Public awareness of worms in dogs and cats—and the potential health risks they pose to humans—varies. The reality is that these troublesome parasites can go unnoticed, and they can significantly affect your pet’s well-being and even pose risks to your family. 

Here are some essential facts every dog and cat parent should know about worms in pets!

How Do Pets Get Worms?

If you’re wondering how dogs and cats get worms, one of the first areas to focus on is your pet’s daily routine. Here are some common ways your pet can be exposed to parasites and what factors increase their risk.

Certain worms can pass from mother to puppy or kitten

This information is essential for every pet parent of a new puppy or kitten, whether adopted from a shelter, rescue, breeder, or found as a stray. Hookworms and roundworms can be passed from mother to puppy before birth and during nursing, and kittens can also get infected with roundworms while nursing. Since transmission is widespread through this route, all puppies and kittens must follow a deworming plan over several weeks, which includes a series of oral medications prescribed by the veterinarian or breeder.

Dogs and cats can get worms from contaminated environments

Unfortunately, the contagious form of parasites is almost always microscopic and not visible to the naked eye. Dogs and cats can get worms from eating an infected animal’s poop, ingesting contaminated soil or water, or consuming an infected prey animal. A prevention strategy based on avoidance isn’t practical. Instead, your veterinarian will discuss monthly parasite control options with you and offer various formats to choose from. They can recommend the safest places to exercise and socialize with your pet while taking into account your daily routine and risk factors.

Fleas can transmit tapeworms

When pet parents think about common parasites that affect dogs and cats, fleas are usually the first to come to mind. However, every pet parent should be aware of two lesser-known facts about fleas to appreciate the significance of year-round flea control! Fleas feed on the blood of their hosts, whether dogs or cats, and can cause life-threatening anemia in young puppies and kittens. Moreover, if pets ingest fleas (such as when grooming themselves), infected fleas can transmit tapeworms — intestinal parasites that may result in diarrhea and weight loss.

Mosquitoes can transmit heartworms

While most worms we think of reside in the intestinal tract, don’t overlook one of the most dangerous internal parasites: heartworm. Dogs and cats can contract heartworm disease through the bite of an infected mosquito. These worms can cause heart failure in dogs and life-threatening asthma-like symptoms in cats.

Can You Prevent Worms in Pets?

Since parasites are often present in the environment, year-round parasite control is undoubtedly the best medicine — not just for your dog or cat, but also for the family living in the home. Here are some best practices to help protect your pet against worms:

The starting point is year-round parasite control

While completely shielding your pet from the risks of worms may be impossible, using year-round, broad-spectrum parasite control can significantly enhance their protection. Furthermore, heartworm disease can be effectively prevented with consistent use of heartworm preventatives. Many of these products are combinations that provide comprehensive defense against a range of parasites, including specific worms, fleas, and ticks.  

Parasite control for dogs

Parasite control for cats

Regular fecal exams are essential

While some dogs and cats with worms may show symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and loss of appetite, these signs aren’t exclusive to parasites. Other pets may not exhibit any symptoms at all. This can result in long-term consequences for your pet, and more importantly, it may leave your dog or cat as a potential source for transmitting parasites to other pets and humans in the household. Ideally, adult pets should be tested for parasites at least twice a year, and puppies and kittens should be tested at least four times a year.

Pick up/dispose of your pet’s poop right away

Worm eggs and larvae can survive in soil for weeks or even years in dog parks, backyards, and playgrounds. This situation poses risks to your pets and family members. For example, people can contract hookworm infections by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. Likewise, your pets may get worms by eating poop from other dogs or cats that harbor parasite eggs or larvae. Children in the household are also at risk, as they may put dirty objects in their mouths, eat dirt, and engage in similar behaviors.  

Curb your pet’s hunting and scavenging behaviors

The last place pets are at risk of worms is when they chase or eat small animals like birds and rodents. It’s important to control access to your pet’s environment and keep your dog on a leash when in unfamiliar yards, parks, or areas with increased risks (e.g., alleyways). You can also brush up training cues like “leave it” to stop dogs from picking up something they shouldn’t, and keep cats indoors (or limit outdoor access) to prevent unwanted hunting activities. Maintain a tidy yard to help deter pests, and consider pet-safe options for rodent control in your immediate environment.

These proactive steps can help ensure your pet and family remain healthy and free from harmful parasites!

The post Worms in Pets: What Every Pet Parent Needs to Know appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dogs can develop edema around the body. The condition can range from mild to severe and even life-threatening, depending on the cause. So let’s explore what edema in dogs is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. We’ll cover how to reduce edema in dogs and how pet parents can help their furry friends.

What is Edema in Dogs?

While people often use edema and swelling interchangeably, let’s understand the relationship between these two terms. 

Swelling refers to any abnormal buildup of fluid. However, edema in dogs is a specific type of swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the tissues between the body’s cells. It indicates a fluid imbalance.

Either too much fluid escapes the blood vessels into the tissues, or too much fluid remains trapped in tissue without returning to the bloodstream.

Causes of Edema in Dogs

The causes of edema in dogs can vary widely, depending on the affected area. Here are some common categories:

• Cerebral Edema: Swelling in the brain due to traumatic injury, severe infections, diabetes, or electrolyte imbalances.
• Pulmonary Edema in Dogs: Fluid buildup in the lungs leading to coughing and difficulty breathing. Prompt treatment can improve outcomes. If untreated, it can be life-threatening.
• Abdominal Edema (Ascites): Caused by liver failure, heart failure, or kidney failure, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (swollen belly).
• Localized Edema: Often a result of trauma, such as a laceration after an altercation with an animal or a swollen incision after surgery.
• Peripheral Edema: Commonly affects the lower legs, ankles, or paws. Often called leg edema in dogs. Occurs due to conditions like vasculitis, drainage blockages, or low levels of albumin.
• Facial Edema in Dogs: Often linked to allergic reactions (to things like foods, medications, or insect bites), tooth root infections, or tumors.
• Corneal Edema in Dogs: Swelling in the cornea causing cloudiness or vision issues.
• Peripheral Edema: One of the more common forms of edema, this swelling occurs in the lower legs, ankles, or paws of dogs. This can happen for several reasons, including vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), a blockage of the drainage system, and a lower level of an essential body protein called albumin. [1]

In addition, some cancers like lymphoma and mast cell tumors, can trigger edema anywhere in a dog’s body by disrupting the normal fluid drainage in the region of the cancer. [2]

Signs of Edema in Dogs

Some forms of swelling are pretty obvious, like puffiness in the face after a bee sting. However, not every form of edema is immediately visible to the naked eye. 

For example, cases of pulmonary edema in the lungs or cerebral edema in the brain may be more challenging to spot. In these cases, we look for more vague signs suggesting internal edema may be present.

The sooner you can recognize signs of edema in dogs, the sooner you can get your pet the care they need. So here’s a guide to key signs to watch out for, and what they can mean.

• Visible swelling: First and foremost, an essential sign of edema in dogs is the swelling itself. This can appear as obvious puffiness in areas like the face, legs, or belly. Facial swelling is common when there has been trauma, tooth root infections, allergic reactions, and even cancerous tumors.
• Change in appetite: This could be anything from a decrease in the total amount of food eaten to a change in the eating pattern, also known as dysrexia.
• Change in energy level: Dogs may seem tired, not interested in normal daily activities, or less playful.
• Weight gain: Some dogs with edema gain a significant amount of weight rapidly with no change in appetite.
• Pain: Dogs with edema may show unexplained whining, restlessness, and trouble lying down or sleeping.
• Seizures: These can be most closely associated with edema of the brain tissue in dogs. Other signs of cerebral edema in dogs include disorientation and other neurological changes.
• Trouble breathing: Coughing and difficulty breathing could indicate pulmonary edema in dogs (swelling in the lungs/airways). These signs could be life-threatening and require immediate attention.

Edema in Dogs Diagnosis

Remember, edema in dogs is a sign of an underlying disease. Your veterinarian’s first priority will be to confirm if your dog has edema and where. Then, they’ll investigate the underlying cause. Here’s how that typically works

History and Physical Exam: Your vet will ask detailed questions about your dog’s physical symptoms and when you first noticed them. They’ll also ask about any recent injuries, medications your dog takes, previous diseases, and changes in behavior.

Lab Work: If your vet suspects edema, they typically recommend further diagnostic testing. Blood and urine tests can help identify infections, inflammation, or organ dysfunction.

Imaging: Your vet may also recommend imaging to get a clearer picture of potential edema in dogs. X-rays and ultrasounds can detect fluid accumulation in areas like the lungs or abdomen. Advanced imaging like CT or MRI may be needed for conditions like cerebral edema.

How to Treat Edema in Dogs

When veterinarians diagnose edema in dogs, there are three main goals for treatment:

• Identify and treat the underlying cause
• Remove the fluid to resolve the clinical signs
• Restore fluid balance in the body

Understanding the underlying cause of edema in dogs plays a big role in effective treatment. Depending on that cause, your veterinarian may hose one or more of the following treatments:

• Diuretics: Medications to remove fluid in cases like pulmonary edema
• Manual Removal: Fluid may be drained via needle for abdominal edema
• Anti-inflammatories and antibiotics: Used for infections or inflammatory causes of edema

Long-term management relies on some of the above strategies but may also require dietary changes, nutritional supplements, or surgical corrections in some cases of organ failure.

Dog Edema Cost and Prognosis

The cost and prognosis for edema in dogs vary widely based on the underlying cause and severity. For instance, the survival rate for pulmonary edema in dogs improves significantly with early intervention. Chronic conditions like heart or kidney disease may require ongoing management.

How to Help a Dog with Edema

It’s important to note that even if your dog’s edema resolves, that doesn’t mean your worries are over. Removing the fluid is typically just part of the treatment plan for whatever caused the edema in the first place.

Helping a dog with edema involves both veterinary treatment and home care. Many dogs with edema have significant underlying diseases that require lifelong therapy. And even minor cases of swelling, such as bee stings, require follow-up care.

To ensure the best outcome for your pet, keep these tips in mind.

Follow your vet’s treatment plan and recommendations – Administer medications as prescribed and maintain regular follow-ups to help manage any underlying causes of edema.

Monitor your dog closely – Watch for recurrence of swelling, trouble breathing, or other concerning signs. Alert your veterinary team as quickly as possible if you notice any signs that your dog’s edema has returned.

Feed your dog a vet-recommended diet – If your vet recommends specific dietary adjustments to help support your pet’s recovery, be sure to incorporate them. Diet can play an important part in helping prevent recurrence.

Keep your dog comfortable – Create a comfortable resting area for your dog and minimize any stress that could impact their health or wellness.

Edema in dogs can be a challenging condition for both pets and their owners. By understanding the signs, causes, and treatment options, you can act quickly and ensure your dog receives the best care possible.

Always consult your veterinarian if you notice any signs of edema, as early intervention is key to a better prognosis and your dog’s overall health.

References

1. Whelchel, Bradley D et al. “Retrospective evaluation of the etiology and clinical characteristics of peripheral edema in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 37,5 (2023): 1725-1737. doi:10.1111/jvim.16815
2. Kim, Sangho, and Arata Matsuyama. “Canine mast cell tumors: When to worry about aggressive behavior pre-surgically.” The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne vol. 63,12 (2022): 1261-1263.

The post Edema in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While acid reflux is often manageable — for both people and pups — it’s important to recognize how this condition affects your dog so you can ensure their comfort and well-being.

Let’s take a closer look at what causes acid reflux in dogs, the symptoms to watch for, and how to prevent or manage it.

What is Acid Reflux in Dogs?

Acid reflux occurs when gastric fluids (stomach acid) flow backward into the esophagus. The esophagus normally carries foods and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. In normal dog digestion, a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents the stomach acid in dogs from flowing in reverse. However, in dogs with acid reflux, this valve relaxes, allowing stomach acid to backflow into the esophagus, causing irritation, inflammation, and significant discomfort.

Just like in humans, some dogs are more likely to develop acid reflux than others. So I always alert my clients to the risk factors that can increase the chances of developing the condition.

Acid reflux is particularly common in puppies and younger dogs because their LES is not yet fully developed.  

Brachycephalic dogs (breeds with flat faces and short noses) also face greater risk due to their shorter esophagus and tendency to develop hiatal hernias. These high-risk breeds include:

• Pugs
• Bulldogs
• French Bulldogs
• Boston Terriers
• Boxers
• Pekingese

What Causes Reflux Disease in Dogs?

Understanding the causes of acid reflux in dogs can play an important role in preventing or managing the disease.

In some cases, you may be able to control or mitigate risk factors that could cause acid reflux. But even when you can’t (e.g., congenital causes or those that require surgical intervention), awareness may help you get your dog the care they need faster.

Common causes of acid reflux in dogs include:

• Diet and eating habits: Dogs that eat large meals too quickly and regurgitate their food are more likely to develop acid reflux.
• Foreign objects: If something gets stuck in the back of a dog’s throat or esophagus, the obstacle can prevent food from reaching the stomach. This may trigger regurgitation and acid reflux.
• Medications: Some drugs, like antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, can relax the LES. This makes it easier for gastric fluids to flow backward into the esophagus, causing acid reflux. Medications can also irritate the esophagus if your dog doesn’t drink enough water to wash down pills or tablets. 
• Hiatal hernia: This happens when part of a dog’s stomach (and sometimes esophagus) protrudes through the layer of muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest. This can cause regurgitation and increase the risk of acid reflux.
• Chronic vomiting: Some dogs with chronic pancreatitis and liver or kidney disease experience ongoing vomiting, which can lead to chronic esophagitis.
• Obesity: Carrying extra weight can put added pressure on the abdomen, increasing the risk of acid reflux.

The Symptoms of Acid Reflux in Dogs

Any dog can develop acid reflux regardless of their risk level. That’s why it’s so important for pet parents to learn about acid reflux symptoms in dogs.

The earlier you can recognize acid reflux or GERD in dogs symptoms, the sooner you can alert your veterinarian. And the more detail you can provide, the more likely your vet will be able to diagnose and treat your dog effectively.

Here are some dog reflux symptoms to watch out for:

• Reduced appetite: Eating can be uncomfortable for dogs with acid reflux. So dogs with the condition may show less interest in food.  
• Weight loss: Dogs with extreme inappetence, especially over an extended time period, will most likely lose weight, as well.
• Lip-licking and swallowing: Some dogs may demonstrate excessive lip-licking, empty swallowing, and even appear to lick the air. While we often see this in dogs experiencing nausea or dog indigestion, it can also indicate inflammation in the esophagus.
• Painful posture: Watch for general signs of pain, though this may depend on how severe the acid reflux is. Behaviors could include pacing, trouble resting, excessive vocalization, or even “prayer position” stretching, which looks like a downward dog stretch in yoga. 
• Regurgitation: Another common finding in dogs with acid reflux is regurgitation after eating. Remember, regurgitation in dogs differs from vomiting. When dogs vomit, the food they’ve eaten has already reached their stomach and is forcefully brought back up. Canine regurgitation happens when food comes back up from the esophagus.
• Coughing: Dogs with frequent bouts of acid reflux can develop throat irritation, causing a hoarse, dry, spastic cough.
• Change in bark: This is one of the more specific signs of acid reflux in dogs. Throat and airway irritation can also affect canine vocal cords, resulting in a high-pitched, hoarse bark.  

How to Diagnose Canine Acid Reflux

To diagnose acid reflux, your veterinarian will start by taking a thorough history. You can help by providing a detailed account of:

• your dog’s symptoms
• when the symptoms began
• your dog’s diet (including any treats or table food)
• any medications or supplements your dog is taking
• any other behaviors that seem out of the ordinary 

Your veterinarian will then conduct a physical exam, possibly followed by diagnostic tests. Bloodwork and a urinalysis can help rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as liver, kidney, or pancreas disease. Your vet may also conduct a fecal exam to rule out parasites.

The next important diagnostic test is endoscopy. Your veterinarian will insert a small tube with a camera into your dog’s mouth, esophagus, and stomach. This will allow them to inspect the back of the throat, the lining of the esophagus (for ulcers, strictures, or foreign objects), and the stomach lining.

This test requires anesthesia. In some cases, your vet will also recommend preventative meds to minimize acid reflux during the procedure.

Treatment for Dog Acid Reflux

Thankfully, most dogs that receive treatment for acid reflux improve significantly and quickly. In many cases, a combination of medication, dietary changes, and nutritional supplements can help reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Medications for acid reflux in dogs

One of the most common starting points for dog reflux treatment is antacid medication. Your veterinarian may prescribe a dog-safe antacid, such as famotidine, cimetidine, or omeprazole. These work by helping reduce the amount of acid in a dog’s stomach. While acid reflux may still occur, it’s often less damaging to the esophagus and less painful to the dog. 

A second group of medications used to treat acid reflux in dogs are those that increase the muscle tone of the LES. This reduces the likelihood that stomach acid will travel backward into the esophagus. For this, your vet may prescribe cisapride or metoclopramide.

Finally, the last medication prescribed is sucralfate (also available under the brand name Carafate). This medication can help protect the lining of the esophagus, reducing the likelihood of ulcers and inflammation.

Many of these medications are also available as over-the-counter solutions for humans with acid reflux. While these may also be effective for dogs, always consult your vet before giving your dog any human medications to ensure the correct dose and frequency.

Dietary changes

Besides medication, diet modification is an essential component of acid reflux therapy. Vets often recommend a low-fat prescription diet to help reduce the production of stomach acid. This can also help with dogs and burping.

Your vet may also suggest changing the quantity and frequency of feedings. Feeding your dog smaller meals more often can help prevent the regurgitation that often happens when dogs eat large meals too quickly.

Probiotics and nutritional supplements

Probiotics are live microorganisms that help fight the harmful bacteria that cause inflammation and disease. Your vet may recommend adding a probiotic supplement to your dog’s daily regimen to help restore and balance your dog’s microbiome (the healthy gut bacteria that aid digestion.)

Many nutritional supplements and remedies claim to help reduce the impact of acid reflux in dogs. For example, slippery elm, licorice root, and ginger may help soothe the stomach lining. Ripe bananas may act as a natural antacid for dogs. And digestive enzymes can help support the pancreas in making digestion easier and more efficient.

If you are interested in how to treat acid reflux in dogs naturally, be sure to discuss options with your vet. It’s important to ensure they are safe for your dog and do not interfere with the treatment plan.

Surgery

If an endoscopy reveals the presence of a hiatal hernia, your veterinarian will discuss surgical correction of this congenital defect.

Whatever combination of treatment options your vet recommends, it’s important to start treating acid reflux in dogs right away. Effective treatment can help your dog avoid long-term complications like esophagitis, esophageal strictures, and even tumors of the esophagus from chronic inflammation.

How to Prevent Acid Reflux in Dogs

Prevention is always the best medicine, and nutrition can play a big role in helping prevent acid reflux in dogs. Feeding your dog a low-fat, low-protein diet, and avoiding high-fat treats is key. And even if your dog does develop acid reflux, you can prevent it from worsening by taking a proactive approach. Small, frequent meals and a balanced diet tailored to your dog’s needs can reduce acid reflux episodes and promote better digestion.

Related Conditions

• Esophagitis
• Regurgitation
• Hiatal Hernia
• Esophageal stricture
• Peptic ulcer

The post Acid Reflux in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What IS true is that our domestic cats today are living much longer and healthier lives, allowing the human-animal bond to strengthen and provide immense joy to families.  

Let’s dive into how long cats live, if it matters if they live indoors or outdoors, and more about life expectancies based on the different breeds.

How Long Do Cats Live?

Determining how long cats live is not as black and white of a question as we tend to think. There are many factors that play a role in the lifespan of a cat, including his or her environment (i.e. living indoor versus outdoor), diet, genetics, chronic health conditions, whether the cat is spayed or neutered, and even if he or she is purebred versus a mixed breed.  

Taking into account all of these variables, the average lifespan of a cat is approximately 15 years, with a majority of our cats living between 10 to 20 years.  

How Long Do Indoor Cats Live?

Your cat’s environment can affect how long your feline lives. Indoor cats tend to live an average of three times longer than outdoor cats. This is mainly because indoor cats typically face much less risk of disease from parasites and dangers such as getting hit by a car or being attacked by other animals. 

Indoor cats also tend to be fed more regularly with high-quality nutrition, have access to water and stable shelter, and receive regular vaccinations to help prevent infectious disease.  

While the studies that have been done vary slightly in results, indoor cats live on anywhere from 14 to 20 years, with the average being 16.875 total years. 

How Long Do Outdoor Cats Live?

Outdoor cats, unfortunately, have a much shorter lifespan. They are more at risk of disease from fleas and ticks, have more interactions with other cats causing bites and scratches, and have more accidents and traumas than indoor cats.  

Outdoor cats also have to handle severe weather, threats from wildlife and other predators, and even periods of starvation or lack of clean water sources. Because of all of these factors, outdoor cats have a much more limited lifespan of 3 to 10 years, with the average being 5.6 total years.

Cat Life Expectancy By Breed

Besides environment, breed differences can also affect lifespan. Certain breed characteristics, such as length, weight, skeletal development (or lack thereof), anatomy of their nose and respiratory tract and the genetics of the parents and other predecessors can greatly affect how long a certain breed of cat will live and what types of disease are most likely.

Here are some of the more common purebred cat breeds and their associated average lifespan and reasons behind it:

Cat Life Expectancy by Health Condition

We’ve looked at the environment and your cat’s breed as two important factors in the lifespan of a cat.  But we also know that the cat’s overall health and any pre-existing or chronic health conditions can play a significant role in limiting that cat’s quantity and quality of life.  

While some diseases like periodontal (dental) disease can be resolved through an oral health procedure where the teeth are cleaned above and below the gum and any diseased teeth are identified by X-rays and extracted, other diseases are progressive and irreversible like kidney disease.

 Here are some of the more common disease conditions that we identify in cats and what factors can also affect a cat’s lifespan:

How to Help Your Cat Live Longer

Keeping in mind all of these risk factors, there are a few other strategies that can help keep your cat healthy and happy for as long as possible. Follow these tips to help your cat live longer. 

Keep your cat indoors. Just this one adjustment can increase your cat’s lifespan and help them live (on average) three times longer.

Schedule annual veterinary appointments. Make sure to see your veterinarian annually to discuss and receive the appropriate preventative vaccinations for your cat’s lifestyle.

Keep cats on parasite protection. Keep your cat protected from unwanted parasites like fleas, ticks and mosquitoes that transmit disease by administering a monthly heartworm and parasite preventative.

Watch your cat’s nutrition. Feed a high quality, approved diet for the best nutrition.

Enrich your cat’s environment. Provide a feline-friendly home with enrichment, activity and daily exercise to help stimulate good mental and emotional health.

Observe your cat’s behavior. Learn about your cat’s body and tail language and see your veterinarian if there are any subtle changes. Cats are stoic and masters at hiding disease and pain.

Your veterinarian is always your best and most trusted resource to answer any questions and concerns about your fabulous feline.

The post How Long Do Cats Live? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While peanut butter is arguably the number one food used to help with medication administration, treats, puzzle feeders, and toys like Kongs and LickMats in dogs, it is NOT regarded the same way for cats. So, can cats eat peanut butter?   

For many veterinarians, the question of whether peanut butter is a safe treat for cats is common and frequent. So, we’re here to set the record straight about whether cats can have peanut butter. 

Can Cats Eat Peanut Butter?

While pet parents will not find peanut butter on a list of poisonous foods for felines, it can be dangerous for cats to eat—even in small amounts. The thick, sticky texture of this food can increase the risk of choking. It can also cause weight gain, vomiting, diarrhea, and contain potentially toxic sugar substitutes like xylitol.   

Nutritionally speaking, peanut butter offers no benefit or value to cats. It can even be harmful because it is high in calories, trans fatty acids (harmful fats that can lead to the development of obesity and diabetes), and it can even be contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are mold that, under the ground, contaminates peanuts and leads to cancer development.

If you do offer peanut butter occasionally to your cat, it’s best to give a few small licks under supervision, and follow up with fresh water. 

It’s also not recommended to encourage outdoor cats to develop a taste for peanut butter. This becomes dangerous for outdoor cats who may try to eat peanut butter that is actively wrapped around insect or rodent poisons or put into traps as bait.  

Do Cats Like Peanut Butter?

Overall, most cats do not have the same love affair with peanut butter as many dogs do. Cats are quite preferential when it comes to texture, temperature, shape, and size of their food. The texture of peanut butter—out of a jar, on a spoon, or on the tip of your finger—is not as popular with cats compared to tuna, sardines, salmon and even olives and marshmallows!  

However, some cats do enjoy the taste of peanut butter. For the few cats that do like it, I would encourage the use of peanut butter to be limited to medication administration. There are many other safer and healthier snacks and vehicles for medication delivery for cats! Please talk to your veterinarians about these safe alternatives.

Precautions When Giving Peanut Butter to Cats

Because of the numerous risks described above and the lack of nutritional value, I do not recommend giving cats peanut butter in any circumstance. However, there is one situation in which using peanut butter is accepted by some experts and that is as a delivery mechanism for administering medication if all other methods haven’t worked.

In these rare instances, there are a few important points to keep in mind.

Read the labels closely. Sugar-free peanut butters may include a sugar substitute called xylitol. Xylitol is severely toxic to dogs and cats when ingested, causing life-threatening low blood sugar and liver failure. 

Watch for added sugar. While we want to stay away from sugar substitutes like xylitol, peanut butters that contain large quantities of sugar are also detrimental to cats. Just like in people, excessive sugar intake can lead to obesity, inflammatory changes in the body, the development of diabetes and, in some cases, cancer.    

Monitor the sodium in a product. Look on the label for the salt content in the peanut butter. High sodium levels are bad for all species but can significantly impact feline heart patients and high blood pressure patients in a negative way. Instead, look for unsalted peanut butter for the safest option.

Keep an eye out for allergic reactions. While cats are known to have food allergies of varying severities, peanut butter allergic reactions can quickly become life-threatening. If your cat is exhibiting any of the following signs of an allergic reaction, please make sure to seek veterinary attention as soon as possible:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lack of appetite
• Severe itching
• Facial swelling
• Difficulty breathing
• Wheezing
• Chronic ear infections
• Hair loss
• Weight loss

Can Cats Eat Peanuts?

Many pet parents assume that because peanuts are high in protein, they are a good choice for their carnivorous (protein-loving) cat. However, while peanuts are technically not toxic and generally safe in small amounts for cats, they aren’t recommended on a regular basis. 

This is due to the same nutritional reasons associated with peanut butter—peanuts are very high in fat and can lead to obesity.

 If you are going to offer peanuts to your feline friend on special occasions, there are a few things to remember. It’s very important to only use raw, unsalted, plain peanuts.  Offering cats the commercially produced versions will only introduce extra salt, spices, seasonings, and oil into your cat’s diet, which can cause significant gastrointestinal upset. Secondly, only offer peanuts that have been removed from the shell. The hard shell can become a choking hazard or put your cat at risk of intestinal obstruction.

The post Can Cats Eat Peanut Butter? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, this is not the case for our feline friends and we do worry more if we see cats panting.  

While there are certain instances in which panting can be normal, there are others that signal potentially serious problems in which veterinary care and attention is a must.   

Let’s learn a little more about cat panting, including what it means and when to involve your veterinarian.

Do Cats Pant?

Technically, yes, cats do pant. However, unlike dogs who actively pant after exercise to cool off, cats typically don’t pant after playing. In the rare instance that they do, it is typically very closely associated with heavy exertion, lasts a very short time, and then quickly resolves.

Panting in cats outwardly looks very similar to panting in dogs—cats will breathe with their mouth open and tongue out, making louder breath sounds than normal. 

While any cat can physically pant, certain breeds of cats are more susceptible to panting, either because of their respiratory anatomy or because of their hair coat.  These cat breeds include Himalayans and Persians who have a flatter face and more narrow nostrils, and Maine Coons and other long-haired breeds.

Why Do Cats Pant?

A cat’s body is very efficient and they typically do NOT breathe through their mouths. So, when we see a cat panting, it typically means something is off. The key is to assess the entire situation surrounding the panting episode to see if it is related to a “normal” cause of panting or an “abnormal” cause triggered by an underlying medical condition.

 Normal causes of panting in cats can include:

• Very recent heavy play
• A new stressor like construction in the home or a new houseguest or pet
• Anxiety from travel
• Overheating

There are certain instances in which cats may pant for a very short period of time.  These “normal” scenarios can include when a cat is anxious, stressed, overheated, or just did strenuous exercise.  

However, it’s important that if you see your cat panting in these scenarios, you should intervene and allow your cat to rest, relax, or cool down. If your cat doesn’t settle and continues to pant, it’s time to immediately see your veterinarian. 

Abnormal causes of cat panting include many medical conditions such as:

• Respiratory disease
• Asthma
• Congestive heart failure
• Heartworm disease
• Anemia (low red blood cell count)
• Trauma
• Neurologic disease
• Distended abdomen
• Severe pain

Unlike normal panting, abnormal panting in cats typically starts spontaneously or without any trigger. It also does not resolve quickly with rest or removal of the stressor or heat and is typically associated with other abnormal behaviors like coughing, lethargy, and an increased effort to breathe. We can see abnormal panting in any age of cat, but often kittens and senior cats are more easily affected.

Common Causes of Abnormal Cat Panting

Unfortunately, respiratory distress is one of the most common reasons that we see felines on an emergency basis. Many times, excessive panting and other worrisome behaviors are associated with an underlying disease.     

Here are some of the most common primary causes of abnormal panting in cats:

Asthma

Many feline pet parents are shocked to hear that this common human ailment can also be found in their feline fur babies too! Feline asthma affects anywhere to 1-5 percent of all cats and is thought to be a condition in which a cat’s body creates an allergic reaction to inhaled particles from the environment, causing constriction and narrowing of the airways in the lungs.   

Cats with asthma will often cough, wheeze, pant, or breathe at a much faster rate than normal and they may even vomit. There are varying levels of severity to this condition in cats, but just like in people, this can become life-threatening during an asthma attack.  Thankfully, cat asthma can be well controlled through using inhaler therapy for delivery of steroids into the lungs and also using bronchodilators.

Congestive Heart Failure

Also very similar to dogs and people, cats can have many different forms of heart disease that lead to fluid backup and accumulation in and around the lungs, one of the key findings in congestive heart failure. The frustration for many veterinarians and feline pet parents is that many cats can have heart disease that can go undetected until an episode of complete failure. 

This is especially true with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (or HCM). In this condition, the heart muscle thickens, becomes less flexible and, due to its size, has to beat much faster and inefficiently. This disease, especially prevalent in the Maine Coon breed, can cause a cat to have difficulty breathing, panting, coughing, decreased appetite, weight loss, and in advanced cases, risk of blood clots being formed and going to other parts of the body.   

Treatment in emergencies include oxygen therapy, diuretics (medication to help remove fluid from the lungs), medication to help slow down the heart rate and allow more efficient heart beats, aspirin to help prevent blood clots and other life-saving strategies. 

Respiratory Infection

Cats can also develop different respiratory infections within the nasal passages and lungs themselves from viruses, bacteria, and even fungal organisms. When these infectious agents take up residence in the respiratory system, the body’s immune system mounts a large inflammatory response to try and fight the disease, creating a situation very similar to an asthmatic cat.   

Cats experiencing inflammation from a respiratory infection will also have difficulty breathing (either too fast or with too much effort), may cough, pant, and be very lethargic.  

Depending on the cause, we treat these cats with oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and humidifiers or steam therapy to try and clear the nasal passages. Upper respiratory viral infections, like Herpes and Calicivirus, can be especially challenging for young kittens without aggressive support.

Heartworm Disease

While heartworm disease is something we mostly associate with canines, cats can also be infected with heartworm after a bite from an infected mosquito. While many pet parents wonder how their indoor cat would be exposed to this disease, I often ask them how many times their cat lounges in a windowsill with the window open and how many mosquitoes they have found inside their homes.   

Heartworm positive cats may cough, pant, and experience labored breathing. Sadly, there is no definitive cure for this disease in cats and it can often be fatal. However, we do try to treat these cats with oxygen therapy and steroids to reduce the inflammation caused by this parasite.   

Talk to your veterinarian about the available monthly heartworm preventatives for cats that can prevent heartworm disease in your furry family member.

Anxiety

Anxiety in cats is often a common cause of normal feline panting but can become a source of abnormal panting if ongoing within the home or with prolonged travel. If you notice your cat showing other signs of stress associated with panting like overgrooming, inappropriate urination, hissing, hiding, and changes in appetite, talk to your veterinarian about available anti-anxiety strategies that could include behavioral modifications, pheromone therapy (calming hormones to keep in the home or around carrier) and even anxiety medications and calming aids. 

Other causes of abnormal panting in cats include:

• Trauma
• Severe pain
• Disease in the brain or spinal cord
• A distended abdomen
• Some toxicities

When to Consult a Veterinarian about Cat Panting

If your cat is panting, it should be considered an emergency if it occurs spontaneously, doesn’t resolve quickly (in a matter of a few minutes), and is accompanied by coughing, difficulty breathing, and/or lethargy. 

I always tell clients, when in doubt, to err on the side of caution. Call your veterinarian, request a virtual telemedicine video chat, or go directly to the office for assessment. 

On the way to the veterinarian or the emergency clinic, make sure your cat is in a secured, travel-safe carrier that you can easily see through. Keep the car temperature cool and play soft music to help relax them as much as possible. Give your veterinary practice a call ahead of time to alert your arrival so that they can be best prepared for your arrival with oxygen therapy and other life-saving measures if necessary.

The post All About Cat Panting appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We want to know what exposure your pet has on a daily basis. Does your dog go to communal dog spaces? Does he socialize in dog runs or public parks? Does your dog have regular grooming appointments? Does he go to training classes or boarding facilities? 

If you’ve answered yes to any or all of these questions, your dog is at risk of contagious respiratory diseases caused by the Bordetella bacteria—the most common being kennel cough. 

This disease can cause a lingering cough and decrease in appetite in adult dogs and serious disease like pneumonia in puppies and dogs with compromised immune systems. But the Bordetella vaccine for dogs can help protect your pup from kennel cough and other respiratory diseases.

What is the Bordetella Vaccine?

The canine Bordetella vaccine helps to protect against infection from a bacterium called Bordetella bronchiseptica. This vaccine was created to be given to dogs that are considered socially active. This includes dogs that go to groomers, boarding facilities, dog parks, daycares, training classes, live in large apartment communities, and those that participate in pet therapy.

The Bordetella vaccine protects dogs against kennel cough. This leads to some confusion around the naming of the vaccine. But the kennel-cough nickname originated because many of the cases of this disease were dogs that were frequently boarded. However, this disease can impact any socially active dog, not just those in boarding facilities.

This vaccine can be given orally, intranasally (through the nose), or with an injection. It is administered in all small animal clinics, but also routinely given at shelters, humane societies, rescues, government-run animal groups, and even by some breeders. 

How Does it Work?

As veterinarians learned more about this bacterium, we found that Bordetella alone does not create the kennel cough disease. In fact, experts learned that affected dogs first had to become infected with a virus called parainfluenza. 

This is NOT to be confused with canine influenza, or the dog “flu.” Parainfluenza virus causes the little hairs (or cilia) inside a dog’s trachea (or windpipe) to become paralyzed. Why is this so important? Well, these hairs are responsible for flicking bacteria upward and outward away from the lungs to help prevent respiratory disease. But, when those hairs can’t work temporarily, Bordetella bacteria has an unobstructed path into the respiratory system of the dog, causing cough and other signs.

Because of this knowledge, most effective Bordetella vaccines also have coverage against the parainfluenza virus too. So, this vaccine actually has dual protection!

Bordetella Vaccination Schedule for Dogs

With any vaccination, it’s always very important to talk to your veterinarian about your dog’s individual and environmental risk factors. That being said, according to the American Animal Hospital Association, the leading voice on vaccine protocols for small animal veterinarians in the United States, the recommended Bordetella vaccine schedule for puppies and dogs is as follows:

Puppies can be vaccinated with the intranasal (administered through the nose) vaccine as early as 3 weeks of age (depending on the product label). A second dose should be given two to four weeks later. 

Alternatively, puppies can receive the injectable Bordetella vaccine starting at 6 to 8 weeks of age, followed by a booster between 10 and 12 weeks of age.

There is also an intraoral (administered into the cheek pouch) vaccine option for dogs 7 weeks of age or older.

For adult dogs or puppies older than 16 weeks, the intranasal vaccine can be given once, and the injectable vaccine should be given twice—2 to 4 weeks apart.

Adult dogs should then receive a booster every 6 to 12 months, depending on exposure risk.

Side Effects of the Bordetella Vaccine

Bordetella is considered a very safe vaccine for dogs in general, but just like with any vaccination given to any species, there are some general categories of side effects after vaccination. 

Some of these side effects include:

Pain at the injection site. If the vaccine is given under the skin (subcutaneous), your dog may experience some pain at the site of the injection. This is usually temporary and goes away on its own without any intervention. 

Sneezing or reverse sneezing. The Bordetella vaccine can be administered in the nostrils and some dogs may experience sneezing or reverse sneezing (a loud, repetitive, throat-clearing noise) for a few minutes after the vaccination. While noticeable, this side effect usually resolves quickly. 

Sluggishness and a slight appetite decrease. After any subcutaneous vaccination, some dogs may experience a small amount of sluggishness or inappetence for a short period of time. These signs should go away on their own. If they do not, contact your veterinarian.

In very rare instances, dogs—just like people—can have anaphylactic reactions to vaccination, which is a life-threatening allergic reaction to the vaccine. If your dog starts to vomit, develops hives (red, raised itchy bumps on the body), develops swelling around the face and eyes, has difficulty breathing, or collapses, seek out veterinary care immediately. Signs of allergic reactions typically happen within 10-30 minutes of receiving the vaccine.  

Manufacturers of the Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs

There are several manufacturers of Bordetella vaccines today. Some of these vaccines also protect against the canine parainfluenza virus and the canine adenovirus.

What is the major difference between the oral, intranasal and injectable versions? All of these vaccine types work, but the selection process is also determined by how fast we need protection, the stress level of the dog for administration and the underlying health of the pet. 

The intranasal and oral vaccines do work and protect faster, and they are a great choice if your dog needs to go to a boarding facility within a few days of vaccination. However, if you have more time and planning before a boarding event, the injectable vaccine is a good option and provides longer lasting immunity. And, as mentioned, some dogs are not comfortable with oral or intranasal administration of a vaccine, and that may make injectable versions more appropriate.

Cost of the Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs

In most locations around the country, this vaccine varies in cost from $20-$45 depending on the route of administration (injectable vs intranasal) and the average cost of veterinary care per region.

Does Your Dog Need This Vaccine?

Remember, the dogs most susceptible to kennel cough are the socially active dogs in the community and dogs that have a weaker immune system because of disease or current medications. If your dog frequently goes to a boarding facility, groomer, training classes, or does pet therapy, the recommendation is to have your veterinarian vaccinate your dog using the Bordetella vaccine.  

As always, please talk to your veterinarian. He or she knows your dog and your lifestyle best and will help you make the most informed decision about the health of your best friend.

The post Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Just like with human health, there are certain core and recommended vaccines for cats as well. One of these very important core vaccines for cats is the three-way FVRCP vaccine.

What is the FVRCP Vaccine?

The FVRCP vaccine is a combination vaccine for cats. That means it protects cats against several different viruses. Young kittens with developing immune systems are more susceptible to infection than adult cats and may experience life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia. If your kitten gets sick unexpectedly, and you have a health and pet care credit card, such as CareCredit, it can provide some peace of mind.* That way, you can stay focused on your kitten’s care instead of stressing over how to pay.

Let’s break it down into its three components and the diseases it helps prevent:

FVR stands for feline viral rhinotracheitis (a disease in which there is inflammation in the entire upper respiratory tract like the nose and windpipe). This virus is responsible for 80-90 percent of all upper respiratory infections in cats. It causes lethargy, sneezing, nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis. Young kittens are most susceptible and, in severe cases, kittens can develop ulcers on their eyes and life-threatening pneumonia.  

C stands for feline calicivirus. Although much less common than feline viral rhinotracheitis, it can also cause similar respiratory signs. Calicivirus, however, has the ability to create ulcers on the tongues of cats and inflammation of the joints, causing limping. Just like FVR, severe cases of calicivirus can cause life-threatening pneumonia in kittens and senior cats.

P stands for feline panleukopenia. Panleukopenia technically means a low overall white blood cell count. When this virus infects a cat, it affects the bone marrow and lining of the intestine, causing immunosuppression and severe diarrhea. Unfortunately, once a kitten or cat develops a panleukopenia infection, it is very difficult to treat, and many kittens die from this virus. Vaccination with the FVRCP is the best strategy for prevention. 

The FVRCP vaccine for cats is easily accessible at any small animal veterinary office and is also administered by veterinarians and under the guidance of veterinary professionals in shelters and rescues who work with cats. You do not need to see a specialist to have your cat receive this vaccine.

How does the FVRCP Vaccine for Cats Work?

Vaccination is a very natural way of stimulating and building your cat’s own immunity to disease. When the first FVRCP vaccine is given, it simulates a small amount of the virus entering the body. 

Each of these viruses have a unique shape or presence in the body, and the immune system then produces a protein match in response called an antibody. That antibody is a memory protein that the body can call on again if the cat is ever challenged with the same virus. This process in itself is a great start, but not enough for significant protection.  

The next step to create better immunity is the FVRCP vaccine booster to trigger that next level of protection. (More details to come in the next section on vaccine schedule.) In other words, the booster simulates the presence of the viruses again. The body senses this invasion, calls upon the memory protein that matches it, and produces a large amount of memory proteins to “fight” the virus, making the cat’s immune system stronger and better able to fight the disease.

FVRCP Vaccine Schedule for Cats

A group of feline experts within the American Association of Feline Practitioners put together very specific guidelines to help direct when and how often kittens and cats should receive this very important core vaccine.

Here is a timeline to help provide some clarity for pet parents: 

If your kitten is 6 to 16 weeks old:

• The initial vaccine can be given at 6 weeks of age.
• It is then repeated every 3-4 weeks until your kitten is 16 weeks old.

If your cat is 16 weeks old or older:

• The initial vaccine is given.
• The vaccine then needs to be repeated, or given as a booster, in 3-4 weeks.

Once one of these two scenarios are completed, then the next vaccine is given one year after the booster, and then every three years after that.

Veterinarians do not recommend administering this vaccine to pregnant cats.

FVRCP Vaccine Side Effects

As with any vaccine, there are always some rarely seen side effects. Some mild reactions after a FVRCP booster include:

• Decreased activity or lethargy
• Decrease in appetite
• Mild swelling around the site of vaccination that can develop within a few hours and then resolves in a few days. 

If these signs persist after a few days, please call your veterinarian. 

In rare cases, cats can have allergic reactions to vaccines. Mild cases of allergic reactions can cause the following signs:

• Hives
• Itching
• Redness around the eyes and lips
• Swelling around the eyes and lips

In even more rare instances, cats can have severe allergic reactions to the FVRCP vaccine that cause:

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Breathing difficulties
• Pale gums
• Collapse

If you notice either mild or severe signs of possible allergic reaction after vaccination, you should contact and/or see a veterinarian immediately.  

Manufacturers of the FVRCP Vaccine for Cats

There are several pharmaceutical companies that make this cat vaccine:

Merial/Boerhinger Ingelheim produces the PureVax line of vaccines without adjuvants (substances that are added to a vaccine to produce more of an immune response but create more risk of reactions).

Merck Animal Health produces the only USDA-approved, 3-year core FVRCP vaccine. This vaccine also provides 100 percent protection against the ulcers created in the mouth after cats are infected with calicivirus. This vaccine does not contain adjuvants.

Elanco Animal Health produces the Ultra Fel-O-Vax vaccines that have 50 percent less vaccine than other companies and is designed for a more comfortable injection.  They also produce the UltraNasal line to offer a non-injectable option of vaccine.

Zoetis also produces an adjuvant-free FVRCP vaccine line called FeloCell.

Cost of the FVRCP Vaccine for Cats

While vaccines and costs of veterinary care can vary based on geographic location and other factors, most FVRCP vaccines cost between $45-$70 for a 3-year vaccination. Pet insurance may help offset the cost of certain vaccines, but it depends on your plan and type of coverage. The CareCredit credit card is a good solution to consider, because it allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.*

Does Your Cat Need the FVRCP Vaccine?

Vaccination, and the need for vaccination, is always an ongoing topic of discussion for many veterinarians and clients. However, one thing to keep in mind is that veterinarians recommend vaccines based on what is considered a “core” vaccination (essential for all cats as deemed by experts) and your cat’s individual health and environmental risks.

The FVRCP vaccine protects against diseases that are airborne, which means all cats are at risk. Even strictly indoor cats who do not have exposure to the outdoors may sit by an open window or screen, or are exposed to these diseases as the humans they live with travel in and out of the house. 

In addition, if you need to travel with your cat, bring your cat in for hospitalization, or add another cat into your family, there isn’t time to immediately vaccinate. It takes up to a month to reach full protection—so it’s much better to keep your cat proactively protected with the FVRCP vaccine. 

Based on these considerations, FVRCP is regarded as a core vaccine and is recommended for all cats. If you have any concerns or questions about whether this vaccine is right for your cat, contact your veterinarian for more information.

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post FVRCP Vaccine for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, while this is a great alternative for humans, the same is NOT true for dogs.  Xylitol ingestion and toxicity is a growing problem for dogs and one all pet parents should do their best to prevent.

What is Xylitol?

Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol in plants, and it is harvested for human use from birch trees. When it is converted into a white powder, it looks and tastes similar to traditional sugar. The original purpose of this sugar substitute was to help diabetics and reduce the need for cavity-causing sugar in chewing gum. 

Items and Foods With Xylitol

Today, there are many foods that contain xylitol, and pet parents should read labels carefully. Items containing xylitol should be kept out of reach of dogs. 

Household items and foods that may contain xylitol include: 

• Toothpastes 
• Chewable sugar-free multivitamins
• Chewable sugar-free prenatal medications
• Nasal spray
• Diabetic snacks (gum and sugar-free candy)
• Diabetic foods
• Baked goods
• Gums (some recommended from pediatric dentists)
• Breath mints
• Candies
• Mouthwashes
• Cough syrup
• Peanut Butter and Nut Butters
• Power Drinks

In other foods, it may not be as easy to spot xylitol, so the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center recommends looking for the letters “xyl” or labels with the following listed ingredients:

• 1,4-anhydro-d-xylitol
• Anhydroxylitol
• Birch bark extract
• Birch sugar
• D-xylitol
• Xylite
• Xylitylglucoside

Sugar substitutes are not normally fed to dogs, but as more and more pet parents use peanut butter as a vehicle to disguise medications, veterinarians became increasingly aware of the hazards of xylitol.   

Pet parents who use peanut butter in this manner should pay extra close attention to the ingredient label and avoid feeding dogs peanut butter that contains xylitol. 

What Causes Xylitol Poisoning in Dogs?

Xylitol is well tolerated in people because it does not cause insulin release from the pancreas. However, in dogs, xylitol is absorbed very quickly into the blood, causing the pancreas to sense that a dog’s blood sugar is too high. This causes insulin to release, which rapidly lowers blood sugar levels (a condition called hypoglycemia).

The toxicity is dependent on how much xylitol dogs consume. It can be challenging to determine how much xylitol is in a product and how much a dog ate. Xylitol poisoning is also much more of a concern in smaller dogs because the toxin has a greater effect on a smaller body.  

Xylitol Poisoning Symptoms in Dogs

Not only is it important for pet parents to know what foods contain xylitol, it’s also very important to know what signs to look for that could indicate xylitol toxicity in dogs.  

Your dog may start to show weakness and gastrointestinal signs, like vomiting and diarrhea. This typically happens within 10 to 60 minutes of ingestion. 

Dogs may also show the following symptoms:

• Weakness or lethargy
• Depression
• Walking drunk
• Sudden collapse
• Vomiting
• Trembling or tremoring
• Seizures
• A racing heart rate
• Jaundiced (yellow) gums
• Black-tarry stool or diarrhea
• Bruising
• Abnormal mental awareness
• Clotting problems

Diagnosing Xylitol Toxicity in Dogs

Early diagnosis and treatment for xylitol ingestion will result in the best outcomes for your dog. If you notice signs or symptoms of xylitol poisoning in dogs, bring your dog to a veterinary hospital as soon as possible.   

Your veterinarian will perform a physical exam to obtain vital pieces of information like heart rate, respiration, and temperature, and also look for other key signs associated with this toxicity like yellowing to the gums, dark black stool, and bruising on the skin.  

Your veterinarian will then also want to run some basic blood and urine tests to obtain more specific information to support this diagnosis and guide treatment. These tests include:

Blood glucose test: This can be checked on a few drops of blood on a glucometer (blood sugar reader that is classically used for diabetics)

Complete blood count (CBC): This test helps veterinarians look at red blood cells, white blood cells, and most importantly, if your dog has enough platelets (clotting cells).

Chemistry panel: This blood test checks a dog’s abdominal organs like the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It also checks electrolytes (sodium, potassium, phosphorus and chloride).

Urinalysis: This test on urine looks for other signs of kidney function.

Clotting times: This blood test checks to see if your dog’s blood is clotting normally.

There may be additional tests that your veterinarian recommends (such as radiographs or ultrasounds), but most cases of xylitol poisoning are diagnosed by knowledge of a recent ingestion of a product containing xylitol and corresponding changes on blood and urine tests. 

How to Treat Dogs for Xylitol Poisoning

Your dog’s treatment for xylitol poisoning will depend on how much of the sugar substitute your dog consumed. In all cases, quick treatment is key. 

• If your dog ingests  less than 0.1g of xylitol per kilogram of body weight, she is at risk for developing low blood sugar.
• If your dog ingests between 0.1 and 0.5g of xylitol per kilogram of body weight, your veterinarian will recommend hospitalization of your dog, intravenous fluid therapy, and frequent blood work monitoring.
• The highest risk category is if your dog ingests more than 0.5g of xylitol per kilogram of body weight. Your dog could develop liver failure and the most aggressive treatment options are typically recommended.

Your veterinarian will first attempt to induce vomiting if your dog has very recently ingested a product containing xylitol, even if her blood sugar is normal.

However, if your dog has low blood sugar, your veterinarian will place an intravenous catheter and administer a large amount of dextrose (sugar). This can be lifesaving, but only lasts minutes, so your dog will then be placed on intravenous fluids with dextrose for many hours.  

During this hospitalization period, your dog will have her blood work monitored closely to look at liver values, electrolytes, and of course, blood sugar. Eventually, your veterinarian will try to stop the fluids slowly and see if your dog can maintain her own blood sugar without help. If blood-sugar levels stabilize, your dog can be discharged from the hospital.

Some dogs suffering from xylitol poisoning will have a very severe case of toxicity with liver damage. For these dogs, additional therapy is recommended to help the liver heal. 

These treatments include liver protectants and antioxidants such as:

• N-acetylcysteine
• Vitamin E
• SAM-E 
• Silymarin

Your dog may be on these for several weeks to months following hospitalization, with frequent blood work rechecks.

General Costs to Treat Xylitol Poisoning in Dogs

As you can imagine, the costs of treatment really vary depending on the dose ingested, size of your dog, and how early your dog can be treated. These can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars in the most extreme liver-failure cases.

The prognosis for dogs with cases of low blood sugar that receive early therapy is good. However, if your dog had a heavy ingestion of xylitol that progressed to severe liver enzyme elevations and decreased clotting, prognosis is poor—even with aggressive and costly treatment.

How to Prevent Dogs from Eating Xylitol

Prevention is ALWAYS the best medicine and there are a few important tips pet parents can take to avoid this potentially life-threatening toxicity:

Read labels carefully. Pay attention to ingredient labels, especially for peanut butter or other human foods that you may be using as treats or to deliver medications. Never feed any products containing xylitol to your dog.

Avoid using human toothpaste for dogs. NEVER use human toothpaste to brush your dog’s teeth–use canine toothpaste only.

Keep xylitol out of reach. Make sure any foods with xylitol are stored in high, inaccessible cabinets or locked securely away from your dog’s reach. 

Keep a watchful eye on kids and guests. Don’t let toddlers or kids be unsupervised around your dog if they are eating foods with xylitol. You should also instruct guests not to feed your dog table scraps of any kind.

Other Artificial Sweeteners and Dogs

Xylitol is only one of the commonly used artificial sweeteners in human foods and products. While many of these ingredients are not considered as toxic as xylitol, they can still cause gastrointestinal upset and should be avoided. 

Aspartame: This blue packet kept in the sugar area at restaurants can cause mild vomiting or diarrhea. It is never healthy for dogs.

Stevia: This is the green packet in the group of sugar packets. While generally safe for dogs, this natural sweetener from the stevia plant can cause diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.

Sorbitol: Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol like xylitol, but it is generally safe for dogs.  However, in large amounts it can cause diarrhea.

Erythritol: Similar to Stevia, this can cause minor gastrointestinal signs if ingested in large quantities.

The post Xylitol Poisoning in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.