. As a result, they have a higher energy requirement. 
• Weakened immune system: The immune system of a senior cat may not be quite as effective as a younger cat’s at fighting off infections. Senior cats also have an increased risk of chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system.
• Increased likelihood of chronic health conditions: Several diseases, such as chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, are more common in senior cats. Some of these conditions require specific diets as part of their treatment.
• Dental disease: Senior cats are more likely to have dental disease, often leading to tooth extraction or loss. In fact, some senior cats don’t have any teeth left, which can impact their desire and ability to eat.
• Increased need for water intake: Many senior cats will have changes to their kidney function that predispose them to dehydration. 
• Decreased appetite: Senior cats commonly have a lower appetite than their younger counterparts. In some cases, this may occur because their abilities to smell and taste aren’t as good as they once were. For others, this can occur because of an underlying disease that affects their appetite, such as chronic kidney disease.

Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

The answer to this question isn’t as simple as you might think. Here’s why.

While kitten food and adult cat food formulas generally adhere to nutritional standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), no standardized AAFCO guidelines exist for senior cat diets.

This means that pet food manufacturers can create their own formulas to market as senior cat food. So it’s not as if any old cat food with the word “senior” on the packaging will suffice once your cat hits a certain age.

There’s no guarantee that formula will provide what your cat needs in their senior years. Your best bet is to work with your veterinarian to pick an appropriate diet for your aging cat.

When Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

Another myth in need of busting is that your aging cat’s nutritional needs change once they celebrate a specific birthday. Despite what you’ll see on pet food bags, there isn’t a particular age at which your cat should switch to a senior cat diet. 

If you look closely, you’ll notice that not all commercial senior cat diets use the same age cutoff for when a pet is senior. Some say 7+, others say 11+, and some won’t have a specific age listed at all. 

Instead of basing dietary changes for senior cats off the age listed on the food bag or cans, you should work with your veterinarian to determine if and when a dietary change is necessary. Issues that may indicate you need to change your cat’s diet include:

• Appetite changes
• Weight loss or gain
• Loss of muscle mass
• Vomiting
• Changes to stools, such as diarrhea, loose stools, or constipation
• Excessive drinking or urination

These warning signs could indicate it’s time to switch to a diet better suited to your cat’s needs. Or, they could point to a wide range of other health issues. So, it’s best to have your veterinarian conduct a thorough exam to ensure you know precisely what your aging cat needs. 

What to Feed Your Senior Cat

Since we now know that you can’t just pick any formula with “senior cat food” on the label, exactly what should you consider when deciding how to nourish your senior kitty?

If your senior cat isn’t showing any signs of slowing down or other age-related health issues, you may be fine feeding them any cat food formulated for adult cats. However, the symptoms of age-related health conditions in cats can be subtle and easy to miss. So, it’s a good idea to talk with your veterinarian before you decide on any dietary changes.

Questions to ask your veterinarian include:

• Does your cat have any special nutritional needs due to a specific health condition?
• Does your cat’s dental health affect the kind of food they should eat?
• How can you increase your cat’s water intake?
• How can you make food more appealing for a cat who won’t eat?

Depending on your cat’s unique needs, here are a few options your veterinarian may recommend.  

Prescription diets

For cats diagnosed with certain health conditions or nutritional needs, veterinarians may recommend a prescription diet that’s specially formulated to help them thrive. These options, also known as veterinarian-authorized or therapeutic diets, can only be purchased with special approval from a veterinarian.

Examples of common senior health conditions that may have dietary therapies available include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Diabetes
• Dental disease
• Hyperthyroidism 
• Obesity

If your veterinarian prescribes a therapeutic diet for your senior cat, your best bet is to go with the formula they recommend. However, a variety of brands offer prescription diets. So, if your cat won’t eat their new food, it is worth asking your vet if the prescription diet is available from another brand and whether it would be appropriate to switch. 

You may also want to ask your veterinarian how long your senior cat should be on a prescription diet. For some conditions, feeding a therapeutic diet is part of a long-term treatment plan. For other conditions, such as obesity, it may be a temporary fix until your cat achieves a healthy weight and can switch to a diet designed to help maintain that weight.

Commercial diets

If your veterinarian does not recommend a prescription diet for your senior cat, then there are plenty of viable cat food options available to sustain your elderly feline in their golden years. 

However, not all formulas are created equal, and some may be better for senior cats than others. Here are some important considerations to remember when choosing a diet that will help your elderly cat thrive.

• Meets AAFCO standards: Any diet you choose should have an AAFCO statement near the nutrient label which says the food is approved for adult maintenance.
• Protein-rich: Your senior cat is an obligate carnivore, which means they need animal products in their diet to get all their essential nutrients. Look for options with meat or fish as the number one ingredient and check the percentage of protein content listed on the label. According to the American Animal Hospital Association, most senior cats should eat a diet with a minimum protein allowance of 30–45% dry matter. Avoid plant-based (vegetarian or vegan) diets, which are inappropriate for cats of any age.  
• Kibble vs. canned: While both kibble and canned food can provide senior cats with the nutrition they need, canned food may be a better pick for some older cats. The extra moisture in wet cat food helps combat dehydration in senior cats, and the softer texture is easier on senior cats with dental pain or fewer teeth. 
• Portion sizes: A cat’s weight can be challenging to manage in their senior years, so working with your veterinarian to develop a weight management plan is a great idea. If your cat is obese, consider reducing their amount of food by 10 percent and reweighing them every two weeks for a month. But what if they’re underweight?

If your cat is underweight, you should determine if they have any underlying health conditions. Assuming all is well, you have several options to consider:

• Increase their food amount by 10 percent and reweigh every two weeks for a month to ensure they are gaining weight. If there’s no progress, try increasing it by another 10 percent. 
• Try switching to a food with more calories in the same amount (higher caloric density), so they’re getting more energy from their food even though they’re eating the same amount.
• Switch to a canned food to see if this is more enticing.
• Heat the food to increase aroma and appeal.
• Add a small amount of canned food to their kibble as a topper.

If you are working to manage your cat’s weight, consider signing up for a GreatPetCare account, which has access to health management tools such as a pet weight tracker. 

Supplements

While it’s not necessary to supplement your senior cat’s diet if they are eating food that meets appropriate AAFCO standards, some nutritional supplements may help address age-related health issues. For example, joint supplements that contain extra glucosamine and chondroitin may help improve mobility in some cats with joint pain.

However, nutritional supplements do not replace appropriate veterinary treatment. If you’re considering supplements for your senior kitty, speak with your veterinarian before starting your cat on them. 

Hydration

Senior cats are often more susceptible to dehydration. This may be due to reduced sensitivity to thirst, disease, or mobility issues that make it harder to get to the water bowl. 

If your cat is a kibble-eater, consider switching to canned food to help keep them well hydrated. You can also coax your cat into drinking more by introducing water fountains and placing multiple water bowls on the levels of your home. 

Senior Cat Nutrition: Other Tips and Advice

Once you and your veterinarian decide what your senior cat should eat, there’s still the matter of ensuring they’re eating properly. Here are some expert tips to ensure your cat gets the nutrition they need to help keep them happy and healthy.

• When changing your senior cat’s diet, make that change slowly over several days. Changing the diet too rapidly can lead to stomach upset, which could result in diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite changes. To make the switch successful, follow the schedule below:
  • Day 1: 25% new food, 75% old food
  • Day 2: 50% new food, 50% old food
  • Day 3: 75% new food, 25% old food
  • Day 4: 100% new food

• If your cat is not finishing their meals, consider feeding smaller meals more frequently.
• If your senior cat is losing weight and is getting pickier, consider leaving kibble available at all times. This may not be feasible if you have other pets in the home who like to steal from their senior friends.
• Treats are safe for you to give your senior cat but should make up under 10% of their diet. If your pet is on a prescription diet, check with your veterinarian before feeding treats to ensure they do not pose any danger to your cat’s health. 
• Safe human foods that could be given to your cat as a treat include thoroughly cooked lean meats and fish, cooked eggs, cucumber, carrots, peas, and more. Always ensure that food is safe before offering it to your pet. 
• If your cat has multiple health conditions that complicate your dietary options, consider asking your veterinarian for a referral to a veterinary nutritionist. 
• If you are interested in a homecooked diet for your senior cat, you must work with a veterinary nutritionist to develop a nutritionally balanced diet.

Feeding your senior cat does require a slightly different approach than many pet parents may be used to, but it doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Now that you know how your aging cat’s nutritional needs may change and how that impacts their health, you can have thoughtful conversations with your veterinarian about the best diet for your senior cat’s overall health and wellness. 

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What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs?

Inflammatory bowel disease in dogs is an intestinal disease that causes gastrointestinal signs (especially diarrhea), doesn’t have a known origin, and has lasted at least three weeks. With IBD, inflammatory cells are infiltrating the innermost lining of the intestines.

IBD in dogs can also be more specifically named based on what type of inflammatory cell is infiltrating the intestinal lining and what part of the intestinal tract is being infiltrated.

For example, if two types of white blood cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells are infiltrating the small intestine, we call this lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. If a white blood cell type called a macrophage infiltrates the lining of the large intestine, we would call this granulomatous colitis. Other variations exist, but again, it depends on cell type and whether the small intestine and/or large intestine is infected.

The true prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. One study estimated the prevalence to be approximately 0.35 percent, or 35 out of 1,000 dogs (1).

Causes of IBD in Dogs

The exact cause of IBD is not known, but it’s thought to result from abnormal interactions between the microscopic organisms in the intestines and the dog’s own immune system, ultimately resulting in an uncontrolled immune response. Inflammation of the intestinal lining and subsequent poor absorption result in gastrointestinal signs.

Genetics likely play a role in the development of IBD in dogs, but information is limited. IBD can affect dogs of all ages, but older dogs are more likely to have severe forms.

Dog breeds that may be more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease include (2):

• Weimaraners
• Rottweilers
• German Shepherd Dogs
• Border Collies
• Boxers

A specific form of IBD called granulomatous colitis more commonly affects Boxers and French Bulldogs.

In some dogs, infiltration of the intestines by inflammatory cells can be so severe that the absorption of proteins is impaired. In this case, it is called protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

Breeds more likely to develop PLE include:

• Yorkshire Terriers
• Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers
• Rottweilers
• Shar-Peis
• German Shepherds
• Norwegian Lundehunds
• Basenjis

Dog IBD Symptoms

Chronic diarrhea in dogs is one of the hallmark symptoms of IBD in dogs. While mild IBD may cause intermittent clinical signs, severe IBD will cause progressive clinical signs.

When the small intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have what is called small bowel diarrhea. Because the small intestine is the location where most nutrient absorption occurs, the pet is more likely to have systemic signs like weight loss. Symptoms will include:

• Diarrhea which is often loose to watery, increased in volume, and occurs two to four times per day
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Poor haircoat
• Dehydration
• Pain or discomfort in abdomen
• Fluid build-up in abdomen, around lungs, and in limbs with PLE

When the large intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have large bowel diarrhea. Dogs with large bowel diarrhea do not typically lose weight. Symptoms include:

• Diarrhea which is loose to semisolid, normal to decreased in volume, and occurs over four times per day
• Mucoid and/or bloody stool
• Occasionally vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain

IBD can affect both the small and large intestine simultaneously (enterocolitis). In this scenario, the dog will have a mixed bowel diarrhea, meaning they will have signs of both small bowel and large bowel diarrheas.

Diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves ruling out other conditions.

Your veterinarian will likely want to perform fecal examinations to rule out parasites. Even if they do not find parasites, they may wish to treat with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug to remove any doubt that parasites could be contributing to the pet’s condition.

X-rays and ultrasound of the abdomen allow the veterinarian to look for abnormalities in the abdomen. Some veterinarians may be able to detect changes in the intestinal wall or enlarged lymph nodes that may increase the suspicion that the pet has inflammatory bowel disease.

The veterinarian will likely also perform blood work and urinalysis to look at the pet’s overall health. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) can cause chronic diarrhea and weight loss, so it’s a good idea for the veterinarian to rule out Addison’s disease. This is done with a blood test.

If no obvious cause is noted after these tests, the veterinarian may recommend a dietary trial using either a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet.

In most cases, dietary intolerances are related to the protein in the dog’s diet. A novel protein diet aims to provide a protein that your dog is less likely to have been exposed to before, such as rabbit, venison, or alligator. With hydrolyzed protein diets, the proteins are broken down into smaller nutrients that may be more tolerable.

Diet trials are usually continued for at least eight weeks. Importantly, you must control everything that enters your dog’s mouth. They should not have table scraps, treats, oral preventions or medications that contain flavoring (consult with a veterinarian before stopping any medications), or access to trash.

Definitive diagnosis would require biopsy of the intestines. This can be done endoscopically or through an abdominal surgery. A pathologist will look at the intestinal biopsies and can determine if inflammatory cells are infiltrating the intestines.

How to Treat IBD in Dogs

Treatment for IBD can range from a simple dietary change to long-term daily management.

Treatment includes:

• Deworming
• Novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, which are often successful as the only necessary treatment in mild cases
• Antibiotics
• Probiotics
• Supplemental vitamin B12 (dog can become deficient with chronic diarrhea)
• Fluid therapy
• Antinausea medications
• Steroids or immunosuppressants

In severe cases, immune suppression with steroids (prednisone) may be necessary. If steroid immunosuppression is still not working, you can consider other medications that affect the immune system, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. You will want to work with your veterinarian to find the lowest effective dose.

If your pet also has PLE, they may need additional medications like clopidogrel or aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots. These medications should not be given without consulting your veterinarian.

At-home treatments are unlikely to completely control your dog’s IBD. However, some pets may respond very well to a home-cooked diet. You should work with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist to formulate a home-cooked diet that is well-balanced and eliminates food items that your dog may be reacting to.

Dogs with large bowel diarrhea may benefit from the addition of soluble fiber, like psyllium. If you are interested in giving psyllium, check with your veterinarian.

Dogs that respond well to an elimination diet are expected to do well long-term. Dogs with

low albumin (protein level), low B12 levels, and severe intestinal lesions noted on endoscopy or during surgery are unlikely to achieve full control of their symptoms. Dogs with IBD who develop protein-losing enteropathy typically have a more guarded prognosis, and their disease can be very difficult to manage. 

How to Prevent IBD in Dogs

IBD is not considered a preventable disease. However, regular monitoring of your pet’s bowel movements, appetite, and general behavior can help you catch chronic gastrointestinal conditions earlier for treatment.

References

1. Wiles, Bonnie & Llewellyn-Zaidi, Aimée & Evans, Katy & O’Neill, Dan & Lewis, Tom. (2017). Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 4. 10.1186/s40575-017-0047-3. 
2. Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec. 2011 Dec 10;169(24):635. doi: 10.1136/vr.d5380. Epub 2011 Sep 6. PMID: 21896567.

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Healthy Cat Poop: What Should It Look Like? 

Healthy cat poop should be brown to dark brown in color and have a segmented, sausage-shape. While the poop should be firm, it shouldn’t be too hard or pebble-like. You should not see obvious blood or mucus in the feces. 

Normal cat poop does have an odor, but it shouldn’t smell foul, rancid, or metallic. If the smell sends you running out of the room holding your nose, your pet’s poop may be abnormal.

Healthy adult cats will usually poop in their litter box once or twice daily. A lot of cats will defecate shortly after eating. While not all cats consistently poop after a meal, it’s a normal response to eating in those that do. After all, they’re going to need to make space for what they just ate! 

Kittens may poop three or four times daily, sometimes more. Kitten poop may be softer than adult poop but should not be watery, bloody, or contain a lot of mucus.

Abnormal Cat Poop: A Sign of Potential Health Problems

Noticing changes to the color, smell, consistency, or frequency of poop can help you detect health issues in your cat. 

Your cat’s poop can become irregular for several reasons. While your vet will determine why your cat’s poop is abnormal, they rely on you to monitor your cat’s poop at home. They won’t know about it unless you bring it up! Keep track of when your cat is constipated, passes stool that looks or smells different than normal, and any other notable changes you observe.

Luckily, litter-trained cats give us a built-in opportunity to check for abnormalities. While self-cleaning litter boxes may make it more difficult to observe changes, some smart litter boxes track details like how often your pet enters the litter box and how full the waste drawer is. You can also pick up on changes to the color or consistency of your cat’s feces when you dispose of them.

Not every change to your cat’s poop may be significant. But it’s helpful to track these changes so you can share details with your veterinarian if necessary. Download the GreatPetCare app as a tool to log these details with the Health Journal feature.

Abnormal Cat Poop Chart

Many different types of irregular cat poop exist. The Abnormal Cat Poop Chart below outlines the different types of abnormal cat poop, what they could mean, and how concerned you should be.

Keep in mind that some changes in your cat’s poop color may be related to their diet. For example, if your cat is eating food with a green dye or color, you may notice a green tint to their feces. In this case, it’s likely not a cause for concern if they’re otherwise acting normal. If you’ve recently changed your cat’s diet and notice a slight change in their poop color, it’s likely due to their new food.

You will note that the severity level of these irregular cat poops ranges, sometimes all the way from mild to severe. This is because many underlying diseases can often lead to similar changes. While a cat having diarrhea due to stress is a mild condition, a cat having diarrhea due to panleukopenia virus points to a bigger cause for concern. 

When to See a Veterinarian

If your cat has one abnormal poop but is otherwise acting normal, you can usually monitor your can from home. But if your cat has runny poop, is regularly having irregular bowel movements, has intermittent loose stools, has undergone a sudden change to bowel movements, or is otherwise acting differently (vomiting, loss of appetite, etc.), then you should follow up with your veterinarian. 

If you see worms in your cat’s stools, you should contact your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will easily identify the type of worm and how to treat it. 

In most cases, blood in the stool at least warrants calling your veterinarian.

Signs to watch for which may indicate that your cat needs veterinary attention include:

• Vomiting
• Changes to your pet’s appetite
• Straining to defecate or urinate
• Weight loss
• Unkempt coat
• Lethargy
• Fecal staining on your cat’s backside
• Abdominal pain when picked up
• Hypersalivating
• Dehydration causing a prolonged skin tent (skin between shoulder blades does not return to normal position when pinched up) or a sunken appearance to eyeballs
• Excessive drinking 

Stress, treats, and dietary changes can all impact your cat’s stools. If changes are mild and your cat’s poop returns to normal over a couple days, veterinary attention is not necessary.

Keeping Your Cat’s Poop Normal

Although you cannot prevent every potential cause of abnormal poop in cats, the following steps will help you keep your cat’s digestion and poop healthy.

• Feed a regular, high-quality diet approved for your cat’s life stage.
• If you change your cat’s diet, do so slowly over the course of a week.
• Keep your cat on parasite prevention as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Keep your cat up to date on vaccinations as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Avoid feeding your cat foods intended for human consumption.
• Keep food scraps and other consumable objects like string away from your cat. 

Most cats do not need over-the-counter supplements to help with their feces and will have normal poop with a regular, healthy diet. However, some cats may benefit from supplements like probiotics or fiber. Speak with your veterinarian before adding any supplements to your cat’s daily regimen. 

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Why Understanding a Cat’s Heart Rate Matters

Measuring your cat’s heart rate on a regular basis gives you an idea of your cat’s baseline. Significant changes from normal can alert you and your veterinarian to potential changes in your cat’s health. Some conditions, like hyperthyroidism or a heart arrhythmia, can cause a change in heart rate. You’re also likely to see an increase in heart rate when your cat is experiencing fear or pain. Determining what is causing the change in heart rate helps your veterinarian decide if treatment is necessary and what the treatment plan should be.

What Is a Normal Cat Heart Rate?

When we’re talking about a “normal” cat heart rate, we must consider whether we’re looking at an adult cat or a kitten. A normal cat heart rate for an adult cat is 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm). Kittens usually have a significantly higher heart rate at rest than a mature cat, and it’s not abnormal for a kitten to be closer to 300 bpm.

Heart rates will also be higher in the veterinary clinic than at home because cats are often anxious and stressed in the clinic despite the veterinarian’s best efforts to be gentle and fear-free.

Physical activity also increases a cat’s heart rate. A cat lounging in a sunny window seat at home will usually have a lower heart rate than a cat with the zoomies or one who is vaulting cat trees.

We have created a cat heart rate chart to help you understand what’s normal, low, and high in an adult cat. You may find variation in what is listed as a normal heart rate for cats. When in doubt, we recommend you discuss concerns with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you determine what is normal for your cat and if you should be concerned about your cat’s heart rate.

Adult Cat Heart Rate Chart

Keep in mind that each cat is an individual, so what’s normal for one cat may not be normal for another. If your cat’s heart rate is normally 150 bpm at rest, but you’re noticing that it’s consistently 210 bpm, then you may contact a veterinarian even though they’re still in the “normal” range.

If you feel your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, you need to determine if this can wait for a normal appointment or if it’s an emergency. If your cat is acting otherwise normal, you can likely just contact your veterinarian. If your cat is fainting, acting disoriented, repeatedly vomiting, or yowling in pain, these are signs you should see an emergency veterinarian.

Low heart rates are quite uncommon in cats. Once your cat falls below 100 beats per minute, they’re likely to experience fainting or loss of consciousness. This warrants a trip to the emergency veterinarian.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Cats

When listening to your cat’s heart rate, your veterinarian isn’t just taking a heart rate. They’re also listening for abnormal heart sounds, such as heart murmurs, or abnormalities in how the heart beats, called an arrhythmia. There is some interplay between heart murmurs, arrhythmias, and heart rate. While you as a pet owner may not be able to specifically recognize heart murmurs and arrhythmias, if you’re familiar with what’s normal for your cat, you may be able to pick up on changes.

If your cat’s heart beats with a normal rhythm but is faster than normal, this is called sinus tachycardia. Your cat may have a physiologic elevation in their heart rate. This means the heart rate is increased due to a normal stimulus. Normal situations in which your cat’s heart rate may increase include:

• Excitement
• Exercise
• Stress or anxiety
• Painful stimuli

Heart rate can also increase due to illness and disease. Pathologic causes of a high heart rate in cats could include:

• Anemia or blood loss
• Congestive heart failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infections
• Blood clots
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

If your cat’s heart beats at a normal rhythm but is slower than normal, this is called sinus bradycardia. Causes of decreased heart rates in cats include:

• Unconsciousness
• Sedatives
• Anesthesia
• Seizures
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

How to Check a Cat’s Heart Rate

Usually, it’s best to leave heart rate monitoring in cats to a veterinarian. If your cat has a significant change in their heart rate that requires medical attention, they typically have other signs that will alert you that they should see a veterinarian. Measuring your cat’s heart rate on your own can easily lead to a lot of anxiety for you. Keep in mind that veterinarians are trained not only to detect an abnormal heart rate but also abnormal heart sounds and rhythms.

If you are wanting to monitor your cat’s heart rate at home, there are two easy ways. In a lot of cats, particularly those who aren’t overweight, you can gently apply pressure with your hand on the underside of their chest between the two front legs and feel the heartbeat. You can also purchase a cheap stethoscope online that will allow you to listen to your cat’s heart. Cat hearts are easiest to hear on the left side of the chest behind and below the left armpit or in the middle of the chest between the two front legs.

Once you can feel or hear the heart, count how many times the heart beats over 15 seconds and multiply by four. This gives you the number of beats per minute.

Abnormal Cat Heart Rate: Next Steps

If you suspect that your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, but your cat is otherwise acting like their usual self, you are usually safe just to call your veterinarian. They may recommend an appointment, or they’ll simply discuss your findings with you and determine if there is a cause for concern. If you notice your cat’s heart rate seems off and they’re not acting normal, consider seeking emergency attention for your cat.

If your veterinarian detects an abnormal heart rate, there are a few tests they may recommend running.

• Chest X-rays: Chest X-rays allow your veterinarian to see the overall size of the heart and assess if the lungs look normal.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG involves sticking electrodes on your pet. This will create a waveform that allows the veterinarian to see if your pet’s heart has normal electrical activity. ECGs help determine if an arrhythmia is present, which can affect heart rate.
• Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. This test allows the veterinarian to see the individual chambers and walls of the heart. The veterinarian can see if blood is flowing normally through the heart and rule out tumors of the heart.
• Blood work: Your veterinarian may want to run routine blood work. This can detect conditions like hyperthyroidism or infections that may affect heart rate. There are also blood tests that can detect damage to heart muscle, which your veterinarian may recommend.

If your cat has an underlying condition that is causing a change to the heart rate, such as hyperthyroidism or an infection, then treating the underlying condition should improve the change in the heart rate.

If the heart rate is abnormal due to a change in electrical activity within the heart (arrhythmia), then specific medications designed to improve arrhythmias may be recommended. Examples of medications that can be given to cats with arrhythmias include propranolol, atenolol, sotalol, and diltiazem, but it depends on your veterinarian’s specific findings. In severe cases, some medications may be given intravenously in the clinic. Rarely, a pacemaker may be recommended for a cat with an arrhythmia.

Your veterinarian is best suited to advise you on what’s normal for your cat. While it’s good to be knowledgeable about your cat’s heart health, we wouldn’t want you to get caught up in repeatedly checking your cat’s heart rate! Make sure you’re paying attention to other indicators of your cat’s health, such as their activity level, appetite, bathroom habits, and grooming behaviors. Pet parents will often notice changes in behavior that help the veterinarian figure out what’s going on and how to help our feline family members.

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Continue reading to find out what cerebellar hypoplasia in cats is and how to manage your wobbly cat at home.

What Is Cerebellar Hypoplasia?

Cerebellar hypoplasia in cats, also known as wobbly cat syndrome or CH, is a developmental condition in which a specific part of the brain, called the cerebellum, fails to develop properly. 

The cerebellum, which means “little brain” in Latin, is a part of the central nervous system within the back of the skull between the cerebrum and brainstem. Specifically, the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and balance. The word “hypoplasia” refers to underdevelopment of a particular organ or tissue, meaning the affected organ or tissue is often smaller than normal.

Although cerebellar hypoplasia is lifelong and untreatable, there’s good news for cats with CH! Wobbly cat syndrome isn’t painful, and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia typically have a great quality of life. Importantly, wobbly cat syndrome isn’t contagious between cats. CH is different from a lot of other neurological disorders in that it’s typically present at birth, doesn’t worsen over time, and has signs restricted only to the cerebellum.

Although we don’t know the true prevalence of cerebellar hypoplasia in cats and the condition is uncommon overall, CH is among the leading causes of neurological signs in kittens or young cats. It’s the most common condition affecting the cerebellum of kittens.

Causes of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

The development of cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat is truly dependent on the health of their mother. A kitten can develop wobbly cat syndrome if their mother receives a modified live virus vaccine (typically their annual FVRCP vaccine) or contracts the panleukopenia virus during pregnancy. Panleukopenia virus is a parvovirus (same family as canine parvovirus), and it usually causes diarrhea and immune system suppression in adult cats. The reason for these signs in adults is that the panleukopenia virus preferentially attacks rapidly dividing cells. In an adult cat, the cells that line their intestines and their white blood cells are some of the most rapidly dividing cells, so they are affected by the virus most severely.

So how does this lead to cerebellar hypoplasia in a kitten? During fetal development and within the first two weeks of life, the cerebellum is undergoing rapid development. If the kitten becomes infected with parvovirus either through natural infection or a live vaccination while in the uterus or within the first two weeks after birth, the virus can affect the rapidly dividing cells of their cerebellum. This will cause them to have an underdeveloped cerebellum.

Interestingly, CH may affect only one kitten in a litter, or it may affect all of them. Kittens affected by panleukopenia virus after two weeks of age are likely to have severe signs of the virus itself but are highly unlikely to develop wobbly cat syndrome.

Infection with panleukopenia virus is the most common cause of CH by far, but the condition could also theoretically develop if the pregnant mother cat is really malnourished or if the kitten suffers a head trauma that affects the cerebellum during its rapid stage of development.

Symptoms of Wobbly Cat Syndrome

Even though cerebellar hypoplasia is usually present at birth, it’s often not apparent until the kitten is trying to stand and walk on their own. This is usually around 2-3 weeks of age. Clinical signs do not worsen over time but may slightly improve as the cat adjusts to their disability.

Signs of wobbly cat syndrome include:

• Jerky, shaky, uncoordinated walking
• Appearing to sway from side to side when walking
• A high-stepping gait called hypermetria (sometimes called goose-stepping)
• Wide-based stance
• Mild head tremors at rest
• More noticeable tremors when the kitten makes an intentional movement, such as trying to play with a toy or bending over to eat or drink from a bowl (intention tremors)
• Clumsy placement of feet
• Leaning against walls for support

The uncoordinated, high-stepping walk of this condition is often referred to as “cerebellar ataxia.”

Clinical signs vary in severity depending on how developed the cerebellum was when the kitten was infected. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will have an uncoordinated gait and intention tremors, but they will be able to eat on their own and use the litter box. In severe cases, the cat may struggle to get into and out of the litter box and could be at significant risk of falling and injuring themselves.

Remember that this is a developmental disorder. If your adult cat develops these clinical signs after previously having normal balance and coordination, it is extremely unlikely to be cerebellar hypoplasia. In this case, we recommend having your pet promptly evaluated by a veterinarian.

Diagnosing CH in Cats

In most cases, the veterinarian can diagnose cerebellar hypoplasia based on history and physical examination. If you have a kitten who begins to show these signs around the time they begin walking, it is extremely likely to be CH, especially if you know the mother was infected with panleukopenia virus or received a modified live vaccine while pregnant. 

The disease should not worsen in severity over time and signs should be restricted to those that can be explained by underdevelopment of the cerebellum. If your cat has other clinical signs, such as a head tilt, blindness, seizures, or inappropriate mentation, additional diagnostics would be recommended to rule out other neurological diseases.

For a more definitive diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can sometimes show a smaller than normal cerebellum. Typically, this is not necessary for diagnosis. Your veterinarian may also recommend other tests, such as blood work, to rule out other conditions. This is particularly more likely if they’re looking at an adult cat with an unknown history, such as one you have adopted from a shelter or a community cat you’ve welcomed into your home.

Treatment of Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a developmental condition, which means we cannot treat it once it has developed. Instead, we focus on modifying the environment to keep our wobbly cats safe.

Your CH kitty must remain inside. If allowed to go outside, they’re at an increased risk of getting hit by a car or attacked by another animal due to their lack of coordination.

Lowering their head to the floor to eat or drink can worsen intention tremors. Because of this, it’s common for pet parents of CH cats to use elevated food and water dishes to reduce the trembling and make it easier for the cat to eat and drink.

Because the cat has a lack of coordination and a wide stance, it can be hard for cats to get into covered litter boxes, elevated litter boxes, litter boxes with high sides, and narrow litter boxes. In this case, we highly recommend a wide, uncovered litter box with low sides.

Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia should NEVER be declawed. Declawing can alter the way your cat walks, cause pain, and make it difficult for them to grip surfaces. Your cat with cerebellar hypoplasia will likely rely more heavily on their claws and may use them to grip if they’re losing their balance.

Keep in mind that your cat may be a fall risk. If your cat has mild CH, they may still be able to navigate cat trees and window seats, but if your cat’s cerebellar hypoplasia is moderate to severe, we recommend avoiding giving them access to heights. They will be more prone to injuries associated with falling.

Most cases of CH have a great prognosis if you adjust your home to keep them safe. Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia can still safely undergo anesthetic procedures, such as spay and neuter. More severe CH cases may require more assistance with getting into and out of litter boxes and eating and drinking. In severe cases, it may be best to restrict the cat to a safe room rather than giving them free range of the house, particularly if your home has a lot of stairs or areas the cat could fall from. Most cats with cerebellar hypoplasia will adapt to their disability and continue to be happy, healthy companions.

How to Prevent Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Cats

To prevent cerebellar hypoplasia in a cat, we need to prevent infection of their mother with panleukopenia virus. As previously mentioned, cerebellar hypoplasia can occur in kittens whose mothers become infected with panleukopenia virus or who are vaccinated with a live vaccine during pregnancy or within the first two weeks postpartum.

The best way to prevent CH is to get female cats vaccinated against panleukopenia prior to pregnancy. If your cat is already pregnant but due for her vaccines, your veterinarian may recommend holding off on vaccination until after the kittens’ first two weeks of life. Importantly, some places with a higher risk of infectious disease, such as an animal shelter or cattery, may still vaccinate pregnant cats. In these scenarios, the animal professionals have determined that the risk of infectious disease, which can be deadly, is greater than the risk of cerebellar hypoplasia.

If your cat is pregnant and has an unknown vaccination history, we recommend keeping them separate from other unvaccinated cats to prevent them from contracting panleukopenia virus. It’s extremely important that newborn kittens remain in a sanitary environment. You should avoid letting newborn kittens interact with other cats besides their mother to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

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Even though bladder cancer in cats is rare, you don’t have to face this diagnosis on your own. Here, we’ll explain the causes, symptoms, and treatment options you can expect if your feline family member is diagnosed with bladder cancer.

What Is Bladder Cancer?

Our pets can develop benign polyps in the bladder, and they can develop tumors in other parts of the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, ureters (tubes from kidneys to bladder), and urethra (tube from bladder to outside of body). When we refer to bladder cancer, we specifically mean malignant tumors of the bladder.

In both cats and dogs, the most common cancer of the urinary bladder is called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). This tumor arises from the cells that line the bladder and part of the urethra. While this tumor is almost always found in the lower neck of the bladder in dogs, the site of a bladder tumor in cats is more variable. This means that we can’t assume a tumor isn’t a TCC just because it’s located somewhere else in the bladder.

Other types of cancer can affect the urinary bladder, such as rhabdomyosarcoma or lymphoma. While we’ll mainly focus on TCC in cats, other cancers of the bladder have similar signs and similar treatment methods (surgery vs chemotherapy vs NSAIDs).

Stages of Bladder Cancer in Cats

When a cat is diagnosed with bladder cancer, the veterinarian will want to perform staging. When staging, they will measure the primary tumor, determine if the cancer is in nearby lymph nodes, and check for spread (metastasis) to other organs. Additional areas that transitional cell carcinoma is known to spread to include the lungs, lymph nodes, abdominal wall, kidneys, pancreas, and liver, among others.

TCC in cats doesn’t currently have its own validated staging system. There is a form of staging from the World Health Organization called the TNM staging system, focused on the primary tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). If desired, this can be used to set a specific stage for the tumor.

Staging usually involves imaging, such as X-rays of the abdomen and chest, abdominal ultrasound, and potentially a CT scan. Accessible lymph nodes may be aspirated with a needle to collect cells to study for evidence of spread, though aspiration of lymph nodes in the abdomen is not recommended when TCC is suspected.

It’s not currently known what percentage of cats have metastatic disease when they’re first diagnosed, though some estimates state approximately 20 percent of cats already have spread. 

Causes of Cat Bladder Cancer

The cause of bladder cancer in cats is not fully understood. Utilizing what we know about bladder cancer in dogs and humans, some of the potential contributing factors could include:

• Carcinogens excreted in the urine that cause changes to the cells in the bladder or urethra
• Exposure to older formulas of insecticides and pesticides for flea and ticks
• Use of a chemotherapy drug called cyclophosphamide
• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity
• Older age (median age at time of diagnosis is 15 years)

Symptoms of Bladder Cancer in Cats

The symptoms of bladder cancer in cats often mimic other more common conditions, such as a urinary tract infection, feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), or bladder stones. It’s important not to immediately assume your cat has cancer if you note these signs, but if their clinical signs are not resolving despite treatment for infection and inflammation, bladder cancer is a potential diagnosis.

Symptoms include:

• Straining to urinate
• Blood in urine
• Frequent urination with small amounts of urine produced
• Straining while defecating
• Difficulty breathing and coughing
• Unkempt appearance
• Overgrooming of genitals or belly
• Urinating outside the litterbox
• Vocalizing, especially in the litterbox
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Inability to urinate

The worst-case scenario is that the bladder tumor obstructs the urethra or a ureter. If the urethra is obstructed, your pet will be unable to urinate. This puts them at risk for bladder rupture and kidney failure. If the ureter is blocked, urine will be unable to flow from the kidney to the bladder, which would cause the kidney to enlarge and fail.

If your cat is vocalizing in the litter box but producing minimal to no urine, appears to have an enlarged abdomen, begins acting lethargic, loses their appetite, or is vomiting, this warrants a trip to an emergency veterinarian. Keep in mind that even with these symptoms, your cat is more likely to have a urinary blockage due to FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer.

Diagnosing Bladder Cancer in Cats

Physical Exam

To diagnose bladder cancer in a cat, your veterinarian will start with a physical examination. They’ll want to perform testing to rule out the most common causes of urinary abnormalities. This could include a urinalysis with culture, blood work, abdominal radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound. If your pet appears to be blocked due to FLUTD (more common in males), your veterinarian is likely to attempt passing a urinary catheter to relieve obstruction.

If your pet has evidence of a urinary tract infection but no bladder stones, your veterinarian will typically start by treating the infection. If the signs do not improve or promptly recur, then bladder cancer should be considered as a rule-out.

Again, FLUTD in cats causes a lot of the same symptoms as both infection and a bladder tumor, but it’s more common than either of these conditions. If your veterinarian doesn’t find evidence of an infection but there is blood in the urine, your pet is much more likely to have FLUTD than they are to have bladder cancer, and they may recommend changing to a prescription urinary diet and reducing stressors in your cat’s environment.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound would be recommended to rule out the presence of a tumor or stones that were not detected on X-ray. Some veterinarians may do a special contrast study where a contrast dye that can be visualized on X-ray is injected into the bladder.

Biopsy

In cats, the most common way to get a biopsy of the tumor is through abdominal surgery. This is because they have a very small urethra, which may make cystoscopy (passing a camera through the urethra into the bladder) or the use of a catheter to collect a sample nearly impossible.

If your veterinarian sees a tumor on ultrasound, it may be tempting for them to stick a needle into the tumor to aspirate a few cells rather than doing surgery to collect a sample. For suspected transitional cell carcinomas, this isn’t recommended. TCC is known to travel along needle tracks, which may cause the tumor to “seed” to other areas of the body. This is a well-known occurrence in dogs, and there are reports of cats having their body wall affected via this presumed method as well.

Treatment for Cat Bladder Cancer

When we think of treatment for bladder cancer in cats, we typically focus on surgery, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and chemotherapy.

Surgery

Surgery can be done if the tumor is small and confined to the body of the bladder. The ureters and urethra connect to the bladder in the neck area, often making surgery impossible if the tumor is in the neck of the bladder. Although most TCCs still recur after tumor removal, surgery currently has the most potential to extend life out of any known treatment.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

The use of NSAIDs has been shown to prolong survival in cats with TCC. Reportedly, the use of oral piroxicam can increase survival up to 6 months. Treatment can be complicated by pre-existing conditions, especially chronic kidney disease in older cats, which may limit NSAIDs as an option for your pet.  

Chemotherapy

Multiple chemotherapy protocols exist and will typically require your cat see the oncologist for a treatment every couple of weeks for a set number of treatments. With chemotherapy, you can expect your pet to receive multiple rechecks of blood work to ensure their body is tolerating the treatment. Chemotherapy medications result in decreased white blood cell counts, which can affect your pet’s ability to fight infection, so your veterinarian will want to ensure the white blood cell counts are not falling too low before giving their next chemotherapy dose.

Importantly, chemotherapy in pets is aimed at improving quality of life for as long as possible rather than radically pursuing a cure. Because of this, our pets typically tolerate chemotherapy much better than humans. You should report any side effects to your veterinarian so that they can ensure your cat remains comfortable throughout the process. 

Radiation

Your veterinarian may recommend radiation therapy. While this can be a good option for some pets, radiation therapy requires travel to a location that performs the procedure – often a university with a veterinary medicine program – and anesthesia each time the procedure is performed. For some pet parents, it is cost-prohibitive due to the time, money, and travel required.

Radical Surgery

Radical surgeries, such as removal of the entire bladder, can theoretically be performed. With this surgery, the bladder is removed, and the ureters are attached to either the colon or vagina. Because there is no longer a bladder to store urine, the cat becomes incontinent. This altered anatomy also significantly increases the risk of infection. These pets will frequently require long-term antibiotics and frequent blood monitoring to ensure their kidneys are functioning well. Because the ureters are such small tubes, it’s not uncommon for them to become blocked by scarring, which would ultimately result in kidney failure. This surgery isn’t recommended by most veterinarians.

Stenting

The role of stenting isn’t well known but may have a place in the management of TCC in cats. In a 2020 study, 11.9 percent of cats with bladder cancer had involvement of their urethra, 11.9 percent had evidence of obstruction of a ureter, and 5.1 percent had evidence of both urethral and ureteral involvement. 

Stents in these areas could allow urine to continue passing through, preventing obstruction. The placement of stents is a highly specialized procedure, so travel would likely be required if you are able to find a veterinarian experienced in stent placement.

Home Care 

When your cat has a bladder tumor, they have a higher chance of developing a bladder infection. Your pet will require frequent monitoring of their urine to ensure they are not developing a UTI. If this occurs, your pet will need antibiotics to treat the infection.

When your pet is at home, ensure they have easy access to food, water, and litter boxes. Your pet may have increased urgency to urinate, so you can help prevent accidents by having multiple litter boxes in easily accessed locations. 

Prognosis for Cats with Bladder Cancer

Survival times for cats with bladder cancer are not as well defined as they are in dogs, but one study involving 20 cats with TCC found a median survival time of 261 days. This included cats who received no treatment, as well as cats who received a variety of treatment protocols. A 2020 study found a median survival time of 155 days.

Untreated, the estimate for survival is 1-3 months. Medical management (NSAIDS and/or chemotherapy) has an estimated survival time of 5-6 months. If tumor location allows for surgery to be performed, cats who receive both surgery and medical management have an estimated survival time of 9-10 months.

End stage bladder cancer in cats usually involves obstruction of either the urethra or a ureter, preventing the flow of urine from kidney to bladder to outside of the body. This results in kidney failure. At this point, many pet parents elect to help their feline family member pass on peacefully via humane euthanasia. 

Cost to Treat Bladder Cancer in Cats

The cost to treat feline bladder cancer depends on the selected treatment method, which can range from around $2,000 up to $10,000. More conservative management would include imaging to confirm the presence of a tumor, blood work and urinalysis, and the use of NSAIDs. In this scenario, you would be keeping your pet comfortable and then electing for euthanasia when quality of life becomes a concern.

Once you add in chemotherapy, the cost will start to increase. Each treatment with chemotherapy costs several hundred dollars, and lab work will need to be rechecked prior to each treatment.

If surgery is an option for your pet, you can expect this to add several thousand dollars to the total cost, particularly if the procedure is performed by a specialist. For a cat to receive surgery, NSAIDs, and chemotherapy, you are looking at the higher end of the estimate.

How to Prevent Bladder Cancer in Cats

Because we are still learning a lot about bladder cancer in cats, we don’t currently know how to prevent the disease. While we cannot guarantee that it will prevent TCC, a healthy lifestyle is always recommended. Keep your cat at a healthy weight, feed a healthy diet, and ensure they always have access to clean, fresh water.

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What Is Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, lymph vessels, and bone marrow. The main functions of the lymphatic system are to aid the immune system and move fluid through the body.

In dogs, lymphoma typically begins in the lymph nodes, but it can arise from lymphoid tissues anywhere in the body. Lymphoma is sometimes seen in the skin, eyes, central nervous system, and lungs. 

When a dog develops lymphoma, they develop abnormal growth and replication of a specific type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. This results in changes to the immune system’s ability to fight infection, changes to the movement of fluid throughout the body, and the development of metastatic tumors throughout the body. 

In most cases, dogs with lymphoma will develop flu-like symptoms and eventually pass away from their cancer.

Causes of Lymphoma in Dogs

Lymphoma most often occurs in middle-aged to older dogs, but it can be seen in dogs of any age. The veterinary community is not currently certain as to what causes lymphoma in dogs. Because specific breeds are more susceptible than others, genetics are suspected to play a role.

Breeds that are more likely to develop lymphoma include:

• Golden Retrievers
• Boxers
• Rottweilers
• Scottish Terriers
• Basset Hounds
• Cocker Spaniels
• German Shepherds
• Airedales
• Bulldogs
• Poodles

While these breeds have an increased risk, any dog can develop lymphoma. Additional links have been reported between lymphoma and specific herbicides, regular exposure to radiation, living in an industrial area, exposure to hazardous wastes, and secondhand smoke.

Types of Lymphoma in Dogs

The “type” of lymphoma in dogs refers to various subcategories of lymphoma: B-cell lymphoma vs. T-cell lymphoma, high-grade lymphoma vs. low-grade lymphoma, or lymphomas named for their location within the body. The symptoms of lymphoma in dogs depend on which part of the body is affected by lymphoma.

B-Cell vs. T-Cell Lymphoma

The most basic division of lymphoma type is B-cell vs. T-cell. Lymphocytes are either B-cells (the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies against pathogens) or T-cells (which help signal other cells of the immune system and kill abnormal cells in the body). 

B-cell lymphoma is more common and has a longer survival time than T-cell lymphoma in dogs.

High-Grade Lymphoma vs. Low-Grade Lymphoma

Lymphoma can be graded as high-grade (lymphoblastic) or low-grade (lymphocytic) based on the appearance of the cells. High-grade is more common and has a rapid onset and progression. Low-grade is more chronic and affects the dog more slowly.

Multicentric Lymphoma

Anatomically, the most common form of lymphoma is called multicentric lymphoma. Multicentric lymphoma in dogs presents with swelling of the lymph nodes. As the pet parent, you may notice these swollen lymph nodes under the jaw or in the neck, in front of the shoulders, the armpits, groin, or behind the knees. At the time of diagnosis, lymph node swelling is usually the only sign. However, some dogs will also experience weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive drinking.

Alimentary Lymphoma

In around 5-7 percent of cases, the dog has alimentary lymphoma. This is lymphoma originating in the gastrointestinal tract, most often the intestines. Clinical signs of this form of lymphoma include vomiting, diarrhea, appetite changes, and weight loss.

Mediastinal Lymphoma

Mediastinal lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma. The mediastinum is the area between the lungs. This area includes the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and some lymph nodes. When cancer develops in this area, the tumor usually takes up space in the chest cavity, pressing on other structures in the chest. The pet parent may notice coughing, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance.

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphoma is a catch-all term for lymphomas that develop elsewhere in the body. Examples can include lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS lymphoma), lymphoma that develops in the skin (cutaneous lymphoma), and lymphoma that develops in the lungs (pulmonary lymphoma). 

Signs will differ based on where the lymphoma is. For example, dogs with CNS lymphoma may have seizures, abnormal mentation, circling, abnormal eye movements, and other neurologic irregularities. Cutaneous lymphoma in dogs may cause non-healing ulcers, papules, or red lesions on the skin.

Stages of Lymphoma in Dogs

Staging of lymphoma is based on the location of disease and how much it has spread throughout the body. Stages III through V are more common in dogs.

Stage I: Cancer is present in a single lymph node.

Stage II: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm (front of body or rear of body).

Stage III: Cancer is present in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage IV: Cancer is present in the liver or spleen.

Stage V: Cancer involves bone marrow, nervous system, or other unusual location.

Each of the stages of lymphoma in dogs is further subdivided into substage A and substage B. Substage A means the pet feels well, while substage B means the pet is feeling ill. Pets who are feeling well have a better prognosis than pets who act sick.

Diagnosing Lymphoma in Dogs

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose lymphoma with a physical examination and cytology of an enlarged lymph node. To collect a cytology sample, they will stick a needle into the lymph node. This procedure is well-tolerated by most dogs without sedation. The veterinarian may read the sample in-house or may send the slides to a reference lab.

If the cytology is not conclusive or an aspirate cannot be collected based on the location of the tumor, the veterinarian will collect a biopsy (surgical sample), which will be interpreted by a reference laboratory.

Determining if your dog has B-cell or T-cell lymphoma requires sending microscopic slides and fluid from the lymph node to a reference laboratory. At the reference lab, they’ll perform a test called flow cytometry or immunophenotyping to determine if the cancer is B-cell or T-cell. This information is important for determining your dog’s prognosis.

Imaging will be recommended to determine spread of the disease. This commonly involves X-rays (radiographs) of the chest and abdomen, as well as abdominal ultrasonography. In cases where the cancer originates elsewhere in the body, like the nervous system, other imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans will be recommended. Your dog may need to be sedated for radiographs or ultrasound, and they will definitely be sedated for MRI or CT. In some cases, a bone marrow aspirate may be recommended to determine if cancer is affecting the bone marrow. Your dog will be anesthetized for this. The veterinarian will also want to perform blood work and urinalysis for overall health screening.

While the initial diagnosis and simple staging may be performed by your private veterinarian, they usually refer you to a veterinary oncologist for additional diagnostics and treatment. Most private practices do not have a CT or MRI scan and do not perform chemotherapy treatments.

Treating Lymphoma in Dogs

Treatment for lymphoma in dogs can vary,  depending on the stage, but chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for most cases.

Chemotherapy

While there are various protocols, combination chemotherapies (more than one drug) have better remission rates and duration of remission than single-agent chemotherapy. These protocols involve frequent visits to the oncologist for a predetermined number of chemotherapy injections. 

Common chemotherapy agents used in the initial round of chemotherapy include: 

• L-asparaginase
• Vincristine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Doxorubicin
• Prednisone 

The oncologist will want to check blood panels prior to each treatment to ensure the chemotherapy is being tolerated well.

Low grade lymphoma may be treated with oral chemotherapy, such as chlorambucil and prednisone.

While this can be overwhelming for you as the pet parent, rest assured that chemotherapy in dogs is aimed to preserve quality of life. Dogs tend to tolerate chemotherapy better than humans, and if your dog is having side effects, your veterinarian will alter the protocol or offer additional medications to ensure they’re still feeling well. 

Side effects that you should report to your veterinarian include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and acting ill, but dogs do not usually lose much fur. Chemotherapy is easier to go through with your pet if you know what to expect.

Other Treatments

If you choose not to pursue chemotherapy, prednisone may be offered as palliative care. While this will not significantly improve the length of your dog’s life, it may help them to feel better.

Rarely are surgery or radiation therapy recommended for localized lymphoma. Radiation alone will not treat most cases of lymphoma, so chemotherapy will typically be recommended in addition to the localized therapy.

End-of-Life Care

Eventually, the dog will not respond to chemotherapy and treatment will focus on palliative care. End stage lymphoma in dogs often causes loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Most dogs with lymphoma will be euthanized once the veterinarian and pet parent feel the pet no longer has a good quality of life.

Cost to Treat Lymphoma in Dogs 

Treating lymphoma can be expensive. You will have multiple options laid out before you by the oncologist, and there is no shame in choosing a more affordable palliative treatment over one that prolongs life. Your focus should be ensuring that your pet is comfortable.

For initial diagnosis and complete staging alone, you can expect to pay at least $500. If your dog will need a CT or MRI, this will increase the cost to over $1,000. If you elect for prednisone alone, treatment may be $20 to $30 per month. This is an affordable option for many pet parents. While prednisone may help your dog feel comfortable, the average lifespan with no treatment or prednisone alone is four to six weeks. 

If you pursue chemotherapy, you can expect the cost to differ depending on what protocol you elect. The price is likely to be over $5,000 and can often exceed $10,000. Most dogs who receive chemotherapy will have a remission that lasts eight to nine months, and their survival can be a year or more. Almost all dogs will relapse. Around half of dogs can get a second shorter remission that lasts two to four months. The chemotherapy protocol the second time around is often different from the first round of chemotherapy.

Prognosis for Dogs with Lymphoma

Dogs who are in stages I, II, and III tend to have longer survival times than dogs in stages IV or V. Dogs with low-grade lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with high-grade lymphoma, and dogs with B-cell lymphoma have longer survival times than dogs with T-cell lymphoma. 

Dogs with T-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to six months, while dogs with B-cell lymphoma have a prognosis closer to one year if treated with chemotherapy. Dogs who have mediastinal lymphoma or lymphoma in the central nervous system have short survival times.

Note: All dogs are individuals, and prices vary by location. While survival times and costs are provided, your pet could live shorter or longer, and the amount you spend on treatment may be significantly different than the estimates we’ve provided.

How to Prevent Lymphoma in Dogs

It can be very hard on you as the pet parent to reckon with your dog’s lymphoma diagnosis, and many pet parents want to know why they’re facing this diagnosis. Was it something they did? 

There is currently no known way to prevent lymphoma in dogs, meaning you should not blame yourself for your dog’s cancer. Work with your private veterinarian and your veterinary oncologist to determine what course of action is best for your pet and your family. While this diagnosis is hard, treatment is often rewarding and usually improves your pet’s quality of life, allowing you to spend more quality time together.

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In this article, we’ll go over all things cat conjunctivitis, so you’ll be able to look out for the warning signs and know what to do if your cat is infected.

What Is Conjunctivitis?

The moist tissue that lines the eyelid and eye surface is called conjunctiva tissue. The part directly on the eye is called the bulbar conjunctiva, and the lining inside the eyelids is called the palpebral conjunctiva. When these mucous membranes become inflamed, it’s called conjunctivitis.

Most people are familiar with conjunctivitis in humans, but you may wonder how it compares to cat conjunctivitis. For example, can cats get pink eye? What causes conjunctivitis in cats? And is conjunctivitis in cats contagious?

Conjunctivitis in cats is usually infectious, so yes, in those cases it is contagious and can be passed to other kitties. The risk to non-feline family members (both dogs and humans) is low. 

Now let’s go over what can cause cat conjunctivitis.

Causes of Conjunctivitis in Cats

The three most common infectious causes of conjunctivitis eye infections in cats are:

• Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
• Chlamydia felis, which is a bacteria
• Feline calicivirus (FCV)

Because these causes are infectious, your cat’s risk increases when they’re around a lot of other cats. If your cat is in a confined area with unfamiliar cats, their likelihood of contracting something from one of those cats becomes greater. Higher risk situations include animal shelters, boarding facilities, catteries, veterinary clinics, or outdoor cat colonies.

Another important factor for infectious conjunctivitis, particularly herpesvirus, is that it can recur in times of stress. When a person with herpesvirus-1 gets stressed, they get cold sores. When a cat with FHV-1 gets stressed, they can develop feline viral rhinotracheitis (a type of upper respiratory infection), with conjunctivitis being one of the main symptoms. Stressors could include a new animal or child in the home, moving to a new home, outdoor cats harassing them through the window, recent veterinary visits, and more.

Other less common causes of conjunctivitis can include:

• Trauma
• Chemical burns
• Environmental irritants
• Foreign bodies in the eye or under the eyelids
• Eye worms (Thelazia spp.)

You can also see inflammation of the conjunctiva secondary to other diseases of the eye, such as an ulcer on the cornea, rolled-in eyelids (entropion), or glaucoma.

Symptoms of Cat Conjunctivitis

Cat conjunctivitis can occur in one or both eyes. It may be the only sign you see, or you may notice upper respiratory signs, as well.

Some of the most common, clinical signs of conjunctivitis in cats include:

• Excessive blinking, winking, or squinting (blepharospasm)
• Ocular discharge, which can be clear, yellow, green, tan, or brown
• Watery eye
• Redness of the eye
• Swelling around the eye, which can appear as excessive pink tissue around the eye
• Eyes crusted shut
• Ulcers on the cornea (surface of the eye)
• Pawing at the eyes
• Upper respiratory signs: sneezing, nasal discharge, poor appetite, lethargy, ulcers in the mouth, coughing

Diagnosing Feline Conjunctivitis

A physical examination is necessary to diagnose feline conjunctivitis. A full exam of the eye can include testing the eye’s tear production (Schirmer tear test), testing the eye for ulcers (fluorescein stain), testing the pressures of the eye (intraocular pressures), and examining the eye with a light source. Usually, your veterinarian will treat your cat for a presumed infectious cause based on their findings without additional testing.

If your cat’s symptoms are not resolving or recur frequently, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing to seek a definitive cause. Examples of additional testing could include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or virus isolation. These tests involve sending samples to a reference laboratory, which will report back if specific infectious diseases are detected. Your cat may need to be sedated for sample collection.

How to Treat Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Treatment of conjunctivitis in cats depends on the underlying cause and severity. Most herpesvirus cases resolve on their own without treatment. If the disease is severe or isn’t improving, or if you have an immunocompromised cat – such as one with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) –  your veterinarian may recommend treatment. Supportive care, such as ensuring that your cat maintains adequate hydration and nutrition, is always important.

Keep in mind that two of the most common causes of conjunctivitis – herpesvirus and calicivirus – are viral. This means antibiotics aren’t going to make the virus go away. However, both viruses can easily cause secondary bacterial infections, in which case antibiotics may be beneficial. Your veterinarian may prescribe an oral antibiotic, usually doxycycline, or topical antibiotics that are placed directly within the eye. Topical antibiotics usually come in the form of either cat eye drops or eye ointment. If your veterinarian suspects herpesvirus, they may prescribe an oral antiviral like famciclovir or a topical antiviral like idoxuridine. Currently, antivirals are not routinely used for suspect calicivirus cases.

You can help your cat by gently wiping away excessive eye discharge. If your cat’s eyes are crusted shut, you can use a warm cloth compress to try to gently tease them open; however, this must be done with caution! The conjunctiva is a delicate tissue. With severe inflammation, the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) can become adhered to the surface of the eye (bulbar conjunctiva). This is called symblepharon. These changes can be permanent or may require a visit to an ophthalmologist, and pulling on the eyelids may cause the tissue to tear.  To help avoid this complication, use a warm compress to keep your cat’s eyes open and seek prompt veterinary attention.

How to Prevent Conjunctivitis in Cats 

Not all cases of conjunctivitis are preventable, but there are steps you can take to reduce the risk and severity of disease.

One of the key things you can do is keep your cat up to date on vaccinations. The FVRCP vaccine, which is a core vaccination for cats, protects the cat against both herpesvirus and calicivirus. While the FVRCP vaccine doesn’t prevent all cases of herpesvirus or calicivirus, it’s thought to reduce the severity of disease. The vaccine may also decrease shedding of herpesvirus, reducing the likelihood of transmission between cats.

Importantly, it’s likely that your cat has already had or currently has herpesvirus and/or calicivirus, as both viruses are very common. In fact, according to the Cornell Feline Health Center, up to 97% of cats are exposed to feline herpesvirus in their lifetime, and up to 80% of exposed cats have a lifelong infection. Of those cats, up to 45% will occasionally shed the virus, usually following times of stress. So statistically speaking, the cat in your home very likely already has herpesvirus. 

When it comes to calicivirus, the Cornell Feline Health Center states that 10% of cats housed in small groups are affected, while up to 90% of cats in more crowded situations, like shelters, are infected. Even Chlamydia felis is common! Around 20% of cats with upper respiratory signs and 3% of healthy-looking cats carry C. felis. 

Theoretically, you could reduce your cat’s risk by keeping them indoors and away from densely populated areas, but the truth is that it’s very likely they’ve already been exposed to at least one of the main three infectious causes of conjunctivitis.

As previously mentioned, herpes can recur in times of stress. Reducing your cat’s stress by providing them with a regular routine and plenty of enrichment may help to prevent recurrence of herpes signs. When changes do occur in your home, try to slowly introduce your cat to those changes, if possible.

If you notice that your cat has red eyes or other eye problems, make sure to contact your veterinarian for further advice.

The post Conjunctivitis in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As many as 1 in 4 cats are carrying fleas. With this fact in mind, you’ll definitely want to know how to identify cat fleas. But what do cat fleas look like? And how can you tell if your cat has them? Luckily, we have your back.

Cat Flea Anatomy

Adult cat fleas are very small, and it’s not particularly easy to get a good look at their anatomy because of their size and tendency to jump around. So, what do cat fleas look like if we’re looking at them through a microscope?

Cat fleas are wingless insects with three pairs of legs attached to their thorax, which is the part of the body behind the head. Their third pair of legs is larger than the other two pairs and allows them to jump. Cat fleas have a large abdomen, which is the back segment of their body.

Often described as “laterally flattened,” cat fleas look like their sides have been squished towards each other. They’re covered with hard plates known as sclerites. Their flattened bodies and the presence of sclerites make them very hard to squash. These sclerites have tiny hairs or spines on them which are directed backwards, allowing them to move easily through the cat’s fur.

Another unique feature of Ctenocephalides fleas is that they have both a pronotal and genal comb. These “combs” are a series of spines, and their location around the mouth and head of a flea can be used to differentiate flea species. A genal comb is one that is located above the mouthparts while the pronotal comb is located near the start of the thorax.

Cat fleas have two small eyespots, one on each side of the head. While these eyes don’t form normal visual images, they are sensitive to light, producing visual cues that the flea can use to navigate its environment. Their mouthparts, which they use to collect a blood meal from their host, are found at the bottom of their head.

What Do Cat Fleas Look Like to the Human Eye? 

Adult cat fleas are very small, with females being around 2.5 mm in length and males being around 1 mm in length. Some people describe fleas on cats as looking like black specks or coffee grounds. Cat fleas are around the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen or smaller.

The easiest way to see adult fleas is to use a quick-acting insecticide to kill the fleas and then a flea comb to collect fleas. However, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers! This means that it can be very hard to actually catch a flea on your cat before they’ve groomed it off of themselves.

You’re more likely to see these small, dark, oval-shaped insects if you part the fur and look at the skin. Cat fleas can be fast little bugs, so you may see them weaving in and out of your pet’s fur as they move around. Cat fleas can also jump long distances, so you may see them catapult off your pet’s body. In this way, they sometimes seem to “disappear” when you see them.

Although fleas often feast around a cat’s flanks and rump, you may have an easier time finding them up around the neck of your cat. This is because your cat is much more likely to successfully groom off the cat fleas on the back half of their body. Given the medium to dark brown color of fleas, they are easier to find on cats with light fur.

What Do Flea Eggs Look Like to the Human Eye?

Adult female fleas shed eggs within two days of meeting male fleas on your cat. Impressively, one female flea can create 25-50 eggs in one day. These glistening, white flea eggs are only around 0.5 mm in length, making them very easy to miss. 

While it’s possible to find these eggs on your cat, most of the eggs fall off into the environment. If you’re going to find them on the cat, it will more likely be up around their head and neck where they may have a harder time grooming the flea eggs off. You may see these eggs in the cat’s bedding, and they’d be nearly impossible to see on a carpet.

What About Cat Flea Larvae? 

After around 3-4 days, these eggs hatch into larvae. Cat flea larvae are a bit larger than adult fleas, measuring up to 5 mm in length. The larvae appear like tiny white worms or maggots with small white hairs on their body. You may occasionally find larvae on your cat, but most of the larvae will develop in the environment. The cat flea larvae will feed on organic debris in the environment, including the droppings of adult fleas.

What Do Flea Pupae Look Like?  

After around two weeks, the larvae will develop into pupae, which finish their development in silk cocoons. These 5 mm cocoons are sticky and thus become covered with environmental debris, making them very hard to see. The pupal stage can be brief (around 8 days) but can last up to 30 weeks depending on environmental conditions. Adult fleas will hatch from the pupae. The adult fleas jump onto your cat and feed on blood, allowing them to continue their life cycle.

Other Signs Your Cat May Have Fleas

Because it’s so difficult to spot a flea on your cat, sometimes you must rely on other signs to help you determine that your cat has fleas.

One thing you might find is flea dirt, which is a nice way of saying flea poop. Flea dirt can look like black pepper flakes in your pet’s fur and is often noted on the skin along the base of their furs. You can find flea dirt anywhere on your cat but may have more luck locating it up along the neck where cats have more difficulty grooming.

If you were to take some of this flea dirt and place it on a damp paper towel, you would see a reddish ring around the flea dirt. This is because flea dirt is digested blood.

Other signs that could signify that your cat has fleas include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), which makes your cat scratch at themselves and groom more than usual
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Single, raised red or pink spots on the skin from flea bites on cat
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

Cats who are allergic to flea saliva can develop flea allergy dermatitis, which causes moderate to severe skin inflammation and crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back. These cats will be excessively itchy and uncomfortable and are more likely to develop a secondary skin infection.

Flea Prevention for Cats

Cat fleas have worldwide distribution. Anywhere there are fleas, your cat is at risk for developing an infestation. Luckily, many monthly preventative medications are available to protect your cats from fleas, most of which are spot-on treatments. Other options include chewable tablets, flea collars, and flea sprays.

Some flea and tick preventatives are available over-the-counter while some require a prescription from your veterinarian. Do not use products that contain permethrin, as this can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and death in cats. Any product you use must be labeled as safe for cats.

Examples of ingredients which are safe for most cats and can help kill and prevent fleas include fipronil, fluralaner, imidacloprid, selamectin, and more.

To prevent your cat from getting fleas, make sure you are also using prevention on the other pets in the home, too. Fleas can move between dogs and cats. Remember that most fleas on dogs are actually cat fleas. Keeping your cat indoors can also prevent a flea infestation.

The post What Do Cat Fleas Look Like? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Overall, flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs and cats in most countries of the world. In areas known to have fleas, flea allergy dermatitis is the first thing your veterinarian wants to rule out when you bring in your itchy cat. This can be very frustrating for you as the pet parent, who may not even know your pet has fleas. It can take just one flea bite to cause flea allergy dermatitis.

What Is Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats? 

Flea allergy dermatitis is more than the simple itchiness that your cat experiences from having fleas crawling around and biting them. Some cats are actually allergic to the flea’s saliva.

Not all cats are allergic to flea bites. In fact, most cats will experience only mild skin irritation as a response to fleas biting. Your typical cat may still have redness and hair loss from overgrooming, but it won’t be as severe as you’d see with flea allergy dermatitis. On the other hand, cats who are allergic to flea saliva can have a full-blown allergic response to just one flea bite! Around 2 percent of cats are allergic to flea saliva, with no specific breed predispositions known at this time.

Causes of Flea Allergies in Cats

Flea allergies in cats only happen from flea bites. The mere presence of a flea won’t cause a reaction, but it would be very rare for a flea to land on your cat and NOT try to take a bite. The warm environment of a cat’s fur is perfect for a flea to find their next meal. Fleas bite your cat to feed on blood, which is how your cat gets exposed to the flea’s saliva. 

When a flea bites them, the cat’s body has an overreaction to specific proteins in the flea’s saliva, and this exaggerated response manifests as flea allergy dermatitis. Repeated exposure to flea saliva causes the cat to develop a hypersensitivity reaction. In most cases, this hypersensitivity reaction manifests as flea allergy dermatitis.

Like how allergies can worsen in people with repeated exposure, your cat’s signs may worsen with each reinfestation.

Symptoms of Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats

Most signs of flea allergies in cats are related to the condition of your cat’s skin. Some pet parents may refer to this as a flea rash. The typical signs of flea allergy dermatitis in cats include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), most notably on the rump, head, and neck
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

While live fleas and flea dirt can certainly be present with a flea allergy in cats, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers. It’s common for cat parents not to even know that their flea-allergic cat has fleas!

In some cases, a condition known as eosinophilic granuloma complex (ECG) may also occur. With ECG, your cat may develop lip ulcers, raised plaques on the skin, or granulomas of the skin.

Diagnosing a Flea Allergy in Cats

In most cases, your veterinarian will be able to diagnose flea allergy dermatitis in your cat with a physical exam. If your pet has the characteristic skin allergy signs and the veterinarian finds a flea or flea dirt, a flea allergy will be their presumptive diagnosis. 

The veterinarian may use a flea comb to check for fleas or dirt. Flea dirt is the excrement of fleas, which turns red or a rusty color when wetted because it’s digested blood. If the veterinarian finds brown or black specks on your cat, they may wet the specks with a paper towel to see if they turn this characteristic rusty red color.

Typically, the veterinarian won’t need to run blood work. However, if your cat is very young or has a very high number of fleas on them, the fleas can actually feed on your cat enough to cause anemia. If the veterinarian suspects anemia based on their physical examination, the veterinarian may at least recommend checking to ensure your cat isn’t anemic from blood loss. Signs of anemia would include pale gums, weakness, and lethargy.  

In most cases, the veterinarian will recommend treating your pet intensively for flea allergy dermatitis for at least six weeks. If the fleas are gone after this time but the itchiness and red skin continues, then your veterinarian may recommend food elimination diets or skin testing for allergies. While flea allergies are the top cause of itchy skin conditions in areas with fleas, environmental allergies and food allergies can also cause skin inflammation in cats. 

Treating Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Cats