Initially, the signs of cerebral meningitis in cats are vague—tiredness, loss of appetite, hiding—the same symptoms of almost every cat illness. This is why it is important to have your cat evaluated by a veterinarian. The sooner meningitis can be diagnosed and treated, the more likely a good outcome is for your cat. 

What Is Feline Meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the layer of protective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. That tissue is called the meninges. The suffix -itis means inflammation. Often if there is swelling of the meninges, there is also swelling of the brain it protects. Inflammation of the brain tissue is called encephalitis. Together, inflammation of both the brain and meninges is called meningoencephalitis. If the spinal cord tissue is also involved, it’s called meningoencephalomyelitis. 

Many of the causes of feline meningitis are infectious. Therefore, cats who spend time outside are at highest risk for meningitis. Those who are unvaccinated and live outdoors are at highest risk for contagious meningitis. There are no breed or sex differences in risk, although there does appear to be a genetic predisposition for the autoimmune (non-infectious) form of the disease. Meningitis is not directly transmissible between cats, although those who share an environment are also likely to share exposures to organisms that cause meningitis.

What Causes Meningitis in Cats?

There are many infectious causes of meningitis in cats, including bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, tick-borne diseases, and single-celled organisms called protozoa. In cats, bacterial meningitis is more rare than the other infectious origins. Other brain disorders in cats can be caused by these same types of pathogens. Meningitis may also be caused by some types of chemicals or toxins. The final category of causes of meningitis in cats is auto-immune disease. Sometimes, despite diagnostic testing, a cause for feline meningitis cannot be determined. These cases are considered idiopathic, meaning no cause is known.

Types of Meningitis in Cats

There are several types of meningitis in cats, including:

Auto-immune: An overreaction of the immune system causes inflammation of the meninges. This type of meningitis can usually be treated with corticosteroid drugs. 

Bacterial: Bacterial meningitis is more common in livestock than pets.

Fungal: Fungal meningitis can be localized to the brain and spinal cord or can be a result of disseminated infection, meaning the fungus is found all over the body. 

Viral: This is the most common cause of meningitis in cats. Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Feline Leukemia Virus are both known to reach the brain and cause meningitis. Viral meningitis carries a grave prognosis—it is generally a fatal disease. 

Protozoal: Protozoa are single-celled organisms. They can arrive in the meninges through the nose, ears, bloodstream, or open wounds. Protozoal meningitis can sometimes be effectively treated with antibiotics. 

Parasitic: Parasites (for example roundworms, bot flies, etc.) can find their way into the meninges and cause localized inflammation and/or infection. Parasitic meningitis is typically treated with anthelmintic medications as well as antibiotics. 

Idiopathic: When no cause of meningitis can be found, it is called idiopathic. Unfortunately, idiopathic meningitis has a poor prognosis. 

What Are Signs of Meningitis in Cats?

The symptoms of meningitis in cats vary widely from minimal to severe, from slow onset to rapid progression, and from specifically neurologic to non-specific whole body signs. 

The most common signs of meningitis are fever, neck pain, muscle spasms, and severe pain that is difficult to localize. More specific signs include a head tilt, walking in circles, and loss of balance. Other signs include lethargy, blindness, abnormal movements, paralysis, behavior changes, seizures, and coma. 

The signs of meningitis depend on the location of the swelling, whether around the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, or multiple locations. The symptoms do not differ between the causes of meningitis, which is part of what makes diagnosis difficult. 

To recap, here is a list of signs of meningitis in cats:

• Fever
• Pain
• Muscle spasm
• Blindness
• Inability to walk or poor balance
• Abnormal gait
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Abnormal body movements
• Head bobbing and other abnormal head movements
• Head tilt
• Agitation or changes in behavior
• Weakness
• Coma

Diagnosing Feline Meningitis

The diagnosis of meningitis in cats starts with a thorough history and physical exam. Bloodwork and X-rays are useful to rule out the presence of other more common illnesses and injuries. The specific tests required to diagnose meningitis are evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, the fluid that goes around and through the brain) and an MRI to confirm the presence of inflammation. These tests may be ordered when bloodwork and X-rays of the body appear to be normal but a cat has persistent or progressive neurologic signs. 

Cat Meningitis Treatment Options

The treatment for meningitis in cats depends on the cause. Whether antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or antiparasitics are required is based on the results of the CSF analysis. The success of treatment depends on the cause and how quickly treatment is initiated. It can vary widely. Some cats return to normal with treatment, while other cats get no relief from treatment or may even worsen. 

Auto-immune and idiopathic forms of meningitis are treated with steroid medication. All forms of meningitis in cats require supportive care: fluids, feeding assistance, and pain control to give the specific medication time to take effect. Sometimes these cats can be treated at home, but most cats with meningitis require at least some amount of hospitalization until their symptoms can be managed. 

Prognosis for Cats With Meningitis

Immune-mediated, tick-borne, and protozoal forms of meningitis have the best likelihood of a positive outcome, although overall the prognosis for any type of meningitis in cats is still guarded. The other forms of meningitis, such as bacterial, fungal, and viral, carry a poor prognosis. Getting your cat into the vet at the first sign of a problem can go a long way to helping them get better. 

Cost to Treat Meningitis in Cats

The cost to diagnose and treat meningitis in cats varies but it is a significant financial investment due to the cost of diagnostic testing and hospitalization. An MRI and CSF analysis can cost $3,000-$6,000. Hospitalization is in the range of $1,000-$3,000 per day. Some cats may only require a few days while other cats may require weeks in the hospital in order to adequately manage their pain. 

How to Prevent Meningitis in Cats

While there is nothing a pet parent can do to prevent meningitis specifically, keeping your cat indoors and up to date on vaccines significantly reduces the risk of meningitis. 

The post Meningitis in Cats: Signs, Causes, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Hopefully with a little background information on food allergies in dogs and lots of direction and guidance from your veterinarian, you can help your dog feel great again.

Can Dogs Be Allergic to Food?

Yes! Just like people can be allergic to food, so can dogs. The most common food allergens in dogs are animal proteins. Specifically, chicken, beef, and dairy are most likely to cause a reaction in a dog. Dogs can be allergic to any protein, including egg, fish, seafood, soy, lamb, and even venison. Just like humans, some dogs have gluten allergy (wheat protein), but this is much less common than gluten sensitivity in people. 

What Causes Food Allergies in Dogs?

While we don’t know exactly what causes food allergies in dogs, we do know that there is at least some inherited component. That is because German Shepherd dogs, West Highland White Terriers, and Labrador and Golden Retrievers are more likely to have food allergies than other breeds (1). The predisposition in Labrador and Golden Retrievers is so great that even their mixes such as Labradoodles and Goldendoodles have high rates of allergies. 

Most allergic reactions are due to an overactive immune system response. In a food allergy, the immune system doesn’t recognize a protein as food. Instead, it thinks the food protein is harmful and mounts a response. Just as for some people shrimp is a tasty food while for others even the tiniest bite can send them to the hospital. This response is what causes symptoms. Symptoms of food allergies in dogs tend to involve the skin and the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). 

Can dogs develop food allergies later in life? 

Most food allergies in dogs start to become apparent between 6 to 12 months of age (1). However, dogs with minor sensitivities can develop more severe allergic responses to foods as they age. For dogs with environmental allergies, it can be difficult to distinguish signs of food allergy until the environmental allergies have been addressed. This is because they overlap in symptoms and many dogs have more than one type of allergy. In addition to food and environmental allergies, the third common type of allergy in dogs is to fleas.

Dog Food Allergy Symptoms

The most common symptoms of food allergy in dogs are related to digestion and to skin. Dogs with food allergies may have chronic or recurrent diarrhea. Vomiting is a more rare but more severe symptom of food allergy. Some dogs may not want to eat their food if they associate it with a stomach ache. Dogs also show signs of food allergies on their skin. They may lick their feet excessively and cause irritation or swelling between their toes. They may have itchy ears and suffer from frequent ear infections. In fact, ear infections in young healthy dogs are often the first sign a veterinarian has that a dog may suffer from allergies of any kind. 

Common symptoms of food allergy in dogs:

• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Licking feet
• Swollen feet
• Itchy ears
• Itchy skin
• Ear infections
• Vomiting 

How to Diagnose a Dog Food Allergy 

Research shows that neither blood nor saliva tests are valid for diagnosing food allergies in dogs (2). Therefore, an elimination diet trial is the best way to diagnose food allergies in dogs. The concept sounds simple: If you can completely exclude the offending allergen(s) from your dog’s diet, then your pet’s symptoms should resolve. However, an elimination diet for dogs is hard to do properly.

The first step is the easy part: You and your veterinarian will select an appropriate food for the elimination diet trial. Options include:

Hydrolyzed protein dog food. Hydrolyzed means that the protein source in the food is broken down during processing so that the body no longer recognizes the protein as an allergen. Hydrolyzed protein diets are the best food for dogs with allergies. Hydrolyzed diets such as Royal Canin Ultamino are the gold standard tool for elimination food trials. 

Novel protein dog food. For some dogs (young and with a fully known diet history), a novel protein diet is also an appropriate choice to avoid allergens. Novel means your dog has never been exposed to that particular protein before. Examples of novel proteins include venison, rabbit, and kangaroo. However, diets with similar proteins — think chicken and turkey or beef and bison — may cross-react, so these may not be suitable options. 

Limited-ingredient dog food. As the name implies, limited-ingredient dog foods have fewer ingredients than traditional dog foods. They typically contain a single protein source, limited carbohydrates, and no fillers. The recipe may use a novel protein source as described above. However, a complicating factor is that not all limited-ingredient diets are free from cross-contamination with potential allergens. Prescription limited-ingredient diets tend to be the only ones able to guarantee against cross-contamination.

Once you and your veterinarian have selected the food, the hard work begins at home. You, other members of your household, and visitors should NOT feed your dog anything other than the recommended diet. This means no treats, snacks, table scraps, or medications or supplements that contain food proteins. This can be challenging, especially in homes with multiple dogs. You will need to feed your other dogs separately, or else all of your dogs will need to eat the same elimination diet. If you accidentally let your dog eat something outside of their prescribed diet, you will need to start the entire trial timeline over again.

Even medications and supplements that contain food-based ingredients should be avoided. This may mean using a different monthly heartworm preventative, such as a topical treatment, during your dog’s diet trials. Any flavored tablet could contain what your dog is allergic to. Talk to your veterinarian about every medication and supplement your dog is on.  

It can take up to 12 weeks after switching your dog’s food for allergy symptoms to go away. For this reason, diet trials typically last four to 12 weeks. Your veterinarian will evaluate your dog every two to four weeks. Make sure to keep a record of your dog’s symptoms at home so you can discuss their progress during these vet visits. Keep in mind that some dogs respond to diet trials quickly while others take longer. The trial will conclude once your dog improves or at least 12 weeks have passed without any progress and your veterinarian has evaluated your dog. If your dog responds to the trial, their gastrointestinal signs will typically improve first before their skin signs improve.  

Once all symptoms have resolved, your veterinarian will direct you to add back in one protein at a time, called a food challenge. It might be chicken one week and then beef two weeks later. It is important to give each protein time to cause a reaction and detectable symptoms before moving on to the next food challenge. Your veterinarian will direct you on how to monitor for a reaction and how to proceed.

How to Treat Dog Food Allergies

The best way to treat a dog food allergy is to completely eliminate the offending allergen from your dog’s environment. You will need to feed your dog a hydrolyzed protein, limited-ingredient, or novel protein diet, and ensure that your dog’s treats, dental chews, medications, etc., are also allergen-free. Do not feed your dog table scraps or let them lick dishes in the dishwasher. 

Aside from looking at the main ingredients in your dog’s food, you need to consider the risk of cross-contamination with other proteins. Unlike human food, dog foods are not required to state possible allergen contaminations on the packaging. For example, foods may be labeled as being made in a facility that processes peanuts. Very few pet food companies can guarantee against cross-contamination for their limited-ingredient diets. This is because it is time-consuming and expensive to shut down facilities and deep clean between making different products The few companies that do make this guarantee include Royal Canin, Hill’s, Purina, and Eukanuba. These are usually prescription diets that can be labeled as a treatment for your dog’s allergies. 

It is not worth risking your dog’s discomfort by feeding something that may only be partially effective. For dogs with food allergies, food is medicine. Yes, allergen-free prescription dog food costs more money than most other dog food. Trying to save a few dollars by continuing to expose your dog to even low levels of their allergen may not cause a reaction at first. But symptoms can worsen over time, causing unnecessary discomfort to your dog (and expense of treating the skin issues).

While your regular veterinarian can diagnose a dog food allergy and conduct a dog food trial, veterinary dermatologists are often the best resource since they specialize in diagnosing and treating allergic diseases in dogs.

Your dog is unlikely to need medication for food allergies, so long as you maintain their allergen-free diet. If your dog’s symptoms flare-up, then your veterinarian may prescribe a short course of medication to help them feel better while also reinforcing the need to stick to an allergen-free diet.

A food allergy is only one of many causes of dog itchy skin or GI discomfort. Avoid taking matters into your own hands. Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian before switching your dog’s food or trying an elimination diet. Doing it incompletely or the wrong way first only prolongs your dog’s discomfort.

References

1. Olivry T, Mueller RS. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (7): signalment and cutaneous manifestations of dogs and cats with adverse food reactions. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):140)
2. Jackson, Hilary A. “Food allergy in dogs and cats; current perspectives on etiology, diagnosis, and management.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 261,S1 S23-S29. 18 Mar. 2023, doi:10.2460/javma.22.12.0548

The post Food Allergies in Dogs: Signs and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Featured Dog Heart Medications

*Check availability and shop your veterinarian’s online store. Prescription required.

• Vetmedin
• Furosemide
• Enalapril
• Benazepril
• Cardalis
• Sotalol
• Diltiazem
• Digoxin
• Mexiletine

Common Dog Heart Conditions

Heart disease is a general term for compromised heart function and there are many different types of heart disease in dogs. Some dogs are born with defects in their heart while other types of heart disease develop over time. 

Understanding what type of heart condition is impacting your pet will help your veterinarian prescribe the appropriate dog heart medicine. 

Some heart conditions that vets may treat with medication include:

• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Mitral Valve Disease (MVDD)
• Arrhythmias 
• Tachycardia
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Dog Heart Medication

Canine heart medications can slow the progression of heart disease and make your dog feel better. Most dogs with heart disease are prescribed a combination of medications in order to maximize heart function and minimize a weakened heart’s effects on the rest of the body. 

Some heart medications strengthen heartbeats while others change the rate of heartbeats. Each type of dog heart medication has a specific use. Choosing the wrong type of medication or wrong combination can actually make a dog’s heart disease worse.

In addition to medications, your veterinarian will recommend changes to your dog’s lifestyle. Strenuous activity is not appropriate for dogs with heart disease, but walks and low-impact exercises are important to keep up with until a dog develops late-stage disease. Heart-specific diets, which are low in salt and high in omega-3 fatty acids, also support heart function.

It is important to follow your veterinarian’s recommendations to give your dog the best, most comfortable life despite their weakened heart.

Types of Dog Heart Medications

Veterinarians may prescribe multiple types of heart medications as part of your dog’s treatment plan. The most common types of medications include:

Positive Inotropic Medications

Positive inotropic medications increase the strength of the muscle contractions in the heart, causing the heart to beat with more force. This helps to pump blood out of your dog’s heart and through the rest of their body.

Diuretics 

Diuretics draw fluid out of the body, including the fluid that collects in the lungs and causes the acute symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs. Inappropriate or long-term use may cause dangerous dehydration or kidney damage, so it’s important for your veterinarian to monitor your dog when on diuretic medicines. 

ACE Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors are often recommended as part of combination medical therapy for managing or slowing the progression of heart disease in dogs. They have been shown to prolong longevity in dogs with CHF [1]. However, there is no evidence that ACE inhibitors delay the onset of CHF and they are not effective in treating dog heart disease on their own. The most common side effects of ACE inhibitors are nausea and a loss of appetite.

Beta-Blockers

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists – commonly called beta-blockers – slow down a dog’s heart rate. They are used in dogs with hearts that are beating too fast (tachycardia) or both fast and irregular (tachyarrhythmia). Beta-blockers are generally not prescribed to dogs with mitral valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, or conditions that cause slow heart rates.

Antiarrhythmics

These medications are used to treat heart arrhythmias in dogs. The choice of which medication to use is based on many subtle features of the arrhythmia. This is why your veterinarian will make a specific recommendation about which medication or medications are best for your dog and their specific type of heart disease.

9 Dog Heart Medications Prescribed By Vets

Here are medications that your veterinarian may prescribe if your dog has a form of heart disease or congestive heart failure. 

Vetmedin (Pimobendan)

Pimobendan, known under the brand name Vetmedin, is a positive inotropic medication that increases the ability of the heart muscles to contract so they can better squeeze blood out of the heart and through the body. This oral medication also reduces blood pressure which makes it easier for a weakened heart to pump blood effectively. 

Vetmedin beef-flavored tablets are chewable, making them easier to administer than traditional pills. However, the tablets are large and may be more difficult to give to smaller dogs. Pimobendan can be compounded into smaller tablets that are more manageable for little dogs. 

Both Vetmedin chewable tablets and generic forms of pimobendan are generally well tolerated with minimal side effects. However, this medication should not be given to dogs with aortic stenosis or those without diagnosed heart disease. 

Furosemide

Furosemide is a widely prescribed diuretic medication for dogs with symptomatic heart disease or congestive heart failure. It is used in both emergency situations to help a suffering dog breathe easier and as an at-home medication to prevent the build-up of lung fluid. 

When used appropriately furosemide is a life-saving drug. However, long-term use can lead to kidney damage, changes in electrolyte balance, and severe dehydration. Inappropriate use can cause low blood pressure, kidney failure, and worsen heart disease. This is why it is important that dogs on furosemide have regular check-ups and bloodwork with their veterinarian.

Enalapril and Benazepril

Enalapril and benazepril are two very similar ACE inhibitors that are often recommended as part of combination medical therapy for dogs with heart disease. ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and making it easier for the heart to pump blood. There is no data to prefer the use of one drug over the other. The choice is often based on ease of appropriate dosing, cost, and availability. The most common side effects of enalapril and benazepril are nausea and a loss of appetite.

Cardalis (Spironolactone, Benazepril)

Cardalis combines two medications: spironolactone, which is a mild diuretic, and benazepril, which is an ACE inhibitor. The benefit of a combination prescription is that it is one pill instead of two. The most recent guidelines for the treatment of heart disease in dogs recommends using both of the active ingredients in Cardalis for advanced (symptomatic) heart disease. So even if your veterinarian does not recommend this medicine initially, it may be added to your dog’s treatment plan later.

With Cardalis, your veterinarian cannot titrate each medication individually to best suit the needs of your dog. Furthermore, both of the agents in Cardalis are not considered effective in delaying the onset of congestive heart failure. 

Sotalol

Sotalol is the most commonly prescribed beta-blocker in veterinary medicine that is used to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms with a ventricular rate of 100) in pets. It slows the rate of electrical signaling in the heart muscle cells, helping keep the heart in a normal rhythm. Sotalol may be used in combination with other heart medications including pimobendan or mexiletine.

Diltiazem

Diltiazem is a commonly prescribed anti-arrhythmic medication for dogs. It is used to treat tachyarrhythmia – either alone or in combination with other medications on this list. Diltiazem is available as both an injection for use in emergency situations in veterinary clinics and as a capsule to give at home. Diltiazem should never be given with a beta-blocker. It interacts with many types of other prescription medications so it is important that your veterinary cardiologist knows about all of the medications your dog takes before prescribing this medication.                   

Digoxin        

Digoxin is another commonly used medication for treating heart arrhythmia in dogs. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that occurs naturally in the Foxglove flower. It causes the heart rate to slow while also increasing the heart muscle’s ability to contract. 

Side effects are mostly gastrointestinal upset such as nausea and diarrhea but dizziness or weakness can result as well. Dogs with kidney disease should not be prescribed digoxin or should be prescribed a lower dose. 

Dogs taking digoxin are closely monitored and it is important not to change your dog’s dose without instructions from your veterinarian. An overdose of digoxin could be lethal. 

Mexiletine

Mexiletine is a less commonly prescribed anti-arrhythmic medication. It is used to treat arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles of the heart. It is often prescribed with sotalol. Side effects may include nausea, lethargy, loss of appetite, and seizures. It used to be more easily available but it is no longer used in human medicine and so may be difficult to find at standard pharmacies.

Dog Heart Medications: Tips and Safety

With medications used to treat heart disease in dogs it is very important to follow your veterinarian’s recommendations closely. When used appropriately these drugs are effective and safe. However, that efficacy also means that altering the dose or frequency can be dangerous. 

If you accidentally skip a dose or accidentally double the dose of a medication, call your veterinarian or a local emergency veterinary clinic right away. Always ask your veterinarian about any other medications, supplements, or natural products you give your dog to make sure there are no harmful interactions.

When your dog is prescribed a heart medication, your veterinarian will recommend specific followup timelines and tests. These are important in determining if the medicine is working or if other medications may be more effective.  

Throughout treatment, you and your veterinarian will develop a close relationship that will allow you to ask questions and address issues as the disease progresses. If you’re worried about how your dog is responding to medication, make sure to discuss those concerns directly with your veterinarian.  

References:

1. Lefebvre, H P et al. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in veterinary medicine.” Current pharmaceutical design vol. 13,13 (2007): 1347-61. doi:10.2174/138161207780618830

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Luckily, most causes of dog epilepsy can be managed – even if they can’t be cured. The good news is that most dogs who have epilepsy live a normal, happy life.

What is Epilepsy in Dogs?

Epilepsy is the name of a syndrome of recurrent seizures. Seizures are abnormal electrical signals in the brain that typically cause uncontrolled muscle movements and loss of consciousness. They may also cause stiffness and abnormal behaviors.

Seizure disorders in dogs are common enough that your veterinarian likely cares for dogs with epilepsy. However, most pet parents will never have a pet with epilepsy. 

Causes of Epilepsy in Dogs

There are many causes of seizures and epilepsy in dogs. One of the biggest distinctions between causes is whether the seizure is the result of something inside the skull (intracranial) or something outside the skull (extracranial). 

Extracranial causes of seizures include low blood sugar, liver failure, toxins (chocolate, medications, etc), high fever, heat stroke, changes in electrolyte concentration in blood, low platelets, distemper virus, and others. 

Intracranial seizures can be the result of high intracranial pressure, masses or cancer, trauma, infection, congenital defects, and idiopathic epilepsy. 

Idiopathic epilepsy means there is no identifiable cause for the seizures. This is also known as primary epilepsy or primary seizures. While there is a genetic component to some cases of primary epilepsy it is not as simple as one or two genetic mutations causing seizures. Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two breeds with a genetic risk for primary epilepsy. Breeds including Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers also have increased risk.

Types of Dog Epilepsy

Epilepsy in dogs can be characterized by the different types of seizures your dog has – and not all of them are the same.

When people hear the word seizure they often think of full body spasms where the arms and legs flail in wild, uncoordinated movements. These are called grand mal seizures. 

However there are other types of seizures that affect dogs as well. Partial seizures or focal seizures may only affect a limb or one side of the face. Other seizures are just a brief pause in activity during which the dog may be unresponsive.

Brief changes in behavior can also be the only external sign of a seizure known as psychomotor seizures. For example a very friendly dog who suddenly bites her owner could be having a seizure.

Symptoms of Epilepsy in Dogs

Dogs with epilepsy may have seizure symptoms that include full body convulsions and loss of consciousness. But the symptoms of other types of seizures may be less obvious. 

Here are some other signs and symptoms to watch for if you suspect your dog has epilepsy:

Symptoms of partial seizures include abnormal movements of just one part of the body such as the face or one limb.

Signs of absence seizures include a temporary lapse of consciousness without physical movements. 

Symptoms of psychomotor seizures in dogs include changes in behavior that may manifest as repetitive movements, a moment of aggression, or another behavior that is abnormal for your dog.  

After a dog has a seizure there is typically a period of time where they still behave abnormally. This is known as a postictal phase. It could be that your dog is tired, panting, pacing, or otherwise not themselves. This is a normal part of a seizure and typically resolves in 5-30 minutes. 

Some dogs may be aware that a seizure is about to happen, called an aura. They may get anxious, become clingy, or hide if they know a seizure is about to happen. Auras are common in humans with epilepsy, but since dogs can’t tell us what is wrong it is unknown how common auras are in dogs.

Diagnosing Epilepsy in Dogs

While it may seem that the diagnosis of epilepsy is straightforward, it isn’t always that easy. Not all seizures are the grand mal type that is readily identifiable. 

Partial or absence seizures can be mistaken for fainting. Seizures can be easily confused with other types of collapse events such as fainting due to impaired cardiovascular function (syncope). Similarly, some toxins such as organophosphates, a type of pesticide, can cause trembling of the whole body. Tremors can look remarkably like a seizure and may only be differentiated based on response to medications dosed by a veterinarian. 

This is why it is very helpful to your veterinarian that you track seizure type, location, frequency, situation, and length. If you are able to do so safely, record a video of the event on your phone so that you can show it to your veterinarian. Make note of anything that may have preceded the seizure such as the delivery person dropping off a package or your dog eating dinner. 

Once it has been established that the event was a seizure, your veterinarian will want to check for extracranial causes by performing a comprehensive physical exam and blood work. Diagnosing epilepsy based on intracranial causes of seizures may require advanced diagnostic testing including sampling cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap) and an MRI. Generally these tests are performed by a neurologist.

How to Treat Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy in dogs is treated with oral medication at home. These medications are typically given 2-3 times per day. It is very important to give each dose on time. Forgetting doses or giving them inconsistently can actually make epilepsy worse. 

There are three main medications that veterinarians use to manage epilepsy in dogs: levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and zonisamide. 

The seizure medication that your veterinarian chooses for your dog will depend on several factors including your dog’s size, age, and other health conditions. Sometimes your dog will need to take more than one medication to manage their epilepsy. 

Your veterinarian may also prescribe a medication to stop a seizure if it happens. These are strong medications called benzodiazepines. Your veterinarian will likely only prescribe one to two doses since they are for emergency use only. 

Treatment of epilepsy in dogs is relatively inexpensive. The medication may cost anywhere from $20 – $100 per month depending on your dog’s size and how many medications they are on. If your dog is on phenobarbital, blood levels and liver values should be checked periodically (every 3-6 months) and these tests may cost $100 – $300 each time. 

There are no proven home remedies to reduce the likelihood of seizures. However, Purina makes a prescription dog food called NeuroCare that may be helpful in reducing seizure risk in dogs with epilepsy. 

Purina NC Neurocare

• Formulated with medium chain triglyceride oil to support cognitive health

• Includes EPA+DHA and omega-3 fatty acids to help support brain health

• Contains antioxidant vitamins E & C to support a healthy immune system

Additionally there is some evidence that raw, unprocessed coconut oil which is high in medium chain triglycerides may also have neuroprotective effects. Talk to your veterinarian before adding or changing anything about your dog’s treatment plan. 

When is an Epileptic Seizure an Emergency?  

A seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes is an emergency known as status epilepticus. If your dog’s seizure reaches the 2 minute mark, you should get prepared to take your dog to the closest emergency veterinary clinic. 

Similarly, if your dog has more than 2 seizures in a 24 hour period, that is an emergency because the likelihood of another seizure happening soon is very high. These are known as cluster seizures. 

A single seizure lasting less than 2 minutes is not an emergency. If it happens during normal business hours, call your veterinarian and ask if your pet can be seen the same day or next. If it happens in the middle of the night or on the weekend, schedule a visit with your veterinarian for the next day they are open. 

If you are unsure what to do, call your local emergency veterinary clinic. They will advise you about whether your dog needs to be seen as an emergency based on the information you provide. 

How to Prevent or Manage Epilepsy in Dogs

If your dog does not already have epilepsy, there is nothing you can do to prevent epilepsy from developing apart from routine care to keep your dog healthy. 

If your dog has epilepsy, then it may be possible to reduce the frequency of your dog’s seizures. Make notes about each time a seizure happens – where, when, what else was going on. You can then use this information by trying to prevent those situations from happening again. 

For example, if your dog has a seizure when they get very excited because you are having a house party, then ask a friend or neighbor to watch your dog if you are having people over. 

Apart from these types of situationally-induced seizures, there is nothing you can do to prevent seizures from happening. The best thing you can do is give your dog their seizure medication as prescribed and follow up with your veterinarian if you have concerns.

FAQs About Epilepsy in Dogs

Can dogs be cured of epilepsy?

No, dogs cannot be cured of epilepsy. However, most forms of epilepsy in dogs can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. Your veterinarian can recommend the best seizure medication for your dog based on size, age, and other health conditions.

How long can dogs live with epilepsy?

Dogs with epilepsy can live relatively normal lives with average lifespans if their seizures are well controlled with medication. If seizures are not well controlled or dogs experience regular episodes of cluster seizures, they may have shorter lifespans due to quality of life issues.

Does anything trigger seizures in dogs?

There are a variety of things that may trigger seizures in epileptic dogs. In one study, pet owners were able to link seizures in their dogs to triggers related to stress, excitement, and food. These included things like fireworks, loud noises, cleaning products and air fresheners, and lack of sleep. Keeping track of when your dog’s seizures are happening and identifying possible triggers can help you avoid those triggers in the future.

What dogs are most prone to epilepsy?

Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two dog breeds with a genetic risk for idiopathic or primary epilepsy. Other breeds prone to epilepsy include Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers.

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In dogs, obesity is not a cosmetic issue—it results in decreased quality of life for pets and it can lead to a breakdown of the human-animal bond. In fact, being overweight or obese is so harmful to dogs that nearly one-quarter of all claims submitted to one of the largest pet insurance companies were for obesity-related illnesses (2). 

A study, now over 20 years old and repeatedly confirmed, found that lean dogs live longer (3). And they live better—less arthritis and fewer mobility issues as they age. Research has continued to show the advantages of lean body condition in dogs, including healing from illness or surgery, response to medications, and even health of the gut microflora. 

We know maintaining a healthy weight is important for our dogs, but how can we get them there safely? Can exercise help a dog lose weight? The best way to achieve weight loss in dogs is through a combination of moderated calorie intake and appropriate, consistent exercise. 

Ready to get moving? We’ve rounded up some of the best types of exercise for dog weight loss.

10 Best Exercises for Weight Loss in Dogs

When choosing the best exercise for dog weight loss, consider activities that you and your dog will consistently enjoy. If you dislike the dog park, for example, you are less likely to take your dog there regularly. Here are 10 simple ways to exercise your dog:

Walking

This one may seem obvious, but walking is one of the safest physical activities to start with for dogs who are overweight. Start with short walks in flat areas and slowly increase until your walks are longer and/or include hills. 

Walking for exercise is different from walking for a potty break. Exercise walking might include breaks for sniffing but otherwise, keep momentum going to keep your dog’s heart rate up. 

If you want to mix things up, explore different ways to keep dog walks interesting, such as going on a “buddy walk” with a furry friend and their pet parent.

If your schedule prohibits you from taking walks, maybe a dog walker can help. There are apps to connect you to professional walkers, and don’t forget about the teenager down the street who wants some spending money.

Hiking

If you enjoy hiking, there are plenty of places to explore the great outdoors with your canine companion. Always follow posted leash laws and respect your dog’s ability for difficulty and length of trail. For dogs who aren’t used to hiking, start with shorter, easier hikes and work your way up to longer and more challenging routes.

Consider the weather conditions before you go, pack plenty of water, and take breaks along the way. Be mindful of jagged, hot, or icy surfaces that can injure your dog’s paws. 

Swimming

Swimming is a wonderful type of exercise for any dog, but it’s one of the best options for dogs with arthritis or heat-sensitive breeds. It is an ultra-low-impact activity: Dogs float so their joints are weightless while their muscles do all the work. 

If your dog won’t go all the way into the water, walking through ankle-, knee- or hip-deep water is very strengthening, even at a slow pace. (Note: Always practice water safety around fast-moving water and watercraft.)

If you are concerned about your dog swimming in open water or prefer a more controlled environment, you can research indoor swimming pools for dogs. Depending on the facility, there might be group play or private exercise options, as well as swimming for physical therapy (more on this next).

Physical therapy

Physical therapy isn’t just for recovery from injury or surgery. It can be like hiring a personal trainer, but for your dog! A canine physical rehabilitation specialist will evaluate your dog’s movement and help them build muscle where it is needed most. The specialist can help minimize the impact of chronic injuries and allow even the oldest, least active dogs to move around more easily. In turn, this permits other types of exercise and maybe even a longer life. If your dog struggles with mobility, a joint support supplement may be a helpful addition to their physical therapy routine.  

Physical therapy techniques you can use include treadmill therapy, underwater treadmill therapy, passive range-of-motion exercises, and therapeutic exercises to improve strength, balance, and coordination. Your veterinarian can recommend local physical rehabilitation centers. 

Interactive playtime

It may sound simple, but all of those fun activities you used to do with your dog when they were a puppy can be reintroduced. Whether playing fetch, hide-and-seek, or tug-of-war, any form of playtime with your dog is active and can be included in a dog weight loss exercise plan. You might even find that your dog returns to playing with toys on their own after you start playing with those toys, too.  

Scavenger hunt

A classic game of chase is sure to burn calories, but if you are spending time indoors or have limited space, a scavenger hunt can be a fun option to consider. Rather than hiding small treats (those calories can add up fast!), try a few rounds of “hide the toy” to provide both mental and physical stimulation. Start out by hiding a favorite toy in plain sight and telling your dog to “find it,” and then gradually work your way up to more challenging hiding spots, like under a blanket or pillow.

Dog park visit

Many dogs like dog parks because they get to be independent—they can choose where to go and which other dogs to play with. Whether your pup prefers to amble around sniffing or enjoys chasing other dogs, all of those minutes of activity add up. During the colder months, see if your area has an indoor dog park where your pet can expend some energy.
When spending time at the dog park, avoid overdoing it—too much activity or rough play can lead to injuries.

Social outing

If your dog isn’t a fan of the dog park or you find them too unpredictable, don’t underestimate the value of playtime with friends’ or neighbors’ dogs. Scheduling a play session after work a couple of times a week gives your dog a change of pace while also letting you include your dog in your own leisure activities. Whether in a private backyard or that secret dog-safe area in your neighborhood, spending time with friends can translate into easy exercise.

Classes

Enroll your dog in activity classes, such as agility training, retrieving, scent-tracking, dog diving, or whatever your dog’s genetics make them excited to do. Bonus points for practicing those skills outside of class as additional exercise. For example, if your dog really enjoys agility training, consider making a homemade agility course in your backyard as an enriching activity.

Dog daycare

Now that the dog daycare industry has exploded, busy pet parents have even more options to turn to when their schedules are jam-packed. Most daycare facilities separate dogs by size and activity level, and you can discuss dog weight loss goals with the caretakers. Adding one or two days per week gives your dog a boost of exercise while taking the burden off of you.

Dog Exercise Safety Tips

Dog weight loss should be slow. Aim for no more than 0.5 to 2 pounds of weight loss per month, depending on the size of your dog. 

For dogs who are obese or have additional medical issues, it is best to consult your veterinarian before beginning a weight loss program, as prescription diets and modified exercises may be recommended. 

Most importantly, know your dog’s limits. Any activity that includes your dog must be designed around their physical limitations. This is especially important with regard to weather. If your dog struggles with joint pain, consider adding a fish oil supplement to help them comfortably adjust to the increased activity. Fish oil supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory. These supplements can help to reduce swelling, pain, and stiffness in joints. 

Never exercise overweight dogs and short-faced dogs (e.g., French Bulldogs) when the temperature is high, because they can have difficulty breathing. Be careful of hot pavement, and conversely, protect your dog’s feet when the roads are salted during winter months. 

Consult your veterinarian before trying to turn a couch potato into an Iditarod contender. Your veterinarian will be very excited to learn about your dog’s weight loss plan and will have extra insight into how to safely start an exercise program for your dog. 

Exercise should build up slowly as your dog’s endurance increases. For example, multiple 10-minute walks might be best for a dog just starting out. Over the course of six months, that can increase to 30-minute walks. 

Always have plenty of fresh water available for your dog during and after the activity. It is safe for a dog to have a few licks of water even during strenuous activity, but they should be given a cool-down period before having a full water bowl. 

For any activity that involves other dogs, don’t push your pup. Let the dogs get to know each other slowly (like on a leash walk) before putting them together in a backyard. 

Exercise isn’t just about helping your dog lose weight. It will also help your dog have more energy to love you with. And, since most exercises for dogs also include you, it will strengthen the bond you share. Plus, you may find a new hobby. After all, the best activities are the ones you can do with your dog!

References

1. 2022 State of U.S. Pet Obesity Report. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6425ec5d33eaaa634113b2d4/t/6454f61c0cad164860799c8f/1683289630779/2022+State+of+US+Pet+Obesity+Report.pdf
2. Resolve to start the new year on a healthier foot – or paw – with your pets. Nationwide. Jan 2021. Retrieved from https://news.nationwide.com/resolve-to-start-the-new-year-on-a-healthier-foot/
3. Kealy, Richard D et al. “Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 220,9 (2002): 1315-20. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.1315

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What is Cat Lung Cancer?

Cancer in cats occurs when cells of the body become abnormal, growing at a swift rate and causing damage to nearby tissue. Lung cancer is the development of tumors in the lungs. 

Cancer cells develop into tumors that invade normal, healthy lung tissue. The tumor then prevents the healthy tissue from doing its job, which is to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs. Sometimes, these tumors can be caused by exposure to toxins in the environment, but more often, there is no known cause of cat lung cancer. 

Males and females of all cat breeds are equally susceptible to lung cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 12 years.

Cancer that starts in the lung is called primary lung cancer, and it is rare for cats to develop this type of cancer. More often in cats, cancer from another part of the body metastasizes, or spreads, to the lung. If this happens in the lungs, it is called metastatic lung cancer. Some types of cancer are more likely to spread to the lungs than others, including cancers of the bone, mammary glands, blood vessels and mouth. Primary lung cancer can also spread from one area of the lungs to another.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer in Cats

Unfortunately, there are rarely early signs of cat lung cancer. Cats are notoriously good at hiding when they don’t feel well, so you may not notice any changes until the disease has progressed. 

Common signs of the condition include decreased appetite, weight loss, decreased energy, and labored breathing. These signs are not specific to lung cancer and can be seen due to various illnesses in cats. Cats with primary lung cancer can develop something called Lung-Digit Syndrome. This is when lung cancer has spread to the muscles or bones in the limbs, especially the toes. Cats may limp, or you may notice swelling or discharge from the foot.

Common Signs of Lung Cancer in Cats

• Decreased appetite (anorexia or inappetence)
• Weight loss
• Decreased energy (lethargy)
• Wheezing
• Coughing 
• Exercise intolerance
• Limping
• Vomiting/Regurgitation

Symptoms of other types of cancer in the chest cavity can mimic the signs of lung cancer.

Causes of Lung Cancer in Cats

Most of the time, there is no known cause of feline lung cancer. Sometimes, environmental exposures can cause lung cancer, such as second-hand smoke. Fortunately, primary lung cancer is uncommon in cats. 

Diagnosing Feline Lung Cancer

The first step in diagnosing lung cancer is a physical exam. The veterinarian will listen to the cat’s heart and lungs and examine the rest of their body. The next step in diagnosing lung cancer is taking X-rays of the chest cavity. Lung tumors are visible on X-ray as areas of abnormal lung tissue. While it is possible to assume a lung cancer diagnosis based on X-rays, a definitive diagnosis requires obtaining a sample of the tissue to examine microscopically for cancer cells. 

Once lung cancer is suspected or diagnosed, your veterinarian will recommend looking at other areas of the body for cancer to determine whether the lung cancer is primary or metastatic (has spread). Tests to look at the rest of the body may include abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan.

Is Cat Lung Cancer Treatable?

Primary cancer of the lung in cats is treatable by surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. If there is a single tumor, it can be removed surgically. The need for follow-up chemotherapy depends on if the tumor can be removed entirely or if there are cancer cells left behind. 

If the cancer is too large to remove or surgery is otherwise not an option, radiation can reduce the size of the tumor and give your cat more time. Chemotherapy is required as part of treatment if there is more than one tumor or if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy may include oral and injectable medications. Specific treatment protocols are determined by a veterinary oncologist who tailors a plan to your cat.

Metastatic lung cancer is not considered treatable because it means the cat has late-stage cancer originating in another area of the body. Palliative (comfort) care, including chemotherapy or other medications, is recommended. 

Unfortunately, even when treated, cats with lung cancer have a shortened life span and poor prognosis. On average, cats with primary lung cancer can live several months to a year after treatment. This is because the cancer is likely to grow back. A diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer is fatal within several months. 

The general cost to treat lung cancer in cats depends on what types of treatments are required, the overall health of your cat, and the stage of their cancer. 

Initial diagnostic testing, including CT and tissue sampling, will likely cost $2,000-$3,500. Removal of a lung tumor is typically performed only by specialist veterinary surgeons and costs between $4,000-$8,000. Depending on the protocol, chemotherapy with a veterinary oncologist may cost $3,500-$7,000. 

How to Prevent Feline Lung Cancer

There is no way to prevent cat lung cancer. You can reduce their risk by maintaining a smoke-free home. Regular veterinary visits are essential in keeping your cat healthy and detecting disease early when it is most treatable. If your cat’s behavior, appetite, or energy level changes, she should be seen by a veterinarian.

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Let’s discuss what a normal cat blood pressure should be (hint: it’s the same for humans) and what it means if a cat’s blood pressure is high or low. 

What’s a Normal Cat Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the force that propels blood through the vascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. It’s a measurement that can tell us a lot about a pet’s overall health. When blood pressure becomes high or low it is very dangerous and can mean there is a serious health problem that needs to be addressed. 

There are two components to blood pressure: systolic and diastolic. Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure during a heartbeat. Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure and occurs between heart beats. 

A normal blood pressure reading in cats is 120 mmHg systolic over 80 mmHg diastolic – often represented as 120/80. Kittens have lower normal blood pressure. Veterinarians generally diagnose high or low blood pressure based on a cat’s systolic readings. 

A systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHg is considered high (hypertension) while a systolic pressure below 90 is low (hypotension). 

Because blood pressure is measured at the vet clinic and many cats are stressed or excited there, your veterinarian will not diagnose your cat with high blood pressure until the systolic reading is greater than 180. 

Causes of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

High blood pressure in cats can be caused by many different factors but is always due to an underlying disease. These include:

Kidney Disease

Up to 65 percent of cats with high blood pressure have kidney disease [1]. The relationship is through a complex set of hormone systems and is the reason many cats with kidney disease take blood pressure medication.

Heart Disease

The body may constrict blood vessels to compensate for a heart that is unable to adequately pump blood. Unfortunately this worsens heart disease in a vicious cycle.

Hyperthyroid Disease

An overactive thyroid can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate, and many other dangerous changes in body function. Hyperthyroid disease is common in middle aged to older cats.

Tumors or Cancer

Some types of cancers or non-cancerous tumors can secrete hormones that lead to hypertension while others create hypertension due to their size or location. 

Pain

Severe pain or an injury – such as a broken leg – can cause temporary hypertension. Adequate pain control quickly settles blood pressure to the normal range.

Trauma

Trauma can alter the normal mechanisms that control blood pressure, causing hypertension.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

Symptoms of high systemic blood pressure in cats are typically seen in association with symptoms of their primary disease. The most common sign of high blood pressure in cats is blindness. 

Other signs may include:

• Decreased energy
• Exercise intolerance
• Behavior changes
• Vision problems or blindness
• Seizure or collapse

Other symptoms of feline high blood pressure are evident to your veterinarian upon physical exam including a new or worsening heart murmur and changes to the eye including detachment of the retina.  

Consequences of Hypertension in Cats

Untreated hypertension can cause severe illness including blindness, brain damage, seizures, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke. 

Treatment for Cat Hypertension

Treatment for hypertension in cats is two-fold. When possible, treatment plans are focused on addressing or managing the underlying cause of hypertension such as kidney disease, heart disease, or thyroid disease. 

Oral medications can reduce blood pressure and are very useful as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Treatment plans may also include diet changes such as low sodium or prescription diets for management of the primary disease.

What Causes Low Blood Pressure in Cats? 

Low blood pressure in cats, also known as hypotension, is caused by severe illness, injury, or trauma. It is very abnormal and always an emergency. 

Cats only become hypotensive when their body cannot adequately respond. It can be caused by blood loss, low protein, or infection of the blood as well as any other causes of severe illness such as heart failure or neurologic dysfunction. 

Heart failure leads to hypotension when the heart can no longer contract well enough to generate adequate pressure to send the blood through all the vessels of the major organs. Neurologic dysfunction leads to hypotension when the brain cannot send appropriate regulatory signs to the cardiovascular system.

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure in Cats

Symptoms of hypotension in cats include:

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Collapse
• Very low body temperature
• Sudden death

Treatment for Cat Hypotension

Treatment for hypotension is always an emergency. Cats diagnosed with low blood pressure require immediate in-hospital treatments such as IV fluid therapy, blood transfusions, and fast-acting injectable medications. Only once the cat is stabilized can the primary disease or injury be addressed. 

How to Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure

There are two common methods for measuring a cat’s blood pressure in a veterinary clinic – Doppler and Oscillometric. 

Doppler Method

Doppler is equivalent to a healthcare provider manually taking a person’s blood pressure with a cuff and stethoscope. It is more accurate than the oscillometric method and is generally preferred by veterinarians. 

The cat is laid on his side and a cuff is placed around the upper arm or leg. A Doppler crystal is placed on an area of shaved skin usually on the underside of the foot just above the paw pad. The Doppler crystal allows the veterinarian to listen to the pulse of the artery. The cuff is pressurized until the pulse is no longer audible and then relaxed until the sound returns. The pressure at which the pulse sound returns is the systolic blood pressure. 

This process is repeated 3-5 times and the results are averaged to determine a cat’s systolic blood pressure. The Doppler crystal is very sensitive to movement making this method difficult in awake, healthy cats.

Oscillometric Method

The other method is Oscillometric. This method involves a machine with internal algorithms that translate changes in volume into pressure. A cuff attached to the machine is placed on the cat’s upper arm or leg. The cuff is pressurized and the machine determines the volume of the body part in the cuff at both its peak (systole) and valley (diastole).

The machine takes at least 5 readings and averages the middle three before performing calculations to translate the volume into blood pressure. This method is less prone to user error but is more likely to be inaccurate. 

Can You Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure at Home?

While blood pressure is a useful measurement in assessing your cat’s overall health, it is not generally recommended that you try to take it at home. It is far more useful to monitor your cat for more easily recognized symptoms such as lethargy, vision loss, and changes in behavior. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about your cat’s blood pressure she will likely ask you to have it rechecked in the clinic as needed. This allows for consistency in the procedure as well as less stress for you over inaccurate high and low readings. If your cat is behaving normally and not exhibiting any signs of illness then his blood pressure is likely to be within the normal range.

If your cat has been diagnosed with high blood pressure the best thing you can do at home is administer her prescribed medications on schedule. If giving your cat a pill is difficult ask your veterinarian about different formulations such as liquids or chewable tablets. Report changes in behavior to your veterinarian who will make recommendations for assessment.

How to Support Healthy Cat Blood Pressure

The best things you can do for your pet’s overall health will also support healthy blood pressure. These include maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular exercise, eating a nutritious commercially formulated cat food, and developing a relationship with your veterinarian through routine healthy visits. 

References:

1. Lawson JS, Jepson RE. Feline comorbidities: The intermingled relationship between chronic kidney disease and hypertension. J Feline Med Surg. 2021 Sep;23(9):812-822.

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How to Keep a Dog With Congestive Heart Failure Comfortable

Before we get into our tips, it’s important to note that if your dog is exhibiting any unusual symptoms or is in distress, you should contact your veterinarian right away. 

Additionally, remember that your dog is an individual with varying medical needs, so not all of these tips may be a good fit. Check with your veterinarian before incorporating any of them, especially in the case of diet and supplements.

Now, let’s go over some of the ways to keep a dog with congestive heart failure comfortable. We spoke with several veterinarians, and here’s what they had to say.

Work With a Veterinary Cardiologist

Veterinarians recommend that dogs with CHF (or any heart condition) be seen by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist, when possible. 

“This is especially true early in the condition to get a clear idea of the path you will be going on with your dog,” says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City. “With continued monitoring and guidance, veterinary cardiologists can work with your veterinarian and give the best advice on the management and prognosis of the patient, including proper and appropriate nutrition, medications, and exercise for that individual dog.” 

Follow a Strict Medication Protocol

To comfort a sick dog with congestive heart failure, veterinarians say that keeping them on a regular medication schedule is the most important thing you can do. 

“Give their medications reliably and work closely with your vet to determine the most appropriate medication regimen and veterinary visits for your individual pet,” says Dr. Mandi Shearhart, a veterinarian with the NWA Veterinary Programs at Best Friends Animal Society in Fayetteville, Arkansas. “Thankfully we have a variety of medications that allow us to slow the progression of heart failure and keep pets comfortable by controlling the fluid buildup that happens with CHF.”

If you accidentally forget to give your dog a dose, don’t guesstimate or panic. “Contact a veterinarian before redosing to lower risk of overdosing,” says Dr. Audrey Weaver, a partner doctor who works at Heart + Paw in their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, location.

Manage Your Dog’s Weight

Extra weight puts increased pressure on the cardiovascular system, so keeping your pup at an appropriate size is important, says Dr. Weaver. “Avoid too many treats or people food, which can be high in sodium and may lead to weight gain,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of Primary Care at Bond Vet, based in New York City.

Ask your veterinarian about your dog’s ideal weight and caloric needs. To determine your dog’s weight between veterinary appointments, a dog weight chart or a body condition tool can be helpful.

Switch to a Dog Diet That Promotes Heart Health

A diet is another potentially important way to comfort a sick dog with congestive heart failure. Diet recommendations will vary based on your dog’s health needs. “Prescription diets for heart health are helpful for some dogs. Other dogs might need to balance their diet for both heart and other health conditions,” says Dr. Fadl.

Your veterinarian may recommend a dog diet lower in sodium. According to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, keeping sodium usage in check helps control blood pressure and reduce fluid build-up [1]. When fluids build up near the lungs or chest, it becomes more difficult to breathe. Reducing your dog’s sodium intake by too much, however, can exacerbate your dog’s condition, so it’s essential to contact your veterinarian for guidance with this. 

For management of multiple concurrent conditions, a consult with a Veterinary Nutritionist can allow you to choose or design a diet that specifically meets your pet’s needs.

Ask Your Veterinarian if Supplements Might Be Beneficial

Your veterinarian may recommend a multivitamin to help maintain potassium and magnesium levels, says Dr. Weaver. This is because low levels of these minerals can cause irregular heartbeats.

According to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, stabilize irregular heartbeats, and maintain stable blood pressure levels. [1] They can also help in preventing muscle wasting, a common symptom in dogs with congestive heart failure. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E can help prevent damage from chemicals (in this case, c species), that increase in dogs with congestive heart failure. Not all supplements are created equally, so consult your veterinarian for recommendations on brands.

Monitor Your Dog’s Symptoms

Watching for changes in your dog’s symptoms and behavior is an important way to comfort a sick dog with congestive heart failure, veterinarians say. “It is very helpful to keep a daily log or diary to track your dog’s sleeping respiratory rate, appetite, activity level, [and] coughing episodes,” notes Dr. Shearhart.

Other signs to watch for include labored breathing, tiring upon exercise, and pale or bluish mucous membrane color, which is usually best detected on the dog’s gums, according to Dr. Klein. (Some dogs with CHF also experience an increase in thirst and urination.)

“Act on these signs as soon as possible by contacting their veterinarian or taking their dog to the nearest emergency or critical care facility,” advises Dr. Klein. “You know your dog best. If something doesn’t seem right, contact a veterinarian at once.” 

Dr. Weaver also recommends performing periodic in-home respiratory rate monitoring. “Ask a veterinarian or veterinary support staff member for a demo on how to obtain a respiratory rate at home.” Keeping a daily log of their resting respiratory rate allows you to get your dog help before it becomes an emergency. 

Moderate Your Dog’s Physical Activity

Dogs with congestive heart failure are unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to the rest of the body. This makes physical activity more difficult and is why veterinarians recommend moderating your dog’s exercise protocol.

This doesn’t mean, however, that your dog can’t exercise at all. “In most cases, some physical activity can still be a good thing. However, it’s easy to overdo it. Talk to your vet about ways for your dog to safely do some activities like walking or playing,” says Dr. Fadl. It’s not only about how much activity, but also what type and when.

Avoid Weather Extremes

Be aware of the climate your pup is being exposed to, “even if only for a short period of time,” says Dr. Klein. “Hot, humid weather can aggravate dogs already having breathing issues, such as dogs with heart disease.”

This rule applies to all types of extreme weather. “Hot or cold weather can affect dogs with heart failure more so (and more quickly) than other dogs,” adds Dr. Fadl.

Carefully Follow All Your Veterinarian’s Recommendations

To best comfort a dog with congestive heart failure, work closely with your veterinarian. This includes maintaining a strict medication schedule, as well as keeping all veterinary appointments.

“This is a progressive disease that will likely need many follow up visits and medication adjustments to keep your dog comfortable,” explains Dr. Shearhart.

Prepare for Emergencies

While not specifically about comforting your pup, Dr. Fadl has a tip that can help pet parents handle stressful situations related to CHF. 

Seconds can count, especially when congestive heart failure has progressed. And when you’re stressed, the last thing you want is to frantically search for phone numbers and addresses. “Keep the locations, contact phone number, and hours of emergency veterinarians posted where you can easily find it,” recommends Dr. Fadl. “Should an emergency happen, you don’t want to waste time searching for this information.” 

It’s also important to remember that cardiac emergencies are expensive. Be prepared for an emergency visit and a night in an oxygen chamber to easily cost thousands of dollars. 

End-of-Life Planning for Dogs With CHF

Knowing what to do when your dog is ill is not always apparent, especially since each dog’s situation is different. Our tips are designed to help you better navigate this difficult journey.

Use Quality of Life as a Guide

Quality of life is different for every dog. “For some dogs with heart failure, it may reach a ‘breaking point,’ as in a medical emergency where euthanasia is the best option. For other dogs with heart failure, the decision is based on a gradually declining quality of life,” says Dr. Fadl.

This is why keeping a daily log of your dog’s symptoms is such an important tool. “Quality of life can mean keeping track of worsening, uncomfortable symptoms (like coughing or breathing difficulties), as well as noting whether or not your dog can still do the activities they used to love doing,” Dr. Fadl adds.

Lap of Love and the Veterinary Medical Center at Ohio State University offer free online quality of life worksheets if you need them.

Be Ready to Make Tough Decisions

If a dog is suffering and treatment is no longer effective, it may be time to consider humane euthanasia. “When medications are no longer able to control the effects of heart disease and a dog is no longer able to do the most essential thing any living being must be able to do – breathe with ease – the difficult decision of humane euthanasia must be considered,” says Dr. Klein.

Ask for Help

Because they have the experience as well as education, your veterinarian knows best how to comfort a dog with congestive heart failure. Veterinarians can answer questions or address concerns about your dog’s disease, and can help you navigate the end-of-life process. “They can explain what to expect, as well as after-care options such as cremation or burial, so there’s less pressure to make these decisions when the time comes,” says Dr. Fadl. “Some vets even design their practice around end-of-life care and hospice, and they can be a great resource for questions and planning.”

References

1. Diet for Dogs with Heart Disease. (2015, May). Tufts Your Dog. Retrieved from https://www.tuftsyourdog.com/dogfoodandnutrition/diet-for-dogs-with-heart-disease/

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“Dog owners should care about ticks because [ticks] can cause numerous health issues ranging from mild lethargy to swollen lymph nodes to trouble with gait to bleeding issues,” says Amy Nichelason DVM, DABVP, veterinarian and clinical assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. “In endemic areas where ticks thrive, it’s important that pet owners understand the risks of tick-borne diseases.”

Some tick-borne diseases cause painful joints in dogs while others can cause severe fever inappetence in cats. Read on to learn more about how ticks move, where they live, and what you can do to protect your dog from illness.

Understanding Tick Anatomy

Ticks are not insects; the ectoparasites are part of the arachnid family. Unlike insects, which have a head, thorax and abdomen and six legs, ticks have a head and a body and eight legs.

The other main difference between ticks and insects is their diet.

“The only thing ticks eat is blood,” says Thomas Mather, Ph.D., director of the TickEncounter resource center at the University of Rhode Island Center. “Insects have a little bit more of a varied diet. Although there are some blood sucking insects, [they] also take in nectar and other things.”

Ticks rely on a pair of appendages (chelicerae) that work like saws to make a hole in the skin and insert their mouthparts (called the hypsotome) into the skin to feed. The larger the bloodmeal, the more engorged ticks become.

Do Ticks Fly?

As we mentioned earlier, when you find a tiny tick attached to the ear of your pup, it’s natural to wonder how it got there. Do ticks fly or jump? The answer to this is a resounding NO, according to Mather.

“They don’t fly; they don’t jump; they don’t fall out of trees,” he says.

How Do Ticks Get on Pets?

Okay, so how do ticks get around then? Do ticks climb trees? Do they travel on the ground?

Tick Questing

In order to get to a pet, ticks do something called questing. A questing tick crawls up a tree trunk or a tall blade of grass and anchors itself with its back legs and waits to detect the odor, heat signature, or vibration that signal a host is near before reaching out with their front legs to get onto the host, Nichelason explains.

How high the tick climbs depends on the size of their preferred hosts. Questing ticks that want to attach to mice might remain in leaf litter, while those that prefer deer will climb higher.

A tick’s size and life stage can also impact their questing behavior. “At younger stages, the small and the medium-sized ticks are usually questing at ground level,” Mather says. “Adult stage ticks are going to crawl up the vegetation just a little bit higher to be at the height of their preferred host.”

Where Do Ticks Quest?

Questing ticks can be found in a range of habitats, from wooded areas and tall grasses to leaf litter, stone walls, and wood piles. It’s possible for ticks to get on your dog after walking in the park, hiking in the woods, camping, or even spending time in the backyard.

Ticks are found in all 50 states, but different species are present in different areas, and your location affects the risk of encountering disease-carrying ticks. You can search the TickEncounter field guide to see which ticks are in your area and better understand the risk of disease if a tick gets on your pet.

Mather emphasizes the importance of understanding the risk where you live and play. “A paper that just came out tested 11,000 American dog ticks from New Hampshire [and] not one of them was infected with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,” he says, while “1 in 2 black-legged ticks in the Northeast, upper Midwest, and Middle Atlantic states are carrying the Lyme disease germ. So the risk is really different depending on the tick, which is why we like people to understand that…ticks aren’t just one flavor.”

How to Protect Pets Against Ticks

Yes, ticks are typically a part of any dog’s life at any given time, but there are things you can do to help protect your pup.

Perform Regular Checks

Ticks prefer to attach to areas that are dark, moist, and have less hair, according to Nichelason. You should always do a “tick check” of your dog’s entire body after they spend time outside; pay special attention to your dog’s head and ears, groin, and armpits, as well as between their toes and at the underside of their tail. Not all ticks will be easy to find.

“We have to be proactive with our preventative therapies because some ticks…can be about the size of a poppyseed and they can hide out in areas where we may have a harder time finding them,” Nichelason adds.

If you do find a tick, remove it. Using tweezers, get as close to the skin as possible and pull straight out in one motion. Don’t leave the head behind. Then, kill or flush the tick down the toilet.

Use a Tick Preventative

Tick preventatives are the best way to protect your pet. The active ingredient in oral or prescription topical tick preventatives gets into your dog’s bloodstream; when the tick attaches and starts feeding, the medication then goes into the tick’s bloodstream and kills them. Fortunately, now tick prevention is frequently included in all-in-one pills to prevent internal and external parasites.

“Typically, depending on the tick-borne disease, it takes 24 to 48 hours after the tick attaches and starts feeding before they transmit disease,” says Nichelason. “The purpose of the preventative is that it kills the tick before that can happen.”

Some dog owners only use preventatives seasonally, but it’s important to protect your dog all year long. Any time the ground thaws, ticks can activate and try to get a bloodmeal. In warmer areas of the country, ticks can be active year-round outdoors.

Mather also notes that the brown dog tick is a species that can survive in your home, presenting a year-round risk.

Stay On Top of Landscaping

You can cut the grass short, remove leaf litter, use gravel or wood chips to create a 3-foot-wide barrier between your yard and wooded areas, and keep wood piles stacked neatly to reduce the chances of ticks inhabiting your yard.

The better you understand tick behavior and the more vigilant you are, the easier it will be to prevent ticks on pets.

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Fortunately, veterinary medicine has come a long way in the past decade, providing a range of highly effective solutions for alleviating allergy symptoms in dogs — from convenient chewable allergy meds like Apoquel to tasty skin and coat supplements like Greenies.

While that’s great news for pups and pet parents, it’s still important to know what the symptoms of dog allergies are, since they play an important part in recognizing, diagnosing, and treating dog allergies correctly. 

Wondering if your pooch has allergies? Here’s a helpful overview of dog allergy symptoms to watch out for, along with guidance about how to help allergic dogs get relief.

Understanding Dog Allergies

Dog allergies are generally categorized into three types: flea allergy, environmental allergy, and food allergy. However, it is worth noting that many dogs with allergies can have more than one type, and the allergy symptoms associated with each type tend to overlap. 

That means you can’t necessarily pinpoint whether or not your dog has allergies (or what kind) just by observing a few symptoms. But keeping track of those symptoms can help you provide your veterinarian with a clearer picture of what’s going on with your dog’s health.

Common Dog Allergy Symptoms

The most prevalent dog allergy symptom is itchy skin, which can be triggered by all three allergy types — flea, environmental, and food. 

But most dogs are prone to scratching from time to time, for a variety of reasons. So how can a concerned pet parent tell the difference between an inconsequential itch and itchy skin due to allergies? 

Intensity and persistence are two important clues. Dogs with allergies are often so itchy, their efforts to relieve the itch can lead to secondary symptoms, such as hair loss and skin infections.

The other indicator is the presence of additional dog allergy symptoms. Here’s a comprehensive list of dog allergy symptoms to keep in mind if you think your dog might have allergies. 

Dog allergy symptoms relating to skin:

• Red, itchy, inflamed skin
• Visible rashes or hives
• Excessive licking, scratching, or chewing of skin or paws
• Poor coat condition due to shedding, hair loss, or hot spots
• Itchy ears
• Unpleasant odor
• Skin infections

Other dog allergy symptoms: 

• Sneezing
• Runny, itchy eyes
• Ear infections
• Facial swelling
• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Irritated anal glands, often accompanied by scooting 

None of these symptoms, on its own, is a surefire sign your dog has allergies. But if your dog is showing several signs of allergies, it’s worth tracking the symptoms and sharing them with your veterinarian.

With a GreatPetCare account, it’s super simple to keep your dog’s important health details at your fingertips. There’s even a helpful health journal feature on the free GreatPetCare app so you can track, snap, and share allergy symptoms with your vet. Then you can schedule an appointment with your veterinarian for further testing, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations.

Diagnosing Allergies in Dogs

Veterinarians diagnose dogs with allergies all the time. According to Nationwide Pet Health Insurance, over the past decade, members have filed more claims for the treatment of skin allergies in dogs than any other health condition.

However, determining what, exactly, your dog is allergic to may take some detective work. And that usually starts with the skin. 

All three types of allergies can cause what veterinarians call allergic dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), which brings with it reddening, swelling, and itching. Often, the location of the most intense scratching and chewing may indicate what type of allergy could be causing the reaction.

• Dogs with flea allergies tend to chew relentlessly chew at the back of their hind legs and the base of their tail.
• Dogs with food allergies are more likely to lick and chew at their feet. 
• Dogs with environmental allergies often scratch their ears and experience general itchiness, although there can be variations. 

Again, these distinctions are not absolute, but they may provide clues to inform your dog’s diagnosis. Here are some additional dog allergy considerations.

Diagnosing Flea Allergies in Dogs

In addition to the itch response above, the presence of fleas, flea bites, or flea dirt on dogs who have scratched or chewed themselves raw is a strong indication of flea bite allergy. For dogs who are severely allergic to fleas, even one bite is enough to cause them to chew all the hair off their legs. In these cases, even if there are no signs of fleas, a veterinarian may still diagnose a flea allergy based on hair loss patterns and any history of incomplete flea prevention.

Diagnosing Food Allergies in Dogs

Diagnosing food allergies in dogs can be a bit more challenging. It often involves extended elimination diet trials, during which a dog must avoid all contact with common food allergens.

Common food allergens in dogs include proteins such as chicken, beef, pork, egg, soy, and dairy. Merely selecting a “limited ingredient diet” or one with alternative proteins like fish or venison may not suffice. Even limited diets contain many sources of protein, one of which may be an allergen. Also, there’s always a chance of cross-contamination with ingredients from other diets, depending on the manufacturing process. 

To achieve accurate results, veterinarians typically recommend a controlled elimination diet. These can last between 8-12 weeks, during which dogs eat only a hypoallergenic diet prescribed by a veterinarian. These diets are produced in facilities that guarantee no cross-contamination, making them the gold standard for food restriction testing. After the elimination phase, specific protein sources are gradually reintroduced to identify the dog’s allergy. 

While there are blood tests available for diagnosing food allergies in dogs, they can be less accurate, which could lead to unnecessary food restrictions.(1)

Diagnosing Environmental Allergies in Dogs

Environmental allergies can also be more challenging to diagnose as dogs can be allergic to indoor allergens, outdoor allergens, or both. Providing a detailed history of your dog’s allergy symptoms can help when diagnosing environmental allergies, as the symptoms often change with the seasons. 

For example, dogs with mold allergies may be most itchy during winter, while those with pollen allergies may experience heightened discomfort in spring and summer. 

Physical location may also play a role. For example, if a dog with no history of allergies or itchy skin starts showing symptoms after moving to a different part of the country, veterinarians may suspect an environmental allergy.

There are both blood and skin exposure tests for environmental allergies, but many veterinarians use a dog’s response to treatment as a diagnostic tool, as well. 

It’s important to note that acute allergic reactions, such as bee stings, are distinct from allergies. Acute reactions characterized by local swelling, redness, and pain are diagnosed and treated differently. Hives in dogs are more likely to be associated with acute allergic reactions rather than allergic dermatitis. Acute allergic reactions are typically treated with injectable medications; once the swelling subsides, no further treatment is required.

Treatment for Allergies in Dogs

In most cases, dog allergy treatment focuses on managing the allergic response, rather than completely eliminating or curing the allergy. This means that while the symptoms can be minimized, the underlying allergy persists, and if treatment is stopped, the signs of allergy will return.

Since itchy skin is one of the most prevalent symptoms of dog allergies, most treatment plans involve medication targeting itch and inflammation relief. One common oral medication veterinarians often prescribe is Apoquel, a fast-acting allergy medication that starts controlling allergy itch in dogs within four hours. Even better yet, Apoquel comes in both tablets and a tasty, treat-like chewable option that makes dosing your itchy dog easy-peasy.

Your veterinarian may recommend additional dog allergy treatment options, depending on what’s causing your dog’s allergic reaction.

Treating Food Allergies

For dogs diagnosed with food allergies, veterinarians typically recommend a diet that excludes the specific protein they are allergic to. This can be the same diet used during the elimination trial or a novel protein diet that contains alternatives to the proteins found in standard dog food diets. Royal Canin Selected Protein dog food, for example, contains rabbit, while other novel protein diets may include fish, venison, or even kangaroo. There are also diets made with hydrolyzed proteins to help avoid allergic reactions. Many such diets require a prescription from your veterinarian, so ask your vet what diet would be best for your pet’s specific needs.

Treating Flea Allergies

Dogs with flea allergies should be on a year-round, effective, prescription flea prevention treatment. These are often available in combo products that target a variety of parasites and come in a range of both chewable and topical forms. Some flea preventatives, like Simparica Trio chewable tablets. require the flea to bite the dog for the medication to be effective, while others work by repelling or killing fleas on contact. Combining these two categories of medication may be necessary for dogs severely affected by flea allergies since no preventative is 100 percent effective at all times.

Treating Environmental Allergies

Environmental allergies often require a wide range of treatment options due to their prevalence and diversity. Prescription options are available for dogs with more severe environmental allergies. These include oral medications (Apoquel), injectable meds that block itch signals (Cytopoint), and allergy desensitization treatment (commonly known as “allergy shots“) available in both injectable and sublingual forms. Allergy shots are tailored specifically to your pet and may involve higher upfront costs.

Your dog may also benefit from a specific therapeutic diet formulated to help enhance the skin’s natural protective barrier. For example, Royal Canin Skintopic Diets provide targeted nutrition to support skin quality and coat health. These prescription formulas are clinically proven to manage skin itchiness in dogs and improve quality of life.

Dogs with mild symptoms may benefit from over-the-counter human medications like diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratadine (select Claritin formulas), and others. 

However, avoid using decongestants or any products containing pseudoephedrine (like Claritin-D). Even small amounts of pseudoephedrine can be lethal to dogs.

Remember, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian before deciding on a treatment plan or administering any of these medications. Your vet can determine the most effective treatment plan for your dog’s specific allergies and symptoms, as well as the most effective dosage.

This is especially important in the case of over-the-counter medications, as the recommended dosages for humans may not be safe for pets. 

Dog Allergies: Pro Tips for Success 

In addition to medications, several measures can be taken at home to keep allergic dogs comfortable. If your dog is allergic to outdoor allergens, wiping their fur when they come inside, paying attention to the skin between and under their toes, can be helpful. Bathing them with a medicated shampoo every two weeks can also minimize allergy symptoms. Be sure to consult your veterinarian before using regular store-bought shampoos, as some can worsen allergies.

If your dog is scratching or licking their itchy skin raw, using an e-collar (cone of shame) can prevent them from further damaging their skin and developing a serious infection. This is particularly effective for dogs scratching at their ears or chewing their feet. If your dog won’t tolerate a collar, consider a recovery suit as an alternative way to prevent excessive licking or scratching.

Dietary supplements rich in fish oils, ceramides, and other skin barrier protectants can also provide relief. There’s no shortage of nutritional supplements for dogs available over-the-counter in forms ranging from capsules and liquids to chews. But, since supplements can impact other medications or conditions your dog may have, it’s best to ask your veterinarian for guidance. Many nutritional supplements may be available for purchase directly from your vet.

While allergies in dogs cannot be completely cured, pet parents have many helpful options to help minimize discomfort and improve quality of life for allergic dogs. By tracking your dog’s allergy symptoms and consulting with your veterinarian on an effective treatment plan, you can ensure that your dog remains comfortable, healthy, and happy despite their allergies. To make managing dog allergies even easier, sign up for a free GreatPetCare account to keep all your dog’s important details at your fingertips, from health records to medication reminders and helpful advice from veterinarians.

References

1. Jackson HA. Food allergy in dogs and cats; current perspectives on etiology, diagnosis, and management. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023 Mar 18:1-7. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.12.0548

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Annual heartworm testing for dogs can help catch infections early and ensure safe and effective treatment. It’s also a crucial step required before starting your dog on a monthly heartworm preventative, like Heartgard Plus, or broad-spectrum parasite control, like NexGard Plus. But what’s involved in a dog heartworm test and why is testing so important? Let’s dive in.   

What Is a Dog Heartworm Test?

A dog heartworm test is an antigen test that requires collecting a small blood sample. Heartworm tests in dogs detect proteins that are unique to adult female heartworms. 

Heartworm tests for dogs are performed on small blood samples. If your dog is also having other blood tests performed, then your veterinarian will only collect one blood sample so your dog doesn’t have to have more than one needle stick. 

Does My Dog Need a Heartworm Test?

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Heartworm disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and is becoming very common in the United States. Adult heartworms live in a dog’s lungs where they cause damage to the lungs and the heart. Heartworm disease can be fatal, but typically dogs don’t show any symptoms in the early stages of the disease. 

Every dog in the United States should be tested for heartworm disease once a year and should be placed on a monthly heartworm preventative, like Heartgard Plus, to ensure year-round protection. Heartworm prevention should not be started (or re-started) without first confirming a dog’s heartworm status by testing for these deadly worms. The only exception is puppies less than 7 months of age—they can be started on heartworm prevention without a test. 

This precaution also applies to broad-spectrum flea and tick control medications, like NexGard Plus, that also help prevent heartworm disease and fight intestinal worms. A dog would need a negative heartworm test prior to starting a combination parasite protection product like this.

Dogs who have not been on heartworm prevention or whose prevention has lapsed should be tested six months after re-starting heartworm prevention and again at one year. This includes dogs with unknown histories, such as those adopted through shelters and rescues.

Not that long ago, dogs in some parts of the United States were considered very low risk for contracting heartworms, and so veterinarians only recommended testing every two years. However, heartworm disease has been spreading rapidly across the United States, and so the recommendations have changed to annual testing and year-round prevention. 

A heartworm infection caught early, before there are any symptoms, is much easier to treat and your dog won’t be left with long-term consequences, such as damage to the heart and lungs. 

Types of Dog Heartworm Tests

There are several types of tests for heartworms in dogs that your veterinarian can perform. The most common test performed in a veterinary office is called a SNAP test. These are similar to an at-home COVID test. A SNAP heartworm test catches about 85 percent of mild cases of heartworm disease and is more accurate in dogs with more severe disease. [1] 

Testing for heartworms in dogs can also be performed at off-site laboratories. These tests are considered even more accurate than SNAP tests. Sometimes if your dog shows no symptoms of heartworm disease but tests positive on a SNAP test, the test will be confirmed at one of these types of laboratories. This is because the treatment for heartworms is expensive and has potential side effects, and therefore should not be administered unless necessary. 

Other types of dog heartworm tests include the filter method and a Modified Knott’s test. These tests detect microfilaria, or larval heartworms, that circulate in the blood. These are only present if adult heartworms in your dog have been there long enough to mate and produce offspring. These larval heartworms can be seen under a microscope as tiny wriggling worms just a few red blood cells in size. However, many dogs can be positive for heartworms without having microfilaria, so this is not considered a sensitive test and is not relied upon to determine whether a dog has heartworms. 

If a dog is found to be heartworm positive on a SNAP test, then your veterinarian may check for microfilaria to determine the stage of disease and select the best, most effective treatment plan. 

There are no accurate at-home heartworm tests for dogs. One of the main reasons is that accurate testing requires a blood sample, and that is not something most pet parents can or should collect at home. 

Dog Heartworm Testing Benefits

Heartworm tests for dogs are both inexpensive and highly accurate. These tests can either detect infection early before there is any disease, or show a negative result so that it’s safe to get your dog on proper heartworm or broad-spectrum parasite control medication, like Heartgard Plus or NexGard Plus.

Early heartworm detection means a better prognosis for your dog. This means your dog won’t suffer from shortness of breath, lethargy, weight loss, or any of the other signs of severe heartworm disease, such as cough and sudden collapse. And, if your dog is heartworm positive, then early treatment is safer, more effective, and can prevent the damage adult heartworms create in the lungs and heart.

Dog Heartworm Test Cost

Heartworm tests for the presence of adult heartworms cost between $10 and $100, depending on the type of test and whether it is added on to other tests already being performed or is being run as a stand-alone test. 

Heartworm tests added onto blood work that you are already purchasing is likely at the low end of this range. Testing done as an emergency due to symptoms consistent with heartworm disease are more expensive, especially if performed at an emergency clinic. 

Testing for microfilaria is in the range of $10-$50, because there are no special chemicals or special equipment required. You are paying for the knowledge of an experienced veterinary technician and their time at the microscope. 

The cost of annual testing, done every year for a dog’s 10-15+ year lifespan, is significantly less than the cost of heartworm treatment.

What if My Dog Tests Positive for Heartworm?

If your dog tests positive for heartworms, your veterinarian will discuss a plan. The first step is confirmation by a follow-up test. This might include a microfilaria test or a confirmatory lab test.  

Once your dog’s heartworm infection is confirmed, then your veterinarian will recommend a work-up to make sure they are healthy enough for treatment. This typically consists of blood work, including testing for anemia as well as assessing kidney and liver values. X-rays (radiographs) of your dog’s heart and lungs (thorax) are next. If your dog already has evidence of severe changes due to heartworm disease, then your veterinarian may recommend an alternative treatment or management plan.

Heartworm Treatment for Dogs

If you are lucky enough to have caught your dog’s heartworm infection early, then your veterinarian will follow the treatment plan recommended by the American Heartworm Society. 

This involves starting a medication called doxycycline that weakens the heartworms to make them easier to kill. Your vet may also prescribe oral steroids to minimize the reaction of your dog’s immune system to the dying and dead worms.

Heartworm treatment itself involves the injection of a very strong medication into muscle. This medication contains arsenic and must be handled carefully and injected only into the big muscles that run along your dog’s spine. 

You must limit your dog’s activity during treatment and for at least one month after. 

During treatment, your dog will be started (or re-started) on heartworm prevention to reduce the risk of new infections. Most types of heartworm prevention are safe to give to heartworm-positive dogs. However, you shouldn’t start or re-start heartworm prevention unless your veterinarian instructs you to do so. 

Nine months after the heartworm treatment, your vet will likely test for heartworms again to confirm that the treatment was successful.

References

1. Atkins CE. Comparison of results of three commercial heartworm antigen test kits in dogs with low heartworm burdens. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 May 1;222(9):1221-3. doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1221. PMID: 12725308. 

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Hyperthyroidism in cats is the most common endocrine disorder found in domestic cats, particularly older cats. It is most often diagnosed in senior felines ages 8 years and older.  

Feline hyperthyroidism is nearly always caused by a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the thyroid gland. While it can also be caused by cancerous thyroid tumors, thyroid carcinoma is far less common in cats. 

In both cases, veterinarians may recommend the medication methimazole to manage hyperthyroidism in cats, alone or as part of a broader treatment plan.

What is Methimazole?

Methimazole is an antithyroid thioamide that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones. It is used to treat hyperthyroidism in both humans and animals.

Methimazole is available in both brand name and generic formulations. Of the branded options, only the formulation that goes by the brand name Felimazole is FDA-approved to treat hyperthyroidism in cats. Felimazole was granted approval by the FDA in May, 2009. 

Generic formulations of methimazole are considered extra-label, meaning they can be used at the discretion of your veterinarian. 

Is Methimazole Safe for Cats? 

Yes, methimazole is safe for adult cats, as long as they are not pregnant or nursing.

Methimazole is available for use in cats only with a prescription from your veterinarian. You can fill the prescription at a pharmacy or check with your veterinary clinic, as many keep methimazole in stock.

Because methimazole is also used in humans, it is generally widely available and inexpensive. 

What Does Methimazole for Cats Look Like?

Methimazole comes in liquid and tablet format for oral administration, as well as a transdermal gel that can be applied to and absorbed by a cat’s skin. 

Generic methimazole tablets are small, round, and white. There may be imprinted letters on the tablet. If there is a number imprinted on the tablet, it indicates the strength of the pill. Felimazole brand tablets are coated in a hard, shiny shell, which may be pink or orange, depending on the dose. 

The transdermal formulation of methimazole is a viscous gel that may appear clear or translucent. It comes in a metered dispenser for more accurate dosing.

What Is Methimazole Used For in Cats?

Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats, which occurs when the thyroid gland is overactive and produces more thyroid hormones than a cat’s body needs. 

Thyroid hormones are responsible for managing a cat’s metabolism, which is akin to the “energy engine” of the feline body. When thyroid hormone levels are elevated, it causes a cat’s body to run in “overdrive.” This imbalance puts a huge strain on a cat’s body and organs, which can cause severe illness, such as heart disease, and even death.

The most common symptom of hyperthyroidism reported by cat parents is weight loss despite an increase in appetite. Other signs of hyperthyroidism in cats include vomiting, increased thirst and urination, and changes in behavior. Your veterinarian may also notice a heart murmur, increased blood pressure, and enlargement of the thyroid gland.

How Does Methimazole Work?

Hyperthyroidism in cats is a progressive disease that requires lifelong management. As an antithyroid drug, Methimazole works by preventing the formation of thyroid hormones — specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This action is dose-dependent, so it can be adjusted to keep a cat’s thyroid hormones at the optimum level. 

Unfortunately, over time, cats are likely to require more methimazole to manage their hyperthyroidism. Over many years, the medication may eventually become ineffective or require a dose so high that it causes unwanted side effects.

Although thyroid carcinoma is rare, cats treated for hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for developing the cancerous disease. 

How to Give Methimazole to Cats

There are two different ways to give methimazole: by mouth (orally) and on the skin (transdermally). 

• Tablets and liquids should be given by mouth every 12 hours. It is okay to hide the tablet in a small amount of food. Tablets should not be crushed because that can alter absorption. If your cat resists tablets and liquids, talk to your veterinarian about transdermal formulations. 

• Transdermal gel should be given according to package instructions. The medication is typically applied to a hairless surface of your cat’s skin, such as the inner surface of the ear pinna (ear flap). Wear gloves when applying the medication. Alternate ears each dose and clean the other ear pinna with warm water and gentle soap to prevent build-up. 

Methimazole for Cats: Side Effects

There are many possible side effects of methimazole that you may notice at home. These include:

• not eating (anorexia)
• vomiting
• weight loss
• weight gain
• itchiness (especially of the face)
• weakness
• lethargy

Cats are most likely to show signs of such side effects during the first month of treatment, and these often resolve over time. 

Cats with gastrointestinal upset as a result of methimazole may tolerate transdermal formulations without side effects. 

Changes to a cat’s organ function may also occur, including inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and decrease in kidney function. Although it is rare, some cats can develop blood abnormalities when taking methimazole, in which case the medication should be discontinued. 

Symptoms of Too Much Methimazole in Cats

It’s important to note that any side effects that may stem from giving your cat methimazole are not dose-dependent. That means that you cannot rely on symptoms of overdose to determine if your cat is taking too much of the drug.

Thyroid values should be monitored regularly by a veterinarian to make sure your cat’s dose is appropriate. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Administration of methimazole with phenobarbital or anticoagulant medications may decrease their efficacy. Some parasite preventatives should not be given with methimazole. Cats who are on some medications before starting methimazole may need to adjust their dose after their thyroid disease is controlled. These include theophylline, blood pressure medications, and certain heart medications. 

Methimazole Dosage for Cats 

Methimazole for cats is dosed based on individual response. Most cats are started on a low dose and increased slowly following serial blood testing of thyroid levels. The goal is to keep total thyroid hormone (T4) within the normal range. There is no defined maximum dose for methimazole in cats. However, if methimazole is not effective for your cat, your veterinarian may recommend alternative treatments.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Methimazole?

If your cat misses a dose of methimazole, give the next dose at the appropriate time. Do not double doses or give doses too close together to compensate for the missed dose. 

If your cat misses a dose within 1 week of a planned thyroid level testing, alert your veterinarian as the missed dose may alter results.

Alternatives to Methimazole for Cats

If your cat develops side effects from methimazole or their disorder does not respond to the medication, talk to your veterinarian about alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism. These include:

I-131 radiotherapy – Injection of radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland. This treatment is used in both humans and animals to cure hyperthyroidism.

Surgical thyroidectomy – Surgery to remove the enlarged thyroid gland, which eliminates the disease.

Iodine-free diet – Therapeutic diet for cats made without iodine and available by prescription only. This will not cure hyperthyroidism in cats, but can be used to manage the disease provided cats are restricted to a prescription, iodine-free diet only.

Cost of Methimazole for Cats

Generic methimazole tablets are inexpensive and can be purchased directly through your veterinarian or a prescription to a human pharmacy. A month of tablets will cost $5-50. 

Liquid and transdermal formulations may be more expensive at $40-75 per month.

Methimazole Storage Instructions

Methimazole should be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight, in a sealed container unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. 

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Let’s take a closer look at the causes and signs of cat stomach cancer and how to treat this condition.

What is Cat Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer refers to abnormal growth of cells or tissue within the stomach. The medical term is gastric neoplasia. The types of cancer that develop in other organs of the body can also develop in the stomach. The most common type of stomach cancer in cats is lymphoma (lymphosarcoma). It can be part of generalized (diffuse) gastrointestinal lymphoma, which is a much more common form of cancer in cats, or it can be found on its own. 

Other more rare types of gastric cancer in cats include gastric adenocarcinoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, adenoma, mast cell tumor, carcinoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and other sarcomas. The name of the cancer has to do with the type of cells the cancer originated from.

There are no risks associated with breed or sex. There are no known genetic risk factors for gastric neoplasia in cats. The average age at diagnosis is greater than 12 years (2).

Causes of Stomach Cancer in Cats

The cause of stomach cancer in cats is generally unknown. Cats who have gastrointestinal lymphoma are more likely to develop gastric lymphoma as the disease spreads. Similarly, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can become gastric or gastrointestinal lymphoma over time. Although there are lifestyle choices including diet and exercise that are known to affect risk of gastric neoplasia in humans, similar associations have not been found in cats.

Stomach Cancer in Cats Symptoms

The symptoms of stomach cancer in cats tend to be the same group of symptoms cats exhibit for a long list of other illnesses and diseases that range from mild to severe. These include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Not eating (anorexia or inappetence)
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Changes in behavior (hiding, not seeking out attention, etc.)

These are also the symptoms of inflammation or infection of the stomach or intestines, parasites, and other illnesses such as endocrine and metabolic disease. If there is ulceration of the gastric tumor, there may be blood in the vomit or the stool may be dark and tarry (melena). 

Stomach cancer in humans is painful and so it is assumed that the condition is also painful in cats. Cats may show their pain by not eating, having less energy, and being less social or hiding.

Cat Stomach Cancer Stages and Progression 

Cancer is often described in stages based on the spread of the cancer to other locations in the body and whether the pet is ill at the time of diagnosis. Cancer can also be described in grades based on the aggressiveness of the tumor on the local tissue, likelihood of spread, likelihood of recurrence after surgery or chemotherapy, and consequences of its presence. The stage and grade of a cancer are not specific to its original location, such as the stomach, but rather depend on the type of cancer it is. 

In the case of gastric lymphoma, the most common type of stomach cancer in cats, it is most often high-grade, meaning aggressive and less likely to fully respond to chemotherapy. Since risk factors for its development include other gastrointestinal inflammation or cancer, gastric lymphoma is most often late-stage by the time of diagnosis, having spread from or to other tissues in the body. 

Diagnosing Feline Stomach Cancer

The first step in diagnosing any disease in a cat is a physical exam. This involves a detailed examination of all parts of the cat’s body to assess for abnormalities. Most often the physical exam is normal or non-specific for cats with symptoms of stomach cancer. Non-specific exam findings include evidence of dehydration, weight loss, pale gums, and/or lethargy. It is rare for a veterinarian to be able to feel stomach cancer on abdominal palpation in cats.

The next important step in diagnosis is blood work. A cat with stomach cancer may have anemia, elevated blood nitrogen levels, low protein, or their blood work could be normal. Next, abdominal ultrasound can be useful in finding a tumor or abnormalities of the tissues of the stomach. Sometimes a small needle sample (aspirate) can be taken at the time of the ultrasound and analyzed under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. Abdominal ultrasound has the advantage of assessing all of the abdominal organs for evidence of cancer spread (metastasis). Alternatively, gastroscopy can be performed where a tiny camera is inserted into the stomach to visually examine the tissue and a biopsy sample can be taken. Occasionally, exploratory abdominal surgery will be required to diagnose stomach cancer in cats. 

X-rays are not usually diagnostic for stomach cancer, although the addition of contrast material can outline a mass if there is one. They may be part of the diagnostic testing work-up for cats with gastrointestinal symptoms, so it is not wrong for your veterinarian to recommend them. While the X-rays are not likely to show cancer, they are helpful in eliminating other possible causes of your cat’s symptoms.

Cat Stomach Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment options for cats with stomach cancer include surgery and chemotherapy. Most often surgery will be performed first to remove the bulk of the mass and then chemotherapy will be used to treat any cancer left behind or any cancer that has already metastasized. Some types of cancer, such as lymphoma, may be treated with chemotherapy only. 

Cost to Treat Stomach Cancer in Cats

Specific costs depend on the types of treatment(s) recommended for your cat. Initial diagnostic tests may be in the range of $1,000-3,000, depending on which tests are performed. Abdominal ultrasound is less expensive than gastroscopy. Surgery to remove gastric neoplasia should be performed by a board-certified veterinary surgeon and will cost $4,000-$7,000, depending on the specific type of surgery required. A round of chemotherapy is in the range of $3,500 to $6,000.

Prognosis for Stomach Cancer in Cats

Without treatment, a cat will die from the cancer or its side effects within about one month. Specific prognosis with treatment depends on the type of cancer. Gastric lymphoma, for example, has a survival of 6-18 months, depending on response to chemotherapy. Stomach cancer is a very serious disease in cats and in general, the long-term prognosis is poor.

There is no way to prevent stomach cancer in cats.

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While the idea of dog surgery may leave some pet parents feeling worried or overwhelmed, the important thing to know is that TPLO surgery is common, has a high success rate, and has returned many dogs to a pain-free active lifestyle.

Here’s a helpful overview of everything you need to know about TPLO surgery, what you can expect if your dog needs this surgical intervention, and some post-op tips to help your dog recover.

What is TPLO Surgery in Dogs?

In dogs, the CCL is equivalent to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. However, whereas humans with a torn ACL might undergo surgery to repair or reconstruct it, dog ACL injuries don’t get the same treatment. CCL repair and reconstruction don’t work for four-legged animals.

Instead, a veterinarian may recommend TPLO surgery for dogs with a torn or injured CCL. In the simplest terms, a dog’s CCL keeps the knee joint (stifle) stable and working properly. When damaged, bending the knee causes a dog’s thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) to slide painfully out of place. TPLO surgery reconfigures the way a dog’s knee works, stabilizing the bones so that the leg can bend properly and painlessly, even without a CCL. 

To accomplish this, a veterinary surgeon changes the angle (level) of the joint surface (tibial plateau) by cutting into the tibia bone (osteotomy) and repositioning the resulting bone segment. This creates a more stable joint by changing the way the quadriceps (thigh) muscle acts on the tibia (shin bone).

Like most surgeries, there are some risks associated with TPLO surgery in dogs. So it is typically recommended for dogs where the potential benefits are greater than the risks. There are several factors veterinary surgeons consider before deciding if a dog is a good candidate for TPLO surgery. These include weight, activity level, and age. 

In years past, TPLO was considered a surgery most appropriate for larger dogs (more than 50 pounds). However, smaller dogs (less than 30 pounds) who have undergone the procedure do very well in both the short and long term. 

Alternatives to TPLO Surgery in Dogs 

Several other surgical procedures can also be used to treat CCL damage. The choice of techniques is based on the surgeon’s preference and experience, as well as the dog’s specific injury.

Other procedures that can be used to treat instability in the knee joint created by a partially or fully torn CCL in dogs include:

• Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) is a procedure similar to a TPLO, except that a linear cut is made in the tibia to achieve the change in the angle of the quadriceps attachment. 
• CORA-Based Leveling Osteotomy (CBLO) is a newer modification of the TPLO procedure that may be appropriate for younger dogs who are still growing. 
• Extra-capsular suture stabilization procedures do not involve cutting into the bone. These techniques attempt to stabilize the joint by using heavy nylon or metal suture material to mimic the function of the CCL. This type of surgery may be most appropriate for smaller, older, or less active animals. 
• Tightrope CCL surgery is a technique that uses suture stabilization similar to extra-capsular techniques, but drills holes through both the femur and tibia to place the suture in a more anatomic position to achieve stabilization. 

While non-surgical solutions, such as pain management, directed activity, physical rehabilitation, and weight management, may help ease the discomfort of CCL injuries in dogs, these tactics do not address the underlying condition. For long-term health and mobility, the sooner surgery is performed, the better the outcome for your pet.

What Does TPLO Surgery for Dogs Involve? 

If your dog has a torn CCL and TPLO is merited, here’s what you can expect.

Before TPLO Surgery 

First, your veterinarian will want to confirm whether your dog’s limping is due to a CCL tear with a thorough orthopedic exam, which may involve sedation as some of the joint manipulation required may be painful.

The veterinarian will also take X-rays (radiographs) to assess the degree of inflammation inside the joint, confirm there are no other issues involved, and determine the angle of the tibial plateau. This helps the surgeon calculate the measurements needed for surgery, including how much the bone segment needs to be rotated. 

Most surgeons require your pet to have recent bloodwork confirming they are healthy enough for anesthesia and medications. Your veterinarian will also want your dog’s skin to be healthy before the procedure because unhealthy skin does not heal well and increases your dog’s risk for surgical infection. 

Day of TPLO Surgery

On the day of the procedure, your dog will receive pre-operative pain medication and anesthesia. Your dog’s leg will also be shaved all the way past the hip and down to the ankle before heading into the operating room. 

To start, the surgeon will make an incision on the outside of the leg near the knee. Using a small camera or the naked eye, they will inspect the knee joint, removing the meniscus — cartilage within the knee joint — if it is damaged.

The surgeon then moves the tissue and muscles at the top of the tibia out of the way to make a curved cut at the top of the tibia. This segment, the tibial plateau, is then rotated to a position that provides more stability, so the bones don’t slip when the knee is bent. then reattached with a plate and surgical screws. 

Finally, the surgeon sutures the muscles back together over the plate and closes the incision with sutures or surgical staples. All of this takes about 1-2 hours for an experienced veterinary surgeon. 

After TPLO Surgery

After the surgery is complete, but before the dog emerges from anesthesia, more X-rays are taken to confirm the new joint angle. If the surgeon is not satisfied, they will return to the operating room and alter the angle of the osteotomy segment. Some facilities can perform these X-rays in the operating room before closing the incision. 

Benefits of TPLO Surgery for Dogs

Likelihood of success. TPLO surgery for CCL tears in dogs has a very high success rate. According to one study, dogs that underwent the TPLO procedure regained 93 percent of knee function one year after the surgery. (1) 

Fast recovery. Compared to other corrective surgeries, TPLO has a speedy recovery rate. Within four months, most dogs can walk and play normally. Within six months, most can resume full activity, even strenuous play.

Reduced risk of arthritis. Researchers studying the long-term impact of TPLO on osteoarthritis in dogs found that dogs treated with TPLO had fewer pain and mobility issues due to osteoarthritis than dogs treated with other surgeries, such as han alternative procedures, like Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA). (2)

Drawbacks of TPLO Surgery for Dogs

Not all dogs are eligible. Some dogs may not be considered good candidates for TPLO surgery due to age, weight, or other health issues. This is why it is so important to discuss your dog’s full medical history with a veterinary surgeon to determine the best way to address your dog’s damaged CCL. 

Risk of complications. As with any surgical procedure, TPLO surgery does come with some risks. One study found that 10-34 percent of TPLO procedures report complications. (3) The most common complications are considered minor, such as infection of the incision or post-operative swelling. Though less common, major complications include bone infection (osteomyelitis) which might require removal of the surgical plate and screws.

Re-injury during recovery. It’s crucial to monitor your dog closely after TPLO surgery and follow post-operative instructions to ensure the best chance of recovery. Otherwise, your dog could chew out their sutures because they aren’t wearing a cone or fracture their surgical implant due to exercising too soon.

And even if your dog recovers from TPLO surgery beautifully, it’s important to note that about half of the dogs who tear their CCL in one knee will injure the CCL in the other leg within a few years. So you may not be out of the woods yet.

Dog TPLO Surgery Cost

TPLO is a specialized surgery that should only be performed by board-certified veterinary surgeons. Their training and experience, combined with the cost of the equipment required, means this surgery is a somewhat pricey (yet worthy) investment in your pet’s long-term health. 

The average cost for surgery with hospital stay and follow-up visits ranges between $4,000 to $7,000 range. Complications during or after surgery can boost that figure even higher. 

And don’t forget about the costs you may incur during your dog’s recovery period. Physical therapy is highly recommended following TPLO surgery and typically costs around $500 to $1,000. 

TPLO Surgery Recovery in Dogs

Following TPLO surgery, it may take a few hours for the effects of the anesthesia to wear off. Some dogs spend a night at the animal hospital for monitoring and pain management from veterinary professionals. Once your pet leaves the hospital, their recovery is up to you. 

Your pet will be discharged from the hospital wearing an e-collar (also known as the “cone of shame”) to prevent them from licking at the incision as this can lead to infection or opening of the wound.

The veterinarian may also prescribe several types of medications to assist in your dog’s recovery. These will vary, depending on your dog’s overall health, general energy level, and other factors that can impact recovery success. It’s important to give these medications exactly as directed. If for some reason you are unable to give the medication call the veterinarian’s office right away for further instructions. 

Keys to TPLO Recovery: Rest, Caution, Patience

Most veterinarians advise 6 to 8 weeks of rest following surgery to give dogs time to heal. Returning to activity too early or without a gradual increase in intensity could undo the benefit of TPLO surgery and put you back at square one.

Your veterinarian will monitor your dog’s progress and provide a plan for resuming certain activities, as well as physical rehabilitation with a veterinary PT specialist, when they deem your dog ready. 

This may take some time, so be prepared to keep a close watch on your healing pup. It’s very likely your dog will think they’re ready for more activity before the veterinarian OKs it.

If, despite your best efforts, your dog jumps up onto the couch instead of waiting to be lifted or lunges after a squirrel, don’t despair. Accidents happen. But do call your veterinarian or surgeon for help determining what impact this might have on the healing process. 

They may recommend X-rays to make sure the bone and implant are where they should be. Or they may prescribe sedatives to help keep your dog subdued so they can heal properly. 

Repeat infractions, such as running, jumping, or other strenuous activities will disrupt healing and could lead to TPLO failure. So keep an eye out for symptoms that recovery is not going according to plan. These include worsening limp, lethargy, swelling of the knee, and discharge from the incision site.

However, if you (and your pup!) stick closely to your veterinarian’s proscribed recovery plan, your pet should be able to return to normal activity within about 6 months. 

How to Care for Your Dog After TPLO Surgery

To give your dog the best chance for a full recovery, here are some tips for success:

• Remember: Follow-care is as important as the surgery itself. Adhere closely to the post-op instructions about activity restriction, pain management, and follow-up appointments. 
• Stay in close communication with your veterinarian and surgeon to resolve questions or complications as they arise. You can always email pictures or videos of your dog’s incision or leave voicemails to make sure recovery is going smoothly. 
• Don’t overlook the importance of physical rehabilitation, which has been proven to improve recovery and restoration of mobility. Yes, it’s another expense. But it’s pointless to invest in the surgery and then skimp on recovery. Plus, physical rehabilitation is becoming more available at both specialty and primary veterinary clinics.
• Gradual return to activity means just that. Slowly add exercise back into your dog’s routine, under the advice of your veterinarian or surgeon. As your dog progresses, keep in mind that swimming, or even walking in shallow water, can be a great low-impact exercise. But be sure to clear it with your vet or surgeon, first.  
• Not only do overweight dogs face an increased risk of CCL injuries, but those extra pounds also make healing from TPLO surgery more difficult because of the strain they put on the joint as it heals. Anything you can do to help your dog maintain a healthy weight during recovery helps improve their long-term health and mobility. 

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Most dogs with diabetes require insulin injections every 12 hours. Unlike in diabetic people, we do not try to achieve normal blood sugar levels (70-130) in dogs. Rather, the goal is to keep blood sugar levels below harmful amounts (as high as upper 200s depending on the pet) while also preventing hypoglycemic episodes. While there are several reasons behind this more conservative use of insulin in dogs, the dangers of low blood sugar are among the most serious. Low blood sugar can quickly cause seizures, coma, and death.

Since both high and low blood sugar levels are dangerous, your veterinarian will want to regularly measure the effects of your dog’s insulin dose on their blood sugar to make sure it neither drops too low nor stays too high. A glucose curve for dogs is a day-long procedure that can help veterinarians understand your dog’s response to insulin. The results of the glucose curve are used to assess and improve control of your dog’s diabetes and are a very important part of diabetes management for dogs. 

What is a Glucose Curve for Dogs?

A glucose curve for a diabetic dog is a series of blood sugar (blood glucose or BG) measurements starting before a meal and insulin dose and repeated throughout a 12 or 24 hour period. Blood glucose is measured every 1-2 hours. The goal is to determine how well the dog is responding to the current dose of insulin.

In a typical curve the blood glucose will immediately go up after a meal then decrease as the insulin takes effect. Then as the insulin wears off again the blood glucose will rise until the next meal and insulin dose. The exact pattern or shape of this curve depends on the type of insulin, the dose, and how well the individual dog responds to insulin. Your veterinarian uses the information obtained in a glucose curve to adjust insulin levels and make other recommendations such as dietary changes. It is very important not to change your dog’s insulin dose without consulting your veterinarian first.

Most of the time a glucose curve is performed in your veterinarian’s clinic. However, some pet parents are comfortable performing blood glucose sampling at home with a small hand-held unit (glucometer) very similar to the ones human diabetics use. Glucometers are relatively inexpensive and readily available ($50-$100 plus refill test strips). The procedure is the same, with blood sampling every 1-2 hours. Pet parents send the results to their veterinarian after the full curve has been collected. The veterinarian then interprets the glucose curve and recommends changes to the insulin dose if necessary.

Although insulin is used commonly it is a very dangerous drug. Too much insulin can lead to low blood sugar which can cause collapse, seizures, and even death. Too little insulin and it will be ineffective, putting dogs at risk for abnormal metabolism which can also be fatal if untreated. This is why it is very important to regularly perform glucose curve tests to make sure a dog’s insulin dose is effective.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Dogs

Until recently, each measurement of blood glucose required drawing blood and immediately testing it in either a hand-held glucose monitor designed for canine blood samples or in a large blood analyzer found in most veterinary clinics. 

In the past few years continuous glucose monitors have become available for dogs. Continuous glucose monitors are flat, golf-ball sized patches that are adhered to an area of a dog’s skin. Glucose levels can be read with a hand-held scanner or phone app as frequently as is required for up to 2 weeks. Though these have the advantage of being less invasive, they may not be as accurate as blood glucose testing. The device can be expensive, up to $300 per monitor. The scanner can be purchased and reused for future glucose curves or may be rented from your veterinarian.

Blood Glucose Curve for Dogs: What to Expect

A glucose curve is a scheduled procedure with your veterinarian. It is important that your dog have a fairly typical day the day before. This means they should eat at their normal times, have their normal walks and other activities, and receive their prescribed dose of insulin. If your dog does not eat, vomits or has diarrhea, misses an insulin dose, or shows any signs of illness call your veterinarian to reschedule the glucose curve. Your veterinarian may still want to see your pet to determine the cause of their illness. But since illness affects metabolism and blood glucose levels the glucose curve should be postponed if your dog is sick.

On the day of the glucose curve your veterinarian will have you withhold food and insulin until you are at the clinic and baseline blood glucose is assessed. If your dog will not eat at the veterinary clinic or there are other extenuating circumstances, your veterinarian may instruct you to feed and administer insulin before arrival at the clinic. Otherwise, bring your dog’s breakfast and insulin with you. You should prepare to spend about 1 hour at the veterinary clinic in the morning. After breakfast your dog will remain at the clinic for 12 or 24 hours.

Small blood samples are taken every 1-2 hours to measure glucose concentration in blood. Some veterinarians will place an IV catheter and draw blood from it while others will use very small needles to draw blood samples from the paw or ear. The specifics will depend on many factors including your dog’s overall health, any other illnesses, and veterinarian preference.

When the glucose curve is completed you can pick up your dog and return to a normal eating and dosing schedule. Your veterinarian will call you within several days of the glucose curve to discuss the results and make any recommendations.

If your dog’s insulin schedule is not morning and evening, for example if you work non-standard hours and dose insulin at 2pm and 2am, then your veterinarian will likely recommend either a continuous glucose monitor for home testing or having a glucose curve performed at a 24-hour veterinary facility that is able to accommodate your dog’s insulin schedule.

Glucose curves will need to be repeated at least every 6 months for dogs with well-controlled diabetes. If changes are made to your dog’s insulin dose after a glucose curve your veterinarian will want to repeat the glucose curve at this new dose in 2-4 weeks.

How Much Does a Glucose Curve Cost?

The cost of a glucose curve will vary between veterinarians and also based on the length of the curve (12 vs 24 hours) and type of sampling (blood collection vs continuous monitor). A range from $150 to $500 is average, although some glucose curves may cost more.

Performing a Dog Glucose Curve at Home: What to Know

If you and your veterinarian are comfortable with it, it is possible to perform a glucose curve at home. This can be especially useful for dogs who are very fearful or uncooperative at the veterinarian’s office. The procedure is the same, with sampling every 1 or 2 hours for 12 or 24 hours. A glucose curve can also be collected at home after a continuous glucose monitor is placed on your dog by the veterinarian. In either case, you send the numbers to your veterinarian for analysis.

Even if you perform a glucose curve at home, do not make changes to your dog’s insulin dose unless instructed by your veterinarian. While the blood glucose measurements you collected are important in determining whether changes need to be made, there are other factors involved as well including your pet’s other health challenges, health history, method of sample collection, and type of insulin your dog is on.

Dog Blood Glucose Curve Results: What They Mean

The results of your dog’s glucose curve tell your veterinarian how well their diabetes is controlled. If all of the numbers are too high that means that your dog may need more insulin, a different type of insulin, or to have other changes made in their lifestyle such as diet type or changes to other medications. An inconsistent curve, or one where the lowest number is too low, could mean that your dog is getting too much insulin.

Diabetes is a very complex disease because of all of the ways blood glucose levels influence overall metabolism in the body. Regularly assessing blood glucose curves helps your veterinarian make sure your dog stays healthy despite their diabetes.

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In fact, urinary accidents are one of the most common signs of urinary tract infections (UTI) and bladder stones in dogs. If this is the case, instead of a time out, your dog may need a trip to the vet.

What Are Bladder Stones?

Bladder stones are collections of mineral crystals that develop in the bladder or lower urinary tract. The medical term for these stones is “urolith,” which refers to a stone within the urine that may be in the bladder or urethra.

Kidney stones (nephroliths) may be formed of the same minerals as bladder stones, but they are found in the kidney or occasionally the ureter (the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder). Most kidney stones do not cause problems in dogs unless the stone blocks the urine from flowing out of the kidney or leads to repeated urinary tract infections.

For a serious illness, bladder stones are fairly common in dogs. While urinary tract infections are much more common, bladder stones occur frequently enough in dogs that family veterinarians are very experienced in treating them. 

What Causes Bladder Stones in Dogs?

Microscopic mineral crystals are often found in urine and may never become a problem. However, when conditions are right – such as higher acidity of urine, incomplete emptying of the bladder, and low water intake – these crystals may form into stones. Unless conditions in the bladder change, the stones will continue to multiply and grow.

Some types of bladder stones develop because of the way the body processes proteins and minerals. As these metabolic processes are under genetic control, there are known genetic risk factors for specific types of bladder stones in many dog breeds.

Types of Bladder Stones in Dogs

There are several types of bladder stones that are common in dogs, each named based on the mineral that is most prevalent. By far the most common are struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and calcium oxalate.

These types of stones account for about 90 percent of all bladder stones in dogs, with struvite stones being more prevalent in females and calcium oxalate stones being more prevalent in males.

Struvite bladder stones in dogs are most often associated with urinary tract infections, which is why female dogs are at much higher risk for their development. (Male dogs are at low risk for urinary tract infections due to their long, narrow urethra that acts as a barrier to bacteria reaching the bladder.) Specifically, females with hooded vulvas or those who are obese and unable to clean themselves properly are more prone to UTIs. 

Breed Risk of Bladder Stones in Dogs

As mentioned above, there are certain breeds that are genetically more at risk for certain types of bladder stones [1]. 

Some breeds that are at increased risk for struvite stones include:

• Bichon Frise
• Miniature Schnauzer
• Pekingese
• Pug
• Shih-tzu
• Lhasa Apso

Breeds at increased risk for calcium oxalate stones include:

• Standard Poodle
• Miniature Schnauzer (both male and female)
• Pomeranian
• Brussels Griffon
• Miniature Pinscher
• Maltese
• Bichon Frise
• Yorkshire Terrier

Beyond these two most common types of stones, we’ve broken down a few others types of bladder stones that may arise in dogs, as well as the breeds that are at higher risk for them:

• Urate
  • Dalmatian
  • English Bulldog
  • Pitbull

• Cysteine
  • Australian Cattle Dog
  • French Bulldog
  • English Bulldog
  • Rottweiler
  • Pitbull
  • Mastiff

• Silica
  • Australian Shepherd
  • Border Collie
  • Golden Retriever
  • Pug
  • German Shepherd

• Xanthine
  • Dalmatian
  • Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
  • Toy Manchester Terrier
  • English Cocker Spaniel
  • Dachshund
  • Chihuahua 

Symptoms of Bladder Stones in Dogs

Symptoms of bladder stones in dogs are similar to those of UTIs and other types of lower urinary disease. Most often pet parents notice that their dog needs to urinate more frequently, will attempt to urinate frequently on walks, or is straining to urinate. Having urinary accidents in the house is also a sign of lower urinary disease, as is foul smelling urine and urine with blood in it. 

Urinary disease is painful, especially in the abdominal area, and dogs may show signs of pain by hunching their backs, not wanting to be pet, or otherwise being protective of their bellies. If left untreated, dogs can become very ill from their lower urinary disease and may vomit, have diarrhea, be lethargic, or not want to eat. 

If a dog is unable to urinate for 12 hours or more despite trying, they may have a urinary obstruction, which is fatal if left untreated. This is a medical emergency and you should seek veterinary attention immediately.  

Diagnosing Bladder Stones in Dogs

Most bladder stones are diagnosed through a combination of urine testing and X-rays. Occasionally it is possible for a veterinarian to feel bladder stones on a physical exam. Your veterinarian will also assess the size of the bladder, pain associated with it, and overall physical health. Urine testing can tell your veterinarian what type(s) of stones your dog has, which is important information because different types of stones require different treatments. 

Most, but not all, types of bladder stones are visible on X-rays, which can show the size, shape, location, and relative quantity (one, a few, or many) of the stones. Some bladder stones are not visible on an X-ray and require an abdominal ultrasound to confirm their presence. Bloodwork is also useful in forming a complete diagnosis and designing a tailored treatment plan.

Bladder Stones in Dogs Treatment

Veterinarians treat bladder stones with medical or surgical management. Medical management may include antibiotics for a concurrent urinary tract infection, anti-inflammatory pain control, and a prescription diet that dissolves existing stones and reduces the risk of new ones developing. 

Your veterinarian can write your pup a prescription for a urinary dissolution diet, and there are several companies that make prescription dog food, including Royal Canin, Hill’s, Purina, and Blue Buffalo. If your dog is prescribed this kind of diet, they should stay on it for the rest of their life unless specifically directed otherwise by a veterinarian.

Urate, xanthine, and silica stones may have different treatment protocols. Dogs with urate stones may be placed on medication called allopurinol and started on a vegetarian diet. Dogs with xanthine stones may also be started on a vegetarian diet, and dogs with silica stones should be offered purified water and given a specific limited-ingredient diet low in silica.

Depending on the size and type, some bladder stones in dogs are treated with surgical removal during a procedure called a cystotomy.  Calcium oxalate stones, for example, are not dissolvable with diet and typically require surgery, which involves going in through the abdomen, making an incision in the bladder, and scooping out the stones. The surgery can be complicated by stones stuck in the urethra, especially in male dogs. 

Once the stones are removed, a sample is sent out for analysis so that a long-term treatment or prevention plan can be designed. Dogs who have surgery will also be placed on prescription diets to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Lithotripsy (laser treatment to dissolve bladder stones) is not routinely performed in dogs but may be recommended for some ureteral, urethral, and kidney stones, or in dogs with other complicating medical issues.

There are no effective home remedies for bladder stones. Over-the-counter supplements, such as those containing cranberry extract or other plant derivatives, are not effective at treating bladder stones or symptoms in dogs. If your dog is displaying signs of a urinary problem, it is best to take them to a veterinarian as soon as possible.

Cost to Treat Bladder Stones in Dogs

The cost of bladder stone care in dogs depends on the treatment. 

When it comes to prescription diets, the size of your dog and how much they eat factor into the cost. A 20 lb bag of food or case of 24 cans can range from $90 to $150, regardless of which brand you and your veterinarian select. These diets are also part of the long-term treatment and prevention plans for most types of bladder stones in dogs, so the cost will be ongoing.

The cost of surgery is typically in the range of $2,000 to $5,000, depending on whether your primary veterinarian or a specialist surgeon performs the procedure, how complicated the stone removal is, and how quickly your pup recovers. If the surgery is performed as an emergency due to stones preventing your dog from urinating, it will be more expensive. Similarly, if the urethra has ruptured, the cost of surgery will increase and involvement of a surgical specialist is usually required at that point.

How to Prevent Bladder Stones in Dogs

Bladder stones are not fully preventable. However, making sure your dog always has access to plenty of clean, fresh water can be helpful in reducing the likelihood of stone developing. Similarly, regular bathroom breaks, such as walks that are long enough to ensure your dog fully empties his bladder, can also help reduce the risk of bladder stones.

For dogs with a history of urinary crystals or bladder stones, a special prescription diet can reduce the risk of recurrence. There is no known benefit of dissolution diets for dogs without a history of bladder stones.

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This is why there are no early signs of cancer in cats – cats don’t tell you there is a problem until their symptoms are too severe to hide.

However, being able to recognize possible symptoms of cancer in cats can help you get your cat treatment as soon as possible. As hard as it may be, it’s important to stay calm and not jump to any conclusions. If your cat does require cancer treatment, feeling financially prepared from the start can help give you peace of mind. A solution like the CareCredit health and pet care credit card allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options so you’re ready to get the care your pet needs.*

Flexible Financing for Veterinary Care

CareCredit Fast Facts

• Pay over time with flexible financing options*
• Use your card again and again for any type of care your pet needs
• Accepted at most veterinary hospitals**

Learn More

In this article, we’ll outline general signs pet parents should look out for and also provide the symptoms associated with different types of cat cancer. 

9 General Signs of Cancer in Cats

When a cat doesn’t feel well, the first few signs are often the same for many types of illnesses and nearly all types of cancer: they don’t eat and they hide. 

Other common symptoms of cancer in cats include: 

• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy (decreased energy)
• Increased thirst
• Urinating outside the litterbox
• New lumps

Keep in mind that many of these symptoms can also be signs of other health problems or diseases. It’s important to have your veterinarian evaluate your cat before jumping to any conclusions. 

7 Types of Cat Cancer: Signs and Symptoms

There are many different types of cancer that can impact cats and each has their own signs and symptoms. 

Lymphoma

What it is: Cancer of the lymph nodes (immune system)

The most common type of lymphoma in cats is gastrointestinal (GI). It comes in two forms: small cell lymphoma and large cell lymphoma. 

Small cell lymphoma acts like a chronic disease in cats and causes vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. 

Large cell lymphoma includes acute signs like severe lethargy and anorexia (full loss of appetite) as well as vomiting and diarrhea.

There are many other types of lymphoma in cats that are not as common as GI lymphoma. These types include:

• Renal (kidneys)
• Hepatic (liver)
• Multicentric (lymph nodes)
• Cutaneous (skin) 

Symptoms of renal and hepatic lymphoma include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and inappetence. In multicentric lymphoma, a cat may have swollen lymph nodes under the chin, on the neck, behind the knees, in the armpits, or in the groin. Cutaneous lymphoma signs are similar to a skin infection, such as itchiness and visible skin wounds. Lymphoma can even occur in the eyes, in which case you may notice a change in the shape of the iris or pupil. 

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

What it is: Cancer of the skin

Squamous cell carcinoma grows quickly and aggressively, meaning that invades other tissue in the area such as bone.. Signs may include ulcerated (bloody) growth that is most often on the face or in the mouth. Signs of mouth cancer in cats include difficulty eating, hesitancy to eat, or excessive drool. Cats with SCC may have bad breath or a foul odor around their face.

Often complete surgical excision for SCC is difficult, if not impossible, and so treatment of this type of cancer in cats is aimed at maintaining good quality of life.

White cats, cats who spend a lot of time in the sun, and cats exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop squamous cell tumors.

Mast Cell Tumors

What it is: Cancer of the skin

Mast cell tumors are often less aggressive than squamous cell carcinomas and can be more easily removed. They look like raised nodules on the skin that may be itchy or bleed and can be found anywhere on the body.

Sarcoma

What it is: Cancer of the muscle, connective tissue, and other soft tissue structures of the body

A sarcoma is cancer of the muscle or soft tissue and general symptoms of sarcomas in cats include a lump or mass that is slow growing, and lameness if the sarcoma is affecting a cat’s limb. 

One type of sarcoma, called an injection site fibrosarcoma, is an uncommon but aggressive form associated with locations where cats have received injections of medications, including vaccines. When found on a limb, recommended treatment often includes amputation. In other places on the body, complete surgical excision is unlikely and the cancer is expected to return within several months.

Mammary (Adenocarcinoma)

What it is: Cancer of the mammary glands

Unfortunately, about 90 percent of masses found in the mammary glands of cats are cancerous. These tumors are hormonally driven, so they are more common in cats who have not been spayed or those who were spayed at a later age.

These feel like hard beads near a cat’s nipple. They can become very large and form one mass between teats.

Intraocular Sarcoma

What it is: Cancer of the eye

Older cats with a history of trauma or disease of their eye can develop a type of cancer called post traumatic intraocular sarcoma.

Signs of eye cancer in cats can include visible changes to one eye, such as changes in their iris or pupil shape or new cloudiness. Cats may rub the eye if it is painful. Sometimes cancer of the eye in cats can cause discharge from the eye.

Treatment is surgical removal of the eye. Although this sounds scary, there are many cats who live long happy lives with just one eye. If the eye is painful or they cannot use it to see, then it should be removed.

Osteosarcoma

What it is: Bone cancer

Osteosarcoma is cancer of the bone. It is rare in cats. Signs of bone cancer include limping, decreased activity, resistance to playing, and not jumping on furniture or other objects they used to enjoy perching on. Some cats will also have a decreased appetite. Bone cancer sometimes causes bones to fracture.

There is increased risk for bone cancer among large breed cats, such as Maine Coons and Norwegian Forest Cats.

Other Types of Cat Cancer and Their Signs

There are many additional types of cancers that have more vague symptoms. For example, cancers of the stomach, intestines, or liver can look like intestinal upset with signs like nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. 

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow may cause tiredness that is mistaken for normal aging.

Lung cancer in cats is more often due to spread (metastasis) of other types of cancers. These are called secondary or metastatic tumors. Primary lung tumors are rare in cats. Signs of tumors in the lung include coughing, decreased energy, difficulty breathing, decreased appetite, and weight loss.

What to Do if You Notice These Symptoms

If you notice concerning changes in your cat, the first thing to do is not to panic. Remember that many things besides cancer can cause cats to feel sick. Think about whether there might be any changes that could relate to your cat’s symptoms. For example, diarrhea after changing her food or sneezing on a heavy pollen day in spring.

Since anything can be a sign of cancer, the most important thing you can do is pay attention to changes in your cat. If your cat is just not acting like herself in any way, make an appointment with your veterinarian for a few days out (3-5 days or when your veterinarian has availability). 

If your cat is still showing signs at that point, take her in. If not, cancel the appointment at least 24 hours beforehand. It’s easier than trying to be squeezed in at the last minute and your veterinarian will appreciate it. Of course, if your cat worsens before the appointment, try to get an immediate appointment or go to the emergency clinic.

Any lump that is bigger than 1cm (1/2 inch), is there for more than a month, grows, changes, bleeds, or doesn’t look/feel like the other lumps on your cat should be examined. It is always easier (safer, less painful, less expensive) to remove a small mass than a big one especially on the limbs and face. Any growth that suddenly changes should be examined.

If your cat does something that concerns you or you notice a new lump, it is best to let a veterinarian examine your cat. Some types of cancers, such as mammary nodules, can be found on a physical exam. Others require blood work, X-rays, or an ultrasound to pinpoint. These are also important tests in assessing your pet’s overall health. 

After locating an abnormality that is suspected to be cancer, the first step is taking a small sample of the cells to look at under a microscope. This is called an aspirate. Often a diagnosis of cancer versus just a benign lump can be made based on this initial sample but sometimes it cannot be. If a diagnosis cannot be made, then your veterinarian may recommend something called an “excisional biopsy” where the suspicious mass is surgically removed as both diagnostic test and treatment. However, it is ideal to know whether the mass is cancer before removing so that your veterinarian can take appropriate margins (healthy tissue around the mass) and no cancer is left behind.

While surgery is recommended for many types of cancers, there are some cancers that are treated only with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, such as lymphoma.

On average, the cost of treating cancer in cats for the first year is $3,800.”

Source: Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs.

On average, the cost of treating cancer in cats for the first year is $3,800, according to Pets Best claims data.¹ While a pet health insurance plan may help offset costs, flexible financing with CareCredit can be another tool in your arsenal. Whether your cat needs diagnostic tests, surgery or chemotherapy, you can use your card again and again for your pet’s procedures at any provider in the CareCredit network.*

In Conclusion

Because the signs of cancer in cats are broad and can mimic those of other diseases and health problems, it’s important to discuss any concerns you may have with your veterinarian. 

Your veterinarian will be able to run appropriate diagnostic tests or conduct imaging procedures that can identify whether your cat’s symptoms are cancer or being caused by something else. 

And if your cat does have cancer, don’t lose heart. Many feline cancers can be effectively treated or managed, offering your cat a good quality of life despite a cancer diagnosis.

¹Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs. 

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

**Internal estimates based on publicly available market sizing information, as of Feb 2023

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

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Even for veterinarians, examining cat’s joints is difficult because cats don’t cooperate. All of that together means that arthritis in cats is severely under-diagnosed and therefore not effectively treated.

The good news is your vet can recommend treatments to help relieve arthritis pain in cats. However, first you need to learn how to detect the subtle signs and what to do about them.

Defining Arthritis in Cats: What Exactly Is It?

When we say arthritis we generally mean osteoarthritis which is painful inflammation of the joints. This is a degenerative disease meaning that it occurs over time and is most likely to be found in older cats. In fact it is estimated that 90 percent of cats over 10 years of age have osteoarthritis in at least one joint.

The way arthritis develops in cats is similar to how it develops in humans and in dogs. Over time, normal wear and tear on the joint surfaces of bones causes inflammation which further degrades the joint surfaces. The body responds by trying to replace injured or damaged bone but this replacement is not as smooth as the original joint surface and creates more inflammation.

Causes of Arthritis in Cats

Osteoarthritis in cats is divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary arthritis is due to normal wear and tear over a lifetime. Secondary arthritis is the result of joint degeneration following trauma, injury, or poor conformation. Secondary arthritis can occur at any age. 

Munchkin cats, Scottish Folds, and other cats with abnormal physical conformation are at increased risk for developing arthritis.

Cats who are overweight are at increased risk for developing arthritis and at a younger age. This is because excess weight puts excess strain on joints and that speeds the normal wear and tear processes. Excess fat also causes inflammation which is the source of pain in arthritis. 

Diseases that cause loss of muscle mass such as diabetes, hyperthyroid disease, and kidney disease can also cause arthritis. Muscles keep weight off of joints which is why exercise is important in preventing arthritis.

Cat Arthritis Symptoms

Symptoms of arthritis in cats are generally less obvious than arthritis in dogs. They involve loss of mobility such as eating or drinking less because it is painful to walk to the food bowl. Cats may no longer be able to reach their favorite napping spots on top of furniture or they may be reluctant to follow you up and down the stairs. 

Some cats may groom themselves less or stop grooming all together which is noticeable as a greasy or flaky coat. Usually the first places this becomes noticeable are the lower back and around the anus. 

Peeing or pooping outside the litter box can be a sign of arthritis because cats with arthritis may have difficulty stepping in or out of the box or posturing to urinate and defecate.

Cat arthritis symptoms to watch for include:

• Stiffness, especially after sleeping or resting
• Decreased activity
• Not jumping to places they used to be able to reach
• Not playing with their favorite toys
• Changes in litter box use or going outside the litter box
• Decreased grooming
• Decreased eating and drinking
• Limping
• Increased hiding or sleeping
• Less interaction

Diagnosing Cat Arthritis

Veterinarians diagnose cat arthritis through the information you provide, a physical examination, and sometimes X-ray images. 

The information you provide about changes in your cat’s behavior is important in diagnosing arthritis in cats because cats do not always acknowledge their pain on a physical exam or may not cooperate for a thorough exam. 

During the physical exam your veterinarian will feel along the spine and along the cat’s arms and legs. Your veterinarian will move the joints through their normal ranges of motion to detect any decreases or abnormal movements that may indicate arthritis. 

To confirm arthritis your veterinarian may take X-rays (radiographs) of any joints that seem painful or are not able to move well. X-rays are useful to eliminate other causes of pain such as tumors or a bone infection.

Cat Arthritis Treatment

Unfortunately, there are limited available treatments for cats with arthritis which is why prevention is the best medicine. There is no cure for arthritis, only management. 

One of the most important components of management is weight loss for overweight cats diagnosed with arthritis. Your veterinarian can help you design a healthy diet to help your cat slowly lose excess weight that contributes to the development and progression of arthritis.

For cats who do have arthritis, a multi-modal management plan is most effective. This includes pain medication, adaptations to the home, and adjunctive or complementary therapies such as physical therapy and acupuncture.

Pain Control

Pain control is an important component of managing arthritis in cats, but it is important to remember that pain control does not treat arthritis, it only reduces its symptoms. There are two categories of pain control that can be useful: non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and pain relievers. 

NSAIDs minimize pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in cats. They are often most effective in the early stages of arthritis. There are two NSAIDs vets may recommend to treat pain in cats: Meloxicam and Onsior. However neither is specifically approved to treat arthritis. And because cats tend to be more sensitive to the side effects of these drugs, they are generally not recommended for long-term use in cats. 

The other category of pain control includes medications that reduce the perception of pain. These include gabapentin and buprenorphine. But, again, neither one is specifically labeled for use in arthritis treatment.

If your veterinarian prescribes either of these types of pain medication to help ease your cat’s arthritis pain, follow their dosing instructions closely. And call them immediately if your cat experiences any side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, lethargy, or reduced appetite.

Adaptations at Home

Making changes at home can help your cat be more comfortable and can go a long way to reducing symptoms. These include giving your cat a soft, padded or orthopedic bed that is easy to get in and out of, providing a ramp or short steps to places she likes to rest, and making other simple changes to help your cat get around better. 

A litter box with one low side helps arthritic cats get in and out easier. You can reduce the need for your cat to use the stairs by keeping everything she needs on one floor of your house where your cat prefers to spend the most time.

Arthritis can reduce a cat’s desire or ability to groom herself. You can help by grooming her frequently with a soft brush, trimming her nails if she is not keen on using the scratching post, and wiping her anus with baby wipes if she is unable to clean it herself. Cats enjoy being clean, so don’t underestimate the value of these changes to her comfort.

Physical Therapy and Other Treatments

Physical therapy is available for cats to help restore muscle mass and address any limping caused by injury or arthritis. Of course, cats have to be willing participants to benefit from most structured types of physical therapy. But even modified exercises at home can be effective. So even if you don’t think your cat will tolerate going to the veterinary physical therapist, the tools and exercises they offer can be useful at home.

Other tools to manage the pain of arthritis include acupuncture and cold laser therapy. Adequan is an injectable supplement that may help rebuild joint cartilage. Stem cell therapy is still in his initial phases but may prove effective in restoring joint health. These can be performed in your veterinarian’s office and many cats tolerate the treatments well.

In rare situations surgery can be beneficial for cats severely impacted by arthritis pain. Surgery may involve removing scar tissue due to a previous injury, may address poor joint positioning, or may require amputation of a very arthritic limb. Surgery is the treatment of last resort for arthritis in cats.

Cost to Treat Arthritis in Cats

The cost to treat arthritis in cats varies depending on which options you and your veterinarian decide are right for your cat. Medications and supplements may each cost between $30 and $100 per month. Adjunctive treatments or therapy may cost $50-$100 per session.

Generally treatments are continued for the rest of the cat’s life since arthritis is a progressive disease.

How to Prevent Arthritis in Cats

Arthritis in cats cannot be fully prevented but there are steps you can take to reduce your feline’s risk and minimize the impact that arthritis has on their quality of life. 

The first and most important things are to keep your cat at a healthy weight her whole life and encourage exercise through play. 

Regular check-ups with a veterinarian including both physical exams and routine blood work can help prevent arthritis by addressing any diseases that increase arthritis risk. Your veterinarian is trained to notice changes in your cat before you do and she may detect decreased mobility before it becomes painful arthritis.

Many cat joint supplements are best used to slow the development or progression of arthritis. The chondroprotective (joint cartilage support) supplements are slow-acting and can take several weeks to build up to effective levels in the body. These include glucosamine and chondroitin as well as anti-inflammatory supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil). 

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (with MSM – methyl sulfonyl methane) may take 4-6 weeks to see effect and is not effective for late stage disease. Similarly, omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and are best used to reduce arthritis risk or slow its progression. It may take 4 weeks to see the effect. Omega-3 fatty acids have other beneficial effects including heart and skin support and is one of the most well studied supplements available.

Cats are very sensitive, so it is not recommended to use supplements unless you have discussed them with your veterinarian. Just because something is safe and effective for people does not mean it is safe or effective for cats.

The post Arthritis in Cats: Signs, Causes, and Management appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Proper dental care can help keep a dog’s teeth and gums healthy. Unfortunately, dental disease in dogs is very common. Let’s explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for dental problems in dogs. 

What Is Dental Disease in Dogs?

Dental disease refers to any abnormalities that occur in your dog’s mouth. These include diseases of the teeth, gums, tongue, bones, and other structures of the mouth. While some types of dental disease are due to bacterial infections, trauma may also cause dental disease due to tooth fractures and even jaw fractures.

The most common type of dental disease is periodontal disease. Periodontal disease in dogs refers to infection, inflammation, and breakdown of the structures that support teeth and hold them in place. Humans develop the same kind of dental disease if they don’t brush their teeth and see a dentist regularly. 

Interestingly dogs very rarely develop cavities. This is because the types of bacteria that cause cavities are not common in dogs. 

Small breed dogs and brachycephalic breeds are more likely to develop dental disease than others. Yorkshire Terriers and Dachshunds are some of the breeds that commonly develop severe dental disease. However, all dogs are susceptible. 

As dogs age they accumulate bacteria on their teeth that form plaque. Therefore older dogs are more likely to show signs of dental disease. Young to middle aged dogs start to show signs of dental disease that progresses if not treated.

Causes of Dental Disease in Dogs

Just like in humans, dental disease in dogs is caused by poor dental hygiene. Dental hygiene means both brushing teeth daily and regularly seeing a veterinarian for oral examinations and cleanings. 

Dogs accumulate bacteria in their mouth which adheres to teeth as dental calculus. This leads to inflammation of the gums and breakdown of the structures that hold the teeth in place known as periodontal ligaments. Due to the shape and size of their mouths, small breed dogs are at increased risk of developing periodontal disease.

Some breeds have a genetic risk for gingivitis, periodontal disease, and other dental diseases. Boxers, for example, develop excessive gum tissue known as gingival hyperplasia. West Highland White Terriers and some other terrier breeds are at risk for craniomandibular osteopathy or overgrowth of the jaw bone.

Just like it is important to exercise the muscles of the body, it is important to use the teeth (chew), in order to maintain good dental health. For that reason many veterinarians recommend dry kibble dog food. However if you have ever watched a dog eat you know that if they can swallow food whole they will. The size, shape, and texture of food is important for dental health. Similarly, not having appropriate toys to chew on can impact dental health.

Dog Dental Disease Symptoms

There are many possible symptoms of dental disease in dogs, including:

• Bad breath
• Bleeding
• Red or swollen gums
• Thick gray-brown calculus
• Swelling on face
• Discharge from one eye
• Decreased appetite
• Shyness around their head
• Weight loss
• Change in tooth color
• Missing teeth
• Rubbing or scratching their face

Dental disease can also cause disease in other parts of the body including kidney disease, heart disease, and liver disease. 

Types of Dental Disease in Dogs

There are several types of dental disease in dogs that pet parents should be aware of. These include:

Periodontal disease: Periodontal disease refers to infection, inflammation, and breakdown of the structures that support teeth and hold them in place. This leads to pain and tooth loss.

Trauma: Dogs may damage their teeth by chewing on very hard objects or playing vigorously with toys. They may also suffer from dental trauma if they are in a dog fight or hit by a car.

Tooth root infections: Bacteria that finds its way under the gums may form a pocket of infection around the tooth root. As this pocket expands it becomes a very painful abscess.

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums is known as gingivitis. When severe, it may be called stomatitis or ulcerative stomatitis. Boxers are known to develop gingival hyperplasia which is a benign overgrowth of the gums.

Growths: Many types of abnormal tissue can grow in the mouth. These include both benign tissues and cancers. Papilloma warts are small viral growths that resolve on their own. Melanoma is one of the more common types of oral cancer and is a very aggressive, severe disease. 

Dog Dental Disease Stages

There are four stages of periodontal disease. The stages refer only to periodontal disease. Other dental diseases, such as those caused by trauma, are not progressive so are not staged.

Stage 1: At this stage there is minimal tartar buildup. The gums may be slightly swollen and will likely bleed if brushed or if the dog chews on a rough toy. Dental disease in dogs at this stage is easily reversed with routine cleaning by a veterinarian or daily brushing at home. 

Stage 2: By stage two there may not be obvious visual signs of worsening periodontal disease but under the gum line the structures around the teeth are starting to become damaged by bacteria and inflammation. Stage 2 is diagnosed during an anesthetized exam that your veterinarian performs as part of your dog’s teeth cleaning. There may be some loss of the bone that holds teeth in place (alveolar bone). Addressing dental disease at this stage can reverse damage and save your dog’s teeth. 

Stage 3: Once periodontal disease reaches Stage 3 there is permanent bone loss leading to loose, painful teeth. Most often, your veterinarian will recommend extraction of teeth with this stage because of this pain. However, it is possible to save these teeth with advanced dental procedures. Typically these procedures are performed by a veterinary dental specialist. 

Stage 4: By Stage 4 of periodontal disease in dogs the teeth cannot be saved. It is in these dogs’ best interest to have most teeth extracted to address their pain and reduce the risk of future infection. Teeth may fall out on their own at this stage, putting the dog at risk for severe dental infection.

Other types of dental disease are graded for severity on different characteristics. For example, tooth fractures are simple if they do not reach the gum line while fractures are termed “complicated” if they reach below the gum line because of increased risk of infection. 

Diagnosing Dog Dental Disease 

Many types of dental disease in dogs can be diagnosed by your veterinarian’s physical exam. This includes visually looking in the mouth as well as feeling around the mouth, nose, and eyes. Your veterinarian will also feel the lymph nodes at the top of the neck which can become swollen with dental disease.

Dental disease may be hidden from view and require dental x-rays to look at the health of the tooth roots, jaw bone, and associated structures. Occasionally a CT scan (3-dimensional X-ray) is required to determine the full size, shape, and extent of dental diseases. CT scans can be useful in identifying cancers and abnormal bone growth. 

Dog Dental Disease Treatment

Dental disease is treated by cleaning all of the teeth and surgically extracting any diseased teeth. Extractions can be performed by your regular veterinarian. 

More advanced dental treatments such as root canals, crowns, and bone grafts are available through specialist veterinary dentists (orofacial and maxillary surgeons) who undergo additional training to be able to perform these procedures.

Medication may be prescribed before or after dental extraction including antibiotics and pain medications. It is important to note that antibiotics for dental disease are just a band-aid – they will not treat the infection, just reduce its severity until extraction can be performed.

Cost to Treat Dental Disease in Dogs

The cost to treat dental disease in dogs depends on the type and severity of disease. A routine cleaning might cost between $400 and $600. Add dental X-rays to that for another $100-$300. Depending on which tooth or teeth need to be extracted they can be less than $50 for an incisor (front tooth) to $250 or more for a canine (fang) or large premolar. If multiple extractions are required, it’s easy to see how the cost goes up quickly.

Root canals, crowns, and other advanced procedures will likely cost you $1,000-$4,000 each, depending on what is required. 

Fortunately, preventing dental disease in dogs is much less expensive than treatment. 

How to Prevent Dental Disease in Dogs

There is no way to fully prevent all types of dental disease in dogs. However, the best thing you can do to reduce your dog’s risk for dental disease is to brush their teeth every day with a veterinarian-recommended dog toothpaste. Just like in humans, this goes a long way in reducing risk for dental infections, tooth decay, and gingivitis. 

The physical action of brushing each tooth at the gum line is the most important part. Even if your dog hates toothpaste and the toothbrush, rubbing your dog’s teeth and gums with a clean gauze every day can make a difference. Never use human toothpaste for dogs. It may contain xylitol which is an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

Similarly, regular check-ups with your veterinarian are important because it’s your vet’s job to notice dental disease before you do. Follow through when they recommend dental cleanings. Addressing a problem early is always less painful for your dog, easier for your veterinarian, and less expensive for you.

Some treats, chews, and foods can help reduce your dog’s risk for dental disease. These include prescription diets as well as some breed-specific diets. There are many treats on the shelves that label themselves as promoting dental health. However, unless the bag has the VOHC seal of approval these claims have not been backed up by testing. The same is true for supplements such as toothpaste, water additives, and others. If your favorite dental chew isn’t on the list, call the company and ask them to have their product evaluated by the third-party (unbiased) VOHC.

Dental Disease in Dogs Infographic

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If dogs aren’t careful, certain species of spiders can also bite and cause inflammation and discomfort. 

All of these insect stings and bites cause similar signs in dogs. In fact, they are often indistinguishable from each other. The symptoms of the whole group are labeled “insect bite hypersensitivity” by veterinarians (even though technically a spider is not an insect but an arachnid).

However, if you’re concerned about spider bites on dogs, this article explains the types of spiders that bite dogs, the symptoms associated with spider bites, and whether these bites can be dangerous for our canine companions.

Do Spiders Bite Dogs?

Spiders most definitely bite dogs. But fortunately most bites are very mild, just as they are for humans. In fact, spider bites are usually indistinguishable from ant bites. 

Bites on the face tend to cause more severe symptoms than ones to the feet or tail. Puppies and very small dogs are more likely to have reactions to spider bites due to their small size.

In warmer areas, spiders are active year-round indoors and out. In colder climates spiders can take refuge from the weather in barns, garages, and homes. Spiders such as wolf spiders, garden spiders, and daddy long legs are found throughout the United States, but they do not have “medically significant” bites.

What Does a Spider Bite Look Like?

When spider bites cause a reaction on a dog, they look like small (pea-sized) raised bumps that are pink or red. You are very unlikely to see two fang marks. The area may be warmer than the surrounding skin and your dog may be sensitive to touch. Spider bites do not cause bleeding unless your dog chews or scratches the area raw. 

Spider bites on dogs typically look the same as ant bites and bee stings. Spider bites are most likely to occur on a dog’s paw or face. 

Small scratches that cause skin irritation are often confused for spider bites as are zits and other types of skin infections. Similarly, thorns and other sharp plant bits can cause wounds that are mistaken for spider bites.

Symptoms of Spider Bites on Dogs

Most of the time insect and spider bites cause a small red, raised bump on the skin that is itchy or painful. A dog may try to chew at the area or may hold up the affected limb when walking. 

Without these more obvious signs, we may not even know that a dog has been bitten. Though many types of spiders release venom when they bite, it is not enough to cause more than a mild, temporary irritation to most dogs.

Symptoms of spider bites tend to be mild. If the bite is on a limb the dog may limp or refuse to put weight on the leg. Bites on the face may cause local swelling. Rarely, more severe symptoms are possible including vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.

Venomous Spider Bites on Dogs

The two species of spiders in the United States that contain strong enough venom to cause injury to dogs are the brown recluse spider and the black widow spider. Just as in people, these spiders can cause severe pain and tissue damage. The severity of the injury depends on the amount of venom released by the spider, the size of the dog, and the location of the bite.

Black widow spiders are found throughout the continental United States. Brown recluse spiders are most common in the Southwest, but their range extends through the Southern states and Midwest.

Brown recluse bites cause a red bullseye pattern and can lead to deep ulcers of the skin or skin necrosis (cell death). Black widow spider bites cause abdominal discomfort and muscle rigidity followed by paralysis. 

Fortunately bites from venomous spiders are very rare in the United States and serious consequences of those bites are even more uncommon. Both of these species of spiders prefer to run away and hide rather than attack, so a dog has to be persistent to be bitten by them. 

While it is very rare for dogs to receive severe bites from brown recluse or black widow spiders, both can cause serious symptoms. Brown recluse venom causes local tissue damage and can lead to local tissue necrosis. These wounds require intensive management by a veterinarian and may take several weeks to months to resolve. Black widow venom is a neurotoxin. It causes the muscles to tense and then become paralyzed. Black widow venom at a high enough dose can be fatal but this is exceedingly rare.

What to Do if a Spider Bites Your Dog

Bites from non-venomous spiders usually do not require any treatment. Symptoms will go away within an hour or so. If you suspect your dog has been bitten by a spider (or an ant), the wait-and-see approach is usually appropriate. If symptoms progress beyond a mild itch or a very small bump then you should call your veterinarian or an emergency clinic. 

The exceptions would be if your dog is allergic to spiders or was in an area with known venomous spiders. Then you should treat the spider bite as an emergency and take your dog to the veterinarian immediately.

How to Treat a Spider Bite on a Dog

Most spider bites do not require any treatment. If your dog is itchy or uncomfortable, a dose of an antihistamine can make them feel better faster (your veterinarian can recommend which type of antihistamine to keep at home for these types of situations and can calculate the appropriate dose for your dog). 

Icing the area can also help reduce itch or pain. Never put ice directly on your dog’s skin, wrap the ice in a towel and apply that to the skin instead. Ointments are not usually recommended because dogs will lick them off. 

Venomous spider bites should be treated by your veterinarian. Treatment may include wound management, pain control, and supportive care. There is an antivenom available for black widow spider bites. Full recovery from a black widow bite can take several weeks. Most of what we know about treating black widow and brown recluse spider bites is extrapolated from human medicine because the occurrence is so rare in dogs.

How to Prevent Spider Bites on Dogs

It is impossible to completely prevent spider bites. However, you can take steps to make your home and yard less hospitable to spiders. 

Do not keep piles of brush or wood where your dog frequents, as spiders like to make their homes in these piles. Keeping your grass mowed short also reduces the risk of spider and insect bites. Keep your dog out of sheds, barns, and other structures that provide good homes for spiders. 

If you suspect or have seen venomous spiders, call a pest control company for appropriate removal. The pest control company can then offer additional advice on how to reduce the risk of those spiders returning. 

In general, risks from spider bites are low. Since it is unlikely that you will witness a spider bite, use your best judgment if you suspect a bite on your dog. If symptoms are mild then you can probably just monitor. If symptoms progress beyond a small itchy bump, then it is time to take your dog to a veterinarian.

The post Spider Bites on Dogs: How to Identify Them appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fortunately most of these viral warts, called papillomas and caused by the canine papilloma virus (CPV), are benign and will fall off after a while. However, it is important to be aware of these growths so that you know what to do if you see them on your dog. 

What Is Canine Papilloma Virus?

Canine papilloma virus is specific to dogs and causes growths that are often referred to as warts or papillomas. 

There are two common types of canine papilloma virus in dogs:

• CPV-1: This causes growths on the face.
• CPV-2: This one causes growths on the belly and feet. 

Most species of mammals as well as many species of birds and reptiles each have their own papilloma viruses. The characteristics of the viral growths and their ability to cause illness vary across species. 

How Do Dogs Contract It?

Canine papilloma virus is transmitted through direct contact or through contamination in the environment such as water bowls and toys. CPV is common among dogs who frequent daycare facilities and dog parks because of the risk of contamination. From exposure to symptoms (incubation period) is 1-2 months.

In order to become infected, dogs must have a compromised or immature immune system. This is why viral growths are most common in puppies and senior dogs. Dogs on immunosuppressants such as steroids or cyclosporine are also at increased risk. The virus is not transmissible to people or other non-dog pets. Once a dog has been infected with CPV they cannot be reinfected with the same strain though several strains are known to exist. Dogs are only infectious to others when they have growths. 

Symptoms of Canine Papilloma Virus

CPV-1 causes characteristic growths on the moist tissues of a dog’s mouth or eyes. For this reason some people call canine oral papillomas “dog mouth warts.” The growths are usually small, though occasionally they can grow large. Papillomas have rough edges, known as fimbriae, that resemble a cauliflower or sea anemone. Often CPV-1 papillomas are found in clusters. CPV-1 growths do not become cancerous and they are not painful. If there are many papillomas or they are large a dog can have difficulty eating. Growths on the eyes can be uncomfortable and rub on the surface of the eye, creating painful corneal ulcers.

CPV-2 growths have the potential to become malignant (cancerous). They do not have the characteristic appearance of the CPV-1 papillomas and tend to be found as solitary growths, not clusters. They are usually less than 1 inch and are raised above the skin. Biopsy is usually required to make a diagnosis. The most common place for these growths is between the toes but CPV-2 papillomas can also occur on the belly of dogs. These may also be called cutaneous inverted papillomas or endophytic warts.

Dogs with healthy immune systems and those who have previously been exposed to the virus will not develop warts. There are no tests available for exposure to CPV. Without visible growths, a dog is not considered to have contracted CPV.

How to Diagnose Canine Papilloma Virus

Because of their characteristic appearance, CPV-1 papillomas are diagnosed by physical examination. Your veterinarian will closely examine the inside and outside of the mouth, nose, and eyes for additional papillomas. 

CPV-2 cutaneous papillomas require biopsy to diagnose because they can look like many other types of skin growths on dogs. 

Canine Papilloma Virus Treatment for Dogs

Usually no treatment is needed for canine papilloma virus as the CPV-1 papillomas will fall off within two months. However, if there are many of them, if they are large, or if they otherwise interfere with a dog’s normal activity they can be removed by a veterinarian. Cryosurgery, or freezing of the wart, is often effective. 

Antibiotics are not effective against this virus and are not prescribed for treatment unless there are secondary bacterial infections in the mouth. 

CPV-2 papillomas should be surgically removed so that they do not have the opportunity to become cancerous. 

There has been some success with a topical antiviral medication called imiquimod. However this treatment takes several weeks and may cause itching and discomfort at the application site. 

How to Prevent Canine Papilloma Virus

Canine papilloma virus is a socially transmitted disease, so the best way to prevent the spread is to stay away from infectious dogs. This, however, may be easier said than done.

Cautious daycare facilities will often have rules that dogs with active CPV-1 papillomas must stay home until the growths are removed. While this will reduce the likelihood of spread it cannot completely eliminate it as some growths may not be noticed until they have reached a certain size. 

If your dog has papillomas you should stay away from the dog park and other dogs until the warts fall off or are removed.

The post Canine Papilloma Virus appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Interestingly, dogs do not get cavities the way humans do. Cavities, known as dental caries, are caused by two specific types of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) which dogs do not have. They do however develop very severe dental disease including rotten teeth and gums.

If you don’t take steps to prevent dog tooth decay, you may be caught off guard by unexpected veterinary bills. In fact, the cost of treating dental disease in dogs is up 30 percent year-over-year, according to Pets Best claims data.¹ When dealing with rotten dog teeth, especially if they need to be extracted, a solution like the CareCredit health and pet care credit card can help you feel more prepared. It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options*. Once you have the card, you can use it again and again for your pet’s procedures at any provider in the CareCredit network.

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• Pay over time with flexible financing options*
• Use your card again and again for any type of care your pet needs
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Here, we’ll outline the causes of periodontal disease, how to spot rotten teeth, and what you can do to prevent dog tooth decay.

What Do Rotten Dog Teeth Look Like?

Most pet parents don’t routinely look closely at their dog’s teeth. This is because dogs don’t generally appreciate fingers in their mouths. So the visual appearance isn’t the first sign that pet parents notice in dogs with rotten teeth. One of the first signs of tooth decay in dogs that pet parents notice is bad breath.

Dog teeth, like human teeth, are made of a crown (the part you can see) and the root. The root is under the gingiva (medical term for the gums) and is the part that both anchors the tooth in place and connects it to the body’s blood supply. Deep inside of the tooth, from the root to the crown, is the pulp. This is the living part of the tooth and the part that becomes very painful when teeth are rotten. 

Some rotten teeth are covered in a thick layer of gray-brown-green plaque, also known as calculus. This is usually worst on the teeth in the back of the mouth (premolars and molars) where it is most difficult to see. However, it can also develop on the canines and incisors (front teeth).

Sometimes the crown of the tooth looks normal but there is severe infection underneath the gums. This makes the gums look red or bleed easily and is known as gum disease or gingivitis.

Another sign of rotten teeth in dogs includes exposure of the roots due to decay of the gingiva, the jaw bone, and the structures that attach the tooth to the bone. This is known as periodontal disease. This can be seen as retraction of the gum line so that the tooth looks longer than it used to or you may even see multiple roots of premolars and molars.

Signs and Symptoms of Rotten Teeth in Dogs

The most common first sign of rotten dog teeth that pet parents notice is bad breath (halitosis). This is due to bacteria building up in the mouth. Over time these bacteria can destroy the gums, teeth, and even the jaw bones.   

Just like in humans, dental disease in dogs is painful. In addition to bad breath, pet parents may notice:

• Discoloration of teeth
• Loose teeth
• Broken or missing teeth
• Swollen areas of the face (including under the jaw or under the eye)
• Bleeding from the mouth
• Discharge from the eye or nose 

In the early stages of periodontal disease, dogs may bleed from their gums on chew toys or develop very red inflamed gums after playing with those toys.

Some dogs with rotten teeth will be unwilling to eat hard foods or any foods at all. Or they may only chew food on one side of their mouth. Dogs with rotten teeth may stop playing with their favorite chew toys or stop playing fetch. These are signs of mouth pain. 

Other signs of mouth pain include:

• Excessive drooling
• Rubbing or pawing at the face
• Bleeding from the mouth
• Not wanting to be touched on the head or muzzle

In the final stages of dental disease, teeth will become very loose and fall out. When rotten teeth fall out they leave a pocket where bacteria can thrive and continue to cause pain.

The cost to treat dental disease in dogs is up 30% year-over-year.”

Source: Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs.

What Causes Rotten Dog Teeth?

Tooth decay in dogs is caused by several factors. The most important one is lack of dental care and dental hygiene. Brushing a dog’s teeth every day with a veterinarian-recommended dog toothpaste significantly decreases the risk they will develop dental disease. 

But, it doesn’t eliminate the risk. Breed genetics and conformation (shape of the face and mouth) also contribute to the risk of rotten teeth in dogs. Some breeds such as Dachshunds and Yorkies are cursed with bad dental genetics. In these breeds even daily brushing may not be enough to prevent dental disease. 

Similarly, brachycephalic (short-faced) dogs – like French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Shih Tzus – and those with under- or over- bites (malocclusion) are at a higher risk of developing dental disease. This is because these dogs have crowded mouths and are more likely to develop rotten teeth. 

Aging itself is not a risk factor. Rather, years of poor dental hygiene are most noticeable in older dogs.

The Dangers of Rotten Dog Teeth 

Rotten and decaying teeth are painful and dangerous for dogs. Not only can they make your pet not want to eat or drink, but they can lead to other diseases. 

Dental disease puts dogs at risk for the development of heart disease. It causes elevated liver enzymes which may impact how your dog can tolerate medications. Rotten teeth also weaken the jaw bone around them leading to future dental loss and putting your dog at risk for a jaw fracture. 

It is important not to underestimate the severity of pain and discomfort that rotten teeth can cause. Dogs explore their world with their mouths – which includes playing with their toys and grooming themselves. Dogs with painful mouths may stop grooming and even stop playing with their toys.   

What to Do If Your Dog Has Rotten Teeth

If you think your dog has a rotten tooth, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian right away since extraction of the tooth may be required. 

If your dog is in a lot of pain, you may need to visit an emergency clinic to start pain control and antibiotics before being able to see your regular veterinarian for a dental procedure. Unfortunately, most emergency clinics do not have the equipment to perform dental procedures so they cannot replace an appointment with your regular veterinarian.

By the time your pet is showing signs of rotten teeth it is too late to start brushing. Nothing you can do at home will eliminate the bacteria or do anything to address the rotten teeth. 

If your dog is not eating dry food and you think it is because of dental disease, you can feed a canned or wet dog food diet until your dog is seen by your vet. However, changing their diet will not eliminate the pain or the infection.              

Dog Tooth Cleaning and Extraction

If your veterinarian recommends extracting a tooth or multiple teeth, listen to their advice. Antibiotics will help fight an infection from dental disease, but it does not get to the bottom of the problem. A diseased tooth will continue to cause problems until it is removed from the mouth.

During an extraction procedure, your veterinarian will anesthetize your pet and use an ultrasonic scaler to remove bacteria under the gums as well as any calculus on the teeth. Dental X-rays (radiographs) will pinpoint any areas of disease deep within the bones. The severity of dental disease is characterized by several factors including mobility of the tooth, root exposure, and evidence of infection of the root on dental X-ray. 

Teeth that are diseased should be extracted. Depending on the tooth or teeth involved and the severity of disease some extractions are very simple while others require drilling the tooth out of its socket. Interestingly, sometimes it is the most severely rotten teeth that require the most work to extract. 

After the procedure your veterinarian will prescribe pain control and may recommend a soft diet for several days while your dog’s mouth heals. 

How to Prevent Tooth Decay in Dogs

The best and most effective thing you can do to prevent tooth decay in dogs is daily brushing. While that may feel impossible, investing in the right teeth-cleaning tools can make a big difference.

Start with an angled toothbrush that’s specifically designed to reach every area of a dog’s mouth. Toothpaste for humans can be toxic to your pet, so you should instead look for dog-friendly toothpaste. Toothpaste for dogs comes in tempting flavors (chicken, bacon, etc.) that create positive associations with daily toothbrushing sessions.

Even with the right tools and tasty toothpaste, not all dogs take to toothbrushing right away. If every brushing session is a battle, it’s harder to establish a routine that sticks. So you may want to talk to your veterinarian or local dog trainer about methods to get your pup on board. In addition to daily brushing, there are other products designed to help you sneak good dental care into your dog’s daily activities without them even noticing. Look for specially designed dental treats that help scrape away plaque and tartar buildup from your dog’s teeth and water additives that can help slow the development of dental diseases like gingivitis. 

Also, beware of products that could be hazardous to your dog’s dental health. Hard bones, antlers, and firm toys may be fun for your dog to chew, but they can also fracture teeth. The general rule of thumb is that anything you can’t indent with your fingernail could damage dog teeth. 

Even diet can play a role in good dental care for dogs. However, it’s an old wives’ tale that all hard kibble helps prevent dental disease. Instead, look for dog food that is specifically formulated to fight plaque and tartar, like Hill’s Prescription Diet t/d dry dog food or Hill’s Science Diet Oral Care.

Whatever products you choose to help fortify your dog’s daily dental care, make sure they have the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal of approval. That means the manufacturer has proven the product meets VOHC specifications for plaque and tartar reduction in dogs.

Finally, the value of regular check-ups with a veterinarian cannot be ignored. Your veterinarian is able to look at all of your dog’s teeth and is trained to notice early signs of dental disease. It is much easier (less painful for your dog, less expensive for you) to keep your dog’s mouth healthy than to treat dental disease after it happens. 

¹Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs. 

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

**Internal estimates based on publicly available market sizing information, as of Feb 2023

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Rotten Dog Teeth: Causes, Signs, and What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The unfortunate reality is that almost anything can be a sign of cancer in dogs – including no signs at all. But, that doesn’t mean you should worry about every little thing. It means you should pay attention to your dog so that you notice changes and can monitor them appropriately. 

For every symptom of illness in a dog there is a list of potential health problems that may be the cause – ranging from mild to severe. Just because a symptom can be associated with cancer in dogs does not mean that it is cancer in dogs. 

While this article covers possible signs of cancer in dogs, it’s important not to jump to conclusions and to discuss your dog’s specific symptoms with your veterinarian.  

6 Types of Dog Cancer: Signs and Symptoms 

Before we discuss signs of cancer in dogs, it’s important to understand that our canine companions can develop different types of cancer – just like humans.

Each type of cancer may have different symptoms, often depending on the affected organ or location on the body. For example, dogs with lung cancer may cough while those with bone cancer may limp. 

The most common types of cancer in dogs are lymphoma (lymphosarcoma), bone cancer (osteosarcoma), soft tissue tumors (soft tissue sarcoma), and skin cancer (mast cell tumors). Other canine cancers with discrete symptoms include mammary cancer and bladder cancer. Here is more information about these types of dog cancer and some of the common signs associated with them:

There are many additional types of dog cancers that have more vague symptoms. For example, cancers of the stomach, intestines, or liver can look like intestinal upset with signs like nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. Cancer of the blood or bone marrow may cause tiredness that is mistaken for normal aging in dogs.

Lung cancer in dogs is more often due to the spread (metastasis) of other types of cancers. These are called secondary or metastatic tumors. Primary lung tumors are rare in dogs. Signs of tumors in the lung include coughing, decreased energy, difficulty breathing, decreased appetite, and weight loss. 

5 More General Signs of Cancer in Dogs

Cancer does what it wants – meaning cancer can cause just about any sign of illness. Even with specific types of cancer it can be hard to describe the most common signs because each dog is different and any sign of cancer is also a sign of several other less serious problems. 

Making canine cancer even more troublesome is that many dogs show no signs until the cancer is very advanced. At this time, dogs often display every sign of sickness at once. 

This is part of why your veterinarian recommends regular check-ups every 6 to 12 months. Veterinarians are trained to notice changes that pet parents don’t see. Some of this is based on a physical exam, while routine blood work can detect other hidden signs of cancer. Cancer caught early is always more treatable than cancer left undetected.

Some more general changes in your dog that could signal cancer and should always be evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible include:

• Hard growths under the skin
• Swollen lymph nodes (under chin, behind knees easiest places to notice)
• Sudden onset cough in a senior or geriatric dog
• A new skin growth that does not look like the others
• Anything growing in the mouth 

Any lump that is bigger than 1cm (1/2 inch), is there for more than a month, grows, changes, bleeds, or doesn’t look or feel like the other lumps on your dog should be examined. It is always easier (safer, less painful, less expensive) to remove a small mass than a big one, especially on the limbs and face. Any growth that suddenly changes should be examined. 

What Should You Do If You See Cancer Symptoms in Dogs?

It’s easy to start to spiral out of control if you suspect your dog may have cancer, but it’s important to keep one thing in mind – don’t panic.

The most important thing you can do is pay attention to changes in your dog. If your dog is just not acting like herself in any way, make an appointment with your veterinarian for a few days out (3-5 days or when your veterinarian has availability). If your dog is still showing signs at that point, take her in. If not, cancel the appointment at least 24 hours beforehand. 

Of course, if your dog worsens before the appointment, try to get an immediate appointment or go to an emergency clinic.

In addition to a comprehensive physical exam, common tests when there is concern for cancer include blood work, X-rays, ultrasound, and collecting samples of the possible mass (aspirate or biopsy). The tissue samples are then sent to a veterinary pathologist for evaluation and diagnosis. 

Your veterinarian will recommend tests based on your dog’s symptoms, history, and physical exam. Depending on her level of concern for cancer your veterinarian may recommend you see a veterinary oncologist. Oncologists are specialists at treating cancer. 

Many dog cancers are treatable. Some cancers can be surgically removed while others are treated with chemotherapy or radiation. Chemotherapy in dogs is much more gentle than chemotherapy in humans. 

In conclusion, always consult your veterinarian if you notice new symptoms or behaviors in your dog. Signs of cancer in dogs can mimic symptoms of many other conditions and health issues, and your dog’s veterinarian can diagnose and treat your pet appropriately. 

The post Signs of Cancer in Dogs: Warnings to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While vomiting is one of the most common reasons dogs are seen in emergency veterinary clinics, bloody vomit is rare. This is good because vomiting blood indicates there is something critically wrong with your dog.

Dog Vomiting Blood: Is It a Cause for Concern?

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Yes – a dog vomiting blood is ALWAYS a cause for concern. The medical term for bloody vomit is hematemesis (hema = blood, emesis = vomit). 

A dog who is vomiting blood but otherwise acting normal may be in the early stage of serious disease. Waiting even 12 hours to see a veterinarian could allow the illness to progress.

Sometimes there are other symptoms along with hematemesis in dogs that can help veterinarians diagnose the cause of illness. Blood in stool and vomit indicates a serious gastrointestinal illness for which your dog will need to be treated by a veterinarian. The combination of vomiting and diarrhea (bloody stool is usually watery) quickly leads to severe dehydration which makes your dog feel very sick.

Vomiting blood is never normal, even if your dog is trying to hide how poorly he feels. It should always be treated as an emergency. 

Coughing Up Blood Vs. Vomiting Blood

Coughing up blood is distinct from vomiting up blood. Coughing up blood, known as hemoptysis, is due to irritation, infection, or other disease of the lungs. It can be caused by some of the same systemic diseases as hematemesis but may require different diagnostic tests or treatments. 

Types of Bloody Vomit in Dogs

Blood in dog vomit can have several appearances, each relating to different sources of the blood.

Liquid red blood, known as frank blood, usually comes from the esophagus. 

Dark blood that is clotted or may look like coffee grounds indicates that the blood has interacted with stomach acid and therefore is more likely to come from a source within the stomach or upper intestines. 

Either of these types of blood in dog vomit should be taken very seriously and your dog should be seen by a veterinarian immediately regardless of whether he is acting normal or not.

Pink-tinted, foamy vomit or small specks of blood in dog vomit indicate irritation and are typically less urgent if your dog is otherwise behaving normally (eating and drinking, playing, etc). In these cases it may be appropriate to monitor your dog for up to 24 hours before having your pet seen by a vet. If the blood in the vomit worsens or your dog becomes lethargic or otherwise ill, the illness should be treated as an emergency.

Why is My Dog Throwing Up Blood?

There is a long list of causes that could contribute to a dog throwing up blood. However, they all require evaluation by a veterinarian. 

Briefly, causes of blood in dog vomit can include:

Something Your Dog Ate

• Medications (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory NSAIDs, steroids, blood thinners, etc.)
• Toxins (household cleaners, some plants, etc.)
• Poisons (rat bait, etc.)
• Foreign objects (toys, sticks, and other non-food items)

Diseases of the Blood

• Immune mediated diseases
• Coagulopathy (blood clotting disorders)

Systemic Disease

• Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) also known as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)
• Pancreatitis
• Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
• Chronic vomiting or regurgitation
• Ulcers
• Cancer

Other

• Trauma
• Parasites

Diagnosing the Cause of Your Dog Throwing Up Blood

As previously mentioned – if your dog is throwing up blood, it’s important to visit your vet right away to receive a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. 

Although it may seem gross, take a picture of the bloody vomit to show your veterinarian. This can be more helpful than you think in diagnosing your pet. 

In order to diagnose the cause of your dog’s bloody vomit tests such as bloodwork and X-rays (radiographs) may be recommended. Additional tests for specific diseases such as pancreatitis and Addison’s disease may be required based on initial diagnostic test results. 

Treatment for Bloody Dog Vomit 

Treatment for a dog throwing up blood is two-fold: it is directed at treating the underlying cause and managing symptoms. 

Treating your dog’s symptoms may include fluid therapy and strong anti-vomiting medication. Additional medications called gastroprotectants may be used to limit further damage to the tissue of the stomach and esophagus. 

Treatment for the underlying cause may be medical or surgical. If a foreign object is causing your dog to vomit blood, it will need to be surgically removed. Similarly, some types of cancer or masses may be treated or managed with surgery. 

Hospitalization may be required to treat your dog’s bloody vomit. Staying at the animal hospital or veterinary clinic allows your veterinarian to carefully monitor your pet through the initial stages of treatment. 

Additional treatment at home after hospitalization such as a special diet or administering medications may be required.

Whether you’re dealing with a one-time event or an ongoing medical condition, the cost of testing and treatment for dogs throwing up blood can add up fast. Having a pet health insurance policy from a company such as Lemonade can come in handy. A basic policy covers medical care and treatment for things like vomiting, diarrhea, and canine injuries. Bloody vomit may be covered under their basic plan if any procedures or diagnostic testing are required.

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Are There Home Remedies?

There are no appropriate home remedies for a dog vomiting blood. This is because there are many different causes and some of them are life-threatening. 

Only if your dog has been evaluated recently by a veterinarian for his bloody vomit and the veterinarian has recommended over-the-counter medications should they be used.

How to Prevent Dogs from Throwing Up Blood 

One important step in prevention is to always keep all medications, household cleaners, and toxins out of reach of your dog. If you use rat bait or other poisons around the house or barn keep the package somewhere safe so that you can show it to your veterinarian in case of an emergency. 

If you spray pesticides or herbicides keep your dog away from the area for at least 24 hours or until otherwise directed on the package label.

While it may not be possible to prevent your dog from throwing up, you can reduce the severity of your dog’s illness through close monitoring. Call your veterinarian at the first sign of illness. Don’t wait until your dog is critically ill and vomiting blood before calling the veterinarian. It is always easier (and less expensive) to treat a dog in the early stages of illness.

The post Dog Throwing Up Blood: Causes and What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While the other basic vital signs, including body temperature, pulse, and breathing rate, differ between people and dogs, normal blood pressure values are the same in dogs as people but are taken differently.

Understanding Blood Pressure in Dogs

Blood pressure is the force that propels blood through the vascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. Blood pressure is determined by many factors, including how hard and fast the heart pumps and how dilated or constricted blood vessels are. Each of these is influenced by various hormones, physical fitness, diet and genetics. 

There are two components to blood pressure: systolic and diastolic. Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure during a heartbeat, while diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure between heartbeats. Blood pressure readings are normally written as one number over another number – for example: 120/80. Systolic blood pressure is the top number and diastolic blood pressure is the bottom number.

Blood pressure can tell us a lot about an animal’s overall health. When blood pressure becomes high or low, it is very dangerous and can mean a serious health problem must be addressed. 

What’s a Normal Dog Blood Pressure?

The normal range for a dog’s blood pressure is a systolic reading between 110 and 160 mmHg and a diastolic reading between 60 and 90 mmHg. 

In dogs, a systolic blood pressure above 160 mmHg is high (hypertension), while a systolic pressure below 90 is low (hypotension). These values are the same across all breeds and sizes of dogs. Young puppies may have lower blood pressure, which is normal.

Because blood pressure is measured at a vet clinic and many animals are stressed or excited there, your veterinarian may not diagnose your dog with high blood pressure until the systolic reading is greater than 160 or 180.

What Causes High Blood Pressure in Dogs? 

Many different factors can cause high blood pressure in dogs. While there may be some genetic predispositions, hypertension in dogs is almost always due to an underlying issue, including:

• Obesity
• Cushing’s disease 
• Heart disease
• Kidney disease
• Tumors or cancer – some types of cancers or non-cancerous tumors can secrete hormones that lead to hypertension, while others create hypertension due to their size or location.
• Severe injuries or trauma, such as a dog fight or snake bite, can cause temporary hypertension. Adequate pain control quickly settles blood pressure to the normal range.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure in Dogs 

Symptoms of high blood pressure in dogs are typically associated with primary disease symptoms. Symptoms tend to progress slowly, making them easy to miss. These may include:

• Decreased energy
• Exercise intolerance
• Eye pain
• Vision problems
• Blindness
• Behavior changes
• Increased thirst and urination
• Seizure or collapse
• Nose bleed

Your veterinarian may notice other symptoms of high blood pressure during a physical exam, including a new or worsened heart murmur and eye changes. Similarly, hypertension in dogs is associated with abnormalities in bloodwork, including kidney function measures, electrolytes and evidence of inflammation. 

Consequences of High Blood Pressure in Dogs

Untreated high blood pressure in dogs can cause severe illnesses, including:

• Glaucoma
• Blindness
• Brain damage
• Seizures
• Kidney disease
• Heart disease
• Stroke

Treatment for Hypertension in Dogs

Treatment for hypertension in dogs is two-fold. Oral medications can reduce blood pressure and are very useful as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. 

Treatment plans should address the underlying cause of high blood pressure, such as Cushing’s or kidney disease. Treatment plans may include diet changes, such as low sodium or prescription diets, to manage the primary disease. Weight loss may be recommended, along with a slowly building exercise plan.

What Causes Low Blood Pressure in Dogs? 

Low blood pressure (hypotension) in dogs is caused by severe illness, injury or trauma. It is very abnormal and always an emergency. It can be caused by:

• Blood loss
• Abnormal vascular function
• Low protein
• Infection of the blood
• Any other cause of severe illness, such as heart failure or neurologic dysfunction

Some chronic diseases, such as Addison’s disease, can cause episodes of hypotension. Heart failure also leads to hypotension, in which the heart can no longer contract well enough to generate adequate pressure to send blood through all the vessels of the major organs. 

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure in Dogs

Symptoms of hypotension in dogs include:

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Collapse
• Sudden death

Treatment for Hypotension in Dogs

Treatment for hypotension is always an emergency. Dogs diagnosed with low blood pressure require immediate in-hospital treatments such as IV fluid therapy, blood transfusions and fast-acting injectable medications. 

Once the dog is stable, treatments focus on the primary disease or injury. 

How to Take a Dog’s Blood Pressure

The most common way to take a dog’s blood pressure is indirectly via the doppler or oscillometric methods. The doppler method is equivalent to a healthcare provider manually taking a person’s blood pressure with a cuff and stethoscope. It is more accurate than the oscillometric method and is generally preferred by veterinarians. 

While blood pressure is a helpful measurement in assessing your dog’s overall health, it is not generally recommended that you try to take it at home. It is far more beneficial to monitor your dog for more easily recognized symptoms such as lethargy, panting, and changes in behavior. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about your dog’s blood pressure, they will likely ask you to have it rechecked in a clinic as needed. This allows for consistency in the procedure and less stress for you over inaccurate high or low readings. 

If your dog is behaving normally and not exhibiting any signs of illness, then his blood pressure is almost guaranteed to be within the normal range.

Signs of abnormal blood pressure are not specific, meaning they are signs of many diseases. Blood pressure is just one of your veterinarian’s many measurements to determine overall health and diagnose a sick pet. 

How to Manage a Dog’s Blood Pressure

The best things you can do for your pet’s overall health will also support healthy blood pressure. These include maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, feeding your pet a proper diet, and developing a relationship with your veterinarian through routine healthy visits. When your veterinarian knows your dog, they can help you catch signs of illness before they become serious diseases. 

If your dog is diagnosed with hypertension, your veterinarian may recommend oral medications, dietary changes, and exercise as a way to manage your dog’s blood pressure at home.

The post Normal Dog Blood Pressure: What It Is and How to Monitor It  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

How do you know if your dog’s behavior is a sign of this serious, life-threatening condition? Let’s take a closer look so you know how and when to act. 

What is Dry Heaving in Dogs?

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Dry heaving itself is not dangerous to your dog. This behavior happens when an animal tries to vomit (heave) but nothing is produced. It may sound like a loud retch, a burp, or as if the animal can’t catch his breath. 

Dry heaving looks like a dog is vomiting with abdominal effort. You can see a wave of muscle contraction that begins in the deep abdomen and progresses toward the stomach and diaphragm. 

It’s more common in large, deep chested dogs like Great Danes, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds. Sometimes, dogs may spit out white, foamy saliva when they dry heave. But it’s important to distinguish between expelling saliva and true vomit. It may occur as an episode, with multiple dry heaves that come on suddenly.

Dogs who dry heave frequently over time are more likely having a different kind of episode that is not true dry heaving. This concerning behavior can be easily confused with vomiting, gagging, coughing, reverse sneezing, or other kinds of strange noises. 

Dog Dry Heaving Vs. Vomiting 

Vomiting and dry heaving look the same, except that dry heaving produces nothing out of the mouth. Even a small amount of stomach fluid is enough to consider it vomiting. Stomach fluid may be clear to bright yellow and be foamy or not.

Dry Heaving Vs. Gagging

When gagging, dogs show effort in the chest, not the abdomen. Gagging may produce a small amount of foamy saliva in addition to the material stuck in your dog’s throat. It might sound like your dog has a hairball.

Dry Heaving Vs. Coughing in Dogs

Coughing is also usually produced from a dog’s chest. However, abdominal effort may begin if the cough becomes severe. Dogs usually keep their head down when coughing. When dogs have coughing spells, they may hack or have a dry retch. It’s important to pay attention to the whole episode to distinguish it from dry heaving.

Dog Dry Heaving Vs. Reverse Sneezing

Reverse sneezing is more common in small dogs. It sounds like the dog is struggling to catch his breath and there may be snorts or wheezes mixed in. It gets its name because reverse sneezing sounds like a dog is trying to inhale a sneeze. Some people confuse it with gagging. Reverse sneezing is usually associated with inhaled allergens or irritants such as pollen.

Fortunately true dry heaving in dog is rare because it is a sign of a potentially very serious condition. 

Causes of Dry Heaving in Dogs

Dry heaving occurs when a dog attempts to vomit but is unable to produce any material. Any illness that can cause vomiting in dogs can theoretically also cause this behavior. 

This includes:

• Nausea
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Obstructions (for example tumors or ingested foreign material)
• Toxin ingestion
• Being over excited or over exercised
• Eating too fast

However, the most serious cause of this behavior in dogs is gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV). This is when the stomach fills with air and then flips over on itself. It is commonly called “bloat” because the stomach is bloated with air. (Note: Bloat and GDV are not actually the same thing. Bloat can lead to GDV.) This bloating causes unproductive retching because the dog is trying to expel air from their stomach but is unable to.

The outflows from the stomach to both the esophagus and the intestines are cut off so the gas is trapped. The trapped air can eventually put enough pressure on large blood vessels to prevent adequate circulation and on the diaphragm to prevent normal breathing. 

GDV is a very painful and dangerous condition. The torsion of the stomach cuts off blood supply to some areas of the stomach as well as the spleen.

If this condition is not treated immediately, it is very likely to be fatal. Delaying treatment for even several hours can lead to irreparable damage to your dog’s stomach and spleen. Without treatment, it is always fatal.

Diagnosing Causes of Dry Heaving in Dogs 

If you suspect your dog is dry heaving you should call your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary clinic right away.  This will allow them to talk to you about what you are seeing and determine whether your dog needs to be evaluated as an emergency. It will also allow them to prepare for your arrival so that your dog can be stabilized immediately at the clinic. 

Dogs with reported unproductive retching will be taken for X-rays to determine whether they have GDV. There are very characteristic changes to the shape and size of the stomach that your veterinarian will look for on those X-rays. Bloodwork will then be performed to assess the damage to metabolic function and internal organs. 

Dog Dry Heaving Treatment

If GDV is confirmed your dog will receive intravenous fluids (IV fluids) and will have their stomach decompressed using a small catheter placed directly into the stomach. Decompression is not resolution, it is just one important step to stabilizing the dog so that he has the best chance of survival. He may be given anti-nausea medication and pain control while your veterinarian discusses treatment with you. 

If GDV is confirmed, your veterinarian will discuss emergency surgery with you. The cost of this surgery is in the $2,500-$4,500 range depending on where you live and other factors relating to your dog. If blood supply to the spleen has been significantly compromised, the spleen will also need to be removed (splenectomy).

If the dog was found not to have GDV, then he will likely be initially treated with anti-nausea medication and fluid supplementation. Additional treatment will depend on the specific cause of your dog’s dry heaving and how ill the dog is overall. Determining the specific cause may require diagnostic testing including bloodwork, urinalysis, x-rays, and abdominal ultrasound. 

Whether your dog is diagnosed with GDV or requires additional treatment for something else, you may feel emotionally and financially overwhelmed. Having a pet health insurance policy can safeguard you in these situations. Your dog can get the necessary tests, treatment, and surgery if needed with a customized policy from Spot Pet Insurance. 

If the cause of your dog’s retching is an obstruction, then the treatment may be surgical. Removal of foreign material can be done on an emergency basis. However, addressing an obstruction caused by a tumor requires additional diagnostic testing and treatment planning. 

For other causes of dry heaving, medical therapy may be sufficient. Hospitalization may be recommended depending on the dog’s other symptoms and the severity of his illness.

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How to Prevent Dry Heaving in Dogs

Not all causes of dry heaving are preventable just as not all causes of vomiting are preventable. However, there are important steps you can take to reduce the risk of your dog developing GDV. Taking these steps does not fully eliminate the risk of GDV, but can greatly reduce the risk.

Slow your dog’s eating. A cause of dry retching that can be prevented is eating too quickly. Slowing your dog down can be accomplished in many ways. An easy way is to feed in a slow feeder or puzzle bowl. These come in a variety of styles and levels of difficulty and are available at most pet stores both in-person and online. You can also split your dog’s food into multiple meals instead of one feeding. 

Keep your dog calm after eating. Do not allow your dog to vigorously exercise for at least 60 minutes (1 hour) after eating. 

Consider preventative surgery. A prophylactic surgical procedure called a gastropexy may be appropriate for your dog if they are at high risk for GDV due to their breed, body shape, or lifestyle. In this procedure, a veterinarian will suture the lower part of the stomach in place so that it is not mobile enough to flip on itself. While this may not prevent all cases of GDV, studies do indicate that it greatly reduces occurrence in high-risk dogs. Primary veterinarians are often comfortable performing this surgery and may recommend doing this at the time of spay or neuter.

Dry heaving in dogs is a sign of a life threatening condition in dogs and therefore should always be taken seriously. Consult medical advice immediately if you notice your dog showing this behavior.

The post Dog Dry Heaving: Causes and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But do dogs get headaches, too? The truth is, it can be very difficult to determine whether a dog is experiencing a headache and if so, whether they are experiencing it in the same way a human does.

Do Dogs Get Headaches? 

While there are few published studies about headaches in dogs, veterinarians widely believe that dogs do in fact experience headaches. 

In human medicine headaches are divided into two broad categories—primary and secondary. Primary headaches are those where the headache defines the condition such as migraines. Secondary headaches are due to some other problem such as dehydration or head trauma. It is these secondary headaches that are believed to be similar between people and dogs. Since all mammals share similar physiology it can be assumed that problems that cause headaches in people would likely cause headaches in dogs.

The evidence of a shared headache experience comes from the way dogs behave when they are ill or in pain. Both humans and dogs who are dehydrated are lethargic, their eyes are glassy and eyelids not fully open, and they just want to lay in a quiet dark place and rest.

Can Dogs Get Migraines?

As to whether dogs can suffer from primary headaches such as migraines, there is less of a consensus. There is a single published case report of a dog with “migraine-like episodic pain” who responded well to medications used to treat migraines in humans. 

It is possible that other dogs have experienced similar symptoms but were either untreated or unreported. However, before concluding that a dog experiences migraine-like episodes, all other possible causes of neurologic abnormalities need to be ruled out such as brain tumors, seizures, and congenital defects. Interestingly, some dogs can be trained to detect an impending migraine in their human companions.

Causes of Headaches in Dogs

Causes of secondary headaches in dogs are similar to those described in humans. These include:

• Dehydration
• Allergies
• Sinus/upper respiratory infections
• Ear infection
• Tooth pain or infection
• Head trauma
• Medications
• Seizures
• Brain tumors
• High blood pressure
• Second hand smoke

Dehydration in dogs can be caused by many things such as diarrhea, vomiting, not eating and drinking, intense exercise, or heat exposure. As far as medications, every animal can respond to medication differently so it is important to monitor your dog for symptoms of headaches after starting or stopping a medication. 

In humans some types of severe head trauma can cause chronic headaches. It is not known whether the same is true for dogs. Dogs have a much thicker skull with more muscle surrounding it, so a dog’s brain may not be as vulnerable to chronic injury from trauma. 

Some congenital abnormalities may cause chronic or recurrent headaches in dogs including abnormalities within the brain, blood vessels, nerves, and spine. 

Symptoms of Headaches in Dogs

Dogs and humans share many of the same signs of a headache. However, these symptoms are vague and not specific to just a headache. Most of the symptoms of a headache alert you that your dog is not feeling well without specifically diagnosing a headache. 

Symptoms of headaches in dogs may include:

• Seeking out dark places
• Seeking out quiet places
• Seeking out cold places
• Not wanting to interact (not wanting to play or be pet)
• Sleeping more than usual
• Decreased appetite
• Head kept low to the ground
• Glassy eyes, eyelids not fully open
• Weakness or walking with difficulty
• Head tilt or walking in circles
• Head pressing

Occasionally dogs may become irritable or aggressive due to a headache. However, more often dogs experience headaches as one of many signs of illness and they are more likely to hide than to bite.

What to Do if Your Dog Has a Headache

If you suspect your dog has a headache the first thing to consider is whether they have recently experienced any of the causes of secondary headaches such as diarrhea, trauma, or allergies. If they have, then make an appointment with your veterinarian to have the primary problem addressed as soon as possible.

In the meantime, make sure your dog is drinking plenty of water. Some dogs will drink more water if there are ice cubes in it while others would prefer diluted no-salt broth added to their water bowl. It is important that the broth be no-salt or very low in salt because salt contributes to dehydration which in turn worsens a headache. 

NEVER give your dog human headache medication. Many of the over-the-counter medicines used to treat human headaches are toxic to dogs. If you have any dog-specific medications at home, you can ask your veterinarian whether it is appropriate to give them when you call to make an appointment.

Allow your dog to rest in a cool, quiet, dark area where they are comfortable. Allow them to rest undisturbed. When you do check on them, try to be quiet and move slowly so they are not startled. 

If your dog’s signs of a headache last more than 24 hours or are accompanied by other signs of illness such as vomiting or inability to walk normally, they should be seen by a veterinarian urgently. This could be a sign of a more serious illness.

The post Do Dogs Get Headaches? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But there’s no need to panic, because preparation is key. Keep reading to find out when to take your new puppy to the vet, what to expect from the visit, questions to ask, and checklists to help make your puppy’s first veterinary visit a success. 

When Do Puppies Need to Go to the Vet?

Puppies should see a veterinarian as soon as possible—even if they just had an exam with the breeder or shelter. Ideally that would be before you even get your puppy home, especially if you have other pets. Even healthy looking puppies can carry diseases that can easily be passed to a new family, but your veterinarian can start treatment immediately. 

If it’s not possible or feasible to get your puppy to the vet the day you get her, your puppy’s first vet visit should be scheduled within the first few days of taking her home. 

After the first visit, your puppy will see the vet several times over the next few months. Vaccines are administered every 2-4 weeks until your puppy is at least 16 weeks old or they have had 2-3 doses of vaccines against the common infectious diseases. The exact timing and number of doses will depend on your puppy’s breed and her expected lifestyle.

Even the healthiest puppy will require regular trips to the vet for preventative care throughout their life. And if you’re looking at an unexpected illness or accident, those costs can skyrocket. So it’s a good idea to invest in pet insurance to help offset the costs of veterinary bills. However, what insurance will cover varies by plan. So you may want to consider another helpful option, like a CareCredit credit card. It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options, so you can stay focused on your dog’s health.*  

Pre-Visit: How to Prepare in Advance

There are a few things you can do to prepare for your puppy’s first vet visit ahead of time. 

Find a Veterinarian

If you don’t already have a veterinarian, the first step is to select one. Often friends and neighbors will have a veterinarian they trust for their own pets. You can also look at Google, Facebook, and Yelp reviews or find a veterinarian certified as Fear Free. If evening or weekend appointments are important to you, consider a clinic’s business hours when choosing a vet. 

Gather Paperwork and Medical Records

Once you schedule the appointment be sure to gather all the paperwork and other information you have about your puppy so you can share it with your veterinary team. If possible, request previous medical records from any veterinarian who has seen your puppy in the past. Write down or take a picture of the food label and treats your puppy eats, so you can share that information with your vet.

Pull Together Questions

To best take advantage of your time with your veterinary team, bring a list of questions. While questions should be specific to your puppy and any of your concerns, we’ve prepared some questions to consider below. 

Prep Your Pup’s Food for Exam Day

On the day of the appointment don’t feed your puppy for several hours before the exam. Instead, bring her food and favorite snacks with you. This way your veterinary team can use the food during the exam to reduce stress and encourage cooperation. 

Pick Up a Poop Sample if Possible

If your puppy poops within a few hours of your appointment time, bring the sample for your veterinarian to test.

What to Expect from Your Puppy’s First Vet Visit

Your puppy’s first vet visit can feel overwhelming. Fortunately your veterinary team is there to support you and offer recommendations based on their experience, education, and current guidelines for the highest level of care. 

Here’s what you can expect from the first visit.

Intake and Your Puppy’s History

A veterinary assistant or veterinary technician will likely be the first person you meet. He or she will ask you questions about your puppy’s history. Answer as much as you can but don’t be afraid to say that you don’t know. Bring any medical and vaccination records you have from the breeder, shelter, or rescue group.

Vital Signs and Basic Testing

The veterinary assistant will then take your puppy’s vital signs (heart rate, breathing rate, and temperature) and will likely collect a fecal sample for parasite testing. At some clinics it is the assistant or technician who talks to you about vaccines, parasite testing, heartworm prevention, and flea and tick control. In other clinics the veterinarian will discuss these important topics.

Physical Exam and Vaccines

Next, the veterinarian will go over the history you provided and perform a complete physical exam on your puppy. The physical exam includes examining the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth, listening to the heart and lungs, palpating the abdomen, and checking for normal movement of the joints. Your veterinarian will also check for birth defects and provide an initial overall assessment of your new pet’s health. He or she will then administer vaccines that you elect for your puppy. 

Discussion 

After the exam and vaccines, your vet will discuss important milestones for the puppy, including potty training, spay or neuter, and behavior training. This is the time for you to ask any questions you may have (see our suggested list below) or address any concerns.

Payment

Your puppy’s first vet visit is likely to last one hour or more and cost between $100 and $200, though costs can vary depending on geographic location, selected vaccines, suggested medications, and other treatments. Each vaccine booster visit is likely to cost $75 to $150. Heartworm prevention as well as flea and tick control will be prescribed as single doses until your puppy nears her adult size.

If those numbers are already making you sweat, planning ahead is a great way to ensure you can always provide your pup with the care they need, no matter the cost. Pet insurance is a great way to offset vet costs, but it may not cover everything. Another option is a health and pet care credit card, like CareCredit. You can use your CareCredit credit card to pay for anything from routine vet appointments to surgeries and emergency visits, at any provider in the CareCredit network.* And, thanks to the flexible financing, you can pay off pet care costs over time to fit your needs.

Questions to Ask At Your New Puppy Vet Visit

Preparing a list of questions to ask your veterinarian ahead of time will help you make the most out of your puppy’s first vet visit. Here are some suggestions for discussions based on common puppy topics.

Food

• What should my puppy eat? 
• How many times a day should she eat?
• When do puppies switch to adult dog food?

Socialization, Behavior, and Training

• When can my puppy go to the pet store/dog park/groomer?
• Do you recommend crate training? 
• How long can she stay in her crate?
• How do you potty train a puppy?
• How much exercise does my puppy need?
• How do I socialize my puppy?
• Do you recommend any local trainers or puppy classes?

General Health & Safety

• How often does my puppy need to come to the vet?
• Why do I need to vaccinate my puppy?
• When should I spay or neuter my puppy?
• Should I microchip my dog?
• How many times a day should my puppy poop?
• Are there any health concerns specific to my puppy’s breed(s)?
• Does my puppy need flea and tick prevention?
• What is heartworm disease and why is prevention important?
• Should I buy pet insurance?

Post-Visit: Reminders for New Pet Parents

As you take your new puppy home to get settled in, keep the conversations with your veterinarian going. Just because you’ve left the clinic doesn’t mean you can’t have your questions answered and concerns addressed. 

You can call or email your veterinarian anytime. Usually you will have to leave a message but your veterinarian or a knowledgeable team member will call back to answer your questions.

Start to enact the plan your veterinarian made for you. Whether that is crate training, potty training methods, or feeding styles, start to incorporate them into your puppy’s day. 

Put your puppy’s next appointment time in your calendar as well as a recurring reminder to give your puppy her flea and tick and heartworm prevention on the same day every month.

Most importantly, enjoy time with your new puppy as you get to know each other!

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Puppy’s First Vet Visit: New Pet Parent’s Checklist appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s take a closer look at what causes this syndrome in cats, signs to watch for, and how to treat it.

What is Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome?

“Hyperesthesia” means an increase in sensitivity. When a stimulus that does not normally cause pain is perceived as painful, this is referred to as “allodynia.” This term may more precisely describe Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome.

FHS is also known by many other descriptive terms: rolling skin disease, rolling skin syndrome, apparent neuritis, atypical neurodermatitis, psychomotor epilepsy, and twitchy cat disease. No matter the name, it describes episodes in which a cat obsessively licks, scratches, or chews at herself. Sometimes this is in response to a person or another animal touching the cat. In more severely affected cats, these episodes can occur spontaneously.  

FHS in cats can emerge anytime during adulthood but most often appears between the time of physical maturity and 1 year of age. 

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome Causes

The cause of FHS in cats is not well understood. Some veterinary researchers speculate it is a behavioral disorder along the lines of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that leads to excessive grooming. Others suggest it is related to seizure disorders or due to injury. The true cause is likely multifactorial, meaning cats have multiple risk factors before becoming clinically affected by the syndrome. Part of the confusion is due to the variability in response to treatments. Some cats respond best to anxiety medications, while others respond better to pain and seizure control medication. Other cats may require both types of medication.

Certain breeds, such as Abyssinian, Burmese, Persian, and Himalayan cats, are at higher risk for developing FHS. This means there is likely at least some heritable genetic component to the syndrome. 

Signs of Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome occurs in short episodes and usually involves the area right in front of a cat’s tail (lumbar spine). These episodes may last only 1 to 2 minutes. During an episode, signs of FHS in cats may include:

• Excessive grooming, especially of the lower back
• Skin along the back rippling or rolling
• Tail chasing
• Vocalization
• Salivation
• Dilated pupils
• Head bobbing
• Aggression

Cats may attack their own tails or lower back, or they may take out their aggression on nearby people or animals.

Episodes of FHS are transient, meaning the cat can be normal and feel comfortable most of the time and then suddenly have a moment of pain. This is especially noticeable if you are petting or playing with your cat when the episode occurs. The frequency of episodes varies, as does the severity of hyperesthesia. Episodes can occur rarely (once a month) or very frequently (multiple times per day).

Diagnosing Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats

There is no single test for FHS. To diagnose Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome, your veterinarian will need to rule out other possible causes of your cat’s symptoms first. Skin irritation, such as from fleas, skin allergies, dry skin, or skin infection, can cause similar signs in cats. Spinal problems, such as arthritis, injury, disc herniation, and cancer, can also present as similar episodes of pain. 

In addition to a thorough physical exam, your veterinarian will conduct complete orthopedic and neurological exams to diagnose FHS in cats. Your veterinarian may also recommend diagnostic testing, such as:

Blood work and urinalysis. These will be used to evaluate your cat for a metabolic or endocrine cause of symptoms.

Radiographs. X-rays of your cat’s spine and tail will help determine whether there is a specific cause of the episodes. 

MRI. An MRI (magnetic resonance image) enables a veterinarian to evaluate the physical health of the muscles and ligaments around your cat’s spine, spinal cord, and close details of the vertebral bones of the spine. This is the gold standard of evaluation for FHS. 

Depending on the presentation of your cat’s symptoms, a consultation with a veterinary behaviorist may be helpful as well. 

How to Treat Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

There is no cure for FHS in cats. If episodes can be avoided by not touching your cat in a particular location on her body, avoidance of the area is a more appropriate treatment than medicine. Similarly, if the cat’s symptoms are mild and she only grooms intently for a short moment, no medication is needed. However, if episodes of Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome cause your cat to potentially hurt herself or others, then medication is required. 

The first part of treatment of FHS is behavioral and environmental modification. This is aimed at reducing stress, anxiety, and triggers your cat has for FHS. Supplements such as coenzymes, omega-3 fatty acids, and a prescription skin support diet may also reduce the frequency and severity of FHS in cats.

For mild to moderate cases of FHS in cats, a medication called gabapentin can be very helpful in reducing the severity and/or frequency of episodes. Gabapentin reduces nerve pain and can also be helpful in reducing seizures, which may be related to FHS. Gabapentin is also useful to reduce stress in cats. For some cats, FHS is better managed with anti-anxiety medication, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) or Clomipramine. Gabapentin and fluoxetine both cost approximately $10-$30/month. 

Cats with severe FHS may require multiple medications as well as periodic epidural injections (injections into the spinal column) with pain medication and steroids, costing about $100 each. 

While the prognosis for FHS in cats is generally good and the syndrome can be well-managed with medication, some cats who suffer from severe cases may self-mutilate, or injure themselves, worsening pain and causing infection. Some may also become very aggressive, especially when another animal or a person touches them. These are indicators of a poor prognosis due to poor welfare for the cat. 

How to Prevent Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

FHS in cats cannot be prevented. You can reduce the frequency or severity of episodes by reducing your cat’s anxiety and stress. Some important considerations are effective flea control (to reduce itching), regular brushing and grooming to keep your cat’s coat healthy, and stopping interacting with your cat if she shows any signs of stress.

Since there may be a strong behavioral component to FHS, providing a safe, comfortable home with plenty of regular exercise and interaction may reduce your cat’s risk.

Related Conditions

• Seizures
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
• Anxiety
• Over-grooming

The post Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your cat is itchy and has diarrhea or other unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms, a dietary problem could be to blame. Let’s explore whether certain foods can cause allergies in cats and if so, how you can help provide relief for your pet.

Can Cats Have Allergies to Food?

Yes, cats can be allergic to ingredients in their food. However, these food allergies are actually uncommon in cats. They are much more likely to have allergies to things in their environment, such as mold and grasses. When cats do have food allergies, they are typically directed at a specific protein source. Common food allergens in cats include chicken, beef, pork, lamb, turkey, eggs, dairy, and fish. They can also be allergic to less common meat sources, such as venison or duck. 

Cats are very unlikely to be allergic to grains or gluten. In fact, although cats are carnivores, grain-free or gluten-free foods are no more healthy for them than foods with grains and gluten. Most cat foods contain carbohydrates, such as wheat, corn, or potato, because they are an important source of vitamins and minerals. The total amount of carbohydrates in the food is a much more useful metric of healthfulness than whether it is grain-free. This is because foods higher in total carbohydrate content are associated with weight gain in cats.

What Causes Cat Food Allergies?

We don’t really know why food allergies exist. But we do know what happens in the body when a cat has allergies. Allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a protein from a food as a cause for alarm instead of a benign source of nutrition. This causes the cat’s body to mount an immune response, attacking the “invader.” Immune responses cause inflammation, and it is this inflammation that we see as allergy symptoms, such as itching (inflammation of the skin) and diarrhea (inflammation of the intestines).

Cat food allergies usually emerge in young cats but they can develop at any time in a cat’s life. Allergies may also get worse over time. Neither sex nor breed are specific risk factors, although there is early evidence that Siamese cats and their cross-breeds may have increased risk (1). About 25 percent of cats who have a food allergy also have an environmental or flea allergy (2).

Cat Food Allergy Symptoms

Unfortunately, cat food allergy symptoms are common to many other conditions and can vary widely between cats.

When humans have allergies to something in the environment, such as grass or pollen, they may cough and sneeze. While cats with environmental allergies can have respiratory signs, they frequently will lick their feet and bellies. Cats with environmental allergies may also develop ear infections. Some veterinarians also believe that feline acne is also associated with allergies. Feline acne occurs on the chin and has various appearances, from black dirt to zits to swelling of the whole chin area. 

To make things complicated, cat food allergies can also cause excessive licking and ear infections just like environmental allergies. But typically, food allergic cats will also have gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or decreased appetite. Unfortunately, there is no specific set of cat food allergy symptoms. The gastrointestinal signs of cat food allergies are common to many other ailments in cats, including most types of gastrointestinal disease (parasites, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, etc.), pancreatitis, liver disease, kidney disease, thyroid disease, and others. Although many people think it is normal for cats to vomit occasionally, in fact this could be the first sign that your cat has an allergy or other problem. Therefore, if you notice any of these signs, it is important to have your cat examined by a veterinarian. 

Signs of food allergies in cats can include:

• Licking feet, face, or abdomen
• Vomiting
• Loose stool or diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Ear infection
• Excessive gas
• Miliary dermatitis (crusty bumps all over the cat’s body)
• Breathing problems (rare)

Diagnosing Cat Food Allergies

The best way to diagnose a food allergy in a cat is through an elimination diet trial. The idea is that if you can completely exclude the source of allergen from your pet’s environment, then the symptoms should resolve. 

Importantly, since the signs of food allergy are common to other diseases in cats, your veterinarian is likely to start with testing for and treating other more common causes of your cat’s symptoms. These include various causes of gastrointestinal inflammation, flea allergy, and environmental allergy. Once these causes of your cat’s symptoms are excluded, then it is time to start a diet trial. While any veterinarian can conduct a food trial, veterinary dermatologists are specialists who focus on skin and allergies and are often the best resources for diagnosing and treating allergic disease.

Although it sounds simple, an elimination diet trial is difficult to do properly. First, your veterinarian will select a novel protein or hydrolyzed food. Hydrolyzed means that the protein source in the food has been broken down into short chains of amino acids. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins can be thousands of amino acids long.) These short chains are not recognized by the body as containing an allergen. For some cats, a novel protein diet is also an appropriate choice for an elimination diet. Novel proteins are those your cat has never been exposed to, such as venison, rabbit, or kangaroo. However, some foods may cross-react, such as chicken and turkey or beef and bison, and therefore diets with similar proteins may not be appropriate as novel diets.

Selection of the food is the easy part. The hard part is remembering to not give your cat any treats, snacks, medications, or supplements that contain anything edible other than the elimination diet. This means other cats in the house will need to be fed separately or else everyone needs to be on the same elimination diet. If you accidentally allow your cat to eat anything other than the prescribed diet, you have to start the whole trial timeline over again.  

Diet trials last from 4-12 weeks. Every 2-4 weeks, your cat will be evaluated by your veterinarian and you will discuss how she is doing. It is important for you to keep a record of her symptoms at home. The reason that diet trials have a broad timeline is that some cats respond to their elimination diet quickly, while for others it takes more time. An elimination diet trial is not considered over until your cat improves OR at least 12 weeks have passed without improvement. If a cat responds, gastrointestinal signs will usually improve before skin signs. This is because cells turn over more quickly in the GI tract than they do in the skin.

According to recent research, “alternative tests of blood, serum, saliva and hair have been found to be unsatisfactory” in the diagnosis of food allergy in cats (3).

How to Treat Cat Food Allergies

The best treatment for cat food allergies is to eliminate the allergen from your cat’s environment completely. This means that none of the ingredients in your cat’s food can come from the source of your animal’s allergy. These are usually called “limited ingredient” or “novel protein” diets. 

But more than just looking at primary ingredients, an allergen-free diet means there should be no risk of contamination with the allergen. It is similar to how some human foods that don’t contain peanuts are made in facilities that also process peanuts, so are not safe for those with peanut allergies. Human food is required to state any possible allergen contamination on the box, but there is no such requirement for cat food. In fact, very few pet food companies can guarantee no contamination. It is expensive to completely shut down machinery and deep clean it between making different foods, and most food companies are not designing food to be truly therapeutic. The few companies that do make this guarantee for their limited-ingredient diets include Royal Canin, Hill’s, and Purina. These guaranteed diets are usually the prescription diets, so they can specifically be labeled as a therapy or treatment for your cat’s disease (allergies). If you want to use a different brand of food for your cat’s allergen-free food, talk to your veterinarian.

In addition to allergen-free food, all treats, dental chews, medications, and toys should be allergen-free. It is okay for you to eat the food your cat is allergic to, as long as you don’t give her table scraps or let her lick the dishes.

Medication is unlikely to be required for food allergies in cats as long as your cat is maintained on an allergen-free diet. However, if a flare-up of symptoms happens, then your veterinarian may prescribe a short course of medication to get her feeling better faster.

Food allergy is just one of the many causes of your cat’s itchy skin or GI discomfort, and in fact one of the less common ones. Therefore, it is important to have your cat seen by your veterinarian before you change her diet or try to do an elimination diet on your own. 

The post Cat Food Allergies: Common Causes and Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cat Age Stages

Indoor only cats live an average of 12-15 years. Those who have outdoor access or live fully outdoors have shorter average lifespans of just 2-7 years due to higher risk of disease, injury, predation, and vehicular trauma. 

At different times in their lives cats require different care, from food and nutrition to exercise and play, even frequency of veterinary visits. Cat life stages can be broken into six categories:

Neonate (Newborn) Kitten

Until 4-6 weeks of age, kittens are highly dependent on their mom for almost all of their needs. Somewhere around 4 weeks is where kittens usually start to be weaned. During this phase, the mom cat should be fed kitten food. 

Kitten

Once a kitten starts to eat food and use a litter box, they enter the kitten stage. They are considered kittens until about 12 months of age. Kittens require several rounds of vaccines until they are at least 16 weeks old. They should be fed kitten food for the first 12 months of life. Kitten food is specially formulated to support healthy growth and development. Kittens require lots of play time and interaction. 

Young Adult Cat

From 1-4 years of age, cats are in the young adult stage of life. This is their prime. They are active and energetic and maintain many of their kitten qualities but with fewer destructive tendencies. 

Mature Adult Cat

Cats are considered mature adults by age 4 until they are about 10 years old. Weight management is likely to become important in this stage of life, as cats’ activity level decreases. Mature adult cats should have blood work evaluated annually along with their yearly physical exam and any appropriate vaccines. 

Senior Cat

Ages 10-15 are the senior years for a cat. At this point in their lives, cats should be fed a senior diet and begin to see their veterinarian every six months for check-ups. Blood pressure and urine tests should be added to their annual blood work. Senior cats may require special consideration at home, such as heated bedding in the winter and low-sided litter boxes.

Geriatric Cat

Cats who live longer than 15 years arrive at the geriatric stage of their life. Geriatric cats tend to move slowly and sleep most of the day. They may need help grooming.

How Old Is My Cat in Human Years?

Cats age at different rates at different stages of life. In their early years, cats age fast. The first 6 months of a cat’s life is equivalent to about 10 human years. By 1 year of age, your cat is now a human teenager and by 2 years, cats are about 24 years old in human years.

After 2 years of age, each year of a cat’s life is equivalent to about 4 human years. This cat age calculator is a helpful guide to determining your cat’s age in human years.

How Old Is My Cat? 7 Ways to Tell

Here are seven clues to look at to help determine your cat’s age:

Weight

Until about 5 months old, a cat’s age can be estimated by his or her weight. Kittens gain about 1 pound per month, so their weight is equivalent to their age in months. For example, a 4-pound cat would be around 4 months old.

Adult Teeth

A cat’s teeth can provide valuable hints about their true age. Kittens begin to grow in their adult teeth at 3 months of age, their adult canines erupt at 6 months, and they have all of their adult teeth by 8 months.

Teeth Staining, Plaque, and Tartar

Cats typically begin to develop staining of their teeth by 2 to 3 years of age. Even cats with very healthy, clean teeth will have a stain line down the middle of their canines by 3 years of age. The more staining to other teeth, the older the cat. 

As cats age, they develop plaque and tartar usually starting with the large upper premolars in the very back of their mouth. By around 2 to 3 years of age, you will notice some tartar that increases over time. Older cats tend to have more tartar unless they have their teeth cleaned by a veterinarian. Gingivitis (gum disease) is not a useful proxy for age because some cats have severe gingivitis from a very young age.

Your veterinarian can also evaluate something called pulp/tooth ratio on dental X-rays to estimate your cat’s age. It is a measure of the width of the pulp cavity (where the nerve and blood vessel of the tooth are) relative to the width of the canine tooth (fang). This ratio decreases with age.  

Eye Changes

There are several changes in the eyes that occur as cats reach their senior years that can be helpful in estimating age. Lenticular sclerosis (nuclear sclerosis) is a normal aging change. The lens of the eye begins to have a blueish, hazy appearance detectable around 10 years of age.

Iris atrophy is also a normal aging change in cats found in many seniors over 10 years old. If you look closely at the inner edge of a senior cat’s iris (the colored part), you may notice that the edge is not completely smooth but rather has a slightly feathered appearance. Iris atrophy does not affect your cat’s vision but may make her more sensitive to bright light, as they cannot constrict their pupil as much anymore.

Coat Color

Just as humans go gray and dogs develop gray muzzles, the skin and coat can give hints about a cat’s age. Cats don’t develop gray muzzles the way dogs do, but their vibrant colors may fade some with age. This is especially true for very dark colors. Cats who go outside may develop changes to their coat color at young ages due to sun damage. True changes in coat color and not just gradual fading may indicate a hormonal problem and should be addressed by a veterinarian. 

Skin and Coat Health 

Senior and geriatric cats may no longer groom themselves well and their fur may become dull, greasy, or matted. Importantly, overweight cats may not be able to reach all the parts of their body to clean so they may develop the appearance of a geriatric cat earlier in life. In addition, geriatric cats tend to have very thin papery skin, similar to geriatric humans. 

Movement

Cats are very agile through at least their mature adult stage. After that, you may notice your cat is less likely to jump onto the highest counters or accomplish the acrobatic feats of their youth. Senior and geriatric cats may even have difficulty stepping over high-edged litter boxes and may be slow to rise in the morning, which could indicate arthritis. 

Cat Age and Health

Unless you know when your cat was born, even the most educated guess is still just an estimate. But, health is more important than chronologic age, so the more steps you take to keep your cat healthy, the more good years they will have. 

Never assume a change in your cat is “just old age.” Veterinarians have a saying that “age is not a disease.” Just because your cat is getting older doesn’t mean they should have to feel anything less than their best. If you notice a change, it is worth having your veterinarian examine your cat. There may be simple solutions or management strategies so that your cat can enjoy their golden years, whatever their true age. 

The post How Old Is My Cat? 7 Ways to Tell appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Meowing at humans is a normal behavior, but what can you do if your cat meows excessively all the time, or has recently changed from a quiet cat to an overactive talker? 

Cat Meowing: How Much is Normal?

Cats use meowing to communicate with us. The most common normal reasons a cat meows are because they want something from you including attention, play, food, to go outside, etc. 

A cat will also meow to say hi or to announce their presence. Some cats will meow to themselves as they walk around the house, or they may meow because they are lonely. Female cats in heat will meow to attract a mate. 

The amount a cat meows varies between individual cats and between breeds of cats. Bengals, Abyssians, and Siamese cats, for example, are known to be ‘talkers,’ and meow more than your average domestic cat. 

When it comes to how much meowing is too much, it is less about the amount of meowing and more about overall changes in your cat’s behavior. Some cats just meow a lot, just like some dogs bark a lot. If your cat has been a lifelong talker, then that is likely normal for your cat. However, if your cat has started meowing more recently, or if your cat’s voice is suddenly louder or softer or different in any way, then something might be going on that is causing excessive meowing. 

Why is My Cat Meowing So Much?

If your cat has had a recent uptick in meowing, there is likely something that has changed in your cat’s world. There are many things that can cause increased meowing in cats, including:

Medical conditions. Certain conditions such as hyperthyroidism or general pain can cause cats to vocalize more than usual. In addition, hyperthyroidism causes a cat to be hungry, which can cause increased meowing if your cat normally meows at you to get food.

Boredom or loneliness. When cats are bored or lonely they often use meowing as attention seeking behavior.

Stress or anxiety. If you have had changes in your household or your cat has been stressed for any reason it can lead to increased meowing.

Advanced age. Senior or geriatric cats are more susceptible to old age diseases, including arthritis,  hearing loss, vision loss, and dementia, which can lead to increased vocalization especially at night. 

Other Symptoms to Watch For

If your cat has suddenly become a meowing over-achiever and it is due to a problem, cats will often drop other clues which can help you understand why your cat is communicating with you more than usual.

Excessive meowing due to a medical condition may include other symptoms such as:

• Changes in weight
• Changes in appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased energy
• Increased energy
• Hiding more than usual

If your cat is older and starts vocalizing more, watch for signs of:

• Vision loss
• Hearing loss
• Dementia

Stress may cause cats to develop cystitis or a urinary tract infection. Watch for the following symptoms of urinary problems in addition to meowing:

• Urinating or defecating outside the litter box
• Straining in the litter box
• Bloody urine

Stress, separation anxiety, or loneliness may also cause cats to display the following behaviors:

• Over grooming that leads to bald patches
• Litter box problems
• Increased hiding
• Acting jumpy or clingy
• Following you more than usual

If your cat is meowing more than normal, it is always a good idea to note any behavior changes and get your cat checked out by a veterinarian to make sure there isn’t an underlying medical cause.

How to Get a Cat to Stop Meowing So Much

While vocalization is normal and healthy for cats, if excessive meowing is interfering with your quality of life then there are strategies you can use to reduce the amount of meows coming from your cat. 

If underlying medical problems have been ruled out, then the best thing to do is ignore your cat when they start meowing at you to get something. Do not reward the meowing with treats or attention because this will reinforce the behavior. 

Instead, ignore your cat when they are meowing at you and reward them with whatever it is they want when they are being quiet and polite. This may be hard to do in the beginning but eventually they will get the idea. 

Additional strategies to reducing excessive meowing include: 

Environmental Enrichment

If your cat is bored, invest in environmental enrichment to reduce stress. This involves things like plentiful vertical and horizontal scratching opportunities, increased vertical space and climbing opportunities, outdoor time on a leash or in a Catio, food puzzles and hunting opportunities, etc. 

Stress Reduction

Evaluate your cat’s environment for stressors, such as stray cats, overcrowding of cats, not enough resources, etc. and remove or reduce stressors if possible. If you aren’t sure what stresses your cat, here is an educational resource on all things that can stress cats out. 

Litter Box Maintenance

Have one more litter box than the number of cats to ensure good litter box hygiene and habits. Clean boxes daily and make sure they are in accessible areas so your cat can easily find them.

Exercise

Increase daily play and exercise sessions to wear your cat out. Cats will be less stressed and lonely if you make sure they get plenty of interaction and activity throughout the day.

Maintain Routine

Cats don’t like changes, so keep feeding, play time, bedtime, etc. at the same time every day as much as possible so your cat knows what to expect and when to expect it. 

Utilize Calming Aids

Utilize calming aids for stressed cats, including pheromone diffusers, thundershirts, or Assisi loop technology.

Try Calming Supplements

Calming supplements such as CBD oil, or products that contain l-theanine, milk protein, or tryptophan which can help reduce anxiety that contributes to excessive vocalization. Some cats also benefit from catnip.

Adjust Feeding Schedules

If your cat is bugging you at night for food, try giving your cat a small high protein snack before bed, and consider getting an automatic feeder that will dispense a pre-measured amount of food at the time you determine.

The Conclusion on Excess Cat Meowing

By knowing why your cat is meowing and then employing the strategies listed above you should be able to reduce excessive vocalization in most cats. If you are still hitting a wall, reach out to your local veterinarian for additional tips and tricks that will help your cat be less vociferous.

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The Dangers of Ear Ticks on Dogs

Usually, dogs get ticks by going outside. Ticks wait on blades of grass, shrubs and even trees to attach themselves to passing animals. When your dog walks by, the tick senses them and jumps aboard. Dogs who hike, hunt, or live near the woods are at higher risk for ticks but any dog who goes outside can be bitten by a tick. 

Once a tick has landed on your dog, it can be hard to tell what a tick looks like on a dog. They often look for a warm safe place to hide and embed themselves. Some common places include arm and leg pits, between the toes, under the collar, and the ears. 

While ticks do embed everywhere on dogs, ears are among the most common places. Whether floppy or erect there are plenty of nooks and crannies in a dog’s ear for ticks to hide and make themselves comfortable. Ear ticks on dogs are only a bigger risk than any other location if they embed in a dog’s ear canal. A tick in this location is especially difficult to find and can lead to ear infections and even deafness. Because ears are sensitive and they tend to bleed easily, it is important to take extra precautions when removing a tick from a dog’s ear.

All ticks are dangerous because they can carry diseases, but different types of ticks carry different diseases. While Lyme disease is often the most well known tick-borne illness, there are many other diseases spread by ticks including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, tick paralysis and Alpha-gal (the disease that makes humans allergic to red meat). In some cases, it only takes a few hours for ticks to transmit disease to dogs. 

At first, these diseases mostly cause vague symptoms in dogs such as tiredness, soreness and a decreased appetite. However, some dogs get much sicker and can suffer consequences like kidney failure, blood problems, paralysis and even death. That is why it is very important to use effective tick prevention and also monitor your dog for ticks closely. 

How to Tell if Your Dog Has Ear Ticks

Your dog can have a tick on their ear and never show any signs that it’s there. Some dogs will shake their heads or scratch at their ears because of an embedded ear tick while others will not. These are also signs of an ear infection, so if you have looked carefully for a tick and can’t find one then your dog should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

It is a good idea to check your dog’s ears and their whole body for ticks after all outings with high tick exposure such as hiking, hunting, or a walk at the park. Risk is highest in summer and fall but ticks can be active all year-round. 

Using your hands as much as your eyes, slowly and carefully look and feel all over your dog for any lumps or bumps that weren’t there before. Spread the hair over any area you feel a bump and visually inspect it for a dark red, brown, or black dot. Turn the ears over to feel and look on both sides. Look as far into the ear canal as you can. Spread your dogs toes and look on the top and bottom of the feet. This process may take some time if your dog has long or very thick hair. 

Ticks range in size from a pinpoint to raisin. Before a tick feeds it will feel mostly flat and hard. At this stage they look and feel like a small scab. Adult ticks have eight legs that you may notice moving. Their head is small relative to the rest of the body and the head will actually embed in your dog’s skin. As a tick feeds it becomes engorged, meaning the back part of the tick will swell to many times its original size. Engorged ticks look gray, light brown, or beige.

How to Remove Ticks From a Dog’s Ears 

Removing ear ticks on dogs is similar to removing a tick anywhere else on a dog’s body but with a few important differences. A dog’s ears are very sensitive and many dogs don’t appreciate their ears being messed with. When your dog and your household are calm, sit with your dog and offer treats for touching their ear. If your dog does not cooperate with you by staying still willingly, let your veterinarian remove the tick. It is not worth risking injury to yourself, your dog, or the bond between you. 

Ticks can be removed with tweezers or with any specially-designed tick removal tools (this article will only focus on removing ticks with tweezers). It is imperative to remove the entire tick including the head and mouth parts. If left behind, they can continue to transmit disease to your dog as well as cause a painful skin infection. If you are unsure whether you removed the entire tick including the head, draw a circle around the area with a pet-safe marker, and have your dog examined by a veterinarian. 

If you have any concerns at any point in the process, call your veterinarian. They may recommend bringing your dog in for tick removal or be able to coach you through the process in more detail.

If the tick is embedded in the ear canal do not attempt to remove it yourself. In that situation your veterinarian must be the one to remove it as you risk severely injuring your dog.

Tools Required for Tick Removal

• Rubber or disposal gloves
• Rubbing alcohol
• Cotton ball or cotton swab
• Clean tweezers
• Small bowl or cup
• Phone or camera
• Pet-safe (non-toxic) marker

Instructions to Remove a Tick from a Dog’s Ear

Step 1: Take a picture of the tick from both its top and bottom (if your dog becomes ill, your veterinarian will want to know what kind of tick bit your dog). Then, draw a 2-inch circle around the tick with a pet-safe marker. This way if you do not completely remove the tick, your veterinarian will know where to look.

Step 2: Wearing gloves, hold your dog’s ear firmly with your non-dominant hand. Use your other hand to separate the hair on the ear and rub the skin around the tick with rubbing alcohol using a cotton ball or cotton swab. Rub the cotton ball or swab directly on the tick as well.

Step 3: Keeping the hair parted around the tick, grasp its head with the tweezers as close as possible to the skin and slowly but firmly pull away from the skin without twisting. 

Step 4: Place the tick in the bowl or cup and photograph it again, as close up as you can. Then pour rubbing alcohol over it to cover it completely. This will kill the tick. 

Step 5: Using a fresh cotton ball or cotton swab, clean the area on your dog’s ear again with rubbing alcohol.

Step 6: Toss the tick into the toilet and flush. Throw away all of the disposable items. 

Step 7: Rinse the tweezers with rubbing alcohol and allow them to dry before cleaning with soap and water.

Step 8: Check your dog’s ears once more for ticks and repeat the above process if you find more.

How to Prevent Your Dog from Getting Ear Ticks

The best way to prevent your dog from getting ear ticks is to keep them on effective tick and flea control all year long. Your veterinarian will have several prescription options that are safe, effective and easy to use. The type of prevention you use is a personal choice, so consider not only the efficacy of a product but also the safety for your particular pet and the ease of administration. 

Collars, topicals, or oral tick prevention should be provided to your dog year-round. Some ticks are active during the winter, so protect your dog by using tick prevention year round.”

Check your dog for ticks after every adventure in the woods or around tall grass. Be sure to look on both sides of the ear and as deep into the canal as you can. Keep your dog off furniture and bedding until you are sure you have removed any ticks, even dead ones. 

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“Dogs have evolved to have an affinity for sweet flavors, so pumpkin is the perfect treat since it’s sweet without added sugar,” says Dr. TB Thompson, a veterinarian in Phoenix, Arizona. 

Pumpkin is a fun ingredient to include in homemade dog treats and can be used as a digestive aid to treat ailments like diarrhea and constipation. And unlike some digestive supplements, which your veterinarian may prescribe for the same symptoms, your pup will actually enjoy eating canned pumpkin for dogs.

Is Canned Pumpkin Good for Dogs? 

According to veterinarians, plain, canned pumpkin for dogs is good for dogs. It contains a mixture of vitamins, like vitamin A, E and C, as well as iron and potassium.

“Canned pumpkin (or pumpkin puree) can add an extra source of fiber for dogs and can be mixed in with their regular dog food,” says Dr. Anthony Hall, a veterinarian with Private Vet Consulting. 

He stresses, however, that it’s important not to mistake canned pumpkin for pumpkin pie filling or mix, which can cause diarrhea in dogs. It’s also important not to give your dog too much canned pumpkin, as excessive fiber can lead to constipation. 

Can I Give My Dog Pumpkin Every Day?

Hall doesn’t recommend giving dogs canned pumpkin on a daily basis. While healthy dogs can eat canned pumpkin occasionally without safety concerns, he says canned pumpkin for dogs should only be served as a special treat or as relief for an upset stomach. 

“Dogs should be fine with regular dog food and generally do not need any supplementation with a nutritionally balanced commercial diet,” says Hall.

And dogs with particularly sensitive stomachs might need to avoid canned pumpkin entirely if it causes excessive gas or diarrhea. “Check with your vet before giving [canned pumpkin] to diabetic dogs, as it could alter blood glucose control if you feed it to your dog regularly,” Hall says.

Canned Pumpkin Benefits for Dogs

Given appropriately, canned pumpkin may help ease the symptoms of upset stomach in dogs. The fiber in pumpkin will pull moisture from your pup’s body and can help stool soften and pass, says Dr. Evelyn Kass, a veterinarian in Phoenix and founder of Pet Nutrition Doctor. Fiber can also help to support a healthy microbiome in your dog’s gut.

And when it comes to using canned pumpkin for dog constipation, Kass warns that if your dog is constipated because of dehydration, it’s important to rehydrate before giving the pumpkin. “Hydration is always the first therapy for constipation,” she says. 

Canned Pumpkin for Dogs: 9 Ways to Use It

Canned pumpkin can be given to your pup in a variety of ways. Here are some suggestions on how to incorporate it into your dog’s diet:

Add it to their food. Plain canned pumpkin for dogs can be used as a food topper or can simply be mixed into your pet’s food.

Incorporate it into a tasty frozen treat. Hall suggests mixing pumpkin with plain yogurt in a 1-to-1 ratio and placing it in the freezer. After 24 hours, take it out and serve it to your pup.

Make pumpkin dog cookies. Mix canned pumpkin with flour and peanut butter (2 cups flour, 1 cup pumpkin, ½ cup peanut butter) and bake at 375 degrees Fahrenheit for 10-15 minutes. Just make sure the peanut butter is free of xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

Create a squeezable treat. “Thin a little canned pumpkin with water and put it into a new/clean silicon tube used for carrying travel shampoo,” says Thompson. Let your pup lick the pumpkin out as you squeeze the tube, which can be perfect for training!

Stuff it in a Kong. Mix canned pumpkin with dry kibble and stuff it into a Kong toy. Freeze for a few hours, then let your pup spend some time un-stuffing the Kong.

Bake some fruity dog-friendly snacks. Combine canned pumpkin with flour, eggs and banana (3 cups flour, 2 eggs, 1 cup pumpkin and 1 banana) and bake at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes for a delicious and fiber-filled canine snack.

Make a doggie soup. Mix canned pumpkin with a little warm, low-sodium chicken broth to make a nice “soup” to warm up your dog on a cold day. 

Try a pup-kin spice latte. Blend 1 cup canned pumpkin with 1 cup light coconut milk and a dash of ground cinnamon and ginger for a fun treat (see inspiration from this recipe).

Dog Pumpkin Puree Recipe 

In addition to the above options, clinical pet nutritionist Johnna Devereaux shares her favorite canned pumpkin dog treat, which also sneaks in some extra veggies:

Ingredients:

1. 3/4 cup pumpkin purée 
2. 1 banana
3. 1 egg
4. 2 cups coconut flour
5. 1/4 cup oats
6. 1/4 pound cut green beans

Directions:

1. Combine all ingredients into a bowl and mix until smooth.
2. Grease a baking pan and place green beans across the pan.
3. Scoop a blob of mixture on top of the beans, then bake at 350 degrees for 15-18 minutes. Let cool before serving.

Where to Buy Canned Pumpkin for Dogs

When looking for where to buy the best canned pumpkin for dogs, you can usually head to your local grocery store. Canned pumpkin is typically housed in an aisle with baking supplies like flour, sugar and canned fruit. You can also purchase it in bulk through stores like Costco and Sam’s Club, as well as on Amazon or at your local health food stores.

It’s always good to have plain, canned pumpkin on hand for upset stomach or diarrhea in dogs.

When purchasing canned pumpkin for dogs, it’s important to make sure pumpkin is the only ingredient on the can. “If it contains any other additives or spices, then do not use it,” says Hall.

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We asked a veterinarian to answer some of the most frequently asked questions surrounding canines and blueberries. Curious about whether blueberries are safe for dogs, if they impart any health benefits, and which blueberry-infused human foods are dog-friendly (or not)? Here’s everything you need to know. 

Can Dogs Eat Blueberries?

Yes! According to North Carolina-based veterinarian Dr. Judy Morgan, who specializes in integrative veterinary medicine, blueberries are a great alternative to store-bought goodies.

Naturally bite-sized, portable, and delicious, blueberries are safe to use as a reward while dog training. You could also use them as a fancy food topper for special occasions like birthdays or adoption anniversaries. 

Are Blueberries Good for Dogs?

“Blueberries are a very healthy treat and food addition for dogs,” says Morgan. 

A well-known “superfood,” blueberries are good for dogs, providing canines with some of the same health benefits they pass on to humans. For this reason, you might find this powerful berry on the ingredients list for some dog treats. (More on this later!) 

So, what are the benefits of blueberries for dogs? For one, they’re packed with anthocyanins, the fancy term for a type of antioxidant that fights free radicals or unstable atoms that destroy cells and speed up aging, says Morgan. 

Antioxidants help protect your pooch’s body and brain from these microscopic, destructive forces. This is especially key for older dogs. In fact, studies show a more antioxidant-rich diet can lower the effects of cognitive decline in seniors (1.)

Blueberries also offer up plenty of vitamin C and health-boosting plant-based nutrients, as well as fiber, which helps feed the beneficial bacteria in your dog’s gut that promote a healthy immune system, notes Morgan. 

For all the benefits attributed to blueberries, there are some that remain unproven. For example, blueberries are often credited with helping to cure urinary tract infections (UTIs) or remove tear stains from underneath your pup’s eyes. However, according to Morgan, the jury is still out.

“There’s little scientific evidence to support the use of blueberries to treat UTIs—but they won’t hurt, either,” says Morgan. 

As far as tear stain removal goes, these rust-colored marks can happen for a number of reasons—one of which may be bacteria on the surface of a dog’s eyes or skin. So changing your dog’s microbiome for the better with foods like blueberries could lead to improvements, says Morgan. But, again, there’s no research to back this up as a go-to treatment. 

Are Blueberries Bad for Dogs? 

Blueberries aren’t bad for dogs. Generally, they’re safe for puppies, adult dogs, and seniors, alike. If you have a particularly small dog, keep in mind that they could be a choking hazard—so consider chopping or mashing them up.

One potential downside: If you feed your pup very large quantities of blueberries, they could end up with an upset stomach or diarrhea, says Morgan. That’s why it’s important to think of blueberries as an occasional treat to be enjoyed in moderation…not served by the bucket-full. 

Blueberries and Dogs: Feeding Tips

It’s okay to feed your dog fresh or frozen blueberries. Both options are healthier choices than dried blueberries, which can be high in added sugar and preservatives. 

When preparing blueberries for your pup, wash them thoroughly with fresh water to remove any dirt or pesticides, just as you would for yourself, before serving them to your dog.  

If you’re wondering just how many blueberries your dog can eat (and how often), follow the 10 percent rule: About 90 percent of your dog’s diet should be devoted to a dog food that provides complete and balanced nutrition. The rest can go to snacks like dog-friendly fruits, veggies, and treats, including blueberries. 

Of course, what this portion looks like will depend on the size of your dog. “Anywhere from a few blueberries a day for very small dogs to up to ¼ cup twice daily for larger dogs should be fine,” says Morgan. 

As far as other treats go, consider most blueberry-based human foods off-limits for dogs. Don’t feed your little one baked goods like blueberry muffins or pancakes, which are often high in sugar and other ingredients that aren’t good for dogs, advises Morgan. The same goes for yogurt products with large amounts of added sugars or those containing artificial sweeteners, which can be toxic to dogs. 

When serving your pup blueberries for the first time, watch them closely to detect any signs of an adverse reaction. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns about including blueberries in your dog’s diet.  

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Monitoring your dog’s stool is one of the best things you can do to monitor their wellness. Changes to dog poop—whether it’s the color, consistency, coating, or contents—may indicate a change in your dog’s health.

Why is your dog’s poop yellow? We’ll help you make sense of what it means and what you should do.

What Color Should Dog Poop Be?

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First things first—dog poop should be brown. The exact shade depends on what your dog eats. For example, dyes in your dog’s food can stain their feces a variation of that color. 

Feces is brown because of the breakdown of a substance called bile, which is an important part of digestion. Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the intestines just as food exits the stomach and starts its way through the intestines. Most bile is reabsorbed as the food material is digested, but some gets trapped. It then undergoes changes as the food material is further digested into feces which cause the originally green material to turn yellow and then brown. 

Digestion of food into feces is a complex process. In addition to color, the consistency, coating, and contents are all important features of poop to consider when evaluating your pet’s health. Consistency refers to whether it’s firm, formed, soft, or liquid. Coating refers to whether there is mucus, blood, or both on the surface of the feces. The contents of feces should be fairly uniform. For example, finding blades of grass or pieces of a toy is abnormal. 

Why Is My Dog’s Poop Yellow?

Of all the colors poop can be besides the normal brown, yellow is usually one of the least concerning. 

Red or black dog poop is an emergency, while yellow poop is more like a warning sign. Here are some of the more common causes of yellow dog poop.

New Food

What your dog eats impacts the color of their feces. Some formulations of dog food have ingredients that make feces more yellow or a lighter shade of brown. Similarly, some types of food processing can alter the hue of feces. Switching between canned or moist food and dry kibble can also make feces look more or less yellow.

Incomplete Digestion

An upset stomach—from changing dog food or a dog eating something he doesn’t normally eat—can cause irritation in both the stomach and intestines. One of the ways the body handles this is to push the material out faster. Veterinarians refer to this as decreased transit time, the time it takes from eating a food to passing it as feces. 

Decreased transit time leads to softer feces that is yellow. The bile that is normally brown in feces hasn’t reached that stage yet and is still yellow (mustard-yellow to yellow-green). Similarly, this is why loose stool or diarrhea may be more yellow than usual.

Foreign Material

If your dog eats something yellow that isn’t food, it will end up in their feces (unless it causes an intestinal blockage, which is a greater cause for concern). For example, dogs cannot digest the yellow fuzz from a tennis ball and will pass it through the feces looking the same color as it went in.

Yellow Specks or Strings

Yellow specks or dots are most often caused by one of two things: partially digested food like corn, or tapeworm eggs. Usually, these eggs look like grains of white rice but they may also have a yellow color. Yellow or white strings could be intestinal worms.

To protect against intestinal worms, veterinarians recommend year-round broad-spectrum parasite control for all dogs (1). Credelio Quattro offers all-in-one protection against six common canine parasites—ticks, fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms—in one convenient monthly chewable tablet. Interceptor Plus is a tasty chew your dog takes once a month to protect against five of the most common types of worms that infect dogs—including tapeworms. However, you’d need to pair it with a flea and tick control product to ensure your dog has 360-degree protection against the most common dog parasites.

If you see something that you think is abnormal in your dog’s feces, take a picture or bring a stool sample to your veterinarian. 

Yellow Mucus

A slimy coating of yellow mucus on dog poop is due to intestinal inflammation. In healthy intestines there is a protective mucus layer between the food material and the intestinal lining. When there is inflammation or damage to the intestines, this mucus layer can be shed onto the food material and eventually the feces. 

In this case the yellow color comes from the bile involved in digestion. Intestinal inflammation can result from parasites, bacterial infection, food intolerance, or sharp objects such as sticks, rocks, and bones that your dog ate. If the intestinal damage is more severe, the mucus may have streaks of red blood or look an orange-yellow color. 

What to Do if Your Dog’s Poop Is Yellow

Not every case of yellow dog poop is cause for concern. But it’s helpful to keep track of poop abnormalities, as they can sometimes be early warning signs of disease. Use a helpful tool like the GreatPetCare app to log and share key details and changes to your pet’s health. You can even upload photos to show your veterinarian exactly what you’re dealing with.

Download the GreatPetCare app for free today!

If you notice your dog’s poop is slightly yellow after recently changing their food, but they are otherwise eating and drinking and acting like themselves, monitoring them at home is okay. On the other hand, if yellow poop is accompanied by other symptoms such as vomiting, not eating or eating less, reduced energy, or abnormal behavior, then you should have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian.

Likewise, if yellow poop turns into watery diarrhea, it’s time for your dog to be examined by a professional.

Yellow dog poop that starts to turn orange or red is also a signal your dog needs to see the veterinarian immediately. 

Dogs with liver disease or other serious underlying diseases who have yellow feces need to see a veterinarian, as it could indicate worsening disease. 

By monitoring your dog’s poop (color, consistency, contents, and coating), you can take a proactive approach to their health. Feces is one of the first signs of disease in many of the most common ailments of dogs. 

So, the next time you think picking up after your dog is a chore, think of it instead as an important part of being a proactive pet parent looking out for your dog’s health.

Dog Poop Color Chart

Reference

1. AAHA-AVMA canine preventive healthcare guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/aaha-avma-canine-preventive-healthcare-guidelines

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For a long time, it was thought that dogs could only see in shades of gray. But now we know that’s simply not true. Dogs may not see exactly what we do when they look around. But they use all of their senses—including their vision—to take in a world that’s vibrant, colorful, and anything but dull. 

Dog Vision: Understanding Canine Eye Anatomy

Dogs’ eyes are structurally very similar to human eyes. The colored part is the iris, which surrounds the dark round pupil and controls how much light passes through that opening. Next, the light flows through the lens, a small ball of special fibers that bend and stretch to focus the light, projecting a sharp image onto the sensitive cells of the retina. 

Retinal cells come in two varieties: cones and rods. Broadly, cones detect color when there is adequate light. Rods detect movement and can function with very minimal light (night or dark rooms). All of these components are covered by the cornea, which is the clear dome that protects the front of the eye in both dogs and humans. 

There are also some important structural differences between dog eyes and human eyes. First is the nictitating membrane, commonly called the third eyelid, which dogs have and humans don’t. This is an extra band of tissue behind the lower eyelid that helps protect the eye from damage. 

Another key difference: Behind the retina, at the very back of the globe, dogs have something called the tapetum lucidum—a reflective layer that shines light back onto the retina in low light situations to help improve vision. At night you can see this as a white or blue reflection of the eyes when light is shined on them. Some dogs—especially those with blue eyes—may lack a tapetum lucidum and therefore experience the “red-eye” phenomenon in photographs, just like some people do. 

Dog Vision Facts and Answers

While humans are very visually-oriented creatures, dogs depend more on a combination of senses—smell, hearing, and vision—to navigate the world. But that doesn’t mean dogs are at a disadvantage when it comes to experiencing the world around them. Their sharp ears and superior sense of smell more than make up for any vision deficits in color perception or acuity. Dog eyes can also detect movement more easily and see better in low light, two adaptations that were important in their evolutionary history as dawn and dusk hunters.  

Do Dogs Have Night Vision?

In a pitch-black room, you and your dog would see the same thing: nothing. However, dogs are better able to see in low light than people. This is because they have more rod cells in their retina to pick up light. Humans have more cone cells in their retina, which are great for detecting color during the day but function poorly in low light. In dogs, the tapetum lucidum—a reflective surface behind the retina—also helps the rod cells to absorb more of any available light. Dogs cannot see any better than humans in total darkness but can see better in dim moonlight or a darkened room.

Can Dogs See Color? Are Dogs Colorblind?

Yes, dogs can see color. However, their color spectrum is smaller and less vibrant than what most humans can see. Here’s why: In the retina, cone cells are in charge of detecting color. Humans have three varieties (red, blue, and yellow) that combine to make all of the colors of our visual spectrum. This is known as trichromatic vision. Dogs, like many other mammals, lack the red-detecting cone cells and can only see from the yellow to the violet parts of the rainbow including shades of blue and green. This is called dichromatic vision and is comparable to what people who are red-green colorblind see. Dogs also may not be able to see the richness of colors as well as people can. 

How Far Can Dogs See?

Dogs are very good at detecting movement, even at long distances. However, their visual acuity is limited. Visual acuity is how clear images are at a given distance. For example, 20/20 vision means you can discern complex shapes at the set human standard. Dogs are estimated to have 20/75 vision, meaning they have to be 20 feet away to discern details that most people can see at 75 feet. Some breeds, including German Shepherds, Rottweilers, and Miniature Schnauzers are more likely to be near-sighted than other breeds. Typically this doesn’t impact how they interact with people and their environment. 

Do Dogs Have Depth Perception?

Depth perception is the ability to perceive the distance between objects and see them in three dimensions. In both humans and dogs, this is made possible by the overlapping visual fields of both eyes.  People generally have about 120-140 degrees of overlap (out of 200 degrees of vision where 360 would be a full circle) but dogs only have about 30-60 degrees of overlap, meaning canine depth perception is about half as acute as it is in humans.

Because dogs’ heads come in so many shapes, depth perception differs between breeds. Long-nosed breeds such as Greyhounds have less depth perception than dogs with shorter faces and more forward-facing eyes such as Pugs. The trade-off is an enhanced field of view. Eyes on the side of the head allow dogs to see more of the world at once, as much as 270 degrees. 

Cat Vision vs. Dog Vision: Key Differences

Overall, cat and dog vision is very similar. But there are a few key differences that largely relate to behavioral distinctions between dogs and cats. The first thing you might notice when comparing dog eyes and cat eyes is that cats have a vertical pupil while dogs have a round one. It is theorized that this may be due to the fact that cats are ambush predators, as the shape may aid in detecting depth and movement. Cats are even more near-sighted than dogs, which makes sense because keen up-close eyesight is more important to a hunter who waits to pounce. To improve the accuracy of that pounce, cats are also equipped with better depth perception. Dogs seem to have better color detection than cats. 

Common Dog Vision Problems

Most dog vision problems are temporary and easily treatable by a veterinarian. But that doesn’t mean you should dismiss potential eye issues or postpone treatment. Eyes are sensitive and irreplaceable, so it is important to have your veterinarian examine your dog if you have any concerns.

Here are some of the most common eye issues dogs face:

Cloudy Lens

Lenticular sclerosis, or a soft haziness of the lens, is normal in dogs as they age. It does not cause a problem and does not need to be treated. 

Corneal Ulcers

Scratches or irritation to the covering of the eye. Usually easily treated by a veterinarian with medication but can become chronic especially in short-faced (brachycephalic) breeds.

Entropion and Ectropion

Rolling in or out (respectively) of the eyelid. This can irritate the cornea.

Dry Eye

When dogs do not produce enough of the liquid component of tears, material can build up on the eye. The medical term for this is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). It is treated with life-long application of eye drops or daily pills, depending on the cause. 

Cherry Eye

Cherry eye is a chronically elevated third eyelid that is visible above the lower eyelid. This is most common in short-faced dogs. Depending on the cause, severity, and duration it may be treated medically or surgically. 

Cataracts

A cataract is when the lens of the eye becomes increasingly opaque, causing blurry vision. Just like in people, dogs can have cataract surgery to remove the damaged lens and restore vision. Some cataracts are caused by diseases such as diabetes. 

Tear Staining

Though not truly a disease of the eye, many dogs develop moist staining below the eye. This is due to ineffective or incomplete draining of the tear ducts. Tear staining can lead to skin infections around the eye. Gently wiping the area daily with a clean soft cloth can reduce the risk of infection.

There are less common and breed-specific eye problems that can affect dogs, including different types of blindness. If you purchase a pure-bred dog it is important to have their eyes evaluated or their genes tested if the breed is known to have eye problems. 

How to Protect Your Dog’s Eyes

The most important thing you can do to protect your dog’s eyes is to take them to the veterinarian immediately if you have any concerns. Common signs of a problem include rubbing, squinting, discharge, elevated third eyelid, and redness. Common signs of vision loss include being hesitant to jump onto or off furniture, bumping into things, and squinting in the sun. Any of these signs means a veterinarian should evaluate your dog’s eyes. 

Time is a factor when treating eye problems. The longer you wait to have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian, the more risk there is of permanent damage.

Remember, your regular veterinarian can perform a full ophthalmic exam and provide appropriate medication or treatment. Sometimes a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist is needed to fully address the problem or provide the solution. But as long as you maintain regular checkups and alert your veterinarian as soon as you notice any potential eye issues, your dog’s eye health and vision should be in good hands.  

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Cats typically spend up to 50 percent of their waking hours on grooming, often adopting yoga-like positions to ensure that every hair, from whiskers to tail, is meticulously groomed. 

Consistent, thorough grooming is important for cats’ overall health. It removes dirt, dead skin cells, and parasites. It distributes oils in their skin to keep their coats silky smooth. 

However, sometimes a seemingly insignificant knot in your cat’s hair can develop into a matted, tangled mess. That can throw off your pet’s normal grooming regimen and may even expose them to health risks. So here’s everything you need to know about matted cat hair and what to do about it to keep your pet healthy and thriving.

Why Do Cats Get Matted Hair?

When fine strands of cat hair get knotted and tangled, they often turn into densely entwined mats that refuse to separate. Matted cat hair can form a noticeable clump in your pet’s fur.

“When cats groom themselves, their tongues, which are full of tiny barbs, remove the dead hair,” explains Samantha Bell, cat behavior expert for Best Friends Animal Society. “Mats are caused by excess dead hair getting trapped under the top coat and combining with the oils in the cat’s skin to form a hard, rough, painful lump.”

Mats tend to appear in places that are difficult for cats to reach (such as the back) and are more common in areas where there is a lot of friction (like the armpits), according to Bell.

Matted cat hair not only looks unsightly, it can cause your cat a lot of discomfort because the skin is pulled so tightly. The tangled clumps also prevent airflow to the skin, which may cause skin irritation and—in severe cases—even lead to infection. If the fur around a cat’s anal region gets matted, it can trap urine and feces, increasing the risks of infection. 

Some cats are more prone to matted hair than others, according to Sheila Bailey, veterinary assistant at San Diego Humane Society.

“Most cats are very efficient at preventing mats through self-grooming,“ says Bailey. “But many long-haired or elderly cats need extra help from their owners to keep their coats well maintained and mat-free.” 

The reason? Research shows that it’s harder for long-haired breeds like Persians to access layers of their fur closest to the skin (1). That makes their coats “un-groomable” and, without some grooming help from their owners, their fur is extra prone to matting.

Certain medical conditions can also increase the likelihood cats will have matted fur. Obesity can lead to poor grooming habits and/or mats Bailey notes that cats with arthritis may find it more difficult to reach all areas of the body for self-grooming. Other illnesses that cause your cat to feel lethargic or uncomfortable could also cause them to under-groom. 

“A sudden change in grooming habits can be an indicator that it is time to visit your regular veterinarian,” she adds.

How to Get Mats Out of Cat Hair

The most important tip to remember when it comes to removing matted cat hair is this: Go slow. Attempting to comb out mats too quickly could hurt your cat (and may make them reluctant to sit still for future grooming sessions). If your cat has multiple mats in his or her fur, expect to devote multiple grooming sessions to removing them.

For small, relatively loose mats, start by spritzing the area with a detangling spray formulated for pets. Then use a wide-toothed comb to loosen and remove tangled fur. With one hand, hold the hair below the mat, close to the skin. And with the other hand, move the brush gently through the mat, making sure to avoid or minimize pulling on the hair as much as possible. 

Larger mats may need to be shaved off with clippers. A veterinarian or professional cat groomer can often remove them quickly and efficiently, without stressing your cat out too much. Depending on the size and severity of the matting, as well as the disposition of the cat, some pets may require sedation in order to remove larger mats.

Regardless of the size of the matting, Bell offers an important caution: Do not use scissors. 

“Often, you can’t see it, but their thin skin can be so entwined in the mat that you will likely slice the skin and hurt the cat,” she says. “I’ve seen many well-meaning cat volunteers try to cut off a mat and find they’ve injured the cat quite seriously.” 

Grooming Tools Needed for Matted Cat Hair

When it comes to matted cat hair removal, some tools are better than others. Bailey recommends slicker brushes to remove loose hair and wide- and fine-toothed combs for loosening and working through mats. If the mats are severe, remember to skip the scissors and use clippers to remove matted cat hair instead.

“Clippers with an adjustable blade can help remove tightly matted hair close to the skin,” Bailey says. “Be sure to read the clipper instructions to get the best result and to prevent cutting the skin. And use quiet clippers to decrease the stress for the cat.”

How to Prevent Matted Cat Hair

It’s much easier to prevent matted cat fur than it is to remove established mats. Bailey suggests starting a regular grooming routine when cats are kittens to get them used to being brushed.

“If your cat is not thrilled with brushing, start with very brief grooming sessions—just one or two strokes—that immediately ends when you notice signs of stress,” says Bell. “Reward them with their favorite treat or wand toy after grooming sessions so they see it as a positive ritual.”

Supplements may also help prevent matted fur. Bailey suggests talking to your veterinarian about omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil supplements to improve skin and coat health. “Routine veterinarian checkups can also help identify skin and coat problems before they get out of control,” she adds.  

Feeding your cat a nutritious, balanced diet that helps them maintain a healthy weight can also help prevent matted fur.

 “Weight management is important,” Bailey says. “Cats that suffer from severe obesity may find it difficult or impossible to self-groom effectively.”

Prioritizing prevention with regular grooming, vet care, a nutritious diet and supplements are essential. But if your cat does get matted fur, acting quickly (but gently) to remove mats before they grow bigger will ensure that they can maintain good health and return to their regularly scheduled self-grooming routine.

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Turns out, the healing powers of oats can help dogs that are scratching or licking at sensitive spots feel better. 

“I first discovered how well oatmeal works on myself when I had chicken pox,” says Dr. Katalin Grant, a board-certified veterinarian specializing in general and emergency medicine, surgery and dentistry. “Oatmeal is very soothing to the skin, and I’ve been prescribing it to my clients’ dogs for years.”  

Thanks to oatmeal’s naturally moisturizing and skin-protective qualities, it’s found in numerous shampoos, gels, and creams for humans and canines alike. But the oats you serve up for breakfast aren’t quite the same as what you’ll find in the best oatmeal shampoos for dogs. 

Read on to learn everything you need to know about oatmeal dog shampoo, including the benefits of using it, conditions it can help treat, whether the do-it-yourself version is worth your time, and what to look for on the label. 

What Is Oatmeal Dog Shampoo? 

Oatmeal dog shampoo is made with one key ingredient: colloidal oatmeal. 

“The process of making colloidal oatmeal includes grinding up the Avena sativa oatmeal into a very fine powder, bringing the product and water to a boil, and sifting off the oatmeal particles,” Grant explains. 

After that, it’s combined with liquids and other ingredients specially formulated to avoid disrupting the delicate pH balance on the surface of dogs’ skin. Since dogs have more sensitive skin than ours, it’s ideal to choose products designed for pets to avoid further irritation.  

Is Oatmeal Shampoo Good for Dogs?

Short answer: Yes! Colloidal oatmeal has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (4), so dog shampoos made with it can help soften and protect your pup’s skin, Grant says. 

While more research is needed on exactly how different components in colloidal oatmeal soothe skin, scientists believe a slew of compounds are responsible for its beneficial effects. For example, starches and sugars found in oats lock in moisture, antioxidants like vitamin E and avenanthramides ease swelling and itchiness, and soap-like chemicals called saponins help clean off skin (2).

It’s always important to talk to your veterinarian before trying out any new grooming products. But oatmeal dog shampoo gets the stamp of approval from Grant: “In the 30 years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never seen an allergy to oatmeal yet,” she says. “I’ve only seen soothing, healing responses.” Experts agree it’s rarely irritating (5).  

Oatmeal Dog Shampoo Benefits 

Oatmeal dog shampoo comes with many potential health benefits (1, 5). It can help: 

• Moisturize dry skin 
• Create a stronger skin barrier to lock in hydrating ingredients
• Reduce inflammation and irritation from rashes or chronic skin conditions 
• Soothe itchy skin
• Wash away dirt and grime to keep skin and coat clean and free of infection 

Uses for Oatmeal Dog Shampoo

Oatmeal dog shampoo is a great staple to add to your grooming routine if your dog has dry, itchy, or sensitive skin. According to Grant, it can also be used when skin irritation arises from the following issues (5):

• Hot spots 
• Dandruff 
• Canine atopic dermatitis 
• Flea allergy dermatitis 
• Skin rashes related to other allergies or food sensitivities

Keep in mind that oatmeal shampoo does not actually treat the above conditions, but it can soothe some of the associated discomfort. Dogs with these conditions still need veterinary care and treatment for the underlying disease to see any significant improvement.

Oatmeal Dog Shampoo for Itchy Skin 

One of the most common reasons pet parents reach for oatmeal dog shampoo is to give their pup much-needed relief from itchy skin, and Grant confirms it’s a great solution for this problem. 

However, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian to ensure you’re treating the underlying cause as well, whether that’s a fungal infection, flea infestation, allergy, or something else. For example, many pet parents have asked, is oatmeal shampoo good for dogs with yeast infection? In that scenario, your veterinarian will likely recommend a shampoo with chlorhexidine or other ingredients with antiseptic and antifungal properties (5), though the shampoo may also contain oatmeal to help soothe the skin. Oatmeal shampoo should not be used in dogs with skin infections.

Once underlying skin issues are addressed, oatmeal dog shampoo can make for a soothing product to use for regular baths.

Will Oatmeal Dog Shampoo Kill Fleas?

Although oatmeal dog shampoo can certainly help dial down the itch factor, it cannot get rid of fleas. “Unfortunately, fleas are very stubborn and difficult to treat,” Grant says. “I have not found any home remedy that works to eliminate them.” 

When it comes to zapping these tiny menaces for good, opt for the safest, most tried-and-true flea treatments under the guidance of your veterinarian, she advises.

Homemade Oatmeal Dog Shampoo: Is it Worth It?

There are plenty of homemade oatmeal dog shampoo recipes you can find online, but Grant recommends against the DIY route.

Why? Finding the correct type of oatmeal, boiling it, sifting it, then properly combining it with the correct balance of additional ingredients is a tall order. And, at the end of the day, it’s much easier to find a brand you trust that already has the best ingredients in the right portions to help your pet, she says. 

Oatmeal Dog Shampoo: What to Look For 

The best oatmeal dog shampoos have few ingredients and are free of potentially irritating ingredients like parabens, artificial fragrances, and dyes, says Grant. Other things to look for on the label include vitamin E and aloe, which can also help ease skin irritation. 

With colloidal oatmeal and a blend of botanical extracts, NuVet Oatmeal Conditioning Shampoo and Oatmeal Conditioning Spray both fit the bill for a soothing, hypoallergenic shampoo, Grant says.

Lather up your pup with oatmeal dog shampoo, and you might find they’re a little more comfortable in their skin once bath time is over. Considering just how common and frustrating relentlessly itchy skin can be, this time-honored remedy is worth a try, along with a visit to your vet to identify the cause of the itch!

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What Causes Dog Wounds?

The most common cause of dog wounds are other dogs. Dogs can injure each other during rough play, minor disagreements, and full-on fights. Dog wounds can also result from being hit by a car, altercations with cats, sharp sticks or stones, some infections, and many other unavoidable aspects of dog life.

A wound is defined as anywhere the skin is damaged—from burns or scrapes that only involve the surface of the skin, to cuts and punctures that penetrate deeper, compromising all layers of the skin. And just in case you’re tempted to disregard a wound unless you see lots of blood, it’s important to note that the amount of bleeding doesn’t always reflect the severity of the wound. For example, small cuts on the ear may bleed very badly while large lacerations may have minimal bleeding. 

Types of Dog Wounds

Just as there are many things that can cause wounds in dogs, there are many different types of wounds, too. Here are some of the most common types of dog wounds pet parents face:

Scrapes

Scrapes are superficial wounds that only involve the surface layer of the skin. They can be very painful. The most common way dogs get large scrapes is vehicular trauma. 

Burns 

Dogs often burn their paw pads in the summer when walking on hot concrete or asphalt surfaces. The severity of the burn wound is ranked according to how deep the damage goes. Dogs can also burn their mouths and throats stealing food while it is cooking or cooling.

Lacerations

Lacerations commonly occur when dogs fight. They are open wounds in the skin that can be long or short, superficial or deep. Dogs can also lacerate themselves on sticks, fences, or even from misjudging a jump onto a chair or into a car.

Degloving

A degloving injury is a very severe form of a laceration where a large section of skin is pulled away from the tissue below it. These types of wounds are most frequent in fights where a big dog bites and then shakes or swings a little dog, causing the skin to come loose.

Puncture Wounds

Like an iceberg, puncture wounds may look small, but there is often much more going on under the surface that you can’t see. Punctures are small, deep wounds that often occur during a fight with another animal or routine interaction with a sharp object. At first glance, they may not look too serious, but these types of wounds can easily become infected because bacteria and debris get trapped at the very bottom of the puncture with no easy way out. In the case of a fight, what looks like a small hole in the skin could be hiding severe internal damage, including broken bones, large deep lacerations of muscle, open chests or abdomens, and even damage to internal organs.

Envenomation

Insect bites, stings, and snake bites can all cause wounds. Typically, minor events—like a single ant bite or bee sting—do not require treatment, but every dog is different. Some dogs are allergic to insect bites and stings and need emergency treatment. Snake bites can cause severe, life-threatening wounds because the venom kills tissue as it spreads. So a snake bite wound should always be evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. 

“Hot Spots”

Moist dermatitis (commonly known as a “hot spot”) may look like a scrape or a burn, but it is actually a skin infection. The treatment for hot spots is very different than the treatment for true wounds. (Check out Hot Spots on Dogs for more information.)

Eye Wounds 

Any wound on or around the eye should be treated as an emergency. Delaying treatment risks your dog’s vision. Any product used to clean a wound near the eye should be safe for use directly in an eye.

How to Clean a Dog Wound at Home

No matter what type of wound you’re dealing with or what caused it, it’s important to treat your dog’s wound promptly and properly to clear it of bacteria and avoid dangerous infections. That’s because it is much easier (not to mention, often less painful, expensive, and risky) to treat a fresh, clean wound than one that is old and infected or has healed poorly. 

However, always consult with your veterinarian first if you are at all concerned that the wound may be more serious. And that doesn’t just apply to large or bleeding wounds. Wounds that appear small may actually be more severe. So when in doubt, call your veterinary clinic. 

When cleaning your dog’s wound, never apply hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, or other caustic cleaning products to your dog’s skin. These will worsen the wound and are painful to your dog.

Generally, wounds only need to be cleaned after the initial incident, if there is fluid drainage from them, or if exposed to contaminants like dirt or food. If an antiseptic cleaner is recommended, a mild soap (such as baby shampoo, dish soap, or unscented hand soap) is all you need. Your veterinarian may recommend using an Epsom salt solution instead of soap or may even send special wound-care soap home with you. 

Cleaning a wound too frequently or vigorously can delay or prevent it from healing properly. That means you’ll need to be gentle, yet vigilant, to keep new debris and bacteria from entering the wound.

In some locations, an unscented gentle baby wipe is the best way to clean around a wound. Do not wipe directly on the wound unless you can see debris to remove, but instead clean the surrounding area. For wounds on the feet or lower legs, gently dry the area with a clean towel every time your dog comes in from outdoors. Wounds on the face should be wiped of debris and patted dry after each meal. And wounds near your dog’s hind end should be wiped and dried every time they go to the bathroom. 

Dog Wound Care

A big part of keeping your dog’s wound clean so it can heal properly is preventing your pet from licking, chewing, or scratching at the wound during recovery. Some pet parents resort to elaborate, MacGyver-style systems constructed from old T-shirts, tube socks, and athletic tape. But a simpler (though, not at all stylish) method is to use the cone of shame, also known as an Elizabethan collar or e-collar. 

You can get an e-collar from your veterinarian or at many pet stores. While they come in many varieties, generally the hard ones are most effective. An e-collar should be worn at all times, even when sleeping, until the wound heals, but you can take the e-collar off for leashed walks and mealtime as long as you are actively watching your dog. 

To make sure your dog’s wound is healing properly, keep a close watch on it, checking it at least every morning and evening. If you see any new debris, bruising, or swelling, if the wound has a foul odor, or if you notice more than a few drops of discharge, see your veterinarian immediately. 

The best way to keep tabs on how your dog is healing is to take pictures of the wound’s progression over time—ideally in a room with consistent lighting so the images are easier to compare. Any changes to the wound that do not look like healing should be evaluated by your veterinarian. 

As they heal, wounds progress through different types of scar tissue. The first stage is called granulation, where the wound is usually pink and moist. It is important to keep granulation clean and protected, as it is still vulnerable to contaminants. 

The next stage of healing is when that granulation turns into a pink or lightly-colored scar that is dry, but may still be sensitive to touch. At this stage, the e-collar is key because chewing or licking can easily break down this fragile scar tissue, which would put your healing process back at square one.  

If you can avoid that setback, the scar will mature, and your dog can be freed from his e-collar. Keep in mind, your dog’s hair is unlikely to regrow from a scar.

Surgical Wounds

Surgical incisions are a different type of wound and need to be treated differently from other sources of wounds. Surgical wounds are “clean,” meaning they are not contaminated with dirt and bacteria the way other wounds are. They should be kept clean and dry according to the instructions provided by your veterinarian. You should not clean a surgical wound unless specifically directed by your veterinarian. However, you should still monitor these wounds as they heal for signs of infection, like you would any other wound. 

If a veterinarian places a drain in the wound, be sure to follow their instructions for monitoring and follow-up closely. Drains help any fluid or infection leave the wound instead of getting trapped and stalling the healing process. Drains should never go more than two to three days without being evaluated by a veterinarian.

Final Take on Wound Care for Dogs

Wounds come in many varieties and are very common in dogs. Always seek veterinary care for wounds, because what you see on the surface may not tell the entire story of your dog’s injury. Keeping wounds clean and preventing your dog from chewing at them are the two most important parts of home wound care. 

Knowing how to care for wounds at home will help your dog heal better and faster. Although many people expect that their dog will learn their lesson and not repeat whatever got them hurt in the first place, that is rarely the case. Dogs just want to have fun and quickly forget any lessons when it interferes with playtime. So don’t throw away that e-collar because, odds are you may need it again.

The post How to Clean a Dog Wound appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Learning to recognize your cat’s emotions through her body and tail language is important for building trust in your relationship, assessing her response to situations, and getting help when she needs it. 

The good thing is that cats don’t lie. They may not be upfront about their feelings but if you know how to interpret their cues and signals then you will have a window into their emotional state. 

Why Do Cats Crouch?

A crouching cat generally means some kind of discomfort—fear, aggression, or even pain. The rest of their body language and the context of the behavior give us hints as to what your cat is feeling. 

For example, a cat crouched with her ears flat and her head low while hiding in the corner is being defensive. She probably feels trapped and wants you to back away. A cat who crouches does not necessarily require a trip to the veterinarian but may benefit from some changes to her environment such as places to hide or moving food somewhere quieter. 

It is important to distinguish crouching from a cat who is relaxed but sitting with their feet tucked under them and their ears softly up, as these are signs of comfort. This distinction highlights why it is important to interpret your cat’s body language in the context of her surroundings.

Cat Crouching: What to Look For

Crouching cats have their bodies tucked and their tail wrapped around them. This differs from a relaxed cat who may have her tail out long or splay her body out (for easier petting). Details about her body language including her facial expression and ear position are important for understanding why your cat is crouching. 

Defensiveness or Aggression 

Cats may take a crouching posture when they feel antagonized. Along with her crouched body, her tail is wrapped around her, her ears are flat, and her eyes are fixed on you. The cat is saying “back off or else.” 

Fear or Stress

Her body is crouched and her tail is wrapped, but her ears may be up and her face more relaxed. She may look at you or avert your gaze. She may back away when you come near. She is asking for help because something is making her scared. Do not assume she wants to be picked up to be comforted, but rather try to figure out what is causing her fear or stress so that it can be eliminated. 

Pain or Discomfort

This can be the most difficult kind of crouching to interpret because it depends what hurts. Her facial expression may vary depending on how much pain she is in. A cat with abdominal (stomach area) pain may crouch, walk very slowly while staying low to the ground, and not go very far between breaks. A cat with muscle or joint pay may move from her crouched position very slowly and be very careful and deliberate about placing her feet to walk. A cat in pain should always be seen by a veterinarian.

What To Do About Cat Crouching Behavior

If you notice your cat is crouching, start by asking yourself some questions about the behavior. Answering these questions can help you figure out why your cat is crouching and what you can do about it. 

Some questions include:

• What else was going on in that situation where your cat was crouching? Did you have friends over, was it storming, or maybe something else? Is it only when there are loud noises?

• How long has your cat been crouching? Is it a new behavior or has she done it for a long time? Did something change in your household at the same time? Have you noticed any other changes in her behavior?

• How often is she crouching? Did it used to be occasional and now it’s more frequent? Is it after playtime or mealtime? Is it anytime someone comes near her or only people wearing heavy shoes?

Asking yourself these and other probing questions may help you come up with a solution. For example, maybe your cat needs more safe spaces to hide. Or maybe she doesn’t want to be touched when the loud dishwasher is running. Eliminating table scraps or a diet change might help if that’s what you can associate with painful crouching. For fear or anxiety, maybe supplements like CBD can help. 

If you’re unsure why your cat is crouching, don’t be afraid to ask your veterinarian for help. This is especially true if the crouching is new or increasing in frequency as it could be due to pain or escalating aggression. If you can bring a video of the behavior that will be very helpful. 

Your veterinarian will start with a physical exam and you will have the opportunity to talk about tools to make your cat more comfortable in your home, no matter the cause of your cat’s crouching. 

Cats give many clues to their emotional state. It is our job as pet parents to learn to read their body language and provide them what they need. 

The post Cat Crouching: Why They Do It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Limping is a very common reason a dog goes to the veterinarian. That’s because the list of potential causes of limping is very long and diverse. Some causes of limping are more likely in different breeds or at different ages. For example, young otherwise healthy Pit Bulls and their mixes are more likely to tear a ligament in their knee (cranial cruciate ligament) while bone cancer is common in senior Rottweilers.   

Let’s take a closer look at the potential causes of limping in dogs, plus what to do if you notice your dog limping.

Why Is My Dog Limping? 9 Potential Causes 

There are many different problems that can cause limping in dogs. Anything that is painful or makes it painful to put pressure on a foot or leg can cause limping. This includes:

• Injury: broken bones, torn ligaments, dislocations, blunt trauma, sprains, strains
• Degenerative disease: arthritis, intervertebral disc calcification 
• Conformation: hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, patellar luxation, limb malformations
• Infections: bone infection (osteomyelitis), joint infection, Lyme disease
• Cancer (neoplasia)
• Swelling: insect bites, recent vaccines, severe allergies
• Muscle loss
• Foreign material in paw pad
• Neurologic disease
• Overuse

Of the common causes of limping, injuries are one of the most common for young dogs and the least preventable. Dogs will be dogs: running, jumping, and playing. All it takes is a bit of uneven ground for a dog to take a wrong step and develop a muscle or joint injury. Similarly, dogs get objects caught between their paw pads, get scratches from bushes, and get stung by insects when they are exploring their environment. Each can cause limping but is easily treated and is unlikely to have long-term consequences.

On the other end of the spectrum are serious diseases that can cause limping such as cancer. Cancer can either appear as a mass or lump on the affected limb or can cause muscle loss which leads to limping. Dogs with cancer may also have overall lower energy levels and other changes to their behavior.

Dog Limping: Next Steps

Not all limping is the same, so not all limping requires the same urgency of treatment. If your dog does not put any weight on a limb when walking, that is a sign of an emergency, and you should take your dog to a veterinarian right away. The same is true if your dog cannot walk at all—that is a problem that needs to be addressed on an emergency basis.

If the limping is new and your dog puts weight on the limb while limping, it is okay to monitor them for 24 hours before seeing a veterinarian. Just like in people, dogs can step wrong and develop a minor strain that will resolve on its own by the next day. 

There is no difference in urgency between a dog limping on a front leg or a back leg. However, there are conditions where the limping shifts from one leg to another. Dogs with shifting lameness should be seen by a veterinarian right away.

Intermittent or occasional dog limping can be a sign of a more chronic problem, such as arthritis. This is especially true if the limping is worse in the morning than during the day. On the other hand, limping that worsens after exercise or becomes more pronounced as the day goes on is more likely to be related to a muscle injury. Both types of limping warrant an examination by your veterinarian within 3-5 days of noticing it. Because as we know, limping is a sign of pain—and no dog deserves to be in pain. 

Monitoring a Limping Dog at Home

If your veterinarian recommends monitoring dog limping at home, it is important to follow their specific guidelines for your pet. Many types of acute (sudden onset) injuries—such as broken bones, sprains, strains, blunt trauma, and infections—benefit from strict rest. Arthritis, on the other hand, can improve with frequent short walks to keep the joints lubricated. 

With monitoring at home, your veterinarian will also likely recommend a period of change to your dog’s routine, such as shortened walks, no off-leash play time, no stairs, no jumping on/off furniture, and being confined to a small area like a crate or bathroom during the day. These recommendations allow minor injuries to heal while preventing major injuries from getting worse. Your veterinarian may also recommend soft bedding, elevated food and water bowls, and other changes to the environment that minimize your dog’s discomfort while healing.

Some types of problems that cause dog limping can be improved with heat or ice. For example, part of the treatment for swelling might be icing the area. It is important to wrap the ice or ice pack in a towel before applying it to your dog—never put the ice or ice pack directly on them. 

Pain control can be an important component of at-home treatment for dog limping. Your veterinarian will prescribe medication for your dog. Never give over-the-counter human medications to your pet. Human pain medications including ibuprofen are toxic to dogs. Similarly, do not give one dog’s medication to another dog, as it may not be the right dose or could be dangerous when given with their other medications. 

Diagnosing Dog Limping

When a dog is seen by a veterinarian for limping, the veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam as well as a more specific orthopedic exam. She will move the limbs through their range of motion to detect any reduction in mobility. She will feel all along the limbs to detect any areas of pain, swelling, or muscle loss. She may want to watch the dog walk or run as well. 

Depending on the findings of the physical exam, X-rays (radiographs) may be recommended. X-rays can show fractures, dislocations, swelling, tumors, and other bone-related changes, such as arthritis. Often mild sedation is recommended for X-rays because dogs are not generally cooperative when asked to lay still, especially when they are in pain. More rarely advanced imaging, such as MRI or CT, may be required for a full diagnosis. 

How to Treat a Limping Dog

The treatment for limping in dogs depends on the cause. Most of the time pain control will be part of the treatment plan. Your vet may prescribe a pain medication/anti-inflammatory medication. Treating inflammation can not only help with healing in acute injuries, but can also help relieve discomfort.

Some causes for limping in dogs, such as torn ligaments, fractures, and some dislocations, are treated with surgical repair.

Less severe injuries that cause limping in dogs are generally treated with rest and pain control.

Dog limping due to infection may be treated with antibiotics. Follow-up is very important to monitor progress and alter the treatment plan as needed.

Dog limping caused by cancer may require amputation of the limb and/or chemotherapy as determined by an oncologist. 

How to Rest a Dog at Home

The limping dog should be separated from other animals in the house and placed in a crate or small room, such as a bathroom, where they can stand up and turn around but not walk. They should have comfortable, clean, soft bedding. Dogs on prescribed rest should be taken for short, leashed walks only. They should not be allowed off-leash play time until they have been cleared for activity by their veterinarian. 

General Cost 

Since the treatments for dog limping vary widely, so does the cost. An exam is $50-$150 and X-rays $100-400, plus $50-$200 for sedation if needed. Pain control is likely in the range of $20-$100 per week, depending on the number of medications prescribed and the size of the dog. Orthopedic surgery with a board certified surgeon is in the range of $4,000-$7,000. 

How to Prevent Dog Limping

While it is not entirely possible to prevent dog limping, there are things you can do to reduce your dog’s risk for painful walking. The first is that any purchased pure-bred dog should have papers certifying that both parents had their joints screened by the Orthopedic Foundation Association (OFA). This means they are less likely to have hip or elbow dysplasia and less likely to develop severe arthritis as they age. Second, do not let your dog get overweight. Excess weight puts strain on joints, which can lead to limping and arthritis. Consistent exercise for dogs is also important. Finally, have your pet seen at the first sign of limping or reduced activity so that any abnormalities can be addressed quickly, before they become a serious problem. 

Limping in dogs is always a sign of pain, and should always be taken seriously.

Related Conditions 

• Paralysis
• Paresis
• Ataxia 

The post Why Is My Dog Limping? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

One problem: Many of the most popular varieties are also poisonous plants for dogs (womp). Besides a broken pot and mouth full of dirt, symptoms of gastrointestinal distress like drooling, vomiting, or diarrhea could indicate your pup’s gotten into something, says Dr. Bob Poppenga, head of toxicology at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory in the School of Veterinary Medicine at UC-Davis. 

That said, a little bite is unlikely to result in an emergency situation or a rush to the veterinarian’s office unless we’re talking about particularly dangerous plants like the sago palm or oleander, he says. 

If you’re worried about a serious exposure to houseplants toxic to dogs or another poisonous substance, immediately contact your veterinarian or call the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) 24-hour emergency poison hotline at 1-888-426-4435. 

Otherwise? Learn what plants are toxic to dogs, which nontoxic plants veterinarians recommend, and how to keep your pup safe, no matter your taste in houseplants. 

Which Plants Are Toxic to Dogs? Safe and Unsafe Houseplants 

Numerous chemicals can make certain houseplants toxic to dogs based on the way they affect different organ systems, says Dr. Judy Morgan, a New Jersey-based veterinarian specializing in integrative medicine. 

For example, many common indoor plants contain calcium oxalate crystals. When bitten into, these crystals can irritate a dog’s mouth and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and, in very rare cases, cause swelling and trouble breathing. For these reasons, it’s best to opt for nontoxic plants when you can and to store potentially toxic plants out of reach (more on that later!). 

Here, learn whether your choice of houseplant is a friend or foe to canines. 

Are Snake Plants Toxic to Dogs? 

Snake plants, a.k.a. mother-in-law’s tongue, are hardy succulents with sharp, spiky leaves famous for growing just about anywhere. But because they contain saponins, they’re considered toxic to dogs and could cause drooling, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea when ingested. 

Are Spider Plants Toxic to Dogs? 

Thankfully, the most Googled plant of 2020 is only considered mildly toxic to dogs (and cats!), which means there’s a risk for *a little* GI irritation if eaten. All in all, veterinarians say spider plants are generally safe for our canine friends. 

Are ZZ Plants Safe for Dogs?

The ZZ plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) is a South African plant with dark green leaves that’s especially popular for its ability to tolerate low-light conditions, drought, and neglect, says Desiree Thomson, a gardening and plants expert at Gardening Services London. 

Unfortunately, its sap does contain calcium oxalate crystals—which means it’s on the toxic houseplants list. 

Are Aloe Plants Toxic to Dogs? 

Because aloe contains saponins and anthraquinones, it’s toxic to dogs and could cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten. Surprised? We were, too! “One plant that many would think would be non-toxic because of its healing properties is the Aloe vera plant,” says Lisa Steinkopf, a.k.a. “The Houseplant Guru” and author of Houseplant Party and Grow in the Dark. 

Are Jade Plants Safe for Dogs? 

A staple of many mini planters, the jade plant (a.k.a. baby jade or dwarf rubber plant) is a great low-maintenance succulent, but it’s not so friendly to Fido, says Thomson. While it’s not known exactly what substances make jade plants dangerous for dogs, exposure can cause mild GI distress and, in rare cases, lethargy, tremors, coordination issues, or an elevated heart rate. 

Are Rubber Plants Toxic to Dogs? 

Rubber plants are tricky because some are safe for dogs (like the American rubber plant), while others aren’t (like Japanese, Chinese, and Indian rubber plants, to name a few). Those on the toxic list may cause vomiting, low mood, or a lack of coordination in dogs. 

Are Monstera Plants Toxic to Dogs?

With its tropical flare and lush look, the Monstera deliciosa, a.k.a. Swiss cheese plant or cutleaf philodendron, is on just about every plant lover’s wishlist. Unfortunately, they’re also on the plants dangerous for dogs list. Philodendrons can give dogs a nasty surprise should they try to nibble on it. This is due to irritating calcium oxalate crystals, says Thomson. 

Are Pothos Plants Toxic to Dogs?

If you’ve got a curious puppy, this is another plant you might want to steer clear of, says Steinkopf. The pothos plant, also known as Devil’s ivy since it’s nearly *impossible* to kill, grows wild even with very little light. However, it also contains calcium oxalate crystals and should be kept away from dogs. 

List of Poisonous Plants for Dogs 

Along with the Sago palm and those listed above, other houseplants toxic for dogs include: 

• Arrowhead vine
• Asparagus fern
• Burro’s tail
• Chinese evergreen
• Christmas cactus
• Cycads such as the fern palm
• Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia)
• Elephant’s ear
• Eucalyptus
• Some lilies such as the calla, clivia, and peace lily
• Philodendrons
• Umbrella tree

If you believe your dog has consumed or chewed on any of these plants, call your veterinarian and watch your dog closely for symptoms. Your veterinarian may recommend a checkup or a trip to the emergency room, depending on the type of plant and how much your dog consumed.

Safe Houseplants for Dogs 

While keeping your dog away from potentially harmful plants might mean removing a few from your cart, you’ve still got plenty of options including stylish succulents, large floor plants, and colorful exotics. 

Here’s a roundup of veterinarian-approved houseplants that are safe for dogs: 

• African violet
• Areca palm
• Blue echeveria
• Blushing bromeliad
• Boston fern
• Calathea
• Cast iron plant
• Zebra haworthia
• Peperomia
• Phalaenopsis orchid (moon orchid)
• Pilea
• Parlor palm
• Ponytail palm

Dogs and Plants: Safety Tips to Follow

The best way to keep your canine safe is to avoid plants dangerous for dogs in the first place, says Dr. Poppenga. However, it’s okay to have certain not-so-dog-friendly houseplants like dumbcane or philodendron if they’re kept out of reach, he adds. 

Here’s how to dog-proof your urban jungle: 

Keep plants out of reach. Place houseplants toxic to dogs on high shelves, in hanging baskets, or behind baby gates. 

Use a deterrent. Spray plants and pots with a natural deterrent such as lemon juice, vinegar, or diluted hot pepper (capsaicin). 

Clean up fallen leaves. Promptly pick up any shed leaves before your dog can eat them. 

Designate a dog-free plant room. For particularly curious or hungry canines, consider keeping houseplants in a no-dogs-allowed room. 

As you continue to add new plants to your family, remember to research them before you bring them into your home. All it takes is a quick search to figure out if you’ve found a good fit. 

The post Are These Plants Toxic to Dogs? A Look at Common Varieties appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although true calcium deficiency isn’t common in dogs—largely thanks to the use of commercial pet foods—there are several disorders that can cause your dog to have a low calcium level. 

Low calcium can be life-threatening, so it’s important to understand the warning signs and know how to prevent and address low calcium in dogs.

What Is Calcium?

Calcium is an essential mineral that all animals need in order to function. The vast majority of the calcium in our bodies is located in our bones and teeth, but calcium plays a role in other areas of the body as well. 

Dogs—like humans—get calcium through their diets. Dietary ingredients like bone meal and whey protein are included in many dog food formulations as a source of calcium and other nutrients. Many commercial dog foods also include supplements such as calcium carbonate to ensure your dog receives the recommended amount of dietary calcium daily. 

If your dog doesn’t get enough calcium, over time the body may begin to leach calcium from the bones to make up for the deficit. 

Why Do Dogs Need Calcium?

Dogs need calcium for all the same processes that humans do. Calcium is an essential building block for bones, and the balance of dietary calcium and phosphorous is especially important for young, growing animals. 

Pregnant and lactating dogs use high amounts of calcium to maintain the growing fetuses and produce enough milk to sustain the litter. 

Calcium also plays a role in the contractions of muscles—everything from the skeletal muscles that allow your dog to run, to the smooth muscles in organs like the intestines, to the cardiac muscle that pumps blood throughout your dog’s body. 

Calcium is also involved in several feedback loops and hormone signaling pathways in the body, which means that abnormal levels of calcium can quickly lead to other problems, too. 

With so many important functions throughout your dog’s body, it’s safe to say that calcium is essential for your dog’s health!

Can Dogs Have a Calcium Deficiency?

It is possible for dogs to develop a calcium deficiency. Dogs can have low calcium due to inadequate dietary intake, loss of calcium in the urine or stool, or an imbalance of calcium mechanisms in the body. 

When the calcium deficiency is mild, many dogs will not have any symptoms. A severely low calcium level can cause tremors, seizures, abnormal heartbeat, stiff gait, restlessness, hypersensitivity, rubbing the face, disorientation, muscle cramping, and increased drinking and urination. 

Calcium deficiency, or hypocalcemia, is diagnosed with a blood test. A calcium level is often included on blood work panels. If your dog’s calcium level is low, your veterinarian may recommend an additional test called an ionized calcium level to further evaluate the amount of free calcium in your dog’s blood, which is the portion of calcium actively available for body functions.

Many different conditions can cause low calcium levels in dogs, including:

• Poor diet
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Sepsis
• Severe trauma
• Eclampsia
• Pancreatitis
• Protein-losing enteropathy
• Kidney failure
• Diabetes mellitus
• Urethral obstruction
• Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity

In order to treat your dog’s calcium deficiency, your veterinarian will first need to determine what caused the low calcium level. Additional diagnostics such as blood work, diagnostic imaging, and urinalysis may be necessary to fully evaluate the problem. 

Common Sources of Calcium for Dogs

Just like humans, dogs get calcium through the foods they consume. Commercial dog foods that meet AAFCO standards are complete and balanced, meaning that they provide appropriate levels of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals to meet the needs of the animal that the product has been labeled for.

Dog foods often include ingredients such as leafy greens, bone meal, and organ meats like liver to provide adequate levels of calcium. Most commercial dog foods also include vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure your dog is receiving an appropriate balance of essential nutrients. 

A healthy dog eating a commercial dog food typically does not need any additional source of calcium. However, problems can arise for dogs that are eating a homemade or raw meat diet that is not complete and balanced. If your dog is not eating a commercial dog food, make sure you consult a board certified veterinary nutritionist to ensure your dog’s diet contains the recommended amount of calcium and other nutrients.

Calcium Supplements for Dogs

Most healthy dogs that are eating a complete and balanced diet do not need a calcium supplement. Too much calcium can also cause problems for your dog, so you should never give your dog a calcium supplement without first consulting your veterinarian. If you are concerned that your dog may have a calcium deficiency, it is important to first see your veterinarian to diagnose the underlying cause.

If your dog has been diagnosed with low calcium, the treatment will focus on supplementing calcium and correcting the underlying cause. If your dog’s calcium level is severely low or life threatening, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalizing your dog to administer an intravenous calcium supplement and fluids. 

Once your dog is stable, you may be given an oral calcium supplement, usually in the form of a tablet, to administer at home. Some dogs may also be prescribed calcitriol, also known as Vitamin D3, which helps them absorb calcium from their digestive tract. 

After your dog has started calcium supplementation, your veterinarian may recommend regular rechecks and monitoring of calcium levels to ensure your dog is taking the appropriate dose. 

Never stop the supplement abruptly or change the dose without first talking to your veterinarian.

The post Calcium for Dogs: Why They Need It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

With the privilege of sharing time with an aging dog comes the special task of caring for these furry angels, helping them live long and live well. Recognizing dog behavior changes that come with age can help you adjust your lifestyle, home, and care routines to give your senior dog the best life possible.

Understanding Aging in Dogs

First, it is important to debunk a very common myth: seven human years do NOT equal one dog year. While dogs do age faster than humans because their metabolism is faster than humans, a 10-year-old dog is not necessarily the equivalent of a 70-year-old human. 

Dogs reach maturity faster, and become the equivalent of a 15- to 20-year-old human by the end of their first year, depending on their size, and then their aging process slows down. Dog cells turn over faster, and their genetic programming causes them to age faster than humans, which is why they don’t last quite as long as we do. 

How fast dogs age is dependent on what size and breed they are. Small breed dogs tend to reach maturity faster and live longer, large and giant breeds take longer to reach maturity (it is just more body to grow) and they do not live as long as small breed dogs.

When it comes to signs of aging, senior dogs age almost exactly the same way humans do. Their joints ache the same way ours do, they develop hip problems, their bones thin out, their muscle mass decreases, their digestive tracts lose efficiency in digestion, they develop hormonal disorders, and they can develop dementia.

Dog Behavior Changes That Come With Aging

Even though dogs age the same way we do, we may not recognize the signs that our dog is getting older, and may need some additional support. Senior dog behavior changes can provide subtle clues that tell us our friend needs help. These are ones to watch for.

Sleeping More and Decreased Energy

One of most common signs of advanced age in dogs is excessive tiredness. This results in your dog sleeping more than average, lagging behind on walks, or losing interest in activities that used to thrill him, like fetch or tug. 

Several medical conditions seen in older pets, including hypothyroidism and heart disease, can cause a dog to be more tired than usual. Osteoarthritis can also put a hitch in your dog’s giddy-up, and cause your dog to slow down and play less just because it hurts too much. 

Weight Loss

As a dog ages, it can be harder for that dog to maintain lean muscle mass. We know that in humans, muscle mass starts declining after age 30, and the same happens in our aging dogs. Dogs can also lose weight due to any number of medical conditions that are commonly seen in older dogs, including cancer, kidney or liver disease, or diabetes.

Sudden Personality Changes

Dogs may get more grouchy as they get older because of a number of reasons. Pain is a very common reason for increased irritation in older dogs—they don’t want to be touched because it just hurts. Dementia can also cause dogs to be more irritable because they are confused about what is going on. Dementia can also cause dog pacing at night, panting and whining, and just strange behavior, like staring or barking at walls. Senior dog anxiety at night is also a common sign reported by dog lovers. 

Trouble Getting Around

Osteoarthritis is very common in older dogs. Approximately 20 percent of dogs over the age of 1 in North America have arthritis, and the incidence is much higher in older and bigger dogs. 

Signs of osteoarthritis in older dogs can include difficulty or reluctance to climb stairs or jump into the car, lagging behind on walks, decreased interest in play, sleeping more, difficulty getting up, and difficulty sleeping. 

Loss of Potty Training

Urinating or defecating in the house in a previously house trained dog could be one of the dog behavior changes that signifies aging. Just like humans, dogs can lose tone in the muscles that control urination and defecation as they age. Or they can be confused from dementia and not know they are going potty in the house. 

A medical condition like Cushing’s disease or kidney disease can also cause dogs to have to go more often, leading to household accidents. If you notice this problem, talk to your vet about solutions. 

How to Help Your Dog Age Better

There are many ways to help your dog age better and potentially even avoid disease! Here are some easy-to-follow tips for helping your dog feel better during his or her golden years:

Maintain a Healthy Diet

One of the most important things you can do is make sure your dog is supported with high quality nutrition. If you feed your dog the right amount of good food, keep your dog at an ideal body weight (not sure, ask your vet!), then you will prevent many diseases (and save a bunch of money on vet bills)

High-quality commercial dog food is designed to provide your dog all the nutrients they need. However, older dogs may have different nutritional requirements due to normal aging or specific health conditions. Furthermore, older dogs may have decreased digestive capabilities, meaning they may not be absorbing everything they need from their food.

Ask your veterinarian for guidance about when you should switch to a diet formulated for senior dogs and what kind. Depending on your dog’s unique health needs, your vet may recommend a prescription diet formulated exclusively for aging dogs.

Or, they may prescribe a diet that’s tailored to address common health issues many senior dogs face, such as kidney failure, joint pain, cognitive changes, dental disease, and more.

Explore Joint Supplements

If your dog is slowing down or showing signs of joint pain, using a veterinarian-formulated joint supplement can help slow down joint disease and reduce inflammation. Make sure to discuss the best options for your dog and lifestyle by speaking to your veterinarian.  

Keep Your Dog Busy

Keep your dog active, both mentally and physically. Play with and exercise your dog every day. Give your dog food puzzles to solve, and train your dog in new behaviors. This will benefit your dog’s cardiovascular disease, hormones, musculoskeletal system, cognition, general happiness, and more.

Consider An Orthopedic Bed

Older dogs often have achy joints and bodies that need extra rest. Furthermore, they may not be sleeping as well because they are sore. Providing your dog with a high quality orthopedic dog bed has been shown to improve the lives of older pets and support your dog’s overall health and wellness. 

However, for dogs facing severe joint pain, a comfy bed may not be enough. Ask your veterinarian if your aging dog would benefit from a medication to help ease the pain and inflammation of osteoarthritis (OA).

Physical Therapy

Physical rehabilitation exercises can help improve your senior dog’s mobility and reduce pain. While pain control masks pain, physical rehabilitation can help reduce pain and reduce your dog’s reliance on pain medication. Physical rehabilitation facilities are available in more cities and towns every year. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation.

While aging is a foregone conclusion, decreased vitality and wellness in you or your dog’s advanced years is not. With proper attention and care and a little advanced planning, your grey muzzle can live well into their golden years and beyond.

The post 5 Dog Behavior Changes to Watch for in Aging Pets appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what exactly is taurine, and why is it such a big deal for cats?

We’re going to help you understand what you need to know about taurine so that you can keep your cat in optimal health.

What is Taurine?

Taurine is an amino acid, the building block of proteins. It is found only in animal-based proteins. 

For cats, taurine earns the additional classification of an essential amino acid. Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body. Cats cannot produce taurine, making it an essential amino acid for them.

It was first classified as an essential amino acid for cats in the 1980s. Since that time, all commercial cat foods have been supplemented with taurine.

Is Taurine Good for Cats?

Absolutely! Taurine plays a vital role in many body functions including:

• Vision
• Digestion
• Fetal development
• Healthy pregnancy
• Heart muscle function
• Immune system functioning

Common Sources of Taurine for Cats

Taurine is found only in animal-based proteins. Sources of taurine include chicken and beef. All regular commercial cat foods are supplemented with taurine. 

The amount of taurine in cat food varies between wet and dry foods. The processing required to manufacture canned cat food decreases the amount of taurine in the food. Therefore, the amount of taurine is higher in wet cat food than in dry food to account for what’s lost during heat processing.

Cats’ bodies metabolize taurine quickly, so cats need to have taurine in their diet every day. 

Taurine Deficiency in Cats

Given taurine’s many functions in a cat’s body, a taurine deficiency in cats has significant health consequences. 

First, though, let’s discuss why cats develop taurine deficiencies. 

Diet is the main reason. Cats that eat homemade diets without enough animal-based proteins are at high risk of a taurine deficiency. Also, cats that prefer dog food can become taurine-deficient because most commercially available dog food does not contain enough taurine.

Underlying illness is another reason for taurine deficiencies in cats.

Signs of taurine deficiency develop very slowly, taking anywhere from several months to several years to become apparent.

Now that you know why cats get taurine deficiencies, let’s explain what this deficiency can cause in a cat’s body:

Feline central retinal degeneration: Taurine helps maintain the health of the retina. With a taurine deficiency, the cells within the retina, called photoreceptors, start to degrade. This degradation is irreversible and leads to blindness.

Dilated cardiomyopathy: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) occurs when the heart muscles become large and flaccid, making the heart unable to pump blood adequately. A taurine deficiency weakens the heart muscles, leading to DCM. Left unmanaged, DCM eventually leads to congestive heart failure.

Signs of heart disease include weakness and reduced appetite.

Digestive problems: Taurine is found in bile salts, which are produced in the liver and help with a cat’s digestion. A taurine deficiency leads to digestive problems.

Pregnancy and fetal development complications: Taurine is necessary for a healthy pregnancy in cats. Mama cats with a taurine deficiency won’t be able to provide enough nutrition to their unborn kittens. After birth, kittens born to mothers with a taurine deficiency have poor and delayed growth and low birth weights. Also, taurine-deficient mama cats tend to have small litters. 

Diagnosing a Taurine Deficiency

Taurine deficiencies in cats are not always readily noticeable. If your cat has any of the health complications listed above, take your cat to your veterinarian for a diagnostic workup.

Diagnosing a taurine deficiency is a thorough process.

Your vet will ask you detailed questions about your cat’s history, especially their diet. Expect questions like these listed below:

• Do you feed your cat commercial cat food?
• Does your cat eat a homemade diet? If so, what’s in the diet?
• Does your cat eat dog food?
• What symptoms have you observed, and when did you first notice them?
• Is your cat bumping into furniture, as if they’re having trouble seeing?

The physical exam will be a comprehensive observation of all of your cat’s body systems, especially the heart and eyes. For the heart exam, your vet will listen closely to your cat’s heartbeat and rhythm. Additional heart testing, such as chest X-rays and an electrocardiogram, will provide more information about your cat’s heart function.

For the eye exam, your vet will look closely at your cat’s retina, located in the back of the eye. They will look for any signs of retinal damage.

Beyond the physical exam, your vet will take a few blood samples to perform routine blood work and test specifically for taurine levels.

If your cat has a taurine deficiency, your vet will prescribe taurine supplementation, which could be lifelong. 

Taurine Supplements for Cats

The only way to correct a taurine deficiency in cats is through supplementation. Taurine supplements come in various formulations. There’s powdered taurine, as well as taurine capsules, tablets, and gels.

Taurine supplements are available over the counter. However, they are not regulated by the FDA, and thus do not have the requirement to undergo rigorous testing for safety and effectiveness. 

If evaluating the products yourself seems daunting, ask your veterinarian for recommendations. For whichever product you select, your veterinarian can instruct you on how much to give your cat.

Here are a few more things to consider about supplementation for cats:

• Retinal damage from a taurine deficiency is irreversible. Supplementation may slow or stop the vision loss but cannot reverse it.

• Taurine deficiency-related heart damage is also irreversible. Supplementation may help to slow the progression of heart muscle dysfunction.

• Other than retinal and heart damage, taurine supplementation may reverse the symptoms of deficiency if the deficiency is caught early enough.

The Importance of Taurine in Aging Cats

Sufficient dietary taurine from meat sources is as important to senior cats as it is to younger felines. Taurine helps optimize ocular, cardiac, and gastrointestinal health in cats of all ages and is especially important to geriatric cats who may be beginning to experience health issue with these body systems.

Taurine also assists with regulating blood sugar. Its antioxidant properties also theoretically help support your older cat from the effects of aging by assisting to preserve vision and overall multi-organ health, including that of the heart, liver, and kidneys, which may begin to decline in older cats. Taurine also helps support a healthy immune system, assisting your geriatric cat with warding off infections. Furthermore, taurine helps support a healthy coat and teeth and can help perk up your older cat’s energy level.

Consuming a well-balanced commercial cat food formulated for your cat’s life stage will provide sufficient taurine to enhance your aging kitty’s overall health.

The post Taurine for Cats: Why It’s Important appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“There are many amazing old dogs waiting in shelters right now for someone to bring them home, and nobody is more grateful or loving than an old dog who knows he’s gotten a second chance,” says Lisa Lunghofer, executive director of the Grey Muzzle Organization, a nonprofit that provides funds and resources to support the welfare of older dogs in senior dog rescues, sanctuaries, and shelters. 

Want to add an old boy or girl to your family? Learn everything you need to know about senior dog adoption, plus how to prep your home for an older dog. 

Reasons to Adopt a Senior Dog 

Sure, puppies are fun-loving and playful. But senior dogs are often housetrained, well past the chew-everything stage, more laid-back, and easier to live with, says Lunghofer. If you’re an old soul, enjoy hanging out at home, or prefer leisurely walks over runs, a senior dog could make a great match for your lifestyle. 

Another pro you might have yet to consider? Many shelters offer reduced adoption fees for senior citizens or anyone up for taking home an older dog.  

Finally, there’s the undeniable feel-good factor of rescuing a senior dog and helping them to make the most of their golden years. 

Adopting a Senior Dog: Things to Consider

No matter how much you want to take an old boy home with you, it’s important not to take senior dog adoption lightly. Older dogs often need extra TLC, and they’re best off with well-prepared pet parents. 

Here are some helpful questions to ask yourself before you send in an application for an older dog:

Am I prepared for twice-yearly veterinary appointments and potential health issues? On top of regular exams and vaccinations, some senior dogs may have medical issues like dental disease or trouble controlling their bladder. Make sure to ask for information on blood test results, previous treatments, and health needs before adopting, suggests Lunghofer.

Could I provide all of the necessary accommodations for a senior dog? Older dogs may need special food, medication, supplements to ease joint pain, and senior-friendly adjustments to your home, says Dr. Judy Morgan, a holistic veterinarian. 

Can I handle a potential cancer diagnosis? Sadly, nearly half of all dogs over the age of 10 will develop cancer [1]. While this is no fun to think about, it’s important to be up for handling this possibility emotionally and financially.  

Preparing Your Home for a Senior Dog

Before you bring an older dog home, you’ll want to make your space as safe (read: accident-proof) as possible. 

Here’s what to do:

• Use gates. Set up gates to block off no-go zones like steep stairs or the kitchen.
• Update stair safety. Apply grip strips or lay down rugs to make stairs and slippery floors safer.  
• Secure medication. Choose a secure place to store medication, supplements, and dog food (and consider dog-proofing cabinets if you have a food-obsessed breed like a Labrador!). 
• Adjust your dog’s environment. Move objects a dog with poor eyesight or coordination could run into or trip over (like dumbbells, tables with sharp corners, and vases).
• Use pee pads if needed. Designate spots in each room for pads if the dog struggles with incontinence.
• Create comfort. If possible, create many comfy resting spots throughout your home with orthopedic dog beds and warm blankets.

Senior Dog Adoption Checklist 

Finally, make sure you have all of the veterinarian-approved supplies, tools, and treats you’ll need to make your senior dog feel loved. These tools may not all be needed immediately upon adoption but are good preparation for any house with aging dogs or those with limited mobility.

Dr. Morgan recommends all of the below: 

A Comfortable Dog Bed

An orthopedic dog bed (or a few!) with memory foam to cushion sore joints and reduce pain and discomfort from arthritis or other health conditions. Pro tip: Look for dog beds with a zip-off cover for easy cleaning. 

No-Slip Socks or Booties

Slip-resistant dog socks or booties help prevent falls on slippery floors.  

Ramps or Dog Stairs

Sturdy, no-shake ramps or stairs for couches and beds can prevent wipeouts and injuries when hoping and jumping from furniture. 

A Lifting Harness

Especially if you have a larger dog, consider purchasing a lifting aid like a harness to help your dog in and out of the car or up and down stairs. 

Joint Supplements

Since arthritis is a common condition in older dogs, joint supplements that contain omega-3 fatty acids or glucosamine and chondroitin can help ease inflammation and cut down on joint pain. 

The Right Dog Food

Talk to your veterinarian about senior lifestage dog food for your dog’s age and health status (consider soft food over kibble for dogs who have lost teeth or have sore gums). 

Adopting a senior dog can take some extra planning but the unconditional love you will receive in return is more than worth it.

The post Senior Dog Adoption Checklist appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Similarly, the right dosage of MSM in dog supplements can help canines with relieving hip and joint pain and increase immunity. 

Keep reading to learn about this nutritional supplement and ways it can help your furry friend.

What is MSM for Dogs?

“MSM is an organic form of sulfur popular for helping to relieve pain and discomfort in dogs with a variety of hip, bone and joint disorders often associated with pet arthritis,” says Dr. Carol Osborne of the Chagrin Falls Veterinary Center & Pet Clinic. 

Glucosamine is another supplement commonly used for reducing joint pain in dogs. When glucosamine supplements are combined with MSM, they can help reduce stiffness and make movement a bit easier for your dog. 

Is MSM Safe for Dogs?

“MSM can be safe and effective when given in the correct amounts for the appropriate condition(s) in dogs,” says Osborne. However, for pets being fed raw, organic diets, Osborne states that they “receive MSM naturally through their nutrition.” 

MSM-rich foods and vegetables include leafy green vegetables, alfalfa sprouts, asparagus, tomatoes, and beetroot. 

There is a difference between human grade and canine MSM versions. Osborne suggests that for humans, “they are generally available in more concentrated, pure forms versus animal grade versions for which the source, purity and safety can vary widely”. 

Osbourne explains that many animal grade MSM supplements are contaminated with heavy metals. This is reason enough to get supplements from a reputable company that have their products tested by an independent third party, which ensures that your pet is getting quality joint supplements. 

Benefits of MSM for Dogs

MSM can benefit dogs in a number of ways. It can help reduce muscle damage as well as general pain and stiffness related to aging. MSM is also known to inhabit inflammatory responses in the body, thereby reducing any stress on the immune system. MSM also increases levels of glutathione, an antioxidant that boosts the immune system. 

According to Osborne, MSM has the following benefits for your dog:  

• Reduces bone, hip and joint inflammation. 
• Boosts the immune system.
• Relieves muscle and joint pain.  

How to Give MSM to Dogs

MSM can be introduced into your dog’s system in different ways. It is most often included in dog joint supplements. Supplements containing MSM come in the form of dog treats or chews, supplement bars, and as powder. 

“MSM is often combined with other nutrients such as glucosamine, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, for example in pet arthritis supplements available over the counter,” says Osborne. “It may be tableted and/or in a powder form and added to food.”

Your veterinarian can advise you on the appropriate MSM dosage for dogs. 

MSM Side Effects for Dogs

Consult with your veterinarian before giving any supplements to your dog. “Adverse reactions are possible with most nutrients including MSM,” warns Osborne. 

Some of these reactions include upset stomach, nausea and diarrhea.  

MSM for Dog Joint Health

Supplementing your pet’s diet with a nutritional treat containing MSM can improve joint health and help him live a longer, happier and stress-free life.  

The post MSM for Dogs: What Exactly Is It? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

And our dogs can experience this same symptom for a variety of reasons, but dog constipation is actually quite rare (it is much more common in cats). 

To learn more about the causes of constipation in dogs, its symptoms, and what to do if your pup is having trouble defecating, just keep on reading. 

What is Dog Constipation?

Constipation is when dogs have difficulty defecating or are not defecating enough. If left untreated, it can become very uncomfortable and even require veterinary intervention 

But many pet parents often confuse a dog who is straining to defecate with a dog who is constipated. More often, the dog is straining associated with diarrhea. Dogs with diarrhea can still feel the urge to defecate but there is nothing left to poop out. 

Because of this confusion, it’s a good idea to consult your veterinarian before trying home remedies for suspected dog constipation.

Why Won’t My Dog Poop?

Before you get worried about your dog not defecating, consider environmental reasons he won’t go. Sometimes dogs won’t defecate because they are stressed or in an unfamiliar situation. Once they are more comfortable, this may resolve without issue. 

Weather also plays a factor and dogs may not want to poop in the rain or walk through the wet grass to eliminate.

Another reason a dog may not defecate that is not related to constipation is that he isn’t eating. If no food is going in, there is nothing to stimulate the intestines to push out the remnants of whatever he last ate. Once your dog starts to eat again, his bowel movements will return to normal. However, if your dog shows no interest in eating for more than 24 hours, you should consult your veterinarian.

Signs of Constipation in Dogs

Dog constipation can easily be confused with diarrhea or a urinary tract infection because they can all lead to straining and discomfort. This is why it is important to have a complete exam by a veterinarian before starting any at home remedies for your dog. 

True signs of constipation in dogs may include:

• Posturing to defecate with nothing coming out
• Frequent posturing to defecate
• Crying out when posturing to defecate
• Hunched back
• Painful abdomen
• Not wanting to eat

If your dog has gone more than two days without defecating, he is likely constipated. 

What Causes Dog Constipation?

Constipation can be caused by several different factors including dehydration, obstructed bowels, nerve damage, and even arthritis. Though this last cause sounds strange, dogs with painful backs, hips, or knees may not want to posture to defecate which can lead to constipation.

Dehydration is the most likely cause of a dog’s constipation. An important job of the large intestines (the colon) is to absorb water from stool before it leaves the body. If your dog is not drinking enough water or has lost water through activity, the stool can get very hard. Hard, dry stool is difficult and even painful to pass. Encouraging a dog to drink water can help mild cases but severe cases require veterinary attention. 

Dogs aren’t particular about what they eat and often ingest pieces of toys, food wrappers, and whatever they find in the yard. These things can get stuck in the intestines, causing an obstruction. An obstruction means that nothing can pass and obstructions can cause all of the intestines to stop their normal motion that stimulates defecation. Intestinal obstructions often cause foul-smelling diarrhea, vomiting, lack of appetite, and a very sick dog. Obstructions are a medical emergency and require immediate veterinary care.  

Rarely, a dog will develop nerve damage and be unable to feel the urge to defecate or be unable to push feces out. This results in severe constipation and requires close monitoring by a veterinarian. More typically, nerve damage to the back causes fecal incontinence (involuntary expulsion of feces) as it prevents the anus from constricting and keeping feces inside the body. 

Diagnosing Constipation in Dogs

Sometimes constipation can be diagnosed with only a thorough physical examination but often X-rays are required to assess the extent of the problem. X-rays allow your veterinarian to see how much stool is backing up in the colon. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend bloodwork to better understand the cause of the constipation. Bloodwork will assess organ function including the kidney and liver, both important in digestion, and also quantify how dehydrated your dog is. 

How to Help a Constipated Dog

Mild to moderate cases of constipation can be treated at the veterinary clinic by administering subcutaneous fluids (fluids under the skin) and recommending a change in diet until the constipation resolves. Diets recommended for constipation can either have high or low levels of fiber depending on the cause of constipation and any underlying diseases your dog has. This is usually inexpensive, ranging from $100 to $500.

Moderate to severe cases of constipation will require more extensive care including enemas and even deobstipation (the manual removal of feces under anesthesia). Dogs who experience this level of constipation are likely to need a specific diet for the rest of their lives to prevent recurrence. Cost for this level of care is in the $500-$1,000 range.

Constipation due to intestinal obstruction requires surgery and can cost between $1,500 and $5,000. A veterinarian must surgically remove the object and any intestines damaged by the object. Recovery from surgery can take several days to weeks. 

Your veterinarian also has several types of medications available to treat chronic or occasional diarrhea or may recommend over-the-counter products. If your dog is constipated due to joint pain, talk to your veterinarian about the right pain medications and supplements to help your dog be more comfortable.

At Home Treatments for Dog Constipation

If your dog is experiencing a mild case of constipation and you are sure it is neither diarrhea nor due to a possible intestinal obstruction, there are several ways to relieve dog constipation at home including:

Encouraging your dog to drink. The first at-home remedy for dog constipation is to encourage canine water consumption. Some dogs drink more if there are ice cubes in their water while others will drink a whole bowl of water if a couple of drops of low-salt chicken broth are added. 

Give your dog high fiber foods. High fiber foods help keep stool soft and can make it easier for your dog to defecate. Plain, canned pumpkin is often recommended as a meal topper since it is mostly fiber and water but is sweet enough that your dog will readily eat it. However, too much pumpkin can actually cause diarrhea, so limit the serving to a couple teaspoons.

Make your dog move. Regular exercise may be all that is needed for constipation relief. Easy to moderate exercise helps the intestines do their job and can stimulate your dog to poop. A long walk around the block 2-3 times a day can help avoid constipation in dogs.

Never use a stimulant laxative for your dog. Adding oil to your dog’s diet can cause severe diarrhea and is not recommended without consulting your veterinarian. Milk is also not a safe home remedy for dog constipation as it causes severe stomach upset along with diarrhea. 

Preventing Constipation in Dogs

Making sure your dog drinks plenty of water, eats appropriate dog food, and gets regular exercise can prevent most cases of constipation. If your dog is prone to eating whatever he finds, make sure anything he can swallow is picked up and lids are securely fastened to the garbage.

If you’re concerned about your dog’s gut health, ask your veterinarian about probiotics or other supplements that may aid or prevent constipation in your canine companion. 

The post Dog Constipation: Causes and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Most affected dogs are born with the disease, and since it can be genetic, certain breeds are prone to hip dysplasia. There is no way for pet parents to prevent the condition. However, there are many steps you can take to reduce its impact on your dog’s health, comfort, and longevity.  

Hip Dysplasia: What Exactly Is It?

The hip is a ball and socket joint. The ball that makes the top of a dog’s femur bone sits within a cup formed by part of the pelvis bone to create the hip joint. In some dogs, due to abnormal bone development or trauma, the joint does not fit together properly. This is known as hip dysplasia. 

The cup may not be shaped right or the ball of the femur may not sit within it. Damage to the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis, and eventually pain on movement can result. Despite a common misconception, dogs are usually born with hip dysplasia. What develops over time is pain from the osteoarthritis caused by a poorly fitted hip joint. 

Severe injury—such as being hit by a car—can also damage the hip joint and cause hip dysplasia. 

The severity of the joint abnormality does not always correlate with severity of pain. For some dogs the pain and mobility issues from hip dysplasia take many years to appear, while other affected dogs may show signs even before they are fully grown.       

Dog Breeds Prone to Hip Dysplasia

A variety of dog breeds are at high risk of having hip dysplasia. Hip dysplasia is heritable, meaning there is a genetic basis in both likelihood and severity of the disease. Because of this, many breed clubs recommend or require X-ray evaluation of a dog’s hips before breeding. The goal is that by selectively breeding the dogs with good hips, we can reduce the risk of this painful disease in dogs. 

Until we reach that goal, some dog breeds will continue to be more prone to hip dysplasia. Here are the dog breeds that most often develop this disease. 

German Shepherds

German Shepherd dogs have a high prevalence of hip dysplasia as well as a genetic problem with the nerves leading to their hindlimbs (degenerative myelopathy). This combination of hip problems is even more reason to keep your German Shepherd lean and well muscled to reduce the impact of these terrible conditions. 

Corgis 

Corgis (Cardigan and Pembroke Welsh) are a chondrodysplastic breed, meaning that they have an abnormal body shape (long body and short legs). This body shape puts extra strain on all of the weight-bearing joints so that even mild hip dysplasia can lead to severe osteoarthritis and difficulty with normal daily activities. 

Labrador and Golden Retrievers

Both Labrador and Golden Retrievers have strong genetic risks for hip dysplasia and are prone to weight gain. Studies show that being overweight worsens hip dysplasia symptoms including pain, reluctance to exercise, and difficulty getting up. In fact, a study of Labradors often cited by veterinarians found that “lean labs live longer” by almost two years! This difference was largely due to life-threatening mobility loss in the higher weight group.

English and French Bulldogs

Brachycephalic, or short-faced, dogs (like English Bulldogs and French Bulldogs) often have poorly fitting joints including the elbow, knee, and hip. Hip dysplasia may show up early in life with limping or may switch from side to side as the dog grows or one side hurts more than the other. 

Giant Breed Dogs

Giant dogs have special needs during their growth and development stages in order to have healthy, strong bones and joints. Though known for being lazy as they age, large breed puppies need the right kinds of exercise at the right time and the right nutritional balance during growth. Many giant breeds—such as Great Danes, Saint Bernards, Bernese Mountain Dogs, and Mastiffs have a higher prevalence of hip dysplasia and joint issues.         

Can You Prevent Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

Hip dysplasia is not preventable. Affected dogs are born with poorly structured hips. Therefore, if you choose to purchase a puppy, you can reduce the risk to your dog by only buying puppies from breeding lines who have passed their joint tests. High risk breeds should have both the male and female dog tested for hip conformation before breeding. Reputable breeders will be happy to share this information with you. 

Rarely, an injury to the hip will cause damage to the joint and cause hip dysplasia. Typically, these kinds of injuries are accidents and though pet parents do everything to keep their pets safe, accidents happen. 

Tips for Protecting Your Dog’s Hips and Joints

While you cannot fully prevent hip dysplasia, you can take steps to promote joint health in dogs. Follow these guidelines and tips:

Keep your dog at a healthy weight. The best thing you can do to protect your dog’s hips and joints is to keep your dog lean and well muscled. This means making sure he gets plenty of exercise and maintaining a healthy weight by feeding a balanced diet. Choose exercises that are appropriate for your dog’s body type and age to reduce the risk of injury. Low impact exercise such as leash walking and swimming are excellent options for most dogs. 

Try incorporating hip and joint supplements. Even before the first sign of slowing down, talk to your veterinarian about hip and joint supplements that may help your dog. In most cases, once joint damage starts it can be slowed but not reversed. When used early, joint supplements—such as fish oils or supplements with glucosamine and chondroitin—can reduce inflammation and be helpful in slowing joint damage and reducing pain. 

The key is that quality counts. Supplements are not well regulated, so it is important that you do your research and choose a brand that you trust. Ask your veterinarian for recommendations or look for products formulated by a veterinarian. 

Consider physical therapy for your dog. Physical therapy is becoming more widely available for dogs and can really help maintain your dog’s activity and comfort. It comes in many forms, depending on your dog’s specific needs. The goal is to help your dog be mobile and comfortable for his whole life. Physical therapy sessions generally cost between $25 and $100 per session depending on your location and your dog’s needs.

Talk to your veterinarian about pain management. While pain management is an important part of keeping a dog with hip dysplasia comfortable, it is not a treatment. When used to allow your dog to exercise and maintain healthy muscles it is very useful but it is not an alternative to any of the other tools discussed here. Pain management is an important part of managing your pet’s overall quality of life. While it does not treat or improve joint health, an antiinflammatory medication can help with joint inflammation and in turn provide pain relief. The relief is only temporary and is not a long-lasting treatment option, but does help with inflammation and discomfort.

In severe cases, ask if surgery is an option. Surgical repair of abnormal and painful hips in dogs is only available in the most severe cases. Some dogs may benefit from a femoral head osteotomy where the bony junction of the joint is eliminated leaving only the muscles, tendons, and ligaments to act as the joint. This is more likely to be an option for small and medium-sized dogs. 

Artificial hip replacement, similar to what is available in human medicine, is very expensive ($7,000 or more per hip) and typically only performed at large specialty centers and veterinary school hospitals. For more information, or to look at your dog’s breed risk for hip dysplasia and other joint problems, check out the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). This organization evaluates X-rays of joints and categorizes them based on their health. They also keep a large database about risks in almost every breed of dog found in the United States.

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It is a painful condition that can cause paralysis. Luckily, if addressed quickly most dogs respond well to treatment for IVDD. 

What is IVDD?          

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs is a condition where damage to the soft cushioning between bones of the spine causes compression of the nerves in the spinal cord. 

IVDD is commonly referred to as a slipped disc or herniated disc because the disc material moves out of its normal location and presses on the spinal cord, leading to pain and nerve damage. It is the most common cause of paralysis in dogs and can occur anywhere along the spine. The most common location is the region where the ribs end.

Types of IVDD in Dogs

There are two types of IVDD in dogs: type I and type II. 

Type I IVDD has a sudden onset and most commonly affects young, small-breed dogs such as Dachshunds. In Type I IVDD, the cushioning disc becomes mineralized and rapidly herniates against the spinal cord causing sudden pain or loss of function. This may happen when an at-risk dog jumps off a couch or takes a sharp turn while running after a ball. Though the onset of IVDD is usually associated with a specific injury, the disease actually starts long before that event. Slow hardening or degeneration of the disc makes it vulnerable to damage from activities that would otherwise be considered normal. 

Type II IVDD has a slower more chronic symptom progression and affects older, large-breed dogs such as German Shepherds.

What Causes IVDD in Dogs?

The spine is made of many small bones (vertebrae) that fit together with disks of cushioning material at the joint between them. The discs allow for gentle movement of the spine. The spinal cord, the bundle of nerves that connects the brain to the rest of the body, travels through a cavity in the middle of the vertebrae where it is protected from most types of injury. 

Where the spinal cord travels between vertebrae, it lays very near the intervertebral discs. When injury to the disc causes the disc to slip, bulge, herniate, or swell upwards towards the spinal cord it causes the symptoms of IVDD. 

Risk Factors for Dogs Developing Intervertebral Disc Disease

IVDD is more common in certain dog breeds and mixes. These especially include the chondrodystrophic breeds: those dogs with abnormal body shapes such as very long backs and short legs. This is because the intervertebral disc degenerates at a faster rate than in standard shaped breeds.

Breeds more at risk of developing IVDD include:

• Dachshunds
• Corgis
• Basset Hounds
• American Cocker Spaniels

In fact, in these breeds degeneration of the disc starts before they are even fully grown. There are genetic risk factors associated with a higher likelihood of developing IVDD and genetic testing is available for some breeds.

Lifestyle also plays a role in intervertebral disc disease. An overweight dog is at higher risk due to the extra strain put on the spine. Compounding the problem, if an overweight dog does become injured it is harder for him to heal. Since the muscles around the spine offer additional support to bones and discs, dogs who live very sedentary lifestyles are more likely to suffer from IVDD. 

Symptoms of IVDD in Dogs

Symptoms of intervertebral disc disease in dogs range from very subtle to complete loss of function in their limbs (paralysis). There are different levels of treatment depending on the severity of symptoms. 

Pain is a common symptom of IVDD. You may be able to pinpoint the location of pain but more often pet parents notice that their dog does not want to be touched or carried, or refuses to climb stairs and furniture. Symptoms may vary depending on the location of the slipped disc.

IVDD in dogs is categorized into five stages, ranging from mild to severe:

• Stage 1 – The least severe, dogs can still walk although they may be painful and be reluctant to posture to urinate or defecate. 
• Stage 2 – Involves weakness of the limbs  and dogs may walk or stand abnormally. 
• Stage 3 – When dogs cannot walk on their own. At this severity of injury dogs may be able to move their legs when supported. 
• Stage 4 – Dogs cannot move their legs, but they still have feelings in their toes.
• Stage 5 – Dogs cannot move their legs and do not have feeling in their toes. 

IVDD can be progressive, meaning it may worsen with time, especially if left untreated. Importantly, even with treatment it can recur as different discs along a dog’s spine degrade. 

Other symptoms of IVDD in dogs include:

• Abnormal walking or standing position
• Weakness
• Reluctance to do normal activities
• Limp tail
• Unable to stand or walk
• Loss of urinary or fecal control

Diagnosing IVDD in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has a spinal injury of any kind, see a veterinarian immediately. Disc disease is just one cause of back pain and problems in dogs but all of them are time-sensitive and require an emergency visit to the veterinarian. The longer you wait after your dog is injured the less likely he is to make a full recovery. 

The first thing your veterinarian will do is a full physical and neurologic exam. This includes assessing overall health, mental function, and heart function as different types of injury and disease can look similar. Your veterinarian will perform a neurologic exam to localize the spinal injury and assess the severity. This includes feeling along the spine and testing reflexes in the limbs. If your dog is in pain, your veterinarian may give a strong pain control medication after these diagnostic steps. 

Next, X-rays are required to both rule out other causes of spinal problems and determine the exact location of the slipped disc. Most specialty centers and some regular veterinary offices may use CT scans (three-dimensional X-rays) to better assess details of your dog’s spinal injury, especially if surgery is recommended. 

IVDD Treatment for Dogs

There are two types of treatment available, and the best one for your dog depends on the IVDD stage. The more mild stages are most often treated with medical therapy while stages 4 and 5 are treated surgically. All treatment also includes exercise plans and weight management.

Both medical therapy and surgery require follow-through with physical therapy. This improves muscle use and can help your dog learn to walk properly again while reducing the likelihood of another disc herniation.

Medical Therapy for Dogs With IVDD

Medical therapy involves pain management, anti-inflammatory medication, and strict rest in a small enclosure for 4-6 weeks. Medications may include sedatives like trazodone and gabapentin for dogs and a variety of NSAIDs.

Caring for a dog with IVDD can be very labor intensive as you may need to carry them out to the bathroom or change bedding frequently. Your veterinarian will need to see your dog frequently to update the medical and recovery plan. It may take two months or more before you start to see improvement. 

Medical IVDD treatment can cost $500-$1,000 for 3-6 months of visits and medication. Though medical therapy restores full function for many dogs, there is no guarantee that it will improve your dog’s symptoms.

IVDD Surgery for Dogs

Surgery is the recommended treatment for dogs with IVDD who cannot walk or who get worse while on medical therapy. Surgery for IVDD is aimed at decompression of the spinal cord. Bone is removed from the area of injury and the herniated disc material is scooped out. The surgeon may also remove disc material from neighboring locations to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. 

Surgical recovery requires pain management, strict rest, and adherence to the 6-8 week recovery plan. 

IVDD surgery for dogs generally costs between $4,000-$7,000 and is most successful if performed within 24 hours of the injury. 

Caring for a Dog with IVDD

Dogs with recent IVDD should be strictly rested and only allowed to slowly return to activity under the supervision of a veterinarian. This is because activity too soon can worsen the spinal injury. 

To make a dog with a slipped disc comfortable, provide a confined area with plenty of padding (bedding, pillows, orthopedic mattresses) in an area where he can still feel like he is part of the family. Interact with the dog on the floor and make sure he knows he isn’t being punished by being confined. Make sure he drinks plenty of water and follow your veterinarian’s advice on feeding for weight management. 

As your dog heals, controlled exercise is important. This may include leashed walks and the exercises recommended by your dog’s physical therapy specialist. Dogs who have a history of IVDD should not be allowed to jump on and off furniture or in and out of cars. 

Not all dogs will regain the ability to walk on their own and some may need assistance. Luckily, in recent years dog slings and wheelchairs have become more available and more reasonably priced. Dogs may take time to get used to the wheelchair but most adapt well and can go on to live a full and happy life. 

It’s important to give your dog time and go slow. Unfortunately, some dogs do not respond to treatment or do not adapt to their changed abilities. 

How to Prevent IVDD in Dogs

There is no way to fully prevent IVDD. You can reduce your dog’s individual risk with a consistent exercise regimen and weight management. 

Dogs with a history of any IVDD should not be allowed to jump or engage in highly acrobatic activities like frisbee or agility. Consider low-impact, high-effort activities such as swimming instead. 

Related Conditions

• Discospondylosis
• Discospondylitis
• Fibrocartilagenous embolism
• Degenerative myelopathy
• Osteoarthritis

The post Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Scorpions are arachnids, with wide, flat bodies, large pincers, and a segmented, curled tail with a venomous stinger. 

Most people associate scorpions with the desert. And while most species are desert dwelling, scorpions can be found in 29 of the 50 US states including the southern unstriped scorpion which makes its home in the humid Southeast (1). Thankfully the most deadly scorpion, the deathstalker, is not found on the American continents, preferring the dry climate of North Africa and the Middle East. 

So whether you live in a state with scorpions or are planning on visiting one with your dog, here’s what you need to know about scorpion stings and how to keep your canine companion safe. 

Scorpion Stings and Dogs: Should You Worry?

The short answer is, it depends. There are several factors that determine your dog’s risk of encountering a scorpion. 

The first thing that determines whether your dog is at risk of a sting is your geographic location and where you live. Since scorpions are most common in the desert, dogs in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California are more likely to meet a scorpion. There isn’t good data on the number of dogs who are stung by scorpions each year. But if we take human exposure as our starting point, we can probably estimate a dog’s general risk as being highest in those states (2). 

Your dog’s habits also contribute to his risk. Dogs who dig and those who tend to be too curious for their own good may put their nose or paw within striking distance of a scorpion’s stinger. While scorpions can and do get into the house, most remain outside, so dogs who have outdoor access when it’s dark are at higher risk. Camping may also bring your dog closer to scorpions than you’d like. 

The good news is that scorpion stings on dogs are rare. But, unless you see the scorpion sting your dog, you are unlikely to know that it was a scorpion and not a wasp or other insect. 

Scorpions that are Dangerous to Dogs

Though all scorpions produce venom, most do not pose a threat to bigger dogs. This is because the venom is mild or released in too small of a quantity to cause serious consequences. 

Small dogs and puppies are at greater risk due to their small size. In general, a dog is more likely to get sick from an allergic reaction to the venom than the venom itself. 

The exception is the Arizona bark scorpion which has a venom powerful enough to be deadly.

The Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) can be found from southeastern California, throughout Arizona, to western New Mexico as well as south of the border. They are light brown and about 3 inches in length. Though the venom from this scorpion’s sting can kill a dog, there are very few reported cases of fatality when dogs have emergency access to veterinary care.

Scorpion Sting Symptoms on Dogs

The most common symptom of a scorpion sting in a dog is localized pain. This might be a dog licking or chewing at an injured area. 

Most of the time, however, you will not know why your dog is favoring one leg or pawing at his face. The limbs and paws are the most common sites for stings but they can occur anywhere. If you find a small swollen area, it could be from a scorpion sting or a bee sting or even an ant bite and may need closer examination. 

Symptoms from most common to most serious include:

• Licking or chewing at face or paw
• Localized swelling
• Pain
• Drooling
• Dilated pupils
• Muscle tremors
• Vomiting
• Uncontrolled urination or defecation
• Difficulty breathing
• Paralysis

Allergic reactions to the scorpion venom are more common in dogs than severe reactions to the venom itself. Signs of an allergic (anaphylactic) reaction are:

• Swelling of the injury
• Swelling of the face and throat
• Hives
• Lethargy
• Collapse

 What to Do if Your Dog is Stung by a Scorpion

If you live in an area with the Arizona bark scorpion or if your dog has allergies to other kinds of insect stings and bites, get your dog to the veterinarian right away if you suspect a scorpion sting. 

While in the car, call the animal hospital to tell them you are on your way and provide information about the situation. 

If symptoms progress to swelling of the face or head, difficulty breathing, muscle tremors or impaired consciousness, it should be considered an emergency and your dog should be seen as soon as possible. 

Scorpion Sting Treatment for Dogs

If there is a stinger in the skin, remove it very carefully. Most dogs will feel better with an antihistamine. Call your veterinarian for advice and dosing. 

You can apply a cold compress to the injury and encourage your dog to rest in a cool area. There is no specific at-home treatment for scorpion stings and instead you are treating the signs of swelling and pain. 

If, despite first aid, your dog worsens or does not improve, it is time to go to the veterinary clinic. There your dog will receive antihistamines or steroids, pain medication, wound care, and other supportive care as needed. 

How to Prevent Scorpion Stings in Dogs

It may not be possible to fully prevent your dog from being stung by a scorpion, but there are several steps you can take to reduce his risk. 

Scorpions can get into the house through very tiny cracks or gaps. Plug all holes with caulking or metal screens. Trim branches that overhang the house so that scorpions can’t get in from the roof and keep all piles of tools, materials, and supplies away from the house. It is especially important to keep firewood and potted plants away from the house because those are perfect scorpion habitats. 

Scorpions have a fluorescent glow in UV light so checking the perimeter of your home with a blacklight can give you some comfort. When it is dark, supervise your dog’s potty breaks so he can’t get too interested in anything he might find. Shake out bedding every evening before your dog goes to bed. 

Pesticides are often ineffective against scorpions and may pose a threat to pets. Cedar oil diluted and sprayed around windows and doors may repel scorpions. However, as essential oils can be dangerous to your pets, it is best to only spray them on the exterior of the home. 

If you have a severe infestation with scorpions, consult a professional pest-control company.

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But relieving inflammation in dogs is possible. Let’s dive in and learn more about inflammation, what causes it, and how you can help your canine companion recover and live their best life. 

What Is Inflammation?

Inflammation is a natural process that the body goes through in response to any type of “foreign invader.” That could mean anything from bacteria to a thorn to a chemical to a broken bone. Inflammation is the body’s general response and it starts almost immediately. The cellular level response is the same in dogs as it is in humans, cats, horses, and all other mammals. 

Inflammation has five characteristics: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Redness and heat result from increased blood flow to the area while swelling occurs from the accumulation of fluid. Inflammation is painful due to a variety of factors including chemicals released by the body. The cumulative result of the first four characteristics is a loss or reduction of function, such as limping or diarrhea. 

Inflammation is common in dogs and though the process is similar throughout the body, we give it different names based on where it’s happening and what kind of loss of function it causes.

Key Areas of Inflammation in Dogs

Diseases that end in -itis are diseases of inflammation. For example, otitis is inflammation of the ear and colitis is inflammation of the colon. Sometimes that inflammation is due to a pathogen (bacteria, virus, or parasite), such as whipworm colitis, but stress colitis causes the same set of symptoms without any foreign invader. 

Below are some common areas of inflammation in dogs:

Skin and Tissue Inflammation

Dogs with allergies tend to develop inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) and ear (otitis). Often that inflammation changes the environment of the skin or ear and will lead to the secondary bacterial or yeast infections that require antibiotics or antifungals to resolve. Each tissue of the body has a characteristic appearance when inflamed. For example, most pet parents recognize the puffiness of conjunctivitis, which is inflammation of the tissue surrounding the eye.

In addition, dogs who frequently lie down on hard surfaces can develop squishy, fluid-filled lumps under the skin (such as the elbows) called hygromas, which can become infected or inflamed.

Inflammation of the Digestive Tract

Inflammation in the digestive tract is very common in dogs, especially ones who eat things they shouldn’t or are fed high-fat table scraps. That inflammation can occur anywhere from the esophagus to the stomach to the small intestines to the colon. Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, is common in certain breeds of dogs such as Schnauzers. The pancreas, although outside of the gastrointestinal tract, still aids in body in digestion and pancreatitis can be caused by high-fat diets.

Joint Inflammation

As dogs age, the most common inflammatory disease is arthritis, or inflammation of the joints. There are two main types of arthritis—rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. 

Osteoarthritis is the more common disease in our pets and is characterized by thickening or inflammation of the joint capsule and wearing of the cartilage between bones in a joint. This leads to chronic inflammation and explains why arthritis is so debilitating.

Signs of Inflammation in Dogs

Signs of inflammation in dogs depend on the organ or tissue involved. When it’s in the skin, inflammation causes redness, warmth on touch, and swelling. Inflammation can be all over an area and appear as thickening of the skin or can be in the form of a rash or hives. A dog’s ears develop similar signs of inflammation but also develop a foul odor. Your dog may flinch when you touch an area of inflammation. 

Inflammation of muscles and joints may be less visibly obvious until your dog starts to move. Because inflammation is painful, dogs limp when the problem is in a leg. Inflammation of the back can cause a dog to be unable to stand up. 

The pain of inflammation in any location can cause a dog to feel tired, not interested in playing, lose their appetite, and generally not be themselves. 

Not eating can be due to inflammation anywhere but is very frequently associated with inflammation of the digestive tract. Vomiting and diarrhea are often seen as well.

How to Help Inflammation in Dogs

Here are some veterinarian-approved things you can safely give your dog to help reduce inflammation. 

Natural Anti-Inflammatories 

Some substances are naturally anti-inflammatory, including fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) and turmeric (curcumin). These naturally occurring substances reduce overall inflammation in the body and are safe for most pets. 

While there are many human diets that are touted as anti-inflammatory, these are not nutritionally balanced for dogs and should not be fed to dogs. 

Topical Remedies

Topical remedies for skin inflammation can be very effective. Shampoos or lotions containing phytosphingosine help reduce the skin irritation and discomfort of many types of dermatitis. Phytosphingosine is often combined with an antiseptic to address any infection involved. Epsom salt soaks or compresses can reduce inflammation caused by an injury, and most pets tolerate these surprisingly well as long as there is not an open wound. 

Take caution with any type of topical cream or lotion, as your dog is likely to lick it off and so they need to be verified as pet-safe by your veterinarian. 

Anti-Inflammatory Medications

Anti-inflammatory medications are an effective way to reduce pain and inflammation in your dog. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a class of medications that interfere with the body’s inflammatory process. DO NOT give your dog NSAIDs designed for humans, as they can cause serious illness in your pet. Always speak with your veterinarian about safe anti-inflammatory medications for your dog. Dog-safe NSAIDs are usually well-tolerated and you can see symptom relief within hours.

Traditional NSAIDs for dogs include carprofen, meloxicam, and deracoxib. There is also an NSAID specifically designed to manage osteoarthritis in dogs called Galliprant (grapiprant tablets). It effectively treats both inflammation and pain while reducing the impact on organ health. Dogs on NSAIDs for chronic pain should have their blood work checked regularly. 

Steroids

Steroids are a class of medication based off of hormones that occur naturally in the body. Steroids are very powerful at reducing inflammation but when taken orally (making them available to the whole body) also come along with side effects ranging from annoying to serious. Therefore, they should only be given this way when absolutely necessary. A better use of steroids is to target inflammation by using them topically, such as for inflammation of the ear or eye. 

Certain medications, such as NSAIDs and steroids, can have very severe consequences if mixed together. Be sure to always contact your veterinarian before giving medication, even if your pet has been prescribed it before.

Inflammation is a common ailment in dogs, but luckily it is easy to spot and there are many ways to reduce it. 

The post Inflammation in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Prazosin is an oral medication that is often used along with other medications to treat and manage urethral obstructions in cats. A urethral obstruction happens when mucus, crystals, stones, or other debris forms a plug in a cat’s urethra—which is the exit path urine takes out of the bladder. When a plug forms, a cat is unable to urinate. 

A cat who can’t pee has a life-threatening problem. A cat with a urethral obstruction requires emergency care by a veterinarian who can dislodge the plug and empty the bladder. 

What is Prazosin?

Prazosin is prescribed to cats most often during the healing phase following a urinary blockage. When a urinary obstruction occurs, the muscles of the bladder and the urethra may spasm, (contract and release) and create an uncomfortable condition. These spasms and the swelling that can result make it more difficult for a cat to heal. 

Prazosin can be helpful in reducing spasms and relaxing the bladder, making it easier for the cat to urinate and to heal. 

This medication may also be useful for cats with spinal cord injuries or certain cancers that may affect their ability to urinate properly.

Prazosin is not approved by the FDA for use in animals, but veterinarians often prescribe it and recommend it to treat feline patients. It is widely available from human pharmacies with a prescription from your veterinarian. Some veterinary clinics may also have the medication in stock.

Because prazosin for cats is usually prescribed as a generic medication, the look of the tablets or capsules may differ depending on where it was produced. If you have any concerns about the accuracy of the medication, contact your veterinarian or the pharmacy where the medication was purchased. 

How Does Prazosin Work?

Prazosin decreases the function of the pathway that allows the bladder to fill and store urine. It works by decreasing the ability of specific muscles to tighten. It also can decrease blood pressure by allowing relaxation of the muscles that surround some arteries. 

It is useful for cats recovering from a urinary blockage because it also allows the muscles of the urethra to relax, making it easier for urine to pass. 

The muscles involved in the storage of urine in the bladder and tightening of the urethra to prevent urine from passing are what we refer to as smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is not under voluntary control as opposed to muscles of the legs and arms. This means that prazosin is unlikely to cause your cat to drip urine. Instead, it just makes it easier to go when your cat gets to the litter box. 

Other types of muscle relaxants that are prescribed for muscle injury from trauma or overuse are not effective at relaxing the smooth muscles of the bladder and urethra. 

What Does Prazosin Treat in Cats?

Prazosin treats the spasming of the bladder muscles and muscles of the urethra that is caused by urinary obstruction. It makes it easier for the cat to empty his bladder and reduces any pain or discomfort associated with the muscle spasms. Prazosin is most often used as part of the treatment for this problem along with other treatments including intravenous fluid therapy, pain management, and a special prescription diet. 

Prazosin may also be used to relax the bladder and make it easier for pet parents to manually empty. This may be required following trauma, spinal cord injury, or surgery when a cat is unable to control his bladder. 

Prazosin does not cure the cause of cat urinary blockage. They may be caused by feline urinary crystals, stress, or a genetic predisposition. Urinary obstructions are very likely to recur without lifelong changes that include a prescription urinary diet and stress management. 

Due to limited documented evidence, not all veterinarians recommend prazosin as part of the treatment plan for cats with a urinary obstruction. 

Prazosin Side Effects in Cats

Most cats tolerate prazosin without any side effects. Rarely, a cat may have low blood pressure due to prazosin. Some cats become hyperactive when taking prazosin. 

Like any medication, mild side effects of prazosin in cats vary because every animal tolerates the medicine differently. If you notice any undesired changes in your cat while taking prazosin contact your veterinarian immediately.

Reactions With Other Drugs or Medications

Prazosin should be used with caution with other medications that can decrease blood pressure such as benazepril. 

Prazosin Dosages for Cats

Prazosin is dosed based on weight and is best given with food. It may be given 2 or 3 times per day, depending on your cat’s particular situation and the dosage amount prescribed by your veterinarian. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Prazosin? 

If your cat misses a dose of prazosin, skip that dose and give the next dose at the appropriate time.

Prazosin may only need to be given for a few days to weeks following a urinary obstruction. Do not stop using prazosin without consulting with your cat’s veterinarian. If you accidentally give too much, contact your veterinarian immediately. 

Cost of Prazosin for Cats

Generic capsules or tablets of prazosin generally cost $15-$25 for a 2-week supply. Liquid forms of the medication that are specially compounded for your cat will cost more based on the fee charged by the pharmacy. 

Brand name formulations of prazosin are usually much more expensive, in the range of $150 for a similar 2-week supply.

Prazosin Storage Instructions

Tablets and capsules of prazosin should be stored at room temperature away from direct sunlight. Liquid and compounded forms should be stored according to labeled instructions and may require refrigeration. 

All medications should be stored in their original container out of reach of children and pets. 

The post Prazosin for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But this everyday, boring, kinda gross task also gives pet parents the opportunity to monitor and assess their dog’s poop. You may not even realize you are doing it, but you notice when poop is more firm or looser or changes color. 

That’s a good thing because poop can tell us so much about what is going on inside of our dogs. But if you see white dog poo—instead the regular brown color—something is wrong. 

Why Your Dog’s Poop Color Matters

If eyes are the window to the soul, poop is the window to the body (yep, we said it). Feces changes based on the health of a dog’ stomach and intestines. But it also changes depending on what’s going on with a dog’s liver, pancreas, and even systemic disease such as infections.

Changes to poop can include texture (solid to loose to liquid), odor, frequency, and contents (mucus, blood, worms). But another important change to look for in your dog’s poop is a change or difference in color. 

For example, red feces indicates the presence of blood that has not been digested, meaning it most likely comes from the colon. Dark, nearly black stool means that there is digested blood, usually from a stomach or small intestinal ulcer. Green dog poop can indicate that the dog is eating grass or can be due to the liver not functioning properly. 

Your dog’s poop should normally be a shade of brown. The specific shade has a lot to do with the kind of food your dog eats and how frequently he poops.

Why is My Dog’s Poop White?

White dog poo signals a problem. There are several reasons a dog’s poop might be white, but white poop is never normal. 

White poop in dogs can indicate a dietary problem or imbalance, a medication side effect, internal illnesses, or a parasitic infection. Below are some of the common reasons why a dog’s poop might be white:

High Calcium Diets

First, consider what you are feeding your dog. Some diets, especially raw diets, are very high in calcium which can cause white or very light colored stools that are hard. Feeding dogs raw diets come with a risk of bacterial contamination and they may be nutritionally imbalanced. Raw diets with too much calcium can cause constipation, hard stool, and white poop. 

If you think this may be the source of your dog’s hard and white poop, switch to a commercially formulated cooked dog food or consult a veterinary nutritionist for help reformulating your dog’s diet. 

Medication Side Effects

Some medications or treatments given by your veterinarian, such as liquid barium, can turn poop temporarily white. It will return to normal color once the barium has passed through your dog’s system. If your dog’s poop does not return to normal following the stoppage of dosing your dog with liquid barium, consult your veterinarian. 

Your Dog Ate a White Object

The next thing to assess is whether the poop is white or there is something white in it. A dog who eats a white sock may be able to poop out the sock in which case there is likely normal brown poop around the sock. 

Dogs who eat things that are not food—like toys, fabric, and rocks—are at risk for dangerous digestive obstructions if the object gets stuck. The only way to remove a stuck object is through surgery. 

Tapeworms

If there are white specks or strings in your dog’s poop, those could be tapeworms. Tapeworm eggs are visible to the naked eye and are often described as grains of short-grain rice. You are unlikely to see adult worms such as hookworms or roundworms in feces unless your dog has a severe infestation. If you see white specks or strands in your dog’s poop, call your veterinarian immediately for dewormer and don’t forget about the importance of decontaminating your yard too!

Digestive Problems

Mucus in dog poop can look white or yellow. A little bit of mucus can be normal but too much means your dog is having a problem digesting something. That something could be table scraps or non-food items like a tennis ball. When mucus has red in it that means blood and blood of any kind in poop always necessitates a trip to the veterinarian. 

Internal Illness

Fortunately, internal illness is the least likely of all the things that can cause your dog’s poop to be white. However, for those few who have white or gray poop, the problem is serious. White or gray poop means that digestion is not happening properly (maldigestion).

The liver produces bile, a green-pigmented material that turns poop brown. If the liver is not producing bile, or the gallbladder is not piping it into the intestines to mix with food, then the result is white or gray poop. Since bile is very important in proper digestion, a lack of bile is a serious problem that needs to be investigated by your veterinarian immediately. 

Similarly, a pancreas that is not functioning properly can cause light gray poop in dogs. The pancreas is responsible for producing several important digestive enzymes including insulin. Problems with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas can all become life-threatening if not treated.

Why Does Dog Poop Turn White?

When your dog poops, it looks normal and healthy but then over time it turns white. This can be due to the normal pigments breaking down in the sun or to the growth of mold in more humid environments. If you notice either of those things, it does not mean there is anything wrong with your dog.  

However, if you notice dog poop turning white in your yard, It does mean you need to clean up your dog’s poop more regularly. Dog feces left in the dirt can contaminate water sources, lead to your dog developing intestinal worms, encourage coprophagy (poop eating), and just be really gross to accidentally step in. If your pet is carrying any contagious disease or parasite, leaving their poop in your yard can contaminate the soil and lead to the spread of disease. This makes it harder to treat or prevent anything your pet may be experiencing.

What to Do If Your Dog’s Poop Is White

If you notice that your dog’s poop is white, look for some of the characteristics above. Can you see visible pieces of a white object or worm segments? For dogs with white specks or strands in poop, a strong dewormer is necessary. For other objects, monitor your dog. If the next poop is totally normal and your dog continues to eat and drink and poop normally there is likely nothing to worry about. But, a dog who is known to eat objects who can’t poop, won’t eat, is vomiting, or seems to have abdominal pain needs to be seen by a veterinarian. 

If diet is the cause of the white poop, a change in diet is the solution. Over time, diets too high in calcium can lead to constipation or even obstipation (painful and difficult defecation). Transition dog food slowly, over the course of a week or two, so that you don’t cause intestinal upset and diarrhea. 

If your dog has gray or white poop and you can’t easily determine the cause, you need to schedule an urgent appointment with your veterinarian. 

Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam, assess your dog’s feces, and run bloodwork to find the source of the problem. Treatment will depend on the cause but will likely require multiple veterinary visits, advanced testing, medications, and possibly even surgery. Your veterinarian may also refer you to a veterinarian who specializes in internal medicine. 

So, keep bringing those poop bags along on walks and monitor your dog’s poop. You may catch a change before it becomes a problem so that you can keep your dog healthy and by your side.

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Prednisone, and its active form prednisolone, have a long history of usefulness in veterinary medicine and can be helpful with a wide variety of medical conditions and illnesses. A generation or two ago, prednisone was one of the only drugs available to many pets. Now, there are medications that are more targeted to each of the many conditions which prednisone was once used for. 

However, due to its rapid onset, strong effect, ease of availability, and proven track record, prednisone continues to be a drug many veterinarians reach for to treat dogs. 

What is Prednisone?

Prednisone is a synthetic steroid, with a long history of use in veterinary medicine. Specifically, it is a glucocorticoid, which means it acts like cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a naturally occurring hormone that is often associated with stress, but is involved in many important processes such as maintaining regulatory functions (homeostasis), limiting inflammation, and fat and protein metabolism. 

Prednisone is a prodrug meaning that the body has to metabolize it to its active form, prednisolone, before it can be used. Dogs (like humans) are able to perform this metabolism easily so either form of the drug may be used. Cats and horses, however, should be given prednisolone because their liver is not as efficient at processing prednisone. Because the drugs are the same within the body, they are considered bioequivalent, and therefore discussed together.

Both your veterinarian and your regular pharmacy carry prednisone. It may be prescribed by your regular veterinarian or a specialist, depending on the type of prednisone and its use. Occasionally the steroid eye drop, prednisolone acetate solution, becomes expensive or difficult to find.

What Does Prednisone Look Like?

Prednisone is usually prescribed as a generic medication and therefore the appearance of the tablets and liquid varies depending on the laboratory that produced it. If you are concerned you may have the wrong medication, call your veterinarian or the pharmacy that filled the medication to confirm its appearance. 

How Does Prednisone Work?

Prednisone and prednisolone work by mimicking the naturally occurring hormone, cortisol. This is why it is important to slowly reduce (taper) the dose given to your dog instead of abruptly stopping. 

When taking prednisone, the body may stop producing its own cortisol. If your dog suddenly stops taking prednisone or prednisolone, it can lead to dangerously low levels of cortisol which can be very severe or even fatal. 

What Is Prednisone Used For In Dogs?

Prednisone is used for a wide variety of conditions and health problems in dogs. Some of the uses are FDA-approved and others are “off-label” meaning their use is not explicitly approved but is done so under the supervision of your veterinarian.

Below are some reasons your veterinarian may prescribe prednisone to your dog:

Inflammation: Prednisone is very good at quickly reducing inflammation and therefore your veterinarian may use it as part of the first stage of treatment for ear infections, some skin conditions, and allergic reactions. Prednisone may also be used as part of the medical management of herniated discs or pinched nerves as decreasing inflammation can help reduce the pain associated with these conditions.

Immunosuppressant: Prednisone may be used to treat dogs with autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is one where the immune system attacks some part of the animal’s own body, for example, red blood cells or kidney cells. Prednisone suppresses the immune system and can reduce the severity of the disease or help a dog get through a flare-up of a chronic autoimmune disease. 

Chemotherapy: Certain types of cancer, for example, lymphoma (also known as lymphosarcoma) can temporarily be managed with prednisone. Importantly, prednisone does not treat or cure the cancer but can shrink lymph nodes and other tumors to give a patient a few weeks reprieve of their disease. 

Addison’s Disease: Addison’s disease is a condition where the body does not produce corticosteroid hormones including cortisol. Prednisone, along with other medications, is used to restore levels of these hormones in the body. Rarely, dogs with the opposite of Addison’s Disease, Cushing’s disease, need steroids if they have an overdose of the drug they usually take to manage their disease. 

How Long Can a Dog Stay on Prednisone?

There are risks to dogs staying on prednisone for an extended period of time, but there are certain diseases and conditions that may require lifelong use of steroids such as autoimmune diseases and Addison’s Disease. It is important to visit your veterinarian regularly and follow their recommendation.

Prednisone Side Effects in Dogs

Prednisone, though widely used, has many potential side effects. They range from annoying but mild (nighttime urination) to dangerous and deadly (stomach ulcers). Prednisone should be taken under the direction of your veterinarian, and their prescription followed exactly.

Short-term use of prednisone often causes increased thirst, increased appetite, increased urination, and excessive panting. The use of steroids such as prednisone delays wound healing. Some dogs experience diarrhea and gastrointestinal ulceration while on steroids. Prednisone affects water retention and weight gain is likely.

Long-term use of steroids, or steroids used at high doses can cause Iatrogenic Cushing’s disease. This means there is too much steroid in the body, which causes a pot-bellied appearance, large liver, muscle loss, thinning skin, calcification of tissues, and hair loss. 

Suddenly stopping steroids can lead to an Addisonian crisis whereby the body does not have enough cortisol to regulate all of the functions this hormone is involved in. An Addisonian crisis can result in coma or death. 

Potential side effects of prednisone for dogs include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased appetite
• Weight gain
• Muscle loss
• Thin skin
• Hair loss
• Calcification of the skin, gums, or tongue
• Delayed wound healing
• Decreased immune function
• Liver dysfunction
• Diarrhea
• Black, tarry stool
• Gastrointestinal irritation and ulceration
• Irritability
• Depression 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Prednisone should not be taken with any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication or budesonide. It should be used with caution in immunocompromised dogs or those on immunosuppressing medications. The use of steroids may invalidate or reduce diagnostic ability of many tests including ACTH stimulation and cancer screening. Prednisone should not be used in dogs at risk for gastrointestinal ulcerations or perforations. 

Prednisone Dosages for Dog

Your dog’s dose of prednisone is based on his size and also the reason for the drug’s use. Since prednisone is used in the treatment regimen for many different conditions, the dose range varies widely as does the duration of use. 

Follow the instructions of your veterinarian and communicate any side effects or difficulties giving your dog the medication. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Prednisone?

If you miss giving a dose of prednisone to your dog, resume giving the medicine the next time it is due. 

If you miss more than one dose, call your veterinarian immediately as it is important to gradually reduce the amount of prednisone in your dog’s system to prevent serious side effects. Never give more than one dose at a time. 

Cost of Prednisone for Dogs

Prednisone is an inexpensive medication. The cost will depend on the size of your dog, what it is being used for, and how long your veterinarian recommends using it. 

A standard 2-week dose should cost $6-$20 on average although your cost may be higher or lower. 

Prednisone is the least expensive of the steroid-type drugs available for dogs, therefore it is often used if there are financial restrictions on care.

Prednisone Storage Instructions

Always check the label for date of expiration and storage instructions. Tablets and some oral liquids can be stored at room temperature but some liquid formulations need to be refrigerated. 

Related Medications

• Temaril-P (prednisone with trimeprazine)
• Dexamethasone
• Methylprednisilone
• Cyclosporine
• Fluticasone
• PerCorten-V (desoxycorticosterone pivalate)
• Fludrocortisone

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Doxycycline is an antibiotic commonly prescribed by veterinarians for cats with a variety of illnesses. 

One of doxycylcine’s most frequent uses is for “kitty colds” or upper respiratory infections because it is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Generally doxycycline is well tolerated with minimal side effects in cats. 

What is Doxycycline?

Doxycycline is an antibiotic in the class called tetracyclines. These antibiotics are bacteriostatic. That means they prevent bacteria from reproducing but do not kill the bacteria outright. Stopping the bacteria from reproducing, and therefore the infection from worsening, gives the body’s immune system the opportunity to kill the bacteria and cure the infection. Tetracycline antibiotics are effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria types making them very useful in veterinary medicine. 

Doxycycline comes in several formulations which are used interchangeably in veterinary medicine. It is readily available from your regular veterinarian or a local pharmacy as it is commonly used in human medicine as well.

Doxycycline is not FDA approved for use in cats in the United States, therefore its use is considered “off-label” or “extra-label.” Many medications commonly used in veterinary medicine fall into this category. This does not mean it is less safe or less effective. Any medication used off-label should be under the close guidance of your veterinarian. . 

What Does Doxycycline Look Like?

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the author. However, Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

Doxycycline is a generic medication and therefore the appearance of the capsule, tablet, and liquid varies depending on the laboratory that produced it. If you are concerned you may have the wrong medication, call your veterinarian or the pharmacy that filled the medication to confirm its appearance. 

How Does Doxycycline Work?

Doxycycline prevents bacteria from producing proteins necessary for their growth and reproduction. This effect is specific to a type of protein synthesis found in bacteria and therefore is very safe to use, having minimal effects on animal cells. 

Doxycycline is time-dependent which means its ability to inhibit bacteria is based on the length of time the bacteria are exposed to adequate doses of the medicine. When taken orally, the medicine is well-absorbed and then excreted in feces.

What Does Doxycycline Treat in Cats?

Doxycycline can be used to treat a wide variety of illnesses in cats. Most commonly it is used as an antibiotic to treat infections of the respiratory tract, mouth, and urinary tract. This includes common kitty colds (upper respiratory tract infections) and periodontal disease.  

It is also important in treatment against tick-borne diseases including Lyme disease. Due to its ability to affect the immune system, doxycycline may also be used in conjunction with other medications to treat autoimmune disorders. 

Doxycycline can target a special type of bacteria called Wolbachia, which itself resides inside of heartworms. The death of Wolbachia weakens heartworms and can be a valuable part of treatment for cats with heartworm disease. The medication, melarsomine, used to treat heartworms in dogs is not recommended for cats, so weakening the heartworms with doxycycline is even more important in cats. 

Below are some cat health problems where doxycycline may be prescribed:

• Upper respiratory tract infections (sinus and nasal infections)
• Urinary tract infections
• Oral infection including periodontal disease
• Abscesses
• Lyme Disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Tularemia
• Bartonellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Feline Infectious Anemia (Mycoplasma Haemofelis)
• Heartworm Disease
• Lymphocytic/Plasmacytic Pododermatitis
• Lupus
• Anemia 

Doxycycline Side Effects in Cats

Doxycycline is usually well-tolerated in cats. The most common side effects are lack of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. 

Other side effects include:

• Inappetance
• Lethargy (decreased energy)
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Hyperthermia
• Esophageal stricture

All tetracycline antibiotics have the potential to cause discoloration of developing teeth but doxycycline is least likely to cause this problem. High doses of doxycycline may inhibit the growth of long bones in cats such as the femur and humerus. If the tablet or capsule gets caught in the esophagus it can cause scarring and result in narrowing of the esophagus known as a stricture. 

Always follow any tablet or capsule with at least 5mL water (1 teaspoon). Hypersensitivity reactions are very rare in cats but can result in hyperthermia (high temperature) and malaise. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Doxycycline should not be given with milk or food high in calcium or iron due to interactions that can reduce the efficacy of the antibiotic. Oral absorption is decreased with antacids and coating agents such as sucralfate. Doxycycline can increase the effect of the cardiac medication digoxin and decrease the efficacy of the epilepsy medication phenobarbital. It should be used with caution with anticoagulants. 

Always tell your veterinarian if your cat is taking any other medications before giving your cat doxycycline. 

Doxycycline Dosages for Cats

Doxycycline dosage for cats is based on weight, so two cats in the same house may have different dosages. Always follow your veterinarian’s recommendation about dosage amount and frequency. 

Because doxycycline is an antibiotic, once you start giving it to your cat you must finish the entire course as prescribed by your veterinarian. Failure to do so can result in antibiotic resistance and a cat who is still sick. 

As a rule, cats should be given the liquid formulation of doxycycline whenever possible. If your veterinarian prescribes a tablet or capsule, follow each dose with 5mL (1 teaspoon) of water. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Doxycycline?

If you miss a dose, resume giving the medicine the next time it is due. If you miss more than one dose, call your veterinarian. Never give more than one dose of doxycycline to your cat at a time.  

Cost of Doxycycline for Cats

The cost of doxycycline varies depending on its availability. There have been times recently when doxycycline was in short supply and therefore difficult to acquire or too expensive to give to veterinary patients. 

Generally, doxycycline is widely available and inexpensive. On average, a course of doxycycline should be less than $25-$40 for a typical infection. If long-term use of doxycycline is required, this will increase the cost. 

To help offset the cost of medications like Doxycycline, it’s worth considering investing in a pet health insurance policy from a company such as Lemonade. Like people, there’s no telling when your cat might get sick, require medication, or even an emergency vet visit. With policies starting at $10 a month, Lemonade makes pet health insurance very affordable for pet parents.

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• Simple sign-up and speedy claims payments.
• Easily file claims using the AI-powered Lemonade mobile app.
• Customize your coverage with add-on preventative plans.

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Doxycycline Storage Instructions  

Tablets and capsules do not need to be refrigerated but should be stored in a light-resistant container at room temperature. Liquid formulations of doxycycline may need to be refrigerated and are only good for 2 weeks. Compounded formulations may also have special storage instructions. Always follow the recommendation of your veterinarian or pharmacist. Do not use expired antibiotics. 

Related Medications

• Minocycline
• Tetracycline

The post Doxycycline for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Here is everything you need to know about roundworm in dogs.

What is Roundworm in Dogs?

Roundworms are a type of intestinal parasite that infect not only dogs and cats but most other mammals – even including humans. Adult roundworms live in the intestines of animals and steal nutrients. In most adult dogs, roundworm infections are rarely severe enough to cause symptoms. However, where there are roundworms there may also be other intestinal parasites, such as hookworms and whipworms, which all come from a contaminated environment and infect dogs by the fecal-oral route. Yep, bits of poop with infective eggs make their way into a dog’s mouth to cause infection. Gross.

How Do Dogs Get Roundworms?

Adult dogs get roundworm infections through a contaminated environment. Roundworm eggs are shed in feces of infected animals and can survive in the environment for many weeks to months. Once in the environment, roundworm eggs larvate. This is the infective stage. Dogs may come in contact with larvated roundworms in soil contaminated with feces, contaminated animal carcasses, or by ingesting animal tissue which itself is infected. Dogs get larvated eggs on their feet, fur, or nose and then ingest the egg when cleaning themselves.

Puppies can be infected with roundworms during gestation, through the placenta. This can happen even if the mother is not actively shedding roundworm eggs. Roundworms have a complex life cycle that can result in dormant infections that reactivate during pregnancy. This means many puppies are born already infected with roundworms.

Can Humans Get Roundworms From Dogs?

Humans CAN get roundworms from dogs and other animals. Children are the most likely to become infected due to poor hygiene habits. The route of transmission is the same: coming in contact with a contaminated source and then ingesting a larvated egg.

Roundworm Symptoms in Dogs

Many adult dogs with roundworm infections show no symptoms at all. If the infection is severe enough or left untreated, roundworms can cause:

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
• Malnutrition
• Poor hair coat
• Decreased energy
• Pot-bellied appearance

Puppies are more likely to show symptoms of roundworm infection, including poor growth or failure to gain weight. Roundworms can cause severe disease, including intestinal obstruction or telescoping of the intestines, which are more common in puppies and are fatal if left untreated.

Diagnosing Roundworms in Dogs

Roundworms are diagnosed through microscopic examination of a fecal sample. The fecal sample is mixed into a special solution and centrifuged. The eggs will float to the top of the liquid while the rest of the fecal material sinks to the bottom of the tube. The eggs can then be examined under a microscope. Roundworm eggs have a very specific shape and appearance to differentiate them from other types of parasite eggs.

A centrifugation test is typically done at your veterinary clinic while you wait. A laboratory test that detects the presence of roundworm DNA (PCR test) can also be used. Results of a PCR test may take several days, as the sample has to be sent to a reference laboratory.

Can You See Roundworms in Dog Poop?

Occasionally, dogs will defecate adult roundworms. Adult roundworms are visible when they come up in feces (or vomit), but it is rare to see them. They look like long white strands of cooked spaghetti. More commonly, there are microscopic roundworm eggs in the feces of infected dogs. Rarely dogs will vomit roundworms, but this occurs more frequently in puppies than adult dogs. This happens because of the migration of the adult roundworm into the intestinal tract from the lungs as part of its normal life cycle. 

Roundworm Treatment for Dogs

Fortunately, it is very easy to treat roundworms in dogs. There are several oral medications to treat roundworms that your veterinarian can prescribe, including pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole, moxidectin, and milbemycin oxime. Pyrantel pamoate, alone or in combination with other medications, is available over the counter at pet supply stores. Your pet’s monthly heartworm prevention also contains one or more of these medications to eliminate and prevent roundworm infections.

Due to the life cycle of roundworms and the way the treatment works, multiple doses at certain intervals are required to completely rid a dog of a roundworm infection.

Since roundworms come from a contaminated environment, cleaning your home and yard is an important part of treatment. Feces should be picked up and thrown away immediately to prevent the eggs from becoming infectious. All of your dog’s bedding and toys should be washed regularly. The eggs require a moist environment, so carpeting and furniture should not be sources of transmission.

General Cost to Treat a Roundworm Infection

Most of the cost for treatment of roundworm infection in dogs is the veterinarian’s exam and fecal parasite test. The medication itself is inexpensive. Costs for veterinary exams differ based on local costs of living but are generally in the range of $50-$150. Fecal tests are similarly in the $20-$100 range. A single dose of roundworm treatment or heartworm prevention is in the $10-$40 range. If the dog requires treatment for other symptoms or illnesses caused by the roundworm infection, those treatments would be additional.

How to Prevent Roundworms in Dogs

Roundworm infection can be prevented by providing your pet year-round parasite control. Unless your dog never goes outside and never comes in contact with another animal, there is no way to fully prevent exposure. 

In your own yard, it is helpful to practice good hygiene. Fecal material should be cleaned up and thrown away at least weekly, before roundworm eggs have a chance to become infective. Prevent your dog from preying on wildlife that may carry parasites by keeping him leashed or in fenced areas. Be a good neighbor and always pick up and discard your dog’s feces on walks and at the dog park. Roundworms can infect people, especially children, so your habits affect your whole community.

Related Conditions 

• Hookworms
• Tapeworms
• Whipworms

The post Roundworms in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Luckily, most diarrhea affecting cats is straightforward and easy to treat—a few days of medication and an easy-to-digest diet and your cat will be back to curling up on your lap. But when diarrhea gets severe or lasts for more than a few days, it may be a sign of serious illness and it’s time for a trip to the vet.

Cat Diarrhea: An Overview

Diarrhea in cats is characterized by soft or liquid stool that results from infection or inflammation of the intestines. 

During regular digestion, a cat’s intestines contract and relax in a specific sequence (called peristalsis). This process helps to pass partially digested food along the intestines until it is fully digested, and the remains are ready to leave the body as feces. 

When there is a problem in the intestines, these contractions often increase, leading to the cramping, discomfort, and the urgency of diarrhea. If your cat is sick or experiencing a gastrointestinal issue, her body does not have the time or capacity to absorb liquid and nutrients, which all become lost as diarrhea. As a result, your cat may not want to eat or may vomit any food she does take in. Diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration in cats. 

Cats can experience acute diarrhea or chronic diarrhea. 

• Acute diarrhea comes on quickly and lasts for only a short period of time. It is very rarely a serious medical concern. Most cases of diarrhea are acute and will resolve on their own within 1-5 days.
• Chronic diarrhea, the kind that keeps coming back or won’t resolve despite multiple trips to the veterinarian and medications, can be serious or even fatal for your cat. Chronic diarrhea in cats can lead to malnutrition. 

Types of Diarrhea in Cats

Diarrhea can look different depending on the cause. Being able to describe it to your veterinarian (or even show her a picture) can go a long way in helping to diagnose and treat your cat.

Watery diarrhea: This is often what happens when your cat has already expelled all of the fecal material she has but continues to feel the urge to defecate. It can also happen if there is an obstruction preventing fecal material from passing normally.

Bloody diarrhea: Red, bloody diarrhea in cats can happen for several reasons. You may see small amounts of blood visible on the outer surface of the diarrhea, or the diarrhea may be completely bloody. Any diarrhea with blood (or formed stool with blood) is a reason to take your cat to the veterinarian.

Diarrhea with mucus: This type of diarrhea in cats indicates irritation to the inner lining of the intestines. Normally, a layer of mucus protects the cells of the intestines from any irritation caused by fecal material as it passes through. Once irritation starts, that lining becomes unstable and attaches to the fecal material as it passes through, then out. If the diarrhea is mostly mucus, that may indicate an obstruction, preventing normal passage of fecal material. 

White-gray diarrhea: Diarrhea may not be the same color as normal, healthy cat stool. A white-gray, pasty diarrhea is commonly associated with the parasite coccidia. Sometimes coccidia causes white diarrhea while other times it may look more yellow. Coccidia is a single-celled organism that causes diarrhea mostly in kittens and unhealthy cats or those in overcrowded situations. Coccidia requires prescription treatment from your veterinarian.

Dark (tarry) diarrhea: This type of diarrhea in cats (also known as melena) indicates digested blood. This means that the source of the blood is located in the early part of the gastrointestinal system—the esophagus, the stomach, or the first section of the intestines (duodenum). The blood has a dark color because it has been digested along with food as it travels through the intestines. Cats are much less likely than humans to experience stomach ulcers, but they are one cause of tarry stool. If you notice dark diarrhea coming from your cat, you should contact our veterinarian right away.

What Causes Diarrhea in Cats?

Diarrhea in cats has a variety of causes ranging from diet and nutrition to stress and disease. It’s important to take note of any changes in your cat’s routine and observe her behavior when working with your veterinarian to pinpoint the cause of diarrhea. 

Below are some common causes of diarrhea in cats:

Dietary changes: Diarrhea signals a problem with digestion, so diet and nutrition can play a role. Cats may develop diarrhea due to eating table scraps or unfamiliar food. But it can also happen as a result of your cat eating non-food items such as tinsel, rubber bands, and bits of string. These foreign objects can potentially cause an intestinal blockage in your cat. Less commonly, cats have food allergies or sensitivities that cause diarrhea. 

Toxicity: Some plants are toxic to cats. Curious cats who chew on them can get sick with diarrhea, vomiting, or show other signs of illness.  

Stress: Cats are very sensitive to change. Change leads to stress and stress leads to diarrhea. This can be from something obvious like boarding your cat while you’re away on vacation or hosting a large family gathering at your house. However, triggers of stress and anxiety in cats can also include less obvious things like moving furniture or transitioning from using the heat to the air conditioning in the spring. 

Parasites and bacteria: Infectious diarrhea, caused by parasites or bacteria, is most common in kittens, outdoor cats, and those with other diseases that compromise the immune system. Intestinal parasites are a common infectious cause of diarrhea and can include both worms and single-celled organisms such as coccidia and tritrichomonas. There are not many viruses that cause diarrhea in cats, but there are many types of bacteria that can cause diarrhea.  

Other: Nearly anything can cause cat diarrhea. It can be a condition your cat is born with, result from diseases of other organs, or have an idiopathic cause, meaning that a cause for the diarrhea is never identified.

Symptoms of Diarrhea in Cats

Diarrhea is actually a symptom, and not a disease in itself. It indicates that there is a problem somewhere in the digestive system. It’s important to work with a veterinarian to discover the cause of the diarrhea and develop a treatment plan.

Cats with diarrhea may take more frequent trips to the litter box or have accidents outside of the litter box. 

Symptoms associated with diarrhea in cats include:

• Dehydration
• Decreased energy (lethargy)
• Decreased appetite (inappetance or anorexia)
• Defecating outside the litter box
• Fecal material around a cat’s anus

Diagnosing Diarrhea in Cats

Diagnosing the cause for diarrhea in cats can range from straightforward to complicated. Diagnosis always starts with a physical examination of your cat. Your veterinarian will check for dehydration, pain or discomfort in the abdomen, weight loss, and other signs of illness.  

Common intestinal parasites can be diagnosed during a veterinary visit with a simple fecal test. If your veterinarian is concerned about an obstruction, she will recommend X-rays and/or an abdominal ultrasound. If exposure to a toxin is suspected, such as from a plant or household cleaner, your veterinarian will perform a complete blood count and blood chemistry panel to assess any internal damage. For chronic or recurrent diarrhea, your veterinarian may also recommend a blood test for specific markers of abnormal digestion. 

Evaluating the effect of a prescription diet designed to address the cause of the diarrhea can help pinpoint the cause when other tests are not helpful. Prescription foods used to treat diarrhea include hypoallergenic, low-fat, low-residue, probiotic, and high-fiber diets.

How to Treat Diarrhea in Cats

Treatment for diarrhea in cats depends on the severity level and the cause. 

Treating Diarrhea in Cats at Home

For mild cases of diarrhea, cat parents can try to resolve the symptoms at home. Ask your veterinarian before trying these at-home remedies.

Try a bland diet. If your cat has mild diarrhea, try a bland, easily-digestible diet like canned baby food (meat-only flavors). Give small meals, about 1/2 a jar at a time, throughout the day and this simple change may stop diarrhea in your cat. 

Add fiber to your cat’s diet. Some diarrhea is fiber-responsive, meaning that adding fiber to your cat’s diet can resolve it. You can add a very small amount (ask your vet for your cat’s correct dose) of a fiber supplement or one teaspoon of plain, canned pumpkin to your cat’s meals once a day. 

Reduce your cat’s stress. Since diarrhea in cats can be stress-related, help your cat relax. Provide your cat with places to hide and spend time alone. Add another litter box in a new location, a new water dish, and an additional scratching post or new toys. Consider a Feliway Adapter or spray to help calm your cat. 

*Do NOT give your cat Imodium (loperamide) or other medications that you might use yourself. 

Veterinary Treatment

If your cat’s diarrhea does not resolve in 24-48 hours, schedule a veterinary visit. Your veterinarian may use one of the following diarrhea treatments to help your cat feel better.

Medications: If your cat’s diarrhea is due to infection, your veterinarian will select the right medication to kill the offending organism. If your veterinarian cannot pinpoint an infectious organism, she may prescribe an anti-diarrheal medication that helps by reducing inflammation in the intestines. 

Diet change: For diarrhea related to food allergies or sensitivities, your veterinarian will prescribe a novel-protein diet. This option might include alternative protein sources such as venison, sardines, salmon and trout. Do not change your cat’s food without your veterinarian’s assistance, as this can worsen diarrhea or make it more difficult to treat in the long term.  

Probiotics: While there are over-the-counter probiotics available for your cat, the best ones are by prescription through your veterinarian. These can help restore balance to the digestive system and relieve your cat’s diarrhea.

Immunotherapy: Some types of chronic diarrhea in cats require treatment with steroids and other strong medications that impact the overall function of the immune system. 

Veterinary help for cat diarrhea is important if the diarrhea worsens, becomes bloody, or if your cat stops eating. If your cat has any other conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroid disease, or kidney disease, it is best to make a veterinary appointment. 

All featured products were chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and not directly recommended or endorsed by the author of this article. Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

General Cost to Treat Diarrhea in Cats 

The cost to diagnose and treat diarrhea in cats can vary depending on the severity and your geographic location. 

As you have learned, diarrhea is a symptom of something else – from stress to dietary indiscretion or disease. The treatment costs associated with feline diarrhea vary depending on the cause. 

However, there are some basic fees that most pet parents will incur if their cat requires veterinary intervention. These include, but are not limited to:

If a cat requires ongoing treatment for diarrhea for a condition such as inflammatory bowel disease or cancer, costs will increase. Things such as hospitalization, radiation, or chemotherapy can quickly increase your cat’s medical bills. 

No one wants to think about their precious feline family member getting sick, but diarrhea is common in cats. Pet health insurance such as MetLife Pet Insurance can help pet parents be more financially prepared for unexpected medical costs. Some basic pet health insurance plans cover medical care and treatment for a cat’s injuries and illnesses (including diarrhea) and may even cover the cost of diagnostic tests.

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• No breed exclusions or upper age limits.
• Coverage for accidents start immediately.

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How to Prevent Cat Diarrhea

It is possible to prevent some types of diarrhea in cats. Below are some things you can do to help.

Watch your cat’s diet. Don’t make any sudden food changes or feed your cat table scraps. Stick to a complete and balanced cat food. If you suspect food allergies or your veterinarian recommended a food change, switch foods gradually to avoid gastrointestinal upset.

Use a monthly deworming product. Giving your cat a monthly dewormer will prevent intestinal parasites that cause diarrhea. Dewormer for cats is available as a chewable or topical treatment. This is especially important if your cat goes outdoors. 

Reduce your cat’s stress. Since any kind of stress can also cause diarrhea in cats, make sure your cat always has a safe place when making changes such as new people in the house, new furniture, and even holiday decorations. 

Keep toxins out of reach. Make sure to secure any household cleaners in locked cabinets and keep toxic plants out of reach of your feline friend. 

Related Conditions 

• Constipation
• Megacolon
• Inflammatory bowel disease/small cell lymphoma
• Food allergies
• Triaditis

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Unlike people, many dogs who are exposed to Lyme disease never develop any symptoms. Most of the time, symptoms are mild and are easily treated. However, some dogs with Lyme disease can become very sick. 

Keeping your dog on a monthly tick preventative medication like Simparica TRIO is the best way to protect your pet from the ticks that transmit Lyme disease. But if a dog contracts the disease, early treatment is the best course of action.

Let’s take a closer look at how dogs get Lyme, what the symptoms are, and how pet parents can work with their veterinarians to treat and prevent this parasitic disease. 

What is Lyme Disease?

Lyme disease is caused by the Borrelia bacteria. This bacteria is transmitted by ticks to dogs (or people), but it is not contagious between species—meaning people cannot get Lyme disease from dogs and dogs cannot get Lyme disease from people. Most Lyme disease infections are transmitted by the Ixodes tick—also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick. 

In the United States, Lyme disease is spreading. It is most common in the Northeast and Great Lakes region, and rapidly spreading across the Northern United States and Appalachia. Currently, there are no states that are free of Lyme disease, according to the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC).

Infection is most likely to occur in the spring and summer but infections happen year-round. Over the winter, ticks survive by biting and attaching to mammals such as mice, squirrels, and deer. When a tick drops off one of these animals, it can be easily picked up by your dog. 

Most ticks quest, which means they climb up long stalks of grass and plants and wait for an unsuspecting animal to walk by. They then attach to the animal and bite for their meal.

Since the disease is transmitted by ticks, risk is highest in and near forested areas. 

Causes of Lyme Disease in Dogs

Dogs get Lyme disease from the bite of an infected Ixodes tick, just like people do. However, transmission of the disease is not instantaneous when the tick bites. It takes 24-48 hours for the tick to transmit the disease to your dog. 

Once the Borrelia bacteria enters a dog’s body, it changes the molecules on its surface in order to hide from the immune system. This is why many dogs do not get immediately sick, but may develop symptoms long after the tick bite. 

Ticks can transmit disease even at an early life stage. Young ticks, known as nymphs (often referred to as seed ticks), look like tiny black dots. Their legs are so small that you may not see them at first. Adult ticks have a black front half of the body and a wider brown back. You may not be able to see the tick’s head if it has already latched onto your dog. 

There is some suggestion that Retriever-type dogs may be slightly more susceptible to a severe form of Lyme disease. Studies from Europe found that Bernese Mountain Dogs may also be at increased risk for this severe form. (2)

Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Dogs

Many dogs who are exposed to Lyme disease never develop any symptoms. But for dogs that show signs, symptoms may develop days to weeks after tick exposure and can range from very mild to severe. 

Joint pain is often the first sign of Lyme disease in dogs and this can include one or more joints. Sometimes, pain in multiple joints just looks like stiffness or slowness to get up and down. 

Most dogs who develop symptoms of Lyme disease will show one or more of the following signs:

• Joint swelling and pain
• Lameness 
• Fever
• Lethargy (decreased energy)
• Swollen lymph nodes

Rarely, dogs develop kidney disease associated with Lyme infection. Symptoms of this form of Lyme disease, called Lyme nephritis, may range from mild to severe. 

The symptoms, which are similar to those of acute or chronic kidney disease, include:

• Vomiting
• Lack of appetite (inappetance or anorexia)
• Edema (fluid under the skin)
• Fluid in the chest or abdomen

Diagnosing Your Dog With Lyme Disease

Diagnosis of Lyme disease starts with a physical examination. There are many causes of illness that look similar to Lyme disease and a full physical examination can help your veterinarian narrow down the possibilities. 

Next, your veterinarian will recommend bloodwork and a urine test. There are several changes that are common in acute and chronic Lyme disease that your veterinarian will look for including signs of inflammation and kidney damage. Since joint pain is a common symptom of Lyme disease, your veterinarian may recommend X-rays to look for other causes of joint pain.

Your veterinarian will perform a specific blood test for Lyme disease antibodies. Antibodies are the part of the immune system that recognizes specific causes of disease, such as the Borrelia bacteria that causes Lyme disease. Antibody tests cannot distinguish between an active infection and simple exposure. This means that though the test is useful to rule out Lyme disease, it cannot confirm that your dog’s symptoms are the result of a Lyme disease infection.

The cost to diagnose Lyme disease in dogs can be as little as $100 to more than $500, depending on which tests are required by your veterinarian. 

Treatment for Lyme Disease in Dogs

Most veterinarians will recommend oral antibiotics given for four weeks after tick exposure for symptomatic dogs. Depending on your dog’s symptoms, your veterinarian may also recommend pain medications or steroids. 

With appropriate treatment, most dogs will fully recover by the end of one month and Lyme disease won’t affect their overall health or life expectancy. 

However, long-term infection with Borrelia can cause damage to a dog’s kidneys, called Lyme nephritis. This is why early detection and treatment for Lyme disease is key. 

Kidney damage is irreversible and is progressive, though there are several types of medications and other treatments that can improve your dog’s health. These include changing to a prescription dog food and adding one or more oral medications to slow damage to the kidneys. Some dogs may also require steroids or other types of immunosuppressive medications. Dogs with Lyme nephritis require frequent veterinary visits in order to manage these medications and make changes as necessary. 

Early intervention with antibiotics will reduce the likelihood that your dog develops the serious form of Lyme disease.            

General Cost

The cost to treat Lyme disease depends on the size of your dog and your geographic location. However, the average range for early treatment with antibiotics and medication is $20-$100. 

However, the bacteria is not fully removed from the body by this treatment and therefore it is possible for dogs to develop long-term effects of Borrelia infection, which may be more costly to treat down the road. 

The cost of treating kidney problems due to Lyme nephritis can easily escalate to thousands of dollars over several years. As the disease progresses, dogs may experience kidney failure, which can deteriorate their quality of life. 

How to Prevent Lyme Disease in Dogs

It is easy to prevent Lyme disease with monthly tick prevention. Most tick prevention kills ticks when they bite, preventing transmission of the disease. Since ticks can bite year-round, tick preventatives need to be given year-round. 

Tick Prevention Methods

You’ll find a wide variety of tick-fighting products on the market, ranging from vet-recommended prescription preventatives to over-the-counter tick collars and treatments.

While it may be tempting to opt for tick protection that’s easier on your wallet, keep in mind that many of the off-brand and inexpensive over-the-counter options that claim to kill ticks are not effective enough to keep your pet safe from Lyme disease. And even those that do kill black-legged ticks may do so slowly, allowing your dog to bring ticks into the house where they can infect you or your family.

You can find permethrin-embedded collars that repel ticks available without a prescription. However, it’s important to note that these contain insecticides that may be hazardous to any cats in the home. Also, these collars should only be purchased directly from trusted sources as there are many fake versions offered at discount prices. Steer clear of citronella collars, because they do not protect your dog from ticks.

The most effective tick prevention products require a prescription from your veterinarian and come in chewable and topical formulations you administer or apply to your dog once a month. Many options protect against both ticks and fleas. And there are even combination preventatives, like Simparica TRIO, that protect against a host of hazardous parasites, including 5 species of ticks (including the one that transmits Lyme disease, fleas, roundworms, hookworms and heartworm disease.

Lyme Disease Vaccine

A vaccine is available against Lyme disease. However, it is not recommended for every dog. This is because risk of exposure varies by geographic location and lifestyle and because the vaccine is not fully effective.

It is estimated that the Lyme vaccine prevents 60-83 percent of infections (3). The best protection requires re-vaccinating against Lyme disease every 6 to 12 months. The vaccine should not be given to dogs who test positive for Lyme disease. 

Many veterinarians in lower-risk locations consider year-round tick prevention to be safer and more effective than the Lyme vaccine and therefore may not recommend it for your dog. If you are interested in vaccinating your dog against Lyme disease, discuss the vaccine with your veterinarian.

Related Conditions 

• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Immune Mediated Polyarthritis

Lyme Disease in Dogs FAQs

What is Lyme disease in dogs?

Lyme disease is caused by the Borrelia bacteria. This bacteria is transmitted by ticks to dogs, but it is not contagious between species—meaning people cannot get Lyme disease from dogs and dogs cannot get Lyme disease from people. Most Lyme disease infections are transmitted by the Ixodes tick—also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick. 

What are the first symptoms of Lyme disease in dogs?

Joint pain is often the first sign of Lyme disease in dogs and this can include one or more joints. Sometimes, pain in multiple joints just looks like stiffness or slowness to get up and down. However, many dogs who get Lyme disease don’t develop any symptoms.

Can Lyme disease be cured in dogs?

Yes! With proper treatment, Lyme disease can be cured in dogs. Most veterinarians will recommend oral antibiotics given for four weeks after tick exposure for symptomatic dogs. Depending on your dog’s symptoms, your veterinarian may also recommend pain medications or steroids.

What are the three stages of Lyme disease in dogs?

Lyme disease infection in dogs progresses in three stages: early localized Lyme, early disseminated Lyme, and late disseminated Lyme. Early identification is the best way to ensure your dog does not suffer from debilitating symptoms once infected.

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This is effective at killing the flea, but if the cat chews off and then accidentally swallows the flea, they are then at risk of developing a tapeworm. 

Let’s review the signs and symptoms of tapeworms in cats and what you need to know to keep your feline happy and healthy.  

What Are Cat Tapeworms?

Tapeworms are an intestinal parasite found in cats. Inside the body they look like long, ribbon-like worms. However, pet parents usually see evidence of tapeworms as egg packets that look like grains of rice or sesame seeds around a cat’s anus or in feces. 

Most adult cats with tapeworms will show no signs of the parasite, making tapeworms difficult to diagnose. 

Types of Cat Tapeworms

There are several types of tapeworms in cats that are divided into the following categories. 

Diplydium caninum – the most common tapeworm in cats, exclusively spread by fleas.

Taenia species – acquired by ingesting dead animals or undercooked (or raw) meat. There are many different species. 

Echinococcus tapeworms are very rare in cats but can cause severe disease.

Symptoms of Tapeworms in Cats

Most healthy adult cats show few if any symptoms of a tapeworm infection. Tapeworms are usually diagnosed when pet parents or the veterinarian sees tapeworm egg packets (called proglottids) around the anus, in hair, or on a fecal sample. 

Proglottids are a type of sac containing many eggs. Fresh Diplydium tapeworm proglottids look like small grains of rice that can move. When they become dry, they may look like sesame seeds in size, shape, and color. 

Shape varies across types of tapeworms, for example Taenia proglottids are more square in appearance. Luckily, it is not necessary for pet parents to distinguish between the types of tapeworms when seeking treatment as all types of tapeworms respond to the same treatment.

Kittens with tapeworms may develop an intestinal obstruction if the worms fill up the volume of their intestines. This can be fatal. 

For adult and otherwise healthy cats, symptoms of tapeworms are rare and mild but may include the following:

• Diarrhea – Loose, watery, or mucousy stool can indicate intestinal parasites including tapeworms. Tapeworms are less likely than other parasites—such as hookworms or whipworms—to cause bloody stool. 
• Inappetance – Intestinal discomfort (a stomach ache) may cause your cat to lose their appetite
• Weight Loss – A severe tapeworm infection may lead to weight loss as the worms steal the food your cat is digesting or your cat loses their appetite. 
• Vomiting – Stomach aches or an intestinal blockage due to worms can lead to vomiting. It is very unlikely for the vomit to contain worms. 

How Do Cats Get Tapeworms?

Cats get Diplydium tapeworms by ingesting infected fleas. Cats may do this when grooming themselves or when chewing at a flea that bites. Cats who go outside or hunt are also susceptible to ingesting fleas. The more fleas a cat is exposed to, the more likely they are to also have tapeworms.

Flea larvae become infected when they ingest a tapeworm egg that is shed into the environment. By the time that larvae develops into an adult flea, the tapeworm inside its body is ready to infect a mammal such as a cat (or dog, or human). 

The only way to get this type of tapeworm is to ingest a flea. Since it is very unlikely that a human will eat a flea, the risk to humans is very low. A human cannot get tapeworms directly from a cat, and a cat cannot get tapeworms directly from another cat (or dog). 

However, if one pet in the house has fleas, they are likely to all have fleas and are therefore at risk of also contracting tapeworms. 

Diagnosing a Cat with Tapeworms

Frequently, when cats are diagnosed as having tapeworms it is because a pet parent notices the proglottids around their cat’s anus or in their fur. If brought to see a veterinarian, this is also the way the vet or staff is most likely to diagnose tapeworms. 

Veterinarians will perform a fecal flotation test. If tapeworms are present, the eggs (released from a ruptured proglottid) will float in the testing solution. However, fecal flotation tests frequently have false negatives.

Pet parents should definitely let their vets know if they notice signs of tapeworm at home, because this is often the only way vets diagnose them.

How to Treat Tapeworms in Cats

Luckily, tapeworms are easy to treat with the right medication. However, giving your cat medicine is only part of the way to true treatment. 

A cat with tapeworms should also be treated for fleas, have their home thoroughly cleaned, and started on effective flea prevention. 

Tapeworm Medication for Cats

Praziquantel is the name of the medicine used to treat tapeworms in cats. It is available from your veterinarian as a prescription injection, topical, or pill. Make sure to follow all veterinarian instructions, read the directions, and give the appropriate dose for your cat’s weight.

Your veterinarian may recommend treating all pets in the house. Treatment for tapeworms may need to be repeated 2-4 weeks after the initial treatment.

Kittens, pregnant or nursing cats, those with diseases, or cats who are sick should be seen and treated by a veterinarian as their infection may be more severe or a different medicine may be required. 

Cost to Treat Tapeworms in Cats

Depending on the size of your cat, the cost of treating tapeworms may be anywhere from $20-$50 plus any costs associated with your veterinary visit such as the exam and fecal analysis ($50-$150). 

Flea treatment and prevention is an important part of treating tapeworms. The safest and most effective forms of flea treatment and prevention for cats are only available with a veterinary prescription. This is because cats are sensitive to many of the ingredients used to treat fleas in dogs and over-the-counter products often do not indicate whether a product is safe for cats and may be misleading. 

Options for effective flea prevention include flea collars, topical treatments, and chewable medications that range in price from $10 to $40 per month. 

To help simplify parasite protection, ask your veterinarian whether a broad-spectrum parasiticide is a good fit for your cat. NexGard Combo is a monthly topical solution for cats that kills fleas and ticks, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. It contains three active ingredients—esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel–that are absorbed through the skin after application.

Fleas in the Home: Treating the Source of Tapeworms 

Until a cat’s home environment is cleaned of flea eggs and larva, they can continue to be infected by ingesting fleas. 

Treating the environment includes repeated vacuuming of all surfaces, washing bedding, and cleaning all upholstery. Flea eggs and larvae can survive in even the smallest nooks and crannies including hardwood floors and tile but especially carpet, furniture, and bedding. Use a washing machine and dryer to wash bedding, cat toys, clothing, and pet bedding. 

You may read about apple cider vinegar for ridding the environment of fleas. The only way vinegar is effective is by drowning the fleas—which is not realistic for your home. Instead, you can try treating the environment with natural products, such as diatomaceous earth and finely ground boric acid, which are non-toxic and effective against all flea life stages. (Products like diatomaceous earth are for treating the environment ONLY.) However, severe infestations may require fumigation or stronger forms of treatment.

Prevention of Tapeworms in Cats

The only effective way to prevent tapeworms in cats is to prevent fleas. Ask your veterinarian about the best flea prevention method for your cat and their lifestyle. 

If your cat becomes infected with a Taenia species of tapeworm, prevention may require an indoor-only lifestyle so that they cannot catch and kill animals or eat from carcasses. 

Related Conditions

• Fleas on Cats

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To prevent discomfort and help your dog feel better after a bee sting, learn how you can identify the symptoms of a sting, what you can do to treat a bee sting at home, and when it’s best to see a veterinarian. 

Bee Stings on Dogs: An Overview

Generally, bee stings on dogs look like small areas of swelling that may also be red or warm to the touch. If your dog is stung by a bee, she may be sensitive if you try to touch the area. Dogs are most likely to be stung on their face, though stings can occur anywhere on the body. 

Bee stings and other insect stings are seasonal, only occurring when it’s warm enough for those insects to be out and about.

Symptoms of a Dog Bee Sting

Often pet owners do not find a stinger and assume that their dog was stung by bees, wasps, or hornets based on her other symptoms. Depending on the location of the sting, pet parents may not even see a bump or obvious mark. Other times, a dog may scratch at the area or limp if the sting is on the leg or foot. 

If a dog is stung by a bee, symptoms range from very mild irritation to a serious medical condition requiring veterinary care.  

Mild symptoms include:

• Small area of swelling
• Redness
• Itchiness
• Sensitivity to touch

Moderate symptoms include:

• Swelling may spread for up to a day
• Hives

Severe symptoms include:

• Swelling of the mouth or throat
• Difficulty breathing
• Lethargy 
• Vomiting
• Collapse

Severe symptoms are most likely to occur if a dog is allergic to bee stings or suffers multiple stings. Multiple stings happen if a dog disturbs a bee hive or if the dog is stung by wasps, as they can sting multiple times. 

Dogs with bee allergies need to be taken to the veterinarian immediately as their symptoms can be life-threatening. Severe and allergic reactions can cause anaphylactic shock where the throat can close up, making it difficult for a dog to breathe.

Risk Factors 

Dogs who like to investigate flowers or who chase and snap at bees, wasps, and hornets flying around them are at highest risk for stings. Dogs who like to stick their nose in holes can be stung by ground bees. 

Other risk factors include living near pollinator habitats and spending time outdoors. 

Diagnosing Bee Stings on Dogs

A bee sting can be diagnosed at home if the pet parent sees the sting happen or finds the stinger. This is rare, so often pet parents bring their dog to the veterinarian assuming their dog has a bee sting based on her symptoms. 

At the veterinary clinic, a bee sting is diagnosed by obtaining a thorough history and complete physical exam.  

Other problems that cause swelling and pain or itching, such as an infection, can be mistaken for a bee sting so if your dog’s symptoms get worse or haven’t resolved after a day, it is important to have your dog examined by a veterinarian. 

If your dog appears to have any difficulty breathing or extreme swelling, it’s important to visit an emergency room, as these symptoms may be the result of a life-threatening allergic reaction.

How to Treat a Dog Stung By a Bee

If your dog is stung by a bee, remain calm. Most bee stings on dogs can be treated at home. However, it is important to take your dog to the veterinarian if symptoms progress to the moderate category, or to the emergency clinic if the symptoms are severe and there are signs of anaphylactic shock. 

If you find the stinger, remove it with a brushing stroke so as not to crush it. Prevent your dog from scratching the area, as scratching will allow the sting venom to spread and cause irritation. 

Do not bandage the area and do not try and suck out the venom—this is both ineffective and unhygienic. A cold compress or ice pack may alleviate some of the swelling. Do not apply any ointments without speaking to your veterinarian first. Not all products that are safe for people are safe for dogs. 

Some dogs are able to take diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for bee stings, however it is not appropriate for all dogs, so it is important to consult your veterinarian before giving your dog this, or any, medication. 

Dog Bee Sting Recovery Time

Your dog should be fully recovered within a day or so from a minor bee sting reaction. Unless the sting is causing limping, it is not necessary to rest your dog to treat a bee sting.       

If symptoms do not improve or if they get worse, it is important to let your veterinarian examine your dog. There are additional medications she can administer or prescribe including steroids to reduce the bee sting reaction. 

Cost to Treat Dog Bee Stings

The cost to treat a moderate bee sting reaction will be between $100 and $300. 

A severe reaction or allergic reaction may require more intense treatment. If your dog needs to spend a night at the emergency clinic, the cost can easily be $1,500 or more. These types of severe reactions are rare. 

How to Prevent Dog Bee Stings

It is impossible to prevent all insect stings, especially for dogs who spend time outside. In general, if your dog doesn’t bother the bee, the bee won’t sting. 

Discourage your dog from snapping at bees and from sticking her nose in holes.             

If you find a hive in your yard, fence off the area to give your dog and the bees enough space to be friendly neighbors. Bees are important for your flowers, garden, and community. If you feel the need to have them moved, call a local beekeeper who can safely remove the hive from your property. 

Related Conditions

• Allergic reactions
• Anaphylaxis
• Scorpio stings
• Wasp stings
• Insect bites

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Addison’s disease, also known as hypoadrenocorticism, is complicated to diagnose because it mimics the symptoms of many other canine diseases. Making things more difficult, the blood chemistry signs of the disease that your veterinarian looks for may not be present at first, even if your dog is already ill. 

What is Addison’s Disease?

Addison’s disease is caused by the dysfunction or destruction of the adrenal glands in dogs. The adrenal glands are a pair of small hormone-producing organs located near the kidneys that produce corticosteroids, such as cortisol, and mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone.

Cortisol is a hormone that helps a dog’s body cope with stress. This includes everyday stressors such as exercise and more severe stressors like injuries. 

Aldosterone is a hormone that helps to regulate electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in a dog’s body. These electrolytes are involved in many important body functions including the maintenance of adequate body fluid. 

A dog with Addison’s disease does not properly produce these adrenal hormones. Since hormones normally circulate throughout the body and have their effects everywhere, the entire body is affected by Addison’s disease. It can cause severe dehydration, coma, or even sudden death. 

Occasionally, dogs with Addison’s disease will only have a deficiency in the production of corticosteroids. This is called atypical Addison’s disease. While atypical Addison’s disease can be more difficult to diagnose, it is generally easier to treat.  

What Causes Addison’s Disease in Dogs?

The specific causes of Addison’s disease in dogs are not fully understood. The disease is caused by the destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal glands, which can happen due to an overactive immune system or as a secondary result of other diseases. 

The cause of Addison’s disease in some dogs may also be idiopathic, meaning the cause cannot be pinpointed and remains unknown. 

Middle-aged, female dogs are most likely to be diagnosed with Addison’s disease. Standard Poodles, Labrador Retrievers, Great Danes, Portuguese Water Dogs, West Highland Terriers, Rottweilers, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers are more likely than other dog breeds to be affected. 

If your dog abruptly stops taking steroid medication this can cause a type of Addison’s disease. Though it can be severe, it is often curable. Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions to slowly decrease steroid medications over time. 

Symptoms of Addison’s Disease in Dogs

Unfortunately, nearly one-third of dogs diagnosed with Addison’s disease are diagnosed because they get very sick, known as an Addisonian crisis. This is when dehydration becomes very severe and inadequate blood flow results. 

Dogs may also have a dangerous imbalance in blood electrolytes resulting in abnormal heart function.

Symptoms of Addison’s disease in dogs include: 

• Low energy – listlessness or lethargy, this sign may be intermittent
• Collapse – this is commonly the first sign of Addison’s Disease. Collapse may also be due to other serious conditions such as heart disease, neurologic defects, or epileptic diseases.
• Vomiting or regurgitation – this can be both acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term). It can be very difficult for pet owners to distinguish between vomiting and regurgitation.
• Diarrhea – this is a sign that your dog feels ill and is not specific to Addison’s disease.
• Seizures – seizures can result from very low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), a potential complication ofAddison’s disease.
• Pale gums – poor blood flow results in pale or muddy looking gums.
• Low heart rate – due to an imbalance in electrolytes in the blood, the heart rate may become so low that it results in collapse or sudden death.

An Addisonian crisis in dogs can be fatal. Dogs in this situation may be in an extreme state that includes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and a slow heart rate. Each of these are very serious and should be treated in the hospital by your veterinarian. 

A dog in an Addisonian crisis will require hospitalization that may cost $500-$1000 per day or more as doctors and their staff work to save your pet. 

Diagnosing Your Dog With Addison’s Disease

Diagnosis of Addison’s disease requires general and specific tests. As with any disease in our pets, the first step is a complete physical exam. Dogs with undiagnosed Addison’s disease often arrive at the veterinary hospital quite ill and a physical exam is important in determining what is wrong. 

Your veterinarian will perform a complete blood count (CBC), chemistry panel including electrolyte levels, and urinalysis. These are tests of general body function. Dogs with Addison’s disease have an imbalance in their electrolyte levels as well as possible abnormalities in kidney values. Normally, a sick dog will have elevated white blood cells but this response is absent in dogs with Addison’s disease. 

Next, if your veterinarian is suspicious of Addison’s disease, she will recommend an ACTH stimulation test. ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that signals to the adrenal gland to release steroids. If blood steroid levels do not respond to this injection, your dog has Addison’s disease. 

An abdominal ultrasound can also be helpful for diagnosis. The adrenal glands, normally small organs, are shrunken in dogs with Addison’s disease. An abdominal ultrasound can also rule out other causes of illness such as cancer.

A full set of diagnostic tests costs between $600 and $2,000, depending on which tests are required.

How to Treat Addison’s Disease in Dogs

Addison’s disease in dogs cannot be cured, but it can be managed with medicine. When starting medication, your veterinarian will recommend frequent blood tests to make sure the medicine is working properly. 

Once your pet’s disease is well-regulated, blood testing may be recommended every 3-6 months ($100-$250 per testing). 

Dogs with well-controlled Addison’s disease can have a normal life. However, left untreated Addison’s disease is fatal.

Medication for Addison’s Disease in Dogs

There are two types of medicines for treating Addison’s disease, the cost of which is dependent on the size of your dog. The first is a pill called fludrocortisone. 

Fludrocortisone: This is a pill that needs to be given every 12-24 hours. Depending on the size of your dog, it costs $50-$200 per month. Over years, your dog’s dose will increase.

Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate (DOCP) Injection: This is an injection given approximately every 25 days. Your veterinarian will check your dog’s electrolyte levels before the first several of these injections and then every 3-6 months. The injections cost approximately $100-$300 each.  

Your dog may also need to be given low-dose oral prednisone. Prednisone tablets are inexpensive, usually approximately $10-$20 per month. The exact dosing regimen depends on your dog and your lifestyle. Talk about the exact dosing expectations with your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Addison’s Disease

Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent Addison’s disease in dogs. If you have an at-risk breed, be sure to ask your breeder whether there is a family history of Addison’s disease and other diseases common to that breed. 

If your pet is taking steroid medications such as prednisone, do not abruptly stop them. Steroids should be tapered over the course of several days to weeks, following your veterinarian’s recommendations. 

Related Conditions 

• Megaesophagus
• Diabetes mellitus
• Urinary tract infections
• Renal Failure
• Whipworm infection
• Syncope
• Epilepsy
• Cushing’s Disease

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According to most veterinarians, eye problems are emergencies because they can quickly progress. Any eye issue allowed to continue can eventually cause blindness, but before then is likely to cause your pup pain. 

By understanding what causes red eyes in dogs and other eye-related symptoms, you can get your pet the help she needs. 

Appearance of Red Eyes 

A dog’s eyes can appear red when one or more parts of the eye are irritated. The conjunctiva is the soft tissue around a dog’s eye but inside the eyelid. The sclera is normally the white part of the eye. The cornea is the covering of the globe itself and is usually clear. 

More rarely, diseases of the whole body allow red blood cells to accumulate in the space in front of the iris. Redness in each of these different structures of the eye has different causes.

Causes of Red Eyes in Dogs

There are many causes of red eyes in dogs, ranging from allergies and infections to severe trauma and disease. 

Some breeds and types of dogs are more prone to eye redness. A long nose helps protect a dog’s eyes from debris and objects. As such, flat-faced (brachycephalic) dogs are more likely than other breeds to have red eyes and other eye issues. Dogs with long hair are also prone to red eyes because hair touching the eye is irritating. 

Older dogs with illnesses, including diabetes and kidney disease, may develop red eyes associated with disease symptoms.

Here’s a closer look at some of the causes of red eyes in dogs:

Allergies: Just like in humans, allergies can cause red eyes in dogs. Allergies usually cause redness of both eyes, although one may look more red than the other. 

Trauma: Trauma usually affects only one eye and refers to physical harm to the eye. It includes scratches from a wayward branch, a cat’s claw, or a dog’s own hair. Severe trauma such as being hit by a car can also cause red eye due to hemorrhage. Trauma can also occur if microscopic bits of debris accumulate on the eye, as may occur in dogs with sagging lower eyelids.

Infection: Conjunctivitis, an infection of the conjunctiva (tissue inside the eyelids), is known as “pink eye” because the eye looks red and puffy. It is uncomfortable and causes dogs to rub their eyes, worsening the redness.

Ulcers: Corneal ulcers, or damage to the protective covering of the eye, is a cause of red eye that needs to be treated by a veterinarian immediately. Usually only one eye is affected.

Dry Eye: When the tear-producing glands around the eye do not produce enough tears, this dries out the eye, which leads to redness. This is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and is common in brachycephalic dogs. Usually both eyes are affected, though one may be more severe than the other.

Glaucoma: Glaucoma is when the pressure inside of the eye itself (intraocular pressure) gets too high. This is a painful medical emergency. One or both eyes may be affected. 

“Cherry Eye”: Cherry eye is the term used to describe when the third eyelid of a dog is elevated and swollen or puffy. It is most common in brachycephalic breeds due to a genetic weakness of the ligament that keeps the eyelid in place. 

Other diseases that affect the whole body, including some viruses and diseases acquired from ticks, may cause red eyes in dogs. Rarely, cancer can cause redness of the eyes as well.

Symptoms that Accompany Red Eyes in Dogs

If your dog’s eyes are red, she may also have other eye-related symptoms that can help you and your veterinarian diagnose the specific cause. If your dog has any other full-body symptoms, such as lethargy, not eating, or bleeding anywhere else, she needs to be seen by a veterinarian immediately. 

Dogs often have combinations of eye symptoms that include redness. The specific symptoms will help your veterinarian diagnose the reason your dog’s eyes are red.

Squinting: If your dog is squinting, she needs to be seen by a veterinarian right away. This is a sign of pain and can indicate a severe problem.

Rubbing: A dog rubbing her eyes is a sign of pain or itchiness. Rubbing or scratching at her eyes can make the problem worse or cause damage to the eye.

Discharge: Eye discharge can be watery, thick with mucus, or be purulent (infectious). Discharge can be associated with many causes of red eye.

Swelling: Infection or irritation can cause swelling of the tissue around the eye or a puffy appearance. If the eye itself looks swollen and bulging, that is a medical emergency and needs to be treated by a veterinarian right away.

Cloudy or Opaque: If your dog’s pupil is suddenly hidden behind a cornea that is cloudy or opaque, that is a sign of corneal damage that needs to be addressed immediately by your veterinarian. Occasionally, animals will have an injury that leaves opaque scar tissue on the eye. This scar tissue is not painful but does inhibit vision.

Diagnosing Red Eyes in Dogs

Your veterinarian will first perform a complete physical exam. The physical exam is important in determining if there are any other signs or symptoms associated with the eye redness and help in an accurate diagnosis. 

Next, your veterinarian will examine your dog’s eye with an ophthalmoscope, a tool that allows her to look at the different structures of the eye. Depending on the specific symptoms your dog is showing, your veterinarian may perform one or more of the following tests:

• Schirmer Tear Test: This test measures tear production in each eye. This test is used your veterinarian thinks your pet may not be producing adequate tears.
  
• Tonometry: This tests the pressure of the eye. Both high and low pressures are indications that something is wrong. High eye pressure (intraocular pressure) often requires emergency treatment. 
• Fluorescein Stain: Your veterinarian uses this special dye to detect small defects in the cornea, known as corneal ulcers. The presence or absence of an ulcer determines which type(s) of medications are appropriate for your dog. 

In addition, your veterinarian may recommend blood tests. Some illnesses, including kidney disease, diabetes, and those transmitted by ticks, can cause problems that lead to red eyes in dogs. Rarely, cancer can also cause red eyes, therefore your veterinarian may recommend X-rays and/or an ultrasound to look for spread of the cancer. 

For complicated or severe cases of eye disease, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary ophthalmologist. These are veterinary specialists who have additional tools and training to take care of your dog’s eyes.

How to Treat Red Eye in Dogs

Proper treatment depends on the cause of eye redness. Your veterinarian may prescribe topical (applied to the eye) or oral (taken by mouth) medications to treat your dog’s red eyes. Some corneal ulcers may require minor procedures in the clinic while glaucoma and cherry eye often require surgery to treat.

Red Eye Medication for Dogs

For eye irritation and infection, your veterinarian will prescribe an ointment with antibiotics and possibly steroids. Steroids are never appropriate when there is an open corneal ulcer. Your veterinarian may also prescribe pain relieving topical medication, medication to reduce intraocular pressure, or sometimes oral medications to help with inflammation or infection.

Always give medication as directed and for as long as prescribed. Follow-up with your veterinarian as recommended. Contact your veterinarian immediately if your pet’s eyes get worse or are not improving during the treatment timeframe.

If your veterinarian recommends topical eye medicine, they can be challenging to apply to some dogs. Ask your veterinarian for advice. 

How to Treat Your Dog’s Red Eyes at Home

Red eye in dogs can be treated at home if you know the cause of the redness and your veterinarian has recommended at-home care. For example, if you know your dog has allergies, then giving an antihistamine according to veterinary instructions can help reduce her symptoms. 

Keep your dog’s eyes clean so that discharge can’t accumulate and worsen irritation. Never scrub around your dog’s eyes but rather allow a clean, damp, warm washcloth to moisten the debris over 30-60 seconds so that debris wipes away without pressure.  

Eye problems can be an emergency so call your veterinarian before attempting any at-home treatment. Never attempt any care without consulting with your veterinarian.

Cost of Red Eye Treatment in Dogs

Most causes of red eye can be treated without breaking the bank. However, due to the many causes of red eye, it is impossible to predict the cost ahead of time. 

Irritation due to allergies or conjunctivitis may only cost a veterinary visit plus topical medicine (approximately $100 total) but cherry eye or glaucoma may need to be treated with surgery estimated at $1,000-$4,000.

In the middle, corneal ulcers can require multiple types of medication and visits to your veterinarian, costing $200-$500 or more. 

In general, the sooner you bring your dog to be seen, treatment is easier and therefore less costly.

How to Prevent Red Eyes in Dogs

Unfortunately, there is not much you can do to prevent red eyes in dogs. If your dog has allergies, keeping the house clean and dust-free can help reduce symptoms, including red eyes.  

Dogs with dry eye (KCS) should be given their medication on schedule. For other conditions, following your veterinarian’s treatment instructions are the best way to prevent red eyes from returning.

Red eyes in dogs don’t cause many other problems but they can be a sign of many different illnesses. As they say, “the eyes are the window to the soul,” and in dogs they are also a window into the health of the body.

Related Conditions

• Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
• Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
• Corneal Ulcer
• Glaucoma
• Cherry Eye

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