And since monitoring your cat’s poop is a way of indicating how healthy their gut is, paying attention to its composition is an important method of understanding your cat’s overall health. So when your kitty’s stool begins to look soft and slimy, it’s time to talk to your veterinarian. Read on for everything you need to know about mucus in cat poop, including prevention tips.

Mucus in Cat Poop: What Does it Look Like?

Small amounts of clear mucus are normally produced by the GI tract to help lubricate fecal material as it passes through the colon, rectum, and anus. Therefore, a bit may be observed in a normal solid bowel movement as a clear-to-white gelatinous product.

However, if your cat’s poop contains a large amount of what appears to be a slimy jelly, especially if the stool is diarrhea, blood-tinged, or contains green mucus rather than clear, your pet parent super powers should be tingling with the sense that something is off with your cat’s gut health.

Observing the color, consistency, and presence of blood or mucus in your cat’s stool can help your veterinarian better pinpoint which area of your cat’s digestive tract is affected by GI upset. For instance, mucoid diarrhea (or mucus in soft or runny poop) indicates something is wrong with the large intestine.

What Causes Mucus in Cat Poop?

While a small amount of mucus in your cat’s stool is normal –  lubricating the poop to make bowel movements more comfortable and to protect the bowel lining – larger amounts of mucus are abnormal. 

The cause of excess mucus in cat poop is an indication of colitis (when the bowel is irritated or inflamed) to help further protect the lining of the colon until inflammation resolves. With that in mind, we’re going to break down common causes of colitis, as well as other causes of mucus in cat stool.

Some causes of colitis in cats include:

• Dietary indiscretion
• Parasites
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Bacterial overgrowth
• Stress
• Food allergies
• Systemic diseases
• Viral infections

Dietary indiscretion

Consuming something that doesn’t agree with your cat’s digestive system (dietary indiscretion) is one of the most common causes of colitis. If the GI tract isn’t used to processing a certain food, or if too much of a certain food is consumed (especially something fatty or oily), the lining of your cat’s colon may become inflamed, resulting in excessive mucus production and diarrhea. Cases of dietary indiscretion tend to resolve on their own within a few days and are best managed with a bland diet until stool improves.

Parasites

Gastrointestinal parasites are especially common in cats with outdoor access (and thus, possible exposure to wild animals that carry parasites) and exposure to the stool of other pets that may be parasitized. Certain parasites can also be transmitted by the consumption of certain insects, such as fleas, which can transmit tapeworms. 

Parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, coccidia, and tapeworms can lead to intestinal disease, including colitis. Diagnosis is made via fecal flotation test in most cases, and proper anti-parasitics are used to treat. Young kittens are especially at risk for acquiring and suffering from GI parasites. Many parasites can also be transmitted to kittens from their mothers, so proper deworming is important in these young babies.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD in cats is a relatively common cause of colitis, resulting in chronic diarrhea due to uncontrolled inflammation of the colonic lining. Sometimes, vomiting can concur. Your veterinarian may prescribe a special prescription diet and anti-inflammatory drugs to suppress an exaggerated immune response of the colon.

Bacterial overgrowth

Exposure to certain bacterial organisms or overgrowth of others that typically live in low numbers in the large intestine can lead to diarrhea and excess mucus production. Mucus may even take on a green color or otherwise be red-tinged from colonic lining bleeding. 

Consuming spoiled food or dead animals can lead to Salmonella or E. coli exposure, and raw diets are more likely to have much higher levels of harmful bacteria or parasites than cooked or commercial foods. Other disorders causing inflammation of the bowel can result in an overgrowth of Clostridium. Plus, any imbalance between “good” and “bad” bacteria (or flora) in the gut can lead to GI upset. Antibiotics and probiotics may be prescribed by your veterinarian.

Stress

While stress-induced colitis is more common in humans and dogs, cats can occasionally be affected. Cases tend to resolve on their own once the source of your cat’s stress resolves.

Food allergies

While food allergies are overall uncommon in cats, food sensitivities and allergies can cause inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Cases are typically managed with a hypoallergenic diet, either via a hydrolyzed diet or novel protein source to which your cat has not yet been exposed.

Systemic diseases

Diseases that stem from elsewhere in the body can sometimes trigger inflammation in the colon, resulting in mucus in cat poop. Such systemic diseases include chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism, liver disease, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

Viral infections

Certain viruses can affect the intestinal tract, including the colon. For instance, feline parvovirus (also called feline panleukopenia) can cause excessive mucus or blood in diarrhea among its many other consequences to the body. Young, unvaccinated kittens are especially at risk. Proper vaccination can help protect your kitty from this virus.

Next, let’s move on to some of the other causes of mucus in cat stool:

• Lymphoma
• Colorectal polyps and other masses
• Anal gland abscess
• Constipation
• Intestinal blockages

Lymphoma

GI lymphoma is unfortunately one of the most common cancers in older cats. It typically affects the small intestine, but the large intestine can also be affected. Cases are typically managed with steroids and chemotherapy drugs.

Colorectal polyps and other masses

While tumors of the colon are quite uncommon, masses (benign or malignant) can lead to excessive mucus production and sometimes diarrhea, constipation, or bloody stool. Surgery may be recommended.

Anal gland abscess

Anal gland issues do not often affect cats, but occasionally, an infection or impaction can lead to an abscess that can lead to more mucus seen in the stool. These cases are medically or surgically managed by a veterinarian.

Constipation

Constipated cats may have difficulty passing stool. Instead of diarrhea, stool will be very hard and firm and may be coated in a mucus film. Your vet will diagnose the cause of your cat’s constipation and manage appropriately with extra water content in your cat’s diet, enemas, and/or a stool softener.

Intestinal blockages

Intestinal blockages (or obstructions) can result in only mucus being passed from the body rather than a full bowel movement. The cells in the lining of the intestines are still functioning to make mucus in these cases, but eventually, no more stool is going to be able to pass around the blockage to make its exit from the body. Therefore, if you notice your cat is straining to defecate and only mucus is being produced with no poop, and if they’re also vomiting, lethargic, and not eating, seek vet care immediately to rule out a possible GI foreign body resulting in an intestinal blockage. Surgery is typically required.

What to Do if Your Cat Has Mucus in Poop

Depending on the underlying cause, mucoid diarrhea can occasionally resolve itself within a few days, even sooner with some supportive care. However, other cases require veterinary attention to help resolve them completely.

If your cat is eating well and otherwise acting normally aside from some mild mucus output in soft stool, you can monitor to see if the condition improves or resolves within the next few days. During this time, you can offer your cat a bland diet to help speed up the healing process. 

While parents of dogs with tummy issues are often advised by their veterinarians to feed plain chicken and rice for a few days until their dogs are on the mend, additional special care should be taken with cats. While a few days of plain chicken (no skin, bones, oil, or seasoning) with a tiny amount of plain cooked white rice can be fed to adult cats if they’re struggling with diarrhea, avoid feeding your cat this diet for too long as it lacks many essential nutrients that felines require. Furthermore, too much rice can lead to worse GI upset since cats are not as adept at digesting rice as dogs are. 

Better yet, ask your vet for a prescription formula lower in fat and easier for the GI tract to digest, such as Hill’s i/d Digestive Care canned or dry food. This diet is much more nutritionally balanced than plain home-cooked chicken and rice.

Mucus in Cat Poop: When to Seek Help

Many cases of mucus in cat poop can resolve on their own or with a bit of TLC, but if the condition of your cat’s stool persists for over a week without improvement, or, if your kitty worsens to the point that they’re experiencing the following concurrent signs, it’s definitely time to call your veterinarian:

• Vomiting: nausea and vomiting may indicate inflammation in the stomach or small intestines. A GI foreign body also triggers vomiting
• Lethargy
• Not eating
• Abdominal distension or bloating: Excessive gas, fluid in the intestines, or free abdominal fluid can cause visible swelling of the abdomen.
• Dark tarry stool: Bleeding from the stomach or small intestine can result in very dark brown to nearly black stool, whose color is caused by digested blood.
• Fresh blood in stool: Bright red blood can indicate bleeding from the colon, rectum, or anus.
• Liquid diarrhea pouring from your cat
• Straining to defecate but only producing blood or mucus without stool: your cat may be constipated or have an intestinal blockage.

While adult cats can often withstand the effects of diarrhea for a few days, kitten diarrhea can quickly devolve to a much more severe issue. Therefore, always speak with your veterinarian if you have a young kitten that begins having diarrhea. Fluid loss from diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration in kittens, whose tiny bodies and immature immune systems require much more involved medical efforts to bounce back.

If your cat is alert and eating with only a small amount of mucus observed in soft poop, you can likely wait and see your regular GP vet in the next couple of days. However, if your cat is severely ill, seek vet care immediately at your closest ER. Bonus points if you’re able to provide a fresh stool sample to bring with you to your visit to help expedite diagnostic testing! 

Keep in mind that expenses and wait time in the ER are generally much greater than in a GP clinic, but in a true emergency, your local ER will be better equipped to handle severe cases.

Pet parents should expect the following:

Physical examination

Once your veterinarian takes a full history regarding when you began seeing mucus in your cat’s poop and a description of any other symptoms they’re exhibiting, he or she will perform a thorough physical exam. This will include taking your cat’s vitals and feeling their belly.

Fecal floatation test

A stool sample will be collected to search for the presence of common GI parasites in poop.

Direct fecal smear

A thin layer of feces may also be placed on a microscope slide to search for an overgrowth of certain bacteria.

GI panel

Your veterinarian may send out special testing to look for other infectious diseases that can affect the colon.

Abdominal radiographs or ultrasound

Radiographs (or X-rays) of your cat’s abdomen may be taken, and an ultrasound scan of the intestines may also be performed.

Bloodwork

Occasionally, bloodwork may be obtained if your vet is concerned that your cat’s diarrhea is secondary to another issue in the body.

Colonoscopy

If your cat has had a chronic history of mucoid diarrhea that has not been diagnosed with other testing, they may be scheduled for a colonoscopy, in which a scope with a camera is inserted through your anesthetized cat’s anus to help visualize the lining of the large intestine. Tissue biopsies may be taken during this time and submitted to a pathologist.

Depending on the underlying cause of mucus in cat poop, your vet may prescribe medications such as anti-parasitics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and a bland prescription diet. Fluids may be administered if your cat is dehydrated from water loss from diarrhea.

How to Prevent Mucus in Cat Poop

Pet parents can help support a healthy colon and overall healthy GI tract in their cats by preventing the preventable, meaning taking prophylactic measures to avoid some of the most common causes of cat poop mucus: dietary indiscretion and GI parasites. By feeding a healthy commercial feline diet, avoiding table scraps and human foods, and maintaining a healthy weight, your cat will be less likely to suffer colitis and excessive mucus in their stool.

Diets such as Purina Pro Plan, Hill’s Science Diet, Iams, and Royal Canin are formulated by a veterinary nutritionist, undergo extensive feeding trial studies, and are tested for quality and safety. Therefore, sticking with one of these diets is optimal for most cats.

Kitties with sensitive tummies may also benefit from a sensitive skin and stomach diet by Purina or Hill’s, and you can always check with your veterinarian about a prescription diet as needed. Furthermore, avoiding raw food helps reduce bacterial and parasitic contamination, thereby reducing the chance of colitis and other GI problems.

Monthly prescription prevention products from your vet can help control many GI parasites. Many flea products for cats can also help prevent other parasitic infections, including common GI parasites like roundworms and hookworms. Keeping your cat indoors (to minimize the consumption of parasite-ridden wildlife and exposure to other animals’ stool) and consistent use of year-round parasite prevention can help reduce your kitty’s parasitic exposure, thus reducing their risk of mucoid diarrhea from intestinal parasites.

Speak with your personal veterinarian about other measures to optimize your cat’s gut health. While not necessary in the majority of cats, others may benefit from a daily probiotic specifically formulated for kitties. 

Those with chronic constipation may improve with extra water content in their diet (such as canned food or Purina Hydra Care supplement) or a gentle stool softener. A boost of dietary fiber from either a special diet or supplement may also help. Remember to always consult with your veterinarian before making changes to your cat’s diet.

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Cats who suffer from a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders may benefit from regular use of cisapride, a medication that can help your cat manage GI ailments such as chronic constipation or megacolon. If other treatment options have failed to fully improve your cat’s gut health, talk with your veterinarian about the use of cisapride.

What follows is everything you need to know about cisapride, including what it’s used for in cats, potential side effects, and how to give this medication.

What Is Cisapride?

Cisapride is a gastrointestinal promotility (or prokinetic) drug, which means it helps move ingested food (and later feces) in the right direction—downward through the GI tract.

Cisapride is a generic medication that can only be obtained via a prescription from your veterinarian. It was originally available for human usage but was withdrawn from the regular market in 2000 due to potentially fatal cardiac complications. In people, cisapride can prolong the QT interval in the heart, meaning electrical activity of the heart becomes irregular and can progress to abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias) that can cause fainting (syncope) and sudden death.

Fortunately, such cardiac issues from cisapride use appear to be extremely rare in dogs and cats and have not been documented by the veterinary community. However, since cisapride no longer has FDA approval, it is not commercially available in North America. It must be purchased solely from your regular vet or compounding pharmacy as a generic drug with “off-label” use in dogs and cats. 

Is Cisapride Safe for Cats?

Cisapride is considered an overall safe medication in the majority of cats when used at a proper dosage as recommended by a veterinarian.

What Does Cisapride for Cats Look Like?

Since cisapride is available only in compounded form, it may be formulated in a variety of ways. Cisapride is primarily available in oral form as a flavored or unflavored liquid, capsule, or tablet. Tablets may be regular, chewable, mini-tabs, or melt tabs. Some compounding pharmacies may also make cisapride in a transdermal gel that is applied topically. However, oral forms tend to be more effective, as they are more readily absorbed by the body.

How Does Cisapride Work?

Normally, smooth muscles automatically contract to push food downward through the digestive tract; this is referred to as peristalsis. However, some cats have disorders that slow the movement of gut activity, leading to impaired GI function. Cisapride acts directly on the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon) to speed the transit of ingested food through the GI tract and facilitates defecation. It also increases peristalsis in the lower esophagus to help prevent reflux.

In short, cisapride keeps the GI tract moving in the right direction, helping cats avoid issues like chronic constipation and fecal impaction. 

Cisapride is a relative of a medication called metoclopramide. However, cisapride is considered superior because it works on the colon, whereas metoclopramide has no colonic influence. Additionally, metoclopramide can cross over into the brain and cause hyperexcitability. Cisapride does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

What Is Cisapride Used for in Cats?

As discussed earlier, Cisapride’s primary use is to keep the gut moving at a normal speed in the right direction by enhancing smooth muscle function. Thus, it is useful for a variety of medical conditions in cats such as:

• Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
• Primary gastric stasis disorders (e.g., delayed gastric emptying, intestinal ileus)
• Chronic constipation (difficulty passing stool) and bloating
• Megacolon
• Certain urinary retention disorders
• Occasionally for hairball issues

Read on for further explanation on how cisapride can help cats with these issues:

Esophagitis

Cisapride reduces esophageal reflux and risk of esophageal stricture formation.

Primary gastric stasis disorders

Examples of primary gastric stasis disorders in cats include delayed gastric emptying and intestinal ileus. 

Delayed gastric emptying: This condition occurs when the muscles and nerves of the stomach do not cause normal contractions to move ingested food out of the stomach and into the small intestine for further processing. Delayed gastric emptying can lead to chronic vomiting.

Intestinal ileus: This refers to a lack of motility primarily of the small intestine.

Though cisapride can help minimize vomiting from these disorders by preventing food from backing up in the stomach, pet parents should note that cisapride does not have further anti-nausea properties. It should not be used as an anti-emetic substitute for other instances that trigger nausea in cats.

Chronic constipation and bloating

If diet changes, stool softeners or laxatives, and bulking agents such as fiber supplements have failed to improve your cat’s constipation issues, your vet may add cisapride as a mode to further improve the ease of your cat’s bowel movements.

Megacolon

This disorder results from impairment of the muscles and nerves that control bowel function. Megacolon is secondary to damage from stretching of the colon due to chronic constipation or fecal obstruction (i.e. obstipation). Megacolon prevents the colon from emptying stool, which can lead to difficulty defecating and bowel obstruction.

Certain urinary retention disorders

Cisapride can help strengthen bladder muscle contraction to facilitate urine voiding.

Hairballs

Cisapride is also occasionally used for hairball issues in cats.

How to Give Cisapride to Cats

As mentioned, Cisparide is available in multiple formulas, such as soft chews, capsules, tablets, and liquids. Your cat may have a unique preference as to which medication formulation they will most easily tolerate. Some cats are easy to give tablets or capsules while others may more readily accept a syringe of liquid medication instead. Some cats may prefer a flavored medication, such as tuna. Ask your compounding pharmacy what varieties are available.

Cisapride is typically administered every 8-12 hours, depending on your vet’s instructions. Though cisapride can be given with or without food, it is best to give it 15-30 minutes prior to a meal, since absorption improves with food. Furthermore, food reduces the likelihood of GI upset as a potential side effect from this medication.

Cats will experience results within a few hours following dosing, and those effects will cease within 24 hours of discontinuation of this drug.

Cisapride for Cats Side Effects

Luckily, cisapride is generally well tolerated with minimal side effects in cats, including those with kidney disease. However, some kitties may experience mild GI symptoms such as:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal discomfort from cramping

Cisapride should be avoided if increased gastrointestinal motility can lead to harm of the GI tract due to preexisting conditions, which include:

• Intestinal or bowel obstruction: Using cisapride amid a GI blockage can lead to perforation, which can be deadly. Your vet will perform a physical exam and perhaps abdominal radiographs (X-rays) to ensure no blockage is present when cisapride is first prescribed.
• An existing GI perforation
• GI hemorrhage (bright red or dark stool)
• Severe hepatic insufficiency (liver disease): Your vet may recommend to reduce the dose of cisapride by half or avoid use altogether in cats with liver disorders.

Furthermore, cisapride should be used with caution in pregnant or nursing cats. Cisapride has the potential to cause loss of early pregnancy. This drug is also excreted in milk and could potentially cause issues in kittens. Cisapride should only be used in these scenarios if its benefit to the female cat outweighs any potential risk to her kittens.

Moreover, dangerous cardiac effects of cisapride have been established in humans. Though not observed in cats, cats using cisapride should still be monitored for any cardiac abnormalities as a precaution.

Symptoms of Too Much Cisapride in Cats

Toxicity in cats is rare and tends to only occur at extremely high doses of cisapride. Worrisome signs include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Uncoordinated, “drunken” movement of the limbs (ataxia)
• Drooling (hypersalivation)
• Muscle tremors (fasciculations)
• Agitation and abnormal behavior
• High body temperature (hyperthermia)
• Difficulty breathing
• Seizures

If you observe the above signs in your cat or suspect they may have been exposed to an overdose of cisapride, call your vet without delay or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435.

If poisoning has occurred, your vet may recommend to induce vomiting and administer activated charcoal as well as provide supportive care to manage symptoms.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Because of cisapride’s effect at speeding up the transit time through the gut, it can increase the absorption of other oral medications your cat may be taking. Always go over your cat’s full list of medications and supplements with your veterinarian prior to starting cisapride.

Cisapride can interact negatively with certain medications, such as those listed below. Therefore, concurrent use should be avoided and discussed with your vet:

• Anticholinergic agents, such as atropine
• Benzodiazepines, such as injectable diazepam or midazolam: can worsen sedation effects
• Certain antihistamines/antacids, such as famotidine, cimetidine, and ranitidine
• Anticoagulants
• Cyclosporine
• Furosemide
• Ondansetron
• Opioids
• Some fluoroquinolone antibiotics
• Silymarin (milk thistle)
• Antifungals, such as itraconazole or ketoconazole
• Chloramphenicol
• Some macrolide antibiotics, except azithromycin
• Some cardiac medications, such as amiodarone or sotalol
• Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline

Cisapride Dose for Cats

Only your vet should direct you as to the exact dose and frequency of cisapride your cat should receive. Each individual cat is different based on a variety of factors, such as the cat’s weight and exact GI disorder and its severity.

Your cat’s cisapride dose may need to be gradually increased or otherwise modified by your vet to optimize its effect. However, pet parents should never adjust their cat’s dose on their own without a vet’s guidance.

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Cisapride?

If your cat accidentally misses a dose of cisapride, simply wait and give it when the next dose is due and resume the prescribed protocol moving forward. Do not double up or give additional doses not prescribed by your vet.

Cost of Cisapride for Cats

The cost of cisapride varies widely depending on your cat’s dosage (milligrams needed as well as frequency), the formulation you choose from your compounding pharmacy, as well as your geographic location. On average, you can expect to pay $45-$80 for a 30-day supply of your cat’s cisapride based on the aforementioned variables.

Cisapride Storage Instructions

Cisapride should be protected from light and moisture in a tight, sealed container. Unless specified otherwise on your compounded product, this medication should be stored at room temperature.

The post Cisapride for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pet parents should keep note of their cat’s urination habits and other behavioral changes that could indicate an underlying medical condition requiring management without delay.

Let’s take a closer look at how often cats typically urinate and what to do if it seems like your cat can’t pee.

How Often Do Cats Pee?

The average healthy adult cat typically urinates two to four times over a 24-hour period, primarily during the daytime. Domestic cats evolved as desert creatures, meaning they are well adept at trying to survive on little water if necessary. Therefore, urination frequency and volume may decrease when a cat is dehydrated either from medical issues, lack of access to fresh water, or high ambient temperatures. Dry heat is more dehydrating than humid weather or home environments. Additionally, a cat’s diet can affect hydration and thereby urination habits. Healthy kitties who consume a canned (or wet) food formula may urinate more frequently than those eating a dry kibble due to the additional water content of their meal.

If your cat is peeing less than usual, maintaining a clean litter box in a quiet, inviting environment can be helpful. Perhaps your cat is physically able to urinate but is holding their bladder until they can pee in a clean litter box.

If litter box hygiene is not the culprit, investigate if there are other reasons your cat is avoiding the litter box. For instance, if you have a giant litter box for a tiny kitten, they may be having a difficult time climbing into it. If your geriatric cat is experiencing mobility issues from osteoarthritis, a shallow box rather than a tall one may help them step inside it more comfortably Also consider whether there is something in the way that’s frightening your cat from journeying to the litter box. Could they be urinating outside the litter box somewhere else in the house? 

Additionally, keep tabs on your cat’s behavior. If your cat is hiding, not eating, or attempting to use the litter box but either won’t or can’t, hurry and seek your veterinarian’s advice. No urine production after 24-48 hours constitutes a medical emergency.

Cat Not Peeing: Signs and Symptoms

Pet parents can monitor their cat’s actions and attitude for warning signs that their cat may not be peeing. Signs of a cat having trouble peeing include:

• The litter box may appear cleaner than usual since no urine is being produced, or clean litter may be moved all over the place during a cat’s attempt to scratch around and try to pee.
• Your cat may go to the litter box more often than usual
• Your cat may strain when squatting (posturing) to urinate
• Your cat may vocalize or cry out in pain while attempting to urinate
• Your cat may appear more agitated or uncomfortable
• Hiding behavior is common in kitties when they’re not feeling well, including when they can’t pee
• You may notice a decrease in your cat’s appetite or water intake
• You may observe your cat licking their lower abdomen or genitals more frequently in an attempt to alleviate discomfort in the bladder and urethra
• In severe circumstances, your cat may collapse if no urine has been produced for over 24-48 hours.

Aside from regularly checking the litter box for urine production, tricks to help pet parents monitor whether their cat is producing urine include the following:

• Smart litter boxes (such as the Litter-Robot) may offer tools to track the number of times your cat enters and exits the litter box. Some systems scan your cat’s microchip number to help you determine which cat may be having urinary problems if you have a multi-cat household.
• Setting up a pet camera can also be helpful so you can track whether your cat is using the litter box and how often they are journeying to the box.
• If you suspect your cat may be urinating outside the litter box, a black light can assist pet parents in searching for urine marks around the home.

Why Can’t My Cat Pee?

The underlying cause of your cat’s difficulty urinating can vary. Some may result in a cat dribbling or trickling urine rather than producing a normal stream while others can prevent your cat from being unable to urinate at all. Many of these causes fall under the umbrella of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), a menagerie of ailments plaguing the bladder and urethra (tube that empties the bladder during urination).

If left unmanaged, FLUTD can rapidly progress to a urethral obstruction (blockage of the urethra in which urine cannot pass out of the body), which constitutes a medical emergency that can quickly lead to various organ shutdown and death if prompt vet care is not provided. Male cats are at increased risk of urethral obstruction (or becoming “blocked”) due to their long and narrow urethra.

Here are some potential causes for a cat not peeing:

Idiopathic Cystitis

Idiopathic cystitis is the most common cause of FLUTD. It occurs due to an unknown trigger causing inflammation of the bladder, which can manifest as all the signs described above in the previous section. Stress is the most common culprit. Urinary crystals can also be a factor; crystals are grit from excess mineral content from the diet that can accumulate in the urine and irritate the bladder lining, leading to inflammation and urinary discomfort.

Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection can cause the following clinical signs: periuria (peeing outside the litterbox) pollakiuria (increased more frequently in smaller amounts), stranguria (pain while urinating), hematuria (blood in the urine), and malodor. UTIs in cats generally arise secondarily to some other disorder.

Urinary Stones

Urolithiasis (urinary stones) can develop in the lower urinary tract, irritating the lining of the bladder, causing secondary bacterial infections (or UTIs), and lodging in the urethra (thus causing an obstruction). Mucus plugs can also cause urethral obstructions and are more common in male cats.

Growths

Bladder masses, tumors, and polyps, while relatively uncommon in cats, are more likely to occur in older cats and can lead to trouble urinating.

Trauma

Trauma to the lower urinary tract due to injury can disrupt the flow of urine.

No Urine Production

Rather than a problem with the bladder or urethra affecting the ability to urinate, your cat’s body may not be producing any urine for the bladder to hold at all. Anuria (the absence of urine production) or oliguria (infrequent urination) can arise from severe dehydration or end-stage renal failure. In these scenarios, the body can urinate, but there is no urine made by the kidneys to void.

Neurologic Conditions

Neurologic conditions, such as those affecting the spinal cord (and thus the nerves branching off it that supply the bladder), can also make voluntary urination difficult. For instance, cats with paralysis due to spinal cord injury may dribble or leak urine but be unable to urinate a normal amount on their own, thus requiring manual bladder expression taught by your vet to help empty the bladder.

What to Do if Your Cat Isn’t Peeing

If your cat is either struggling to pee or not peeing at all (particularly if your cat is male), this behavior indicates a medical emergency, so vet care should be sought ASAP. An overly full bladder is not only intensely painful, but it can cause damage to the rest of the body. If urine is trapped with nowhere to go, fluid and toxins can back up from the bladder into the kidneys, causing kidney damage. Infections can arise. Furthermore, electrolyte abnormalities from excess retained potassium can cause heart failure.

Therefore, call your closest vet clinic or emergency hospital to let them know what’s going on so they can advise you on your cat’s specific case. The vet team can offer support to manage your expectations in an emergency setting (time-wise and financial). In the meantime, try to keep your kitty as calm and comfortable as possible until you’re ready to head out the door.

Once you’re at the vet clinic or hospital, be prepared to answer some questions about your cat’s history, such as:

• When was the last time you noticed your cat urinating normally?
• Has this problem happened before?
• Could they be urinating somewhere in the house outside the litter box?
• Have you noticed any other abnormal behavior? Straining or crying when urinating? Hiding? Any blood observed in the urine?
• Is your cat eating? What diet?
• Any vomiting?
• Has there been an increase or decrease in your cat’s water consumption as well as urination frequency and volume leading up to this event?
• Have there been any changes to the litter box or litter type? How often do you clean your cat’s litter box and change the litter?
• How many litter boxes do you have in your home? How many other cats do you have?
• Have there been any recent events in your home that could have been stressful to your kitty? Construction or home renovation? Recent visitors? A new baby? A new pet?
• Any other pertinent medical history?

Treating a Cat Who Can’t Pee

The first thing your vet will do when your cat presents for having trouble peeing will be a thorough physical exam. Your cat’s vital signs will be measured, including your cat’s heart rate. A slow heart rate (bradycardia) and irregular heart rate (arrhythmia) in a cat who is not urinating can indicate a severe electrolyte abnormality in which the potassium level in the bloodstream is too high (hyperkalemia), because excess cannot be excreted from the body in urine. If extreme, these cardiac abnormalities warrant a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Additionally, your vet will feel (or palpate) your cat’s abdomen to confirm an enlarged bladder and whether your cat has a urinary obstruction. Additional physical exam findings, such as enlarged kidneys, will also be assessed.

Common diagnostics for a cat who can’t pee include urine testing (urinalysis). If your cat is not fully obstructed, your vet may manually express your cat’s bladder or be able to obtain a urine sample from a litter box filled with special non-absorbent cat litter. If your cat has a urinary obstruction (or is “blocked”), urine may be collected either via a urinary catheter or a sterile needle placed directly through the skin into the bladder (i.e. cystocentesis). Urine will be analyzed, especially checking for urine concentration, bacteria, crystals, blood, protein, and white blood cells.

Your vet may also recommend blood work, particularly to assess your cat’s kidney values to ensure no damage has occurred. Imaging, such as abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or abdominal ultrasound (sonogram) may also be recommended, particularly to rule out urinary stones as a cause for the issue.

Once your cat has been assessed, treatment can be initiated. The treatment plan depends on your cat’s specific underlying cause of urinary trouble and may include:

• Antibiotics for a simple UTI
• Surgical removal of urinary stones
• Prescription urinary diet to help dissolve urinary stones or reduce crystal formation
• Urinary catheter/urethral flush to unblock obstruction
• Medications to help relax the bladder and keep the urethra from spasming and re-obstructing
• Long-term anxiety medications (such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline)
• Surgery (perineal urethrostomy) to help reduce the risk of future blockages (for some male cats)
• Hospitalization with IV fluids, additional medications, and intense monitoring for cats with severe electrolyte derangements, cardiac abnormalities, or renal failure
• Surgical repair for traumatic injury to the lower urinary tract
• Management of neurological abnormalities along with regular manual bladder expression

Prognosis varies depending on your cat’s underlying cause, severity, and presence of other medical issues.

How to Lower Your Cat’s Risk of Urinary Disease

Pet parents can help minimize their cat’s risk of urinary disease with the following guidelines:

Weight management: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of FLUTD, so maintaining a lean body weight is key to help support bladder health.

Stress management and environmental enrichment: Keeping cats as calm and happy as possible by reducing environmental stressors and providing mental stimulation and fun play can help reduce bladder inflammation. Keeping the peace by reducing aggressive standoffs between cats in your home is an important component. Products like Feliway pheromone spray or diffuser can be helpful to some kitties.

Litter box care: Proper litter box hygiene and having enough litter boxes for cats in a multi-cat household is vital. Kitties are fastidious hygiene freaks; pet parents can help by ensuring their cat’s litter box is clean and by adhering to the 1+1 litter box rule (1 litter box in the house for each cat, plus 1 additional).

Hydration: A hydrated urinary system is a happy one. Switching from dry to canned food can be helpful, as can purchasing a water fountain for drinking. If your cat doesn’t drink much on their own, ask your vet if Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Hydra Care Supplement is right for them. Your kitty’s bladder will thank you.

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In this article, we’ll discuss the domestic cat digestive system in detail, including its anatomy, how food is digested, and how to optimize your cat’s gut health.

Understanding the Cat Digestive System

Before we get into how it works, let’s first break down the parts of a cat’s digestive system.

The “alimentary system” includes the:

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Gastrointestinal tract 

The gastrointestinal system (or GI tract) is made up of the:

• Stomach
• Intestines
• Rectum
• Anus

Lastly, the GI tract receives further digestive support from abdominal organs, such as the:

• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder

As a whole, these organs make up the digestive system of a cat.

Differences Between Cat and Human Digestive System

The digestive system of cats contains the same organs and produces the same digestive enzymes as us humans. However, although certain enzymes (such as hydrochloric acid) are the same, cats’ stomachs produce six times more hydrochloric acid than humans do.

The feline intestinal tract is also not as long or coiled as it is in humans (or dogs for that matter), and cats lack an appendix. Additionally, the transit time of ingested food (ingesta) through the intestines is much longer in humans, reaching up to five days, whereas ingesta may move through a cat’s intestines within 12 to 24 hours.

How Do Cats Digest Food?

Next, let’s get into some specifics about how the feline digestive system works.

The alimentary system is constantly at work to help cats ingest and digest food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste and toxins from the body, and assist the immune system (in part by keeping ingested bacteria out of the bloodstream). The digestive tract also secretes various chemicals, enzymes, and hormones to assist with digestion and nutrient use.

Mouth

The process of digestion initially begins in the mouth when the teeth begin to break up large chunks of food, and the salivary glands produce amylase to help tackle any starch your kitty may have ingested (however limited in a predominately carnivorous diet). 

Esophagus

Ingesta then slides down the esophagus to the stomach where it undergoes the most significant aspect of digestion as it is immersed in a chemical vat of hydrochloric acid and various enzymes in the stomach to help break it down into tiny usable nutrient molecules. 

Stomach

Once ingesta enters the stomach, it is inundated by a variety of enzymes and other chemicals to further break it down into usable nutrients. Ingesta is also mixed and squeezed to further aid in mechanical digestion.

Small and Large Intestine

Ingesta continues its cruise down the digestive tract to the small intestine, where it is broken down further by additional enzymes and bile. By this stage, the majority of ingesta has been broken down into small enough nutrients that can be absorbed through the small intestinal lining into the bloodstream, which carries them off to cells all over the body. 

These nutrients act as cellular building blocks to help construct tissues and organs and carry out their vital functions to keep the body working as well as possible.

Products that cannot be digested, such as insoluble fiber, and any additional waste products are then further processed by the large intestine. Such waste is dehydrated when excess water is reabsorbed through the large intestinal lining into the bloodstream to maintain hydration, and then the solid waste exits from the body during a bowel movement.

Rectum

The rectum is a small holding area at the end of the large intestine that stores feces until exit through the anus.

Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder

While ingesta does not enter the pancreas, liver, or gallbladder, these organs produce substances to help support the stomach and intestines with digestion. 

The pancreas contains digestive enzymes that enter the small intestine, and it also produces insulin to help utilize and regulate glucose, the body’s top nutrient for energy use. 

The liver is a large organ in the upper portion of the abdomen that, among its many functions in the body, is involved in metabolism, detoxifying the body, storing nutrients (such as glycogen and fat), and assisting in protein and glucose synthesis. 

The liver also produces bile, which aids in fat digestion. Bile is then stored and later released when needed by the gallbladder, a small sac off the liver. 

The pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine are all in close proximity to one another, so infection or inflammation of one can often affect the others.

How Long Does It Take for a Cat to Digest Food?

In the average domestic feline, digestion occurs more quickly than in humans. The entire duration of food from entry to exit can reach 26.5 to 35.7 hours. [1] During this time, ingesta spends approximately 10 to 24 hours being digested (by the stomach for four hours and then the intestines for 12 to 24 hours), then is further processed before waste is eliminated.

The average timeline of digestion varies depending on a cat’s age, breed, size, weight, and diet. Kittens and smaller-sized cats tend to digest food more quickly, whereas digestion time is more variable among senior cats. (And speaking of kittens, very young kittens are initially unable to digest anything other than their mother’s milk or a similar substitute. They gain more digestive function by weaning age, which is 8 weeks old.)

Digestion also occurs more quickly with smaller meals. For instance, multiple mini meals throughout the day can decrease digestion time, while feeding larger amounts less frequently can lead to increased digestion time (as well as an increased risk of “scarf and barf,” in which cats can regurgitate their food if it’s gobbled up too rapidly). Additionally, wet food diets are digested more quickly than dry kibble.

Caring for Your Cat’s Digestive System

There are many ways you can care for your cat’s digestive system. Let’s go over some of the most common ones.

Diet

As cats are obligate carnivores, they require particular nutrients that only an animal-based diet can provide. A vegetarian diet can be deadly to cats, as deficits in taurine, arachidonic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B3 occur when cats are solely fed a plant-based diet. That’s why it’s important to choose an appropriate cooked commercial cat food or other veterinary-guided diet to optimize your pet’s nutritional health.

Reputable quality cat food brands include Purina, Hill’s, Iams, Royal Canin, and Eukanuba. These companies have a veterinary nutritionist on staff to formulate diets, conduct extensive studies and feeding trials, and ensure good quality control. 

For kitties with sensitive tummies, ask your veterinarian about:

A sensitive skin and stomach diet:

A lower fat diet:

Diets higher in fiber:

Kitties with hairball concerns can also benefit from a specialty hairball control diet, along with regular coat brushing. 

Always seek nutrition advice from your personal vet before making a switch, and if you’re greenlit with advice to make the change, slowly transition from your cat’s current diet to a new one over 10 days to prevent GI upset.

Supplements

Certain supplements, if recommended by your vet, can be helpful to certain kitties. For instance, those with pancreas issues (such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or EPI), may require digestive enzyme supplementation. Most healthy cats do not need this supplement, however. 

Furthermore, probiotics and prebiotics can be helpful to many cats, especially those with chronic diarrhea as caused by dysbiosis (an imbalance of good and bad bacteria in the gut). Not all probiotics are created equally, so always seek counsel from your veterinarian before introducing them to your cat.

Cat-Safe Grass

Although your cat is a carnivore, they may occasionally like to nibble a bit of cat-safe grass. Consuming cat grass in small amounts can aid your cat’s digestion, improving hairball concerns and constipation. Moderation is key, however, since kitties lack enzymes to fully break down a lot of grass, and too much can cause harm.

Mini Meals

If your cat eats too quickly and upchucks their food, switching to multiple mini meals or canned food can help. Additionally, switching your cat’s food bowl to a slow feeder can slow down their food ingestion to help improve overall digestion.

Weight Management

Aside from feeding your cat a good quality diet, the most important thing pet parents can do to protect their cat’s digestive and overall health is to keep their cats at a healthy weight. Obesity can not only worsen digestive issues, but it can further impair your cat’s health. Maintaining a healthy weight is an ideal way to keep your kitty’s tummy soothed and them purring for longer.

References
1. Peachey, S E et al. “Gastrointestinal transit times in young and old cats.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology vol. 126,1 (2000): 85-90. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00189-6

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Scheduling regular veterinary exams for your cat can help you track your pet’s weight fluctuations. But if your cat faces certain risk factors for obesity, a proactive approach to weight management could help you avoid larger health implications in the future. 

Some cat breeds, such as American and British shorthairs, may have an increased likelihood of obesity compared to other breeds. Your cat’s sex may also be a factor, as male cats are more likely to gain weight than females. While the benefits of spaying or neutering your cat far outweigh any potential negatives, the procedure can alter feline metabolism rates, which may lead to weight gain. And though experts agree that keeping your cat indoors is safer, indoor cats do face a greater risk of weight gain than outdoor cats.

Even if your cat does not have any of these risk factors, the potential health issues associated with obesity in cats can be daunting. Feline obesity can increase the risk of osteoarthritis, feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), diabetes mellitus, and various cancers. Obesity can also complicate the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver disease, heart disease, as well as asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Research shows that cat obesity can reduce lifespan by nearly two years. [3] So, if your cat is overweight, switching to a weight management cat food diet could help increase both the quality and longevity of your cat’s life.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Best Prescription Weight Management Cat Foods

• Hills Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Cat Food
• Royal Canin Satiety Support Weight Management Cat Food
• Royal Canin Weight Control Cat Food
• Hill’s Prescription Diet r/d Weight Reduction Cat Food
• Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d Multi-Benefit Cat Food
• Purina Pro Plan OM Overweight Management
• Blue Natural Veterinary Diet W+U Weight Management + Urinary Care Cat Food

Best Non-Prescription Weight Management Cat Foods

• Royal Canin Weight Care Cat Food
• Hills Science Diet Perfect Weight Cat Food
• Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Cat Food

What Is Weight Management Cat Food?

While portion control and increased exercise are proven tactics in the battle of the bulge (both for felines and their human counterparts), some cats may require a different approach, especially if they have more than a few pounds to lose. So if the scale isn’t budging (or is moving in the wrong direction) for your cat, it’s a good idea to chat with your veterinarian about switching your pet to a special weight management diet.

Weight management cat food comes in both prescription and non-prescription (over-the-counter) options that are specially formulated to help cats lose weight. Both types typically contain fewer calories than standard cat food formulas, with macronutrient ratios that are lower in fat while maintaining high levels of protein. 

These diets usually work by optimizing fat metabolism and helping to induce a state of ketosis, which is when the body burns fat instead of glucose (sugar from carbohydrates) for energy. Weight management cat diets also tend to contain more water and/or fiber than other cat food. This increased volume or bulk helps cats feel full so they don’t eat as much.

Prescription Weight Management Cat Food vs Non-Prescription

Non-prescription weight management formulas can benefit cats with smaller weight loss goals, but primarily function as a maintenance diet to help cats stay at a healthy weight. In contrast, prescription options (also known as veterinary therapeutic diets) work both as a treatment to help facilitate substantial weight loss, as well as a diet to help maintain a healthy weight once those pounds are shed. Prescription formulas also contain added ingredients to help improve metabolism. 

Although they may whittle as many pounds off your cat’s waist, non-prescription options are also easier on your wallet. Prescription diets tend to promote more dramatic weight loss, but they typically come with a bigger price tag. 

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Weight Management Cat Food

Some pet parents may be tempted to take a DIY approach to helping their cat lose weight. But it’s best to involve your veterinarian in your plan, no matter how simple it may seem. 

While reducing the amount of regular cat food you serve up at mealtime could help your “fluffy” feline slim down, veterinarians caution against substantial portion reduction, especially in very obese cats. That’s because drastically reducing portion sizes not only cuts calories, it can also inadvertently cause malnutrition by limiting vital nutrients that your cat needs to thrive. 

Additionally, if you suddenly switch a morbidly obese cat to a calorie-restricted diet, they can face an increased risk of developing a fatal liver disease called hepatic lipidosis. 

Your veterinarian can help you make changes to your cat’s existing diet and lifestyle to promote healthy, gradual weight loss. But, if smaller portions, fewer treats, and more exercise don’t move the scale, or if your cat has a substantial amount of weight to lose, your veterinarian will likely advise a weight management cat food.

In addition to promoting healthy weight loss, specialty weight management cat food can also make the process of losing weight easier…for both you and your cat. Because the formulas contain fewer calories, you can still feed your cat a “normal” portion size, so they don’t feel deprived. And, thanks to extra fiber, weight loss cat food tends to expand in the tummy, giving cats a sense of fullness. The formulas are also designed to be quite tasty and palatable.

As a result, cats often feel more satisfied and less “hangry” when they eat weight management formulas. That can also help reduce the risk of unwanted side effects that often accompany restriction diets, such as begging for food or destructive behavior.

What Weight Management Diet is Best for Your Cat?

There is a wide variety of weight management cat food options designed to work for a wide range of cats — from very obese and overweight cats, to those on the cusp of being overweight, and those who have lost weight and need help maintaining their new healthy physique.

Your veterinarian will determine what type of weight management diet is most appropriate for your cat’s specific needs. First, they’ll calculate your pet’s ideal weight, daily calorie needs, and weight reduction pacing using a variety of factors specific to your pet. These include breed, age, metabolic rate, activity level, nutritional requirements, and any physical or internal ailments that may require careful monitoring throughout the weight loss process.

Top 10 Vet-Recommended Weight Management Cat Foods

There’s no shortage of cat food diets on the market promising to help your cat achieve or maintain a healthy weight. To help pet parents navigate the sea of choices, here are the options veterinarians most commonly recommend. Most are available in both dry (kibble) and canned (wet) food options. And many also offer low-calorie treats your cat can enjoy without jeopardizing their weight loss journey. Ask your vet if one of the following diets is optimal for your cat’s specific health and weight management needs.

Best Prescription Weight Management Cat Foods

Hills Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Cat Food

Hill’s Prescription Diets are well known as trusted mainstays when it comes to disease management through veterinary therapeutic diets. The Hill’s Metabolic Weight Management formula promotes healthy, effective weight loss in cats who are overweight or obese using a proven blend of high-quality ingredients. And the results speak for themselves: According to Hill’s, 88 percent of pets fed this diet at home lost weight in two months. It is available in a variety of textures to keep cats interested and also helps support urinary tract health by minimizing urinary crystal formation.

Pros

• Clinically proven formula developed by Hill’s veterinarians and nutritionists
• According to the brand, 88 percent of pets lost weight in two months when fed this diet at home
• Supports both healthy weight loss and weight maintenance
• Comes in a variety of flavors and canned food textures, including a tasty stew
• Made with a unique blend of fibers to help cats feel full and L-carnitine to help metabolize fat and support lean muscle mass
• Available exclusively through veterinarians
• Contains S+OXSHIELD to promote urinary health 
• Also available as Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare + Metabolic for cats with clinical urinary issues 

Cons

• Among the most expensive weight loss diets
• Formulated to support adult and senior cats only

Royal Canin Satiety Support Weight Management Cat Food

As a brand built on a solid foundation of scientific research, Royal Canin is known for its precision approach to nutrition, offering formulas tailored to a pet’s age, size, and even breed. The brand’s Satiety Support Weight Management diets are similarly tailored to meet the weight loss needs of cats with body condition scores of 7-9. This prescription diet is specially formulated to support substantial weight loss in cats that face an increased risk of health issues due to being overweight or obese. Made with quality, veterinarian-recommended ingredients and high fiber, to help keep cats satisfied between meals. It also optimizes bone and joint health, which is key in heavier cats, as extra weight increases stress on the musculoskeletal system which can worsen osteoarthritis. 

Pros

• Formulated to facilitate weight loss in overweight to obese cats
• According to the brand, in a clinical trial, 97 percent of cats lost weight in three months, and the diet effectively controlled begging in 82 percent of cats
• Reduces calories while ensuring adequate nutrient availability
• Low fat, high protein, high fiber
• Helps prevent regain of weight lost
• Helps cats stay full (satiated) to reduce unwanted overeating and begging behavior
• Contains glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil to help support joint health  
• Helps improve urinary tract health by preventing struvite and calcium oxalate crystal formation
• Available in wet and dry formulas

Cons

• Pricier than most other prescription weight formulas

Royal Canin Weight Control Cat Food

Not all cats require a heavy-duty diet designed to help drop pounds. Specifically designed to support weight management, Royal Canin Weight Control cat food offers a balanced blend of nutrients, as well as high levels of protein and fiber, to aid in gradual, healthy weight loss. This prescription diet helps maintain a leaner weight in spayed and neutered adult cats, who often have a tendency to gain weight due to hormonal changes. It also supports urinary health by reducing urinary crystal development.

Pros

• In an internal study conducted by Royal Canin, over 90% of cats lost weight within two months
• Helps spayed and neutered adult cats with an increased risk for weight gain maintain a healthy weight
• Made with high protein (plus extra L-carnitine), high fiber, and balanced fats
• Promotes a feeling of fullness to help reduce overeating
• Available exclusively with a veterinarian’s prescription
• Helps improve urinary tract health by preventing struvite and calcium oxalate crystal formation

Cons

• Premium price
• May not be appropriate for very overweight or obese cats

Hill’s Prescription Diet r/d Weight Reduction Cat Food

While this veterinarian-recommended prescription diet from Hill’s is not intended for long-term use past 6 months, it is designed to help cats substantially whittle their waistlines within 4 to 8 weeks. The clinically tested formula contains therapeutic levels of L-carnitine, plus an optimized blend of fibers to help your cat metabolize fat, maintain lean muscles, and feel full longer.  

Pros

• Clinically proven to help cats lose weight within 4-8 weeks
• Requires veterinarian approval to purchase
• Formulated for safe and effective weight loss
• Helps induce ketosis to burn fat while maintaining muscle mass
• Contains L-carnitine to aid fat metabolism in the liver
• Made with optimized levels of soluble and insoluble fiber
• Contains antioxidants, such as Vitamins E and C, to help support immune system health

Cons

• Less expensive than other prescription diets, but still pricey
• Does not also function as a long-term maintenance diet
• For intermittent feeding only; not intended for long-term use over 6 months duration

Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d Multi-Benefit Cat Food

For cats who struggle with excess weight in addition to other health conditions, Hill’s offers a multi-tasking prescription cat food designed to tackle more than just extra pounds. In addition to helping cats lose weight, Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d Multi-Benefit cat food also helps promote healthy digestion, urinary health, and blood sugar management. Since obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus in cats, that’s great news for cats with blood glucose readings on the high end of normal. Cats prone to gastrointestinal issues that respond to fiber and urinary tract diseases can also benefit from this extra-helpful formula.

Pros

• Unique formula benefits cats on multiple fronts
• Clinically tested nutrition for weight management, digestive health, urinary health, and blood sugar management
• Reduced-calorie, low-fat formula helps metabolize fat
• Packed with fiber to help manage blood sugar and promote healthy digestion
• Lower magnesium and sodium to promote urinary tract health
• Contains antioxidants, such as Vitamins E and C, to help support immune system health
• Also helps fiber-responsive GI issues, including aiding in maintaining formed stools

Con

• Some pet parents find the cost prohibitive

Purina Pro Plan OM Overweight Management

Purina Pro Plan OM Overweight Management is a prescription weight loss diet for more impactful weight loss and long-term management of a trim feline physique. It’s formulated with a high protein-to-calorie ratio to ensure cats get the proper balance of nutrients, even when losing or maintaining weight. Plus, its yummy variety of flavors will help entice your cat’s tastebuds while reducing their body fat and maintaining muscle mass. 

Pros

• For weight loss or maintenance
• Low calorie, high protein, low fat, high fiber
• Promotes loss of body fat while maintaining muscle mass during weight loss
• Helps improve urinary tract health by preventing struvite and calcium oxalate crystal formation
• High in antioxidants
• Highly palatable
• Comes in a variety of flavors

Cons

• Less expensive than most prescription diets, but still steep

Blue Natural Veterinary Diet W+U Weight Management + Urinary Care Cat Food

One of the more budget-friendly prescription diets, BLUE Natural Veterinary Diet W+U formula delivers the dual benefit of weight management and urinary care in one delicious diet. The grain-free formula features natural ingredients, including deboned chicken and wholesome, fiber-rich fruits and veggies to help cats feel fuller longer. Plus, the diet contains carefully controlled mineral levels designed to prevent bladder stones and promote urinary health. 

Pros

• Ideal levels of fat, calories, and fiber to promote weight loss and help cats feel full
• High in L-carnitine to help support the maintenance of a healthy weight
• High in omega-3 fatty acids to promote immune health
• Helps improve urinary tract health by preventing struvite and calcium oxalate crystal formation due to lower magnesium and sodium content
• Made with LifeSource Bits, BLUE Natural’s blend of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help support immune health

Cons

• May not be effective enough to facilitate weight loss in very overweight or obese cats
• Not all brand products meet World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) guidelines

Best Non-Prescription Weight Management Cat Food Picks

Royal Canin Weight Care Cat Food

Good news: No prescription is required to provide your kitty with the weight management benefits of this over-the-counter diet. And because it’s formulated by Royal Canin, a company known for extensive feeding trials, nutrition research, and quality control, you can trust that it will help keep your kitty in shape. While not intended for significant weight loss, this basic weight support diet can help the average kitty (with a body condition score between 4-6) lose a bit of weight or maintain a healthy weight.   

Pros

• Benefits cats that are either slightly overweight or standard-sized with a tendency to gain weight maintain a healthy size 
• High in protein and fiber to help cats feel full
• L-carnitine aids in fat metabolism
• More budget-friendly than prescription options

Cons

• May not be effective enough to facilitate weight loss in very overweight or obese cats
• No mention of added urinary tract support unlike the other Royal Canin feline weight-loss products

Hills Science Diet Perfect Weight Cat Food

Hill’s is another pet food company with boarded veterinary nutritionists on staff who formulate balanced and nutritious diets, perform feeding trials, and ensure quality control. This non-prescription option has added antioxidants and vitamins to support a cat’s immune system while simultaneously helping slightly heavier cats maintain a healthier weight.  

Pros

• Lower in calories to aid cats in gentle weight loss or to support a healthy weight in cats who tend to pack on pounds
• Antioxidants and vitamins help support immune system health
• Free of artificial flavors, colors, and preservatives
• More budget-friendly than prescription options

Cons

• May not be effective enough to facilitate weight loss in very overweight or obese cats
• No mention of added urinary tract support unlike some other Hills feline weight loss products

Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Cat Food

Designed for slightly overweight or less active cats, this Weight Management formula is a non-prescription option in Purina’s Pro Plan line of products designed to help cats achieve or maintain a healthy weight. It has 10 percent fewer calories than most other regular adult formulas, plus it’s 20 percent lower in fat. Best of all, it’s highly tasty to keep cats happy while assisting in mild weight loss and maintaining muscle mass. This product also contains live probiotics to optimize a happy gut.  

Pros

• Contains fewer calories and lower fat than regular adult cat food formulas
• High protein to help maintain muscle mass while promoting weight loss
• Highly palatable formula keeps your kitty’s taste buds happy
• Contains live probiotics to support gut health
• More affordable than a prescription weight loss diet

Cons

• May not be effective enough to facilitate weight loss in very overweight or obese cats
• No mention of added urinary tract support unlike some other Purina feline weight loss products

Switching to a Weight Management Food for Cats

Ready to make a switch to ensure your fluffy feline gets or stays fit? Here are some additional factors to consider when switching to a weight management diet for cats:

• Transition gradually. To help minimize GI upset, such as vomiting or diarrhea, don’t switch your cat’s diet abruptly. Allow their gut to get used to the new food by gradually mixing in increasing amounts of the new diet during a 7- to 10-day transition period.
• Speaking of GI changes, be prepared for increased flatulence (gas). Due to the high amounts of natural soluble and insoluble fiber in most weight management foods, your cat may be extra stinky for a while. Some cats may also have a change in their stool consistency. Fortunately, GI changes tend to stabilize after a few weeks on the new diet. If you have any concerns, discuss them with your vet. 
• Don’t cut calories too quickly. As discussed, nothing too fast or drastic! To ensure your cat’s weight loss is safe and healthy, don’t eyeball their portions. Be sure to use an accurate, consistent measuring device (either cup or scale) as instructed by your vet to dispense your cat’s food. 
• Limit treats. Calories from treats add up and can completely skew your cat’s weight loss results. Either cut out treats completely or reduce them significantly, and be sure to include their caloric content in your daily plan. If you do choose to treat your kitty now and then, look for low-cal options offered by many weight management cat food manufacturers.  
• Get physical! Pair food changes with exercise and playtime for the biggest positive impact.
• Explore the best feeding options for your feline. Some cats may fare better with free choice feeding or multiple mini meals (while maintaining the same daily caloric intake) versus one or two large meals per day.
• Pro Tip: The same psychological tricks that can help humans in their weight loss efforts may work for your cat. Many cats prefer their food in a smaller bowl instead of a large bowl because the smaller bowl looks fuller when filled with the same amount of food. This tactic can help improve your cat’s mental satisfaction at meal times.

Questions to Ask Your Vet About Weight Management Cat Foods

Structure, accuracy, consistency, and regular tracking are important for any weight loss plan. Before and during your cat’s weight loss journey, here are some question prompts that pet parents can ask their veterinarian. The answers may vary based on your cat’s specific weight loss needs, health status, and lifestyle.

• What is my cat’s current weight, and what does a healthy weight look like for him? The ideal cat should have a body condition score (BCS) of 5/9. This means a cat’s frame should be well-proportioned, a tucked waist can be observed behind the ribs, his ribs can be felt with only a slight fat covering, and he should have only a minimal abdominal fat pad.
• What diet plan is best for my cat? Every cat is different, so be sure to ask your vet for guidance on what brand of weight loss or weight management cat food would be best for your kitty. They can advise whether your cat needs a prescription or non-prescription diet and how much they should eat to lose weight. Remember, the number of cups or cans of food may vary, depending on the brand you choose and how many calories your cat needs per day. 
• What are the anticipated costs of my cat’s new diet?
• What if other cats in the house eat diet cat food? A few bites are unlikely to cause harm to other cats in the household, but avoid consistent or sole use in kittens, pregnant and nursing cats, as well as those with certain health issues (such as cancer, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, and liver disease).
• How quickly should my cat lose weight? Cats should lose 0.5-1.5% of his or her body weight weekly until the goal is met. Your vet may wish to weigh and reassess your pet every 2-4 weeks to ensure the current plan works as intended.
• Once my cat has met their goal weight, how can I help them maintain it?  through diet and activity? Is this a temporary or long-term consideration?

Best of luck on your cat’s weight loss journey. As a pet parent, you’re now empowered to speak with your vet about how to aid your kitty in safely achieving their weight loss goals. With some time and effort, you could help add life to her years and years to her life!

References

1. “2022 U.S. Pet Obesity Prevalence Survey.” Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, Retrieved from www.petobesityprevention.org
2. “2013  Summary of the Veterinary Clinic: Pet Obesity Prevalence Survey.” Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.petobesityprevention.org/2007-2013
3. Teng, Kendy T et al. “Strong associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan in cats.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 20,12 (2018): 1110-1118. doi:10.1177/1098612X17752198 

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Not only are healthy gums essential to your cat’s dental health, but their appearance can also provide some important clues (and warning signs) about your feline’s overall health.

So here’s a helpful guide that’s all about healthy cat gums, what they should look like, and how you can use what you see to help keep your cat in good health.

Healthy Gums in Cats: What to Look for

When your veterinarian takes a peek inside your cat’s mouth during an exam, they can collect health data about your pet simply by examining your cat’s gums. From hydration, oxygenation, and red blood cell function to potential diseases, the appearance of your cat’s gums can reveal a lot.

Learning how to interpret what your cat’s gum condition is telling you could help you recognize signs of oral or overall health issues, so you can alert your veterinarian before they become bigger issues. 

Monitoring Your Cat’s Gum Health

For an otherwise healthy cat, pet parents should ideally take a quick peek at their cats’ gums every week to monitor for emerging abnormalities. If your cat is unwell, you might want to increase that to daily gum checks to monitor for changes. 

So what should you be looking for, when examining your cat’s gums?

If you gently press your cat’s gums or the inside of their lip, the surface should temporarily blanch (or pale) in color until blood returns to the tissue. This is known as capillary refill time (CRT) and it can provide key information about your pet’s blood flow and cardiovascular system. Normally, your cat’s gum color should return in under two seconds when pressed.

It’s worth noting that some cats have small black spots or splotches on their gums and the inside of their mouths. This discoloration is due to lentigo simplex, a benign condition (similar to freckles or age spots in humans) that requires no treatment.

Warnings Signs to Watch Out for

You should notify your veterinarian if your cat’s normally pink, moist gums exhibit any of the following changes:

• Color change: Gum discoloration, as discussed in further detail below, can indicate signs of systemic disease.
• Dryness: Moist gums indicate that your cat is likely well-hydrated. Dry gums are abnormal and could signal possible dehydration, which is cause for concern.
• Inflammation: Gums that become swollen or red, especially where the gumline meets the teeth, indicate dental disease. Inflamed gum tissue may also bleed easily and is definitely something you should report to your veterinarian. 
• Lesions: Also alert your veterinarian if you notice raised tissue, gum injuries, or unusual masses on your cat’s gums, which require veterinary care. 
• Overgrowth: Gums that look like they’re growing over teeth may indicate gingival hyperplasia (proliferative gum tissue), which can stem from dental disease and bacteria in the mouth. 

Cat Gum Color Chart

Gum color can tell you a lot about your cat’s health. Color changes can indicate underlying health problems, many of which could be deadly without prompt veterinary attention and treatment. 

Here’s a quick reference guide to cat gum color:

What Causes Unhealthy Cat Gums?

Many things can contribute to dental disease in cats. Here, we’ve outlined the most common causes of unhealthy gums in cats.

Dental disease

Poor dental hygiene and dental disease are the leading causes of unhealthy gum tissue in cats. Without proper care and cleaning, your cat’s mouth becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, which often leads to dental disease. 

Changes in your cat’s gums may be the first indication of dental disease since the impact of bacteria on soft tissue is more visible than changes to hard tooth enamel or the roots below the surface. 

Warning signs include inflammation of the gum line, known as gingivitis, receding gums, and excessive gum tissue growth. 

Genes

Due to various genetic factors, certain cat breeds may face an increased risk of developing gingivitis and other dental disease that can affect the gums. At-risk breeds include:

• Siamese
• Maine Coon
• British shorthair
• Abyssinian
• Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, such as Persians

Underlying illness

Some underlying systemic illnesses can increase the risk of dental disease and poor gum health in cats. These include: 

• Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
• Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
• Bartonellosis (the culprit behind cat scratch fever)
• Calicivirus

Dental disease can also be exacerbated in cats with concurrent kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and disorders that attack the immune system.

Though rare, the presence of oral tumors in cats is typically not a good sign, as many are, unfortunately, malignant. If you notice any raised masses in your cat’s mouth, or if your cat is suddenly drooling, dropping food, reluctant to eat, or experiencing halitosis (bad breath), schedule your kitty for a vet examination as soon as possible.

Why Healthy Cat Gums Matter

Healthy gums are essential for your cat’s well-being. Gingivitis, the inflammation of the gum line, is painful. As it progresses, it can lead to gum recession, exposing tooth roots and intensifying mouth pain and sensitivity. 

Identifying and treating gingivitis early is crucial to prevent dental disease from progressing to periodontal disease, which can cause decay, bone loss, and infection, sometimes requiring extractions.

Severe dental disease allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream, affecting organs like the brain, heart, liver, and more. Dental issues have also been linked to cognitive dysfunction in older cats. Furthermore, dental problems can lead to poor nutrition and weight loss, due to pain while eating.

What to Do If Your Cat Has Unhealthy Gums

While an oral exam is part of your cat’s annual checkup, there’s no need to wait for your vet to tell you there’s a potential problem when it’s so easy to detect changes to your cat’s gum condition, color, or appearance at home.

If you suspect that your cat has unhealthy gums, it’s crucial to consult your veterinarian as soon as you notice worrisome signs or changes. Avoid home treatment, especially if your cat shows signs of illness like lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, or labored breathing. And remember: Very pale, bright red, yellow, or blue gums require immediate veterinary care.

How to Maintain Healthy Cat Gums

Preventative care is the key to maintaining healthy gums in your cat. This includes regular veterinary exams and professional dental cleaning when recommended by your vet.

Consistent at-home care and dental hygiene can also play a role in helping prevent dental disease and gum issues. Here are some effective preventive measures veterinarians recommend:

1. Daily teeth brushing with pet-safe enzymatic toothpaste

2. Water additives approved by the VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council)

3. Dental treats

4. Dental wipes

5. Breath fresheners that also promote dental health 

6. Dental diets for cats

7. Prescription dental diets

But remember that preventing other health conditions can also play a role in promoting gum health. Ask your vet about routine bloodwork and urinalysis to help detect early signs of health issues like kidney or liver disease, which can impact gum health.

Healthy cat gums are a vital part of your feline friend’s health. By understanding what to look for and how to maintain gum health, you can ensure that your cat enjoys a happy, pain-free life. Don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your cat’s gum health. Your cat’s comfort and well-being are worth it.

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Itchy skin in cats (also called pruritus) is not only uncomfortable, it can lead to worse complications—like severe hair loss, infections, and pain—if it becomes severe enough and is left untreated. 

There are numerous causes of itchy skin in cats, and the degree of severity also varies. With the help of your veterinarian, the cause of your cat’s itchiness can be identified and managed before the condition worsens. 

If you’re wondering, how can I soothe my cat’s itchy skin, you’ve come to the right place. From prescription solutions like Atopica to calming balms and supplements, here’s what you need to know to ease your cat’s itch.

What Causes Itchy Skin in Cats?

Pruritus in cats can be triggered by so many things. Pinpointing the cause of your cat’s itchy skin is helpful, as treatments can vary depending on the underlying diagnosis.

Causes of itchy skin in cats include:

• Ectoparasites (fleas, mites, lice)
• Other insect bites (mosquitoes, chiggers)
• Ringworm
• Environmental allergies
• Food allergies
• Contact dermatitis
• Skin infections

The most common signs that point to itchy skin in cats include biting and scratching the skin, overgrooming, hair loss (especially on the rump, base of the tail, and back of the thighs), as well as scabs, sores, and ulcerations.

Seeking proper veterinary care at the first sign your cat is experiencing consistent itching is the key to prompt management. Your regular veterinarian can assist you in determining the cause of your cat’s itchy skin via diagnostic tests. However, if your cat’s condition is more severe and not responding to initial treatment, your vet may refer you to a board-certified veterinary dermatologist for advanced testing and treatment.

How Can I Soothe My Cat’s Itchy Skin?

Once the cause of your cat’s itchy skin is identified, your vet will recommend various treatments, depending on the culprit of your cat’s pruritus. This treatment plan may involve a lot of trial and error. This can involve tweaking medication doses or adding in additional meds systematically until the correct “cocktail” of therapies resolves your cat’s symptoms while trying to avoid possible side effects. Some medications may only be needed on a short-term or seasonal basis while others may require long-term use.

Cat Medicine for Itchy Skin

Ointments, sprays, pills—so many medication options exist for the management of itchy skin in cats and its various causes. Your vet can help you navigate which medication is right for your cat. In the vast majority of cases, prescriptions will be more effective and often safer than non-prescription options, so heed your vet’s advice.

Cat medicine for itchy skin may include:

• Monthly flea control
• Immunosuppressive drugs
• Antibiotics or antifungals
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots)
• Fluoxetine 
• Non-prescription topicals

Monthly flea control: The importance of flea prevention for cats cannot be stressed enough. Preventing fleas is far better than treating them, particularly in cats with a flea allergy. Nip fleas in the bud before they ever have a chance at biting your cat. Avoid over-the-counter flea preventions, since most are either ineffective and some can be very harmful. And never use flea prevention on a cat that was intended for a dog. 

Home remedies for fleas are typically not advised either. The best solution is consistent monthly use of a prescription flea prevention year-round for your cat’s lifespan, including in the winter months. Even indoor-only cats (and other pets) need flea prevention. Your veterinarian can discuss the various oral and topical prescription options to decide which is best for your kitty.

Immunosuppressive drugs: Immunosuppressive drugs are the primary treatment vets recommend for itchy skin caused by allergies, particularly atopic dermatitis. There are several different types of medications that fall under this group, each with its unique pros and cons:

• Steroids (e.g., oral prednisolone, dexamethasone injections, or topical creams and sprays, such as hydrocortisone) are typically an effective and affordable treatment for allergic causes of feline pruritus. However, chronic use, especially at high doses, can cause unpleasant side effects, such as an increased risk for infections and diabetes mellitus. They should not be used in cats with certain pre-existing conditions, such as heart disease.
• Atopica (cyclosporine) is the first FDA-approved nonsteroid medication designed to treat allergic skin disease in cats. It offers all the benefits of steroids in terms of effective itch relief, but without the associated risk of dangerous side effects.

• Apoquel (oclacitinib) is FDA-approved for use in dogs, but not cats. Some veterinarians may prescribe it for off-label use in cats. However, its efficacy varies; some cats respond to the treatment while others do not.

Steroids are typically an effective and affordable option for allergic causes of feline pruritus, but chronic use, especially at high doses, can cause unpleasant side effects, such as an increased risk for infections and diabetes mellitus. They should not be used in cats with certain preexisting conditions, such as heart disease.

Antibiotics or antifungals: Your vet will also treat any secondary infection with appropriate oral and/or topical antibiotics or antifungals.

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, including “allergy shots,” may be recommended by your veterinary dermatologist. Pet parents should note that lokivetmab (Cytopoint) injections are formulated for dogs and do not work in cats.

Fluoxetine: If other options have been exhausted, your vet may recommend fluoxetine (“kitty Prozac”). While this medication is typically prescribed for behavioral issues, it also harbors anti-itch properties to assist with uncontrolled pruritus.

Non-prescription topicals: Your vet may also recommend several non-prescription topical products, such as Vetericyn spray, Duoxo S3 Calm, and MiconaHex + Triz. Chat with your vet to ask if any of these options might be right for your cat.

Home Remedies for Itchy Skin in Cats

Most home remedies for itchy skin are not recommended for use in cats, as many have not been fully evaluated in scientific studies. The majority are either ineffective, and some can be harmful. The most inquired-about home remedies for itchy skin in cats include coconut oil, apple cider vinegar, and essential oils.

Coconut oil: Coconut oil contains plenty of essential fatty acids, which are excellent building blocks for the skin. While small amounts of coconut oil applied directly to the skin are typically not harmful and can even be hydrating, avoid using too much since it can cause GI upset if your kitty licks it off. For similar reasons, it’s also best to avoid oral supplementation to prevent diarrhea and weight gain. Only proceed with dietary use if instructed by your vet, though your vet may recommend other alternatives instead (such as salmon oil). For topical use, more effective topical supplements that deliver fatty acids exist and are discussed later.

Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar is typically not very effective at alleviating skin itchiness (even for fleas) and infection. It should not be used orally as a water additive. If used topically, it must be diluted with an equal volume of water for a 50:50 solution to avoid the vinegar from stinging the skin.

Essential oils: Essential oils have not been proven to be effective at preventing fleas or otherwise treating itchy skin in cats, and since some can be very toxic to kitties, it’s best to avoid using them and discuss safer products with your vet instead.

Additionally, avoid over-the-counter (OTC) products and human products unless specifically advised by your vet for your cat’s particular situation. For instance, diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and other OTC antihistamines are not typically effective on their own, though they may be recommended by your vet as ancillary support for itchy skin when paired with prescription medications. 

Prescription antihistamine options, such as chlorpheniramine, may be more potent, so ask your vet. Also consult with your vet before using triple antibiotic ointments (such as Neosporin) or topical steroid creams. They may be okay in some scenarios, but may otherwise be unnecessary or even harmful in certain settings. (For instance, some cats can have a bad reaction to the polymyxin in triple antibiotics.)

Cat Shampoo for Itchy Skin

Most cats can be difficult to bathe, resulting in stress to the cat and scratches to the pet parent. However, if your cat doesn’t mind a nice warm bath, a gentle and hydrating shampoo (such as a natural oatmeal formula) can help alleviate some itchiness while removing topical allergens that could otherwise worsen a skin flare-up. 

Flea shampoos for cats (such as Adams brand) are not typically recommended, as they can overly dry the skin and contain harmful chemicals such as pyrethrins. Avoid using flea shampoos and opt for a regular prescription flea prevention instead. 

If your cat has a skin infection or greasy skin (seborrhea), your vet may recommend a prescription shampoo with antimicrobial and antiseborrheic properties. Remember to never use a shampoo that contains tar (such as those formulated for human psoriasis), as these can be very toxic to cats.

Cat Food for Itchy Skin

A change in diet can help some pruritic cats, particularly those with an identified food allergy.

Formulas for food allergies tend to be prescription-only diets. They either contain a novel protein that your cat has never ingested (and thus has not yet had an opportunity to develop a food allergy to) or a hydrolyzed protein that is formulated so that your cat’s immune system does not recognize it as an allergen.

When trying to diagnose a food allergy, your cat should strictly eat the hypoallergenic diet for approximately 8 weeks without ingesting any additional foods, treats, or flavored medications or supplements. If your cat’s skin issues have resolved, your vet will re-introduce the old diet to see if your cat’s skin flares up. If so, a food allergy is diagnosed. Your kitty is then kept on the special diet long-term to prevent symptoms.

Always work closely with your veterinarian to select the best food to fit your cat’s needs and preferences. This may take some time, patience, and trial and error. Avoid raw food diets unless otherwise directed by your vet. Additionally, keep in mind that grains are not a common cause of food allergies in our pets, particularly not in cats, so there is typically no need to choose a grain-free cat food for the basis of managing itchy skin.

Even if your cat is not suspected to have a food allergy and does not require a prescription hypoallergenic diet, your vet may still recommend swapping your kitty’s food for a formula designed for sensitive skin. Though these commercial diets typically do not require a prescription, you still may be able to order them directly through your veterinarian. You can even set up convenient autoshipments, so you never run out of food that helps support the dermatologic health of cats who suffer from itchy skin.

Cat Supplements for Itchy Skin

To help itchiness further and support the overall health of your cat’s skin and coat, your vet may recommend additional supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s, found in high amounts in fish oils, help maintain the integrity of a healthy skin barrier. 

A good quality commercial cat food should contain proper amounts of fatty acids in the diet. While some vets may recommend an additional oral supplement (such as Free Form by Elanco or salmon oil), too much can cause GI upset. 

Topical supplements, such as Dermoscent Essential 6 Spot-On or the Douxo Calming line of topical products, can also help your cat’s skin by delivering hydrating essential fatty acids directly to the skin. These tend to work more potently than topical coconut oil. 

Cat Itchy Skin Treatment: Other Tips and Advice

Pet parents can be proactive in helping prevent their cat’s itchy skin flare-ups from worsening. This can be accomplished by identifying their cat’s early itchy skin warning signs and by taking preventive measures to promote overall healthy skin for their kitty. Monthly prescription flea prevention is the backbone of good skin health for any cat, particularly any itchy one. 

Recognizing that your cat is gradually becoming consistently itchier will enable you to seek vet care. That way, your cat’s skin issues can be addressed promptly with an appropriate veterinary-guided treatment. 

If you have a bit of a wait until you can get your cat seen by your vet, consider an E-collar (cone), cat-sized T-shirt, or Soft Paws nail guards to prevent self-trauma to the skin caused by your cat’s excessive scratching, biting, or grooming. 

You and your vet will work as a team to determine what treatments work best to prevent worsening skin damage and offer your cat much-needed relief from their itchy skin.

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Although kidney infection in cats is overall rare, it can quickly become critical to a cat’s health if left untreated. Therefore, proper detection and prompt treatment are imperative at preventing severe complications, such as kidney failure. 

Pet parents should monitor their cats for the signs of a kidney infection, which can sometimes be subtle, and seek veterinary care if ever in doubt. Here is what you need to know about kidney infection in cats.

What Is a Kidney Infection?

The cat urinary tract is comprised of the lower urinary tract and upper urinary tract. The urethra (the tube connecting the bladder to outside the body to facilitate urination) and the urinary bladder make up the lower tract. The upper tract includes the ureters (the thin tubes connecting the bladder to each kidney) and two kidneys. The primary function of the kidneys, located on each side of the lower back, is to control fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, as well as to filter out blood toxins and other waste to produce urine. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder and then is excreted through the urethra.

Kidney infections—termed pyelitis or, more commonly, pyelonephritis, depending on the area of the kidney affected—are a type of upper urinary tract infection, also termed a deep infection of the urinary tract. The causes and symptoms of kidney infection in cats and dogs are quite similar to the same condition in humans. Only one or both kidneys may be affected. 

When infection of the kidneys occurs, kidney (aka renal) function becomes impaired. Therefore, hasty diagnosis and therapy is essential to preserve your cat’s renal health.

What Causes Kidney Infections in Cats?

Like bladder infections, nearly all kidney infections in cats and dogs are caused by bacteria from the perineal region, mainly from fecal material from the gastrointestinal tract or else bacteria on the skin that enter the urinary tract through the urethral opening. The most common bacterial strains include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, as well as various species of Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas. Urinary tract infections by anaerobic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or algae are extremely rare.

When kidney infections do arise in dogs, older canines are affected more frequently. However, no age predisposition regarding kidney infections has been established in cats. As in dogs, female cats may be at increased risk of UTIs due to the closer proximity of the female urethra to the anus, which allows for increased contact with bacteria that can enter the bladder and then spread to the kidneys.

While one-off (i.e. uncomplicated) bladder infections can occur relatively commonly in otherwise healthy female dogs, urinary tract infections in cats of both sexes and male dogs tend to only arise due to an underlying complication that impairs the animal’s normal host defenses against such infection. Acute (or sudden) causes of kidney infections in cats are rare. Typically, feline kidney infections stem from an underlying chronic condition.

Risk factors for kidney infection in cats include:

Abnormal anatomy of the urinary tract, such as:

• Stones of the urinary tract (uroliths) or mucus plugs, which may cause urinary obstruction
• Cancer of the urinary tract (neoplasia)
• Abnormal positioning of the ureter and the bladder (ectopic ureters), causing abnormal draining of urine
• Abnormal development of the kidneys (renal dysplasia)

Damage to the urethral sphincter, which increases the likelihood of bacteria entering the urethra

Inability of the bladder to empty fully (for example, neurologic impairment secondary to intervertebral disc disease, or IVDD)

Immunodeficiency (decreased immune system function): can be caused by diseases such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV); may also be secondary to the use of chemotherapeutic drugs or chronic glucocorticoid steroid use

Urine flow problems: for example, disorders that cause a slowing or stoppage of urinary flow (urine stasis) or a stream of urine to abnormally backflow up into the ureters from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux)

Impaired renal blood flow

Concurrent systemic disease, such as:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF): Pyelonephritis
• Diabetes mellitus: Diabetics may have excessive glucose (sugar) in urine, which can promote excessive growth of bacteria. 
• Hyperthyroidism
• Feline lower urinary tract infection (FLUTD), which can be complicated by multiple conditions, including obesity

Post-operative complications, such as suture material left in the bladder following bladder surgery (cystotomy) or due to previous urinary catheterization

While the majority of kidney infections in cats arise from ascending bacteria from a bladder infection, infection elsewhere in the body can spread through the bloodstream to travel to the kidneys. Such infections may be secondary to infection of the lining of the heart (endocarditis), infection of the spinal discs (discospondylitis), abscesses, or severe dental disease.

Cat Kidney Infection Symptoms

While lower urinary tract infections, or bladder infections (also termed cystitis), present as localized signs to the lower abdomen and bladder, kidney infections can present as systemic signs, meaning the whole body can appear ill.

Acute renal infection is very uncommon in cats but may present as the following clinical signs:

• Lethargy
• Depression
• Dehydration
• Fever
• Abdominal and renal pain

Chronic kidney infection is more common, but its symptoms are often subclinical in cats, meaning signs may be vague or confined only to recurrent lower urinary tract infection signs. Signs include:

• Weight loss
• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Increased urination and water consumption (termed polyuria and polydipsia, respectively, or PU/PD)
• Recurrent lower urinary tract infection signs, such as inappropriate litter box use (i.e. urinating outside the litter box, or periuria); urinating small amounts frequently (pollakiuria) or slow urination; pain upon urinating (stranguria), which may manifest as straining or vocalizing while urinating; blood in urine (hematuria) or urine discoloration; foul-smelling urine; and urethral discharge

Without speedy diagnosis and treatment of kidney infection in cats, acute kidney injuries can lead to chronic injuries. In turn, this can lead to chronic kidney disease, in which the kidneys inevitably shut down. If detected acutely, kidney injury can be healed. However, chronic disease can only be managed and its progression slowed, yet the damage already incurred cannot be reversed. Therefore, chronic kidney disease must be properly managed for the rest of the affected cat’s life.

Additional potential consequences of kidney infection are septicemia and sepsis, in which bacteria from the kidneys or their toxins enter the bloodstream, respectively, leading to severe systemic illness. Organs such as the heart, liver, and joints may be affected. Abscessation of the kidney can also occur. Furthermore, urosepsis can arise secondary to an obstruction blocking the outflow of urine from the kidneys, thus allowing decomposed urine to enter the bloodstream, also leading to further sickness.

As eventual death is a potential consequence of unmanaged kidney infections, swift diagnosis and treatment by your veterinarian are necessary.

Diagnosing Kidney Infection in Cats

Because a cat’s symptoms of kidney infection can be so vague, diagnosis can sometimes be difficult, especially when differentiating a kidney infection from a bladder infection. Therefore, your veterinarian will implement a combination of the following to fully diagnose a kidney infection. Like puzzle pieces, the findings of these tests each reveal a bit of the picture to assist your veterinarian in diagnosing a kidney infection.

Physical examination: A thorough physical exam with a good history of your cat’s recent behavior is the best initial tool to aid your vet in reaching a diagnosis. In the face of a kidney infection, your vet will detect pain upon kidney and bladder palpation, a thickened bladder, and possible enlarged kidneys (renomegaly). A fever and dehydration may also be observed.

Urinalysis: A urine sample, ideally obtained via direct sampling from the bladder with a sterile needle passed through the skin of the lower abdomen into the bladder (cystocentesis), is imperative to diagnose any urinary tract infection. With a UTI, the following are typically encountered: blood (hematuria), bacteria (bacteriuria), white blood cells (pyuria), and possibly cells from damaged kidneys (renal casts) in the urine. Following treatment, a urinalysis should be repeated regularly to monitor urine specific gravity (USG), an indication of kidney function, to ensure long-lasting kidney damage has not occurred.

Urine culture and sensitivity: To properly diagnose a kidney infection, urine should be cultured to determine what type of bacterial species are growing and to what antibiotics they are susceptible. A urine culture should be performed ideally at the time of initial testing, 5-7 days after antibiotics are started, 7-10 days after antibiotics are finished, and then possibly 1, 3, and 6 months later.

Blood work: Depending on the severity of your cat’s clinical signs, your vet may recommend blood work, especially if kidney damage is suspected. Blood work may reveal elevation of nitrogen waste products in the blood (azotemia) due to dehydration or kidney impairment, increased potassium and phosphorus, and elevated white blood cell count secondary to infection (neutrophilia).

Infectious disease testing: Your vet may suggest testing your cat’s blood for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to rule out these viruses, which can cause immunodeficiency and predispose a cat to other infections, such as pyelonephritis.

Abdominal radiographs: X-rays of the urinary system may be performed to observe the size and shape of the kidneys as well as check for the presence of any masses or stones. Your vet may take special X-rays via an excretory urography study, in which contrast is used to help highlight features of the renal system.

Abdominal ultrasound: Abdominal ultrasound scans the urinary tract for not only stones, signs of obstruction, and cancer, but also analyzes the structures within the kidneys. Dilation of the renal pelvis, the area of the kidney that funnels waste contents into the ureters, is a strong indication of a kidney infection.

Blood pressure measurement: If your cat has sustained chronic kidney damage, a blood pressure reading may be performed to rule out high blood pressure (hypertension). If your cat is severely ill and in shock, low blood pressure (hypotension) may occur.

The only definitive means of diagnosing kidney infection in cats is to perform invasive kidney testing—such as direct sampling of urine from the renal pelvis (pyelocentesis) or renal biopsy—which differentiate an upper urinary tract infection from one of the lower urinary tract. However, due to the high risk of potential severe complications caused by such tests, they are not recommended. Thus, diagnosis is typically made based on supportive findings of the tests discussed above.

Cat Kidney Infection Treatment

Regardless of severity, all kidney infections in cats, dogs, and humans require treatment. 

Proper treatment includes appropriate antibiotic use as determined by your veterinarian. Fortunately, the majority of cats are able to receive antibiotics as outpatient therapy. However, severe cases, such as those with septicemia, may require hospitalization with intravenous (IV) fluids and IV antibiotics (such as ampicillin).

Outpatient care includes proper compliance to your veterinarian’s instructions for antibiotic therapy in order to prevent persistent or recurrent infection and to help prevent antibiotic resistance. The most common antibiotics used in cats include oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (such as Clavamox) or injectable cefovecin (Convenia). Oral antibiotics such as marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) or pradofloxacin (Veraflox) are reserved for more severe infections. 

Oral antibiotics are typically prescribed to be used 2 to 3 times daily (every 8 to 12 hours) for 4 to 6 weeks. If urinary stones are present, antibiotics will be prescribed to be used until 2 weeks following the resolution of the stone. Once your veterinarian receives your cat’s urine culture and sensitivity results, initial antibiotic choice is subject to change. An appetite stimulant may also be prescribed on a short-term basis if your cat has not been eating well.

In addition to treating the kidney infection, your cat’s underlying concurrent disease predisposing him or her to such infection should be treated or else the kidney infection will not clear or will return. For instance, surgery, shock wave therapy (lithotripsy), or a prescription dissolution diet may be required for urinary stones. Surgery may also be required if your kitten has ectopic ureters. Additionally, systemic diseases such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and feline lower urinary tract disease must all be appropriately managed to prevent recurrence.

For very severe cases in which kidney necrosis or abscessation has developed, surgical removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy) may be required.

After-care for any sustained kidney damage is also required, such as a special prescription renal diet (low in phosphorus, reduced in protein quantity but of increased quality, and higher in omega-3 fatty acids). Maintaining proper hydration will also be important.

Home remedies for kidney infections in cats are not recommended, as none have been proven to be fully effective. Additionally, some can be dangerous, and delaying prescription treatment can lead to worsening disease that can progress to kidney failure and death.

The cost of diagnostics and therapy can run from several hundred dollars to over $1,000. Therefore, a pet emergency savings account and pet insurance are important to have in advance to help offset costs.

The prognosis of feline kidney infection is usually good if caught and managed early. Recurrent kidney infections in cats can be much more difficult to manage and, thus, carry a more guarded prognostic outlook. If chronic kidney damage has already occurred, the prognosis is much worse. Therefore, prompt care by your local veterinarian is vital for your cat’s outcome.

How to Prevent Cat Kidney Infections

Pet parents can help prevent kidney infections from arising in their cats by keeping in tune with their cat’s health and tracking any behavior changes that may be a harbinger of illness. Since kidney infections in cats stem from another underlying disease, treating the predisposing disorder is key to helping reduce the likelihood of kidney infection. Therefore, adhering to your vet’s advice regarding chronic disease management is key.

Additionally, aiding your cat in maintaining a healthy weight is important, as obesity has been linked to a variety of health conditions, including diabetes mellitus and feline lower urinary tract disease, which, in turn, can increase the risk of pyelonephritis upstream. 

Moreover, proper dental hygiene is also important to prevent the showering of the bloodstream with bacteria, which can migrate to the kidneys.

Safeguarding urinary health is also important for cats. This includes proper litter box maintenance, including good hygiene as well as having a sufficient number of litter boxes for the cats in your household (the 1+1 rule is recommended, in which each cat has his or her own litter box plus one extra for the group). 

Hydration is also important, so encouraging your cat to drink more with a water fountain or increasing water intake with canned wet food is recommended. Water helps keep the urinary tract happy and increases urinary voiding, which helps rid the urinary tract of bacteria and helps prevent them from colonizing the lining of the urinary tract. 

Your vet may also suggest a prescription urinary diet and can guide you on tips to keep your cat at a healthy weight. 

Finally, environmental enrichment is important by reducing stress and the risk of cystitis in your cat; such tips include play time and mental stimulation. Cranberry extract supplements may help in theory, but their efficacy has not been fully evaluated in cats.

Fortunately, kidney infections in cats are very uncommon, and hopefully, your cat will never develop one. But if it does occur, you will be well equipped to assist your vet in quickly diagnosing and treating your cat.

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Ideally, pet parents should brush their cat’s teeth daily using a pet-safe enzymatic toothpaste, with a focus on cleaning each tooth and the gumline with a soft toothbrush or finger toothbrush for cats. Cats should also have annual professional dental cleanings.

In this article, we’ll cover many common cat dental problems, plus share helpful tips on how to avoid cat dental disease.

10 Common Cat Dental Problems

Let’s go over some of the most typical feline dental problems that could impact your cat.

Plaque

Plaque is an accumulation of bacteria across the surface of the tooth. It can harden over time to create tartar and cause bad breath (halitosis), as well as tooth decay. Oral bacteria and the toxins they release can cause inflammation in the whole body and potentially impair organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain.

Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is disease of the gums and structures around the teeth. Its milder form, gingivitis (gum disease), is inflammation of the gums that causes redness, swelling, bleeding, and pain. Gum recession (or wearing away of the gum line) can also occur. Gingivitis may progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease that affects the ligaments that attach teeth to underlying bone, causing loose teeth. 

As periodontitis progresses, it can lead to endodontic disease, which impacts the inside of the tooth itself. Tooth decay, tooth root abscesses, facial swelling, draining tracts, and fistulas that form between the roof of the mouth and nasal passage can occur in both periodontitis and endodontic disease. 

When bacteria destroy underlying bone, your cat may experience bone loss (osteomyelitis) and jaw fractures.

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions 

As a cat’s tooth becomes infected or inflamed, their body can start to destroy and resorb (or “dissolve”) it, leading to intense discomfort. This is called a feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL). 

Though they can impact any cat, at least one FORL can be found in up to 60 percent of cats over 6 years of age. The canine teeth are most commonly affected, but any affected teeth should be extracted by your veterinarian to prevent progressive pain.

Broken (or Fractured) Teeth

Fractured teeth in cats should never be ignored. The pulp cavity, which leads to the root canal, extends far to the edge of a cat’s tooth, particularly the canine teeth. Therefore, a fracture (even at just the tip of a tooth) can expose the pulp cavity to food, other debris, and bacteria in the mouth that can lead to painful tooth root abscesses. 

Thus, your vet will need to investigate your cat’s tooth fracture more closely via dental radiographs to evaluate whether or not an extraction of the broken tooth is necessary to prevent further problems.

Feline Stomatitis Syndrome 

Approximately 0.7-4 percent of cats are affected with feline stomatitis syndrome, also known as feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).

Due to an exaggerated immune response, the gums, teeth (especially a cat’s back premolars and molars, or cheek teeth), and tissue at the back of the throat can become intensely inflamed, causing swelling, bleeding, and painful ulceration of the mouth. 

Cats with FCGS will often drool and stop eating. This disease can be difficult to manage and may require extraction of all teeth, which seems drastic but actually alleviates unmanageable pain.

Persistent Deciduous Teeth or Retained Teeth

When deciduous teeth (AKA baby teeth) do not erupt or fall out normally, cats may develop dental issues later on. If a persistent baby tooth doesn’t fall out during kittenhood, it causes overcrowding of the mouth as the corresponding permanent tooth tries to grow in. 

Plaque accumulation is more likely to occur due to the narrower space between teeth, leading to a worse chance of periodontal disease. Additionally, because it’s fighting for space to accommodate the roots of both the persistent and permanent teeth, the tooth socket may fail to support the adult tooth.

Persistent baby teeth should be extracted by your veterinarian if they haven’t fallen out at 6-7 months of age at the latest. Earlier intervention is preferred so the emerging permanent tooth can assume its normal position without competition.

Retained teeth are those that fail to develop and erupt altogether. A dentigerous cyst can occur under the gumline, leading to pain and impaction that may affect surrounding teeth. Your vet may detect the absence of a tooth upon physical exam and proceed with dental radiographs and surgical extraction of unerupted teeth as needed.

Enamel Defects

Problems with a cat’s enamel can lead to soft spots and decay. As a kitten is developing, enamel defects may arise because of trauma to an emerging tooth, malnutrition, or an illness that causes high fevers. 

Certain medications, such as tetracyclines, can sometimes result in enamel hypoplasia (weakened enamel) in young kittens. Teeth will be weakened and prone to more decay if the enamel is damaged. 

Preventative dental care, as well as fluoride therapy and bonding agents, can help limit further enamel damage.

Tooth Malalignment (Malocclusion)

Malocclusion is abnormal positioning of the teeth that can cause improper wearing over time, as well as worsened plaque and tartar accumulation. Pain in the mouth can also arise if an offset bite causes teeth to rub on the upper palate or gums. 

Persistent deciduous teeth can also lead to malocclusion or malalignment as your kitten develops. Depending on the severity of your cat’s malocclusion, your vet may either recommend extracting the most concerning teeth or refer you to a veterinary dental specialist who may be able to perform realignment via “kitty braces.” 

Oral Tumors

Tumors of the oral cavity may be either benign or malignant. Malignant oral tumors make up 3 percent of all cancers in cats. Even if an oral tumor is benign, it can cause oral pain and lead to worsening dental disease or infection. 

Trauma or Fractures to the Mouth and Jaw

Trauma caused by blunt force or other injury can lead to jaw dislocation or fractures of the mouth, including the upper or lower jaw or teeth. Your veterinarian will often recommend stabilizing your cat’s facial fracture with surgical wire, pins, or metal plates until it heals. 

As previously mentioned, fractures to the lower jaw can also arise from deep infection and bone loss as a result of severe periodontal disease.

Risk Factors for Cat Dental Problems

While many cat dental problems can be prevented, or at least managed, some cats are genetically predisposed to more severe dental disease than others. For instance, purebred cat breeds, such as the Abyssinian, are more often plagued by periodontal disease. Purebred cats are also at increased risk for stomatitis syndrome. Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, such as Persians, often have abnormal teeth positioning. 

Cats with certain diseases are also at a heightened risk for dental disease, such as those with feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Bartonellosis (which causes cat scratch fever), and calicivirus. Cats with kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and various autoimmune disorders may also be at increased risk of gingivitis, stomatitis, and other oral diseases. 

Starting when your cat is a kitten, annual checkups with your veterinarian are important to help detect these issues and abnormalities early on and monitor for dental and other health effects.

Cat Dental Care Tips

Brush Regularly

When brushing your cat’s teeth, brush for approximately 30 seconds per side, and wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Some toothpaste intended for humans can be toxic to cats, so be sure to only use a pet-approved product. Baking soda is also dangerous to cats and should be avoided.

Pet parents should be patient and take their time when first introducing their cats to teeth brushing:

1. Start in a calm setting and just give your cat a taste of toothpaste. 
2. Gently lift the lip and touch the gum, and offer a treat to get your cat to associate the act with something positive. (You may also dip a cotton swab in tuna juice and rub it on your cat’s gum line.) 
3. Gradually work your way up to placing the toothbrush to the tooth, first without toothpaste, then with toothpaste. 

Remember, any brushing (even if it’s not daily) is better than none; if daily brushing is too difficult, aim for at least three times weekly.

Schedule Professional Teeth-Cleaning Appointments

Cat oral care does not stop at home. Just like humans, cats should have regular professional dental cleanings to scale for tartar under the gum line and between teeth, as well as detect other oral problems. 

Most cats should start an annual prophylactic dental cleaning before 3 years of age. Thereafter, most cats require an annual cleaning, while others with worse disease may need biannual cleanings. Ideally, no more than two years should pass between cat dental cleanings after age 3.

How to Help Prevent Cat Dental Disease

While daily cat tooth brushing is the most important step pet parents can take to help offset dental disease, additional preventative measures may also assist.

Diet

Feeding dry cat food can partially help crack off some tartar accumulation. Starting early with dry cat food that targets dental health can help to keep your cat’s teeth cleaner and stronger. A variety of specially designed dry foods are available, both with and without a prescription,  to help you stay on top of your cat’s oral health. 

The good news is that you can shop for prescription and non-prescription options directly from your vet! If you don’t have a prescription yet, don’t worry. Your vet will review your prescription purchase when you order to ensure it’s safe for your cat.

Here are some highly recommended prescription options:

Here are our top picks for non-prescription options:

If your cat is already experiencing dental disease, specialty dry food may not be the answer. Cats with severe pre-existing dental disease may have a difficult time eating dry food due to pain. Furthermore, cats with bladder or kidney issues may be better off eating canned wet diets. Please note that raw diets, which carry significant health risks, have not been scientifically proven to help prevent dental disease in pets.

Dental Treats and Water Additives

Cat dental treats can also help remove some daily plaque accumulation but are no substitute for daily brushing. These treats should be used in moderation to help maintain a healthy weight. Greenies Dental Treats and Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Crunchy Bites are both shown to help clean teeth and freshen breath. To make them even more appealing, they feature flavors cats can’t resist! 

When shopping for dental treats for your cats, be sure to look for products bearing the seal of approval from the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC).

VOHC-approved water additives for cats can also help reduce oral bacteria that would otherwise cause plaque development.

Chew toys

Certain cat chew toys can help rub off daily plaque. As with dogs, avoid hard chew toys such as deer antlers, which can cause broken teeth and other cat dental problems. Steer clear of anything with threads or string, as these can pose a linear gastrointestinal foreign body risk to cats.

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But why do cats bring you dead animals? Why not consume it or leave it elsewhere out of our sight? 

To understand what goes on between our kitty’s pert little ears, we have to start to think like a cat.

Understanding a Cat’s Prey Drive

In the wild, cats hunt between 10-20 times daily, accounting for up to 80 percent of their awake time. Dopamine, a feel-good neurotransmitter released upon anticipation of a reward, is released while a cat hunts, even more so when a cat catches its prey. 

Each attempt at hunting is only successful less than half of the time. Therefore, cats also use hunting experiences as a means of practicing to be an even better predator, and playing with their prey helps felines sharpen their skills. Cats may also play with their prey to disorient or tire out these wild animals to make killing them easier, conserving energy for the cat. 

Although our cats don’t need to worry about where their next meal is coming from, our pets still harbor a well-ingrained hunting instinct that has been passed down evolutionarily from their big cat relatives.

Small prey items that a domestic cat can safely conquer primarily include rodents (mice, rats, moles, shrews, chipmunks, squirrels), birds (especially songbirds), small reptiles and amphibians (snakes, lizards, frogs), and the occasional rabbit or insect. Hunting also encourages a cat to naturally exercise, and the way in which a cat catches small prey items lends itself to the natural eating preference for our domestic cats: multiple mini meals (or grazing) throughout the day.

When domestic cats are not allowed to hunt or if they lack simulated hunting such as through playing and other environmental enrichment exercises, behavioral and health problems can occur. Cats can become bored, frustrated, and stressed. Obesity, urinary disorders, as well as behavioral issues such as aggression and household destruction have been linked to cats that lack mental and physical stimulation.

While all domestic cat breeds may engage in hunting activity, some kitties have a higher prey drive than others. More active hunters include the Siamese, Maine Coon, Bengal, Abyssinian, and Burmese. Breeds that are more relaxed and tend to be less interested in hunting include Himalayans and Ragdolls.

Why Do Cats Bring You Dead Animals?

Although cats are sometimes solitary animals, big cats often hunt in groups, and stray domestic cats live in colonies. Therefore, sharing prey with their pack is a typical behavior. 

Since our house cats regard us as part of their posse, many cats will bring us dead animals (often intact) as a sign of affection. Cats may also do this as a method of storing their prey for later consumption, to try to share their knowledge with us on how to hunt (much like a mother cat teaches her kittens), or to pass on a gift to us as a recognized member of their group.

Our cats view us as family, and they wish to provide for our survival – mistakenly yet kindly thinking a dead mouse offering is to our palate’s liking. 

Mother cats often resist fully killing their prey to bring home injured animals to their young to help them practice killing so they can hunt later on when they’re older. Morbid, yes, but it’s an evolutionary means of survival wired in our cats’ brains from their ancestors. They may amusingly think we humans need to brush up on our hunting skills. 

Though this instinct does not mean that our kitties are evil, cold-blooded killers, their hunting behavior should be controlled.

What Should You Do If Your Cat Brings You a Dead Animal?

If your cat presents you with a prey animal that is still alive but injured, safely transporting the animal to a local veterinarian (ideally, a wildlife vet) or certified wildlife rehabilitator is recommended. 

Wear thick gloves when picking up the animal to prevent any bites, place the animal in a box with air holes for ventilation, and keep it warm. Avoid trying to feed or nurse the wild animal yourself as more harm than good may inadvertently result, despite one’s best intentions.

If the prey animal is dead, wear disposable gloves to place it in a plastic bag that you can tie and place in your outdoor garbage bin for disposal. Use a soapy solution to clean any blood or entrails left behind, and follow up with a disinfectant to kill any germs.

If you observe your kitty consuming a prey item, a checkup with your veterinarian may be warranted. Firstly, wildlife can transmit fleas, ticks, and other parasites and infections to your cat, such as roundworms, toxoplasmosis, hantavirus, leptospirosis, and plague. Some of these diseases can be zoonotic, meaning they can be spread to humans, so having your cat examined by your vet and trying to prevent your cat from acquiring these diseases in the first place are important. 

Secondly, allowing your cat to hunt outdoors may result in other injuries, such as small mammal or snake bites. Additionally, if rat bait (or a rodenticide) is used near your property, the rodent that consumed the poison can make your cat very sick if your cat eats the rodent. Therefore, have your cat examined by your veterinarian if you notice your cat has been hunting.

How to Stop Your Cat from Bringing You Gifts

Not only is the sight of dead animals unsightly for a squeamish cat parent, but the impact on local wildlife populations and biodiversity is even more reason to keep our cats from hunting outdoors.

Songbirds are especially at risk from cats. The American Bird Conservancy reports that outdoor cats are responsible for killing approximately 2.4 billion birds in the United States each year and have contributed to the extinction of 63 various species of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles around the world.

So what can pet parents do if cats bring them dead animals?

Keeping your cats strictly indoors or with only supervised access to the outdoors in a secured area or by using a harness and leash are the best ways to prevent unwanted hunting activity and subsequent “gift giving.” Training cats not to hunt is not very effective, and punishment can lead to negative behavioral consequences (including stress, distrust, and displaced aggression).

If you are going to let your cat outdoors, fitting their collar with a bell will help reduce their ability to sneak up on potential prey. An alternative suggestion, which has shown a potential for greater success, is to use a colorful BirdBeSafe collar that is designed to be highly visible to birds. Keep bird feeders up high (or avoid installing them at all) to prevent cats from climbing them. Additionally, avoid letting your kitty outside at night and in the early mornings when most wild animals, such as small mammals and birds, are most active. Having your cat spayed or neutered is also strongly encouraged, in part to reduce their likelihood of straying and expanding their kill zone radius.

Environmental enrichment is key to keeping indoor cats healthy and happy. Cat trees placed by windows for outdoor viewing, games that mimic a cat’s prey drive, or interactive toys can keep cats fulfilled. 

Doc & Phoebe’s Indoor Hunting Cat Feeder, created by veterinarian Dr. Liz Bales, is one of the best tools out there to engage your kitty’s hunting instinct. This indoor feeding system also boasts health benefits, such as reducing obesity, regurgitation after eating (i.e. “scarf and barf”), and urinary issues, and is the next best thing to hunting for helping your cat feel rewarded.

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A healthy mouth is just as important for pets as it is for humans. Believe it or not, an estimated 50-90% of cats older than 4 have some degree of dental disease (1). Periodontal disease is not only painful but also leads to bacteria from the mouth entering the bloodstream. This can cause systemic chronic inflammation and flood the body’s organs with bacteria. 

Dental disease worsens with time and is more prevalent in older cats. It’s important to establish a home dental care routine for your cat from an early age and take them to the vet for regular dental cleanings. 

Let’s take a closer look at signs you should schedule a cat dental cleaning. Plus, learn what to expect before, during, and after this procedure.

Signs You Should Schedule a Cat Dental Cleaning

Preventing dental disease in cats is important. You can do this by regularly brushing your cat’s teeth and scheduling veterinary cleanings. An annual check-up with your vet is also essential for catching dental issues as early as possible.

If you notice any of these signs, your cat may have dental disease that may warrant professional attention:

• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Visible tartar buildup or red gums
• Drooling
• Bleeding from the mouth
• Pawing at the face, shaking the head, or teeth chattering
• Facial swelling or nasal discharge
• Dropping food or changes in appetite
• Difficulty swallowing
• Weight loss
• Behavior changes (lethargy, hiding, irritability, or aggression)

It’s important to note that even cats with severe dental disease may not necessarily stop eating. The drive to eat and survive is a strong instinct in cats, and cats often hide signs of pain. Dental disease occurs in the wild, too. But wild animals hide their pain and eat to survive, struggling through their discomfort. Our domestic cats are much the same. So even if your cat is eating well, regular oral checkups are still necessary. If your cat isn’t eating as much, is avoiding dry food, or dropping more food than normal, these signs of oral pain need to be addressed by your vet.

If you have a senior cat, old age is not a reason to avoid dental cleanings. Dental pain is a welfare issue that affects your cat’s quality of life. Speak with your vet about the benefits versus risks of anesthesia and dental care around your senior kitty.

Cat Dental Cleaning Procedure: Step by Step

Your veterinarian will let you know if your cat requires a professional dental cleaning or further treatments. Here are some of the steps you can expect as part of your cat’s dental cleaning procedure.

Physical Exam

The first step is a physical exam, during which your vet will examine your cat’s mouth. If your vet finds severe infections, they may prescribe an oral antibiotic to be taken before your cat’s dental procedure. They might also perform blood work to check your pet’s health and confirm they’re fit for anesthesia.

General Anesthesia

Cat dental cleanings are similar to those for humans, but your cat will be under general anesthesia. This is necessary because cats won’t hold their mouths open willingly and could bite. The anesthesia also allows for safe placement of a tube in the windpipe, protecting the airway from water used during the cleaning. Since dental disease can be painful, working on your cat’s mouth while they’re awake would cause unnecessary discomfort. When your cat is asleep, they won’t feel any pain. This makes anesthesia essential for the safety of both your cat and the veterinary staff during the procedure.

While anesthesia carries some risks, the benefits of a thorough dental cleaning usually outweigh them, especially in cases of dental disease. A thorough pre-anesthetic exam and blood work can identify any health issues that might make anesthesia unsafe for your cat. Pet owners should be aware that anesthesia-free cleanings, often advertised at grooming facilities, are only cosmetic. They don’t address problems below the gum line, so veterinarians don’t recommend them.

IV Catheter 

While your cat is under general anesthesia, the vet will place an IV catheter to deliver fluids and sometimes antibiotics. Just like with human anesthesia, your cat will be closely monitored to keep their heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure stable. The staff will also take special steps to keep your cat warm during the procedure.

Dental Radiographs (X-Rays)

Next, the vet will take dental X-rays. These X-rays help determine what’s happening beneath your cat’s gum line. Much like an iceberg, the large roots of the tooth are hidden below the gum line and not visible. About 42% of cats with normal-looking teeth above the gum line actually have dental disease below (2). Therefore, dental X-rays are essential for spotting issues like resorptive lesions, tooth decay, bone loss, oral cysts, and retained baby teeth. This information helps your veterinarian decide if a tooth needs to be extracted.

Dental Scaling and Polishing 

During the cat teeth cleaning procedure, the vet uses forceps to remove large chunks of tartar. They then use hand-scaler tools and an ultrasonic scaler for smaller particles, similar to a human dentist’s office. Metal curettes clean beneath the gum line. After removing debris, the vet gently probes the gums around each tooth to check for deep pockets that may indicate gum recession, which could mean a nearby tooth needs to be pulled. Finally, the teeth are rinsed and polished, and an anti-plaque product may be applied.

Tooth Extractions

The vet injects a topical anesthetic, like lidocaine, around any teeth that need to be extracted to numb the area and control pain for your cat. They use a tool called an elevator to break the ligaments holding the tooth to the bone. Sometimes, the vet may need to make an incision with a scalpel to assist with the extraction. After removing the tooth with forceps, they may use sutures to close the hole.

Additional X-Rays

After an extraction, the vet will take more X-rays to ensure the entire tooth root was removed, as leaving a fragment can cause pain or infection. If the cat has severe periodontitis and bone loss, the vet may take additional X-rays after the procedure to check for any fractures in the weakened jawbone (mandible) after extractions.

Cat Dental Cleaning Costs

The cost of veterinary dental services for cats varies based on your location, your veterinarian’s practices, and your cat’s dental and overall health.

The average cost of a cat dental cleaning at a vet clinic ranges from $300 to $750. This includes the $50-$60 exam fee, $100-$200 for pre-anesthetic blood work, as well as anesthesia, dental X-rays, and the cleaning itself. If extractions are needed, costs can exceed $1,000.

Veterinary dentist specialists, trained via the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), perform more advanced procedures (such as root canals and other specialty surgeries) and are typically more costly than a general practitioner vet.

Pet insurance may cover routine and preventive dental care. Pet owners should consider getting insurance as soon as they bring a new pet home. Additionally, your vet may offer reduced dental fees in February, which is Pet Dental Health Month. Ask about specials and book in advance to save money.

What to Expect After a Cat Dental Cleaning

After your cat recovers from anesthesia following a dental procedure, your vet may either discharge them the same day or recommend overnight observation. If your cat goes home, monitor them closely, as they may still be wobbly and at risk of falling. Keep them in a small, safe space, like a comfortable carrier or a small bathroom, until they are steady on their feet. This helps prevent falls down stairs or off furniture.

Following any anesthetic event, your cat may be a bit nauseous for a few hours or may develop constipation for a few days. If they are vomiting, not eating after 24 hours, or do not have a bowel movement after five days, seek veterinary advice from your vet.

Depending on the severity of the dental problems detected, your cat may go home with pain medication, like Meloxidyl (meloxicam), and/or oral antibiotics, like clindamycin.

If your cat had extractions or surgery, the vet may close the site with dissolvable stitches or leave it open. If left open, they might recommend gently flushing the area with water or a medicated solution like chlorhexidine to prevent food buildup. Your vet may also suggest feeding your cat a soft diet of wet canned food for two weeks while they heal and scheduling a follow-up visit to check on their recovery.

At-home dental care for cats (i.e., tooth brushing) can be resumed within a few days following a dental cleaning without extractions or about two weeks following extractions once your vet gives final approval. 

Once you can resume regular dental care, daily tooth brushing with a pet-safe toothpaste, like C.E.T. Enzymatic Toothpaste, and regular veterinary cleanings are the best way to keep your cat’s chompers healthy and looking pearly white while keeping pain away. Do not use a human toothpaste on your cat.

But always ask your vet or veterinary dentist if there are additional measures you should consider to help keep feline dental issues at bay.

For cats who constantly fight tooth brushing, a dental chew or treat may be a great workaround to scrape off any plaque or tartar left behind after an abbreviated brushing session.

There are also liquid and powder additives you can sprinkle over your cat’s food or add directly to their water bowl to boost your cat’s oral health without the battle.

The right nutrition can also play a role in helping promote long-term dental and oral health in cats. Ask your veterinarian if a prescription dental diet would be a good fit for your feline. These diets often contain ingredients designed to help control oral bacteria paired with kibble shaped to scrape away plaque and tartar as your cat chews.

Daily tooth brushing and regular veterinary cleanings are the best way to keep your cat’s chompers healthy and looking pearly white for longer while keeping pain away.

REFERENCES

1. Cornell Feline Health Center . Feline Dental Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease
2. Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59(6):692-695.

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A member of the mint family, catnip is related to basil and oregano. Sniffing tends to cause more excitement in cats while chewing the plant results in more sedation. Cats often rub on catnip products to release more of its essential oil to heighten their “high.”

While the majority of cats experience a pleasant response to catnip, approximately 30 percent are unaffected, largely due to genetics or personality nuances. Kittens, particularly those under 3 months of age, also lack a response. 

So if kittens do not typically respond to catnip until they’re older, can they still be offered catnip? Is it safe? Let’s find out.

Can Kittens Have Catnip?

While catnip exposure is safe for kittens, kittens do not respond to the effects of catnip until they are at least 3 to 6 months old. Others may take as long as 9 to 12 months before responding to catnip.

Cats typically reach sexual maturity at 6 months of age. Prior to this, their brains are not yet developed enough to react to nepetalactone, the active ingredient in the catnip plant that mimics the scent of a female cat in heat. Spaying or neutering will not alter this response since the reaction tends to be based on brain maturity and not the presence of sex hormones.

So when can you give a kitten catnip? Pet parents may wish to introduce catnip to a kitten anytime between 3 to 6 months of age. If the kitten does not initially respond, try again each month until a response is elicited. 

You might also be wondering how much catnip to give a kitten compared to an adult cat. While catnip is very safe, only a small amount (about the size of a half dollar) of fresh or dried catnip or a toy containing catnip is recommended for a kitten to sniff or chew. A little goes a long way.

Catnip for Kittens: Benefits and Risks

Once a kitten is old enough to respond to catnip, occasional use can be beneficial to reduce anxiety and boredom as well as provide your kitten a fun, pleasant sensation. Since this natural herb is non-addictive and non-toxic with no significant ill side effects, it is safe to offer to young kittens.

If your kitten experiences separation anxiety or is stressed during short car rides or vet visits, offering some fresh or dried catnip to consume can offer a calming effect to reduce anxiety. 

Catnip also serves as a fantastic training tool for felines. You can offer it as a reward for good behaviors or when teaching new tricks. If your kitten is scratching inappropriate items like furniture, you can use catnip to redirect your cat by placing it on an appropriate item like a scratching post.

Kittens and adult cats cannot overdose on catnip, and consuming a small amount is safe so long as no pesticides were sprayed on the plant. However, eating too much can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness in some cats. Fortunately, most cats self-regulate well and do not tend to consume enough to the point of inducing gastrointestinal upset. 

Secondary injuries may be sustained if a kitty becomes over excited while enjoying catnip and starts running around chaotically, potentially resulting in a fall or knocking something over. Thus, kittens should be supervised during catnip exposure. 

Additionally, kittens with known preexisting seizure disorders should avoid use of catnip unless otherwise instructed by a veterinarian or veterinary neurologist. Catnip can potentially worsen seizures in cats who are already affected.

How to Give a Kitten Catnip

Our feline friends can become immune to the effects of catnip after a period of time, resulting in a two-hour refractory period. As such, do not grant constant exposure. Instead, introduce catnip for about 15 minutes two to three times a week to ensure your kitten will continue to enjoy the effects.

The most potent levels of nepetalactone are found in the leaves and delicate pale purple flowers of the catnip plant; lesser amounts are found in the stem and stalk. Therefore, offer your kitten products that feature more leaves or blossoms.

When choosing a product, you can look for raw amounts of the fresh or dried plant, sprays, tinctures, or toys.

You can grow the fresh catnip plant in a small pot inside your home or outdoors. Cats enjoy munching on either the fresh or dry plant. To dry it, hang the leaves, stems, and flowers upside down in a dark room and then freeze or store it in an airtight container once dry. This will help prevent the plant from becoming stale and losing its effect. Consuming the fresh or dry plant is the best option for helping reduce a kitten’s stress and anxiety.

Catnip sprays or tinctures that contain at least 50 percent or more essential oil of the catnip plant are helpful to use for training a kitten. You can spray or drizzle these products without causing a mess.

Catnip toys (such as toy mice, balls, or even an old sock stuffed with the herb) are the best option to offset a kitten’s boredom. Toys provide environmental enrichment, exercise, and elicit more of a fun, playful response in kittens. Common brands include Kong and Yeowww! Look for refillable products that allow you to top up the catnip. This will help prevent staleness without having to replace the entire item. 

Ready to give a kitten catnip? Remember to start slow and see how your kitten responds!

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But why do cats assume this body posture, and is it ever something to cause a pet parent concern? Let’s dive in.

Cat Loafing: What Does It Look Like?

When a cat sits with all four paws tucked underneath itself and its tail also tucked or wrapped around its body, it resembles a compact rectangle with rounded edges, much like a loaf of fresh bread. The resemblance is even more pronounced when a cat assumes this position in a too small box with its top spilling over the sides like risen dough. Thus, the term “cat loaf” was born.

The term “cat loaf” (or “catloaf”) has been used widely since 1999, when it first appeared in Usenet news groups. It then morphed into a meme that rose in popularity in the 2010s on Reddit, Twitter, and Facebook. Similar terms include “bread cat,” “potato cat,” or “tugboat cat.” 

Cats really have become Internet rock stars, and an entire website (kittyloaf.com) is devoted to curating images of cats in this adorable loaf-like posture. Curious what a cat in the loafing position looks like from underneath? A quick search for “hover cat” on a glass table will be sure to give you a nice hit of serotonin for the day.

Types of Cat Loafs

A cat is usually relaxed while loafing, but they tend to use this position while observing their surroundings. A cat’s head will be upright, and its eyes will often be fully open or half-closed. While we can all recognize the classic loafing position, several variations exist. A cat or kitten of any age can assume these various positions.

When a cat is in a full loaf, all its feet are tucked underneath itself, and its tail is either also tucked or wrapped tightly around its body.

A cat’s elbows may be slightly out in the partial loaf. The front paws may either be tucked or flat on the ground.

When one elbow is extended more than the other, a cat is in a loaf boat position.

A cat may also be sitting flat on its abdomen and resting on its back haunches with one or both of its front limbs slightly extended, assuming the Sphinx pose as named after the ancient Egyptian monument it resembles.

If a cat is especially sleepy, its head may start to dip downwards, causing it to face loaf. However, the face loaf posture can also be an indication that your cat is ill.

Why Do Cats Loaf?

The way a cat tucks in its extremities while lying on its abdomen carries a different meaning than when it’s merely sitting upright, lounging with its limbs and tail out, curled in a ball on its side, or about to pounce. So what exactly does a cat loaf mean?

Your cat is relaxed. Cats assume this compact, cozy position for comfort and relaxation when they still wish to engage with their surroundings but are not planning to jump or run away. Loafing cats exhibit trust and submission, but this posture still allows them more security and protection than lying on their back or side and exposing their belly. 

Your cat doesn’t feel threatened. Pet parents are paid a compliment when a cat loafs in their presence: your cat does not feel threatened and therefore does not feel the need to be on the defense. Loafing cats may be a bit drowsy but are not tired enough to sleep fully – they want to observe and be entertained by the happenings in their environments. They often simply enjoy the company of their humans while they sit in a loaf.

Your cat is trying to retain heat. Furthermore, cats have also learned evolutionarily that they can retain heat without having to move and expend precious energy while they assume the loaf position. Energy can thus be stored for periods of activity when cats need it. This tactic is especially important to kittens and short-haired breeds who can easily lose heat. Cats can regulate their temperature better in this compact, self-huddled position.

Your cat is getting comfortable. Since the loaf posture helps take pressure off a cat’s legs and paws, it may be assumed merely for comfort, much like us humans taking our shoes off and elevating our feet after a long day. 

Your cat might be in pain. While a cat loaf position is usually associated with positive feelings of relaxation and comfort, it could indicate pain in certain scenarios. If a cat is spending the majority of its time in a loaf, this is a red flag. If a cat is consistently sitting hunched with its paws flat on the ground or perched up on its toes, foot or limb pain may be the culprit.

Is Cat Loafing Ever a Problem?

Cat loafing is a normal behavior in the majority of cats, especially if your kitty assumes this posture on a comfortable and warm spot such as on the carpet where a ray of sun is beaming in through the window or on a cozy pile of laundry fresh from the dryer. 

However, if your cat is repeatedly found randomly loafing in the middle of the floor or on a cold, uncomfortable surface, it’s time to investigate further. If your cat is experiencing other worrisome signs such as hiding, decreased appetite, litter box issues, lethargy or weakness, abnormal gait (such as limping), vocalizing in pain, or difficulty breathing, it’s time to call your veterinarian and have your pet examined for potential illness or injury.

So long as your cat is still active at other times during the day, he or she can enjoy cat loafing without pet parents worrying their cat is not getting enough exercise or is losing mobility. However, if a cat primarily spends its day in a loaf position without moving or being active, your cat may be experiencing foot or leg pain. 

Cats are experts at masking pain. If your cat is constantly loafing, they may be trying to protect a front paw injury or hide signs of pain from an ingrown nail. Signs of pain in cats include guarding its paws or else not being able to fully tuck them in (which may indicate osteoarthritis), lowering its head, keeping its eyes shut or displaying exposed third eyelids, licking its paws, limping, or the other signs mentioned above.

Additionally, cats with heart or lung diseases may sit hunched with their elbows extended outward and their heads lowered to make breathing easier. Cats with abdominal pain, such as liver disease or chronic kidney disease (CKD) may also sit in the loaf position in order to help take pressure off internal organs.

Cats with CKD may not feel their best, therefore spending more time in a comfy loafing position. CKD is a relatively common medical condition in geriatric felines. Between 30-50 percent of cats over 15 years of age are estimated to have CKD. Early detection via regular bloodwork and urinalysis is key to initiating prompt care. Though CKD cannot be cured, certain therapies can slow its progression and improve the quality of life of affected cats while increasing longevity. Eating a prescription veterinary renal diet, regulating high blood pressure, and maintaining hydration can help improve the quality of life of cats with CKD.

Most loafing cats will hold their heads upright. However, if your cat is holding its head down and face planting, this can be an indication of illness. For example, cats with hypokalemia (low blood potassium), may experience cervical ventroflexion, or weakness when trying to lift the head. Causes range from chronic kidney disease to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

If your cat is experiencing any of the issues described above, or if you’re ever in doubt that your cat’s behavior is abnormal, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. 

The Conclusion on Cat Loafing

While some cats in the loaf position may have underlying medical issues that need to be addressed with your veterinarian, the majority of the time, pet parents can rest assured that the cat loaf posture is generally normal and indicates trust and contentment in the presence of the pet guardian.

So the next time you slather a layer of butter onto the slice of warm homemade bread fresh out of the oven, you can smile – not only at the carb-y goodness in front of you, but also at the reminder that your loafing kitty is the cutest pet in the world.

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Does your cat not respond because she doesn’t know her name, or is she well aware but just can’t be bothered?

Cats are independent and self-efficient creatures who evolved as lone hunters. However, they are also social beings. While they may come across as aloof at first glance, we humans simply need to learn to read their specific feline language and accept them as the unique beings that they are. 

Do Cats Know Their Names?

Spoiler alert: Yes, cats do know their names. Cats often associate their name with either a reward (such as food, attention, petting, or play) or punishment (being scolded or put in a carrier). Thus, they may recognize the word as holding an important meaning but may not necessarily attribute that word to themselves. But how do we know for sure?

What the Research Says

A 2019 Japanese study showed that cats can decipher their own name from three other similar-sounding words, demonstrating that cats can discriminate between specific words and sounds that are phonetically different. The cats in the study moved their heads and ears differently in response to their own names in comparison to the other words spoken to them. Therefore, cats have been proven to possess the intelligence and capability to understand humans and our words.

Cats have also been shown to recognize the names of other cats in their household, especially their closest feline companions, as exhibited in a 2022 study. However, this differentiation and recognition was not as strong in a cat café setting where cats get attention even if they respond to another cat’s name and where they hear different cats’ names pronounced differently by various visiting humans.

This 2022 study supports the findings of a 2013 study from Japan in which cats were demonstrated to recognize the specific sound of their owner’s voice and know that their name is different from that of other cats. Cats also respond to other people (including strangers) who say their name but less so than if their owners say their name. This study also provided evidence that cats may associate their name as a positive verbal signal rather than self-identify with it.

While these studies show insight into behavior and cognition in cats, more research about these subjects is significantly lacking in cats. Cats are very intelligent, but they choose to focus on what they value to be the most important thing at that point in time, which may not always be what humans deem valuable. 

Another reason why scientists have a difficult time quantifying feline intelligence is because many cats don’t typically enjoy experimental studies and choose not to participate. If they don’t feel like engaging with humans, are bored, or are preoccupied with something they deem more important, they may not respond. 

This finicky cat behavior holds true whether during a research study or at home when a pet parent is calling out a cat’s name: a cat’s prerogative is to decline a response if the reward of obeying is less enticing than what the cat is doing (be it eating, sleeping, or playing). Cats know what to do when a command is given but don’t always see the value in providing humans with feedback.

How to Tell if a Cat Knows Their Name

While some cats (often termed “dog cats”) will gladly trot over with a greeting when their name is spoken, not all cats will come when called. In fact, only about 10 percent of cats come when called. As previously discussed, cats know their names but don’t always feel the need to offer a response.

Therefore, pet parents should observe the (sometimes subtle) body language cues that show that cats understand their own names. 

A cat may become increasingly alert, especially close to feeding time, when a pet parent says their name. A subset of cats may meow in response to their name being called, like a game of Marco Polo. Most felines will move their body, head, or ears in the direction of a person when they hear their name being called.

But look closely or you might miss these signals. Certain cats may only quickly perk or twitch the ears, much like an ephemeral head nod. Some kitties may simply offer a sudden swish of the tail as evidence of acknowledging their name being called.

Many cats also show more of an affinity to names that end in a “y” or “ie” sound, resulting in a stronger response when this name is called. This may be because it sounds more like a mewing sound that kittens make. Therefore, you may notice your cat responds to the nickname “kitty” far more readily than to their actual name.

How to Teach a Cat Its Name

Cats may, at first, ignore the sound of their names or command to come when called if there isn’t anything rewarding in it for them. Therefore, part of the art of training cats is teaching them to pay attention to something. 

The key is to use positive reinforcement to help a cat associate its name with something pleasant, such as a treat, toy, or petting (if a cat enjoys physical contact). 

Avoid punishment, especially when saying your cat’s name to ensure your kitty does not begin to associate their name with something negative. If this happens, your cat may stop responding altogether.

When you first start teaching your cat their name, don’t say your cat’s name except during training sessions or else your cat will begin to filter out its name as background noise.

How to Do It

Step 1: Start by saying your cat’s name clearly once and then give a treat or praise within 3 seconds. Easily consumed treats your cat really enjoys, such as small bits of plain chicken or Churu treats, are best. 

Step 2: Repeat this about 10 times in a minute and then offer your cat a break. You may also pair this lesson with clicker training. If a cat seems bored or unwilling, stop and try again later. Be consistent, and your cat will begin responding to its name in no time. Remember to watch out for body language cues that signal your cat is comprehending its name.

Step 3: Once your cat is consistently responding, you may start to mix saying her name with other words and sounds during your training sessions to ensure your cat will be able to decipher her name from other words. 

Eventually, you can cut out treats every time your cat responds to her name and only offer them on a random, occasional basis. If your cat starts to slip, it may be time to brush up with a training reminder.

If you have a young kitten or newly adopted older cat that had a previous name, be patient when trying to teach those kitties their new names. Ideally, try to use a pet’s old name to help them transition to their new home environment. Once that pet is comfortable, you may then start to teach a new name.

More Important Than Name Recognition: Bonding with Your Pet

What a bummer when you put a lot of effort into choosing the perfect name, and your cat doesn’t respond! However, if your cat never seems to learn or care about its name, don’t sweat it. Your kitty is perfectly smart enough and will display its bond with you in different ways. 

The majority of cats merely tend to communicate and respond in a largely non-verbal way. So just let cats be cats and appreciate them for the unique species they are.

If you need validation regarding your cat’s feelings for you, look for relaxed body language as proof your cat is content and cared for. For instance, if your cat is exposing their belly to you, they feel safe and secure in your presence. A cat loaf position, in which a cat is snuggled on her abdomen with her feet and tail tucked underneath her, is another display that your cat is likely comfortable and relaxed around you. 

Your cat may also seek attention by following you or wanting to play or be petted and may curl up in your lap or near you – all signs your cat is enjoying your company. Some cats may also head butt, knead, or lick their pet parents. Kitties may also look at you with soft, slow blinks; this behavior is analogous to your cat blowing you a kiss and is a strong sign your feline friend adores you.

Pet parents can help strengthen their bond with their cats by providing for their basic needs. These steps include providing proper nutrition, regular veterinary care, clean litter boxes, and setting aside play time. It’s also important to use positive reinforcement when training and avoid punishment. If a cat’s needs are met and you build a strong bond, they’ll likely respond to you when you call out their name. 

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Scientifically-named trichobezoars, feline hairballs are unpleasant, upchucked packages from our kitty overlords that we have to scrub off our carpet (fun fact: dogs can occasionally have hairball issues, too!). While hairballs are common, they may be a sign of an underlying health issue in your cat and can pose problems. 

What Does a Cat Hairball Look Like?

Most cat hairballs are tubular-shaped, however, some may look more like smaller, rounded or formless clumps of matted hair or even a few stray hairs in a bit of liquid. Hairballs look a bit wet and slimy or frothy due to the saliva or gastrointestinal contents that coat them. These GI contents may tint the hairballs a yellow or dark brown hue and can sometimes cause them to be confused with stool or regular vomit, although they’re not as smelly. Hairballs may range in size from dime-sized to finger-length.

Contrary to popular belief, cats do not cough up hairballs. Hairballs are vomited, not expelled by coughing. Some pet owners may confuse a true cough with an attempt to throw up a hairball. If your cat is making a “hacking” noise, but no hairball is coming up, your cat may be coughing, which can be a sign of a respiratory issue and requires a vet exam.

When your cat is about to expel a hairball, he or she may vocalize just before vomiting, lower the head and body with the neck outstretched, gag or retch, and may swallow several times after eliminating the hairball. Keep in mind that if you’re not seeing actual hairballs in your cat’s vomit, another health condition causing vomiting may be at play, requiring a vet visit to investigate and treat the trigger for your cat’s vomiting.

What Causes Hairballs in Cats?

Adult cats can spend up to 25 percent of their time bathing themselves. A cat’s rough tongue, with its backward-facing barbs (papillae) that “comb” through his or her hair while licking, picks up dirt, bugs and other debris that has accumulated on the fur and skin, including loose hair. Hair and debris are swallowed, and hair is largely indigestible, so a hairball can develop in the stomach over time due to a cat’s innate grooming behavior. When the fur clump begins to irritate the lining of your cat’s stomach, vomiting is triggered to expel it.

Early domesticated cats didn’t have as much hair to groom, and though their coats may have evolved, their digestive tracts haven’t changed all that much. Therefore, while most short-haired cats handle hairballs quite well, long-haired cats may have more problems due to the increased amount of fur they inadvertently swallow upon grooming. These cats are more likely to have vomiting issues associated with their hairballs and are also at increased risk of developing intestinal obstruction. 

Long-haired breeds that may struggle more with hairballs include Persians, Himalayans, Ragdolls, Maine Coons, Norwegian Forest Cats, Siberians, Turkish Angoras and Domestic Long Hairs.

Fortunately, kittens are less likely to develop hairballs because young cats haven’t quite learned to clean their coats as thoroughly as their adult counterparts, so hairballs are less commonly a concern for them.

Are Cat Hairballs Normal?

While common, cats vomiting up a hairball is not medically normal. In a healthy cat, the fur that is swallowed during grooming should be able to pass through the intestines and exit with the stool during a normal bowel movement.

While a cat’s normal grooming behavior causes the development of a hairball, the way he or she eliminates the hair may not be normal. If your cat is easily vomiting up a hairball only once per week or less, a vet visit is likely not needed. 

However, if your cat is vomiting up hairballs more frequently (several times a week or daily), a trip to the vet is highly advised since an underlying gastrointestinal disorder may be to blame. Other factors can also increase your cat’s risk of vomiting up furballs.

As discussed, long-haired cats are predisposed to hairballs and are at least twice as likely as short-haired breeds to vomit a hairball due to the greater amount of hair they swallow during grooming (1).

Overgrooming or compulsive grooming behavior can also increase the likelihood that a cat will have hairball issues. Overgrooming can be instigated by stress or anxiety (including fretting over a dirty litter box), pain (a cat may obsessively lick a painful region of the body), hair mats, skin disease (such as allergies), or ectoparasites (such as fleas).

Additionally, certain digestive disorders can also lead to more hairballs. Gastrointestinal motility disorders (when the GI tract doesn’t contract in a forward motion the way it should, allowing fur to accumulate and tangle up in the stomach) and underlying causes of chronic vomiting (such as inflammatory bowel disease or GI lymphoma) can all increase the risk of hairball problems.

Hairballs are not typically very dangerous, but they can lodge in the esophagus (posing injury), or grow large enough to cause a life-threatening intestinal obstruction (or blockage), which requires immediate medical intervention. 

Signs that may indicate a serious problem that requires medical assistance include: 

• Frequent vomiting or attempts to vomit without output
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Hiding behavior
• A bloated or painful abdomen
• Constipation or abnormal fecal output

Hairball Treatments for Cats

As discussed, if your cat is only producing a hairball occasionally, veterinary intervention is not usually necessary. However, schedule an appointment for a vet check-up if your cat has more frequent hairballs. Always seek veterinary care if your cat appears as if he or she is trying to expel a hairball but can’t. 

Fortunately, most hairballs can pass without issue and can be more easily managed with certain remedies and commercial treatments. However, many home remedies can do more harm than good and are not advised.

One remedy that may be beneficial is using a gel-based hairball treatment marketed for cats. A one-quarter teaspoon of gel can be placed on your cat’s paw for them to lick off and swallow. The gel acts as a lubricant to aid the passage of hair through the intestines and into feces. Therefore, when used sparingly, a tiny amount can reduce hairballs from being expelled the wrong way.

Some wet wipes or shampoos are also marketed to reduce shedding, thereby reducing hairball formation, yet many are ineffective. The use of hypoallergenic grooming wipes may at least help remove dead or loose hair before it’s swallowed, yet regularly brushing your cat is more effective.

Cat Hairballs: Home Remedies to Avoid 

Butter and oils (such as olive oil, coconut oil, and fish oil) may be adequate lubricants to help hair slide more easily through the intestines. However, too much of these fats can cause GI upset (including diarrhea and vomiting), pancreatitis or weight gain. Therefore, cat parents should avoid feeding them to their cats unless directed by a veterinarian.

Increased fiber can help speed up transit time through the GI tract, increasing the odds that swallowed hair makes its way out into the litter box in your cat’s stool rather than upchucked in vomit on your rug. However, improper amounts of fiber supplements (such as Metamucil powder) can cause painful gas distension and GI upset. Furthermore, canned pumpkin is unlikely to contain enough fiber to be helpful. If you’re looking to increase fiber in your cat’s diet, consider cat grass or a commercial diet specially formulated for hairball control (details below) after speaking with your veterinarian.

Hairball Medicine for Cats

Other commercial products, either over-the-counter or prescription hairball products, can also help ease the passage of hairballs. Before trying any medication, a quick chat or visit with your vet is recommended to ensure that there are no underlying issues causing your cat to have hairball issues. If other factors are identified, those should be treated first.

Laxatone, a mild laxative and lubricant, is a mainstay oral medication in managing feline hairballs. Formulations include either unflavored or flavored gels or powders that may be given directly by mouth or else placed in your cat’s food. Chew treats are also available. While generally safe and mild when used as directed, too much laxatone can cause diarrhea. Ask your vet for advice prior to use.

Following a full workup by your veterinarian to ensure that no other health issues are contributing to your cat’s battle with hairballs, a medication called metoclopramide might be prescribed to help hairballs move in the correct direction and not back up through the mouth.

Preventing Hairballs in Cats

You can decrease your cat’s chances of developing hairballs with regular grooming and brushing (to remove loose fur before your cat has a chance to ingest it). You may need to gradually get your cat used to being brushed by using positive reinforcement, but most cats enjoy the TLC. Deshedding brushes are especially helpful, as they gently remove loose hairs in the top coat of a cat’s fur and the denser undercoat. 

Long-haired breeds should ideally be brushed daily. Removing fur clumps and hair mats before your cat has a chance to swallow a big wad of fur is also particularly beneficial. Clipping or shaving your long-haired cat may be necessary; you may wish to seek assistance from a professional pet groomer.

Additionally, ask your vet about a feline diet formulated to help reduce hairball development. Hairball-control cat food contains increased fiber and contains fatty acids and other nutrients to improve your cat’s coat and reduce shedding. 

Feeding smaller amounts of food more frequently can also help keep hairballs at bay. Most wet foods are also helpful to feed, as canned food contains a higher moisture content to help move furballs through the intestines. Pet parents can also encourage increased water consumption by ensuring that water bowls are always clean and full or using a fountain or bubbler, which many cats enjoy. Be wary of treats marketed as hairball remedies, as many are full of empty calories and may not always help with hairball issues.

Furthermore, reduce the risk of overgrooming to prevent your cat from swallowing any more hair than necessary. You can reduce the risks of overgrooming by:

• Keeping all litter boxes clean
• Providing your cat with environmental enrichment
• Utilizing cat pheromones to reduce stress
• Managing any chronic pain with guidance from your vet
• Using year-round prescription flea preventives
• Managing any skin ailments your cat may have as directed by your vet

These prevention strategies can help reduce the severity of your cat’s hairball problem. However, if your cat is still struggling, talk with your vet. 

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The Journal of Pediatric Nursing has noted increased empathy, decreased separation anxiety, and improved social interaction among children with autism who have a pet cat (2). Similar benefits can be seen in children with Down syndrome. 

In addition to the emotional and social advantages that growing up with a pet can provide, children may benefit physically, as well. Pediatrics medical journal states that pets in the home may boost a child’s immune system (3). The presence of a cat or dog during a child’s first year of life can decrease the number of respiratory infections and help reduce the development of allergies and asthma later on.

Benefits of Pets for Children

Here’s a closer look at how pets can benefit the children who care for them: 

• Pets can help children develop a heightened sense of empathy. As a general rule, children tend to focus on their own feelings. But caring for a pet encourages children to imagine how their pet is feeling. Developing this perspective early on encourages children to apply the same concern for the feelings of their peers.
• Pets teach children to be good caretakers. Kids learn how to be courteous, kind, nurturing, gentle, careful, compassionate, and patient.
• Pets can improve social skills. In many cases, pets play the role of a child’s first best friend. Children often talk to their pets, which helps them develop language and conversational skills. 
• Taking care of pets fosters a sense of self-worth. When children help with pet care, they learn about responsibility, cooperation, obedience, and sharing. That helps them develop a sense of achievement and value. 
• Pets can help boost kids’ self-esteem. Nothing embodies unconditional acceptance like a purring cat or devoted dog who is a child’s #1 fan.
• Pets can help combat feelings of loneliness. Long-haired, short-haired, and even hairless pets often act as a living security blanket, offering physical comfort, loyalty, love, and affection when kids need it most. 
• Some pets can be specially trained to support children recovering from trauma.
• Pets can act as a natural mood stabilizer, helping children work through behavioral and learning problems.

While the 2021 National Pet Owners Survey conducted by the American Pet Products Association indicates that more U.S. households have dogs than cats (4), families with small children may be more inclined to consider adopting a cat. Felines are relatively low maintenance and easy to housetrain, making them perfect companions for busy homes. Furthermore, quieter, more introverted children may be better suited to owning a cat rather than a pet of another species.

Do Cats Bond with Humans?

Cats may have the (undeserved) reputation of being aloof and unaffectionate, however, this notion couldn’t be further from the truth. Cats simply express affection in ways different from their canine counterparts. 

Cats are more independent, so their displays of affection are often more subtle. However, a 2019 study published in Current Biology revealed that adult cats and kittens display signs of secure attachment to their owners, similar to the bond human infants have with caregivers (5). The majority of cats in the study were less stressed and more willing to explore new surroundings while in the presence of their pet parents, from whom they drew comfort and security. 

Cats can bond with children as strongly as they can with pet parents. We humans just need to learn how to recognize that bond to understand the extent of their love for us. To avoid disappointment, misunderstanding, or hurt feelings, children especially should be educated on the unique ways in which independent felines display affection.

For starters, learning feline body language, particularly how to interpret the position and movement of a cat’s tail, is vital to building clear communications and a solid bond with your cat. For instance, while a wagging tail in a dog can indicate friendliness, a tail flip in a cat typically indicates annoyance. That’s an important distinction!

Cats show us their affection in a variety of unique and endearing ways, which include:

• Purring
• Vocalizing, including meowing, mewling, chirping, or trilling
• Kneading
• Headbutting (a.k.a. head bunting), cheek rubbing, or rubbing on your ankles. Cats spread their pheromones (scent markers) in this manner to inform other cats that you belong to them.
• Licking or grooming you
• Displaying their belly or rolling on the ground in front of you. Cats only display their abdomens if they’re extremely comfortable around you.
• Sitting in your lap. Cats will curl up on or next to you to indicate that they feel safe and comforted by your presence.
• Following you around and wanting to be in your presence
• Wandering around and exploring in your presence. While you may think your cat is disinterested in you, cats tend to only explore when they feel secure. Take this action as a compliment!
• Engaging in play activity
• Hunting and bringing toys or prey as gifts
• “Love bites” (nibbles) or pawing at you
• “Eye kisses” — when cats stare at you and then slowly blink their eyes to tell you they love you. Try mimicking it back to them!
• Greeting you at the door upon your arrival home

Now that you’re fluent in the language of cats, be sure to share your newfound knowledge with your child to set their kid-cat relationship up for success.

Best Cats for Kids

When it comes to choosing a cat who’s likely to be a good fit for a household with children, there are some key personality traits that can help. For a harmonious home life, look for cats that are:  

• Well socialized
• Friendly
• Gentle
• Patient
• Comfortable with being handled
• Tolerant of noise and sudden movement
• Not overly nervous, timid, or aggressive when unprovoked

While the prospect of adopting an adorable kitten can be hard to resist, be aware that younger children (particularly those under the age of 5) may be unpredictable or too rough with a fragile kitten. They could unknowingly injure the young cat or even cause the kitten to develop into a more fearful and timid adult cat. Training a kitten can also be more time-consuming, which may prove difficult in a busy home with rambunctious toddlers. 

If you have young children, adult cats around 2-3 years of age are a great choice. Older children can do well with cats of every age, from kittens all the way to senior cats. What’s most important is to find a cat that is comfortable around children. Consider searching for adoptable cats that are kid-friendly using online sites such as Petfinder, which can match you to available cats at a shelter near you.

Don’t forget that personal chemistry is a crucial part of any pet decision. Be sure to visit the shelter, breeder, or rescue center as a family and observe how comfortable a potential pet is with your child. You may also want to consider fostering a cat for a short time before committing to adoption to ensure the fit is good for everyone involved. 

Best Cat Breeds for Children (of any age)

Provided they have the right temperament, any breed of cat can be a great match for a household with children. However, some cat breeds are more likely than others to possess kid-friendly characteristics and traits.

Here are some cat breeds generally considered to be calm, tolerant, and great with kids of all ages:

• American Shorthair or British Shorthair
• Ragdoll
• Birman
• Persian or Exotic Shorthair
• Burmese
• Maine Coon
• Manx
• Siamese
• Siberian

Best Cat Breeds for Older Children

These cat breeds tend to be more energetic and adventurous, so they may be better suited to households with older children.

• Abyssinian
• Bengal
• Cornish Rex
• Munchkin
• Sphynx

Cat Breeds to Consider with Caution

While some individual cats within these breeds may be perfectly suited to children, most tend to be more subdued and not as tolerant with kids.

• Himalayan
• Russian Blue
• Turkish Angora or Turkish Van

In addition to these breeds, individual mixed breed or non-pedigree cats can also make fantastic pets for kids if they have the right temperament.

Introducing Kids to a New Cat

Once you’ve found your family’s new forever cat, parents can help encourage a successful bond between kids and cats from the very start. When bringing the cat home for the first time, choose a day when you know your household will be calm and less busy. Leave the cat in their carrier for a few hours in a quiet room, such as a bathroom. Then let them out to roam in a safe, enclosed space for about a day. After the cat has developed a sense of security in their new space, it’s time for slow and gentle introductions.

Instruct children to offer their hand initially for the cat to sniff, then they can start to pet the cat lightly. If the cat tolerates this attention, your child can try to pick up the cat (provided they can support the cat’s body weight), or you can encourage your child to sit on the floor and try to set the cat gently on their lap. 

You can increase the frequency and duration of these interactions at the cat’s own pace until the cat feels more comfortable with your child. Parents should continue to supervise all interactions between kids and cats as their bond develops.

10 Ways for Cats and Kids to Bond

With proper coaching, parents can encourage a strong bond to form between kids and cats through a variety of fun, safe activities, as well as age-appropriate caretaking tasks to help instill a sense of responsibility. Children should be taught that pets cannot be ignored just because they are busy or not in the mood to take care of them. Cats and other pets are lifelong commitments.

Here are some ideas to help children and cats bond and develop mutual affection:

Naming the new cat 

Once your family has found the purr-fect new addition, involving your child in the naming process is a great way to get them emotionally invested in their new pet.

Shopping for toys, food, and bedding 

If you encourage a child to pick out things that will help a cat get comfortable in their new home, they’ll be more inclined to use them to make the cat feel welcome.

Helping out at mealtime

Younger children can assist parents by measuring out food and water at mealtime, but should never be left unsupervised around your cat’s food and water bowls. By age 10-13, children can be assigned to feed and water a cat on a regular schedule. Though it’s always a good idea to double-check from time to time to make sure your cat is being fed consistently.

Cleaning and litter box care

Waste disposal is best reserved for older children who understand how to do it safely and are sure to wash their hands afterward. Though it’s not an appropriate chore for very young, encourage them to accompany you while you do it to get them accustomed to the task. 

Giving treats

Occasional cat-safe treats can be used as a positive reinforcement to further strengthen the human-feline bond.

For example, lickable cat treats or purees, like Catit Creamy Lickable Cat Treats, can promote extended interactions and longer bonding sessions, because you hold the treat tube in your hand while your cat licks away at the yummy puree. Catit Creamy Lickable Treats come in three low-calorie flavor options — chicken & liver, salmon, and tuna — so you’re sure to find a healthy lickable treat to tempt the taste buds of your favorite feline.

Grooming 

Not every kitty likes to be brushed frequently, but children can be taught how to safely and carefully brush their cat.

Reading

Books can be an excellent way for children to learn about cats. Younger kids may enjoy storybooks about cats, while older children can discover important skills, like how to train a cat or decode feline behavior and “tail language.”

Book idea for younger children (Pre-K – grade 3):

“How to Care for Your Cat: A Color & Learn Guide for Kids” by Janet Skiles

“Kitten (ASPCA Pet Care for Kids)” by Mark Evans

Book ideas for older children:

“A Kid’s Guide to Cats” by Arden Moore

Playing

Designating a 15-minute playtime for kids and cats twice a day is a great way to socialize cats, encourage exercise, and foster bonding. 

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, many children who were attending school remotely had more time to spend with their pets. Now that in-person learning is increasing, you can help maintain the bond between kids and cats by maintaining a consistent, after-school “mini-break” for kids to spend time playing with, grooming, or feeding their pets. (Cats like after-school snacks, too!) 

It’s important to teach children how to play appropriately with cats, to avoid the risk of accidental scratches and bites. Some cat-friendly ideas: a feathered wand cat toy, cardboard box fort, or a smartphone app designed specifically to engage cats. Avoid playing with strings and ribbons, which can pose gastrointestinal linear foreign body risks if ingested. You can also make mealtime more fun with Doc & Phoebe’s Indoor Hunting Feeder.

Training and tricks

Teaching cats tricks can be a fun and rewarding way for older children to bond with a new kitty.

Visiting the veterinary clinic

Annual check-ups and even sick visits to the veterinarian are great opportunities for kids to learn more about what it takes to keep a cat healthy…and may even help them become better caretakers. Ask your child to pay special attention to your cat’s behavior and overall wellbeing at home. You may be surprised to learn about signs and symptoms they pick up on before you do.

Kids and Cats: Safety Tips

With proper preparation, education, and supervision, kids and cats can learn to get along with each other pretty easily. Even so, both kids and cats can be unpredictable at times. So it makes sense to have some guidelines in place to ensure everyone in your home stays healthy, happy, and unharmed.

Here is a helpful list of DOs and DON’Ts you can follow to keep kids and cats safe:

• DO emphasize to children that cats are not toys. To avoid accidental scratches or bites, teach kids how to handle cats gently and appropriately. 
• DO encourage children to use quiet voices around cats and avoid shouting or screaming.
• DO limit jumping, running, and sudden movements…especially those meant to startle or frighten the cat.
• DO remind kids that most cats do not enjoy belly rubs or being held for too long of a time. Suggest other ways they can show their love, like head scratches or playing with a special toy. 
• DO remind kids to open and close doors carefully. This can help prevent cats from getting injured, getting locked up where they shouldn’t be, or escaping outdoors accidentally.
• DO allow cats to escape to a quiet room or “safe space” if they need a break from activity. Baby gates can be great boundaries.
• DO teach children how to read cat body language so they know how to recognize fearful or angry body posture or tail movement. But remember that adult supervision is often required to detect these behaviors and halt the interaction before injuries can occur.
• DO keep your cat healthy and ensure their vaccinations and preventative treatments are up-to-date to prevent the spread of potential zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be passed between humans and animals). Your cat should be regularly dewormed and treated year-round with a veterinarian-approved flea and tick prevention product. Consistent flea prevention can help prevent the spread of Bartonellosis (cat scratch fever).
• DO keep young children away from cat litter (as well as any sandboxes where a cat may have defecated) to prevent contact with harmful bacteria and parasites such as intestinal worms and Toxoplasma gondii, the parasite that causes Toxoplasmosis. 
• DO teach children of all ages to wash their hands thoroughly after any contact with pets, used food or water bowls, and pet waste.

• DON’T allow cats to sleep in a crib or the same room as an infant to prevent accidental smothering.
• DON’T permit a child to pick up a cat unless they can fully support a cat’s weight using both hands.
• DON’T allow children to rough-house, wrestle, corner, or taunt the cat. No hitting. No grabbing. No pulling of the fur, tail, ears, or feet. If you observe your child repeatedly abusing the cat in this way, consult your pediatrician or a child psychologist.
• DON’T let children play games with cats that focus on the hands or quick finger movements. Underneath it all, your loveable furball still has the instincts of a predator, and those wiggly, fast-moving fingers might look a lot like prey. 
• DON’T punish a cat for hissing, growling, biting, or scratching, as punishment will only make the behavior worse. Proper training with positive reinforcement to prevent the escalation of fearful or aggressive behavior is more effective. 

By following these simple safety precautions, you’re not only protecting your child and your pet, you’re also fostering a lifelong bond and rewarding relationship that will bring them both years of happiness.

The post Kids and Cats: 10 Tips to Promote Bonding appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While you should always consult with your personal veterinarian whenever your pet is ill, your vet may suggest that you monitor your dog at home and provide therapies for mild conditions. 

Since kids (and even adults) rely on Pedialyte to restore electrolytes and combat dehydration, you may think about administering it to your dog when she experiences vomiting or diarrhea. 

How does it work? And—more importantly—is it safe to give to your dog? Here is everything you need to know about using Pedialyte for dehydration in dogs.

What Is Pedialyte?

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the author. However, Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

Pedialyte is a commercially-available, over-the-counter oral electrolyte solution specially formulated to help prevent dehydration and maintain electrolyte balance in infants and children. When Pedialyte is consumed and absorbed by the gut into the bloodstream, it will help maintain proper water and electrolyte properties inside the blood. 

Pedialyte, which was developed by a physician and is sold by Abbott Laboratories based in Columbus, Ohio, has been available in the United States since the 1960s. Its formula is based on electrolyte rehydration products developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1940s as a supportive therapy for children affected by acute gastroenteritis, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and vomiting and diarrhea.

Pedialyte supplies us with the important electrolytes sodium, potassium, and chloride, which the body loses via vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite. It contains a higher electrolyte content compared to plain water. It also contains some dextrose, a sugar easily broken down into glucose, the most basic energy source which helps feed gastrointestinal cells to prompt a quicker recovery from gastrointestinal disease. 

The electrolyte drink can also help improve pediatric hydration secondary to the stomach flu, food poisoning, sweating caused by heat or exercise, and travel. Additionally, some adults swear by its effectiveness as a hangover remedy. It is also marketed to aid pregnant women experiencing morning sickness.

In addition to its flavored and unflavored classic version, Pedialyte also comes in powder and freezer-pop forms as well as other liquid formulations, including AdvancedCare and AdvancedCare Plus, which contain prebiotics and 33 percent more electrolytes, respectively.

Electrolytes for Dogs: Understanding the Benefits

Maintaining proper hydration and electrolyte balance is as important for the health of your dog as it is for human children. Water makes up the majority of the body composition of both dogs and humans, so staying hydrated is vital for normal cellular and organ function. 

Water is also the main component of blood, which helps carry important molecules, such as oxygen, to every cell in a dog’s body. Furthermore, water maintains blood pressure and helps flush toxins out of the body as the kidneys filter the bloodstream. 

Electrolytes are essential to preserve water balance as well as aid electrical impulses in a dog’s muscles and nervous system. 

Important Electrolytes for Dogs

Key electrolytes for dogs include sodium, potassium, and chloride. These electrolytes are primarily kept in balance by the kidneys and a complex hormonal system known as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This balance can become thwarted due to disease processes, such as gastrointestinal upset.

Let’s take a closer look at how each of these electrolytes functions in a dog’s body:

Sodium is integral for water balance. The body loses sodium because of persistent vomiting and diarrhea, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and endocrine disorders such as hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease). When sodium levels drop too low (known as hyponatremia), dehydration occurs. Severe hyponatremia can cause neurological impairment due to swelling of the brain.

Potassium is fundamental for a dog’s muscle and cardiac contractions. Hypokalemia, or low potassium concentration in the blood, may arise due to poor appetite, CKD, and vomiting. Weakness, incoordination, and poor muscle action result.

Chloride is sodium’s buddy. It tends to follow and bind to sodium as the salt NaCl. Chloride balances sodium and potassium in cellular electrical activities. 

These three electrolytes are vital for complex bodily processes, which help keep our pets healthy.

Signs of Dehydration in Dogs

When your dog has lost a significant amount of fluid and electrolytes through either vomiting or diarrhea, he may show signs of dehydration.

Dehydration in dogs can range from mild to severe. In any case, you should contact your veterinarian for advice on what to do if your pup is showing any of the following symptoms of dehydration in dogs:

• Lethargy and appearing tired
• Loss of skin elasticity
• Constant panting
• Dry nose, mouth, and gums
• Sunken eyes
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea

Dehydration in dogs is considered a medical emergency when you notice persistent vomiting, diarrhea, and suspected heat stroke. Don’t wait to bring your dog to the vet in this case. Resolving dehydration in your dog can be as simple as replenishing his electrolytes through fluids, but it can also point to other, more significant health problems your vet can detect.

Some dogs who are severely dehydrated may require hospitalization to determine the cause. The last thing pet parents need to worry about when their dog’s health is in danger is emergency veterinary bills. But pet parents who have a pet health insurance policy in place, like those offered by Lemonade, can breathe a big sigh of relief.  Consider signing your pet up for coverage to help you cover the costs of things like injuries, emergency care, hospitalization, and more.

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Can Dogs Drink Pedialyte?

Now that you know how important electrolytes are for our dogs’ health and the signs of dehydration to look out for, you may wonder if your dog can drink Pedialyte safely. 

It’s typically safe to administer small amounts of the classic, unflavored Pedialyte solution orally to dogs on a short-term basis to help replenish fluids and electrolytes lost via mild vomiting or diarrhea. 

However, Pedialyte is only a supportive therapy to help manage the symptoms associated with dehydration and electrolyte depletion. It does not stop ongoing fluid losses and is not a cure for underlying disease processes. It also won’t correct severe dehydration in dogs or treat significant electrolyte imbalances. 

If a pet is sick and dehydrated enough to require Pedialyte, she should really see a veterinarian for treatment, including more effective means of hydration therapy, such as injectable fluid administration. Therefore, only give Pedialyte to your dog under the direct guidance of your personal veterinarian.

When Will a Vet Recommend Pedialyte for My Dog?

Your veterinarian might permit at-home Pedialyte use for mild, self-resolving cases of vomiting or diarrhea. However, other veterinary-approved electrolyte replacements may prove better options. 

At other times, your vet may instruct you to avoid Pedialyte altogether, as it may worsen gastrointestinal illness or delay other treatments. For instance, your vet may recommend withholding food and liquids for several hours to help calm the stomach if your dog is vomiting. In this instance, Pedialyte use may trigger more vomiting by further irritating an already inflamed stomach lining. 

Pedialyte is not a cure for puppies (or dogs) with parvovirus, which causes severe vomiting and bloody diarrhea as well as destruction of red and white blood cells and even death. To improve prognosis, seek veterinary care for your sick puppy before being administering Pedialyte at home.

Is Pedialyte for Dogs Backed By Research?

Keep in mind that, while there are studies showing the benefits of electrolytes for hydration in dogs, no published research has been conducted to validate Pedialyte’s safety and efficacy in pets. It is specially formulated to meet the electrolyte needs of children, not dogs, whose needs slightly differ. For instance, the sodium content in Pedialyte is higher than the corresponding canine requirement.

What Kind of Pedialyte Should I Give My Dog?

If your vet permits you to offer Pedialyte to your dog, choose the unflavored form over flavored varieties. Of the various flavors (including strawberry, mixed berry, grape, bubble gum, and coconut), no flavor is necessarily better than any other though your dog may have her own preference. While real grapes and raisins are toxic to dogs, the grape flavoring in Pedialyte is artificial and does not contain actual grapes. However, the unflavored version is less likely to further nauseate or irritate the gastrointestinal tract of a sick animal, making it a better choice.

How to Give Dogs Pedialyte

When giving Pedialyte to dogs, do not offer large amounts at a time. This can trigger further vomiting. 

You can dilute it as one part Pedialyte to one part water or else offered as is without diluting. Some dogs may be more inclined to drink it plain while others prefer it diluted in water. 

Unless otherwise directed by your veterinarian, you may offer your dog a few laps of solution to drink every 1-2 hours. The recommended dose is approximately 2-4 mL of Pedialyte per pound of body weight. 

You can also freeze the solution and offer it to your pup as ice cubes. If your vet has instructed you to feed your dog (likely a bland diet as she recovers from gastrointestinal disease), you can also pour the Pedialyte dose over food as long as your dog still eats the meal. If your dog is picky, you may dissolve a low sodium bouillon cube to entice your dog to drink the Pedialyte.

Only give Pedialyte orally and as a free choice to your pet. Forced oral syringe feeding (without a needle) is not ideal. If your dog is sick enough to require syringe-feeding, she is sick enough to go to the vet.

If vomiting persists or returns, discontinue use and consult your vet. To reiterate, only give your dog unflavored Pedialyte if authorized first by your veterinarian. 

Pedialyte Side Effects for Dogs

While unflavored Pedialyte is safe in small doses, it may worsen vomiting in some dogs. 

It’s important not to administer more than the amount of Pedialyte your veterinarian recommends. You do not want to overcorrect electrolytes, causing an overdose. High levels of sodium (hypernatremia) can cause high blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid loss from the brain while elevated potassium (hyperkalemia) can cause severe cardiac issues, including low heart rate (bradycardia), abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), and cardiac arrest in extreme cases. 

Since Pedialyte contains higher levels of sodium than is ideal for dogs, dogs with fluid retention, such as those with congestive heart failure (CHF), should avoid Pedialyte in most instances. Also, dogs with diabetes should avoid Pedialyte due to its sugar content. 

Flavored Pedialyte contains artificial sweeteners which can further irritate the gastrointestinal tract, may not be suitable for dogs with food allergies, and may interfere with normal gut flora (healthy gastrointestinal bacteria). 

The biggest problem that Pedialyte can cause is giving pet parents a false sense of security when a veterinary visit may be necessary. That’s why it’s extremely important to discuss your dog’s illness with your veterinarian first.

Can Dogs Drink Gatorade and Other Electrolyte Drinks?

Dogs should not be given Gatorade or other electrolyte sports drinks formulated for humans.

While Pedialyte has its own caveats for when it is safe to be used, it is much safer for use in dogs than other human electrolyte replacement drinks, such as Gatorade and Powerade. These drinks can worsen gastrointestinal upset in pets. 

Traditional Gatorade contains roughly twice the sugar and half the electrolyte content in comparison to Pedialyte. Additionally, some Gatorade products contain sucrose, a sweetener which can worsen diarrhea (and thereby, dehydration) by drawing water out of the bloodstream and into the gut. In contrast, Pedialyte products contain no sucrose. 

Sugar-free sports drinks which contain the artificial sweetener xylitol should also be avoided in dogs as xylitol is toxic to pets, causing low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and liver failure, which can lead to seizures or death. You should also avoid making your own sugar water/electrolyte solution unless advised by your veterinarian since the recipe may contain incorrect amounts of sugar and salt.

In conclusion, avoid sports drinks and only use Pedialyte after consulting your personal veterinarian. 

The post Can Dogs Drink Pedialyte? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cats want to be understood, yet they speak an entirely different language than us humans, and their language is complex. 

To deepen our bond with our cats and provide for their quality of life, we pet parents must become multilingual by learning cat tail language so we may “chat” with our cats.

Understanding Your Cat’s Tail: The Basics

A cat’s tail position is one way a cat communicates with humans as well as other cats and animals. 

The long swishy tail of a feline is an important structure. The tail is a continuation of the spine, comprising between 18 to 20 caudal vertebrae in most domestic cat species. A cat’s tail anatomy is made up of fur, skin, bones, blood vessels, nerves, and a small amount of muscle. The nerve supply of a cat’s tail controls it in response to stimuli. 

Some cat breeds are born with a shortened or absent tail (such as the Manx). Evaluating the behavior of these cat breeds is trickier since relying on tail positioning is not possible.

A cat’s tail does not function solely in communication. It is also important in balancing when running or jumping or as a counterbalance when a cat is walking on a narrow surface or suddenly changing direction when running or tracking prey. After all, cats are vertically-inclined creatures. When they’re not sleeping up to 18-20 hours per day, they’re often jumping and climbing, whether they’re in the wild or at home.

Cat Tail Health

A healthy tail is important to a cat’s overall wellbeing, and tail injuries can cause severe pain, discomfort, and stress for our cats. 

Though the spinal cord itself ends before the tail, nerve damage to the tail (such as damage caused by tail pulling) can cause traumatic spinal injuries in cats. Tail fractures can also occur. 

Severe or non-healing injuries to the tail may require amputation by a veterinarian. Fortunately, this surgical procedure is well-tolerated by the majority of cats. 

Cat Tail Positions and What They Mean

Cats communicate in many ways. They vocalize by meowing and hissing, and they display non-verbal cues through body posture as well as eye and ear positioning. 

Additionally, cat tails are very expressive, and the position of your cat’s tail is another method by which your kitty can “speak” to you—communicating his preferences, emotions, and even signs of illness or injury. 

So what exactly are all your domestic cat’s different tail positions trying to tell you? Here’s a helpful breakdown.

Standing Straight Up

A cat with an upright tail pointing towards the sky is a happy feline. This tail position is similar to a human smile. A tail that stands straight up is a common greeting display, revealing that a cat is confident, content, and willing to interact with other cats or humans. 

Amicable cats with this tail posture show other felines they are non-confrontational, reducing the possibility of a conflict. 

You may also notice that the tip of the tail may rapidly quiver or buzz while in this upright posture, indicating that your cat is particularly joyful. Pet parents should reward these happy kitties with attention and praise.

The Curled Question Mark

Depending on their surroundings, cats with a hooked or bent tail resembling a question mark may be feeling either playful or otherwise doubtful. If something stressful is occurring, give your cat some time to gauge the situation. If your cat seems comfortable, try to encourage play with a dangly feather toy.

Curled Around the Body

If your cat’s tail is curled around itself while seated, your cat may be feeling submissive or a bit nervous. Give your cat some space to act on his own accord when ready. If your cat’s tail is curled around itself while he is sleeping, your cat needs a break and prefers to be left alone.

Wrapped Around You or Another Pet

Cats may also curl their tails around the body or tail of another cat as a sign of friendship and affection. You may notice that when your cat is especially relaxed in your presence, he may wrap a tail around your arm. This is your cat’s way of saying, “I love you.”

A Loose, Wagging Tail

If your cat’s tail is loosely and slowly swaying from side to side, your kitty is focusing intently on something, is bored, or is otherwise feeling playful and feisty. He may be preparing to stalk or pounce on prey, a toy, or a bit of food. Cat parents should allow their cats to continue to focus on whatever is holding their attention.

You may also notice that your cat may gently swish his tail when napping, meaning that this kitty is resting yet is remaining alert to what’s happening in the environment. Sometimes, a feline in a deep sleep may swish his tail when dreaming.

The Quick Flick

While a loosely wagging tail can be a sign of focus or playfulness, a rapidly whipping tail that is lashing from side to side more forcefully is a clear indicator that your feline friend is feeling fearful or aggressive. 

A quick flick of the tail is a warning to other cats and humans to back off. These cats are agitated and may become aggressive if stressed further. The stronger the movement, the stronger the emotion. Pet moms and dads should back off and allow their cats to retreat. Avoid petting your cat to prevent petting-induced aggression.

Tail Held Straight Back

Depending on the circumstances, a cat holding its tail straight back may be either relaxed, slightly concerned, or else interested in something. Some cats that hold their tails down, especially at a 45-degree angle, may be feeling serious, somber, and slightly suspicious. However, for other kitties (particularly long-haired cat breeds such as Persians), a tail held back or down can be interpreted as a relaxed, neutral expression.

Always look for context based on your cat’s surroundings, body posture, eyes, and ear position to determine what your cat is sensing.

Tucked Tail

When your cat is frightened or submissive, he may tuck his tail tightly around the body or between the legs. Your cat may attempt to shrink to the smallest possible size, lowering his head and crouching his body. Cat guardians should try to reduce the source of their cat’s stress or insecurity and avoid upsetting the situation further.

Furthermore, a cat with a tucked tail may be experiencing pain. If in doubt, consult your veterinarian to ensure your feline companion does not have an illness or injury causing this behavior.

Puffed-Up Tail

While some cats may act submissive in the face of danger, other situations may require a cat to defend itself. In an attempt to look as large as possible to ward off a predator or other threat, your cat may bluff by bristling its hair through a smooth muscle action known as piloerection, causing the tail to puff up. 

When your cat is this agitated or frightened, his back may also arch up to resemble a “Halloween cat” or “scaredy cat” posture—another means of appearing larger. 

When your cat is afraid enough to be bristling his fur, you should carefully try to diffuse the distressing situation and avoid triggering your cat further, allowing your cat to retreat to avoid escalating the situation.

Your Cat’s Tail Language: Look for Context

Feline body and tail language is complex, but with a bit of practice, you’ll be on your way to becoming quite the pet interpreter. If ever in doubt of the meaning behind your cat’s tail position, look at other cues for indications of intent. 

Here are some helpful hints and questions to ask:

Vocalization: Is your cat vocalizing by pleasantly purring or growling in anger or distress? 

Overall posture: What is his body posture: relaxed, cowering, or about to pounce or attack? 

Your cat’s eyes: Are his eyes soft and blinking, suggestive of a calm mood, or are they open wide and staring, more likely to be interpreted as alert, fearful, or aggressive? 

Your cat’s ears: What about your cat’s ears? Are they relaxed and forward-facing or else aimed backward to suggest an irritated or angry feeling? 

Any non-verbal feline behavior is best interpreted with what is happening in the environment and the overall appearance and actions of your cat. Full understanding is best gained by pairing together all these observations to decode how your cat is feeling.

By paying attention to your cat’s non-verbal cues such as tail positions, you’ll be fluent in feline language in no time and better able to understand and communicate with your furry best friend.

The post Cat Tail Language: Decoding Your Feline’s Flick appeared first on Great Pet Care.

With proper prevention, preparation, quick identification of signs of an emergency, and prompt action, you can help provide the best possible outcome for your pet if an emergency occurs. 

What Is a Pet Emergency?

If you notice that your dog or cat is exhibiting abnormal behavior or signs of illness, if you observe an injury, or if you notice your pet ate something toxic, emergency pet care is required by a veterinarian. While some milder illnesses and injuries can probably wait to be treated by your regular veterinarian during normal office hours, more severe issues constitute a true emergency and require prompt treatment—no matter the time of day or night. 

If ever in doubt, you can always call your regular veterinarian or emergency vet for advice. Don’t wait too long or assume these problems will go away on their own. 

Below are some situations that likely require emergency veterinary care in comparisons to symptoms that are more often not an immediate emergency.

*Note: The above chart is for educational purposes only. You know what is right for your pet. If you believe your pet is in pain, extreme discomfort, or distress, contact or visit an emergency veterinary hospital or clinic. 

Who to Call During a Pet Emergency

Knowing who to call if your pet is experiencing an emergency is critical. Have these numbers on hand and use them if your dog or cat is showing signs of distress:

Your Regular Veterinary Clinic

Call your regular general practitioner veterinarian if your pet experiences an emergency during regular office hours or if your veterinarian has an on-call service for after-hour emergencies. 

Your Local Emergency Pet Hospital

If an emergency occurs when your regular veterinarian is closed (such as in the middle of the night or on a weekend), call your closest 24/7 emergency animal hospital (ideally, within a 30 to 60-minute drive). If you live in a city with a veterinary school teaching hospital, you may wish to call its emergency service.

Pet Poison Control Hotline

If your dog or cat ingests a known or suspected toxin, you can call a pet poison helpline, such as the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) at 888-426-4435. Veterinary toxicologists are available around-the-clock at the APCC. For a consult fee, you may inquire whether your pet ate enough of a poisonous substance to require further veterinary care. The APCC can also advise you on any at-home treatments to try or whether to seek immediate treatment at an emergency pet clinic. Remember, unless otherwise instructed by a veterinarian, never induce vomiting in your pet!

How to Prepare for a Pet Emergency

Follow these steps to prepare for an emergency well before your pet ever has the chance to experience one.

Keep Emergency Contacts Handy

Store the phone number and address of your regular veterinary clinic and nearest emergency animal hospital into your cell phone, and make a copy to display on your refrigerator or other safe place. Familiarize yourself with these locations.

Schedule Regular Vet Checks

Practice prevention with regular veterinary check-ups, vaccines, and parasite prevention. Also, discuss the benefits of spaying or neutering your pet with your veterinarian. You’ll save money in the long run by protecting the wellbeing of your pet and helping to prevent minor injuries and illnesses.

Create a Pet Emergency Kit

Keep a folder with your dog or cat’s most up-to-date medical and vaccine records, microchip number, and list of any medications. In the same location, store items you may need in a hurry, including your pet carrier or leash, a muzzle, a blanket, and pet pads or litter box.

Brush Up on Toxic Foods and Substances

Practice safety with a refresher on toxic human foods (like chocolate, onions, xylitol, grapes and raisins) and household plants toxic to pets (such as lilies in cats or cycad palms). Tidy up to prevent the possibility that your pet swallows a foreign body or other dangerous substance. Avoid the use of rat and snail bait, and clean up any spilled antifreeze around your automobile. Store all drugs safely to prevent an accidental overdose. 

Always Supervise Your Pet

Never leave your pet in a hot car, keep your dog on a leash during walks to prevent a road accident, and always supervise your pets when interacting with other animals to prevent bites or attacks.

Have a Pet First Aid Kit

Having a pet-specific first aid kit handy is important if something happens. Your kit should contain the following:

• Gauze pads and bandages
• Medical tape
• Medical scissors
• Disposable gloves
• Cotton swabs
• Tweezers
• Hydrogen peroxide 3%
• Alcohol wipes
• Antibacterial spray or ointment
• Styptic powder or sticks for broken nails
• Saline eye flush
• Ice pack
• Towels and washcloths
• Digital thermometer

Learn Pet CPR

Sign up for a pet CPR course and Heimlich maneuver training, as offered by the American Red Cross.

Keep a Pet Emergency Fund

Start preparing financially for a pet emergency even before you acquire a new dog or cat. According to Petplan Pet Insurance, the average pet emergency costs at least $800-$1,500, and only 39 percent of American pet parents have enough savings to cover a $1,000 bill. Invest in pet medical insurance and/or emergency pet insurance (which reimburse for certain pet services), and start a savings account specifically for your pet’s medical care (even if you only invest a little at a time).

What to Do During a Pet Emergency 

Try to remain calm during a pet emergency so that you may act as quickly as possible. These steps can help you navigate an emergency situation with your dog or cat 

Step 1: Before leaving your home, call your regular veterinary clinic or local emergency animal hospital to ask for any at-home advice and let them know you are on your way.

Step 2: In case of specific emergencies, your veterinarian may advise you to perform the following before or during your journey to the pet emergency room:

• Bleeding: Apply firm pressure or a bandage to the wound. Only use a tourniquet if instructed by your vet.
• Seizure: Cushion your pet’s head and avoid being bitten.
• Heat stroke: Move your pet to a cool location and offer cool water. Apply cool (not cold) water to your pet’s paw pads and body.
• Choking: Carefully try to sweep the back of your pet’s throat or firmly pat his or her back to attempt to dislodge a foreign object. Take care to avoid bites.
• Poison ingestion: Call your vet or a pet poison control hotline for advice. As mentioned, never induce vomiting in your pet unless directed by a veterinary professional.
• Unconsciousness: Only perform CPR if you are trained.

Step 3: Until you are ready to depart, put your dog or cat in a secure location (such as a bathroom) if he or she is at risk of running away and hiding, which could delay treatment.

Step 4: Gather your pet emergency kit, cell phone, and wallet. Also collect anything else you may think could be helpful to your vet, such as the medication bottle, plant, or a sample of any other foreign substance your pet was eating.

Step 5: Program the route to the veterinary hospital into your GPS.

Step 6: Safely load your pet into your vehicle. If your pet is scared or in pain, the natural instinct may be to bite, so be careful and use a dog muzzle to lift your dog if needed, removing the muzzle once your dog is in the car. Avoid muzzling if your pet has difficulty breathing or is a brachycephalic, or flat-faced, breed. A towel or blanket may be gently wrapped around an angry cat to more easily transport. Always place your cat in a carrier. In case of a suspected spinal injury, take special care to support your pet’s back and neck.

Step 7: During your ride to the pet hospital, keep your pet as calm and comfortable as possible while they are secured to the backseat or in a carrier. If you are the driver, stay safe and focus on the road. Only 16 percent of people use proper pet restraints while driving. Beat those statistics by using the proper equipment to keep you and your pet safe.

Step 8: Upon your arrival to the pet emergency room, carefully lift or carry your pet from your vehicle. If you need assistance moving a heavy dog, call the emergency vet receptionist to ask for staff to assist with a stretcher or gurney.

Tips for the Pet Emergency Room

The pet emergency room can be a scary and overwhelming place, especially if your pet is injured or in distress. Do your best to remain calm and follow these tips to make the check-in and waiting process and stress-free as possible.

Check In

When you check in with the receptionist, try to remain calm to succinctly explain the situation to the receptionist. Hand over your pet’s medical records. Don’t leave the building until you are seen, and then remain nearby with your cell phone charged in case your vet needs to reach you. 

Research Financial Assistance

Pet emergencies can be very expensive. If you think you will need financial assistance, ask what methods of payment are accepted. While you are waiting to be seen, begin to scout out financial options. 

Remain Calm 

Meditate, eat a snack, or otherwise try to take your mind off your worries. Avoid amplifying your own anxiety by refraining from reading online forums about what could be wrong with your pet. Our pets can sense our stress, so try to remain calm for their sake. 

Keep Your Pet Relaxed

Move to a quiet corner of the waiting room, and speak to your dog or cat in a gentle, low tone to keep him or her tranquil and still. Stroke your pet softly if tolerated; otherwise, give your pet some space and allow them to relax on a blanket or in a carrier. Ask the veterinary staff if you may offer your pet some water. If you have a nervous cat, ask for a cat-only waiting area or for a pheromone spray, such as Feliway.

Be Prepared for a Long Wait

You may be in the pet emergency room for several hours, depending on how busy it is and how many pets are in the care of the emergency staff. Upon your arrival, your pet will be triaged, meaning a veterinarian or technician will assess the severity of your pet’s problem to gauge the order patients should be seen. Life-threatening problems are treated first, followed by less critical concerns. A nurse may first obtain your dog or cat’s history and check vital signs before you see the veterinarian. 

Be Kind and Respectful

Emotions are high when our pets are sick, but it’s important to treat veterinary staff with respect and kindness. They genuinely care about your pet’s wellbeing and are working hard to care for multiple animals at their hospital. Be upfront and open with veterinary nurses and your emergency vet about finances, and explain truthfully what happened to your pet and for how long the problem has been going on. Be aware that at any time during your appointment, your veterinary doctor may be called away to a more pressing matter. Please be understanding and realize the doctors are doing everything they can to save the lives of all pets in their care and making decisions accordingly. 

Prepare for the Possibility of Hospitalization or Extended Treatment

During your visit, your pet may undergo a series of diagnostic tests, and results may take a while. If your pet is able to come home, ask about any home care or rechecks. However, keep in mind that the ER’s main goal is to stabilize your pet, so your pet may require hospitalization at the emergency pet clinic or else be transferred to your regular veterinarian the next day for follow-up care. Your dog or cat may even be referred to a veterinary specialist for a more advanced workup or surgery. 

Pet Emergency Costs and How to Pay

While preparation is key in planning for a trip to the pet emergency room, the unexpected can still catch us off-guard financially. Emergency pet services, like in human medicine, are generally more expensive than services provided at a general veterinary practice due to more frequent patient monitoring and treatments, the stocking of special life-saving drugs, the cost of emergency medical equipment, and extra training of many emergency vets and staff. In order to remain open to continue to help animals, pet ER clinics must charge appropriately for their services. 

The below chart shows average costs of certain emergency pet services. Keep in mind that the prices for these services vary by geographic location and clinic type. Pet insurance can help cover the costs of emergency services, tests, and procedures. 

The costs of common veterinary emergencies differ based on the type and severity of injury or illness sustained. For example:

In addition to a savings account and medical and emergency pet insurance, other financial options do exist. However, not all are accepted by every pet clinic, so inquire early on and plan on providing full payment (or at least a deposit in some circumstances) before you leave the pet emergency room after your pet’s visit. 

Other financial options for covering pet emergencies include:

• Monetary loan from a family member
• Third-party payment plans (require pre-approval and are subject to your credit score): CareCredit, Scratchpay, Wells Fargo Health Advantage Veterinary Client Financing
• Crowdsourcing: GoFundMe, Waggle
• Payment plan: Certain clinics may allow you to set up a plan to pay in installments, particularly if you have a preexisting relationship with them.
• Charitable services: Some emergency pet hospitals and veterinary schools have charitable compassion funds for low-income clients.
• Various assistance funds on a state or national level are also available for certain services, as listed on the website for The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).

Pet Emergencies: Better to Be Prepared

Hopefully, your dog or cat will never have to face an emergency. However, by following these steps and quickly recognizing an emergency condition in your dog or cat, you can implement a calm and prompt strategy to make an emergency less frightening for everyone—and hopefully improve your pet’s outcome in the process.

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