The number of vaccines your kitten needs, on top of dewormers and veterinary exams, can make owning a kitten expensive. Luckily, options like pet insurance and the CareCredit credit card can help pet parents feel more financially prepared to manage the cost of their kitten’s wellness care. 

Learn more about what vaccines your kitten will need, and how much kitten shots cost.

What Shots Does My Kitten Need?

Kittens need vaccines to stay healthy. Core vaccines are vaccines critical to all cats’ health. The diseases the vaccines protect against cause significant illness and/or death. Most cats are exposed to these diseases. Non-core vaccines are not recommended for most cats. Read on to learn about the core vaccines that are essential to your kitten’s health.

Core Vaccines

Kittens need several core vaccines. Based on the guidelines provided by the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), there are three core vaccines for kittens [1]:

FVRCP or HCP: FVRCP and HCP stand for the same vaccination. Commonly known as distemper, this vaccine protects against three viruses: feline viral rhinotracheitis or herpesvirus, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus. This vaccine should start soon after you take your kitten home, but 6 weeks old at the earliest. Your kitten will need multiple vaccines to stay healthy and keep their immunity until they reach 16 weeks of age.

Rabies: Rabies vaccination is a core vaccine against the deadly rabies virus. Each state and sometimes municipal code have specific rules as to when rabies vaccines are required and how long the immunity can last. Rabies vaccination is not recommended younger than 12 weeks of age, and some states require 16 weeks.

FeLV: FeLV is an uncommon virus in cats, but kittens are more prone to infection than adult cats. If your kitten catches FeLV, they will likely carry the disease for life. FeLV causes insidious disease that shortens the lifespan of cats. The FeLV vaccine is considered core for cats under 1 year of age.

Core Vaccine Schedule for Kittens

Non-core Vaccines

There are three non-core vaccines offered for cats:

FeLV vaccine for cats over 1 year of age: Cats who are at high risk of contracting FeLV should continue vaccination once they reach adulthood. Cats at risk include those who spend time outdoors or cats regularly exposed to other cats of unknown health status.

Bordetella: This vaccine is rarely recommended. It is used to protect against a bacterium called Bordetella bronchiseptica, which can cause upper respiratory disease as well as lower airway disease such as pneumonia. This infection is uncommon in cats, and this vaccine is only recommended in homes or animal shelters with multiple cats who are known to have this infection.

Chlamydia: This vaccine is rarely recommended. It is used to protect against a bacterium called Chlamydia felis, which can cause upper respiratory disease, particularly eye infections. This vaccine is only recommended in homes or animal shelters with multiple cats who are known to have this infection. However, this vaccine is used with caution due to increased risk of adverse reactions to the vaccine.

How Much Do Kitten Shots Cost?

The cost of kitten vaccines depends largely on the area you live in and the cost of living. A range of costs per vaccination is:

• FVRCP: $20-$40
• Rabies: $20-$40
• FeLV: $25-$45
• Bordetella: $10-$30
• Chlamydia: $20-$40

Once you add up all the core vaccines your kitten will need, it could cost anywhere from $110 up to $280 — and that does not include examination fees. The cost can be challenging for pet parents who want the best care for their kitten. If you have a CareCredit credit card, you can use it to pay for kitten vaccinations and other pet care costs, at any provider in the CareCredit network.* It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options. Another option would be to seek out a vaccination clinic that is offered to the public with reduced cost of vaccines.

Your cat will be due for follow-up vaccines one year after the kitten vaccines finish. After this, the frequency of vaccines depends on the state and your kitty’s risk. Some vaccines need to be repeated every year, but most times FVRCP and rabies can be given every three years instead.

Kitten Shots: Other Tips and Advice

When it comes to the kitten vaccination series, pet parents often have questions about what to expect. Let’s cover some of the most common questions pet parents ask veterinarians: 

Can an unvaccinated kitten be around a vaccinated cat? 

Yes, but it does not eliminate the risk of catching a virus from the vaccinated cat. Even vaccinated cats can catch an upper respiratory infection (a “cold”), and although their symptoms may be mild, your kitten may have worse symptoms due to lack of previous vaccination. Ensure the other cat is healthy by asking about recent veterinary visits, and if the cat has been experiencing any symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting, or diarrhea.

When can my kitten meet other cats? 

Kittens need to socialize with other cats as early and as often as possible. If your 8-week-old kitten gets their first FVRCP vaccine, ideally you should wait at least 72 hours prior to introducing them to other cats (assuming your vet is using a “modified live” vaccine that is more effective sooner). If the other cat hasn’t been tested or vaccinated for FeLV, consider waiting at least one week after the second FeLV vaccine to introduce your kitten.

Can kittens have reactions to vaccines? 

Yes, they can. Around 0.5 percent of cats have a reaction to vaccinations, such as decreased activity level, lack of appetite, fever, and/or discomfort at the injection site. Serious life-threatening reactions are very rare — about 1 out of every 10,000. A more serious reaction may include symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, inability to breathe well, swelling of the face, and collapse. Overall, most reactions are mild and go away on their own. Call your veterinarian right away if you notice symptoms of illness after vaccination.

When are kittens fully vaccinated? 

Kittens are fully vaccinated once they have had: at minimum two FVRCP vaccines, the second of which is given at 16+ weeks old, one rabies vaccine, and two FeLV vaccines.

Resources

1. 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines. American Animal Hospital Association. Retrieved from https://www.aaha.org/resources/2020-aahaaafp-feline-vaccination-guidelines/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

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Though only about 0.1 percent of pet cats in the U.S. have whipworms [1], understanding this rare parasite is essential. Treatment for whipworms differs significantly from other cat worms, so it’s vital to know what to expect and how to protect your pet. 

Here’s everything you need to know about whipworm in cats, from the symptoms your kitty may show to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention tips.

What Are Whipworms?

Whipworms are a parasite in the genus Trichuris. These tiny, thread-like nematodes live in the colon or in the large intestine. Because they are rare in cats, the impact is low for most felines. Though severe infestations can lead to health issues like anemia.

Unlike roundworms, which are more likely to cause noticeable symptoms, such as diarrhea, feline whipworm infections often go undetected. That’s why knowing what to watch out for to ensure speedy diagnosis and treatment is crucial for maintaining your cat’s health.

Because they are rare in cats, the impact is low for most cats. Roundworms and hookworms are much more prevalent and more often associated with symptoms like diarrhea.

What do Whipworms Look Like?

Whipworms are slender, white to off-white worms measuring 2–3 inches long. Their bodies are mostly thin, with one end widening significantly, giving them a whip-like appearance. The thicker part resembles the handle of a whip.

While adult whipworms are visible to the naked eye, whipworm eggs in cat feces are microscopic. You won’t see these eggs without a microscope, but they play a key role in transmitting the infection.

How Do Cats Get Whipworms?

Cats develop a whipworm infection by ingesting soil, food, or water contaminated with the parasite’s eggs.

Cats cannot give the infection to one another directly. However, when an infected cat defecates, they shed whipworm eggs in their feces (poop).

It takes 9 to 21 days for these eggs to mature and become infective. These infective eggs can survive for years in harsh conditions. Once a cat ingests an infective egg, it hatches in their intestines, growing into an adult whipworm within 3 months.

Outdoor cats have an increased risk of getting a whipworm infection. Certain regions of the United States may have higher prevalence as well. A study on outdoor cats in Florida found whipworms in 38 percent of cats [2] – a marked increase from just 0.1 percent of domestic cats nationwide.

Can Humans Get Whipworms from Cats?

Whipworms are highly species-specific. Cat whipworms infect only cats, so humans are not at risk. While there are rare cases of humans contracting whipworms from dogs, there are no such reports involving cats.

Still, you never know what parasites or animals may be hanging around your yard. So it’s always best to practice good hygiene to reduce the risk of transmission. Always wash your hands thoroughly after cleaning up animal feces or working with potentially contaminated soil.

Whipworm Symptoms in Cats

In cats, whipworms survive by feeding off feline blood and the lining of the intestine. Most cats with whipworms show no apparent symptoms. However, in severe cases, the parasitic worms can cause significant blood loss.

In some cases, this can trigger anemia (low red blood cells), which can cause subtle symptoms over time. In kittens, these signs are more dramatic because they are smaller and have less blood to lose.

Symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea
• Frequent trips to the litter box to poop
• Weight loss
• Less active
• Pale gums (pale pink instead of healthy vibrant pink)
• Belly pain

If you notice any of these symptoms, consult your veterinarian for testing and treatment.

Diagnosing Whipworms in Cats

If your vet suspects your cat may have whipworms, you’ll need to bring your cat in for a visit. However, veterinarians cannot diagnose the condition with a physical exam alone.

Instead, vets rely on diagnostic tests to confirm whether or not a cat has whipworms. There are two types of tests:

• Fecal Flotation: Vets mix a cat’s feces with a sugar solution that causes parasite eggs to rise. Then they examine these eggs under a microscope to identify the parasite.
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Since whipworms do not constantly shed eggs, this highly-sensitive test looks for antigens (tiny particles of adult whipworms) in the feces to confirm the diagnosis.

Whipworm in Cats Treatment

There are no medications specifically approved for cat whipworm infections. However, vets often prescribe antiparasitic drugs off-label as an effective treatment.

Whipworm Medication for Cats

Fenbendazole (brand name Panacur) – Whipworms have an incredibly long lifecycle. So vets often use the “3 days, 3 weeks, 3 months” approach when prescribing this deworming medication.

First, your cat takes fenbendazole for three days to kill the adult whipworms. Then again three weeks later to kill any newly matured adult. However, the medicine does not kill larvae (immature parasites). So you must treat again three months later, after those larvae become mature adults, to ensure all the worms are gone.

“Combo” or “comprehensive” flea preventives – Some monthly flea medications contain additional ingredients that target other parasites. While many of these multi-purpose meds target only roundworms and hookworms, several contain ingredients effective against whipworm, including:

• Milbemycin oxime
• Moxidectin and imidacloprid
• Emodepside and praziquantel

General Cost

The cost of diagnosing and treating whipworms typically includes:

• Veterinary exam and fecal tests: $300–$500, depending on additional treatments for symptoms like diarrhea.
• Medication: This can range from $20-$80, depending on what your vet prescribes.

How to Prevent Whipworm in Cats

The best strategies for preventing whipworms include:

• Keeping cats indoors to minimize exposure to contaminated soil or feces.
• Using monthly parasite preventives effective against whipworms.
• Cleaning litter boxes regularly and reduce the risk of environmental contamination.

By staying vigilant and mitigating risks, you can keep your cat safe from whipworms. Though the likelihood of whipworms in cats is small, the sets you take can help guard against other intestinal parasites. And that’s a win-win for you and your cat!

References

1. Nagamori, Yoko et al. “Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 277 (2020): 109008. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109008
2. Geng, Jinming et al. “Diagnosis of feline whipworm infection using a coproantigen ELISA and the prevalence in feral cats in southern Florida.” Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports vol. 14 (2018): 181-186. doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.11.002

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Feline nasal polyps can cause similar symptoms to the common cat cold. However, nasal polyps in cats don’t go away on their own over time like colds do. And they can cause more complicated health issues.

So how can pet parents tell if their cat has nasal polyps? More importantly, what should they do about it? Here’s everything you need to know about nasal polyps in cats so you (and your kitty) can breathe easier.

What are Nasal Polyps in Cats? 

Polyps are what we call abnormal fleshy growths that can develop in many parts of the body, in both humans and animals. These inflammatory masses are generally benign (non-cancerous). They consist of epithelial cells and cells that respond to inflammation, like white blood cells. Unlike tumors, they do not spread to other tissues.

In cats, polyps can occur in the ear (aural polyps) as well as the nose and throat region (feline nasopharyngeal polyps).

Nasal polyps in cats grow from the inner lining of the nasal cavity or sinuses. They can also develop deep within the head, where the nasal cavities begin.

Feline nasal polyps are generally pink or off-white in color. The fleshy growths may appear soft and rounded, attached by a stalk to nasal tissue or the inside of the nasal cavity. They usually occur on one side, not both sides, but this does occur in 13-24 percent of cases (1,2).

Nasal polyps are not very common. They tend to occur most often in young cats around the age of one year. However, polyps can develop in cats as young as three months of age and much older than one year. No single breed is prone to nasal polyps.

Polyps in Cat’s Nose: Causes 

The exact cause of nasal polyps is unknown. The inflammatory nature of the growths suggests some sort of immune response, but it remains unproven. Theorized (possible) causes include:

• Upper respiratory diseases, such as feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus. However, multiple studies have failed to prove this link.
• Feline retroviruses (feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus), but multiple studies have failed to prove this.
• Bacterial infection is common when cats have a nasal polyp. However, the polyp doesn’t go away with antibiotics, so bacteria cannot be the only cause.
• Chronic rhinitis is a condition of chronic inflammation in the nasal cavity. However, this is diffuse (occurring throughout the cavity), not a mass growing from a single specific place.
• Genetics may play a role. In some litters of cats, more than one cat is affected.

Symptoms of Nasal Polyps in Cats  

Cats with nasal polyps tend to have a very stuffy nose. However, this makes nasal polyps in cats difficult to distinguish from the common kitty cold.

In rare cases, pet parents can actually see a small pink fleshy growth sticking out of their cat’s nose. Though, most of the time, polyps are not obvious to a casual observer.

Some additional cat nasal polyp symptoms to watch out for include:

• Sneezing
• Open-mouth or heavy breathing
• Loud breathing that sounds like snoring
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Discharge from the nose or eyes

These are also signs of upper respiratory disease in cats caused by herpesvirus-1 or feline calicivirus. However, such symptoms tend to improve after about two weeks in cats with these viruses.

Cats with nasal polyps are typically very congested and tend to remain so for over four weeks. Persistent stuffiness and very loud breathing are key indicators that nasal polyps may be the cause.

Diagnosing Nasal Polyps in Cats 

The majority of polyps cannot be diagnosed with a veterinary exam. In rare cases, the growths may be visible externally. But your vet will still conduct a thorough exam to check your cat’s airways and rule out other problems, like upper respiratory disease.

To find nasal polyps, your veterinarian will need to anesthetize your kitty so he’s sleeping. While looking deep into the mouth, your vet will pull the soft part of the roof of the mouth forward to see more of the nasal cavity. If a mass is present, a nasal polyp is likely.

The only way to know for sure if a growth is a polyp is to examine the tissue under a microscope. A cat nasal tumor or growth could indicate nasal cancer in cats. So it is best to remove the growth and test it, especially nasal polyps in older cats.

Treatment for Feline Nasal Polyps 

Many pet parents ask, “Are nasal polyps in cats dangerous?” To answer that, it’s important to know that cats breathe primarily through their noses. Since nasal polyps won’t go away on their own, treatment is essential to eliminate the danger and ensure cats can breathe easily.

There are three main treatments veterinarians use to combat nasal polyps:

1. Cat Nasal Polyp Surgery

Removal by traction is a minor surgery veterinarians use to remove simple nasal polyps in cats.

Usually, the vet will make a small incision in the soft part of the roof of your cat’s mouth. Then they’ll use a surgical instrument to very slowly and carefully pull on the polyp with gentle traction. Ideally, the polyp will tear off with the stalk at the point of origin. 

In some cases, more advanced surgery may be necessary to remove a polyp. For example, if a polyp develops deep inside the head, removing it by traction may be impossible. If a nasal polyp reoccurs after minor surgery to remove it, more advanced surgical treatment is in order.

Cat nasal polyp surgery cost can vary, depending on the complexity. Using traction for removal is a quick procedure that usually costs a few hundred dollars. Advanced surgery can involve a special camera and instrument called rhinoscopy. This would typically cost thousands of dollars and require a specialist.

2. Steroids

Your vet may prescribe prednisolone (or prednisone) after surgery to reduce inflammation in the nasal cavity. You may have to administer the medication for several weeks to reduce the chance of the polyp forming again.

Nasal polyps can recur in cats, particularly if the stalk of the polyp remains after a vet removes the growth. However, several weeks of steroid treatment post-surgery can help reduce the risk of recurrence. According to one study of cats who did not receive steroid treatment after surgery to remove nasal polyps, regrowth occurred between 15-50 percent of the time. (3)

3. Antibiotics

Often, nasal polyps go hand in hand with secondary bacterial infections in cats. While antibiotics do not directly treat the nasal polyp, vets often prescribe them to treat infection, reduce inflammation, and help your kitty breathe comfortably.

How to Help Cats with Feline Nasal Polyps at Home

In addition to veterinary treatment for nasal polyps, there are some things pet parents can do at home to help ease a cat’s recovery

Provide steam showers if your kitty is very congested. Run hot water in the shower and place your kitty in the bathroom while the bathroom fills with steam. Breathing the humid air for around 30 minutes can help reduce congestion so they can breathe easier.

Another way to do this is to use a nebulizer filled with sterile saline solution. Place the nebulizer in or in front of a carrier that’s holding your cat. Cover the carrier with a towel to trap the mist inside, but leave some holes open to encourage airflow. After about 15-30 minutes, the aerosolized mist from the nebulizer should help clear your cat’s airways.

How to Prevent Cat Nasal Polyps

In general, there is no way to prevent nasal polyps in cats as the cause is unknown. However, if your cat develops symptoms of an upper respiratory infection and they worsen or linger, seek treatment from your veterinarian to avoid prolonged inflammation. 

References

1. Kapatkin, Amy S et al. “Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in 31 cats with nasopharyngeal polyps.” Journal of The American Animal Hospital Association 26 (1990): 387-392.
2. Hoppers, Sarrah E et al. “Feline bilateral inflammatory aural polyps: a descriptive retrospective study.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 31,5 (2020): 385-e102. doi:10.1111/vde.12877
3. Anderson, D M et al. “Management of inflammatory polyps in 37 cats.” The Veterinary record vol. 147,24 (2000): 684-7.

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It’s always concerning to see your kitty get sick. And a cat vomiting green liquid can worry you even more. Nearly every cat will vomit at some point in their life — so when should you be worried, and what should you know about green cat vomit? Read on to find out.

Is Green Cat Vomit Cause for Concern?

Vomiting is a body’s normal response to many things, including viruses, having eaten something inappropriate, or bacterial infection. Vomit can be green because it includes bile.

Bile is a normal substance made by the liver and found within the gallbladder. It is released into the small intestine just past the stomach (in the duodenum) when your cat eats. It helps both digestion, particularly of fats, and the body carry away waste.

If vomit contains bile, it is not cause for alarm. Vomit often contains bile because your cat’s intestines are not moving things forward as they should, and bile goes backward into the stomach. Bile itself cannot diagnose any particular issue in your cat, and vomit including bile is not more concerning than other vomit.

The most important thing for pet parents to monitor is not the color of vomit, but how your cat is feeling overall. If your kitty vomits, immediate medical attention is not necessary; monitoring at home is sufficient at first. If issues continue, call your veterinarian for medical care. 

Take note of these possible issues to better assess if your cat needs medical attention:

Decreased Appetite

If your cat is no longer eating whatsoever for 24 hours, this is a very urgent medical concern that needs immediate attention. If your cat’s appetite has decreased over time but they are still eating, and their appetite does not return over a few days, call your veterinarian.

Losing Weight

Does it appear your cat has lost weight? If you’re unsure, use a human baby scale (or cat scale if you have one) and weigh your cat at the same time daily to confirm. Weight loss for more than two days is an urgent concern.

Changes in Behavior

If your cat is acting differently, this could indicate that they are not feeling well. Examples of changes in behavior include your cat being less active, not playing as much, sleeping more, or hiding. If this occurs for more than a couple days, they need medical attention.

If at any time your cat is profusely vomiting many times over a matter of a few hours, if they cannot rise, or if they appear less aware of their surroundings, it could be a sign that they need emergency care. This is rarely the case, but it’s important to know.

Types of Green Cat Vomit

You might notice green cat vomit can look different depending on the situation. Let’s go over what types of green vomit you may see.

Green Liquid

A cat vomiting green liquid often indicates that they have been drinking water and maybe eating some food. The juices inside the stomach for digestion — and possibly water — will make vomit into liquid.

Green Foam

Green foam vomit indicates your cat has extra gas in the stomach that is mixing with stomach acid. This could be due to stomach acid entering the esophagus, which is the tube from the mouth down to the stomach. Foam can also occur because your cat’s stomach is empty and thus has extra air.

Green Mucus

Mucus is naturally found in the stomach to protect the inner lining from all the acid and digestion taking place. It’s normal to find mucus in vomit and may be more common in cats with empty stomachs. Mucus also is naturally found in your cat’s sinuses (nasal passages) and is normally swallowed. Cats with stuffy noses may have more mucus in the stomach.

Causes of Green Cat Vomit

Regardless of the type your cat produces, green vomit indicates that the stomach or organs near it are inflamed — and there are many possible causes. Here are just a few examples:

Inflammatory bowel disease. If your cat has been vomiting for more than three weeks, your veterinarian may diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. This condition indicates the intestines are inflamed, which can be caused by many things including food allergies to specific proteins.

Viruses. Viruses that affect the whole body and cause fever or affect any part of the abdomen can lead to vomiting, since cats are uniquely sensitive to discomfort in the abdomen.

Kidney disease. This occurs in one-third of all cats over 15 years of age and can be seen in even younger cats as well. Inflammation and discomfort from the kidneys coupled with other metabolic changes result in vomiting.

Foreign bodies. Cats may eat things that cannot be digested by the body, such as fake plants, string, or small pieces of a toy.

Treatment

Prior to seeing a veterinarian, there are not a lot of treatment options for cats who vomit at home. Ensure your cat has unlimited water available. You may even entice them with tuna juice or low-sodium chicken broth to help with hydration. Do not give your cat any treats. If you’re enticing them to eat after they have been anorexic, stick to plain cooked meat, canned tuna, or cat diets. Avoid treats and any other types of foods.

While medications to decrease stomach acid are available over the counter, they are not always the right choice for your cat. Veterinary advice prior to administering any medication is important. Whenever concerned, call your veterinary office to better assess if your cat needs medical care. Your veterinarian would likely administer medication to stop the vomiting and fluids if your cat is dehydrated, and they may offer testing to figure out why your cat is vomiting.

My Take on Green Cat Vomit

Seeing my cat vomit made me a little sad, knowing that they weren’t feeling very well. If your cat rarely vomits or goes back to their normal self in a day, don’t worry. 

Green cat vomit is not a major concern for panic — it’s all about how your cat is feeling overall. As long as they start eating again within a day and their behavior returns to normal over a couple days, monitoring at home is okay. But don’t hesitate to call your veterinarian if you are concerned.

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Unfortunately, most pet parents don’t know much about these hardworking glands until something goes wrong. And, by that point, your pet may need emergency veterinary care.

To help you avoid that fate, here’s what you need to know about your cat’s anal glands. You’ll learn what they are, where they are, and how to care for them. Plus, we’ll cover what can go wrong, how to recognize problem signs, and what you can do about it.

What are Cat Anal Glands?

Cat anal glands are the two small sacs located near the anus on a cat butt — right around four o’clock and eight o’clock if you imagine your cat’s anus as the center of a clock. These glands, also called anal sacs, store smelly, brown fluid created by the sweat-like glandular cells lining the sacs.

This fluid works as a chemical scent marker, much like a skunk’s spray. Cats use it to mark their territory, identify what cats are where, and even warn or defend against predators.

When your cat poops (defecates), the pressure of the poop moving through the anus squeezes the sacs. This releases a smelly secretion called the cat anal gland discharge.

Cats who are defecating normally will naturally express their own anal sacs. Cats rarely need assistance with expression of anal glands, but if something is wrong, they may need help temporarily.

What Causes Cat Anal Gland Problems?

Anal gland issues in cats are very rare, affecting only 0.4 percent of cats. (1) However, there are several very common conditions that can cause anal gland problems to develop. These include:

• Chronic diarrhea
• Obesity
• Chronic constipation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Food allergies
• Atopy (itchy skin) due to allergies, fleas, and/or the environment
• Neurologic disease (e.g., anus cannot close properly due to nerve or muscle changes)
• Cancer (known as anal sac adenocarcinoma)

Types of Anal Gland Disorders in Cats

If these conditions cause anal gland disorders in your cat, there are four types cats commonly face:

• Anal Gland Inflammation – When your cat’s skin becomes inflamed, it can cause their anal glands to become swollen and inflamed, as well. This is common in cases of allergies or skin diseases.
• Anal Gland Impaction – This is the most common anal gland disorder. If your cat’s anal sacs are impacted, that means they cannot release anal gland fluid like they are supposed to. This painful condition can occur if your cat is not pooping regularly, or if their anal secretions thicken due to inflammation.
• Anal Gland Infection – Impacted feline anal glands often become infected. This happens when secretions build up in the glands and bacterial infection sets in, creating an anal gland abscess. It’s also possible for yeast infections to develop in anal glands if your cat has a skin disease.
• Anal Gland Rupture. If your cat’s anal glands become inflamed, impacted, and infected, they can rupture. This is the body’s way of trying to rid itself of infection by creating an “emergency exit” to release the anal gland secretions through a hole in the skin near a cat’s anus. This condition can be painful and quite severe. It requires more urgent treatment than the other forms of anal gland issues mentioned above.

Anal gland disorders can develop in both male and female cats of any age or breed. However, British shorthairs and male cats may be predisposed to anal gland issues, compared to other cats. (1) Adults are also more likely to develop anal gland disorders than kittens.

How to Tell Something Is Wrong with a Cat’s Anal Glands

Before anal gland issues occur, most cats have changes in pooping habits whether they are constipated or having diarrhea. Sometimes, your cat has changes in her skin or fur coat prior to anal gland issues starting. Once the issues begin, the earliest symptoms are behavior changes.

Symptoms of anal gland issues include:

• Cat scooting, or cat dragging butt on the ground
• Overgrooming or biting at the rear end and tail base area
• Matting of fur around the anus
• Reluctance to sit or poop – your cat might go in and out of the litter box before finally pooping
• Straining to poop
• Discharge, redness, or swelling around the anus

If you notice any of these warning signs or behaviors, schedule a visit with your veterinarian for an evaluation. Your vet can help determine whether your cat’s anal glands are in danger of becoming overly full or impacted, which could lead to rupture.

If your cat seems very uncomfortable and you notice redness, swelling, and/or a foul discharge near the anus, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Anal gland rupture is painful, and infection can make your cat feel very sick.

Do Cats Need Anal Glands Expressed?

Cats do not need their anal glands expressed unless there is an issue. Normally, cats naturally express their anal glands every time they poop. So it’s unnecessary to intervene unless you notice the symptoms described above. And even then, it’s important to work with your vet to determine whether anal gland issues are the culprit.

Typically, when anal gland issues occur, your veterinarian will recommend weekly expression for about three to six weeks.

How to Treat Problems with Anal Glands in Cats

Make a veterinary appointment right away if you see symptoms of feline anal sac problems. Allowing time to pass without treatment will likely result in the rupture of glands, which is painful and more serious, as well as more expensive.

If you suspect your cat has ruptured their anal glands, seek urgent or emergent care immediately. Your cat can develop serious infection and fever if left untreated.

Your vet will take a history of your cat’s symptoms and conduct a thorough physical exam to determine the cause of the anal gland problems, as well as the best treatment.

Treatment options for anal gland issues may include:

• Anal gland expression in cats – Your vet or a qualified vet tech will express your cat’s anal glands by applying gentle pressure to empty them. Some cats may need to be sedated, especially if the glands are really swollen. Typically, this treatment will continue weekly for several weeks.
• Antibiotics – If your cat’s anal glands are inflamed, infected, or ruptured, your vet will prescribe oral or injected antibiotics. In some cases, your vet may inject the medicine directly into the anal glands to treat the infection quickly. This will also require sedation for your cat.
• Pain medicine – If the anal gland has ruptured, your vet will prescribe pain medication, as this can be very painful in cats.
• Laser therapy – If the anal glands are inflamed, this can be used to decrease inflammation in the area.

If there’s an underlying issue causing your cat’s anal gland issues, your vet will also recommend immediate or long-term treatment options. These may include:

• Weight loss if your cat is obese
• Special diet, either for food allergies (e.g., limited ingredient diets) or for chronic diarrhea or constipation (e.g., food with different/more fiber)
• Anti-inflammatories or other medications intended to decrease inflammation from allergic skin disease
• Flea treatment
• Surgery to remove the anal glands (for repeated impaction or infection that does not respond to medical therapy, or in cases of cancer)

Surgery will not be recommended unless multiple attempts at treatment have failed to prevent the issue from recurring. This is a major procedure and would likely be performed by a specialist. Long-term complications are rare but could include fecal incontinence, a chronic hole near the anus that is difficult to treat (fistula), or tightening of the anus making pooping difficult.

There are some home remedies that may help cats with anal gland problems. But pet parents should never rely solely on home remedies to treat anal gland issues in cats.

Always visit your vet first for a proper diagnosis. If you plan to use any home remedies in addition to your vet-recommended treatment plan, be sure to get your vet’s approval first.

Things you can do at home that may help your cat heal from anal gland issues include:

• Switching to a lower-fat and higher-fiber diet to increase the bulk or size of poop, prevent diarrhea, and prevent obesity
• Adding a fiber supplement to your cat’s diet (e.g., 1/4-1/2 teaspoon psyllium once or twice per day)
• Applying a warm compress or washcloth to your cat’s anus/butt area twice daily for 5-7 days

Tips to Promote Healthy Cat Anal Gland Function

To protect the health of your cat’s anal glands and prevent future problems, here are some steps pet parents can take:

• Seek veterinary care if your cat has diarrhea for more than two days or has not pooped in three days. While nothing may be wrong with their anal glands yet, the longer these conditions go untreated, the greater the risk of anal gland issues developing.
• Not all cats need probiotics. But if your cat has recurring bouts of diarrhea or constipation, you may want to consider adding a probiotic supplement to help promote healthy digestion.
• If your cat is missing fur, is scratching and chewing their skin, or develops crusty, red patches, seek veterinary care.
• Keep your cat at a healthy weight. Feed your feline a high-quality diet that fits the AAFCO nutrient profile for their age and stage of life. Measure how much your cat eats, and adjust the amount if you notice any weight gain. Ask your vet for feeding recommendations to ensure your cat maintains a healthy weight.
• Apply year-round flea preventives.

Anal glands are an important part of your cat’s anatomy. Though rare, anal gland problems can develop in cats, which could greatly impact your cat’s health.

Always consult your veterinarian at the first sign of problems with your cat’s anal glands, which can range from cat scooting to severe pain and discharge. With your veterinarian’s help, you can treat anal gland issues quickly and effectively to prevent them from becoming more serious.

References

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8749694/

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What Is Vestibular Disease in Cats?

Vestibular disease is a set of symptoms that occurs when one of the two places that control balance is inflamed. One location is the inner ear; the other is the brainstem, a small and very important part at the bottom of the brain. The brainstem has nerve connections going to the spinal cord and the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for muscle movement and balance at the back of the brain.

When the inner ear or brainstem is affected by inflammation or tumors in the surrounding area, your kitty cannot balance well. Their muscles will move differently, causing leaning or falling over, and their eyes may move differently when the body changes position.

What Causes Feline Vestibular Disease?

Feline vestibular disease can occur in cats of any age, breed, or sex, although some of the causes are more common in certain ages. The most common causes of vestibular disease in cats include the following [1]:

Inner ear disease

Otitis media (middle ear inflammation) and otitis interna (inner ear inflammation) are the most common causes of feline vestibular disease. 

Idiopathic vestibular disease

Idiopathic means that the cause of disease is unknown. It occurs in all ages of cats. Oddly, this is diagnosed most frequently in the summertime.

Cancer

Cancer in the brain, or less often in the bones of the skull or outer lining of nerves, can cause vestibular disease. This is more common in older cats.

Meningitis

Meningitis is inflammation of the outer lining of the brain and spinal cord. There are many causes of meningitis, but the most common cause leading to vestibular disease is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a viral infection usually diagnosed in very young cats and old cats. Another cause is bacterial infection around the brain.

Nasopharyngeal polyps

A polyp is a type of mass that grows when an area is inflamed over a long period of time. These masses can grow in the inner ear or nasal cavity, but the inner ear polyps cause vestibular disease. Cats typically develop polyps when under 3 years old.

Thiamine deficiency

Cats may not have enough thiamine, or vitamin B, when they are not fed balanced diets. Alternatively, severe liver or gastrointestinal (gut) disease can lead to insufficient thiamine because the body cannot absorb it well.

There are multiple other causes of vestibular disease, but they are quite rare. Some medications are toxic to the inner ear and can cause vestibular disease, especially aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin. Additionally, trauma or stroke can lead to vestibular disease. 

While the most common causes of vestibular disease occur in any breed of cat, certain breeds, such as Siamese, Burmese, and Tonkinese, can be born with congenital vestibular disease, typically noticeable around 3 to 4 weeks of age. 

Cat Vestibular Disease Symptoms

The most noticeable symptom of vestibular disease in cats is that your cat is not walking normally and is appearing wobbly. Ataxia is the primary symptom of vestibular disease and means the body cannot coordinate its movements. This can be described in many different ways, such as:

• Cat walking in circles
• Cat walking sideways 
• Cat falling over (might be more common to one side)
• Cat losing balance (might be more apparent in the hind legs)

Other symptoms that may be noted besides walking abnormally include:

• Nystagmus in cats (when the eye is making small, quick, repetitive movements)
• Cat head tilt
• Head twitching
• Swinging the head back and forth in dramatic movements
• Discharge from the eyes or nose
• Horner’s syndrome (third eyelid raised and the pupil of the eye is very small/skinny)
• Changes in behavior (such as not very aware of surroundings)
• Seizures

Diagnosing Vestibular Disease in Cats

Generally, vestibular disease is diagnosed based on thorough examination by a veterinarian with a special focus on the neurologic system, which tests balance and responses by various nerves. If your cat has the symptoms as listed above, then vestibular disease is present. To find the cause, specific testing may be required.

Inner ear disease may be visible when your veterinarian looks into your kitty’s ears with an otoscope during a physical examination. X-rays can show changes in the bones of the skull or severe changes of the middle ear. However, X-rays are not as useful as advanced imaging like computed tomography (CT), which is better for bony structures, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is better for evaluating soft tissue like the brain. Advanced imaging requires anesthesia and a trip to a specialist. To look for FIP, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), testing can be done on fluid from the body.

Bloodwork may be done to assess overall health and look for metabolic changes that need treatment. Additionally, if your veterinarian suspects a thiamine deficiency, a blood test can specifically measure the amount of thiamine in your cat’s bloodstream.

Vestibular Disease in Cats Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Inner ear disease might require treatment including anti-inflammatories and antibiotics, or possibly ear medication if the outer ear canal is also affected. 

It’s unlikely that cancer is treatable, but it depends on the type. A new medication on the market is available for treatment of FIP virus, but relapse and need for multiple treatments is more common if a cat shows neurological signs, such as having vestibular disease. Polyps often decrease in size slightly with steroids, but surgery to eliminate them is best. Thiamine can be supplemented by mouth to kitties who have a deficiency.

In most cases, supportive care at home is necessary until your kitty is feeling better and can take care of themselves. Cats who are off-balance with vestibular disease may be nauseous due to feeling dizzy, like a person with vertigo. If your kitty is drooling or not eating as well, anti-nausea medication is a good idea. If your cat can’t make it to the litter box or gets really messy while using the box, simply keeping them clean is part of supportive care. Your cat may also need help just eating food and should be housed in a place where they cannot climb or jump down from any distance.

Prognosis

Cats with idiopathic disease or inner ear disease tend to have a good prognosis, meaning they will live a full life. Most of these cats see resolution of vestibular signs after several weeks, or a gradual decrease in symptoms. With long-term management, cats with polyps have a fair-to-good prognosis, even if the polyps are not removed. If the disease is caught early and cats are given treatment, those with thiamine deficiency have a good prognosis. Some of the causes, such as FIP and cancer, hold a much more serious, poor prognosis.

Cost to Treat Cat with Vestibular Disease

Supportive care at home may cost a couple hundred dollars per month for potty pads, extra food, anti-nausea medications, and fluids. The exact treatment of the underlying cause varies widely in price. Treatment may consist of minor surgery (like removal of polyps) or thiamine supplementation, which may be several hundred dollars. Some treatments for FIP and cancer cost thousands of dollars. The most expensive part of bringing your cat to a veterinary office is the tests. If an MRI or CT is done, it will likely cost a couple thousand dollars.

How to Prevent Feline Vestibular Disease

There are two ways to prevent vestibular disease in your cat. First, feed them a well-balanced diet that is intended for cats. Avoid vegetarian, raw, or homemade diets, as these are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to provide the nutrition your cat needs.

If your cat is showing any symptoms of ear discomfort, such as frequent scratching at the ears — especially if fur is missing and/or skin is red or damaged — contact your veterinarian. Treating an external ear infection early may possibly prevent the middle ear canal from becoming inflamed as well.

Vestibular Disease in Cats FAQs

Can vestibular disease kill a cat?

This is possible, for example, if your cat stumbles and falls from somewhere high up or suffers severe trauma because of their inability to walk well. Some causes of vestibular disease have a higher risk of killing a cat, such as cancer or FIP.

What toxins cause vestibular disease in cats?

Specific medications can cause damage to the inner ear and thus vestibular disease. It is very rare, but the most common toxic effect is from aminoglycoside antibiotics being put into the ear, like gentamicin. Metronidazole is an antibiotic given by mouth that in very rare cases can cause damage to the inner ear.

Is vestibular disease in cats painful?

Vestibular disease itself is not painful, but some of the underlying causes are. Inner ear inflammation and swelling around the brain can be very painful.

How long does vestibular disease last in cats?

Vestibular disease can happen suddenly and last a few days before slowly resolving over several weeks. It can also come on gradually, over multiple months, and last a lifetime.

Reference

1. Grapes NJ, Taylor-Brown FE, Volk HA, De Decker S. “Clinical reasoning in feline vestibular syndrome: which presenting features are the most important?” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2021;23(8):669-678. doi:10.1177/1098612X20970869

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While hairballs are a natural result of your cat’s meticulous grooming habits, they can cause problems for your kitty (and your carpet). Thankfully, there are several ways to reduce the occurrence of these upchucked surprises. 

We spoke to veterinarians to get the best tips and tricks for preventing (or at least reducing) hairballs in cats.  

Preventing Hairballs in Cats: Is It Possible?

You’ve probably noticed that your cat spends a good chunk of their day licking their fur to keep it clean. When they do this, their rough tongues capture loose hair, which gets swallowed.

Most of the hair passes through the cat’s digestive system without any problems and is eliminated in their stool, explains Dr. Bethany Hsia, co-founder of CodaPet. But sometimes, hair accumulates in the stomach and forms a hairball, which cats usually throw up in a tubular-shaped, saliva- and bile-soaked package. (Good thing cats are so cute, right?)

Large or frequent hairballs can cause digestive issues, such as constipation. In rare cases, hairballs can grow too large to pass through the narrow sphincters in the esophagus or stomach or become lodged in the small intestine and create a blockage. This can be fatal if left untreated and may require surgery to remove the hairball.

While hairballs can’t be prevented entirely, their frequency and severity can be drastically reduced with proper preventative care.

How to Prevent Hairballs in Cats: 9 Methods to Try

Reducing the prevalence of hairballs in cats requires a multi-faceted approach that combines grooming, diet, hydration, and overall health care. Here are nine actionable, vet-approved methods to apply:

Establish a Regular Grooming Routine

“Frequently brushing your cat is the best way to prevent hairballs,” says Dr. Raymond Spragley, founder of Zen Dog Veterinary Care. “Regularly brushing will limit the amount of loose hair and mats your cat may ingest by self-grooming.”

Dr. Spragley says regular brushing is especially important for long-haired cats, as they consume more hair and matted fur, which can lead to more hairballs. He suggests brushing long-haired cats daily and brushing short-haired cats at least once a week.

Long-haired cats might also benefit from being clipped or shaved. Seeking assistance from a professional groomer can be helpful in managing their coat.

Switch to a Hairball Control Diet

Cat food specifically formulated for hairball control can significantly reduce the frequency of hairballs. 

“Hairball control diets help to limit hairballs by increasing the amount of fiber in their diet, which helps to move hair through their digestive system,” says Dr. Spragley.

Hairball control foods also contain fatty acids, such as those found in fish and fish oils, to support skin and coat health, which reduces shedding that contributes to hairball formation.

Here are a couple of highly-rated hairball control foods to consider:

• Hill’s Science Diet Cat Hairball Control (canned or dry)
• Royal Canin Feline Hairball Care (canned or dry)

Offer Cat Grass

“Wild cats often eat grass after consuming prey,” says Dr. Spragley. It’s thought that this helps the cat regurgitate the non-digestible parts of what they ate, including bones, hair, connective tissue, and feathers, he says.

To provide your domesticated kitty with the same benefit, you can purchase cat grass, which is typically grown from rye, barley, oat, or wheat seeds. Cat grass is available already grown at pet stores. Or, if you’d like to exercise your green thumb, you can buy a cat grass kit, which includes seeds, soil, and a potting container.

Use Hairball Soft Chews

Hairball soft chews are a convenient way to help manage and reduce hairballs. These chews typically contain fiber that helps the digestive tract move and eliminate hairballs, as well as skin health supplements like omega-3 fatty acids and biotin to reduce shedding.  

Some popular options include:

• VetriScience Hairball Soft Chews
• VetriScience Feline Furball Pro Chews
• Greenie’s SmartBites Treats for Cats

Use Oral Hairball Gel

Oral hairball gels contain ingredients like cod liver oil and petroleum jelly, which help lubricate the digestive tract, making it easier for hair to pass through naturally. 

A couple of pet parent favorites include:

• Vetoquinol Laxatone
• Dechra Cat Lax

Get a Cat Water Fountain

“Getting your cat a cat water fountain can encourage them to drink more water,” says Dr. Hsia. Cats tend to drink more from cat fountains than stagnant water in a bowl, she explains, because the flowing water appeals to their natural instincts, resembling the cleaner, safer running water found in the wild.

Increased water intake is crucial for a cat’s overall health and for preventing hair accumulation and hairball formation in the digestive tract.

Taking Steps to Reduce Overgrooming

Overgrooming can lead to excessive hair ingestion, which can contribute to the formation of hairballs. One way to curb this habit is by providing your cat with ample enrichment opportunities. Cat towers, interactive toys, and play sessions with wand toys keep your cat’s mind and body engaged, reducing the likelihood of overgrooming due to boredom.

You might also consider using products like the Feliway Classic diffuser or spray, which release calming pheromones to help your cat feel more secure, which may reduce overgrooming caused by stress.

Use Year-Round Flea and Tick Control

Itching caused by fleas and ticks can lead to overgrooming, which, in turn, can result in excessive hair ingestion and hairball formation, explains Dr. Hsia. To prevent this issue, she stresses the importance of keeping your cat on year-round flea and tick control.

One highly effective product to consider is NexGard COMBO — a broad-spectrum monthly topical medication for cats that kills fleas and ticks, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.

If your cat isn’t a fan of topicals, try Credelio CAT — a monthly chewable tablet that treats and prevents fleas and ticks.   

Visit the Vet for Regular Preventative Checkups

Regular veterinary checkups are vital for maintaining your cat’s overall health. Your vet can help identify and treat any underlying conditions that might contribute to excessive grooming and hairball formation. 

For instance, if your cat is vomiting up hairballs frequently (several times a week or daily), an underlying gastrointestinal disorder or a skin problem causing excessive grooming may be to blame.

Cat Hairballs: What to Avoid

When it comes to managing hairballs in cats, there are some common mistakes you should avoid:

• Feeding too much fat: Fish oil may help hair make its way through the intestines more easily. But giving your cat too much fat can cause diarrhea, pancreatitis, and weight gain. Always consult with your vet before adding any fats to your cat’s diet.
• Giving too much fiber: Supplements like Metamucil can help cats with occasional constipation, but giving them too much too frequently can cause gastrointestinal issues, such as worsened constipation or diarrhea. While fiber can help with hairballs, it must be given in the correct amount and form, ideally as part of a balanced, hairball-control diet recommended by your vet.
• Using unapproved home remedies: Many home remedies found online or suggested by non-professionals can be ineffective or even harmful. Always verify any home remedy with your veterinarian before trying it on your pet.
• Ignoring persistent hairballs: If your cat easily vomits up a hairball only once or twice a week, a vet visit is likely unnecessary. But if your cat throws up hairballs several times a week or daily, or does not seem to be improving despite your efforts, it’s crucial to seek veterinary advice. 

By following these tips and working closely with your veterinarian, you can significantly reduce hairball formation and keep your kitty happy and healthy. 

The post How to Prevent Hairballs in Cats: 9 Solutions appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pigeons — as well as some other birds — are known to carry a fungus that can cause an illness called cryptococcosis in cats, humans, and other species, including dogs. But before we blame pigeons for this disease, read more to better understand the many places it can come from, what symptoms to watch for, and how to treat it.

What Is Cryptococcosis in Cats?

Fungal infection is rare in cats, affecting only about 7 out of every 10,000 cats (1). Cryptococcosis is the most common fungal infection in cats, but it is not common by any means. Cryptococcosis means infection with the fungus Cryptococcus — typically, Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

The fungus is first inhaled into the nose and lungs and can spread throughout the body through the bloodstream. Most commonly, it spreads from the nasal cavity to the skin, eyes, and central nervous system, such as the spine and the brain. Cryptococcosis is particularly dangerous in cats if it infects the central nervous system and eyes. Medications do not reach these areas well, and the symptoms are severe.

Cryptococcus infects indoor and outdoor cats alike — indoor-only cats can be infected! All ages of cats can be affected, but younger cats are more likely to get the disease. Certain breeds of cats have higher rates of cryptococcosis, including Siamese, Himalayan, Birman, and Ragdoll breeds.

Cryptococcosis in Cats: Causes

Cryptococcus is found worldwide. Cats inhale the fungus by interacting with birds or their feces (poop), or by exposure to many other outdoor elements, such as soil, trees, water, and air. Birds — especially pigeons — have the fungus in their poop, and pigeons can even carry it on their feathers or different areas of their body. Indoor cats are thought to be exposed to Cryptococcus found in plant soil or mulch used on indoor plants. Cats may also be infected by having a wound that allows Cryptococcus to enter the body.

Once cats inhale the fungus, it sticks to the lining of the nasal cavity and/or the lungs. The protective capsule around the fungus grows, preventing the body from getting rid of it. The capsule prevents the body’s immune system cells from eating and destroying it (a process known as phagocytosis). The capsule also limits the body’s response, so many immune system cells meant to protect the body may not recognize it as bad or may not send cells to fight it. Cryptococcus can then spread to other areas of the body through the bloodstream.

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cryptococcosis is not contagious (2). This means that cats cannot spread the infection to one another, and cats do not spread the disease to humans. In theory, it is possible, but this has never been proven or shown to occur.

Cryptococcosis Symptoms in Cats

There are many possible signs of cryptococcosis because the fungus can infect any part of the body and cause a variety of symptoms. The fungus is very small — too small for the eye to see. The most common cryptococcosis symptoms in cats include:

• Less activity
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Sneezing
• Discharge from the nose
• Congestion, or louder sounds while breathing (stertor or snoring)

The skin is affected in about half of cats with cryptococcosis. The most common areas affected are the face, ears, and paws. These skin symptoms may include:

• Swollen bridge of the nose, almost like a large bump
• Small red bumps (papules)
• Raised firm lumps under the skin (nodules)
• Oozing small wounds (draining tracts or abscesses)

Approximately one-quarter of cats with cryptococcosis have symptoms in the eyes and the central nervous system. These symptoms may include:

Eyes

• Blindness
• Redness in the eye
• Cloudiness in the eye
• Swelling around the eye
• Eye(s) bulging outward
• Pupils (black central part of the eye) are different sizes

Central nervous system (i.e., brain, spinal cord)

• Behavior changes
• Seizures
• Twitching
• Head tilted to one side
• Stumbling while walking (ataxia)
• Weakness or lack of movement in back or all legs
• Pain (i.e., cry out or turn around to bite) when petting the back, jumping, moving
• Walking in circles with less walking in a straight line

In rare cases, cats may develop urinary tract symptoms, such as urinating outside the litter box or in small amounts multiple times per day; limping on legs with swelling around joints; kidney disease causing vomiting and general symptoms of not feeling well; and ulcerations in the mouth leading to pain and bad breath.

Diagnosing Cat Cryptococcosis

Veterinarians will first perform a thorough physical examination on the cat, looking for abnormalities in a variety of body systems. A classic finding is a large bump on the bridge of a cat’s nose, but that is not always present. Sometimes veterinarians can diagnose cryptococcosis under the microscope by finding the fungus in discharge from the nose or skin using cytology. However, laboratory testing on blood, urine, discharge, and occasionally cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is likely required.

There are many tests to look for cryptococcosis, and at times diagnosis is difficult. Multiple tests are likely needed. General blood work helps identify which organs are involved with the infection. Discharge from the nose, fluid from skin lesions, urine, samples of CSF, and samples of tissue can be cultured to grow the fungus in the lab. Samples of tissue (i.e., a biopsy) can also be examined by a pathologist, who may find the fungus in the sample. Blood can be sent to the lab to look for antibodies in very high quantities, which would strongly support the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. This blood test is not always accurate if the fungus is only found in one area of the body or in the central nervous system. Another blood test called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available that looks for genetic material (DNA) of the fungus to diagnose infection.

Treatment for Cryptococcosis in Cats

Cryptococcosis requires the use of antifungal medication over long periods of time, typically four months to a year. About one-third of cats may experience relapses (3), which would require retreating your cat with antifungals again in the future. Most cats take antifungal medication at home until two months after symptoms resolve, or blood testing no longer shows Cryptococcus is present. Severe cryptococcosis involving the brain or spine or cryptococcosis that has spread throughout the body will require more intense treatment involving injections in the veterinary hospital and oral medications (i.e., medications given by mouth at home).

Medications for Cryptococcosis in Cats

Medication for treating cryptococcosis in cats may include:

• Amphotericin B (AMB). This is the most effective antifungal available. AMB must be injected three times per week in the hospital and is typically used with another antifungal given by mouth. For cats with cryptococcosis affecting the spine or brain, this intensive treatment is strongly recommended. AMB can cause damage to kidneys, so frequent testing of kidney function is required.
• Flucytosine. This oral antifungal (meaning it is given by mouth) cannot be used alone. It is given along with AMB if your cat’s cryptococcosis involves the central nervous system or they have cryptococcosis throughout the body.
• Fluconazole. This oral antifungal is the most effective azole antifungal against cryptococcosis. It requires shorter treatment times than itraconazole and is relatively inexpensive. Some Cryptococcus are becoming resistant, however.
• Itraconazole: This oral antifungal is the second choice of azole antifungals used against cryptococcosis. A trusted brand name is Itrafungol. Treatment takes twice as long as treatment with fluconazole; however, if there is resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole is the next best choice.

General Cost to Treat Cryptococcosis in Cats

There are many costs even before treatment begins. Many cats who present to the veterinarian with general symptoms will go through a wide variety of tests before diagnosing cryptococcosis. This may include a veterinary examination, general blood work, x-rays, and cytology or aspirates of suspicious lesions. Costs will range greatly depending on where you live and how sick your kitty is, but typically will run several hundred dollars. If your veterinarian needs to do minor surgery and take a biopsy of a lesion on your kitty, this will cost an additional several hundred dollars.

Laboratory testing for cryptococcosis costs a couple hundred dollars apiece, so your veterinarian will do their best in choosing the test that makes the most sense for your cat. Keep in mind that multiple tests may be needed to definitively diagnose cryptococcosis.

Fluconazole is less expensive than the other medication choices. If finances are a concern, and your cat is not severely ill, this will be your most affordable option and costs approximately $30-$45 per month. Keep in mind that most cats require multiple months of treatment.

In order to know when to stop treating your cat, veterinarians will typically recommend retesting your cat’s antibodies once per month, which will cost a couple hundred dollars per month. The monthly veterinary recheck is important to ensure that your cat’s symptoms are decreasing and your cat is doing well overall, such as maintaining or gaining weight.

How to Prevent Feline Cryptococcosis in Cats

Prevention of cryptococcosis is very difficult. Cryptococcus lives all over the world and throughout nature. If possible, prevent your cat from interacting with pigeons or from visiting places in which pigeons typically nest or have defecated.

Cryptococcosis in Cats FAQs

Is cryptococcosis in cats curable?

Yes, cryptococcosis in cats is curable, but some cats may relapse. This means they may experience the disease again even after appropriate treatment. It is much harder to treat cats with disease of the brain or spine.

Can humans get cryptococcosis from cats?

No, cryptococcosis has never been shown to spread from cats to humans. According to the CDC, it does not spread between people or between people and animals. In theory, cats could shed some fungus in their secretions, but it does not get into the air, which is the way that humans are infected (after inhaling spores). 

Is cryptococcosis in cats contagious to other cats?

No, cryptococcosis does not spread from cat to cat. Cats become infected by inhaling (or breathing in) fungal spores from dirt, trees, water, air, or through interactions with birds or their feces.

References

1. “Cryptococcosis.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/cryptococcosis
2. “Cryptococcosis: Causes and How It Spreads.” CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/cryptococcosis/causes/index.html
3. Trivedi SR, Malik R, Meyer W, Sykes JE. Feline Cryptococcosis: Impact of Current Research on Clinical Management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2011;13(3):163-172. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2011.01.009

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Read on to better understand what might cause changes in cat glucose levels and what pet parents can do about it.

What Is a Normal Cat Glucose Level?

Each individual cat will have a slightly different glucose level, and this fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels also fluctuate from day to day, so your cat will not have the same levels one day as they will the next.

Typically, all cats should have glucose readings over 60 mg/dL. Any kind of stress could increase glucose in the blood — even something as simple as having a visitor over to your home. The high end of glucose readings for a healthy, low-stress cat would be around 160 mg/dL. However, cats who are stressed can increase glucose to 250 mg/dL. This is not technically abnormal unless it is always this high. Once cats reach a glucose of 300 mg/dL, they will start to show symptoms of having too much glucose.

No matter the size of your cat, the normal range of glucose in the bloodstream should be the same. In kittens under 4 weeks of age, having low glucose is much more dangerous and happens more frequently. This is because small kittens do not have the same metabolism or reserves (not a lot of extra fat or places to store glucose).

Cat Glucose Levels Chart

What Causes High Glucose Levels in Cats?

There are multiple causes of high glucose or hyperglycemia in cats. The most common is stress, which is a normal physiologic response to any stress in life. Four other possible causes include:

Medications. There are several medications, especially ones used to induce anesthesia or to sedate, that will cause a spike in glucose. Steroids may cause an increase as well. Studies show that cats treated with very high doses of steroids for immunosuppression (1) are likely to develop a significant increase, whereas cats treated with lower anti-inflammatory doses do not (2).

Diabetes mellitus. The most common cause of persistent or chronic increase in glucose in cats, diabetes mellitus occurs either due to the lack of insulin in the body or the body no longer responds to insulin properly (known as insulin resistance). 

After eating. All cats will experience a normal increase in glucose after eating. It is uncommon for cats to have such an increase that the values go above normal. In one study (3), 17 percent of dogs had glucose higher than “normal range” after eating.

Pregnancy. Late in pregnancy, hormones change the body’s response to insulin. This will resolve in most cats very soon after giving birth.

Symptoms of High Glucose Levels in Cats

Most cats will have temporary increases in glucose and no symptoms will be noted. Cats with prolonged relatively high glucose levels will show symptoms such as:

• Increased urine produced and increased thirst
• Increased appetite
• Decreased weight
• Less active
• Poor fur coat due to decreased grooming
• Enlarged (distended) belly

Treatment for High Glucose Levels in Cats

If the increase in glucose is due to stress of disease, such as an infection in the body, the treatment for high glucose is treating the underlying issue. However, cats with prolonged hyperglycemia may receive treatments such as:

Change in diet. Low carbohydrate and high protein diets are a staple in any cat experiencing chronic increases in glucose. Dry food as well as canned diets that are chunky have higher carbohydrates, so canned pate diets with particularly low carbohydrate levels are best.

Weight loss. Similar to humans, obese cats will have a better metabolism and their bodies will better respond to insulin if they lose weight.

Insulin. With a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, cats are often prescribed insulin, an injection typically given twice daily to decrease levels of glucose in the blood.

Insulin alternatives. It is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. Otherwise healthy cats with diabetes not previously treated with insulin may be suitable candidates for an oral medication called Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets). Given once daily, it blocks the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose so that the glucose can leave the body when a cat urinates.

What Causes Low Glucose Levels in Cats?

There are multiple causes of low glucose or hypoglycemia in cats. Causes may include:

Too much insulin given. If your cat is being treated for diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, it is possible that the insulin dose could cause glucose to decrease too much. If your cat is taking Bexacat, there is minimal risk of low blood sugar, and there are no dosage changes during treatment.

Liver disease. Any kind of liver issue can decrease glucose because the liver is the primary place where glucose is made.

Sepsis. An infection that has invaded the bloodstream and spread throughout the body will make cats very ill, reducing their appetite and thus their glucose. Also, the body is fighting off a serious infection and will use up the glucose your cat has more quickly.

Poor nutrition. This occurs more often in very young kittens. If a kitten is sick or does not have ready access to food, their glucose can very quickly decrease. This is due to having a liver that is less capable of making more glucose and having less glucose stored in the body. Adult cats would need to experience starvation over a long period of time for this to happen.

Symptoms of Low Glucose Levels in Cats

Cats with sudden decreases in glucose instead of chronic decreases are more likely to show symptoms, such as:

• Lack of appetite
• Clumsy, stumbling, or uncoordinated
• Weakness
• Change in awareness and responses (mental status)
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Seizures

Treatment for Low Glucose Levels in Cats

Treatment for low glucose involves supportive care and treating the underlying issue. Cats with symptoms of hypoglycemia are very sick and require emergency treatment by a veterinary hospital. Oftentimes, the veterinarian will give an injection of dextrose to increase blood glucose right away, then they will run a variety of tests to determine an underlying cause. If you are treating your cat for diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, corn syrup or honey can be applied to your cat’s gums prior to bringing them straight to a veterinarian.

How to Check a Cat’s Blood Sugar

There are multiple ways to check blood glucose in cats. Blood glucose fluctuates or changes somewhat day to day. If your cat is stressed while measuring the blood glucose, the reading will be significantly changed. Therefore, no method of blood glucose measurement is perfectly accurate. Your veterinarian will focus on evaluating blood glucose along with any symptoms of having too much or too little glucose.

Methods of checking blood glucose in cats may include:

Glucometer. Similar to humans with diabetes, cats can have their blood glucose checked at home or in the veterinary hospital with a very tiny drop of blood. In cats, the most common place to get blood is the edge of the ear flap, or pinna.

Fructosamine. Fructosamine is essentially an average of levels of blood glucose over the previous 2-3 weeks. Your veterinarian will send this test to a laboratory if your cat had a high blood glucose reading and they are trying to decide if your cat has diabetes mellitus.

Glucose curve. When cats are treated for diabetes mellitus, it is important to record what the blood glucose is at the highest and lowest points of the day. Glucose readings are taken every 1-2 hours. This can be done at home or at the veterinary hospital, but doing it at home is preferred to limit your cat’s stress.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs). These pieces of equipment are inserted under your cat’s skin and transmit the glucose measurement to a monitor outside of the body.

How to Manage a Cat’s Glucose Levels

Pet parents can be proactive in ensuring the long-term health of their cats. To keep glucose levels in a normal range, maintain a healthy weight for your cat. If they begin gaining weight, ask your veterinarian how much you should feed your cat to maintain a healthy weight. Provide quality cat food that is complete and balanced and limit treats, including human food. As soon as your cat’s behavior or habits change, bring them to the veterinarian. Treating any illness early on will keep your cat from developing severe changes in glucose.

References

1. Lowe, A D et al. “Clinical, clinicopathological and histological changes observed in 14 cats treated with glucocorticoids.” The Veterinary record vol. 162,24 (2008): 777-83. doi:10.1136/vr.162.24.777
2. Khelik, Imal A et al. “Clinicopathologic, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic effects of short-term oral administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone to systemically normal cats.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 80,8 (2019): 743-755. doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.8.743
3. Yi, Katarina C et al. “Effect of withholding food versus feeding on creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and other biochemical analytes in 100 healthy dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 37,2 (2023): 626-634. doi:10.1111/jvim.16630

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According to a report released by the Pet Poison Helpline, three out of the top five pet poisons for cats in 2023 were common ingredients found in most homes — chocolate, onions, and garlic!

To protect your feline friend from poisonous foods hiding in your own home, here’s what you need to know about foods harmful to cats. Plus, we’ll share helpful tips about how to prevent accidental ingestion.

Dangerous Foods for Cats

The best thing pet parents can do to prevent cat poisoning is to prevent cats from gobbling down toxic foods in the first place. 

That requires understanding what foods are poisonous to cats and adopting tactics to restrict your cat’s access to these foods. 

Here are 16 foods you should keep away from your cat:

Alcohol

In addition to vomiting and diarrhea, even small amounts of alcohol can cause neurologic symptoms in cats. These include stumbling, trouble breathing, tremors, coma, and even death.

Caffeinated drinks and foods

This stimulant can cause vomiting and diarrhea, hyperactivity, abnormal heart rhythm, tremors, seizures, and possibly death.

Cannabis-containing items

Not only is nibbling on the cannabis plant a no-no for cats, but they should also avoid consuming any items that contain cannabis. This includes baked goods, gummies, and even second-hand smoke. In cats, cannabis often causes dribbling of urine, nausea, and sensitivity to noise and light. It can also trigger decreased heart rate, shallow breathing, impaired consciousness, and death.

Chocolate

When it comes to leading causes of toxicity in cats, chocolate is one of the most common culprits. Chocolate contains a double dose of stimulants — theobromine, which stimulates the heart, and caffeine, which stimulates the brain and central nervous system. The higher the percentage of cacao in the chocolate, the greater the risk to your cat. Felines are generally more sensitive to chocolate poisoning than canines. Symptoms of chocolate toxicity in cats include vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, and hyperactivity. More severe cases can cause tremors, frequent urination, and seizures. Severe or untreated cases can end in coma or death.

Citrus

Eating small amounts of citrus fruit, such as lemon slices or orange segments, could cause your cat mild stomach upset. However, the stems, leaves, peels, and seeds of citrus fruits pose a greater danger to your cat because they contain concentrated amounts of citric acid. In large quantities, citric acid can irritate your cat’s stomach and impact your cat’s behavior and consciousness.

Coconut

The flesh and milk of fresh coconut contain oils that can cause stomach upset and diarrhea in cats. While coconut water is rich in potassium, a mineral essential to your cat’s health, drinking it could lead to a dangerous potassium imbalance (hyperkalemia) that can cause low heart rate (bradycardia) and irregular heart rate (arrhythmia).

Garlic and onions

Garlic and onions (along with leeks, shallots, and chives) are members of the Allium genus of plants, which are toxic to cats. These foods all contain a compound that gives them their signature strong aroma. But the compound can also damage red blood cells in cats who eat these ingredients (in any form — raw, cooked, and even powdered spices). This can cause life-threatening anemia. Symptoms of toxicity in cats who eat onions or garlic include pale gums, discoloration of urine, vomiting, and weakness.

Grapes and raisins

In both fresh and dried forms, these sweet, petite treats may seem like a healthy option. But even in small quantities, grapes and raisins can be deadly to cats. Eating them can cause vomiting, lethargy, and diarrhea…or, worse, kidney damage and even kidney failure in cats. It is difficult to predict how severe any cat’s reaction will be. So it is best to prevent your cat from eating any grapes or raisins at all.

Milk and dairy products

What could be more wholesome than the image of a cat contentedly lapping up a saucer full of milk? Unfortunately, this common misconception could be hazardous to your cat’s health. After they are weaned from their mother’s milk, cats do not produce much lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose in milk. So consuming milk and other dairy items can cause stomach upset and diarrhea.

Mold foods

While the idea of eating moldy food might seem repellant to us, there’s no telling what a curious cat will consume if given the opportunity. Moldy or spoiled foods may contain mycotoxins that can cause harmful chemical reactions in your cat’s body. In mild cases, symptoms may include vomiting and digestive upset. In severe cases, your cat might act almost drunken — staggering about, exhibiting muscle tremors and even convulsions.

Nuts

In general, nuts are not a good choice for cats due to their high fat content, which makes them hard to digest and can cause pancreatitis. They can also be a choking hazard for your cat. However, some nuts pose an even greater risk, such as macadamia nuts, which are highly toxic to pets, causing lethargy, loss of coordination, and even paralysis.  Nuts that are prone to molding, such as walnuts, peanuts, and pecans, should also be avoided at all costs.

Raw eggs

Raw eggs can contain hazardous bacteria, including Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause vomiting, bloody profuse diarrhea, dehydration, and weakness in cats. Though the impact is not as immediate, raw egg whites contain an enzyme called avidin that could cause a vitamin deficiency over time.

Raw meat and fish

Salmonella and E. coli can also flourish in uncooked raw meat and fish. In addition to toxicity risks, these foods can also contain bones that could splinter and perforate your cat’s esophagus or intestines.

Salt

Trace amounts of salt in your cat’s diet are not a problem. But if your cat eats too much salt, it could be toxic. This includes salt from high-sodium human foods, such as meat jerky, table salt, as well as road salt used to melt ice. Signs of salt poisoning in cats include increased thirst, frequent urination, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of consciousness. If your cat’s kidneys cannot get rid of the excess sodium fast enough, it could cause an electrolyte imbalance called hypernatremia. In extreme cases, salt toxicity in cats can lead to tremors, increased body temperature, seizures, and death.

Yeast dough

Uncooked dough expands due to body heat and can cause gas to build up in your cat’s stomach. This is very painful and may cause bloat which can lead to life-threatening consequences. In addition, yeast produces ethanol as a by-product and may cause alcohol poisoning, as well.

Protecting Cats from Harmful Foods

Awareness plays a big part in helping keep your cat safe from toxic foods. However, even knowing what toxic and dangerous foods to avoid feeding your cat may not be enough to protect them. 

Cats have a reputation for agility and resourcefulness. So, you’ll need to go the extra mile to ensure hazardous foods stay off-limits. Here are some pointers on how best to keep your cat out of harm’s way:

• If possible, keep your cat out of the kitchen while you cook. It’s too easy to drop dangerous ingredients on the floor or turn your back and risk your cat gobbling up something they shouldn’t.
• Store off-limits ingredients in cat-proof containers or behind closed doors. Cats can easily jump onto counters, remove lids, chew through bags, and even open some plastic containers. 
• Make sure guests know it’s not okay to share food and drink with your cat. Friends and family may mean well, but you know what is best for your cat!
• Use lidded cups for your drinks and do not leave them unattended…especially alcoholic beverages. Not only will this keep your cat safe from dangerous ingredients, but it also prevents them from sticking a paw in there or spilling it all over!
• Consider pet-proof locks for your kitchen and pantry. Some cats can open cupboards and even get into the refrigerator. If you have a feline Houdini in the household, locks that limit access to toxic foods could be a lifesaver!

Even with these precautions, it’s hard to eliminate the risk of foods toxic to cats completely. If you suspect your cat consumed something dangerous, or if you recognize signs of toxicity in your cat, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Acting quickly could mean the difference between a mild reaction and a severe — or even deadly — outcome. 

When it comes to your cat and toxic foods, it’s always better to be safe than sorry!

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Cherry eye isn’t a particularly serious condition, but it can be uncomfortable for your cat. And left untreated, cherry eye can cause a number of unwanted complications. 

Here is what pet parents need to know about cherry eye in cats. 

What Is Cherry Eye?

Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with mobile veterinary service The Vets, explains that cherry eye involves the “hypertrophy, inflammation, or prolapse” of the third eyelid’s gland that is “normally tucked away in the deeper part of the third eyelid.” 

It manifests as a “red, swollen mass at the inner corner of one or both eyes … often resembling a cherry,” Dr. Savageau says. 

Cat cherry eye is a relatively rare condition, primarily occurring in certain breeds such as Burmese and Persians. It can affect cats of any age, but generally affects younger cats, Dr. Savageau says. 

The condition is seen in both dogs and cats, but it is more common in dogs. 

What Causes Cherry Eye in Cats?

The exact cause of cherry eye in cats is unknown. However, there is likely to be a genetic component, Dr. Savageau says. That’s why certain breeds, such as Burmese and Persian cats, are more likely to get cherry eye.

However, blunt trauma to the eye and other eye diseases may also contribute to the development of this condition, Dr. Savageau adds.

Symptoms of Cherry Eye in Cats

There are many different symptoms of cherry eye in cats. Besides the redness and swelling that characterizes this condition, a cat with cherry eye may experience inflammation, discharge, and irritation. If your cat is very uncomfortable, they might try to paw at their eye or rub their eye against an object. 

Here is what you need to look out for:

• Red swelling in the inner corner of the eye
• Inflammation and/or infection that makes the redness and swelling more prominent
• Green or yellow discharge from the eye
• Eye irritation and discomfort
• Rubbing at the eye with a paw or object

Stages of Feline Cherry Eye

Feline cherry eye can start off mild but can easily worsen if left untreated. 

“Cherry eye can progress from mild swelling to a prolapsed gland,” Dr. Savageau says. “Initially, the gland may swell intermittently, but as the condition worsens, it may remain prolapsed.”

Besides mild swelling, early stage cherry eye can be characterized by the occasional protrusion of the third eyelid and slight redness. Your cat may also blink or squint when the condition begins to take hold. 

If you suspect your cat is developing cherry eye, consult your veterinarian.

Diagnosing Cherry Eye in Cats

To get an official diagnosis of cat cherry eye, you need to take your pet to the veterinarian for a physical examination. Once at the veterinary clinic, your cat will likely get an eye exam.

“Vets will assess the appearance of the affected eye and may perform additional tests if secondary complications are suspected,” Dr. Savageau says.

How to Treat Cherry Eye in Cats

The most typical treatment for cherry eye in cats is “surgical correction to reposition the gland,” Dr. Savageau says. 

“Various techniques, such as gland replacement or anchoring, may be employed to restore normal eye function,” she adds.

However, there are also a number of medications that can help with cherry eye symptoms. For instance, your veterinarian may recommend eye drops to help manage the inflammation associated with this condition. But according to Dr. Savageau, this is “not typically curative for cherry eye in cats.”

Veterinarians may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medication to help reduce swelling and discomfort. “These can be administered orally or topically, depending on the severity of the condition,” Dr. Savageau says.

As for the cost of treating cherry eye, this will depend on numerous factors, such as the severity of the condition and the chosen treatment option, Dr. Savageau says. “Generally, surgical correction can range from a few hundred to over a thousand dollars,” she says.

How to Prevent Cherry Eye in Cats

Can you prevent cat cherry eye? Since there’s a genetic component to the condition, it may not always be possible. However, Dr. Savageau says prevention could involve “selective breeding practices.”

Additionally, Dr. Savageau says pet parents should look out for early signs of cherry eye, such as eye discomfort. If you notice something wrong with your cat, call your veterinarian.

Related Conditions

If feline cherry eye is left untreated, Dr. Savageau says it can lead to complications for your cat, such as:

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcers
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (a chronic dry eye condition)

Therefore, Dr. Savageau says “prompt intervention is essential” to prevent these secondary issues from developing.

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What exactly are the dangers associated with this scenario, and what should you do if your cat ate string? Here’s what you need to know.

Why Do Cats Eat String?

A string might sound like an unappealing snack to us humans, but cats are drawn to it because of their hunting instincts. When a cat bats around a piece of string or picks it up with their mouth, the wriggling of the string can trigger their hunting instincts.

In the wild, cats follow a hunt-kill-eat cycle, often consuming their prey at the end of a hunt. Although your well-fed cat doesn’t need to hunt their food, those instincts are still built into their DNA. If they see the string as “prey,” they may feel naturally inclined to consume it after their play session.

To add to the allure, the sensation of grasping, biting, and pulling on a string can be satisfying for cats, akin to catching and manipulating prey.

There’s also a condition called pica, which compels cats (and other animals) to eat non-food items, like plastic, wood, and dirt. This behavior can stem from various factors, including boredom, stress, or nutritional deficiencies. String may inadvertently become a target for cats with pica tendencies.

It’s important to note that cats can be attracted to any type of string or string-looking object, such as:

• Dental floss
• Fishing line
• Yarn
• Holiday tinsel
• Cords attached to toys
• Ribbon
• Drawstrings from clothing
• Rubber bands
• Hair ties 

Cat Eating String: Risks to Know

The risk when cats eat string is that it can easily get wrapped around their tongue or caught at the exit of their stomach, says Dr. Cameron Smart, a veterinarian at Veterinary Emergency Group in Tampa, Florida. “When this occurs, the string becomes anchored at either location.”

When anchored, the free end of the string will trail down the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract, Dr. Smart explains. The intestines will unsuccessfully attempt to move the string down for elimination. These repeated attempts can cause something called plication, where the intestines bunch up and narrow, causing an intestinal blockage.

This is a medical emergency that requires abdominal surgery to remove the string, says Dr. Smart. In some cases, the repeated sawing motion of the string along the intestinal wall can cause a tear (aka perforation) in the intestine, he adds. This tear leads to the leakage of intestinal material into the abdomen, which, if left untreated, can cause a life-threatening, systemic infection.

Signs Your Cat Swallowed a String

Unfortunately, you may not always catch your cat in the act, leaving you unsure whether they’ve consumed string or not. However, there are certain indicators that suggest your cat may have ingested a string, including:

• Lip licking
• Pawing at their mouth
• A piece of string hanging out of their mouth or anus 
• Decreased appetite or refusal to eat  
• Vomiting or dry heaving
• Straining to defecate or diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Unwillingness to lay down or inability to get comfortable  
• Lethargy
• Dehydration (due to vomiting, diarrhea, and/or inability to keep food/water down)

My Cat Ate String: What to Do Next

If you saw your cat eat a string or suspect they did, don’t wait for symptoms to start — call your veterinarian or your local emergency animal hospital immediately for advice. While not always possible, knowing how much string your cat consumed is helpful information. 

“Typically, a string less than an inch can pass independently without intervention,” says Dr. Smart. Longer pieces, though, often require medical intervention to expel or remove.

It’s important to note that you should never attempt to pull the string out of your cat, even if you see it wrapped around your cat’s tongue or protruding from their anus. Doing so can cause serious damage to your cat’s esophagus and organs. You should also never attempt to make your cat throw the string up. Instead, take your cat to the vet so the string can be safely removed.

How to Treat a Cat That Eats String

If it’s known or suspected that your cat ate string, your veterinarian will advise you to come in for an exam. While strings are not usually visible on X-rays, your vet will likely still do an abdominal X-ray to visualize the intestines and see if there are changes consistent with having eaten string, such as bunched-up intestines. 

In cases where X-rays reveal no intestinal changes — and your cat is not displaying symptoms (including no visible string in their mouth or anus) — your vet may recommend a wait-and-see approach. This entails monitoring for symptoms at home and bringing your cat to the vet immediately if any symptoms occur. 

If X-rays detect intestinal changes, your cat is showing symptoms, or the string is visible, there are a few treatment options to consider. The choice of treatment will depend on your cat’s unique situation. Your vet may give your cat medication to induce vomiting, but this is only an option if the string was consumed less than four hours before the visit, Dr. Smart says. 

If vomiting is unsuccessful, an endoscopy might be recommended, but this is only useful if the string has not yet reached the stomach or intestines. An endoscopy involves putting a tube with an attached camera and instrument down the cat’s esophagus, grabbing the string with the instrument, and carefully pulling it out of the mouth.

If an endoscopy is not feasible or successful, a surgery called a laparotomy will be recommended. This involves opening the cat’s abdomen and exploring the gastrointestinal tract to locate and remove the string.

Cats typically need to stay in the hospital for a day or two following surgery. They’ll finish recovering at home for a couple of weeks.

Cats and String: Other Tips and Advice

Prevention is best when it comes to cats and string. By taking proactive measures to minimize their access to string and similar objects, you can significantly reduce the risk of your feline companions ingesting these hazardous items. Here are some essential tips to help prevent accidental ingestion of string:

Keep string out of reach: Store sewing supplies, craft materials, and other items containing string or thread securely out of your cat’s reach. Ensure that household items like dental floss, hair ties, and ribbon are stored in cabinets or drawers inaccessible to curious felines.

Avoid string toys: Do not use string, yarn, shoelaces, or other string-like objects as play toys.

Choose safe toys: Opt for cat toys specifically designed to withstand chewing and play without easily fraying or falling apart.

Provide alternative chewing outlets: Offer your cat safe alternatives for chewing and play, such as catnip-filled toys, interactive toys, puzzle feeders, and scratching posts. These outlets satisfy their natural instincts while reducing the likelihood of seeking out string or other unsuitable items.

Remember: a little prevention now saves a lot of worry later. Let’s keep our whiskered pals safe from stringy temptations by stashing away those loose threads and opting for safer playtime options.

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If you speak with your veterinarian, they will offer you a couple choices to treat your cat. Methimazole is a great treatment choice, and there are multiple options for giving your cat this medication. 

Read this article to decipher the differences between brand name tablets known as Felimazole vs. methimazole.

Felimazole Vs. Methimazole: A Quick Comparison Guide

Although the chart highlights Felimazole and methimazole, there are two other common names for the medication. Tapazole is a brand name for methimazole in human medicine. Thiamazole is another name for the active ingredient methimazole.

Key Differences in Felimazole and Methimazole for Cats

Methimazole and Felimazole are similar in that the active ingredient is the same in both medications. However, the inactive ingredients are the main difference. Inactive ingredients are the components that make the medication effective but aren’t the therapeutic ingredient itself. 

Felimazole contains several ingredients including sugar, coloring, and beeswax that form the outer coating of the tablets.

Methimazole comes in a variety of forms including tablets, liquid, and a transdermal gel (for putting on the underside of the ear). The liquid and transdermal gel need to be compounded, or made by pharmacies who specialize in taking the original main ingredient and changing it into other forms. Felimazole is only available in tablet form.

Methimazole tablets only come in 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg strengths (unless compounded). Felimazole comes in two sizes better suited for cats – 5 mg and 2.5 mg. Many cats start with a dose of 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg. In addition, the Felimazole tablets are smaller and have a sugar coating, making it easier to administer to some felines.

Felimazole and methimazole are FDA approved for treating hyperthyroidism in cats. However, Felimazole’s package has several warnings for people. Dechra, the company who makes Felimazole, felt that the warnings were necessary because if people get the medication on their hands and accidentally eat some of it, the medication will get into their systems. These warnings are not on generic methimazole because it is a medication formulated for people who need to take the medication for health reasons. 

However, whether you are giving your cat Felimazole or generic methimazole, you should take precautions when handling this medication. People should wash their hands with soap and water after giving their cat the medication, and wear gloves when cleaning urine, feces (poop), vomit, or litter from their cats. Gloves are also advised if a pill gets moist or broken. 

Despite these warnings, a recent study demonstrated that cat parents who gave their cats methimazole by mouth did not have traces of the medication in their urine samples following the study period [1].

Pros and Cons: Felimazole Vs. Methimazole

Effectiveness of Felimazole and Methimazole on Feline Hyperthyroidism

Overall, both Felimazole and methimazole are effective at treating hyperthyroidism in cats. Over 95 percent of cats will respond well to the medication [3], causing their thyroid levels to normalize and clinical signs of hyperthyroidism to go away. 

For oral methimazole, about 80 percent of cats will have normal thyroid levels in just two weeks [4]. For transdermal medication, it will likely take 4 weeks for your cat’s thyroid levels to normalize. 

Comparing Felimazole and Methimazole Side Effects

Both methimazole and Felimazole can cause very similar side effects in cats. Gastrointestinal issues, or side effects involving the stomach or intestines, can occur including vomiting, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. Lethargy, or decreased activity, may occur also. 

Older cats more frequently have underlying kidney disease, and the kidneys can worsen when taking methimazole or Felimazole. Less commonly, cats can develop liver disease and may even turn a yellow color on their skin and eyes. Severe itching of the face or issues with abnormal bleeding could occur as well.

If your cat takes this medication long-term, you may note side effects such as behaving withdrawn or depressed, weight loss, change in the fur coat, weakness, agitation, or diarrhea. Most of these side effects are transient, meaning they come and go.

The main difference between Felimazole and methimazole is if using transdermal methimazole, cat parents may notice redness or other changes in the skin of the ear where the medication is applied. Cats that receive transdermal methimazole are less likely to have gastrointestinal side effects than Felimazole or methimazole given by mouth.

Cost Comparison of Felimazole Vs. Methimazole

Felimazole is approximately twice the cost of methimazole tablets. Regardless, compared to the cost of other medications, Felimazole is relatively affordable at $15 to $20 per month. Methimazole transdermal or compounded liquid formulations can cost much more, approximately $50 per month.

Insurance may help with covering your cat’s medication, but most insurance companies do not cover pre-existing conditions. This means that if your cat was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism prior to purchasing insurance, the company may not cover the cost of the medication. The only way to know for sure is to call the insurance company you are interested in.

The Bottom Line

Overall, both Felimazole and generic methimazole are effective for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. Both can also cause a myriad of side effects. 

The major difference is that methimazole can be made into liquid or transdermal formulations for pet parents who need an alternative to tablets. While Felimazole is a more expensive tablet than generic methimazole, it has a soft sugar coating that prevents cats from tasting the bitter medication and comes in a smaller size that keeps pet parents from having to cut it for dosing. 

As long as you’re treating hyperthyroidism, you can’t go wrong with either of these medications.

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35471087/ 
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174499/ 
3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1098612X16643252  
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26306818/ 

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Coccidia in cats is fairly common and is found in up to 36 percent of cats in the United States [1]. If your veterinarian says “your kitten has coccidia,” what are the treatment options? How do you get rid of it? And can humans get coccidia? Read more to learn all about coccidia in cats.

What Is Coccidia in Cats?

Coccidia is a protozoan organism, or a very small creature made of individual cells that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Cystisospora felis and Cystisospora rivolta are the two species that infect the intestinal lining of cats. Coccidia in cats is very common in that more than one-third of cats may be infected.

Young kittens under 4 months of age are most likely to get coccidia. Coccidia is often self-limiting, meaning that it can go away on its own and is not serious — but only if the cat’s general health is good and their immune system is mature. In kittens, they struggle to fight off the infection. Also, kittens are less likely to be able to handle dehydration caused by the parasite, so coccidia infection in kittens is more dangerous than coccidia infection in adults.

What Causes Coccidia in Cats?

Cats get coccidia either by being exposed to the poop (feces) of another cat who is passing coccidia, or by eating what’s referred to as a paratenic host. Paratenic hosts are creatures carrying the parasite, but the parasite cannot produce more until it reaches its final host — in this case, cats. The paratenic hosts for coccidia are bugs, such as cockroaches, or rodents, such as mice.

Coccidia is very contagious between cats. The parasite is good at surviving the environment for several months if surfaces exposed to feces are not cleaned properly. Queens (or cats who had kittens) often spread coccidia to their kittens. The parasite is very species-specific, meaning coccidia in cats cannot be transferred to humans, dogs, or any other species. 

Symptoms of Coccidia in Cats

Many cats do not have symptoms when infected with the parasite, particularly adult cats. If a cat does have symptoms, diarrhea is most common since coccidia infects cells in the lining of the intestines. However, the following symptoms may also occur:

• Lethargy, or decreased activity
• Decreased appetite
• Dehydration
• Pale gums (instead of pink)
• Abdominal (belly) discomfort

How the diarrhea looks varies greatly in cats. Diarrhea from coccidia can be a little soft to liquid. Sometimes blood or mucus is seen in the feces. Often the diarrhea is very smelly, but there is no particular smell for coccidia. The parasite is much too small to be seen. In very young kittens, veterinarians clinically report that yellow liquid diarrhea may occur with coccidia.

Diagnosing Coccidia in Cats

Typically, a veterinarian will recommend a fecal sample when your cat is in the clinic for a yearly check-up and any time your cat experiences diarrhea. Having a fecal test performed is especially critical in kittens, as they very frequently have parasites of some kind.

Coccidia is diagnosed in cats by looking for cysts in a fecal flotation. A small amount of feces is tested by mixing the feces with a special sugar solution and examining the sample under the microscope for cysts. There are some cysts that could show up in your cat’s feces that are not Cystisospora spp.; these other species do not infect cats and do not require treatment.

If your cat has pale gums, your veterinarian may also run some bloodwork. Anemia, or low amount of red blood cells, can be diagnosed if your cat has coccidia, but this is uncommon.

Coccidia Treatment in Cats

Coccidia can be treated in cats with medication provided by your veterinarian to be given at home. Treatment also involves appropriate cleaning of your home. Cleaning is challenging in that coccidia is difficult to kill in the environment, and cats frequently re-infect themselves repeatedly by defecating (pooping), then grooming small amounts of feces off their fur coat afterward.

Medications for Coccidia in Cats

There are two types of medication to treat coccidia in cats: coccidiostatic and coccidiocidal medications. 

Coccidiostatic medications stop coccidia from reproducing and making more coccidia, so the immune system has to finish getting rid of the infection. This may not be enough treatment for kittens or adult cats with weakened immune systems. 

Coccidiocidal medications actually kill the coccidia. This is often recommended as it decreases the chance of coccidia getting into the environment from your cat and has better treatment results.

An example of a common coccidiostatic medication used to treat cats includes sulfadimethoxine (brand name Albon). This often is prescribed for three weeks, and some coccidia are resistant, meaning the medication will not work. An example of a common coccidiocidal medication is ponazuril. Studies show that one dose is effective, but giving the medication once a day for three days is even more effective. Recently, a new drug in the same class, called toltrazuril, has also been shown to be effective. After treatment with ponazuril, studies show cats are no longer contagious eight days after treatment began.

General Cost to Treat Coccidia in Cats

The cost of treating coccidia depends on the symptoms your cat is experiencing. For most cats, fecal testing and medication are the only required items and will likely cost around $50-$150. If your kitten has a severe coccidia infection, they may need substantial support, such as fluids for hydration and other medications to help with nausea or severe diarrhea. In this case, treatment could cost hundreds of dollars, around $300-$500. 

Cleaning for Coccidia in Cats

In addition to seeking treatment if your cat is infected with coccidia, it’s also important to adhere to safe cleaning practices. Cat feces can infect another cat between 8 and 48 hours after the feces is produced. For this reason, cleaning the litter box every day or even twice daily should keep other cats from being exposed. The litter box itself should be kept clean of any feces, and litter should be thrown away every day. If your cat has messy diarrhea, wipe their paws and hind end very thoroughly every day until the infection is cleared.

The actual cleaning process — i.e. using soap and water to get all feces, food, or other contaminants off of a surface or item — is the most important step. Any bedding or fabrics used by your cat should be thoroughly washed on hot. The litter box, dishes, toys, and other items frequently used by your cat should all be cleaned. After cleaning, all surfaces and non-porous items would ideally be disinfected. Strong ammonia products have been shown to kill coccidia in the environment, but many of these products are toxic to cats and should be used with extreme caution. Oxidizing agents are also effective against coccidia. Spray or clean surfaces liberally and leave to air dry or let the cleaner sit for 10 minutes before wiping away. Keep your cat away while disinfecting.

How to Prevent Coccidia in Cats

There are a few ways you can help prevent coccidia infection in your cat:

Ensure your cat is routinely dewormed, especially if they go outside. While routine dewormers do not treat coccidia, coccidia is often associated with other gastrointestinal parasites. Cats with a compromised immune system or already infected with parasites will have a harder time fighting off coccidia infection.

Prevent your cat from eating insects and animals. Options include keeping your cat indoors and stopping mice or other rodents from entering your home. Decrease insect infestations and consider professional exterminators if insects are in your home.

Scoop the litter box every day. Even if one of your cats has coccidia, if you remove feces every day, it will keep other cats from being exposed.

Regularly empty and clean the litter box. You may not see obvious soiling of the litter box itself, but small particles of feces can stick to the litter box and carry coccidia. For healthy cats, cleaning the litter box is recommended weekly.

Keep new cats separated from your cat until deworming and fecal testing has been performed. New cats may be carrying coccidia. When a cat is stressed, such as when moving into a new home, shedding of coccidia can worsen.

Prophylactically treat pregnant and nursing queens. Even if female cats aren’t diagnosed with coccidia, they should be treated with ponazuril when they have kittens to prevent potential infections from spreading.

Related Conditions 

Other gastrointestinal parasites are frequently observed in cats with coccidia. This may be because kittens and young cats are routinely infected with parasites like roundworms, or it may be that cats have a harder time fighting off coccidia infections when they have other infections.

References

1. Companion Animal Parasite Council. “Coccidia.” Retrieved from: https://capcvet.org/guidelines/coccidia/

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Despite what scientists have reported, your kitty’s everyday behaviors might leave you guessing about what’s going on in their mind. And if you’ve ever done something to upset your cat, you might even wonder if they’re able to hold a grudge or feel resentful.

To get to the bottom of things, we spoke with three cat behaviorists who can help you better understand your pet’s reactions to positive and negative events. 

Do Cats Hold Grudges?

All of the experts we talked with agree: cats don’t hold grudges.

“When we think of a grudge from a human perspective, we mean that a person is holding onto long-term feelings of anger, resentment, or spite toward someone else. These types of emotions do not affect cat behaviors. Cats behave in a way that meets their instinctual needs to be safe; they do not act out of spite, revenge, or holding grudges,” says Rachel Geller, Ed.D., a cat behaviorist and founder/president of All Cats All the Time.

“Grudges are a human emotion and a human concept. Thinking of a cat as holding a grudge is anthropomorphizing, or applying human thinking to something that does not think like a human. Trying to apply human centered thinking like this not only harms the bond between human and cat, but also makes it much harder for humans to address unwanted behaviors in cats,” says Joey Lusvardi, an IAABC certified cat behavior consultant who runs Class Act Cats.

“For example, if your cat is peeing on your carpet whenever you return from vacation, you might think that they’re doing it to get revenge, out of spite, or because they’re mad at you. The more likely emotion is stress due to changes in the cat’s routine. By looking at it from a stress perspective, you can actually begin to take real, actionable steps to address the problem,” he adds.

Positive vs. Negative Associations

A cat’s behavior is influenced by positive and negative associations.

“Cats can develop negative associations – not resentment, which is a human emotion – toward people, other pets, or even inanimate objects. They do so based on past experience with a human or pet. For example, if a cat meets another cat and the other cat hisses, chases, and bites, they’re going to develop a fearful response to the other cat. If you yell at your cat or use a squirt bottle on them, they’re going to become fearful of you. That may create all sorts of other unwanted behaviors. Depending on the strength of the fear, these responses can be long-lasting,” says Lusvardi.

Geller agrees that cats can form positive and negative associations. “Cats have associative memories, so if you consistently do something positive or negative with a cat, [they] will develop an association with you and that action,” she says.   

Pet parents might mistake a negative association for a grudge. According to Daniel Warren-Cummings, the central behavior officer for Cats Protection, an example of this is a cat’s fear of being put in a pet carrier. While a kitty’s behavior might change because of the stress, if their relationship with their human is good, they’ll go back to normal once they feel at ease again. “The cat doesn’t hold grudges; the cat just knows that this particular thing was very stressful. If the next day you bring the carrier out again, the cat may show avoidance or fear-based behaviors, but it will specifically be in the context of the unpleasant stimulus, not because the cat has a grudge,” he says.  

How Long Does a Cat Hold a Grudge? A Look at Cat Memory

Although it might seem like your cat is holding a grudge, experts advise against applying human emotions to your furry companion. It’s best to consider your kitty’s behavior from a feline – not a human – perspective. However, just because your cat doesn’t hold a grudge doesn’t mean she doesn’t remember things.

How good is a cat’s memory? Short-term memory is believed to be about 16 hours, while long-term memory might last for many years, and perhaps the life of a cat.

According to Lusvardi, several factors can influence how long a cat will remember something, and some experiences can change a kitty’s behavior for the long run. “Particularly pleasant or aversive stimuli can cause life-long associations, and cats can display behavior changes as a consequence of events that happened years prior. I work with a lot of clients whose cats were, for example, mistreated or abused by someone, and they will still be fearful of anyone who has enough of a similarity to that individual. So, while there may be some memories that fade after 16 hours, your cat absolutely can remember things longer than that,” he says.

Changes in a Cat’s Behavior in the Short-Term

In addition to long-term changes, a cat might shift their behavior for a little while after a negative experience – but, again, this doesn’t mean they feel resentful.

All of the behaviorists we spoke with used the example of accidentally stepping on your cat’s tail. You might notice that your cat is on edge around you for a short time, but they aren’t holding a grudge; instead, they’re afraid you’ll step on their tail again and want to prevent another painful experience.

What Do Cats Remember?

“Cats are more likely to remember things that either cause strong pleasant emotional responses or strong negative emotional responses. They may also remember things that happen repeatedly over time,” says Lusvardi. “One of the biggest predictors of how well a cat remembers something is how strong the emotional response is.”

Warren-Cummings says cats will remember things that help them survive. This includes where they can get food and water and where they can hide when they feel threatened. He also says they’ll remember the good things that they like.   

Geller states that cats have spatial memory to remember where their things are throughout the house, and they can also remember people that they haven’t seen in a long time.

Signs Your Cat Might Be Mad at You

Understanding your cat’s body language can help you figure out what they’re feeling. While growling is an obvious sign that your kitty is uneasy, there are other things to look for, such as changes in the position of the ears or the movement of the tail.  

“Cats will display what we call distance increasing behaviors when they’re feeling fearful or stressed. These may include slinking or running away, trying to make themselves smaller, or walking around something that’s stressing them out. You may also note their pupils dilate, [their] ears go to the side or get pinned back, or that their tail begins thrashing,” says Lusvardi. 

“Hissing and swiping are generally high-level indicators of fear,” adds Warren-Cummings. “If the cat is escalating to these behaviors, there is a good chance the owner has missed a lot of the lower-mid level body language cues.” 

How to Rebuild Your Bond With Your Cat

Okay, let’s say your cat is having a negative reaction to you. Do cats forgive? As discussed above, cats react to situations and learn from their experiences. By taking the right approach, you can prevent your kitty from creating negative associations with your family.

If you feel like there’s a wedge between you and your pet, and you need to rebuild or strengthen your bond, there are things you can do. Just remember to think like a cat. 

Identify the Issue

You can start by figuring out what’s causing your kitty to feel unhappy. “Once you identify what the stressor is, be it something you are doing or something in the environment, it is important to reduce the impact of the stressor,” says Warren-Cummings.

“Reflect on your own behavior. In most cases, cats are just exhibiting natural cat behaviors. We often are the ones who need to adjust our actions,” adds Lusvardi. 

Take Time to Bond

Lusvardi also recommends creating a positive association by doing things like giving your cat treats and playing with her. 

Geller agrees that interactive play can help create a strong bond while your kitty has fun. “For the play session to be beneficial, the cat needs to have multiple captures. She has to be able to successfully grab the toy in [their] mouth or in [their] paws. Sometimes, people get too carried away with keeping the toy out of the cat’s reach, and that just ends up adding to the cat’s frustration or tension.”

Don’t React Harshly

“I strongly recommend against any sort of punishment toward your cat,” says Lusvardi. “Using a squirt bottle, making loud noises, or yelling at your cat isn’t going to help them feel less fearful. Plus, they’re potentially going to develop a fearful association with you. That will only exacerbate the problem. Focus on addressing the cat’s needs and building up your relationship.” 

Consider Asking Professionals for Help

Consulting a veterinarian or pet behaviorist can be beneficial. “If you see a behavior change or behavior problem develop,” says Warren-Cummings, “it is important to have your cat checked by a veterinarian to rule out underlying medical issues. From there, consult a qualified behaviorist.” 

REFERENCES

1. Arnold, Carrie, “Your cat can recognize your voice. Yes, really.” National Geographic (2022 October). Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/your-cat-can-recognize-your-voice
2. Takagi, Saho et al. “Use of incidentally encoded memory from a single experience in cats.” Behavioural processes vol. 141,Pt 3 (2017): 267-272. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.014

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Whether your kitten thinks your sofa is a scratching post or is experiencing the zoomies at night and running around your living room, there are many ways to channel your kitten’s energy in a positive way.

Read on for what you need to know to better understand your kitten’s temperament and successfully manage their energy levels.

Why Is My Kitten So Hyper?

Stephen Quandt, a feline training and behavior specialist with Feline Behavior Associates in New York City, says most (but not all) kittens have the same energy level as a 4- to 7-year-old child.

“Everything is new to kittens and they exhibit high energy as they learn how to manipulate their world,” he says. “There are two categories of high energy: desirable (which encompasses running, climbing and vocalizing) and undesirable (which involves getting play-aggressive).”

Although it’s normal for kittens to engage in rough and active play, it’s also important to intervene early and to teach your kitten not to bite your hands and other limbs.

“Kittens have natural prey instincts,” Quandt says. “Use toys that put distance between your cat and your hand, such as a feather wand or a plush toy.”

Quandt notes that many shelters and rescue groups recommend adopting kittens in pairs, since they need interactions with other kittens for healthy social development.

“A kitten learns a lot in the first few months of life from their littermates,” he says. “Kittens bite and wrestle with each other and if they are separated from their family before they’re 2 to 3 months old, they may not have learned appropriate play behavior, and think it’s ok to bite and wrestle with you.”

While being energetic as they explore their new surroundings is totally normal kitten behavior, their hyperactivity can catch some cat parents off guard.

“Kittens can act a little crazy, which can be a bit overwhelming for cat parents,” says LeeAnna Buis, a certified feline training and behavior specialist with Feline Behavior Solutions in Vancouver, Washington. “While all cats need daily play and enrichment, kittens need quite a bit more. Just like young children, they’re curious about everything at this age because it’s all new, and they’re learning how to ‘cat.’”

Although Buis says kittens have natural instincts, they aren’t born knowing how to climb, balance, hunt, and play, and they need to learn these behaviors through watching, testing, exploring, and practicing.

Do Kittens Calm Down as They Age?

The good news is your kitten’s energy level will typically decline as they get older.

According to Buis, while all kittens have different levels of energy, their hyperactivity tends to peak around 9 months of age, then they begin to calm down.

Keep in mind that even if your cat’s high energy levels lead to challenging behavior such as jumping on a kitchen counter or clawing your furniture, Quandt says it’s important to never yell at or physically discipline your kitten. “This will only cause them to be stressed and teach them to avoid you,” he says. “It’s much more effective to redirect your cat by enticing them with treats to use a cat tree or to provide them with a scratching post.”

If your kitten is scratching your furniture, Quandt says it’s not because they’re acting out. Scratching is a natural part of your kitten’s development and a way for them to relieve stress, express emotions, mark objects with their scent, and remove the dead part of their nails.

“Bitter apple spray can work if your kitten tries to chew on something like an electric cord, and putting double-sided sticky tape on your sofa can deter them from scratching,” Quandt says.

He notes that climbing is also a normal part of your kitten’s development that satisfies their curiosity to play and explore. In addition, climbing to a higher perch can make kittens feel safe, allow them to survey their surroundings, and offer them their own spot to chill out. 

How to Keep Your Kitten Calm

Let’s go over a few tips on how to calm a kitten down.

Provide self-play options for your kitten

The first step in calming your kitten, according to Buis, is to offer them several sources of play and enrichment. “Kittens need to know how to entertain themselves, so make sure they have lots of self-play options,” she says. “Swap toys on a regular basis so your kitten always feels like there’s something new to grab their attention.”

Set aside time for personal playtime with your kitten

Since kittens also need interactive play, Buis recommends playing with your kitten at least a couple of times each day for 15 to 20 minutes.

“Wand toys are one of the best ways to replicate hunting, which is vital for all cats young and old,” she says. “And don’t forget mental enrichment – having your kitten use their brain can be as exhausting as using their body. Giving kittens age-appropriate food puzzles, letting them hunt for treats, even doing some clicker training is fantastic brain work and will help manage their kitten energy.“

Quandt agrees that a bored kitten can often lead to behavior problems. “It’s important to play with your kitten and to also offer them activities that engage their mind,” he says. “Cat puzzle feeders allow your kitten to get treats as rewards for problem solving, while cat tunnels give kittens a personal space where they can play.”

Plan for play to align with cat instincts

Quandt also notes that kittens are motivated by their primal instincts to hunt, kill, eat, and then sleep, so that’s something to keep in mind as well. “Plan a playtime with your cat right before you feed them dinner,” he suggests. “Use a toy that will satisfy their hunting instincts such as a stuffed mouse or a wand. Once they finish ‘hunting’ the toy, you can feed your kitten and they’ll typically fall asleep soon after.”

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“Cats are descendants of desert animals, and they are instinctively attracted to eliminate in sand,” says Katenna Jones, a certified cat behavior consultant. Additionally, kittens learn a lot from watching and following their siblings, as well as their mother and her scent, Jones says. This makes litter training not much of a task for a large number of cat owners. Most kittens should be fully trained and eager to use the box well before they come home with you.

That said, there are always exceptions, including some orphans who might need help learning because they didn’t get that valuable time with Mom. And some kittens and cats may eliminate outside the box for reasons unrelated to training, which pet parents should be prepared to address. Keep reading for valuable litter tips, including how to litter train a kitten.

When to Litter Box Train a Kitten

According to LeeAnna Buis, a certified feline training and behavior consultant for Feline Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon, kittens can start using a tiny litter box around 3 weeks old. “Prior to this, kittens are stimulated to eliminate by their mother licking the area or their human caregiver gently rubbing the area with a tissue,” Buis says. 

It’s important to note that manually stimulating kittens isn’t recommended beyond 8 weeks of age, but Buis says kittens will transition fully to the box as they are ready, over a period of a few weeks following their initial introduction to it.

What You’ll Need

The most important things you’ll need for kitten litter box training are:

• Litter
• A litter box
• A damp paper towel
• Treats

Just be aware, if this is your first time going through this process, you may be surprised to find out how many litter/litter box choices are available to you.

Let’s dive a little deeper into each important must-have on our list: 

Litter

When it comes to litter, Buis says cats instinctively prefer something very fine. “In the wild, they tend toward fine-grain sand or dirt where they have the option to completely cover their pee and poop,” she says, adding that this will help control their scent from wafting around, which prevents both the attraction of predators and the scaring off of prey. 

For kittens, however, pellet (or another non-clumping litter) is a good starting point because clumping clay litter may prove dangerous for a very curious kitten who wants a taste of basically anything. 

Litter box

With litter boxes, again, there are many types to consider: open, covered, high-sided, extra wide, and more. There’s plenty of time to figure out what works best for your growing and adult cats, but for very young kittens, Jones says selecting something with low sides for ease of access should be your priority.

Damp paper towel

While litter training for your kitten is ongoing, you’ll need a clean, damp paper towel on hand to use for stimulation (if age appropriate). 

Treats

It will also be important to reward your kitten for litter success, so whatever high-quality treat they love the most will be your best friend during this process.

How to Litter Train a Kitten

While both Jones and Buis agree that kitten litter training by a human is typically not necessary, there are some basic steps to follow in the unusual case where training is required. Let’s go over how to litter train a kitten, should the need arise.

1. Set up your litter boxes smartly 

You already know what kind of litter and boxes to consider getting, but it’s as important to know how to arrange the boxes so that your kitten is set up for success.

One rule you’ll want to follow is called the “plus one rule,” which states that the number of litter boxes you should have around your house is equal to the number of cats you have in the house, plus one. So if your feline baby is an only child, two litter boxes should suffice. If they have a sibling, increase it to three, and so on.

Additionally, placing litter boxes in areas where your kitten feels comfortable using them is another crucial step toward litter independence. “Litter box setup is a huge reason cats choose to eliminate elsewhere,” Buis says. “Look at things like how easily they can get into and out of the box, whether another pet is bothering them while they’re in the box, whether the box is in an area where they feel safe and secure, and whether there is a loud appliance or speaker near the box.”

2. Manually stimulate the kitten

A kitten’s mother will do this for her baby with her tongue in most cases, but when she’s not present for whatever reason, you can help facilitate elimination and eventually litter box use with your hands and a damp paper towel.

Simply hold the kitten with one hand and gently rub the areas where urine and feces will come out. You can do this over a litter box to catch whatever the towel misses and to create an association between this space and the act of eliminating. 

Once the kitten is done, Jones says you can place the soiled paper towel in the litter box as a scent attractant.

3. Show them how it’s done … sort of

Look, we’re not talking about you getting down in there with your kitten, but during training, they may need a gentle reminder as to where they should be going. In this case, it can be helpful to bring your kitten over to the box periodically and perhaps paw gently at the litter itself as a demonstration. Again, litter use is generally learned quite easily because it’s instinctual. A kitten will get the hints without too much prodding, but don’t be afraid to offer them.

4. Reward, reward, reward

Did your kitten go to the bathroom in the litter box? Great! Now reinforce it with a treat reward. As with most behaviors, this is one of the most crucial steps when it comes to making the lesson stick.

5. Observe and adjust as needed

There’s no mark of a kitten being officially and fully litter trained; it will most likely be a sliding scale of using it “properly” and “improperly” for a few weeks until they really get the hang of it, Buis says, and it’s different for every kitten.

But while yours is getting used to this crazy new thing, it’s helpful for you to make notes about what’s working. Are there two different boxes, and does your kitten gravitate heavily toward one? Are the litter boxes placed on different floors? They might not like something about the second, neglected box, or they may prefer doing their business in one room but not the other, which means you should consider relocating it or swapping it out for something they might like more. Just make sure you don’t try moving the preferred litter box until consistent success has been achieved.

And remember, most instances of trained cats not using the litter box are a way of communicating with us, so be sure to pay attention to their cues.

Litter Training a Kitten: Other Valuable Tips 

Besides dissatisfaction with a litter box, the litter inside it, or its location, other reasons why a trained kitten or cat may not be using it, Jones says, “could be a health issue such as [a]  urinary tract infection or constipation. Stressed cats also may not use the box, for example, if they are being harassed by another pet in the house.”

Buis recommends getting a vet check to rule out medical issues, adding that play and other forms of enrichment may help reduce stress.

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So why is it so critical that cats lose weight? And how can it be done? Here is everything you need to know about cat obesity.

What Is Obesity in Cats?

Obesity is defined as a cat who weighs 20 percent or more than they should. So a cat who should weigh 10 pounds would weigh 12 pounds or more if obese. While 2 extra pounds does not sound like much, it’s a lot for a cat! Cats who are overweight are 10-19 percent above their ideal weight. So if the same cat were overweight, they would weigh 11-11.9 pounds instead of 10 pounds.

Each cat is an individual, and their ideal weight will vary based on body size. Cats vary in ideal weight even within specific breeds. The way veterinarians and pet parents can tell if their cat is overweight is based on a body condition scale. This scale involves looking at a cat’s silhouette or body shape and feeling for their ribs and any large areas of fat. 

A cat who is at an ideal body weight has an hourglass figure with a natural narrowing of the waist just behind the rib cage seen by looking from the side or above. Their ribs would be easy to feel but not easy to see. Fat would be present on different areas of the body, but they would have no obvious large pads of fat, such as hanging down from the belly.

Causes of Obesity in Cats

In general, obesity can occur when a cat takes in too many calories over the amount of energy (calories) that they use. The risk of obesity can be further increased due to lifestyle and genetic differences in your cat’s metabolism, or the breakdown of energy in your cat’s body. Specific cat breeds have not reliably been shown to be more prone to obesity than mixed breed cats.

Other factors that play a role in cat obesity include:

• Age. Middle-aged cats (5-10 years old) and male cats are more likely to be obese.
• Spay/neuter status. Spaying or neutering cats removes many sex hormones, which can lead to a decrease in metabolism, increase in food intake, and decrease in activity.
• Feeding patterns. Free or frequent feeding or feeding primarily dry cat food can contribute to obesity.
• Lack of sufficient enrichment. Studies show that cats without access to the outdoors are more likely to be obese. Not all indoor cats are obese, however, and enrichment that promotes regular exercise is crucial.
• Metabolic disease. Metabolic disease such as acromegaly or insulin resistance can lead to weight gain in cats.
• Pet parent perception. Cat parents may view obese cats as having better quality of life, and they support their cat’s weight gain with excess food or treats.

Obese Cat Health Risks: 7 to Consider

There are several risks for your cat if they are obese, including:

Heart disease

Obesity may lead to heart disease, such as negatively affecting the ability of the heart to pump blood to the body. Weight loss has been shown to improve heart disease, such as decreasing the thickening of the left side of the heart [2]. 

Respiratory disease

Obesity decreases the ability of the lungs to inflate to their full size. Obesity also predisposes cats to tracheal collapse, which is when the windpipe collapses and causes difficulties breathing.

Insulin resistance

Obese cat patients have an increased amount of inflammatory proteins in the body due to an excess amount of fat. These inflammatory proteins cause cells in the body to resist insulin and its effects. While your cat is able to make insulin, their cells do not respond to it and cannot remove glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream. This can lead to high blood sugar over a long period of time, and eventually diabetes mellitus.

Musculoskeletal conditions

The increase in inflammatory proteins in the body contributes to inflammation of joints, leading to painful arthritis in cats. Arthritis can be worsened by having too much body weight to be supported by the joints. Obesity predisposes to cruciate ligament (aka ACL) tears, intervertebral disk disease (inflammation of the disks in between bones of the spine), and hip dysplasia (hip socket is inflamed and not aligned).

Urinary conditions

Inflammation in the kidneys and stones in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra are more likely in obese cats. Urinary tract infections can occur more frequently in female cats. This is because folds in the skin can cause urine to flow out and over a lot of skin around the vulva.

Gastrointestinal tract conditions

Compared to cats with a normal weight, the species of bacteria in the gut changes significantly in obese cats. In addition, liver disease and pancreatic disease (pancreatitis) can occur.

Shorter lifespan

Studies show that obese cats live shorter lives than cats of ideal weight. Obese cats are 30 percent less likely to make it to 12 years of age [3].

Obese Cat Symptoms

Cats who are obese gain fat in many areas of the body and they lose that hourglass shape. Their middle area is rounded outward instead of curving in to create a slight waist. Their ribs are not visible but also not easy to feel. Your cat will not only look different, but they may also have the following symptoms, which can be very mild and increase over time:

• Exercise intolerance. Your cat may tire quickly and be less active. Or when becoming active, they suddenly stop being active to sit or lie down and catch their breath.
• Lameness. You may notice a limp on one of your cat’s legs and that they are less likely to jump onto surfaces.
• Changes in breathing. Your cat may breathe faster or increase how much effort is given to breathing.
• Increased appetite
• Increased drinking
• Increased urination
• Skin changes. Cats who are obese cannot groom certain parts of their body well, so fur may be greasy or unkempt. An obese cat’s skin is often flaky with white flecks of skin or dandruff.

Diagnosing Cat Obesity

Veterinarians diagnose obesity by evaluating your cat’s body condition score. Evaluating past history for any weight gain or significant changes in health is useful in determining body condition score as well. 

Obese Cat Weight Loss Solutions 

There are multiple ways to help your cat lose weight. What every pet parent should know is that cats can lose weight too fast. Speaking with your veterinarian is essential to ensure that cat weight loss is safe. Veterinarians can calculate the amount of calories your cat should eat to lose weight at a healthy pace. A healthy goal is to lose 1 percent of body weight per week. For a 12-pound cat, this equates to 0.12 pounds or about 1/10 of a pound.

The two main strategies for cat weight loss include:

Diet

Feeding your feline cat food that is specially designed to promote weight loss is the best strategy for an obese or overweight cat. There are many different options to choose from, so always consult with your veterinarian before switching to a weight management formula.

Every cat is different in how they feel satiety, or full after eating. Some cats feel satiated with high-fiber diets while others need canned food due to its higher water content, which provides more volume of food for the same number of calories. Satiety is key to allowing your cat to lose weight without constantly begging for more food.

To ensure your cat is losing weight safely, ask your veterinarian for guidance. Depending on your cat’s weight, overall health, and how much they need to lose, your vet might recommend a prescription formula, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Cat Food, or a non-prescription formula, such as Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Cat Food.  

Discover more veterinarian-recommended weight management cat foods, along with the pros and cons of each formula, here. 

Physical Activity

Increasing your cat’s activity level is another solid strategy for helping them attain a healthy weight. However, just like most people, you may find some cats easier to motivate than others. So you may need to get creative with some proven exercise ideas for cat weight loss.   

To encourage more activity naturally, try to find toys or diversions that stimulate your cat’s playful (or predatory) side, such as a climbing tree or teaser wand. If your cat is food-motivated, a puzzle feeder may be a good option.

Just keep in mind that increased activity, while great for weight loss, may put extra strain on your overweight cat’s joints. Ask your veterinarian if your overweight or obese cat could benefit from joint supplements containing chondroitin and glucosamine, such as Dasuquin Advanced or Cosequin, to maintain joint health while losing weight.

How to Prevent Cat Obesity

There are many ways to help prevent cat obesity. These include:

• Avoid free feeding of food
• Decrease total amount fed after spay or neuter
• Limit cat treats to 2-3 per day, each approximately ¼-1/2 tsp in size
• Provide enrichment and opportunity for exercise
• Monitor your cat’s figure, and if it changes, seek veterinary advice on how to adjust diet and exercise

References

1. Chiang, Chih-Fan et al. “Prevalence, risk factors, and disease associations of overweight and obesity in cats that visited the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis from January 2006 to December 2015.” Topics in companion animal medicine vol. 47 (2022): 100620. doi:10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100620
2. Partington, C et al. “The effect of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiac structure and function in dogs.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 351. 20 Sep. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03449-4
3. Scarlett, J M, and S Donoghue. “Associations between body condition and disease in cats.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 212,11 (1998): 1725-31.

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In this article, we’re focusing on the role of cat exercise in the weight loss equation, sharing safe exercises you can do with your cat to encourage weight loss. And if you already have an active, fit cat, you can use these exercise ideas to keep your whiskered pal at an ideal weight.

Overweight Cats: How It Impacts Their Health 

The growing issue of feline obesity is not just an aesthetic concern—it’s a serious health risk. Overweight cats are more likely to develop certain health conditions, including: 

• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Urinary tract diseases
• Osteoarthritis
• Cancer 
• High blood pressure

Not only do obese cats have shorter lifespans compared to their lean counterparts (2), but their quality of life can be severely impacted by excess weight, causing reduced mobility, increased lethargy, and subsequent depression. 

Can Exercise Help a Cat Lose Weight?

When it comes to addressing the prevalent issue of feline obesity, one pivotal question often arises: can exercise really help a cat shed those extra pounds? 

The answer is a resounding yes, says Dr. Nick Horniman, MRCVS, a veterinary surgeon and the founder of MyPetsVet and VETSbarn Veterinary Centre. Physical activity can help cats burn calories, build muscle and stimulate metabolism, all of which contribute to weight loss, he says. 

However, exercise for cats is not just about physical benefits. It also plays a significant role in mental health, says Rita Reimers, a cat behavior trainer and co-founder of Cat Behavior Alliance. Engaging in regular play and exercise can help reduce stress and boredom, which are often overlooked factors that can contribute to overeating and weight gain in cats.

But here’s the catch: exercise alone is seldom enough. To effectively manage and reduce a cat’s weight, a proper, calorie-controlled diet must be combined with exercise. This is where the guidance of a veterinarian becomes invaluable. A vet can provide a tailored nutrition plan based on your cat’s needs, considering factors like age, breed, current health status, and specific nutritional requirements.

If your cat struggles with mobility issues due to arthritis and joint pain, adding supplements to their diet may help to get them moving. Omega-3 and Omega-6 supplements contain fatty acids, which are proven to help fight inflammation. These can help to reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness in joints, which could be an underlying cause of weight gain. 

8 Best Cat Exercise Options for Weight Loss in Cats

Just as humans enjoy exercise that’s fun and engaging, cats also thrive on playful and stimulating activities to stay fit. To help your feline friend maintain a healthy weight, here’s a list of exercises designed for both enjoyment and effectiveness.

#1: Create a Home Agility Course

Think agility courses are just for dogs? Think again! “Setting up a small agility course in your home can be a fantastic way to encourage your cat to exercise,” says Dr. Horniman.

An indoor agility course for cats can include tunnels, boxes, ramps, and other safe obstacles. Entice your cat to navigate the course by using a favorite toy or treat, guiding them over and under the obstacles and through different challenges. This type of activity may not appeal to every cat, but for those who take to it, it’s an excellent way to burn calories and have a great time in the process.

#2: Play Hide and Seek with Treats

If your cat is food motivated, hide small portions of their favorite treats around your home and encourage them to search for these hidden treasures, suggests Dr. Horniman. 

Place some treats in high spots where they’ll need to jump, and some under furniture where they’ll have to crouch and reach. This activity will also engage your cat’s sense of smell and natural hunting skills.

#3: Play Bathtub Pong 

Want to turn your bathtub into an exciting playground for your kitty? This activity involves placing a lightweight ball, such as a ping pong ball, in a dry bathtub. The enclosed space of the tub keeps the ball contained, allowing it to bounce and roll unpredictably as your cat paws and swats at it. As the ball skitters around, your cat will be encouraged to make quick, agile movements, providing a good physical workout.

#4: Engage in Interactive Play with Your Cat   

Incorporate interactive play sessions into your cat’s daily routine using toys like feather wands or laser pointers. Move the toys or laser around to mimic the movements of prey animals.

“Cats love to chase, and these activities mimic their natural hunting instincts,” says Dr. Horniman.

This not only keeps them physically active but also deeply engages their attention and keeps them mentally stimulated. Aim for two, 10- to 15-minute interactive play sessions daily. 

#5: Go for a Walk

With the use of a well-fitted harness and leash, you can safely take your feline friend outdoors for a little adventure. 

Start slowly by getting your cat accustomed to wearing a harness indoors. Once they are comfortable in the harness, gradually introduce them to the outdoors, initially exploring quieter areas to avoid overwhelming them. Walking a cat is quite different from walking a dog. It’s often a slower, more exploratory process where the cat sets the pace and direction. 

These walks can be an excellent way for your cat to engage in moderate physical activity while satisfying their curiosity about the world outside their home.

#6: Catify Your Home 

Creating a “catified” environment in your home is an effective way to encourage regular exercise for your feline companion. This involves adapting your living space to cater to a cat’s instinctual need to climb, jump, and explore.

Installing elements like cat shelves, climbing trees, and wall-mounted steps provides your cat with vertical spaces that challenge and engage them physically. This vertical dimension encourages more movement, as cats naturally love to navigate heights and observe their surroundings from above.

A catified home will also provide your cat with mental stimulation and give them a physical outlet from stress, says Reimers.

#7: Provide Self-Play Toys

Touch-activated self-play toys are designed to turn on in response to your cat’s touch or motion.

“These toys give your cats things to do and chase even when you are not there to interact with them yourself,” says Reimers. 

Touch-activated toys come in various forms, including balls that roll and change direction unpredictably, plush toys that vibrate, or small motorized gadgets that scurry across the floor. The unpredictability and interactive nature of these toys keep your cat engaged in physical activity, providing a good source of exercise that’s fun and mentally stimulating.

#8: Make the Most of Mealtime

Utilizing treat balls, puzzle toys, and lick mats during mealtime is an excellent strategy to intertwine feeding with physical and mental activity. These interactive feeding tools require your cat to engage in physical activity to access their food, effectively turning mealtime into a form of exercise. 

As your cat paws, pushes, or explores these tools to get their food, they are not only expending energy but also slowing down their eating pace, which can help prevent overeating and an upset stomach, says Reimers.

Cat Exercise Safety Tips

When incorporating exercise into your cat’s routine, it’s crucial to prioritize their safety and well-being. Here are some key safety tips to ensure your cat’s exercise experiences are both beneficial and safe. 

Consult with a Veterinarian

Before starting any new exercise regimen, it’s advisable to consult with your veterinarian. They can provide guidance based on your cat’s health, breed, age, and physical capabilities, ensuring your exercise plan is safe and appropriate.

For example, a cat with arthritis or a heart murmur will probably need gentler toys and activities than a cat with no health issues, says Reimers. Similarly, a high-energy breed like a Bengal will need more exercise (and more vigorous exercise) than other breeds, she adds.

If your cat struggles with arthritis, consider adding a joint supplement to their diet. This could help them comfortably increase their mobility. 

Always Provide Fresh Water

Ensuring your cat is hydrated, especially before and after exercise, is important for their health. Adequate water helps cats maintain normal blood flow to organs, transports nutrients, and eliminates harmful waste products through the kidneys. 

“Wash and fill your cat’s water bowls once a day (or twice, depending on how dirty it might get during the day) to keep water fresh and prevent bio-slime,” says Reimers. “If you use a water fountain, be sure to take it apart and thoroughly clean the mechanism at least once per week.”

Monitor for Overheating

Cats can overheat quickly, particularly during vigorous play or in warm environments. Keep an eye out for signs like panting, lethargy, and drooling, which might indicate overheating. If you notice these signs, stop playing and allow your cat to cool down.

Don’t Overdo It

Cats generally prefer short bursts of activity rather than prolonged exercise sessions. Keep playtimes brief and enjoyable to prevent exhaustion. Pay attention to your cat’s body language — if they seem tired or disinterested, it’s time to stop.

Create a Safe Exercise Environment

Ensure the area where your cat exercises and plays is safe and free from hazards. Remove toxic plants, secure loose wires, and scan the area for sharp objects like push-pins and small objects they could swallow, advises Reimers.

Gradually Introduce New Activities

When introducing your cat to a new form of exercise, do it gradually. This helps them get accustomed to the activity without causing stress or injury.

Rotate Toys

To keep your cat interested in play, regularly rotate their toys, suggests Reimers. This approach creates a sense of novelty and excitement, encouraging your kitty to stay active and mentally stimulated. You don’t necessarily need a large collection—just rotating a few favorites can make a big difference in your cat’s enthusiasm for play. 

Follow a PEGS Routine

This acronym, coined by Reimers and her co-founder Linda Hall, stands for Play, Eat, Groom, Sleep. It’s a natural cycle for cats: play mimics the hunting cats do in nature, which is then followed by eating their “catch” (aka a meal or treat you give them), grooming so predators don’t smell their food remains, then sleeping while digesting their protein meal, says Reimers. 

This routine is designed to fulfill your cat’s evolutionary needs, providing a well-rounded approach to their physical and mental well-being.

Adopting these practices isn’t just about helping your cat shed a few pounds. It’s about embracing a lifestyle that promotes vitality and joy in every leap, stretch, and purr.

References

1. 2022 State of U.S. Pet Obesity Report. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6425ec5d33eaaa634113b2d4/t/6454f61c0cad164860799c8f/1683289630779/2022+State+of+US+Pet+Obesity+Report.pdf
2. Teng, Kendy T et al. “Strong associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan in cats.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 20,12 (2018): 1110-1118. doi:10.1177/1098612X17752198

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The Basics of Tear Production in Cats

Cats’ eyes water, or produce tears, to protect the cornea, or the front of the eye. The many small glands that produce tears – from the outer part of the eye toward the middle corner closest to the nose – is called the nasolacrimal system. 

Tears drain from upper and lower eyelids into a sac, then into a duct that flows to the bottom of the nasal cavity (the cavity behind the nose).

Production of tears in eyes is a natural function, but if your cat’s eyes appear very watery and extra tears spill out of the eye, there is likely an issue. Whether or not the issue requires medical attention depends on if your cat is uncomfortable.

Cat Eye Watering: What it Looks Like

The discharge that comes out of watery eyes in cats is thin and either clear, slightly white, or tinted brown. It can affect one eye or both. 

Other symptoms are common, and may include:

• Red eyes
• Squinting one or both eyes
• Sneezing and/or congestion
• Unusual shape of the eyelids or eyelids rolling inward
• Swelling of the eyes
• Cloudiness of the eyes
• Fur loss around the eye
• Irritation and redness just below the inside corner of the eye

Other eye discharges are possible such as bloody or mucoid discharge, which is thicker yellow to green discharge as opposed to watery discharge. The causes of different eye discharges can overlap significantly.

Why Are My Cat’s Eyes Watering? 6 Possible Causes 

Causes of watery eyes in cats include:

Feline herpesvirus-1

The most common cause, feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV), causes inflammation in the eyes (conjunctivitis) as well as in the nose, both of which would result in watery eyes.

Blockage of the Nasolacrimal Duct 

This can occur due to a tumor, infection that causes swelling in the face, or nasal congestion.

Bacterial Infection

Chlamydophilia felis is a bacterium that leads to infections and swelling in the eye, especially in young kittens.

Foreign Body

A particle such as plant material can become lodged into the tissue under the eyelid and cause significant watering and squinting.

Breed Predisposition

Brachycephalic cat breeds – breeds that have a “flat” face – have a duct that travels so sharply upward that it often gets “kinked” in a V-shaped pattern, resulting in watery eyes.

Congenital Issue

Cats can be born with an abnormal nasolacrimal system that prevents tears from draining normally.

Cat Watery Eye Treatment 

Not all watery eyes in cats need to be treated. If your cat’s eye is otherwise normal in appearance and your cat is not squinting, just wipe the discharge from near the eye daily with a clean damp cloth. 

Sometimes, chronic watering can lead to irritated skin. Your veterinarian can prescribe topical ointments that are safe to be placed near the eye to treat any irritation.

If your cat’s eyes begin watering suddenly, it is more likely there is inflammation from diseases such as FHV or Chlamydophila. These diseases can benefit from antibiotic eye ointment. This is true even for viral infections (like FHV), since they are often followed by bacterial infections that cause inflammation to worsen. In chronic cases of FHV, oral antiviral medication such as famciclovir can be prescribed. 

Rarely a foreign body is present in one of the eyes, and your veterinarian will need to numb your cat’s eye – and possibly sedate your cat – to look closely for what is causing the irritation.

If the nasolacrimal duct is blocked, your veterinarian may be able to flush the duct to allow it to flow. 

Surgery can be performed for certain conditions, including some congenital conditions like eyelid agenesis. Eyelid agenesis occurs when the eyelids do not fully form in kittens, and fur hangs down from the skin onto the eye creating chronic irritation.

Are There Home Remedies for Watery Eyes in Cats? 

There are no therapies available at home that are safe and effective for watery eyes in cats. Putting lubricating eye drops in the eye is not advised as it will not help most eye conditions.

How to Prevent Watery Eyes in Cats

FHV can be prevented by avoiding stress in your cat as much as possible. If your cat develops symptoms of FHV including nasal congestion or discharge, speak with your veterinarian about treatment early in the disease to prevent chronic inflammation, which could lead to scarring and permanent closure of the nasolacrimal duct.

Vaccinating your cat is very important to decrease the likelihood of serious illness caused by FHV. There is a vaccine for Chlamydophila as well, but that vaccine is not recommended unless a cattery or animal shelter demonstrates that Chlamydophila is producing disease in their facility and managing the spread of disease is difficult.

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Most pet parents will never have to experience what it is like to treat diabetes in cats, as it is diagnosed in approximately 1 percent of cats. Diabetes mellitus results in frequent trips to the veterinary office, testing, blood draws, and twice daily injections of insulin with strict rules on timing and accompanying diet.

For many pet parents, the management of their cat’s diabetes with insulin is too much to handle and they seek other treatment options. Fortunately, there is a new option on the market—a tablet that is given once per day. Unfortunately, not every cat with diabetes is able to take this medication. Read more to better understand if Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets) is right for your cat.

What Is Bexacat?

Bexacat is an alternative to providing injections of insulin, a hormone. It is indicated to improve glycemic control in otherwise healthy cats with diabetes mellitus not previously treated with insulin.

The active ingredient is bexagliflozin, a medication that stops a protein in the body from holding onto a lot of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) in the urine. Bexagliflozin belongs to a class of drugs called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Bexacat was approved by the U.S. FDA in December 2022 and is manufactured by Elanco. Because it is relatively new, not all veterinarians keep this in stock or regularly recommend it. However, veterinarians can order it. The product is not widely available online yet. There are no generics available at this time.

What Does Bexacat Look Like?

Bexacat tablets are in the shape of a pentagon (five-sided), 1 cm (~2/5 inch) wide, and tan to brown in color. It is chewable and flavored.

What Is Bexacat Used for in Cats?

Bexacat is used in cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having too high of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) due to either not enough insulin in the body or the body not using insulin that is there. Insulin allows cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream and convert glucose into energy. Glucose is a very important form of energy for all of the body’s cells. If glucose is not available, cells cannot function properly. Cats with diabetes mellitus require treatment in the way of medications as well as diet and exercise changes.

Diabetes mellitus has two types in people that are similar to cats. Type I diabetes means the body is not producing enough insulin. This is very rare in cats (approximately 5 percent of cases), and most often occurs due to pancreatitis that occurred for a long time or many different times. Type II diabetes means the body has plenty of insulin, but either the cells in the pancreas cannot properly release it or insulin was released but does not properly interact with cells, called insulin resistance.

Bexacat ideally would not be used in cats with Type I diabetes. Cats with Type I diabetes should receive insulin since their bodies cannot produce it. However, there is no accurate way of confirming whether a cat has Type I or Type II diabetes.

Bexacat decreases the levels of blood glucose, improving the health of your cat. Cats who can take Bexacat:

• Have not been previously treated with insulin
• Do not have any health complications from diabetes
• Do not currently have or have a history of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Have no evidence of kidney or liver disease
• Do not have diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening metabolic state when cats have not had enough insulin for a long time, and the body starts breaking down fat into ketones. Ketones build in the bloodstream and poison your cat

Many times, pet parents realize something is truly wrong with their cat when they become lethargic or aren’t eating well. In these cases, if the cats are diabetic, Bexacat could not be used, since the medication is for otherwise healthy cats.

How Does Bexacat Work?

Bexacat stops sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2), which is a protein that takes glucose from the tubules in the kidneys (i.e. from the urine) and puts it back into the bloodstream. SGLT2 is responsible for resorbing approximately 90 percent of the glucose in the urine. Because Bexacat stops this process from happening, the glucose passing through the kidneys goes out into the urine instead of staying in the body.

Bexacat does not work the same as insulin. Insulin comes from the pancreas and allows glucose to enter individual cells from the bloodstream, decreasing blood glucose. Bexacat decreases blood glucose by increasing the amount of glucose exiting the body in the urine.

How to Give Bexacat to Cats

Bexacat should be given once every 24 hours and can be given with or without food. Bexacat tablets are chewable, flavored tablets. Cats can eat it out of your hand like a treat, or it can be put into food. These tablets can be crushed and should taste good enough for most cats to eat. If the medication is crushed into food, feed your cat a small amount of food with the medication first to ensure they eat all of the medication in one sitting. 

Bexacat Reviews and Comparison

Avoiding insulin and injections twice daily is very appealing when managing cats with diabetes mellitus. Insulin must be given after your cat has eaten a meal, and thus cats must be fed two distinct meal times every day as opposed to free-feeding. If your cat doesn’t eat at mealtime, treatment gets really complicated. The fact that Bexacat is crushable and flavored will likely make the tablet easy to administer.

Bexacat is still a fairly new medication, so many veterinarians are not accustomed to recommending this product or the specific type of monitoring that should be done after starting the product. Cats who are prescribed this medication should be newly diagnosed diabetics without systemic symptoms like decreased activity or appetite. For this reason, many veterinary patients are not eligible to use the product.

Cats treated with Bexacat may be at an increased risk of a life-threatening disease known as diabetic ketoacidosis or a new clinical syndrome called euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Cats with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis can be in the dangerous health state of diabetic ketoacidosis, but instead of having very high blood glucose, glucose readings are in the normal range. Possible side effects like this make some veterinarians concerned about which patients they should offer the medication to.

There are studies looking at Bexacat and similar medications in cats that support the use of these medications. There is still much to be learned about how this medication can support feline patients.

Bexacat vs Insulin Comparison Chart

Bexacat Side Effects

There are side effects reported for Bexacat during clinical trials, but keep in mind that cats with diabetes mellitus are at risk for the same side effects. Side effects may include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity
• Severe versions of the above symptoms caused by diabetic ketoacidosis
• Weight loss
• Blood in the urine or changes in litter box habits due to urinary tract infections
• Ongoing increased urine and drinking (approximately 1/3 cats), which would normally stop or largely decrease once blood sugar was normalized

Monitoring your cat for the first two weeks of therapy with Bexacat is crucial to detecting diabetic ketoacidosis quickly, as the first two weeks are when your cat is most at-risk. Bexacat should be stopped immediately if while on medication your cat suddenly stops eating, is much less active, or has lost weight. Bloodwork and an examination is recommended at two weeks (or sooner if concerns), as well as four weeks and eight weeks after starting therapy. Blood glucose curves involving all-day hospital stays are necessary as well as other forms of bloodwork and urine testing at each visit. It is similar to the monitoring of cats receiving insulin, but additional blood work is recommended.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

No currently known food or drug reactions exist. However, since Bexacat is fairly new on the market, adverse reactions may be discovered later. As with all diabetic cats, veterinarians will avoid providing other prescriptions that may further dehydrate your cat, such as diuretics.

Bexacat Dosing

All cats who weigh at least 6.6 pounds will be given one tablet of 15 milligrams every 24 hours. Kittens can use the medication, but diabetes mellitus is rarely diagnosed in such young cats.

Bexacat Cost

Bexacat costs approximately $90 per 30-day supply. This cost is comparable, if not less, than traditional insulin treatment.

Bexacat Storage Instructions

Keep all tablets at room temperature (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), stored in the original container as much as possible.

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Black Cat Poop: Color, Consistency, and Other Characteristics

If your cat’s poop looks black, observe the poop to see if the color is uniform and if any red tint exists in any part of the stool. In addition to color, here are other characteristics you should pay attention to:

Consistency. One of the most important pieces of information is the consistency of the poop. The poop could be anywhere from very dry and hard to liquid with no shape whatsoever. 

Amount. Pay attention to the amount as well—a couple droplets of runny poop is different than a large pile. 

Frequency/Duration. Be sure to keep note of how often this type of stool has occurred, how frequent your cat poops, and for how long you have noticed this type of stool.

Contents. Look for unusual things inside the stool; for example, any parasites, mucus (gel-like material), or foreign bodies like string or pieces of toys. 

Noting your cat’s poop’s color, consistency, amount, frequency, duration, and any foreign material are all very specific clues that will help your veterinarian narrow down the search for a cause. For example, specific characteristics such as consistency and frequency can determine if the issue is likely in the small intestine or large intestine. Your veterinarian will recommend different treatments and tests depending on this information.

Why Is My Cat’s Poop Black?

There are multiple reasons a cat’s poop could be black, including:

Old poop. Poop outside of the body that has dried out for a couple days will appear black in color. However, when broken open, the inside may appear browner in coloration since only the exterior of the poop would have dried out. This depends on how old the poop is.

Change in diet. Cats eating a raw diet or experiencing a change in their diet can have color change in their poop due to digestion of different nutrients, byproducts created based on current diet, or artificial colors. The poop could be formed or liquid.

Constipation. Cats who are constipated and have stool inside of their guts for an extended period of time will have very dry hard stool that may look black simply because it is dry.

Bleeding. Bleeding in the small intestines, or upper part of the guts, causes black stool because the body digests the blood leaving byproducts of blood in the poop. To see black stool due to this (it’s called melena) is a result of a significant amount of blood and requires veterinary care right away. Many times, the poop is runny and unformed if bleeding is causing the black coloration. 

Examples of reasons for bleeding include:

• Ulcers in the stomach or intestines
• Inability to clot (e.g., exposure to rodenticide, a poison)
• Cancer in the gastrointestinal (GI) system
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Endoparasitism (e.g., hookworms)

Issues with bile excretion. In cats who have a blockage from the gallbladder to the intestines, bile—made of byproducts from blood—may be intermittently excreted into the intestines, creating an excessive amount of black color. Formed stool or runny stool can occur. A few different conditions could cause this, including:

• Pancreatic disease
• Stones in the gallbladder or tract leading out of the gallbladder
• Intestinal disease

What to Do if Your Cat’s Poop Is Black

If your cat has been experiencing any changes in behavior, decrease in activity, or decrease in appetite, all pet parents should be concerned. While the black stool may not be directly linked to the cause, your cat is not feeling well and should have a veterinary appointment right away.

If the stool is black and hard or dry, contact your veterinarian for guidance. Think back to whether your cat ate new food or treats, as that can affect the color. Keep your cat on their usual diet without any treats or diet changes. If the consistency is unformed or your cat has any behavior changes, schedule a veterinary appointment promptly to see if treatment is warranted.

If your cat does not consistently poop daily or inside the litter box, they are likely demonstrating to you that something is chronically wrong, and a veterinary appointment is warranted in the near future.

If your cat has liquid or runny diarrhea that is black, even if behavior changes are not occurring, you should call your veterinarian right away. Your cat will become dehydrated very quickly, and it is best to treat this type of diarrhea swiftly. If the stool is black and liquid due to melena, your cat will experience behavior changes and other symptoms shortly after the stool begins.

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Read on to understand what to expect for treatment after your cat is diagnosed with kidney disease.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment Plan: What to Expect

How a cat is treated for kidney disease depends on two important factors: is it acute or chronic? If it is chronic, what stage are they in?

Acute kidney disease is when signs come on suddenly. It can occur when a toxic substance is eaten, bacterial infections involving the kidneys, or when your cat already has underlying kidney disease and something else is wrong, like being dehydrated. Cats with acute kidney disease are usually hospitalized, staying in the hospital to get fluids through a catheter (intravenous or IV fluids), medications, and close monitoring. If your cat can be treated at home, you will likely need to give fluids under the skin (subcutaneous or SQ fluids) at least once daily, plus several other medications.

Chronic kidney disease is when the kidneys are slowly worsening and can occur over years before signs are noticed. Most times we cannot identify a cause – it could be your cat is prone to kidney disease for genetic reasons, but it also occurs with other medical issues such as urinary tract infections. Most cats are started on a special diet and supplements. Not all cats require fluids or medications, but if your cat is experiencing signs of illness, medications will help with improving quality of life by increasing appetite and decreasing vomiting.

If your cat has chronic kidney disease, your veterinarian will run a couple of blood and urine tests to determine what stage he is in:

• Stage 1: this is the earliest stage of kidney disease, often before cats have signs of illness. Unless your cat has high protein in the urine, your veterinarian is unlikely to recommend a special diet or supplements.
• Stage 2: This is the most common stage of kidney disease. If your cat has signs of illness, they are often mild. Your veterinarian is likely to recommend a special diet formulated for cats with kidney disease. Depending on electrolyte values and urine protein testing, your cat may need medication or supplements.
• Stage 3: Most cats are experiencing signs of illness at this stage. Your veterinarian will highly recommend a special diet, medications are likely, and SQ fluids are possible.
• Stage 4: This is the final and worst stage of kidney disease. Your cat is likely showing many signs of illness. Your veterinarian will recommend a special diet if your cat is willing to eat it, medications, and SQ fluids. He may be hospitalized initially to help decrease dehydration and get your cat feeling better before he goes home to continue treatments.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment Cost

Cats with kidney disease require routine testing to monitor their health. For chronic kidney disease, depending on stage and how well your cat is feeling, your veterinarian will recommend visits every 3-6 months. Bloodwork, urine, and blood pressure testing are frequently performed to start treatments as needed. This can cost anywhere between $200 and $500 per visit.

Ideally cats would be fed prescription canned food to increase the amount of water in their diet and regulate secondary issues associated with kidney disease. On average, this costs $125 per month. However, if your cat really loves dry food or the budget is tight, dry kidney diets will cost on average $35-$65 per month.

Medications vary widely and therapy plans are unique to each cat. Estimating cost is almost impossible, but pet parents can expect to spend anywhere from $15 to $150 per month depending on severity of disease.

Cat Kidney Disease Medications

Common medications used to manage signs of illness associated with kidney disease include:

• Aluminum hydroxide. This decreases phosphorus in cats. It comes in a powder or gel. Because the powder tastes bitter, it can be placed into gel capsules if needed.
• Calcitriol. This hormone regulates phosphorus, and low levels of calcitriol – frequent in cats with kidney disease – can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. It is often compounded into a liquid.
• Erythropoietin. Stimulates the formation of more red blood cells to combat anemia. This is an injectable medication given under the skin.
• Fluids such as Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS). This hydrates cats, flushing toxins out of the bloodstream that the kidneys can no longer process. This is given under the skin at home, or directly into the bloodstream (IV) in the hospital.
• Maropitant, commonly called Cerenia. This decreases nausea and inflammation in cats. It is a pill or an injection.
• Omeprazole. This decreases stomach acid in cats, which can accompany kidney disease. It is a pill.
• Potassium. Supplements a lack of potassium. This is a pill or powder to be mixed in food.
• Renal (kidney) supplements. These contain a combination of vitamins, amino acids, antioxidants, and holistic ingredients meant to improve the health of the kidneys. They come in powder, pill, and chew (treat) form.

Managing Kidney Disease Pain in Cats

Cats are not frequently in pain directly relating to kidney disease; however, when it does occur, pain from kidney stones, severe inflammation and infections can be severe. Most veterinarians will prescribe opioids like buprenorphine when this occurs. Gabapentin can help with forms of neuropathic pain and decreases general stress as well.

Many signs of illness that accompany kidney disease can lead to significant discomfort. Managing symptoms is the best way to decrease discomfort. Nausea or gastrointestinal pain can be treated with anti-nausea medications that are also anti-inflammatories like maropitant. Dehydration can be managed with SQ fluids.

Kidney Disease Cat Diet: What to Feed

Pet parents should feed diets made for cats with kidney disease whenever possible. These diets are specially formulated to ensure your cat has all the nutrients he may need and in an easy-to-digest way. Phosphorus, a mineral in the body, is decreased in kidney diets since it is often too high in cats with kidney disease. Protein is also decreased in kidney diets. A high protein diet is hard on the kidneys since they process protein, and can actually be a cause of kidney disease.

Homemade cat food can be useful for cats with kidney disease, but a veterinary nutritionist’s advice must be sought. When diets are not well balanced by a nutritionist, it can have serious consequences for your cat’s health above and beyond kidney disease.

Special treats are not needed for cats with kidney disease if pet parents are keeping treats to less than 10 percent of their total caloric intake. Some supplements that support kidney health are found in treat form and are a great choice for your cat.

Supplements for Cats with Kidney Disease

Many supplements support kidney health in cats. Potassium is needed when levels are too low in your cat. Phosphate binders may be needed if phosphorus is too high. Low levels of vitamin D are linked to kidney issues in humans and may be supplemented in cats. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease inflammation, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the risk of blood clots. Many supplements such as milk thistle extract, N-acetylcysteine, and melatonin are not only antioxidants but have been shown to have a positive effect on the structure of the kidneys.

Some combination commercial supplements are sold for cats with kidney disease. They typically include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, and natural holistic ingredients that directly support kidney health such as Astragalus root, Cordyceps spp., and Rehmannia glutinosa root. Before giving any kidney supplements to your cat, be sure to speak with your veterinarian. Many supplements are not regulated by the FDA, so a manufacturer trusted by veterinarians should be chosen.

Support your cat’s water intake by offering some water flavored with low sodium chicken broth or tuna juice. Cat water fountains can increase interest in drinking water. Canned food diets are ideal to increase water in the diet.

Kidney Disease in Cats Treatment: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts therapy such as a prescription diet, you may not notice a difference if your cat wasn’t showing signs of illness before. However, most cats with signs of kidney disease see improvement almost right away with medications. Very ill cats may never be symptom-free, but many cats see significant improvement. Over time, a quality diet and supplements can maintain a healthy balance for your cat with minimal symptoms.

Always contact your veterinarian if signs of kidney disease do not decrease or new symptoms emerge. For example, if your cat was vomiting daily when diagnosed with kidney disease, speak with your veterinarian if after a week or two of therapy there has been no improvement. If your cat has started vomiting and wasn’t vomiting regularly before—contact your veterinarian to discuss options.

If you struggle to give medication to your cat, call your veterinarian. There are many possible solutions for getting medications into your cat. Compounding pharmacies can make medications into liquid, pills, paste, capsules, powder, or even tasty treats. Cats can be trained to (better) accept medication by using positive rewards like catnip, treats, or special toys.

The most important thing to remember: your goal is to keep your cat feeling good. It is more important that your cat eat a balanced diet than it is for your cat to eat a prescription kidney diet. Don’t focus on whether your cat’s blood kidney values have worsened as much as ensuring your cat eats, plays, and enjoys the things they always have. Be very communicative with your veterinary hospital about what your cat needs.

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But can cats get kennel cough? If your dog is sick with kennel cough, is your cat going to get sick too? Let’s take a look.

Can Cats Get Kennel Cough? 

The viruses involved in kennel cough are very specific to dogs in most cases, including canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine adenovirus type 2. Veterinarians only use the term “kennel cough” for dogs.

However, one bacterium that is often involved in cases of kennel cough in dogs — Bordetella bronchiseptica, or Bordetella for short — can infect cats. So even though cats don’t catch dog viruses, cats can get infected with Bordetella if a dog is sick with kennel cough. In other words, cat’s don’t get kennel cough, but they can get sick and cough with Bordetella.

Since veterinarians don’t refer to this condition as kennel cough in cats, what follows is an overview of Bordetella in cats.

What Is Bordetella in Cats?

Bordetella is a bacterium that specifically sticks to the inner lining of the respiratory tract using fimbriae, or tiny fingerlike projections that reach out and grab onto specific cells. Bordetella sticks to the throat and trachea (windpipe) all the way to the bronchi (airways in the lungs).

Bordetella is a relatively common bacterium and can be found in healthy cats. Approximately 11 percent of healthy cats carry and shed the bacterium. However, in cats sick with respiratory symptoms, around 45 percent of cats have Bordetella. 

Most cats do not show symptoms, and if they do, the cats will recover after mild to moderate symptoms. In young kittens, Bordetella can cause pneumonia, or infection and inflammation of the lower airways (such as bronchi). Pneumonia with Bordetella is much more serious as it can cause cats to struggle to breathe.

Bordetella is relatively common in household dogs and dogs in animal shelters. It can spread in grooming, doggy daycare or boarding facilities, whereas pet cats are rarely exposed to Bordetella. In dogs, a lot of coughing occurs but not so much in cats. 

What Causes Bordetella in Cats?

Bordetella is caused by exposure to the bacterium by directly touching respiratory fluid, such as nose discharge or mucus that comes out while coughing. Cats can also catch Bordetella by touching items that have bacteria on it, such as food bowls or cat toys.

There are multiple risk factors for Bordetella — healthy low-stress cats in a home are unlikely to contract this disease. Young cats are more at risk of developing pneumonia due to their immature immune systems. Other risk factors include overcrowding, stress, infection with other viruses, and exposure to cats or dogs with the disease.

Cats can readily spread Bordetella to each other, and dogs can give Bordetella to cats. Cats can give it to dogs, but this is exceedingly rare. It is important to note that cats (and dogs) might be able to give the disease to humans. However, this has not been proven and, if true, it would be very rare.

Bordetella in Cats: Symptoms

Bordetella causes symptoms similar to other pathogens (i.e. viruses and bacteria) that cause upper respiratory disease, such as feline herpesvirus-1. It is almost impossible to tell them apart, and most cats with these symptoms have more than one pathogen anyway. The unique symptom for Bordetella is the cough—a loud, high-pitched cough often described as honking. However, cats cough less often than dogs, so this may not be present. 

Other signs of Bordetella in cats include:

• Discharge from the nose
• Discharge from the eyes
• Nasal congestion (nose sounds stuffed up)
• Redness to the eyes
• Sneezing
• Retching (your kitty looks like he’s ready to vomit but instead small amount of thick yellow-green mucus comes out – different from vomiting as it does not require multiple movements from the belly)
• Fast breathing rate (if you count more than 40 breaths per minute)
• Trouble breathing (using the belly to breathe in a dramatic way)
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity

Diagnosing Bordetella in Cats

Veterinarians examine cats but may not test for the exact cause if a cat is showing disease in the upper airway, such as the nose and throat. No matter the cause, the treatment tends to be the same. Your veterinarian will need to listen to your cat’s chest very thoroughly and may recommend X-rays if they think the lungs could be involved. X-rays will look for signs of pneumonia.

If your veterinarian does recommend testing for Bordetella, this is done either with a wash into the respiratory system or with a blood test known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 

A wash is performed by anesthetizing your cat (giving medications to your cat to make him sleep) and putting sterile saline into the lungs, then immediately sucking the fluid out. 

PCR is a common blood test for many different pathogens; most laboratories have a specific PCR panel for all respiratory pathogens in cats and can detect the bacterium even in trace amounts. While PCR is easier to obtain and does not require anesthesia, it will provide a positive test result even if the only bacteria present are dead and not causing infection anymore.

Performing culture on samples that contain Bordetella is very useful to your veterinarian. Bordetella is notorious for being resistant to some common antibiotics, and culture will demonstrate what antibiotics will or won’t be effective against your cat’s exact Bordetella strain.

Bordetella in Cats: Treatment

Bacteria are treated with antibiotics. The most recommended antibiotic for Bordetella is doxycycline. However, antibiotics such as enrofloxacin are common and relatively effective as well. Bordetella is known for creating resistance to specific antibiotics, so a change in antibiotics may be needed if the first choice is not effective.

Some cats can heal from Bordetella without medical intervention at all. However, cats that are showing symptoms of Bordetella should be treated with antibiotics to ensure the disease does not progress into the lungs and cause difficulty breathing.

Other treatments depend on your cat’s unique symptoms. For nasal congestion or coughing, nebulizing is common. Alternatively, if a cat has a stuffy nose but is doing well otherwise, placing your cat into the bathroom and running hot water in the shower to create steam could help with the congestion. If appetite has decreased, pet parents should offer a variety of dry and canned cat foods, as well as cooked plain meat, canned tuna, and cat treats to stimulate appetite.

Cost of Treating Bordetella in Cats

If your cat experiences mild to moderate symptoms and no testing is performed, the cost of treatment and examination is likely around $150-$200. However, X-rays are often recommended and would increase costs to somewhere around $500-$800. If your cat is very ill or chronically ill and your veterinarian recommends more advanced testing such as a respiratory wash, the cost typically goes closer to $1,500-$2,000.

Preventing Bordetella in Cats

Your cat should avoid contact with cats and dogs of unknown health. There is a Bordetella vaccination, but it is only recommended in animal shelters or catteries in which Bordetella is proven to cause disease in multiple cats. The vaccine can cause mild disease itself and is not recommended for pet cats.

Related Conditions 

Any pathogen causing respiratory infection in cats, such as:

• Feline herpesvirus-1
• Feline calicivirus
• Mycoplasma spp. (a different bacterium)
• Chlamydophila felis (a different bacterium)

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Though most canines are more likely to salivate over a juicy, protein-packed steak than a tray of crudites, all dogs are omnivorous, meaning they can eat both meat and plants. And, in fact, a meat-only diet would end up doing more harm to your dog’s health than good. 

But does that mean you should be supplementing your pup’s daily diet with carrots? Let’s find out what the experts have to say about canines and carrots!

Can Dogs Eat Carrots?

Yes, dogs can absolutely eat carrots. Not only are they non-toxic, but they also hold many nutritional benefits our dogs can enjoy, too.

In fact, carrots are one of the top human foods nutritionists and veterinarians recommend sharing with your dog. They’re especially good as snacks for obese dogs because they provide plenty of crunch without as many calories as traditional biscuit treats. 

But what about different types of carrots or styles of preparation? Here are some more answers about carrots and dogs that get right to the root of this colorful root vegetable.  

Can Puppies Eat Carrots?

Yes! Keep in mind that since puppies are growing, they require more protein, fat, and certain nutrients than adult dogs. Because of this, pet parents should be careful not to feed too many carrots to their puppies – consider them a special treat, not a mainstay or the majority of their diet.

Can Dogs Eat Raw Carrots?

Yes! Raw carrots and cooked carrots are both very nutritious for dogs. And for dogs who like to chew, chomping on raw carrots can provide a satisfying crunch. Carrot skin contains additional nutrients that are good for your dog, so there’s no need to break out the peeler. You can let your pup chow down on carrots, peels included!

Can Dogs Have Baby Carrots?

Yes! Baby carrots are an easy way for pet parents to control portions while minimizing chopping and prep work. And even though baby carrots have had their skin peeled off, they are still very nutritious. Depending on your dog’s size, baby carrots may still need to be chopped or sliced to prevent choking.   

Can Dogs Eat Peas and Carrots?

Yes! Peas and carrots are a classic pairing, so it’s great news that this nutrient-dense duo is safe for dogs, too. Together, peas and carrots provide a variety of nutrients, textures, and tastes dogs love. And to make things easier, many pet parents reach for a handful of frozen peas and carrots for a refreshing summertime dog treat. Frozen vegetables are a great alternative to fresh and just as nutritious.

Are Carrots Good for Dogs?

Carrots contain a host of nutritional benefits for dogs, as well as potential health benefits. The vibrant orange veggies are rich in beta-carotene, a pigment that your dog’s body converts into vitamin A to help promote strong bones, good eyesight, night vision, and a healthy coat.

Carrots also supply your dog with vitamins K and C, as well as essential minerals including potassium and calcium. Keeping the peel on the carrot provides additional vitamin C and niacin. But if you prefer the convenience of baby carrots, there’s no need to worry. Carrots still pack a nutritional wallop in terms of vitamins and minerals, even without the peel. 

Carrots are a great source of fiber, too. They provide dogs with both soluble and insoluble fiber, each of which plays a different role in your dog’s health. Soluble fiber helps lower glucose levels, reduce cholesterol, and slow digestion so your dog feels full longer. Insoluble fiber helps prevent constipation, remove toxins from the colon, and encourage regular, normal poop.

Are Carrots Bad for Dogs?

Carrots could be bad for your dog if you feed them too much. Though they’re packed with beneficial vitamins and nutrients, sweet-tasting carrots contain plenty of natural sugars, too. But just because carrots are naturally sweet doesn’t mean your dog should eat them with abandon. Like any other treat, the calories can add up quickly.

Carrots are also high in oxalates, a natural compound found in many plants. If your dog has bladder stones made of oxalates (or is prone to forming them), feeding carrots would not be a good choice.

Finally, carrots can present a choking hazard. So it’s always best to offer your dog smaller, bite-sized chunks of carrot instead of larger pieces they could swallow whole or get lodged in their windpipe.  

Dogs and Carrots: Feeding Tips

While carrots have many health benefits, it’s all too easy to go overboard with this natural snack. So be sure to factor in the calories they add to your dog’s diet, just like you would for any commercial dog treat. 

So how many carrots can a dog eat? Only 10 percent of your dog’s daily calories should come from treats. On average, a baby carrot contains about 4 calories. So for every 10 pounds of doggy weight, your dog can eat 5 baby carrots each day. Of course, if you are offering your pup any other treats, you would need to reduce that amount accordingly. 

When it comes to preparing carrots for dogs to enjoy, pet parents have plenty of pup-safe options. 

Raw carrots are easy to prep (especially if you leave the skin on) and provide lots of crunch. But in terms of nutritional benefit, cooked carrots are equivalent to raw. Cooking carrots helps break down the veggie’s tough cell walls so a dog’s body can more easily absorb the nutrients locked within.

Just remember that excessive boiling could cause some vitamins and minerals to leech out of the carrots and into the water, so steaming is best. 

And if you’re tempted to share some carrots off your own plate with your pup, keep in mind that carrots can be harmful to dogs if they are part of “people food.”

Carrots are often cooked with additives like oil and salt, which can be detrimental to dogs when consumed in excess. Or, they may be part of a recipe that includes seasonings like garlic or onion, which are toxic to dogs.

Carrot-based baked goods such as carrot cake should also be avoided due to high levels of sugar and fat, which could contribute to dog obesity and serious health issues like diabetes. In addition, some recipes contain added raisins which are highly toxic to dogs.

To ensure your dog gets the biggest nutritional boost out of carrots, remember to keep your prep simple and offer them to your pup in moderation. That’s the key to unlocking the benefits of carrots for dogs.

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So, if grooming is such a normal behavior for cats, why do some cats groom too much? And how do you know if your cat is grooming too much? Read on for everything you need to know about cat overgrooming, including why it happens, what signs to look for, and how to handle it.

Excessive Grooming in Cats: How Much Is Too Much?

Grooming is essential for cats to maintain skin health, remove shedding fur, get rid of parasites like fleas, and cool off. Cats will groom by licking, chewing, and nibbling on themselves. They use their paws and tongues, contorting their bodies into many different poses to reach every square inch. Cats may focus on one area of the body or cover the entire body head to toe. When grooming each other, cats tend to focus on the head and neck – the hardest places to reach themselves.

Cats groom approximately 15 percent of each day, which equates to an average of 4 minutes every hour. Exactly when or how frequently they choose to groom themselves varies from cat to cat, and when they become dirty, they groom for longer.

Most cats groom after resting and eating. Cats will also groom immediately after stressful situations – when they get scared, they’ll run off, suddenly stop, and furiously but briefly lick themselves. This could be a way of trying to calm down.

Overgrooming is essentially when cats groom so much that they remove healthy fur. This results in alopecia, or abnormal fur loss. The fur loss may cause your cat to be completely bald, develop bald patches, or have an unusually thin fur coat through which you can see skin. Because a lot of the excessive grooming can occur in secret, most cat parents don’t realize they have an overgrooming cat until fur is missing.

Cat Overgrooming: Why It Happens

Around 75 percent of cats with overgrooming issues have underlying medical conditions. Only 10 percent of cats overgroom strictly due to behavior, while the rest of the population (around 15 percent) have both medical and behavioral concerns [1]. All in all, if your cat is overgrooming, there’s most likely a medical cause.

There are three general causes of cat overgrooming:

• Painful conditions. Any source of pain or discomfort could lead to cat overgrooming. Conditions such as bladder inflammation (cystitis), back pain, or full anal sacs have led to overgrooming. Cats may overgroom in specific areas depending on where the discomfort is coming from.

• Pruritus (itchiness). Parasites like fleas, skin infections with bacteria or a fungus, or an allergy to something results in overgrooming. Allergies or hypersensitivity can include fleas, food, or environmental, such as pollen or dust.

• Psychogenic (behavior-related and not medical) issues. Stress can lead to overgrooming, and it can be caused by an ongoing issue like fights between cats or be triggered by something specific, such as the addition or loss of a person (or animal) in the home. With some medical conditions (i.e. hyperthyroidism), cats can be hyperactive, which also leads to overgrooming. Siamese cats and other Asian breeds, such as Himalayan cats, are more likely to overgroom for psychogenic reasons.

Signs of Overgrooming in Cats

Cats who are overgrooming for medical reasons do not have a typical pattern but may focus on a painful area. Cats who are overgrooming for psychogenic reasons typically overgroom their sides, often symmetrically.

Signs of overgrooming are different for each cat but can include:

• Complete fur loss or baldness anywhere on the body
• Thinning fur coat
• Redness or crusts on the skin
• Tufts of fur found near your cat’s resting areas
• Less or more activity
• Decreased or increased appetite

Cat Overgrooming Treatment

Pet parents must seek veterinary help to identify and manage the underlying cause of cat overgrooming. Even if your cat is not damaging his skin to the point of needing immediate medical care, it shows that your cat is uncomfortable and should be treated. 

Veterinarians will do a thorough exam and recommend testing of both the skin and your cat’s overall health. Looking at fur or a skin scrape sample under the microscope can identify mites, lice, or ringworm. Doing blood and urine testing will screen for underlying medical causes for pain or discomfort.

If your cat has an allergy, testing for what they’re allergic to can be challenging to interpret. Most cats with allergies go through a food trial, meaning they eat a prescription diet that only has one animal source as the protein for at least two months with no treats, no people food, and no other cat foods. Antihistamines like cetirizine may be an option, and monthly flea preventives are crucial to avoiding flea bites.

For the 10 percent of cats with behavioral (stress) concerns that lead to overgrooming, management typically involves increased enrichment, attempting to limit or get rid of any stressors, and possibly medication such as fluoxetine. Without changes in the environment, medical care will not be effective in these cases.

How to Stop a Cat From Overgrooming

If your cat is overgrooming, in most cases, you should not actively attempt to stop them. Shouting at your cat to stop or adding collars that prevent normal grooming will not be effective long-term. If the reason for overgrooming is stress, either one of these things would make your cat’s stress increase. And if the reason is medical, their desire to groom will not cease until it is treated.

Veterinary guidance on how to best treat underlying issues should eventually lead to improvement. Methods such as Elizabethan collars should be used short-term if your cat is damaging their skin and creating infection or other issues. Medical treatment of overgrooming often takes place over months, and improvement is gradual.

Even if you and your veterinarian suspect medical causes for the overgrooming, consider increasing enrichment for your cat in case stress is involved. Offer food puzzles or activities such as snuffle-mats or balls that dispense food when rolled. Actively play with a variety of wand toys with your cat each day. Offer fresh catnip weekly. Ensure your cat has a variety of toys, and cycle through them a couple at a time so a toy is not out in the house for more than a week at a time (you can bring them back out during a different week). Cat videos, music for cats, and pheromone diffusers or sprays are all great enrichment options as well.

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What Is Haws Syndrome?

Haws syndrome is specific to cats – dogs do not get this. It is a rare condition that tends to affect cats less than 2 years old. It is when the third eyelids stick up over part of a cat’s eyes. 

This condition is not painful and does not affect the eye, although your cat’s vision will be slightly decreased because the eyelid physically covers part of the eye.

A lack of response in sympathetic nerves – the nervous system responsible for the “fight or flight” response – allows the eyelids to stay up when they should go down. It is unknown why this occurs.

What Causes Haws Syndrome in Cats?

Haws syndrome has no known cause. The syndrome itself is not contagious. No breed appears to be more heavily affected over others.

However, many cases are associated with a recent bout of diarrhea, most of which resolve in a matter of a few days. One study found a specific gastrointestinal (i.e. stomach and/or intestines) virus called torovirus in many cats with Haws syndrome, but other studies have not had this same result. A case was reported of a cat with Giardia infection and Haws syndrome. Still, many other cats have not had diarrhea.

Haws Syndrome Cat Symptoms

Haws syndrome has only one symptom – the third eyelids are constantly raised in both eyes. 

Haws syndrome does not cause death. The eyes themselves are otherwise normal – normal vision, no inflammation or infection, and no swelling around the eyes that could cause the third eyelids to raise. 

While diarrhea is sometimes noted around the time that Haws syndrome occurs, diarrhea is not a symptom of Haws syndrome.

Diagnosing Cats with Haws Syndrome

Diagnosis is based on a physical examination by a veterinarian. Your veterinarian will need to perform a thorough ophthalmic (eye) examination to look for a potential cause of the raised eyelids. Additionally, your veterinarian may focus on the nervous system. 

Fecal testing may be performed to look for a cause of any diarrhea that may have occurred around the time of diagnosis.

An eye drop that stimulates the sympathetic nerves such as phenylephrine can be applied to the eyes once to confirm diagnosis. Within 20 minutes of applying this medication, the third eyelids will return to normal position. If this medication is not used, Haws syndrome would be diagnosed based on a physical examination, ruling out any other diseases that could have caused the raised third eyelids.

How to Treat Haws Syndrome in Cats

There is no treatment for Haws syndrome, but it often goes away on its own. Studies about Haws syndrome in cats are few and far between. In one study, 62 percent of cats’ raised eyelids resolved within 4 weeks. In another study, the average time till the syndrome resolved was 47 days.

Eye medication such as phenylephrine can be used to replace the eyelids in their original positions, but because cats do not have any discomfort or significant decrease of vision with this condition, this kind of medication would often be unnecessary.

How to Prevent Haws Syndrome in Cats

There is no way to prevent Haws syndrome. Until the syndrome is better understood, it is unlikely prevention will be possible. 

Although diarrhea is not necessarily a cause of Haws syndrome, preventing diarrhea may decrease the chance of Haws in the future. One way to do this is  to prevent your kitty from getting into the trash or eating food items other than cat food. For cats younger than 2 years old, providing your cat with regular deworming will help decrease parasites and thus lower the chances of diarrhea.

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But cat ear infections can cause discomfort and pain, and it may not be obvious from the outside that your cat is suffering. Read this article to understand the inside of cat ears more thoroughly, and the typical symptoms of an ear infection.

Understanding Cat Ear Anatomy

Your cat’s ear is made of multiple parts. These include the:

• Pinnae
• Ear canal
• Tympanum (ear drum)
• Middle ear
• Tympanic bulla
• Internal ear
• Cochlea
• Vestibular system

The pinnae is the part of a cat’s ear that you can see – the cute triangles that stick out from your cat’s head. The ear canal itself is L-shaped. There is a vertical canal (the tall part of the “L”) and the horizontal canal (the flat part of the “L”). The vertical canal can be seen by looking into the opening at the base of your cat’s pinna. The horizontal canal cannot be seen without the use of an otoscope.

At the bottom of this canal is the tympanum, or ear drum. Behind it is the middle ear, a small open cavity that is typically filled with air. The bone around the middle ear is called the tympanic bulla and is the round smooth protuberance just behind and below your cat’s pinna. Next to this is the internal ear, which contains the organ for hearing (cochlea) and the system of fluid-filled canals responsible for balance (vestibular system).

Cat ear infections most commonly affect the vertical and horizontal canal, and this is known as an external ear infection or otitis externa. Infections can occur in the middle ear as well and are known as otitis media. Internal ear infections are very difficult to diagnose – essentially, veterinarians can only diagnose based on the symptoms your cat has.

Causes of Cat Ear Infections

Approximately half of all external ear infections are due to ear mites, specifically Otodectes cynotis. The next most common cause is hypersensitivity such as an allergy to food, the environment, or something your cat comes into contact with like certain medications.

Other possible causes include:

• Parasites other than ear mites, such as Demodex mites
• Foreign bodies, i.e. things that shouldn’t be in the ear such as grass
• Skin disorders such as seborrhea (white scaly skin disease)
• Immune-mediated disorders such as vasculitis
• Glandular disorders such as ceruminous cystomatosis
• Proliferative necrotizing otitis of cats (rare)

Symptoms of Ear Infections in Cats

With mild ear infections, pet parents may never notice symptoms in their cats – even if it itches, cats are very discrete in their scratching and grooming habits. Most cats, however, will develop symptoms. 

Symptoms of ear infections in cats include:

• Redness in the canals
• Discharge in the canals
• Frequent head shaking or head bobbing
• Frequent scratching of the ears
• Fur loss and abrasions on or around the base of the ears (due to scratching)
• Swelling, crust, or redness of the pinna

If your cat also has inflammation of the inner ear, you may notice your cat stumbling and walking drunkenly, which is called ataxia. In middle ear infections, the nerve that controls one side of the face may be affected, preventing your cat from blinking on one side or making the face look like it has two different sides.

Diagnosing Cat Ear Infections

Veterinarians diagnose external ear infections by looking inside the ears for inflammation. Cytology is a common test, which involves taking a small sampling of the debris in an ear to smear on a slide, stain it, and look under the microscope. The type of medication used to treat secondary infections in the ears will depend on what infectious agents veterinarians see. Parasites, yeast, and bacteria are diagnosed this way.

To diagnose middle ear infections, veterinarians will attempt to look deep inside your cat’s ear canal with an otoscope. Looking at the eardrum can help diagnose middle ear infections but it isn’t always apparent. If the ear is very inflamed or painful, they may not be able to see the eardrum without sedation. X-rays of the bullae, or bones of the middle ear, can help with diagnosis. 

To diagnose inner ear infections, veterinarians assume it is present if your cat has ataxia and also a middle ear infection.

Treating Cat Ear Infections

Cat ear infections are treated first and foremost by cleaning out the ears. If waxy debris is trapped inside, medication cannot reach the entire ear. However, cleaning too vigorously could irritate the ear or worsen the infection, so this task is best left to your veterinarian. In severe cases, they may sedate your cat to thoroughly clean the ears.

Next, your veterinarian will recommend medication to treat the ear infection, as well as any pain or inflammation. Depending on the type of infection, the treatment may be a combination of antibiotic, antifungal, and/or anti-inflammatory medicines.

In cases of external ear infections, your vet may prescribe a topical medication, like ear drops, ointment, gel, or cream. These are often applied into the ear canal for a week or more.

In cases where the middle or inner ear is severely infected or your cat is experiencing chronic infections, your vet may opt for oral or injectable medications. For bacterial infections, your vet may prescribe an antibiotic like Clavamox or Baytril. For fungal infections, an antifungal medication like Itrafungol is often used. Steroids may be given if swelling or inflammation is intense.

Additional treatment may be required, depending on what’s causing the ear infection. If ear mites are the culprit, your veterinarian will recommend a monthly parasite preventative to rid your cat of pests and prevent chronic infections. These are typically topical treatments, like Revolution Plus or Advantage Multi that you apply to the skin on the back of the head to fight fleas as well as a variety of parasites for an entire month.

If an allergy is causing ear infections, your veterinarian may prescribe a prescription diet for food allergies or medication such as Atopica to help reduce the inflammation that environmental allergies can trigger.

Treating secondary infections, or infections of bacteria and yeast that did not cause the original inflammation in the ear, is only half the battle. The most common reason for secondary infections is because ear mites are present. If parasites are found, a topical treatment is often applied to the skin on the back of the head that fights fleas as well as a variety of parasites for an entire month. If an allergy is causing ear infections, your veterinarian may prescribe a prescription diet for food allergies or medication such as antihistamines to combat environmental allergies.

Antibiotics by mouth (oral) or injection are not very useful in ear infections, as medication given these ways does not get into the ear very well. However, in cases of middle ear and inner ear infections, antibiotics are frequently used due to the severity. Steroids orally or by injection may be given if swelling or inflammation is intense.

Home Remedies for Cat Ear Infections

There are no home remedies that will eliminate infections such as bacteria, yeast, or parasites. 

Mixing a solution that is 1/4 to 1/2 white vinegar with water could be used to clean the ears if your cat has a history of yeast infections. However, vinegar and water do not dry easily, and moist environments can lead to worsening of infections. Also, it does not combat infections as well as commercial ear cleansers. 

Using commercial cat ear cleansers that have antibacterial, antifungal, and drying properties once or twice per week will decrease infection and prevent it in the future.

Many cats – around 40 percent – develop ear infections due to hypersensitivities, which is commonly linked to a food allergy. For this reason, focusing on a novel protein diet may help prevent ear infections. Novel protein diets are complete and balanced diets that contain a single type of meat that your cat has never had before. A home-cooked diet is incredibly dangerous for cats if not prescribed by a veterinary nutritionist, as finding the right balance of amino acids and minerals is critical and requires specific supplements.

How to Prevent Cat Ear Infections

For cats who live with many other cats or go outside – even if just on your porch – monthly flea topical medication that also prevents ear mites is best. If your cat develops a couple ear infections and parasites are not involved, preventing the allergy with a novel protein diet, avoiding contact with specific medications, and giving antihistamines or other therapies for reducing environmental allergies will help prevent ear infections.

Regular weekly cleanings of your cat’s ears with an ear cleanser that is antibacterial, antifungal, and has drying properties will prevent future ear infections. Squirt the solution into the ear canal until you see the canal is full, massage the base of your cat’s ear several times, then allow your cat to shake it out. You can gently wipe around the pinnae of your cat’s ear with cotton gauze to get rid of debris. 

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But what about our furry feline friends? Can cats get pneumonia? We’ll answer that question and many more throughout this article, so read on for everything you need to know about pneumonia in cats. 

What Is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia refers to inflammation in the lungs. The lungs have many tubes – from large (like the trachea or windpipe) to very small (like bronchioles) – that end in small sacs of air called alveolar sacs. 

In pneumonia, the lungs end up accumulating fluid inside these small alveolar sacs, preventing them from filling with air to supply oxygen to the body. Humans and any animal with lungs can develop pneumonia, but the causes vary between species.

Can Cats Get Pneumonia?

Yes, cats (and dogs) can get pneumonia. It is not a common diagnosis among our feline friends, but it is not very rare either.

Cats often demonstrate subtle signs of pneumonia, which can make it hard to detect. So how do you know if your cat has pneumonia? First, it’s important to understand the different types of pneumonia that can affect cats.

Types of Pneumonia in Cats

There are three main types of pneumonia in cats:

Aspiration pneumonia. Fluid or particulates being breathed in instead of swallowed may result in aspiration pneumonia in cats.

Infectious pneumonia. Cats can develop infectious pneumonia from many different kinds of pathogens (small organisms that cause infection), including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and protozoa.

Inhalation pneumonia. This type of pneumonia in cats occurs when foreign material (such as smoke) is breathed into the airways

Causes of Pneumonia in Cats

Aspiration Pneumonia

Approximately half of cats with pneumonia have aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when your cat accidentally breathes in fluid or particulates such as vomitus, food, medication, or stomach acid. 

The most common reasons this happens include:

• Sedation or anesthesia (when your cat is made unconscious with medications at the veterinarian)
• Disease in the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach)
• Neurologic issues
• Force feeding (i.e. giving food or medication your cat did not choose to take)

Most animals that are diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia had recent gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting.

Infectious Pneumonia

Infectious pneumonia usually occurs because of immunosuppression, meaning there is some reason your cat’s immune system isn’t as strong as it should be. This could be due to age (young kittens), feline leukemia and/or feline immunodeficiency virus, stress (i.e. in an animal shelter or after a surgery), certain medications, or other concurrent illness.

Infectious pneumonia can be caused by a variety of things, including:

• Viruses such as feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline infectious peritonitis
• Bacteria such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., and Streptococcus spp.
• Fungi such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Cryptococcus spp.
• Protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii
• Parasites such as lungworms (i.e. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) or roundworms migrating through the lungs such as Toxocara cati

Viruses and bacteria are the most common pathogens causing pneumonia and typically work together. However, in most cases, a virus causes your cat to become ill first, allowing bacteria that are normally found in their airways to proliferate and create a bacterial infection as well. In very young kittens, bacteria can be the primary cause of pneumonia. 

Fungal pneumonia in cats is rare and accounts for approximately 15 percent of cases, while protozoal pneumonia is very rare and accounts for approximately 5 percent. Parasites like roundworms are very common, but it is uncommon for them to cause significant pneumonia.

Inhalation Pneumonia

Inhalation pneumonia is caused by either smoke or a chemical that should not be breathed in. For example, cats that are in house fires inhale a lot of smoke, which often causes pneumonia.

Symptoms of Pneumonia in Cats 

Pneumonia is harder to detect in cats, as 20 percent don’t have changes in breathing when they have pneumonia, and 40 percent do not show signs of overall illness like change in appetite. Still, pneumonia symptoms in cats may be present and can include:

• Coughing or wheezing
• Nasal discharge
• Decreased activity
• Decreased appetite
• Changes in breathing (increase in effort as seen by movement of the belly, inability to rest or be comfortable, fast breathing, or open-mouth breathing)
• Weakness
• Fever 

Diagnosing Pneumonia in Cats

In order to determine a diagnosis, your veterinarian will start by examining your cat. In milder forms of pneumonia, the lungs sound normal on examination, so X-rays are crucial. X-rays show inflammation in the lungs and certain patterns that can hint at the cause, but they alone cannot fully determine what caused the pneumonia. That’s why history is very important in helping to determine what type of pneumonia your cat has (for example, if they had been vomiting or were in a house fire).

Viruses are difficult to detect with testing but may be found by swabbing the back of your cat’s throat. To determine what type of bacteria is involved in your cat’s pneumonia, a test using a fluid sample from the lungs is often recommended (i.e. bronchoalveolar lavage). Fungi and protozoa are typically diagnosed with blood tests that detect the presence of the pathogen in the body. Parasites are diagnosed with fecal (poop) testing. 

Treating Cat Pneumonia 

Most cases of pneumonia are treated with antibiotics and supportive care. While bacteria may not be the primary cause of pneumonia when viruses are present, they frequently worsen the pneumonia, so antibiotics are crucial. Supportive care such as fluid therapy to hydrate your cat helps keep them healthy while they recover.

If your cat is very ill and having trouble breathing, hospitalization may be necessary. When cats are struggling to breathe, they cannot eat, drink, or take medicine by mouth. Veterinary hospitals can give your cat oxygen therapy to help them breathe, as well as fluids and medication through an intravenous (IV) catheter.  

Nebulization is a very important way of treating your cat’s pneumonia at home. This involves putting saline and medication into a small machine that blows concentrated air through the solution, filling a small space for your cat to breathe in the medicated air. Putting your cat in a carrier with moistened towels covering the openings while the nebulizer is running is a great way to trap the medicated air in the carrier.

Fungal, protozoal, and parasitic pneumonia require specific medication depending on the exact pathogen causing it. Fungal and protozoal pneumonia are difficult to treat, as medication must be given for several months before success is achieved.

Prognosis for Cats with Pneumonia

Cats with mild or moderate pneumonia that respond to antibiotics have a good prognosis. Cats that are very ill and struggling to breathe have a worse prognosis, although around 90 percent of these cats survive with hospitalization. 

Fungal and protozoal pneumonia can be difficult to treat, and if your cat is very ill already due to these pathogens, waiting weeks before seeing improvement may not be possible.

How to Prevent Pneumonia in Cats

If your cat develops gastrointestinal symptoms (such as vomiting) that occur more than once, they should be seen by a veterinarian right away. If your cat is being force-fed or takes large volumes of liquid medication, seek advice from your veterinarian to avoid accidentally forcing your cat to aspirate food or medication instead of swallowing it.

Preventing your cat from eating small prey like mice is ideal. Keep your cat away from cats of unknown health status, especially other cats’ feces or litter boxes. This will help avoid protozoa and parasites. 

If you work with any chemicals that are dangerous when inhaled, do not allow your cat to be anywhere near them.

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Even more troubling is when your cat doesn’t even know that they’ve urinated. This is called urinary incontinence in cats. If your cat is urinating outside of the litter box, how will your veterinarian determine if your cat is incontinent? How does it differ from cats who know they are urinating? Read on for an overview, including symptoms, causes, and treatments.

What Is Incontinence?

Urinary incontinence is when urine leaks from the bladder, and a cat is unaware that it has happened. Incontinence in cats is rare. Only 4 percent of cats with urinary issues are incontinent, but it can occur at any age.

Urine leakage while your cat is sleeping or resting is common. If your cat is excited or extra stimulated from something like active play, leakage may occur then, too. Cats with urinary problems that are not incontinent choose where they urinate, including outside of the litter box. When this occurs, you may catch your cat squatting in the usual position for urination or standing with their tail straight up, spraying urine directly behind them. 

Incontinence Symptoms in Cats

Determining if your cat is incontinent versus choosing to urinate outside the litter box can be difficult. Incontinent cats have variable symptoms. They may urinate a small or large amount, dribble (i.e. drip) or not dribble urine, and be incontinent sometimes while continent other times. If you feel like your cat is leaking urine, is always wet around the butt and genitalia, or has urine scalding (skin irritation from urine in that area), they are more likely to be incontinent. Also, incontinent cats tend to urinate smaller amounts than the average cat.

Possible symptoms of incontinence in cats  include:

• Fecal incontinence (i.e. cannot control pooping)
• Stumbling or walking drunk
• Weakness when trying to stand or move around
• Increased drinking
• Tail cannot move and hangs limply down
• Redness and moisture to skin around butt and genital area

Urinary signs include:

• Straining to urinate
• Dribbling urine
• Urinating small amounts
• Bloody (red-tinged) urine
• Vocalizing in the litter box
• Urinating outside the litter box
• Licking genitalia frequently
• Urinating while sleeping or lying down to rest

Causes of Feline Incontinence

There are many possible causes of incontinence in cats. 40 percent of cats will have issues with the spinal cord. Following closely are problems with the urethra, the tube leading urine out of the body from the bladder. Other problems with the bladder or problems with anatomy make up the remaining causes.

Cat incontinence causes may include:

Problems with the spine

• Inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae (lower back bones of the spine) keep urethra from staying closed
• Trauma
• Intervertebral disk disease (soft disks that cushion between each bone of the spine can become inflamed and pinch the spine)
• Cancer
• Spinal stroke, i.e. embolism

Problems with the urethra

• Weak muscle in the urethra. A weak muscle cannot keep the urethra closed, leading to urine leakage.
• Urethral sphincter incompetence (urethra cannot stay closed for reasons other than muscle). One cause is a congenital condition, meaning a cat was born with the issue due to genetics
• Inflammation or cancer of the urethra
• Urinary tract infections (temporary incontinence)
• Partial blockage

Problems with the bladder

• Overactive muscle (constantly squeezing the bladder)
• Inflammation of the bladder (temporary incontinence) 
• Cancer of the bladder
• Bladder infection or stones
• Cerebellar disease (inflammation in the tail-end of the brain that controls movement and balance)
• Bladder muscle instability due to feline leukemia virus infection
• Bladder atony (muscle is stretched and non-responsive after being unusually full)

Problems with anatomy 

• Ectopic ureters (tubes from kidneys that lead to the bladder connect to the bladder at abnormal places)
• Underdeveloped urethra
• Malformations of the spine

Diagnosing Cats with Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is diagnosed by physical examination and extensive history from pet parents. A history of recent trauma would hint to the issue, but most of the time, questions are asked about how much urine is produced and where, if your cat is peeing while lying down or sleeping, and how your cat feels otherwise (if there are any changes in appetite, activity, etc.).

Medical causes need to be ruled out right away. Usually, veterinarians will focus on confirming the urinary system – kidneys and bladder – are working well. Some cats will have urinary tract infections or other inflammation in the bladder or urethra that show up on their urinalysis (urine testing). To confirm the presence of bacteria, a urine culture should be performed as well. 

Bloodwork ensures the kidneys are functioning well and should include a feline leukemia virus test, even if one had been performed in the past. X-rays can look for stones in the bladder or kidneys, although not all stones show up on X-ray. An ultrasound may be performed to more closely evaluate the bladder and kidneys. Contrast imaging, which involves putting dye into the urinary system and taking X-rays to look for anatomic reasons for incontinence, may be suggested. Proving that the urethral sphincter is unable to stay closed is very challenging and rarely can be diagnosed with tests.

If your cat is incontinent, looking at issues in the spine is also important. X-rays can hint to certain things, but more advanced imaging is needed to know if the spine is normal. An MRI could be helpful and can also evaluate the brain.

Treatment for Cat Incontinence

Around 40 percent of cats with incontinence will regain continence without lifelong treatment or surgery. 

Most Treatable Causes

The most treatable causes are urinary tract infections, which can be cured with antibiotics, or inflammation of the bladder, which can be managed with anti-inflammatory and sometimes anti-anxiety medications. 

If your cat is diagnosed with chronic bladder inflammation, known as feline idiopathic cystitis, other changes will be recommended, such as encouraging water intake with canned food and water fountains.

Treating Partial Urethra Blockage

Partial blockages of the urethra usually result in regaining continence after treatment in about 66 percent of cats. Treatment may include physically unblocking your cat with a catheter under anesthesia, surgery, or medical management to allow your cat to more comfortably pass the stones themselves.

Treating Urethra Issues

If the urethra has weak muscles or sphincter incompetence and urine leaks for these reasons, there are medications that can help strengthen this muscle, such as phenylpropanolamine. Keep in mind that the medications may not work or may only help a little – each cat responds differently. These same medications may help cats with feline leukemia virus who are incontinent. 

Treating Anatomic Problems

In order to improve continence in cats with anatomic problems, surgery is necessary. Whether surgery is successful or what type of surgery is necessary varies and depends on the exact anatomic issue. In most cases, continence is improved but may not completely resolve. 

Cats with spinal cord disease or trauma causing incontinence do not regain continence as often, and there is rarely any treatment available.

Managing Incontinence in Cats

In many cases, your cat will remain incontinent to some degree. How you manage it depends on your comfort with your cat’s accidents, and where the accidents happen. If your cat urinates every time they’re sleeping, consider washable cat beds left in their favorite spots to encourage use. 

Put waterproof covers, potty pads, or towels over furniture or other surfaces that frequently experience accidents. In case your cat has some continence, and their urges are frequent, provide litter boxes on every floor or in each area of your home so there is a better chance they make it. Keep all litter boxes clean daily. If your cat has neurologic or spine issues, they may have trouble getting in the litter box. Choose a litter box with high sides that has a very low opening so it’s easy to get in and out.

Incontinent cat diapers can be placed on your cat, especially if they dribble frequently. However, these diapers should be changed at minimum every four hours or more frequently depending on volume. If your cat has inflamed skin due to urine leaking out, diapers are not a good idea until the skin has been treated.

How to Prevent Incontinence in Cats

Most causes of incontinence cannot be prevented, but some can, including:

Trauma. If your cat goes outdoors, consider cat-proof fencing for your yard or taking them for walks on a harness and leash instead of allowing them to roam freely. Ensure your home is both entertaining and safe for your cat.

Inflammation of the bladder. While cats tend to have feline idiopathic cystitis no matter what you do, flare-ups that could lead to incontinence can be prevented. Feed canned food, increase water intake, decrease stress when possible, and consider a prescription diet based on your veterinarian’s recommendations.

Stones. Stones can cause partial blockage of the urethra and are often associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. If your cat has cystitis and develops stones, exclusively feeding a prescription diet is the best way to prevent creation of more stones.

In any case, as soon as you notice a change in behavior in your cat, they should be seen by a veterinarian. Catching issues early will make treatment easier and quicker, and treating issues early can prevent incontinence or decrease it substantially.

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Not many cats will experience Horner’s syndrome. It involves a very specific set of symptoms in the eye due to a variety of medical conditions, injuries, or surgeries. Many cats will eventually resolve the syndrome and have a good quality of life, but it’s normal to wonder: what is Horner’s syndrome? And what causes it?

What Is Horner’s Syndrome?

First things first. Horner’s syndrome is when an animal has distinct changes in the eye, and it typically occurs in only one eye. While it is a rare condition, it affects many species, including humans, dogs, and cats. 

A cat has Horner’s syndrome when they have at least three out of these four signs:

• Constricted, small pupil, also known as miosis
• Droopy upper eyelid, also known as ptosis
• Sunken eye, also known as enophthalmos
• Third eyelid elevation (pink flesh that comes from the inner corner of the eye but stays up instead of moving up and down when blinking)

Francois Pourfour du Petit wrote about this syndrome in 1727 after experimenting with the nerves running along the outside of the chest in animals. In future centuries, physicians attempted to understand the syndrome further, and a thorough explanation of what causes it was given by ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner in the mid-19^th century.

What Causes Horner’s Syndrome in Cats?

The cause of Horner’s syndrome is the disruption of the sympathetic nerves to the eye. The sympathetic nervous system maintains the body’s involuntary processes, or things that an animal cannot control. For example, the pupil dilates in dim light and gets smaller in bright light. A person or animal does not think about this process – it just happens.

The sympathetic nerves that reach many components of the eye travel from the brain stem down through both the neck and chest spinal cords. The nerves then leave the spinal cords to go back toward the head through the chest, into the neck, past the base of the ear, and up to the structures of the eye.

Causes of Horner’s syndrome involve parts of the body in which the sympathetic nerves pass:

• Inflammatory conditions of the brain, especially the brainstem
• Trauma to the head, neck, chest, or spinal cord near those areas
• Issues inside the chest such as tumors or blood
• Ear issues such as middle ear infections
• Cancer in the neck, spinal cord, nerves under the armpit (brachial plexus), or lungs
• Medical care such as surgery of the jaw, ear, or neck
• Vascular (blood vessel) disease such as blood clots (rare)
• Inflammation of nerves (also rare)

About 40 percent of all cases of Horner’s syndrome in cats are considered idiopathic, meaning a cause cannot be identified.

Horner’s Syndrome Symptoms in Cats

As previously mentioned, cats with Horner’s syndrome must have three of the four signs outlined above in at least one eye. 

Since most cases have an underlying cause, other symptoms may include:

• Inability of blood vessels to constrict locally, causing redness in the eye
• Neurologic issues such as changes in behavior, limb weakness, or stumbling
• Pain, especially of the front legs or head/neck
• Decreased ability to breathe well (i.e. fast breathing rate)
• Regurgitation (passive ejection of food from the gastrointestinal system) or trouble eating
• Head-shaking
• Debris or redness in the ears

Diagnosing Cats with Horner’s Syndrome

Cats are diagnosed with Horner’s syndrome through physical examination by a veterinarian; no special tests are needed. To find the cause of Horner’s syndrome, a more in-depth physical examination, thorough history from pet parents, and testing are all required. 

During the physical examination, your veterinarian will look deep into your cat’s ear canals to see the eardrum and attempt to look for signs of middle ear disease. Evaluation of your cat’s gait (walk) and a more thorough neurologic examination are necessary.

When it comes to finding the actual cause, a complete understanding of your cat’s recent health and activities is needed to solve the puzzle that is Horner’s syndrome. Consider if there is any chance for trauma – did your cat leave the house for a little while? Did you notice any wounds or limping? Has there been any head-shaking? Has he undergone surgery recently?

Testing will be done to find the cause of cat Horner’s syndrome. X-rays are important to look for issues in the chest, like tumors or evidence of trauma. Sometimes x-rays are done on the skull to look for evidence of middle ear disease. Advanced imaging may be recommended via a specialist, like a CT scan of the skull and chest, or an MRI of the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves. In rare cases, if the cause is in the brain, a spinal tap to look at the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain may be performed.

When finding the exact cause proves to be challenging, a test can be performed at the veterinary clinic using an eye medication called phenylephrine at a very low concentration that stimulates the sympathetic response. When the medication is applied, it should dilate the pupil after 30 minutes – but only in cats with damage to the sympathetic nerves leading to the eye at the level of the skull. If the nerves were damaged elsewhere, such as the spinal cord or chest, the test won’t work. In short, this test determines where the damage is to identify the cause.

Keep in mind that nearly half of cats never have a cause identified, but it’s important to run tests to look for a cause – especially if your cat has symptoms other than the signs in the eye itself.

Horner’s Syndrome Treatments

There are currently no treatments for Horner’s syndrome. If there is an underlying cause, the cause should be treated, and Horner’s syndrome may eventually go away. 

In some cats, Horner’s syndrome never goes away or only does so partially. If cat Horner’s syndrome was caused by inner ear surgery, about 25 percent of felines will have it permanently. If no cause was identified, Horner’s syndrome usually resolves on its own, but it takes at least two months.

How to Prevent Horner’s Syndrome in Cats

While some of the causes of Horner’s syndrome in cats are preventable, most are not. Avoiding trauma is best done by keeping your cat indoors and away from situations in which they could become hurt, like not letting them onto a balcony where they could fall or jump.

If you notice debris or redness in your cat’s ears, scratching at their ears, or head-shaking, bring them to your veterinarian as soon as possible to treat the ear infection before it gets worse and causes Horner’s syndrome. 

If you notice any changes in your cat’s behavior, such as how they walk, their appetite, or their activity level, bring them to your veterinarian for a full evaluation. A medical condition could be found before it results in Horner’s syndrome.

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What Are Lipomas in Cats?

Lipomas are benign tumors, meaning they do not spread to other parts of the body (i.e., do not metastasize). While lipomas are very common in dogs, they are not that common in cats. Lipomas are made of adipocytes, also known as fat cells. For this reason, they feel like…well, fat. Lipomas are a little soft and a bit squishy. The difference between general fat and lipomas though is lipomas are fat cells inside of a round capsule. This makes the lipomas discrete from surrounding fat.

There are three types of lipomas in cats to know about:

Simple lipomas. Simple lipomas are small tumors that live in the fat layer found just beneath the skin. They tend to be pretty easy to feel on the outside of your cat. Simple lipomas are usually found on your cat’s trunk (his sides, belly, or back) or on his legs. In some cases, cats can have a lipoma inside the chest or inside the belly.

Myelolipoma. A rare form of lipoma is myelolipoma, which is a tumor of both fat cells and hematopoietic cells, or the cells that form the components of blood similar to what is inside bone marrow. These are benign tumors.

Infiltrative lipoma. In incredibly rare circumstances, cats develop what is known as an infiltrative lipoma. Instead of a round distinct capsule of fat cells, this tumor infiltrates—or invades—tissues around it. These are most commonly located on the thigh (upper muscles of the back leg). Sometimes the leg appears bulky and there is no distinct tumor. The muscles of the thigh feel harder than otherwise expected.

What Causes a Cat Lipoma?

There is no known cause of lipomas. The average age of cats diagnosed with a lipoma is 9.6 years old. Domestic shorthaired cats are the most common breed affected. Siamese cats may be more prone to having lipomas.

If lipomas are tumors of fat cells, it is a natural assumption that being overweight must cause lipomas. At this time, there is no firm evidence to suggest that your cat’s weight is directly linked to his risk of lipomas. Over half of pet cats in the United States are overweight or obese, so it’s no surprise the majority of cats who have lipomas are overweight. However, a 2018 study on lipomas in dogs noted that dogs over average weight were 2 times more likely to have a lipoma (1). More research is needed on this subject.

Lipoma in Cats Symptoms

The majority of cats with lipomas have no symptoms. Some lipomas can become very large and affect movement, but this is uncommon. If a lipoma is present inside the chest, increased effort to breathe, fast breathing rate, decreased activity level, and decreased appetite can occur. If a lipoma is present inside the belly, symptoms may include vomiting and decreased appetite. In rare cases, a myelolipoma of the spleen can rupture causing uncontrolled bleeding. Fast shallow breathing, increased size of the belly, and collapse are symptoms of internal bleeding.

For infiltrative lipomas, a back leg is often affected. As the lipoma grows in between muscles, it often causes changes in the way your cat walks, a change in behavior, i.e., less or no jumping, decreased activity, and limping.

Cat Lipoma Diagnosis

Simple lipomas can be poked with a small needle and the needle contents examined under a microscope. Individual cells are examined in a test called cytology, which reveals fat cells. Sometimes, if a veterinarian is unsure whether the tumor is truly a lipoma, she will recommend a biopsy. After a short surgical procedure under anesthesia, during which a piece (or all) of the tumor is taken, a pathologist will look at the tissue in sections and provide a certain (definitive) diagnosis. For infiltrative lipomas, a surgical biopsy is necessary—a needle cannot diagnose this tumor.

For the uncommon cases involving lipomas inside the chest or abdomen, X-rays are a good place to start to identify the mass and its general location. Ultrasound is an ideal way to better evaluate the density of the mass, and possibly place a needle through your cat’s skin into the mass to get a very small sample. A biopsy can be done especially on tumors in the belly.

Treatment for Lipomas in Cats

Simple lipomas rarely need to be treated. Unless it grows very large and affects how your cat walks, these lipomas are almost always harmless. Pet parents should monitor for sudden increase in size or other changes such as ulceration to the skin (top layer of skin is gone, leaving raw tissue exposed). If this occurs, the tumor should be re-evaluated. While uncommon, a tumor that appears to be just a lipoma can have another type of tumor present.

Lipomas in the chest or belly can be monitored, but if a cat develops symptoms, surgical removal is necessary. Infiltrative lipomas require treatment. Pain medication will help keep your cat comfortable. Surgical removal is ideal but is very difficult, requiring extensive surgery to remove the entirety of the tumor. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have not been used routinely in the treatment of cat lipomas. 

Cost to Treat Lipomas in Cats

For most lipomas, pet parents will pay for cytology from a needle biopsy, approximately $50-$200, but no treatment is needed. If surgery of the belly is required to remove a tumor, the cost may be anywhere from $1,500 to $5,000, depending on how complex the surgery and care afterward is (such as if internal bleeding occurred). Surgery to remove infiltrative lipomas is approximately the same cost, depending on how large and severe the tumor is.

How to Prevent a Cat Lipoma

There are no known prevention methods for lipomas. While there is no strong evidence that maintaining a healthy body weight will prevent lipomas, there may be a connection. Avoid free-feeding your cat—measure how much he eats every day. Encourage exercise with a variety of toys and actively play with your cat at least twice daily. Ask your veterinarian to assess his weight. If your cat is overweight, your vet can give you advice on how much and what to feed your cat to ensure safe weight loss. 

References

1. O’Neill DG, Corah CH, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, Rutherford L. Lipoma in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and breed associations. Canine Genet Epidemiol. 2018;5:9. Published 2018 Sep 27. doi:10.1186/s40575-018-0065-9

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Is this normal? And when does heavy breathing in cats become a true concern? Let’s explore the topic further.

Understanding Normal Cat Respiration

Cats typically take around 15 to 30 breaths per minute when resting. Kittens and adults both breathe at about the same rate, but many things affect how fast a cat is breathing. During exercise or stress, like veterinary visits, this rate increases. 

It is normal for a cat to increase their breathing rate for a short time, but if it persists even when your cat is resting for at least an hour, it could be a sign of an issue.

Panting is frequently seen in dogs due to stress, exercise, and to decrease heat. Panting in cats is uncommon but can be seen in cats who have just exercised intensively and are living in warmer climates. However, if a cat is panting and has been inactive for the past hour, panting is abnormal especially if your cat is in a cool environment.

While breathing in, your cat’s belly moves out and the ribs move out and toward the head (inspiration). When breathing out (expiration), the opposite occurs. It is abnormal for a cat’s belly to move dramatically as if helping your cat to breathe. 

If your cat is in respiratory distress – meaning they cannot maintain enough oxygen and are struggling to breathe – he will often breathe fast (tachypnea) as well as breathe hard. Many cats will intermittently breathe with an open mouth, pant, and their nostrils will flare outward to get more air.

Why Is My Cat Breathing Heavy?

Very warm conditions, periods of intense stress, or times of strenuous activity levels for prolonged periods of time will cause your cat to temporarily breathe heavier. 

However, cats that are breathing heavy for over an hour without those potential causes are likely to have a serious medical concern. The five most common reasons for heavy breathing in cats are:

Heart Disease 

The most common cause of respiratory distress in hospitals. The most common kind of heart disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Heart disease can involve any portion of the heart and eventually result in the heart not being able to pump out enough blood. With left-sided heart failure, blood cannot efficiently return to the heart from the lungs, so fluid builds up inside the lungs causing respiratory distress. Heart disease tends to occur in older cats.

Chronic Bronchitis or Asthma

Respiratory conditions are the second most common cause of respiratory distress in hospitals. Chronic bronchitis and asthma result from long-standing inflammation in the smaller airways in the lungs. Eventually, the inflamed and damaged lung tissue cannot process air as it used to. This coupled with a sudden narrowing of the airways leads to respiratory distress. These conditions are typically diagnosed in middle-aged cats.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia means inflammation of the lungs. There are many different causes of pneumonia including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The inflamed lungs cannot process air as usual. Sometimes fluid builds up outside of the lungs, squishing the lungs and preventing them from completely filling with air. Pneumonia is more common in younger cats.

Cancer

Tumors in the lungs or other places in the chest (such as lymph nodes) can compress airways, making it difficult to breathe. About 1/3 of lung cancers in cats cause a build-up of fluid as well. Lymphoma is the most common cancer identified in the chest.

Trauma 

Trauma is the least common cause of heavy breathing in cats. Typically pet parents are aware when trauma occurs. Cats who are hit by a car – or experience other trauma – develop rib fractures (breaks) or bruising (contusions) of the lungs. The pain as well as squishing of lungs or airways results in respiratory distress.

Heavy Breathing Cat: When to Worry

When a cat is breathing heavy, ask yourself: did my cat just finish running around like crazy? If you don’t have air conditioning, that could contribute to heavy breathing – even after light exercise. However, if your cat did not just exercise and it is cool in your house, you should consider it abnormal. Most cats that exercise will cool off over the next hour, and should stop breathing heavily.

Other symptoms that accompany respiratory distress can hint that something is truly wrong. If your cat has a low appetite, no longer wants to be active, and has a change in behavior like hiding then something is definitely wrong.

Sometimes pet parents see reverse sneezing and are afraid their cat is in distress. Reverse sneezing is when something is tickling your cat’s throat, and instead of sneezing outward, he sneezes inward. Reverse sneezing is a strong and sudden spasm of the throat and windpipe and can sound very alarming as if the cat is choking (but he isn’t). Cats pause what they are doing and stretch their neck in order to take in air. As long as this stops after a couple minutes, you shouldn’t worry – but take a video at home and call your veterinarian to ensure it is just reverse sneezing.

What to Do If Your Cat Is Breathing Heavy or Panting

If your cat was not just running around exercising, count how many breaths your cat is taking per minute. Count each time your cat’s chest and belly expand. If the breaths are too fast to count or are higher than 50 breaths per minute, call your veterinarian immediately. 

If you notice heavy breathing when your veterinarian is not available, call a local emergency clinic. Take a video of the breathing at home on your phone. This way, you can show the veterinarian what you are seeing.

Signs that you should drive to an emergency hospital right away include if your cat is open mouth breathing (without having just exercised), not wanting to get up or move around, laying on his side, or is not responding to your touch.

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Most pets – including cats – sneeze once in a while and it’s usually nothing to worry about. But if you’ve noticed your cat achooing more than usual, you may be wondering: why is my cat sneezing?

Sometimes sneezing in cats is a cause for concern. It might occur very frequently or come with other symptoms like being really stuffed up and not eating well. Read this article to determine why your cat may be sneezing so much, and what you can do about it.

Why Do Cats Sneeze?

Cats sneeze when the nasal mucosa, or lining of the passageways inside the nose, gets irritated. This area is very sensitive, and any physical irritant like a piece of grass or mucus, allergic irritant like pollen or dust, or infection such as feline herpesvirus (a common cause of “colds” in cats) can cause a sneeze. 

This irritation triggers the inspiratory center, a bundle of nerves that stimulates muscles of the body to pull a lot of air into the lungs. Once enough air has filled the lungs, the pressure suddenly pushes open the connection from the airways to the nose, called the nasopharynx. This sudden change causes a large push of air to be forced out through the nose, and some through the mouth.

Causes of Cat Sneezing

A cat may sneeze for a variety of reasons, including:

Basic irritation. Most cats sneeze a couple or few times simply because something has irritated the inside of their nose. It is a normal reaction to expel foreign material or irritating things from the nasal passageway. Food or fluid from the esophagus (tube leading to the stomach) during stomach upset can also cause sneezing.

Rhinitis. Cats develop different kinds of rhinitis, or chronic inflammation of the nose, for unknown reasons. This is one of the most common reasons for chronic sneezing.

Dental disease. When a tooth has a severe infection, it can rupture into the nose (fistula) or cause significant swelling in the mouth that affects the nose. The roof of the mouth (the palate) and the nasal passageways are extremely close to one another and are interconnected.

Viral infection. Upper respiratory infections (aka kitty colds) are very common in cats and are almost always caused by feline herpesvirus-1 or feline calicivirus.

Allergies. Allergies cause the immune system of your cat to overreact to certain things. This overreaction leads to nasal inflammation and sneezing.

Polyps. If a cat has inflammation or an infection in the nose (or ear) for a long period of time, the body can overreact to the inflammation and creates small non-cancerous masses that extend outward from the site of inflammation.

Foreign bodies. Anything that gets lodged in the nose that shouldn’t be there will definitely cause sneezing! Little pieces of plants are common foreign bodies.

Bacterial infection. While antibiotics are frequently given to cats with sneezing and congestion, the primary cause of sneezing is rarely bacteria. If bacteria are present, this is usually because of a virus or other issue.

Fungal infection. Fungi such as Cryptococcus spp. can invade the nose, creating significant inflammation.

Cancer. Lymphoma and adenocarcinoma are the types of cancer that most commonly afflict the nasal passageways.

Congenital conditions. Cleft palate occurs in some kittens, which means there is a hole in the hard palate on the roof of the mouth, allowing food and liquids to enter the nose.

Sneezing in Cats: Other Symptoms to Watch For

There are many symptoms that commonly occur with sneezing, including:

• Runny nose, or discharge from the nose
• Watery eyes
• Blood in the discharge from the nose after sneezing

Sneezing indicates that the lining of the nose is irritated and probably inflamed. When the nose is inflamed, the body naturally develops mucus (snot) that gets sneezed out. Clear, runny discharge is more common, but green or yellow mucus occurs too. The eyes and nose are connected, so if the nose is stuffy, the eyes will have a back-up of tears that cannot drain through the nose making the eyes watery. After a few days of inflammation in the nose and sneezing, a little blood is common due to the nasal passageways being irritated.

Other symptoms that can occur in sneezing cats include:

• Being less active
• Changes in behavior, i.e. hiding more
• Lower appetite
• Gagging or retching that can result in vomiting
• Loud breathing
• Breathing with the mouth open
• Coughing
• Wheezing

What is Reverse Sneezing in Cats?

Reverse sneezing occurs either when the mucosa of the nose or the pharynx (the back of the throat) is irritated. Reverse sneezing is a strong and sudden spasm of the throat and windpipe and can sound very alarming as if the cat is choking (but he isn’t). 

The spasm causes the windpipe, or trachea, to narrow so inhaling air is more challenging for a brief moment. Instead of air being forced out of the nose, a very strong rush of air comes in that causes cats to pause what they are doing and stretch their neck in order to take in air. 

Since cats typically breathe through their nose, and they are usually stuffed up when reverse sneezing occurs, it creates a loud noise.

What to Do if Your Cat Is Sneezing

If your cat has just sneezed a few times or sporadically, it should not cause immediate concern. Watch for changes in activity and appetite. 

Allergies and herpesvirus infections come and go, and can cause a cat to sneeze, be a little stuffed up, and have watery eyes for a couple weeks before fading away on their own. No vet visit is needed as long as your cat is otherwise acting like himself and eating well. Keep a mental note of when this episode occurs, which will be useful information to your veterinarian if it gets worse or happens repeatedly.

If your cat is less active, eating less, or is coughing or wheezing, he should go to the veterinarian right away. It does not necessarily mean your cat needs emergency care, but he needs extra support like hydration. Testing commonly includes X-rays of the chest to ensure the symptoms are only related to the upper part of the airway such as the nose and throat. On occasion, sneezing goes along with more serious conditions like pneumonia (infection in the lungs) and needs advanced treatment.

If your cat is very stuffed up, place him in a small bathroom and turn the shower on hot. Allow your cat to sit in a steamy bathroom for 15 to 20 minutes 2 or 3 times per day – the steam can help with congestion and get rid of some mucus. If the air in your home is pretty dry, consider a humidifier in whichever room your cat spends most of his time. Gently wipe your cat’s face with a damp cloth if there is a lot of discharge. Offer multiple food options, both dry and canned food, including different brands, textures, and flavors if your cat is not eating well. You can even try plain cooked meat like tuna from a can or plain chicken.

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The sad reality of raising kittens from early days, however, is that approximately 15 percent of kittens won’t make it. This means 85 percent will make it though, and treatment is possible if your kitten is in trouble. 

It’s important to become familiar with fading kitten syndrome. If any kitten begins to show symptoms of illness, they need treatment right away.

What is Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Fading kitten syndrome is a general term that describes illness and death in feline neonates. Any kitten from newborn to 4 weeks old is called a neonate. Fading kitten syndrome refers to neonates that become sick and – over hours to days – decline in health until death.

People mistakenly use the phrase fading kitten syndrome to indicate an ill kitten but not necessarily one that dies. Illnesses that can cause fading kitten syndrome have treatment if provided early on.

What Causes Fading Kitten Syndrome?

There are many potential causes of fading kitten syndrome:

Maternal causes. Many issues with the queen will lead to the death of her kittens. Difficulty giving birth, illness, malnutrition, parasites, trauma, or a lack of milk production can cause fading kittens.

Congenital abnormalities. These are conditions that the kitten was born with. Congenital issues account for up to 20 percent of all deaths in neonates and are caused by genetics, or sometimes trauma or illness that occurred in the mother cat while she was pregnant. Examples include cleft palate, when a hole is present in the roof of the mouth, and heart defects.

Low birth weight. Kittens born with a low weight at birth do not have as many reserves to survive illness or rough environmental conditions and may be weak. On average, kittens should weigh 90-110 grams at birth, but kittens that weigh less than 75 grams at birth have a higher chance of passing away.

Neonatal isoerythrolysis. Kittens that are born with type A blood to a queen with a different blood type (type B) have an immune system issue. The queen passes antibodies when nursing that destroy the kitten’s red blood cells.

Infectious diseases. Bacteria can cause life-threatening infections that are introduced by the birthing process or by many illnesses that affect the guts or the lungs. Viruses are common in kittens, especially herpesvirus and calicivirus that cause upper respiratory disease. Protozoal infections also occur such as toxoplasmosis.

Parasites. Parasites found inside the body are common, including roundworms, hookworms, and coccidia. Parasites like fleas or ticks can cause significant blood loss in tiny kittens.

Environmental issues. An ideal environment for a mother and her kittens should be around 70-75 degrees Fahrenheit, but very cold or very hot environments can cause a kitten to fade. A dirty environment or toxins would affect the kitten as well.

Fading Kitten Syndrome Symptoms

The symptoms of fading kitten syndrome are vague. Since the syndrome can be due to a wide variety of issues, it is not easy to tell which symptoms each kitten will experience. However, general weakness, low appetite, decreased activity, and/or feeling cool to the touch are common symptoms. 

Other symptoms may include:

• Weight loss or lack of weight gain
• Excessive crying
• Sleeping separately from the other kittens
• Cannot right herself if placed upside down (3 days of age and older)
• Pale gums (i.e. appear white instead of pink)
• Distended belly
• Difficulty breathing (open mouth, blue-tinged gums and/or tongue, gurgling sounds)
• Icterus (yellow discoloration to the skin and mouth)
• Blood in the urine
• Eye or nose discharge
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Seizures

Diagnosing Fading Kitten Syndrome

Veterinarians diagnose fading kitten syndrome when a kitten less than 4 weeks old passes away. To determine the cause, it is important to examine the kitten thoroughly for any abnormalities. Symptoms like vomiting or diarrhea would lead to testing the feces for parasites. A small amount of blood may be used to test for low red blood cells (anemia) and low blood sugar, a common finding in sick kittens.

The queen should be thoroughly examined as well when a kitten is not doing well. Veterinarians may perform additional testing on the queen such as a fecal test for parasites.

How to Treat Fading Kitten Syndrome

There are 3 types of therapy required to stabilize a kitten that is fading:

Warmth. Many fading kittens are too cold. At home, be sure to provide a safe heat source approved for kittens such as a microwaveable heating disc under a towel. Always provide space without a heat source for the queen or kittens to cool off.

Sugar. Any kitten that is fading should have either corn syrup or maple syrup applied to their gums immediately. Do not use light syrup – the more sugar, the better. The goal is not for the kitten to swallow the syrup but to rub it across the gums. Water with sugar added will not work as most kittens cannot absorb anything in their guts when they are cold and sick.

Fluids. Kittens have a higher need for fluids and are more easily dehydrated than adults. While kittens that are fairly healthy may do well when given fluids by mouth, sicker kittens require fluids under the skin or through the veins (i.e. through a catheter).

If your kitten is fading, immediately call your veterinarian after providing warmth and sugar. She will be able to provide advice for treatment at home or determine if the kitten needs to be seen by the veterinarian. Causes of fading kitten syndrome can worsen quickly, and many conditions require medical treatments.

Attempting to force-feed kittens is NOT recommended without veterinary guidance. Not only is there a chance that the kitten will accidentally breathe in the liquid and develop pneumonia, but also, cold kittens cannot absorb fluids or nutrients through the guts. If neonates are fed formula when cold, it will rot in their guts and not much will be absorbed.

Once your veterinarian has examined and performed some testing on the kitten, treatment may be provided. Serum may be injected from a donor cat to replace the antibodies, or immune system protection, needed in the first day of life. Oxygen may be provided if respiratory issues like pneumonia occur. Antibiotics may be useful, as well as medications that kill parasites. If blood loss from parasites or neonatal isoerythrolysis is severe, a blood transfusion may be recommended.

Prognosis for Fading Kitten Syndrome Cure

Technically fading kitten syndrome is deadly, as the syndrome is defined as kittens that have passed away. However, many kittens that are becoming ill respond well to treatment. 

Fading kittens become progressively more ill over mere hours or days. Prognosis is better the sooner that treatment is sought. Prognosis is worse if the kitten had a low weight at birth (<75 grams) or has congenital abnormalities.

Most deaths in neonates occur in the very first week of life, so if your kitten is older than 1 week, chances are higher she will survive.

How to Prevent Fading Kitten Syndrome

There are several things that can be done to prevent this syndrome:

Veterinary check-up for the queen. Provide veterinary care to the queen prior to giving birth or have her examined as soon as possible. Parasites can be treated, and other issues would be detected that prevent the queen from caring for her kittens.

Monitor kittens daily. Weigh each kitten daily and record the weight in grams. If a kitten has not gained any weight in 24 hours, watch very closely for symptoms. If another 24 hours passes without weight gain, the kitten should be examined by a veterinarian. If any symptoms are noted in any kitten, seek veterinary advice right away. Oftentimes, illness is very subtle in the beginning but kittens need fast treatment to pull through.

Deworm kittens every 2 weeks. Starting at 2 weeks of age, liquid dewormer can be given by mouth every 2 weeks to rid the kitten of parasites.

Ensure the queen has received her preventives. Flea preventive on the queen, deworming, and vaccination will keep the queen and thus the kittens healthy.

Maintain a clean, controlled environment. Ability to control temperature is ideal. Keep other cats, dogs, and other animals away from the queen and kittens. Ensure no toxins are present, and that the kittens do not have the ability to fall off a surface.

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As much as we may not enjoy kittens making a mealtime of our fingers and clothes, biting is a normal behavior for young felines. But why do kittens bite? And what can we do to keep them from gnawing on us? 

Read below to understand what pet parents can do to curb the habit.

Do All Kittens Bite? 

Yes, ALL kittens bite. Biting is a developmental stage, and biting is a natural behavior inherent to all kittens. Kittens need to bite during play and to explore other objects. Biting is also developed as part of a normal desire to hunt. 

From 3 weeks until 16 weeks of age, it is very important that kittens engage in social play to learn skills that will last their lifetime. 

Biting is learned automatically regardless of whether your cat has other feline companions in the home. However, having cats around during this stage is important because other cats will teach the kitten to bite very lightly and less often. 

Why Do Kittens Bite?

When kittens are first learning to play – around 3 weeks old – they use their teeth on their mom and siblings. Stalking, pouncing, and biting is a common sequence of events kittens use to practice hunting. They start by doing this on their kitty friends instead of prey. 

In addition, kittens will chew on items as a way of exploring new things, or sometimes because they are teething.

In some cases, kittens will bite out of immense fear, stress, or pain. Feral (wild) kittens that were born outside are often so fearful of humans, they will bite when humans try to handle them. 

Bites that come from fear or pain usually cause a break in skin with puncture wounds, bleeding, or deep marks. On the other hand, play bites tend to leave no marks or a very minor mark.

Understanding Kitten Teething

Kittens bite and chew on things – and pet parents – more often while they are teething. Teething is the normal process when a cat’s baby teeth fall out and are replaced by adult (permanent) teeth. 

Kittens have changes in their teeth between the ages of 3 to 6 months. Similar to human children, kittens likely feel discomfort or minor pain while teething and chewing on items changes how their gums feel.

On occasion, pet parents will see smeared blood on whatever their kitten was chewing. Some kittens chew so much that the tooth falls out a little sooner than it would have otherwise, and a small amount of blood follows. This is normal, and the bleeding stops quickly.

How to Stop Kitten Biting

Pet parents must recognize they cannot (and should not) stop kittens from biting. It is a natural behavior. If pet parents scold, yell, or punish kittens for biting, it can cause fear and mistrust. 

While kitten parents cannot stop biting, they can redirect it. Instead of allowing your kitten to bite you, direct your kitten to bite something more appropriate. Here are some tips to prevent your kitten from biting you or chewing something they shouldn’t:

Never play with your hands or feet. Always hold a chew toy, or better yet a wand toy, when playing with your kitten.

If your kitten bites you, stop interacting with him. Do not make eye contact, do not talk to him, and move away from him. This doesn’t need to last long (perhaps a minute). Once that’s done, start interacting with your kitten again. Each time your kitten bites you, repeat this process. This is how cat moms and siblings show a kitten that they do not enjoy being bitten!

Immediately redirect attention following a bite. Grab a toy to either toss for him or use a wand toy to engage in play. Redirect by distracting your kitten to bite something else.

Play with your kitten often. Active play doesn’t mean giving your kitten a new toy and walking away – it means directly playing with your kitten with the toys. Every kitten needs much more play time than adults to burn energy and practice new life skills.

Don’t underestimate enrichment. The more enrichment your kitten gets, the less likely he will end up biting you. Provide your kitten with a variety of toys with a variety of textures and sizes. Purchase food puzzles that encourage working to find food. Provide new smells and tastes that are safe for cats. Play music or fun videos meant for cats. Invite other people over who understand how to play with kittens to introduce them to a variety of people.

Reward kittens for not biting. After a play session that did not involve any biting, provide your kitten an extra reward such as a couple treats or a tablespoon of their favorite canned food!

Kitten Biting vs. Adult Cat Biting

Biting is a natural part of play, and kittens begin biting other cats (and humans) starting at 3 weeks of age. With appropriate social play with other cats, kittens learn bite inhibition. 

Bite inhibition means cats learn the appropriate force to use when biting. It would be inappropriate for a bite to break the skin and cause injury when the cat is intending to play. If a kitten is not well socialized with other cats during this crucial developmental stage, he may bite often and very hard when he shouldn’t.

Kittens are more likely to bite due to play and practicing hunting. This is in contrast to adult cats, who tend to bite due to fear, stress, or frustration. In addition, many chronic, painful conditions can cause behavior changes in adult cats, such as biting. Both kittens and adults may also bite when being pet to indicate they wish the petting to stop.

Kittens tend to bite more softly. They often do not make puncture marks or cause bleeding unless they are biting due to fear. Adult cats have varying degrees of bite inhibition, ranging from no physical trauma to deep puncture wounds. 

Teaching adult cats not to bite is extremely difficult if they were not properly socialized as kittens. It is critical that all kitten parents focus on preventing biting behavior from an early age, since bites from adult cats could become more severe.

Do Kittens Grow Out of the Biting Phase?

Kittens will grow out of the biting phase – sort of. While cats will always bite during play, kittens play less (and bite less) as they grow older. 

All pet parents must encourage healthy play in their kittens and prevent them from biting humans or other harmful or dangerous objects. If pet parents redirect biting behavior to appropriate places, their kittens will have a much better chance of not biting people as adults.

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In fact, 15 percent of cats over 12 years old have a low body condition, meaning they do not have enough muscle or weigh less than they should. 

But how do you know if your older cat losing weight is normal? What does weight loss look like in senior cats and when should you discuss your cat’s weight with your veterinarian? Let’s explore senior cat weight loss in more detail.

Senior Cat Weight Loss: Is It Common?

Senior cat weight loss is very common. Senior cats have a decreased ability to absorb fat and protein. They lose about 1/3 of their lean body mass, meaning the weight your cat would be without any fat. 

After cats reach 11 years old, they require more nutrition just to maintain their resting body weight. This can result in weight loss, particularly if a health condition causes your cat to not eat well.

While some weight loss is common for senior cats, it is not necessarily normal. Many health conditions that cause your cat to need even more nutrients occur more frequently in senior cats. Many times, older cats hide their illness until they feel very sick, and too much weight loss occurs rapidly. 

It’s important to speak with your veterinarian as soon as you notice signs of weight loss in your cat, especially if accompanied by changes in behavior, decreased appetite, or decreased activity level. Catching health concerns early will make them much easier to treat and keep your cat comfortable.

Create a free GreatPetCare account to monitor your cat’s weight using our handy Weight Tracker tool. Plus, when you download the GreatPetCare app, you can log weight changes, set custom reminders, and manage your pet’s medical records easily on the go!

What Does Senior Cat Weight Loss Look Like?

Many senior cats lose weight gradually, so it is difficult to notice the weight loss when you see your cat every day. However, if a senior cat is ill, it is possible that weight loss can be quick and dramatic. If you can’t recall when your cat started to lose weight, and the changes in appearance are subtle, the weight loss has likely been a gradual process.

There are two types of weight loss: total body mass and lean body mass, or muscle. When a cat loses weight, the body tries to prevent the loss of lean body mass, so fat is eliminated first. However, in some nutritional issues or medical conditions, muscle is lost instead. This is coupled with the natural loss of muscle in senior cats.

Loss of total body mass is easier to spot – your cat has less fat under the stomach and around the waist, and the midsection looks smaller. 

Muscle loss is tougher to identify but is easiest to tell when running your hand down the spine of your cat. The spine, a row of bones, have bony pieces that stick up. Typically, good amounts of muscle cause the spine to feel fairly flat. However, when muscle loss occurs, the bones protrude more and are much easier to feel firm bumps down your cat’s back. Other muscles are affected as well, including the legs which will look skinnier, especially the back legs.

Any weight loss in senior cats should be investigated especially if it goes along with other concerns like vomiting or decreased appetite. Again, since cats hide their illness until very sick, even mild weight loss should be brought up to your veterinarian. 

Why Is My Older Cat Losing Weight? 8 Common Causes

In order to treat your cat’s weight loss, it’s important for veterinarians to identify the cause of the weight loss. These are common reasons that older cats lose weight:

Dental disease. Issues with the teeth or inflammation in the gums can make chewing and eating quite painful. Infection can occur which makes cats feel ill.

Inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is when a cat’s intestines and/or stomach is inflamed. It could be allergies to food or just inflammation in general with no known cause. Chronic diarrhea or just inflammation in the intestines can lead to loss of protein, which causes general weight loss and higher loss of muscle.

Chronic kidney disease. Kidney issues in cats are very common. Kidney disease often leads to nausea, which results in decreased appetite, and increased loss of protein. This causes muscle loss in cats.

Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone is produced in higher amounts, leading to much higher nutrient needs. Often, cats with hyperthyroidism experience gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as vomiting, which further decreases their ability to get enough nutrition.

Diabetes mellitus. When cats have diabetes, their insulin production is decreased. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Diabetes results in many hormonal changes that cause cats to lose weight, including breaking down muscle. Diabetic cats have very specific nutritional needs, and their weight will not return until their blood sugar is regulated.

Cancer. Cancer of any part of the body could be to blame for weight loss and can be very hard to detect until it is in advanced stages in cats.

Degenerative joint disease (arthritis). While arthritis will not cause weight loss in cats directly, it often causes cats to be less active which causes decreased muscle due to not using it as much. Arthritis can make walking or retrieving food quite painful and decrease the amount of nutrition that your cat gets.

Normal aging. It is a normal aging process to lose muscle as well as a little body weight overall. Just keep in mind that this would be very gradual and in very small amounts. Pet parents should never assume weight loss in a senior cat is normal until they have spoken with their veterinarian.

Other Symptoms to Note

Symptoms that may go along with an older cat losing weight include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased activity
• Changes in behavior, like vocalizing at night
• Changes in your cat’s habit of jumping (i.e. not jumping onto surfaces the cat used to)
• Not eliminating in the litter box
• Increased urine
• Increased drinking

Some pet parents report fur loss, or a different appearance to the fur, when they discover their cat lost weight. This can be due to pain or discomfort that your cat is feeling due to an underlying illness like arthritis. Cats may remove their fur in times of mental stress, but this is rare.

If you notice these symptoms in conjunction with weight loss, you should make an appointment to see your veterinarian.

Cats can lose weight without displaying other symptoms and while having a good appetite. This may happen due to hormone differences or imbalances or the diet they are eating is no longer supporting their nutritional needs. Talk to your veterinarian if you have concerns about your senior cat’s weight loss. 

What to Do If You Notice Weight Loss

If you notice your older cat losing weight, speak with your veterinarian right away and make an appointment for a health assessment. A thorough examination will be performed, paying close attention to your cat’s teeth and if the weight loss noted is muscle loss or overall weight loss. 

Most veterinarians will recommend bloodwork and urine testing to evaluate how well your cat’s organs are functioning. This bloodwork will likely include a thyroid test. If these are normal, depending on what your veterinarian saw during examination, she is likely to make further recommendations, which may include X-rays to look for arthritis and to get a better look at your cat’s organs.

As you and your vet get to the bottom of your cat’s weight loss, you may start to feel stressed about covering the costs of laboratory and diagnostic services or medications your cat may need. Even if you have pet insurance, it may not cover everything. A veterinary financing option like the CareCredit credit card can be another tool in your arsenal that helps provide flexibility and peace of mind.*

Helping Senior Cats Gain Weight

It is very important that senior cats gain weight until they have reached (or slightly exceed) their ideal weight. Veterinarians determine ideal weight by using a chart comparing different body conditions. 

Here are some things that can help older cats gain weight:

Medications: Most of the diseases that cause weight loss can be treated or managed with medications. Antinausea medications often increase appetite, which can help support weight gain in older cats.

Appetite stimulants: Appetite stimulants are medications that increase a cat’s appetite. If your cat is being picky about eating or doesn’t seem to be eating as much as they should, an appetite stimulant may be helpful.

Nutritional supplements: Nutritional supplements can help support healthy aging and decrease weight loss in cats. Glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega fatty acids support joint health. Coenzyme Q10 helps the body recycle and reuse vitamin E, which eliminates free radicals. Speak with your veterinarian about what supplements are best for your cat.

Dietary changes: Diet is key to preventing weight loss. First and foremost, it must be palatable to your cat – meaning your cat likes the taste, smell, and texture of the food and eats it well. Cats’ taste can change as they age, and as pet parents we need to search for a nutritious diet made for senior cats that they enjoy. If a medical condition exists, prescription diets are ideal since they are specially designed to provide the exact nutrition your cat needs. Feeding high protein and low carbohydrate food is best for senior cats.

*Subject to credit approval

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Older Cat Losing Weight: 8 Common Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, many cat health conditions and a few medications may make it unsafe for pet parents to give this medication to their cat. You should always confirm with your veterinarian before giving your cat Benadryl. 

Read below for more information, including dosing and administration tips.

What is Benadryl?

Benadryl is a brand name for the generic medication diphenhydramine. It was accidentally discovered as an antihistamine in the 1940’s by a chemist. Antihistamines are medications that block histamine. By doing so, antihistamines decrease allergy symptoms. 

The FDA approved Benadryl for human use in 1946, and to this day it is a well-known medication used in both human as well as animal patients (including dogs and cats). It has been available in various generic forms since the 1960’s and is widely available across the United States. 

Benadryl and all the generic forms can be found over the counter in a variety of stores. Many veterinarians carry this medication for their patients or recommend pet parents purchase it at a local store or pharmacy.

Benadryl is in many products that are not marketed just for antihistamine properties. A strong side effect in humans is sleepiness, so many companies market Benadryl as a “sleep aid” to help people fall asleep. Benadryl may also be in a combination of medications for sinus pain relief, often included with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) such as acetaminophen and pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant.

Can You Give Cats Benadryl?

Yes, Benadryl can be used in cats. However, a veterinarian should be consulted since many cat health conditions may become worse in combination with this drug. In addition, if not dosed correctly, side effects can be intense.

If your cat has the following health concerns, giving Benadryl could be harmful:

• Chronic bronchitis or “asthma”
• Liver disease
• History of seizures
• Glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye)
• Hyperthyroidism (producing too much thyroid hormone)
• Urinary retention (not able to fully empty the bladder)
• Intestinal atony (slow movement through the guts including megacolon)
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure (hypertension)

Benadryl enters the milk and goes to kittens, so if your cat is lactating (i.e. feeding kittens), veterinary advice is necessary before giving this medication. Benadryl has not been studied in pregnant cats, so ask a veterinarian if you believe your cat is pregnant.

There are two sizes of tablets made specifically for dogs and cats. However, the human form is safe, too, as long as it is dosed appropriately and doesn’t contain other medications. It is also important to purchase tablets or liquid if using human formulations, since the capsules will almost certainly be too high of a dose for a cat.

What Is Benadryl Used for in Cats?

Benadryl is primarily prescribed for skin conditions. Antihistamines help to decrease symptoms such as itchiness in the skin by preventing allergies to the environment, such as allergies to pollen. However, Benadryl is rarely effective as the only treatment for moderate to severe allergies. Benadryl is also used to prevent allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions, and chemotherapy (i.e. drugs used against cancer).

Benadryl also has anti-nausea properties, meaning it may decrease nausea and vomiting. Benadryl is specifically prescribed to help with motion sickness in cats that may happen from car rides. A common side effect of Benadryl for cats is drowsiness, so some veterinarians may recommend a dose to calm your cat down prior to something stressful like a veterinary visit.

In summary, Benadryl can help cats with:

• Allergies
• Pruritus (skin itchiness)
• Miliary dermatitis (skin condition in cats likely due to allergies)
• Prevention of allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions and specific medications
• Motion sickness
• Mild sedative

Benadryl for Cat Travel

Using Benadryl during travel with your cat is a safe way to decrease motion sickness, which can cause some cats to vomit. It also makes cats a little sleepy, which can help decrease some other symptoms that make travel harder like vocalizing. 

However, Benadryl does not decrease cat anxiety and is unlikely to be helpful in cats who are very stressed or anxious.

How to Give Benadryl to Cats

Liquid medications are often the easiest in cats, but only human formulations of liquid Benadryl are available, and they are flavored to be sweet. While cats cannot taste sweet very well, the fruity flavors of Benadryl are often not appreciated by cats!

Tablets are another way of providing Benadryl in safe dosages to your cat. Pet parents can crush the tablet into a couple tablespoons of canned cat food and let their cat eat it. Use a very small amount of food so your cat eats all the food and the whole dose in a short amount of time. 

In a pinch, if your cat won’t eat the medication in food, crush the medication into a small amount of tasty liquid like tuna juice or low-sodium chicken broth. If your cat doesn’t drink it, use a syringe to get your cat to swallow it.

Benadryl for Cats: Side Effects

Benadryl has mild side effects, unless your cat receives a dose that is high or she has other chronic medical conditions. The most common side effect is drowsiness and occurs in most cats. 

Some of the side effects for cats, however, can be serious. If an overdose is suspected, cats could develop issues like seizures, coma, and death. However, the dose needed for this would be very high and is extremely rare.

Possible side effects of Benadryl for cats include:

• Drowsiness
• Ataxia, or walking drunkenly
• Agitation
• Seizures
• Behavior changes like vocalizing, affectionate behavior
• Gastrointestinal effects like decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea
• Decreased frequency of urination

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Benadryl can react with other cat medications including:

• Other antihistamines like amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine
• Alprazolam
• Amitraz
• Diazepam
• Methionine
• Phenobarbital
• Prochlorperazine
• Selegiline

Reactions typically result in an increase in side effects of either Benadryl or the other medication. Benadryl should not be given to cats just before or after anesthesia, since certain medications that may be used during anesthesia interact with Benadryl.

Benadryl Dosage for Cats

Benadryl is dosed for cats based on weight and must be given at least every 12 hours, but preferably every 8 hours, to be effective. 

Before giving this medication, pet parents must follow-up with their veterinarian first to avoid serious side effects. 

The typical dose for cats is 1 mg per pound of body weight. One-quarter of the 25 mg tablet is prescribed for most cats 2 to 3 times per day, but a half tablet may be necessary if your veterinarian advises it. 

This dosing would be too much for kittens and very small cats. For liquid, each pound of your cat’s weight would equal a dose of approximately 0.4 mL. An 8-pound cat would need to drink over 3 mL of this stuff – which can be very challenging to administer.

Before giving your cat Benadryl, make sure to review with your veterinarian the exact product you plan on giving. Many products are made with other medications like acetaminophen or pseudoephedrine which are toxic to cats.

Cost of Benadryl for Cats

Generic forms of diphenhydramine tend to cost less than name-brand Benadryl medication. Each tablet costs approximately 4 cents, so for most pet parents they will only pay 2 cents per day to give this medication in tablet form. Giving an 8-pound cat liquid will cost approximately 20 cents per day.

Benadryl Storage Instructions

All forms of Benadryl should be stored at room temperature (68-77 degrees). For tablets and capsules, avoid high humidity. The injectable form needs to be protected from exposure to light.

The post Benadryl for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cats seem to love heat, but is it possible to have too much warmth? How hot is too hot for cats? 

While overheating in cats is uncommon, it is a very serious condition and all pet parents should know what to watch for, and how to prevent it.

What Temperature is Too Hot for Cats?

There is no simple answer to this question! Each cat will have a temperature that is too hot for him or her as an individual – depending on their age, health, fur coat, or what environment they are used to. 

Cats naturally relieve heat from their body through changes to their blood vessels during high temperatures, choosing a cool surface to lie on, avoiding direct sunlight, and seeking air flow like a gentle breeze.

However, as environmental temperatures reach close to their body’s natural temperature, cats become too hot. Normal body temperature for a cat older than 4 weeks old is 99.5 to 102.5 degrees. Temperatures around 90 degrees and above tend to make cats uncomfortable and lead to the need for additional heat loss through panting.

Humidity is the measure of how much water is in the air. As humidity increases, it decreases the amount of heat that can leave the surface of the body. If humidity is high, the temperature does not need to be very hot outside before it is too hot for cats.

The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends maintaining places where cats and dogs live to under 80 degrees, and 30 to 70 percent relative humidity [1]. Federal Animal Welfare Regulations, maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture, require no more than 4 hours of exposure to temperatures over 85 degrees for cats and dogs [2]. Both of these organizations set limits that should maintain the comfort of most animals, but keep in mind that some animals will not be comfortable even when following these guidelines.

Do Cats Get Hot?

Cats definitely get hot. Their comfort level tends to be higher than it is for humans, as most people do not appreciate 90-degree weather. Cats that are uncomfortable with the temperature seek a cooler surface to lay on, avoid direct sunlight or sources of heat, and avoid exercise. 

When cats become very uncomfortable, you will notice panting which is otherwise uncommon in cats. Your cat may not wish to eat as much and will be much less active. If this occurs, you should provide plenty of fresh water and shelter from the heat immediately.

Short exposure to high temperatures is easier to handle. The higher the temperature gets, the shorter your cat can withstand the heat. If temperatures are around 85 to 90 degrees, your cat may be comfortable for a couple hours if there is an opportunity to cool herself and get plenty of water. If temperatures are well above 90 degrees, it’s a good guess that your cat will be hot within a matter of minutes as opposed to hours – even if water and shade are available.

What Temperature Do Cats Like?

In general, cats are most comfortable above 60 degrees and below 80 degrees. However, this depends heavily on the individual cat, the humidity in the air, the ability to rest on a cool surface, and how well ventilated a space is.

Humidity under 70 percent is most comfortable. The higher the humidity, the quicker your cat becomes uncomfortable in any temperature. Air conditioning decreases humidity, but dehumidifiers can be used as well.

Most homes can easily provide cool surfaces. These are not surfaces that are cooled purposefully – cold surfaces are rarely comfortable for cats – but are areas of the home where sunlight is blocked, and the material does not easily absorb heat. Most types of flooring inside a home stay cool, especially hard surfaces like tile.

Ventilation is important when heat rises. Any flow of air will help cats dispel heat from the body such as a fan or opening windows or screen doors to catch a breeze. (Always ensure intact screens cover the openings to keep your cat from getting out!) If cats are trapped in a small room without any fresh flow of air such as an attic space, the heat rises quickly and can cause your cat to overheat.

Can Cats Overheat?

Cats can overheat, but it is rare. For this reason, it is not well studied in cats. In contrast, overheating is fairly common in dogs. One study in the United Kingdom showed that all cats with heat-related illness became ill due to high environmental temperatures, and not from too much exercise, which was common in dogs [3]. Cats are known to climb into clothes dryers and may develop heat stroke if they remain in the dryer after it is turned on [4].

When cats overheat, it causes heat stroke. Heat stroke is life-threatening and is caused by high body temperatures leading to damage to multiple organs in the body. 

There are several reasons an individual cat may be more likely to overheat such as:

• Obesity
• Heart disease
• Old age
• Dark-colored coat
• Brachycephalic breed (ex. Persians)
• Hyperthyroidism (producing too much thyroid hormone)
• History of seizures
• Medications such as furosemide or beta blockers (ex. atenolol)
• Recently gave birth and has low calcium levels

Cats need to acclimatize or get used to the environmental temperatures. This process takes 60 days and occurs naturally as seasons change and temperatures rise. Physiologic properties within your cat’s body change, like how much water and salt the body holds on to (as opposed to letting it leave through urine) and how much blood the heart pumps out. For this reason, cats that move from a cooler climate to a hot climate and cats who are exposed to sudden high temperatures when spring turns to summer are more at risk of overheating.

Outdoor and indoor cats are both at risk of overheating. Outdoor cats that are not confined are likely to have acclimatized to the outdoor temperatures and have favored spots to keep cool. However, if water becomes scarce and temperatures soar, outdoor cats can overheat. Indoor cats tend to get overheated when they are confined in a small hot space like an attic, small unventilated room, or clothes dryer.

Signs a Cat is Overheating

If your cat appears to be overheating, she should be seen by an emergency veterinarian immediately. 

Symptoms of heat stroke in cats include:

• Fast breathing
• Continuous panting
• Struggling to breathe
• Excessive saliva
• Vomiting with blood
• Diarrhea with blood
• Inactive, unwilling to hardly walk
• Collapse (i.e. suddenly drops to the ground, not moving or not completely aware of her surroundings)
• Disorientation (i.e. does not appear to know where she is, spaced out, stumbling)
• Seizures

How to Cool a Cat Down

If pet parents note their cat is overheating, they should immediately use a cloth soaked in room temperature water, gently wipe the cat down with it, and place the cat in front of a fan. If the cat was on a warm or hot surface, place her on a surface that is not in direct sunlight and is cool to the touch. Call your veterinarian right after this.

If any symptoms of heat stroke appear, transport your cat to the emergency hospital right away. In the car on the way to the hospital, pet parents should turn the air conditioning on or roll the windows down for a breeze.

Pet parents should NOT use cold water on their cat, use ice packs or ice baths, cover their cat in wet towels, or place rubbing alcohol on the paws. All of these actions will either cause too fast of a drop in temperature which will worsen the cat’s condition or will actually decrease the ability of the body to get rid of excess heat.

Summer Tips for Keeping Cats Cool

If you’re trying to get through the dog days of summer with your feline friend, here are some tips to keep your cat cool and comfortable when temps heat up.

Try Frozen Treats

While frozen treats will not help cats who are overheating – or prevent them from doing so in very high temperatures – it is a great kitty enrichment tool and will cool them slightly on a warm day. 

Some lickable treats can be frozen, or pet parents can purchase an ice cube tray and fill it with either low-sodium chicken broth, tuna juice, or plain water as an interesting frozen treat.

Keep Fresh Water Flowing

Keeping fresh water available to cats at all times is critical to preventing overheating. While cats do not typically drink a lot of water, high temperatures will cause them to drink more. Cat water fountains are a great way to encourage cats to stay hydrated. 

During travel or any time pet parents are on-the-go, bringing a portable water bowl is a must to offer their cat something to drink at least every 4 hours in air conditioning or every hour in warm temperatures or high humidity.

Try a Cooling Mat or Bed

As mentioned, cats can rid their bodies of excess heat by lying on a cool surface. A gel-based cooling mat or bed may help to keep your cat comfortable during heat waves. Make sure to avoid products with ice packs or frozen water, as these are not ideal for regulating your cat’s body temperature. 

The post How Hot Is Too Hot for Cats? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Some cats do this occasionally, and others frequently — sometimes every day. This may cause you to ask yourself questions like: Why is my cat scooting on the carpet? What can I do to decrease scooting? Is it a sign of discomfort or a health problem? Read to find out.

Why Is My Cat Scooting?

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A cat rubbing their butt on the ground is a natural behavior, and it is normal to see it on occasion. You may notice it a couple times per week at the most, for a short amount of time during each scoot.

The most common reasons cats scoot are to clean poop from their butts, scratch an itch, or stimulate their anal glands. Anal glands are at the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions on the anus. The glands contain stinky liquid that can mark territory. This is why you might see your cat scooting after pooping.

But if your cat’s wiping their bum on the floor every day, or if the amount of scooting per day starts to increase, there may be several medical reasons why:

• Dermatitis (skin inflammation) in the area of the butt
• Vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina in female cats)
• Proctitis (inflammation of the end of the large intestine a.k.a. the rectum)
• Anal gland disease
• Tapeworm infection
• Bladder or urethral inflammation (Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease or FLUTD)

Obesity often leads to dermatitis around the butt, since your cat cannot properly groom the area. Allergies cause inflammation in many places, including the inside of the rectum, the anal sacs/glands, and the perineum. You may notice diarrhea if your cat has proctitis. Flea infestation can result in tapeworm infection. Tapeworm segments may appear in poop or on the butt itself and are off-white and rice-sized. If you notice your cat urinating outside of the litter box, they could be experiencing FLUTD. A change in the urine, such as red hue, can also indicate FLUTD.

Anal gland disease in dogs is relatively common; it is uncommon in cats and likely not the cause of scooting.

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What Should You Do If You See Your Cat Scooting?      

If your cat is scooting, allow them to finish. But if you see your cat rubbing their butt on the ground and wish for them to stop, do not yell or “punish” them in any way. Since scooting is a natural behavior, this will frighten your cat and lead to other issues. Try to distract them with their favorite toys or treats instead.

After your cat finishes scooting, lift their tail and look closely around the butt. Is there any poop or debris in the fur? Does the skin around the butt look red or crusty at all? Is there any fur missing? If so, you should schedule a veterinary examination.

Using a warm washcloth or unscented pet wipes, you may gently try to wipe away debris. If your cat reacts strongly, or the debris does not come off easily, stop and call your veterinarian.

Do not attempt to express your cat’s anal glands at home! Most cats will not allow this and it could cause more harm than good.

If the scooting increases, schedule a veterinary examination, even if the skin around the butt looks normal. Most of the causes are not clear.

Other clues of what might be causing scooting include:

• A history of allergies or itchy skin
• Changes in urination, such as red urine or peeing outside the litter box
• Diarrhea
• Rice-sized off-white granules in the poop or in the cat’s resting areas
• Straining in the litter box

Cat Scooting Treatment

The first way to treat cat scooting is to keep your cat’s butt clean. If any poop is stuck to the fur, your cat will often scoot. If this does not resolve the issue, veterinarians will often try a variety of remedies that may help. 

Examples of treatments for cat scooting include:

Steroids, such as prednisolone. Steroids may be helpful in reducing inflammation. However, they are not recommended for long-term use.

Immunomodulators like Atopica. These can be helpful if your cat’s scooting is caused by a chronic condition, like allergies.

Allergy diet. Beef, chicken, and fish are the most common causes of food allergies in cats. Prescription diets, such as Royal Canin Hydrolyzed Protein HP cat food, can help avoid these common allergens and decrease inflammation.

Antibiotics. Your veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic like clindamycin for anal sac disease or a skin, bladder, urethra, or vagina infection.

Anal gland expression. To examine anal glands, your veterinarian has to put a gloved finger into your cat’s butt. (Warning: not all cats will allow it.) Expressing the glands can allow your veterinarian to detect an infection. This may help relieve symptoms, although it is unlikely.

Topical ointments, mousse, or shampoos. Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription shampoo or topical medication for inflamed areas. Some common choices include Cerasoothe CHX Antiseptic Shampoo. and Animax Ointment.

Tapeworm medication. To kill your cat’s tapeworms, your veterinarian may prescribe a medication, such as Droncit or praziquantel.

Pain medications. To rule out pain or discomfort, your veterinarian might prescribe a medication like Meloxidyl Oral Suspension.

Home Remedies for Cat Scooting

There are many things you can do at home to try and help your cat’s butt-dragging issue.

Cleansing wipes

Try removing debris by gently wiping your cat’s butt with a medicated cleansing wipe. Look for animal-specific options, such as Cerasoothe CHX+KET Antiseptic Wipes or Mal-A-Ket Wipes. Before using wipes designed for humans, such as those meant for hemorrhoids, talk with your veterinarian to confirm they are safe.

A high-quality canned diet

Increased water intake may help if your cat has urinary (bladder) issues. In this case, an option like Royal Canin Urinary SO wet cat food may be a good choice. Canned cat food diets have fewer carbohydrates than dry, which may help decrease diarrhea.

Increased fiber intake

Psyllium fiber can help “bulk up” your cat’s poop, allowing the anal glands to express more frequently. Consider switching to a fiber-rich diet, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome Digestive/Fiber Care. You can also add a fiber supplement like Vetasyl. Watch for a response over a couple weeks.

Monthly flea prevention

Consistent flea treatments can help prevent fleas and, thus, tapeworms! Credelio chewable tablets or Revolution Plus topical treatment are some common choices.

Controlling how much your cat eats every day

Overweight or obese cats will not be able to groom properly. This may lead to dermatitis and scooting. If your cat is overweight, speak with your veterinarian about switching to a weight management diet. Depending on your cat’s needs, your veterinarian may recommend prescription or non-prescription food. Some common options include Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets OM Overweight Management cat food or Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight cat food.

Cat Scooting: The Bottom Line

Cat scooting is a normal behavior, but it can be a sign of discomfort if it is frequent. Most of the time, you can’t tell why your cat is rubbing their bum on the floor, so you’ll need your veterinarian’s help.

Keep a close eye on your cat’s weight, and ensure they’re keeping their butt clean. Monitor your cat for any other concerns such as changes to their poop or urine habits.

The post Cat Scooting: Why It Happens and How to Stop It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If you want to know what to watch for and possible treatment if your veterinarian finds cat kidney stones, read below.

What Are Kidney Stones? 

Kidneys are important filters for your cat’s bloodstream, removing toxins by putting them into urine. Vitamins, blood sugar (glucose), hormones, and many other important components are re-circulated into the body after filtering. The kidneys flow urine into the bladder through tubes called ureters. Once urine fills the bladder, it flows out of the body through a single tube called the urethra.

When a cat has more minerals or salts in the body than usual, like calcium, they build up and form into small stones in the kidneys. This is a very similar process to humans. The most common type of kidney stone in humans and cats is calcium oxalate, and kidney stones are frequently associated with high blood levels of calcium (hypercalcemia). Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, also known as struvite stones, are the next most frequent stone in cats and are associated with ongoing bacterial infections.

How Often Do Cats Get Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones occur in cats but aren’t that common. Knowing exactly how often they occur is difficult, since many cats that have kidney stones don’t experience symptoms and the stones may never be found. 

Siamese cats are more prone to kidney stones than other breeds. It’s believed long-haired cats may be more prone to them as well.  

Cat Bladder Stones Vs. Kidney Stones

Bladder stones and kidney stones are made of the same minerals and occur for the same reasons. However, these two types of stones do not necessarily occur together. Only 15 percent of cats with stones in the kidneys have bladder stones. Bladder stones are much more common, composing over 90 percent of all stones found in the urinary system.

The symptoms of bladder stones and kidney stones are usually similar, although symptoms can vary. Common symptoms include increased urination, increased drinking, blood in the urine, and changes in behavior like being less active or urinating outside of the litter box. For kidney stones, most cats don’t have symptoms. If symptoms are present, kidney stones often cause pain in the lower back which can cause a cat to arch their back and tuck their belly.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones in Cats

Kidney stones do not often cause symptoms in cats. When symptoms occur, it is usually because a kidney stone is trying to pass out of the kidney down the ureter—which in humans is described as excruciatingly painful. 

Your cat may experience symptoms because they have kidney disease, and just happens to have stones as well. Kidney stones can cause:

• Increased urination and drinking
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain – your cat may not want to be picked up, or they may keep their back arched and tuck their belly up
• Blood in the urine
• Behavior changes – like hiding more, less playful, urinating outside the litter box, etc.

Diagnosing Kidney Stones in Cats

Most of the time, kidney stones are diagnosed when cats aren’t even experiencing symptoms. X-ray is the most common way, but ultrasound can also detect kidney stones. 

Physical examination is important to look for symptoms of kidney stones, or other medical conditions that could explain symptoms. Baseline blood work is necessary to check for kidney disease—some studies have shown a correlation between kidney disease and having kidney stones. 

Also, checking your cat’s calcium levels is important to prevent calcium oxalate stones. A urinalysis and urine culture are best practice since some kidney stones occur due to chronic infection. Crystals in the urine may indicate which kind of stone is present, but do not always correlate with the stone type.

How to Treat Kidney Stones in Cats

There are a few main ways to handle kidney stones in cats:

No treatment. Most kidney stones do not cause symptoms in cats. If the stones remain the same size and quantity, and your cat does not have symptoms, there is no need to treat. However, no treatment does not mean ignoring the issue. Routine monitoring is important. Speak with your veterinarian about how much monitoring is needed for your cat based on their age and other health conditions.

Medical therapy. Cats with kidney disease should be treated symptomatically, such as treating nausea and dehydration. Pain medications should be given if any discomfort is noted. Antibiotics are needed if urine testing demonstrates infection.

Change of diet. Some types of stones can be dissolved by feeding particular diets. Unfortunately, calcium oxalate stones—the most common one in cats—cannot be dissolved medically. Struvite stones can be dissolved by feeding a diet low in magnesium and phosphorus. 

Home-cooked diets without oversight from a veterinary nutritionist are not recommended, as minerals are not often balanced and can make matters worse. 

Surgical or procedural therapy. Newer surgery techniques have been developed that are safer, less invasive, performed by specialists, and have relatively good success rates. One example is percutaneous nephrolithotomy during which a specialized needle is passed through the side into a specific area of the kidney. The surgeon then carefully breaks up and removes stones. If a stone becomes lodged in the ureter (flow of urine out from the kidney), a stent can be placed that widens the ureter and allows urine to flow around the stone. A procedure involving shock waves to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces is commonly used in dogs but is not very effective in cats and can result in significant kidney damage.

Homeopathic therapy. Increasing the amount of water your cat drinks should prevent crystals forming and may help stones pass through the ureter. This can be attempted by feeding a cat canned food, offering a water fountain, and adding safe, tasty liquids to water such as low-sodium chicken broth or tuna juice. Homeopathic veterinarians prescribe herbal remedies that have been shown to decrease some symptoms and may even help treat kidney stones.

How to Prevent Kidney Stones in Cats 

Cat kidney stones largely cannot be prevented, especially since veterinarians do not fully understand why cats form them. Once your cat is diagnosed with kidney stones, most cats will develop more stones even if the stones are all dissolved or removed at one point.

If your cat is diagnosed with kidney stones, a few things pet parents can do to prevent more kidney stones include:

• Feed a prescription diet that dissolves and/or prevents your cat’s particular type of stone
• Encourage increased water consumption (see homeopathic therapy above)
• Get routine blood work 2-4 times per year to screen for kidney disease or other concerns such as high calcium levels
• Supplement potassium citrate (a salt prescribed by your veterinarian) if diagnosed with calcium oxalate stones (not well studied in cats yet)
• Supplement vitamin B6, since kittens without enough vitamin B6 may form calcium oxalate stones. Speak with your veterinarian first before using new supplements.

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When you look over at your crazed kitty, her eyes may glow an eerie dim blue-yellow light even when most lights have been turned off. So what is the reason for this glow, and why do cats have a fantastic ability to see so well in the dark?

Can Cats See in the Dark?

Yes. Cats can see in the dark and have much better night vision than humans do. Humans need six times more light than cats to see in the dark. Cats can see well when it is dark, but there needs to be some light.

Although cats can be active at night, cats are not nocturnal animals. Instead, cats are crepuscular. Crepuscular animals are most active at dusk and dawn. Cats evolved from desert animals, and dusk and dawn are the coolest times of the day. For this reason, cats are most active at those times.

How Do Cats See in the Dark?

Light enters an eye through the cornea, the pupil, and the lens. A cat’s cornea, or the clear part of the front of the eye, is larger than other species and can catch more light when it’s dark outside. A cat’s pupil, or the black center of the eye, can open very wide and round and allow the lens to catch more light. A cat’s lens, or the clear curved structure behind the black pupil, is also larger to supply more light to the retina behind it.

A cat’s retina, found at the back of the inside of the eye, has a special layer called the tapetum lucidum. This layer is made up of reflective cells that allow light to bounce off the back of the eye, increasing the chance the eye will absorb the light. Think of the tapetum as a mirror reflecting beams of light. This layer is the reason cat eyes appear to glow in the dark! Cat eyes allow six times more light to be processed by the retina than humans, giving them excellent night vision.

Photoreceptors called rods and cones sit in the retina. Rods improve vision when it is dark and detect movement, while cones are responsible for seeing color and sharp images in the daytime. Compared to other species, cats have way more rods—three times as many as humans. Rods are also responsible for detecting movement, which explains why cats are excellent hunters at night. However, the number of cones in a cat’s eye is lower, so cats cannot see as many colors or as well in bright light.

How Well Can Cats See in the Dark?

Cats can see very well in the dark. Based on the high number of rods and the tapetum layer in their eyes, cats can see better at night than humans, dogs, and many other animals. The trade-off is that cats cannot see well in daylight. Cats have many more rods than they do cones, which are necessary to see clearly in daylight. Also, a cat’s eyes are so reflective that when light enters the eye, it bounces back and forth until it lands on receptors to take the signal, resulting in less accurate vision in the daytime.

Surprisingly, there are other ways cats can “see” without using their eyes. Their sense of smell, hearing, whiskers, and paws can be used to navigate without seeing well. Whiskers sense vibrations or changes in air current, which helps cats determine the size, shape, and speed of moving objects near them. Their paws feel for vibrations on the ground, which also assists cats when it is dark.

Cat Night Vision: Other Interesting Facts

• Cat’s vision equates to 20/100. Their sharpness of vision is less than dogs or humans.
• Cats can see yellow and blue colors, but red and green are viewed as various shades of gray.
• Loss of vision or hearing can cause nighttime vocalizing in cats, though cats may yowl at night for a variety of reasons.
• A cat’s tapetum layer reflects 130 times more light than human eyes.
• Cats can see up to 120 feet away, but many cats cannot see things within a foot of their nose.

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While pet parents love their cats dearly, this habit of allowing everyone to get a whiff of cat poop is not preferable. And if your cat’s poop is particularly stinky, it can be unbearable! You might be wondering: “Why does my cat’s poop smell so bad?”

Here we cover what cat poop should be like, and what could be causing particularly foul litter box odors.

Healthy Cat Poop: What Does it Smell Like?

Healthy cat poop does have a smell, and it doesn’t smell great, but it shouldn’t stink up your whole house. The wafting smell typically decreases after a few minutes. 

Healthy cat poop should be formed in logs 1 inch or longer that stay formed when picked up. The poop may leave a light amount of residue on the litter scoop but shouldn’t look wet or stick to the scoop. 

Healthy, low-stress cats also get their poop into the litter box.

Terrible Cat Poop Smell: Getting a Whiff

While we can all agree that cat poop doesn’t smell good, it shouldn’t smell like rotten eggs, death, iron (metallic), or be so potent that you cannot stand to be in the room. A lot of times, foul smelling cat poop can be detected from anywhere in the house—at least on the same level. 

The smell lingers until it is scooped and cleaned up. If your cat did not cover the poop with litter (or it’s not in the litter box), this will be especially stinky! If your cat’s poop is this foul, it’s likely her farts are pretty bad, too.

Cats are fastidious groomers—they clean themselves immediately if dirty. If they are not grooming poop off themselves, something is wrong. Your cat should definitely not smell like poop.

Why Does My Cat’s Poop Smell So Bad?

There are some reasons your cat’s poop may smell abnormally bad:

Diet. If your cat’s diet is not well-balanced or it is hard to digest, she may have foul smelling poop.

Inflammatory bowel disease. This is often caused by allergies to food. The most common allergies are to beef, fish, and chicken [1]. Sometimes cats have inflammation in their guts without an allergy which would also cause foul poop.

Parasites. There are many parasites common to kittens and adult cats that live outside, including roundworms and coccidia. The parasites that tend to upset a cat’s gut the most are Giardia spp. and Tritrichomonas spp. Special testing and long courses of treatment are required to get rid of these parasites.

Liver or gallbladder disease. The liver is a part of the digestive system, creating bile and nutrients as well as filtering toxins. The gallbladder is essential to aiding digestion of fat in foods. Liver disease or gallbladder disease can cause a cat’s poop to smell bad.

Pancreatic disease. The pancreas is a part of the digestive system, providing enzymes needed to break down food and get nutrients. Some cats experience pancreatitis, or an inflamed pancreas, that can last a long time. In rare cases, a cat may lose so much pancreas to scarring that it doesn’t function at all.

Medications. Some medications, like antibiotics, will disrupt normal gut bacteria. When normal bacteria are killed, abnormal bacteria take over and affect gut health in cats. This can lead to stinky cat poop. 

Stress. Stress can cause gut upset due to hormones that change when a cat is stressed. Whether it is a one-time event (like a move to a new home) or chronic stress (like being picked on by another cat), stress can change a cat’s gut health.

Any other illness. Cats with any disease become stressed due to pain or discomfort. Even though some illnesses are not related directly to cat gut health, being sick in general can affect the gut.

How to Stop Your Cat’s Poop from Smelling Really Bad

The first thing to do would be to discuss the issue with your veterinarian. Your vet will need to run some quick tests and examine your cat to ensure she doesn’t have parasites or other illnesses that show up on bloodwork. Inflammatory bowel disease is a common issue in cats and requires a surgical biopsy to definitively diagnose it. If your veterinarian suspects IBD, they will likely start with medications or a special diet to help with symptoms before doing a biopsy.

Here are some common ways that veterinarians recommend treating cat poop that smells bad:

Diet Change 

If your cat has diarrhea (stool that is not well formed) or your cat is constipated (strains to poop and it takes at least 2 days to poop), a high-fiber diet may be best for your cat. These diets are meant to increase multiple kinds of fiber in the food and are super digestible, meaning it is easy for the guts to break down the food. 

On the other hand, the best choice for your cat could be a novel protein (a new protein source they’ve never eaten before) or hypoallergenic diet (where a protein source is broken down to the point where the body does not recognize it). These diets are intended to avoid food allergies and provide high-quality nutrition. Results may not be seen for up to two months, and these diets must be the only thing fed—no treats and no other foods.

Probiotics

Probiotics contain live bacteria that survive and thrive inside a cat’s acidic stomach. These “good” bacteria can do wonders for balancing the gut and aiding in better digestion.

Medications

If your cat is diagnosed with an illness, they may require medications either short-term or long-term. Sometimes cats with diarrhea will be given medication like metronidazole (an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties that can help with an upset GI tract) or a steroid (which can help with inflammation of the GI tract and immune system response).

Decrease Stress 

If your cat is experiencing stress in the home, work on decreasing those stressful situations. For example, if you have more than one cat and there is aggression between them, separating them at certain times and giving medications to both may be useful. Increase enrichment for your cat by providing new toys, puzzle feeders, places to climb, and things to scratch. Try cat pheromones in stressful zones of the home. Medications or natural supplements such as hydrolyzed milk protein may help as well.

Homeopathic Remedies 

Cats can benefit from an increase in fiber in their food. The best way to do this is to add psyllium powder. A good dose is ¼ teaspoon per meal. With cats experiencing diarrhea, plain cooked chicken (without skin or bones) can be fed to your cat for less than 1 week. This may help by decreasing carbohydrates, which are harder to digest when the guts are inflamed. (Keep in mind that this is NOT balanced and feeding for more than a week is detrimental to your cat.)

How to Get Rid of Cat Poop Smell

If you are looking to get rid of that stinky cat poop smell, here are some tips to beat unpleasant odors:

Always keep the litter box clean. Allowing cat poop to linger in the box will increase the smell of your home. Scoop the litter box at least once per day, and twice daily if possible (or whenever the poop is present!). Completely empty the litter box and clean the box with dish soap and water at least monthly, but more frequently if able. 

Make sure you have enough litter boxes. Each cat in your house should have 1 litter box, and it’s recommended to add one additional one. So, if you have 2 cats, you should have 3 litter boxes. Place them in different locations (and on different levels) in your home.

Consider switching cat litter. If your cat is not burying her poop, she probably doesn’t like the type of litter you have bought. If you are using a pelleted litter, try a softer clay litter. Clay litter is easier to bury poop and thus better masks the smell. Make sure the litter is 2-3 inches deep as well.

Use cat-safe air fresheners. The use of odor-absorbing air fresheners is a great way to contain smells before you can get to cleaning the litter box. Place one near each litter box. Just make sure the air freshener is completely contained in a container that cannot be accessed by your cat. Avoid sprays and air fresheners that mask instead of absorb smells, as these can be harmful or—at the very least—annoying to your cat.

Clean accidents quickly. If your cat poops outside of the litter box, immediately clean it up with a gentle cleanser. Avoid any cleaners with phenols or pine oil, as these are toxic to cats. If your cat pooped on a carpet, choose an enzymatic cleaner specially designed for pet odors.

Stinky Cat Poop: When to See a Veterinarian 

Call your veterinarian if you notice that your cat’s appetite or activity has decreased. If your cat has diarrhea for more than 3 days, it contains blood or mucus, or it is severe and/or frequent, dehydration is likely and veterinary care is needed. Any vomiting, apparent weight loss, or changes in behavior associated with feeling ill should be addressed right away.

If your attempts at home have not resolved the foul smells in a month, you should call your veterinarian. Sometimes bad-smelling cat poop is a symptom of something more serious and should be investigated.

Cat poop that smells really bad is not an emergency. However, if you notice your cat having no appetite, being very lethargic (not wanting to move much), or vomiting multiple times over 24-48 hours, you should seek emergency care for your cat. 

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How much water is too much? What causes your cat to drink so much water? And, more importantly, what should you do about it? Read on for answers.

Why Is My Cat Drinking a Lot of Water? Common Causes

There are many health-related reasons cats will drink too much water. Polydipsia, the name of the condition for excessive water consumption, has three common causes:

Chronic Kidney Disease

Around 1-3% of all cats have chronic kidney disease. Over time kidneys become more and more damaged. Kidneys are partly responsible for maintaining your cat’s balance of water. When kidneys are damaged, they cannot hold onto water like they should. Instead, all of the water goes into the urine. This makes your cat increasingly thirsty.

Hyperthyroidism

Up to 11% of older cats live with hyperthyroidism. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone, which is responsible for growth, metabolism, and impacts the brain. When the gland produces too much hormone, metabolism becomes really high and the effect on the brain can cause changes in behavior. When metabolism increases, so does thirst. Also, thyroid hormone blocks antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from interacting with the kidneys. This hormone allows the kidneys to keep water in the body and not put water into the urine. If ADH cannot interact with the kidneys, an increase in drinking and urination can occur.

Diabetes Mellitus 

Around 0.5% of all cats have diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus occurs when your cat does not have enough insulin. Insulin allows blood sugar (glucose) to enter the liver, muscle, and fat and provide energy. If there is not enough insulin, glucose gets increasingly high with nowhere to go. The kidneys push glucose into the urine, and through osmosis, water follows glucose to dilute the urine. Since your cat produces too much urine to rid the body of glucose, she becomes very thirsty.

If your cat is diagnosed with diabetes, their treatment plan may include insulin injections. However, some cats may be candidates for a needle-free alternative to insulin called Bexacat, a once-daily flavored tablet.

Less Common Causes

Liver disease. Problems with the liver can occur for several reasons, including viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, inflammatory, or cancerous reasons. With severe liver disease, your liver struggles to function normally, which can affect water intake. For example, the liver stops making urea which normally allows the kidneys to retain water.

Medications. Many medications affect thirst and urination. Common medications include steroids (such as prednisolone), phenobarbital (used for seizures), or diuretics (used to decrease body water for conditions like congestive heart failure).

Hypercalcemia. Many conditions can cause too high of calcium in a cat’s body such as chronic kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, and cancer. When calcium is very high, it prevents ADH from interacting with the kidneys. This prevents the kidneys from keeping water in the body, so an increase in drinking and urination can occur.

Cancer. Since cancer is abnormal growth of cells in the body, it can affect the way organs work. When organs aren’t functioning properly, it can cause the body to be unbalanced and result in changes such as increased thirst.

Pyometra. This condition is an infection of the uterus. If your cat is not spayed, she may develop this common condition (which does not always result in polydipsia). Pus fills the uterus and often leaks outside of the body through the vulva. The reason pyometra causes polydipsia (due to polyuria) is uncertain.

How Much Water Should a Cat Drink?

Cats typically drink 18 to 27 mL of water per pound of body weight per day. An average 10-pound cat drinks approximately 180 to 270 mL of water per day, which is equivalent to around ¾ to 1 cup of water each day. 

Each individual cat will vary in how much water they need to drink, and what is normal for your cat may fall a little outside this range. 

Factors that could alter how much water is required include:

Diet. Canned cat food has water content already, so your cat will drink a little less if they eat a wet food. Also, diets high in sodium require more water.

Environment. Warmer months or higher humidity require more water to stay hydrated, especially if your cat is active.

Age. Very young cats drink more than adults. Young kittens under 8 weeks of age require as much as 80 mL of water per pound of body weight! 

Health. If your cat has a medical condition, she may need to drink more water to stay hydrated.

Medications. Certain medications increase thirst and/or urine output in cats.

If you are reading this article because you are concerned with how much your cat is drinking, try measuring out the amount of water you put in the bowl each morning. The next morning, measure how much is left (wait until 24 hours have passed). Be sure to never limit the amount of water your cat wishes to drink! She must always have access to as much water as she wants.

How Much Water Is Too Much? 

Polydipsia is the condition of a cat drinking too much water. It is usually caused by polyuria, meaning your cat’s body is producing more urine and needs more water to do so. Shorthand for these two cat health conditions is PU/PD.

Cats vary in how much water they drink day to day. If your kitty is particularly thirsty one day (maybe due to running around on a hot summer day), the next day her drinking would be less. This would be normal variation and no reason to worry. 

But if your cat is consistently (each day) drinking more than 45 mL per pound of body weight per day, she likely has polydipsia. A 10-pound cat would need to drink more than 450 mL of water per day to have polydipsia, or about 2 cups.

You may not notice a subtle increase in your cat’s water drinking, but look for signs like:

• An empty water bowl more frequently
• Waiting by the water bowl for more, meowing until it’s refilled
• Drinking an entire water bowl or most of one in one sitting
• Larger volume of urine in the cat litter box (bigger clumps and/or higher number of them)
• Urine outside of the cat litter box

What to Do When Your Cat Is Drinking Too Much Water

If you suspect your cat is drinking too much water, measure it out as described earlier in this article and keep a log of how much water your cat is drinking. 

On your log record any changes in your cat’s behavior or health. Ask, has your cat’s:

• Activity decreased?
• Appetite changed?
• Weight changed?
• Urine color changed?
• Amount of urine changed?
• Diet changed lately?
• Medication regimen changed?
• Behavior changed?

If your cat is consistently drinking more than 45 mL of water per pound of body weight each day, or if you notice any other signs such as decreased activity, increased appetite, and decreased weight you should bring your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

What to Expect at the Vet

Your veterinarian will examine your cat and ask many questions. Before you go, make sure you have answers to the questions above and record how much water your cat is drinking. This will help your vet get a more complete view of the situation.

Without running tests, your veterinarian is unlikely to be able to diagnose the exact cause of your cat’s excessive drinking. Bloodwork is a standard first step along with testing the urine, including a culture to look for infection. Oftentimes your veterinarian will recommend thyroid testing on the bloodwork as well.

These initial tests will almost always diagnose the issue. But if the tests don’t reveal an answer, your vet may recommend X-rays to look for pyometra (if your cat is an un-spayed female) or cancer. Your vet may perform other specific blood tests such as bile acids to assess liver function, fructosamine levels to evaluate for diabetes, leptospirosis testing, and various other hormone tests to help reach a conclusion.

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What Is Miliary Dermatitis in Cats?

Miliary dermatitis is a type of skin inflammation specific to cats that can be caused by many different things. It is common, and most cats with miliary dermatitis are easily treated. 

What Does Miliary Dermatitis Look Like?

The specific appearance of miliary dermatitis is a lot of small pink bumps on the skin, called papules, that are typically about one to two millimeters in diameter. If scratched, these papules develop a small crust.

Causes of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

There are many potential causes of miliary dermatitis. The condition itself is not contagious, but the cause of miliary dermatitis in your cat might be.

Parasitic Causes of Miliary Dermatitis

• Flea or mosquito bite hypersensitivity. Even a single bite from a flea or mosquito can cause miliary dermatitis in your cat. 

• Demodex mites. Infestation with this mite can lead to itching, fur loss and redness of the skin. This mite is contagious between cats. Cheyletiella mites can also cause miliary dermatitis.

• Ear mites. These small mites, known as Otodectes cynotis, commonly cause ear infections but occasionally infest cats on other areas of the body.

• Scabies. Mites called Notoedres cati can bite cats and cause them to be very itchy. Scabies in cats is rare, but certain areas of the country, like southern California, can see this infection more often. 

Immune System Causes of Miliary Dermatitis

• Environmental allergies. An allergy to dust or pollen can cause itching and miliary dermatitis in cats.

• Food allergies. Some cats are allergic to foods that cause skin conditions like miliary dermatitis. Most cats are allergic to specific meat proteins, like chicken or beef.

• Pemphigus foliaceus. This autoimmune skin disorder causes a cat’s immune system to attack the skin, causing inflammation and yellow to brown crusts.

Infections that Cause Miliary Dermatitis

• Bacterial infections. Staphylococci infections (known as “staph infections”) cause papules and miliary dermatitis. These infections only occur when some underlying problem is causing inflammation in your cat’s skin.

• Ringworm (fungus). Microsporum canis infects individual hair roots, causing each hair follicle to become inflamed, resulting in ringworm.

Finally, while not technically a cause of miliary dermatitis, mast cell tumors can look just like it. Mast cell tumors are small growths on the skin caused by mast cells and require veterinary diagnosis and possibly surgery to treat.

Signs of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Miliary dermatitis is small bumps on your cat’s body in either one or many areas. Some cats with severe miliary dermatitis can have papules covering their whole body. Many times, cats will develop small crusts over each papule, which pet parents can feel when they pet their cats. Other common signs of miliary dermatitis include:

• Hair loss
• Itchiness
• Small superficial wounds due to intense scratching
• Scaliness to the skin
• Redness to the skin
• Redness and/or brown to black debris in the ears

Diagnosing Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Physical examination by a veterinarian is required to diagnose miliary dermatitis. However, finding the cause is more complex. Several tests that may identify the cause include:

Skin scrape. Your veterinarian will gently scrape the very top layer of the skin on affected areas and look for mites under a microscope.

Cytology. Your veterinarian may use a swab to obtain a sample of what is found on the skin. After looking under a microscope, bacterial infections may be found.

Fungal culture. A sample for culture is obtained using a toothbrush to brush your cat’s entire body vigorously. Typically, it takes at least five to seven days for any fungus to grow, so you will have to wait for results.

Biopsy. If the dermatitis is severe and treatments are not helping, your cat will undergo anesthesia to have a small piece of skin removed. The skin is sent to a pathologist who examines the skin to diagnose the issue.

Allergy testing. If allergies are suspected, testing can be performed to identify what your cat is allergic to.

If no tests reveal the cause of your cat’s miliary dermatitis, your veterinarian may recommend trying multiple things to attempt to treat the underlying cause of the dermatitis, including a prescription diet to help with food allergies or pest control to prevent fleas and mosquitoes in your home and on your cat’s body.

Treatment of Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Treatment of miliary dermatitis involves treating the cause of the issue. Common ways of treating miliary dermatitis include:

• Antibiotics
• Antifungals
• External parasite treatment
• Antihistamines
• Prescription diet for food allergies
• Steroids

Homeopathic Treatment Options

Omega-3 fatty acids are an essential part of skin health and are found in oils such as flaxseed or fish oil. These are highly unlikely to treat your cat’s miliary dermatitis, but may decrease the severity. Speak with your veterinarian before giving supplements to ensure you are giving your cat the correct dose.

Coconut oil is another source of omega-3 fatty acids and can decrease inflammation on your cat’s skin. A small amount may be rubbed between your hands then massaged onto your cat’s skin to create a very thin layer of coconut oil. Your cat can also drink a very small amount (think 1/8 to 1/4 of a teaspoon) by mouth once daily. However, coconut oil is high in fat and can upset your cat’s stomach. Speak to your veterinarian before giving your cat coconut oil.

General Cost of Treatment

The cost of treatment is fairly low for most cats and involves a veterinary examination, flea preventives, minor skin testing and some medications by mouth such as antibiotics. Typically, you can expect to spend between $200 to $400 treating miliary dermatitis.

In some cats, chronic issues that cause miliary dermatitis, such as allergies, will cost more over time and vary significantly based on what medications and prescription food are required to get the issue under control.

How to Prevent Miliary Dermatitis in Cats

Miliary dermatitis that is caused by parasites can be prevented by keeping cats indoors and applying flea preventives year-round. 

Choosing a preventive that kills mites as well is best. Ringworm and mites can be prevented by not allowing your cat to interact with other cats who may be infected. Otherwise, the rest of the causes of miliary dermatitis are not preventable.

Related Conditions 

• Cheyletiellosis (walking dandruff)
• Demodectic mange
• Allergies (environmental and food)
• Flea-bite hypersensitivity
• Mast cell tumor
• Mosquito-bite hypersensitivity
• Otodectic mange
• Pemphigus foliaceus
• Pyoderma (bacterial skin infection)
• Ringworm (fungal skin infection)
• Scabies (sarcoptic mange)

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It turns out our feline friends are just as susceptible to a flea infestation as all those animals that came before. But how do you identify fleas on cats? And what should you do if you find them?

Read on to learn the telltale signs of fleas on cats, plus get helpful tips on how to get rid of these pesky pests.

Fleas on Cats: What Do They Look Like?

Fleas are very small dark brown bugs that are 1.5 to 4 mm in length. From side to side, flea bodies are very compact and flat. Fleas do not have wings but they do have an incredible ability to jump. Often, these bugs move so fast and are so small that they are hard to find. 

Using a fine-toothed comb (or a flea comb) across the body of your cat would be the best way to attempt to find live fleas. You’ll see the small bugs for a brief moment before they jump away! The most common way you’ll know if your cat has fleas is flea dirt.

Flea Dirt on Cats

Fleas suck up the blood of your cat. Then, when they poop, it comes out as a brown-black color. Flea dirt is essentially flea poop! You may find some brown-black specks on your cat’s skin. If you find flea dirt, use a fine-toothed comb and collect some of the specks with your cat’s fur. Place this debris on a wet paper towel. If the specks create brown-red smears, it is flea dirt. This is a sign that your cat has fleas. 

Flea Eggs on Cats

Flea eggs are white and less than 1 mm long! Because they are so small, it is very challenging to see them. If you have a way of zooming in, you may find flea eggs on cats on individual strands of fur. However, most of the eggs are never found because they are so small and cats lick and groom themselves a lot. All in all, flea eggs are very challenging to see.

Flea Bites on Cats

You cannot see flea bites with the naked eye. However, you can see whether fleas create itchiness and inflammation in your cat’s skin. This is known as dermatitis. Some cats are actually allergic to flea saliva. Even one flea bite can cause an allergic reaction in a sensitive cat’s skin. If you see redness on your cat’s skin and your cat appears itchy or uncomfortable, it could be a sign of fleas. 

Other Signs of Fleas on Cats

Even if you don’t see physical evidence of fleas on your cat, that doesn’t mean they aren’t present. Here are some other signs that your cat could have fleas.

Dermatitis

As mentioned earlier, flea bites can cause dermatitis, an allergic reaction that causes itching and redness on a cat’s skin. The most common symptoms are many tiny crusts on the skin all around your cat’s neck and shoulders, and possibly near the base of the tail. Other symptoms can include red skin, fur loss, obvious itchiness, or crust. Dermatitis tends to affect the skin around the neck, shoulders, or base of the tail the most.

Excessive Itching

Many cats hide that they are itchy, but when they are really itchy, pet parents tend to take notice. Cats love to groom and lick, but you may see your cat very suddenly turn their head and begin feverishly biting and licking at their back or other areas. When you pet your cat, they may begin to lick, scratch, or thump their back leg as if to scratch. 

Fur Loss

Itching can cause loss of fur, so you may find clumps of fur from your cat laying on the ground.

Flea Dirt in the Home 

In the environment, it is very hard to see fleas. The most common places fleas live on are pet beds and high-traffic areas. Wherever you or your pets go the most in your home, that’s where fleas gravitate toward. Look for flea dirt on pet bedding and areas where your cat spends most of their time.

Human Symptoms

Pet parents may also experience symptoms of fleas! Small red bumps, especially on your legs and feet, as well as itchiness may be signs of flea bites. Once the fleas are gone, these symptoms typically go away quickly. But if you notice flea symptoms on your own body, it’s a good idea to inspect your cat. Flea infestations can spread quickly. 

How to Get Rid of Fleas on Cats

Treating fleas on cats requires a multistep approach. Follow these steps to kill fleas on cats and get rid of them in your environment.

Use a Flea Treatment That Kills and Prevents

The most important way of getting rid of fleas on cats is to give them a flea treatment that is also a preventive (i.e., stops fleas from jumping on your cat). There are many excellent flea prevention products on the market that also kill live fleas. Your veterinarian can recommend specific brands. For example, Credelio CAT is a tiny, tasty tablet that treats and prevents flea and tick infestations in cats and kittens (8 weeks of age or older and 2 pounds or greater). It starts killing fleas within six hours.

Be very cautious that you do not accidentally buy flea preventives meant for dogs—this is deadly in cats. 

Flea baths for cats are not generally recommended. Most cats do not like baths, but more importantly, flea baths will only kill the fleas currently on your cat. They do not prevent fleas from jumping right back on minutes later. 

Treat Other Pets 

You must treat all other pets in your home for fleas as well. This includes dogs, rabbits, and other cats. If one of your cats has fleas, all your pets have fleas. You cannot get rid of fleas unless you treat ALL pets. However, fish, reptiles (e.g., snakes and lizards) and amphibians (e.g., frogs) do not need treatment.

Clean and Treat Your Home

Environmental clean-up and treatment are key to getting rid of fleas on cats. All bedding that your cat has access to must be thoroughly washed in hot water and dried on high heat. Daily thorough vacuuming of all carpet as well as the nooks and crannies of fabric furniture and wood floors may decrease the number of fleas (just don’t forget to empty the vacuum container right away!). 

Realistically, calling a pest control company to treat your house for fleas is the absolute best way to keep your cat and your home environment flea free. You and your kitty will need to leave the house for a few hours while they use chemicals to kill fleas.

How to Prevent Fleas on Cats

The most important step you can take to prevent fleas is to use a veterinary-approved flea control product every month. Talk to your veterinary clinic or hospital about products they recommend. 

Flea medications come in a variety of forms, including:

Oral medication. There are flea control medications you can give your cat by mouth, but some pet parents find this difficult to do. However, certain medications may be designed with an appealing smell and flavor for easier administration. For example, Credelio Cat is made with vanilla and yeast flavor to appeal to even picky cats.

Liquid medication. There are liquids that go onto the skin of your cat. You should apply topical flea medicine on the back of your cat’s neck to keep them from licking it. The liquid will absorb over a few hours, protecting the whole body. 

Collars. Cat flea collars are generally not recommended, as they only prevent fleas a short distance from the collar. This means your cat could have fleas biting their tail and back legs even when wearing a flea collar.

Preventing fleas includes keeping your cats indoors. However, many pet parents give their cat some fresh air on a harness or in a catio. If you do let your cat outdoors, be sure to keep up on the flea prevention.

Don’t allow your cat to interact with wildlife or other outdoor animals. Cats can catch fleas and many other parasites through contact with these animals.

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But can cats eat chocolate in very small amounts? The fact of the matter is, chocolate is a known toxin to cats and other pets. Learn more about the risks and what to do if your cat eats chocolate.

Cats and Chocolate: What to Know

Chocolate is generally bad for cats. Once a cat eats more than just a small amount of chocolate, serious side effects can occur, and cats can die from eating chocolate.

Chocolate is poisonous to cats because it contains a compound called theobromine (which acts as a diuretic and heart stimulator) and caffeine. Each kind of chocolate has varying amounts of these compounds. The darker the chocolate, the higher the amount of theobromine and caffeine. Since most chocolate has much higher amounts of theobromine than caffeine, veterinarians usually calculate how poisonous the chocolate will be to cats based on levels of theobromine. 

Can Cats Eat Chocolate Ice Cream?

In theory, a cat would probably be more curious about your chocolate ice cream than a piece of chocolate, since cats are typically drawn to dairy products over sweets.

Chocolate ice cream often contains several kinds of chocolate. For example, recipes may include unsweetened cocoa powder as well as semisweet chocolate.

If your cat takes a couple quick licks of chocolate ice cream, it should not cause harmful side effects. However, if a cat eats more than two or three tablespoons of chocolate ice cream, they are likely to experience side effects from the chocolate.

Compared to eating a piece of chocolate, chocolate ice cream is much less toxic to cats since the chocolate is diluted with the other ingredients such as cream and eggs. That said, some cats are lactose intolerant or sensitive to milk products, so even a small amount of ice cream may cause stomach upset regardless of the chocolate flavoring.

Can Cats Eat White Chocolate?

White chocolate contains very low amounts of harmful theobromine and caffeine. As far as chocolate toxicity goes, your cat would need to eat pounds of white chocolate before seeing side effects. But as expected, white chocolate contains high levels of sugar that are very unhealthy for your cat. And eating that much white chocolate would cause an upset stomach.

While your cat is much less likely to eat so much white chocolate that they experience serious side effects, a diet high in sugar is likely to lead to obesity and possibly other health issues, like diabetes mellitus. 

It’s important to avoid sugary foods in your cat’s diet, but if they had a tiny bite of white chocolate, know that it won’t hurt them.

Cats and Chocolate: Understanding the Risks

Symptoms of chocolate poisoning in cats begin about six to 12 hours after they eat chocolate. Mild signs may include increased thirst, bloating so the belly appears more rounded, vomiting, diarrhea and restlessness.

If your cat ate enough chocolate to cause more serious symptoms, these symptoms will be initially mild and then progress or worsen. Serious symptoms of chocolate toxicity in cats can include:

• Hyperactive behavior
• Difficulty walking
• Tremors that cause twitching or uncontrollable shaking
• Seizures
• High blood pressure
• Elevated heart and breathing rate
• Elevated temperature
• Coma which can lead to death

Cats who weigh approximately 8 pounds will have chocolate poisoning symptoms after eating the following amounts of different types of chocolate:

• 1.25 ounces of milk chocolate (example: ¾ of a regular-sized Hershey’s bar)
• 0.5 ounces of chocolate chips (1 tablespoon)
• 0.2 ounces of unsweetened baker’s chocolate (1 teaspoon)
• 0.1 ounces of dry cocoa powder (1/2 teaspoon)

These amounts are an approximation, and every cat is unique. If your cat eats twice the amount of any chocolate listed above, they will likely experience severe side effects. Baked goods can also lead to symptoms of chocolate toxicity, and it can be challenging to know how much chocolate is in each baked good.

What to Do If Your Cat Eats Chocolate

If your cat eats chocolate and it is more than a single bite of a baked good or a couple licks of ice cream, you should either call a veterinarian or an animal poison control hotline immediately. They will help determine if the amount of chocolate requires monitoring at home or emergency treatment. 

Be sure to do your best to quantify how much chocolate and the exact kind of chocolate your cat ate. Look at the recipe or the container if it was a baked good. Call as soon as possible, as a veterinarian can help your cat vomit up the harmful chocolate but only up to three hours after the chocolate was eaten.

Unfortunately, there is no safe way to get a cat to vomit at home or treat chocolate toxicity’s harmful symptoms. While many dog parents have probably heard of hydrogen peroxide as a way to get dogs to vomit, this is not an option for cats.

If your cat is showing symptoms of chocolate toxicity of any kind, you should bring them to an emergency clinic right away. Symptoms can continue to worsen, and they will need care as soon as possible.

How to Prevent Your Cat from Eating Chocolate

Many of us enjoy baking, or at least eating freshly baked goods that someone else made, so it is common to wonder how to keep your cat from eating chocolate. Be sure to cover all baked goods or sweets left on counters with something a cat cannot get through (cats can easily remove plastic wrap or tin foil). And thoroughly rinse off and clean up dishes used to make baked goods.

Some cats are excellent at opening cupboards or even certain doors. Child-proofing mechanisms to keep cupboards and doors shut are useful in preventing cats from breaking into cabinets, too. 

And if your kids are having a tasty treat that could be harmful to your cat, let your child know not to share. As most kids accidentally “share” with pets by dropping food, it might be best to distract your cat or even put them in a different room temporarily while your child finishes that tasty treat.

The post Can Cats Eat Chocolate? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Still, any change in your kitty’s behavior can be alarming. You will want to know: when should I be concerned, and when should I reach out to my veterinarian? Here we describe when cat head bobbing is normal, the many causes, and when to talk to your veterinarian.

Cat Head Bobbing: Is It Normal? 

Head bobbing is normal when cats are very sleepy and are about to fall asleep. When cats are fighting sleep, they can sometimes bob their head as they begin to doze off. If your cat only experiences head bobbing when trying to sleep, and the bob is very subtle, there’s likely no cause for concern.

Blind cats may have a subtle head bob as they explore new surroundings. When their whiskers touch something, they may move their head back in an exaggerated way because they cannot see. This is a normal way of exploring new things.

Otherwise, cat head bobbing in other circumstances is rarely normal. It almost always indicates other issues. Head bobbing can be very subtle or very obvious. Cats usually present other symptoms at the same time. These symptoms include twitching of other parts of the body, increased urination or thirst, changes in fur coat, or changes in how they walk.

Causes of Cat Head Bobbing

There are many potential causes of head bobbing in cats. These include:

• Ear infections
• Brain inflammation or structural issues
• Metabolic disease
• Seizures
• Skin Disease
• Mouth Pain
• Feline Hyperesthesia
• Anesthesia

Cat head bobbing is often accompanied by other symptoms as well. Noting these other symptoms can help your veterinarian figure out what is wrong.

Ear Infections

When cats develop ear infections, they often experience inflammation of the inner or middle ear. This inflammation affects a nerve that connects to the brainstem and can cause head bobbing. 

Usually other symptoms of ear infections in cats include:

• Discharge of one or both ears
• Redness of one or both ears
• Scratching of the ear when rubbed, or vocalizing as if in pain
• Walking in circles
• Tilting the head to one side
• Stumbling a little during walking

Veterinarians treat ear infections with topical medication, antibiotics, and sometimes steroids. Deep ear infections can take 1 to 2 months to resolve.

Brain Inflammation or Structural Issues

The brain contains the cerebellum, which controls movements of your cat’s body. When inflammation affects this part of the brain, cats can experience head bobbing or tremors. The rest of the brain, called the cerebrum, doesn’t control movements quite the same way as the cerebellum.

Examples of conditions that can cause inflammation in the brain and lead to head bobbing include: 

• Congenital conditions – born with a slightly different brain structure

• Hydrocephalus – fluid buildup occuring in the center of the cerebrum

• Trauma – any accident that affects the head

• Vascular incident (stroke) – can happen after trauma, systemic disease, or congenital issues like an abnormal vessel in the brain

• Cancer – more common in senior cats, can cause harmful inflammation

• Bacteria – though rare, any systemic issue could cause a bacterial infection to spread to the brain (e.g., severe inner ear infection)

• Parasites – infection with Toxoplasma gondii or the spread of skin parasites like Cuterebra spp. or blood parasites like Dirofilaria immitis to the brain

• Viruses – such as Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) can cause inflammation in the brain

• Fungal infections – in general, fungal infections of the brain are rare; however, some fungi can affect cat brain functions, including Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp.

• Inflammatory disease – meningitis or meningoencephalitis refer to inflammation of the brain or the outer layer of the brain and spinal cord, often stemming from immune system infections

• Degenerative conditions – rarely, certain cells in a cat’s brain will break down and stop functioning prematurely

Symptoms of brain inflammation to watch out for

With brain conditions, cats often experience other neurologic symptoms alongside head bobbing. These symptoms include:  

• Walking in circles
• Stumbling during walking
• Change in consciousness. Seems “spaced out” or less aware of his surroundings.
• Increased aggression or increased passiveness
• Change in pupil size – bigger or smaller than usual, and may not change in the dark or bright light
• Abnormal movement of the eyes, almost like twitching of the pupil, when not looking around
• Seizures
• Twitching or pain of any part of the body
• Decreased activity and/or appetite

Metabolic Disease

There are many causes of systemic (i.e. full body) illness that can lead to head bobbing in cats. These conditions occur with any imbalance of electrolytes, blood sugar, or insulin, affecting nerves and muscles.

Examples of metabolic disease in cats include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Diabetes mellitus
• Liver disease like portosystemic shunts
• Hyperthyroidism
• Dietary insufficiency (i.e. lack of thiamine)
• Hypertension i.e. high blood pressure
• Congenital myasthenia gravis (in Sphynx and Devon Rex breeds only)

Cats often have other symptoms of illness when they have metabolic disease, including:

• Increased urination and thirst
• Decreased or increased appetite
• Decrease in weight
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea

Treatment varies depending on the condition. Some conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and hypertension need lifelong medications. Chronic kidney disease often involves special diets, hydration, and supplements to support your kitty for the rest of his life. Liver disease may call for supportive care and supplements, or sometimes surgery.

Seizures

Seizures in cats can be due to the causes listed above, or they can be idiopathic, meaning they have no known cause. Only about 2 percent of cats are diagnosed with seizures. Epilepsy can occur in up to 60 percent of cats diagnosed with seizures.

Focal seizures present as abnormal movements or twitches in only one area of the body, such as certain limbs, eyelids, or parts of the face. Many times, cats do not lose consciousness during these seizures. Head bobbing can be traced to a focal seizure, but not always.

With generalized seizures, cats lose consciousness, and their entire body convulses for up to minutes. Head bobbing can be a neurologic symptom that can progress to generalized seizures

If there is a specific underlying cause of the seizures, treatment is dependent on the cause. With no known cause, seizures are often treated with lifelong anti-seizure medications. Over time, frequent, uncontrolled seizures can cause life threatening damage to the brain.

Skin Disease

When cats feel itchy, it can look like head bobbing due to overstimulated nerves. Cats often hide when scratching or grooming themselves, so it can be hard to know when your cat is itchy. Itchiness can be caused by dry skin, allergies, or even parasites like ear mites.

Symptoms include:

• Change in fur coat especially fur loss or shortened fur
• Scaly skin
• Redness to skin
• Oily or bad smelling fur

Treatment involves addressing the underlying inflammation and infections. Sometimes, veterinarians will prescribe a special diet.  

Mouth Pain

Cats with severe dental problems may bob their heads from pain and overstimulated nerves in the mouth. Even cats with normal looking teeth can have painful dental issues hidden under the surface, diagnosable only via X-rays. 

Other symptoms of mouth pain in cats include:

• Foul breath
• Discoloration of teeth i.e. brown or gray teeth
• Severe redness of the gums or other tissue in the mouth
• Excessive drooling
• Pawing at the mouth
• Vocalizing when eating
• Preference to eat only soft (canned) food
• Decreased appetite

Treatment involves a dental procedure under anesthesia at a veterinary clinic.

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

This complex syndrome is triggered by fleas, stress, seizures, pain, or brain inflammation. Cats with this syndrome have overactive nerves, resulting in twitching, head bobbing and changes to behavior. Treatment varies depending on cause, but often includes lifelong medications to help your cat’s behavior.

Anesthesia

If your veterinarian had to anesthetize your cat, he/she may have used ketamine. In rare cases for unknown reasons, cats begin head bobbing afterward but this should resolve completely within 48 hours.

When to Call Your Veterinarian 

If you notice head bobbing unrelated to sleep, take a video of the behavior and call your veterinarian right away. 

If it occurs while your cat is falling asleep, watch your cat for signs it is getting worse or more frequent. And if frequency increases or it becomes more dramatic, call your veterinarian.

Be prepared to answer your veterinarian’s questions that may target specific causes. Questions may include:

• What if any other symptoms or changes you have noticed in your cat?

• Does your cat have a history of trauma?

• Did your cat eat anything toxic, such as human foods with xylitol, household cleaners, rodent poison, or antifreeze?

• Was your cat recently anesthetized at another clinic?

• What does your cat eat? Is it a well-balanced diet sold at pet stores, or do you make your cat’s food? (Home cooked diets are much more likely to cause issues.)

Your veterinarian will need to perform a wide variety of tests to rule out causes for the head bobbing. These may include:

• Bloodwork including complete blood count (CBC), chemistry and thyroid levels
• Urine testing, i.e. urinalysis and possibly culture
• Blood pressure
• FeLV and FIV testing

If these tests don’t show anything, your vet may recommend other tests, including:

• Parasite testing (Toxoplasma, Cryptococcus, Dirofilaria)
• X-rays
• Advanced imaging with a neurologist such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Cats may bob their head for several reasons, sometimes requiring veterinary intervention. Your vet will help you assess the right treatment plan for you.

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If your cat has ever had really bad diarrhea, you may have heard of the medication metronidazole. This commonly used medication is often recommended for cats with new or persistent diarrhea which may be related to inflammatory bowel disease. 

Metronidazole is an antibiotic as well as an antiprotozoal that can be used to treat a variety of parasite infections like giardia. 

If you look up metronidazole on the internet, you may be surprised to read that this medication can also be quite toxic. Keep reading to understand what metronidazole is used for and how you can use it safely and effectively to treat your cat.  

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole was created in a laboratory in France in 1959, where it was originally intended to be used to kill certain parasites known as protozoa. But it was soon discovered to be effective in killing bacteria, as well, making it one of the few medications with both antibiotic and antiprotozal properties. 

Metronidazole became widely used in the 1970s and is now available in a variety of forms, both as a generic medication, as well as under the brand name Flagyl.

Metronidazole is approved by the FDA for human use in the United States, but it is not FDA approved for use in dogs and cats. However, other countries have approved metronidazole for cats and a variety of other species. 

It has been used in animals for decades and is a very commonly prescribed medication by veterinarians. Metronidazole is available across the United States at any veterinary clinic. 

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Most veterinarians will prescribe the generic metronidazole for cats in 250 mg and 500 mg tablets. The appearance of the medication varies by manufacturer, but the tablets are generally circular or oval and white with letters and numbers stamped on them, depending on the size. The liquid form is available in many colors but is usually off-white to tan. 

The name-brand capsules are green and gray. Many name-brand manufacturers produce tablets that are yellow or orange in color. Topical forms of metronidazole are typically white to off-white and come in a variety of consistencies, but are more commonly prescribed for human use only. 

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole is called a nitroimidazole antibacterial and antiprotozoal because of the complicated way that it kills bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole only works in anaerobic cells, meaning cells of bacteria and protozoa that do not require oxygen. 

There are many bacteria and protozoa that live in cats’ guts or gastrointestinal tracts that do not require oxygen, making them susceptible to the effects of metronidazole. Other types of bacteria that require oxygen, commonly found in the nose, throat, and lungs, would not be killed effectively by metronidazole.

After a cat is given metronidazole, the medication is absorbed into tissues and organs throughout the cat’s body. Bacteria or protozoa ingest the metronidazole and metabolize it or break it down. At this point, metronidazole transforms into free radicals, unstable substances that destroy DNA (genetic material). The free radicals target the bacterial or protozoal DNA, effectively killing them. After a very short time, the free radicals break down even further into harmless substances. 

For cats with giardia, this medication also decreases the parasite’s ability to breathe.

What Is Metronidazole Used for in Cats?

The most common reason a veterinarian might prescribe metronidazole for your cat is to treat issues in the gut, such as bacterial imbalance or parasites. 

Typically, it will be prescribed if your cat has a severe case of diarrhea — such as one characterized by unformed or liquid stool, inability to make it to the litter box, and/or chronic diarrhea that has not responded to other treatments. If fecal (poop) samples are tested and indicate the presence of certain parasites such as Giardia spp., your veterinarian will likely treat these with metronidazole. 

 Specifically in cats, metronidazole is often prescribed for:

• Inflammatory bowel disease or chronic inflammation of the gut.
• Hepatic encephalopathy, which is when the liver is unable to process toxins in the blood and these toxins go into the brain, causing neurologic symptoms.
• Helicobacter spp., bacteria in the stomach which may cause stomach ulcers, vomiting, and inflammation.
• Periodontal (dental) infections, including gingivitis and stomatitis (inflammation of the whole mouth). 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Cats

The vast majority of cats tolerate this medication very well, though some mild side effects may occur. 

Side effects involving the gut may include:

• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss

These types of symptoms are easily managed if metronidazole is an essential part of your cat’s treatment plan. However, in some cases, higher doses of metronidazole or longer courses of treatment can cause toxicosis, or toxic side effects. So it is important for pet parents to know how to recognize it and what to do about it.

Doses of 30mg/kg per day and treating for three weeks or more have been associated with toxicity. Toxicosis typically causes neurologic symptoms (i.e., symptoms related to the brain and other nerves). Symptoms of toxicosis in cats include:

• Weakness, (i.e., your cat cannot stand, walk or jump as usual)
• Ataxia or “drunken walk”
• Change in behavior and awareness of surroundings
• Blindness or inability to see
• Nystagmus or unusual movement of the pupils of your cat’s eyes
• Seizures

If any of these symptoms occur while giving your cat metronidazole, stop giving the medication and immediately bring your cat to a veterinary hospital. Usually, these symptoms will go away but it may take weeks to months. Depending on how severe the symptoms are, your cat may need extra care while recovering.

Other very rare side effects of metronidazole include inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the liver, decreased immune system response, change in urine color, and yeast infection in the gut.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a few specific medications that interact with metronidazole:

• Cimetidine – metronidazole will leave the body slower, which increases risk of toxicity
• Cyclosporine – increases the risk of toxic effects by cyclosporine on kidneys
• Phenobarbital – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective
• Warfarin – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective; may also increase warfarin’s potency

If your cat is taking any of the above medications, make sure to speak to your veterinarian before giving your cat metronidazole. 

Metronidazole Dosage for Cats

Typically, metronidazole is administered to cats orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into the bloodstream). Metronidazole is typically given twice daily or every 12 hours, but in certain circumstances, your veterinarian may prescribe it every 24 hours.

The dosing amount your veterinarian prescribes depends on what your cat is being treated for as well as factors such as age, other medications, and weight. For example, very young kittens typically receive lower doses. Obese cats may be prescribed lower doses since they have excess fat. It is critical to follow your veterinarian’s prescribed dosage exactly, as this medication can cause toxic effects if not. 

Liquid metronidazole dosing varies based on concentration, or how many milligrams (mg) per milliliter (mL). Topicals are rarely if ever used in cats, and a specialist would choose a unique dose for your kitty.

Metronidazole doses should not be given any sooner than 8 hours apart. If you are finding that your schedule does not allow for dosing your cat approximately every 12 hours, speak with your veterinarian right away to avoid risks of toxicity.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If you realize you’ve missed giving your cat a dose of metronidazole, it is better to skip that dose entirely, rather than give it late. This will avoid any potential toxicity from taking too much metronidazole too close together.

Cost of Metronidazole for Cats

Metronidazole is inexpensive if using generic formulations. For example, 250 mg tablets generally cost less than 25 cents each. Most pet parents will spend less than $10 for a short-term prescription of tablets. Liquid pricing depends on the brand or compounded formulation, meaning it is specially made into a different concentration to be easier to prescribe to cats. Pet parents should expect to spend less than $20 for a short-term prescription of liquid metronidazole.

Brand name metronidazole will cost considerably more, but this is infrequently used in cats as the size of tablets or capsules cannot be given to cats due to being too high of a dose.

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored at room temperature (approximately 68-77 degrees) and kept in a container that is light-resistant (i.e., a container that you cannot see through). If metronidazole liquid was compounded for your cat it may need refrigeration. Speak with your veterinary clinic if unsure.

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Having a sick cat can be very stressful to pet parents. When your poor kitty is stuffed up, sneezing, and has red eyes you will understandably want to provide some much-needed relief. 

Even more exasperating is that these symptoms in cats can linger for months and come back when kitty is stressed. For many years, L-lysine has been offered as a long-term solution to preventing these symptoms—often due to feline herpesvirus—and supporting the immune system. 

But is it really the effective remedy we’ve been looking for? Even if it is not known to be really effective, will it harm your kitty if you try it?

What Is L-lysine?

L-lysine is an amino acid nutritional supplement. Amino acids are an essential part of life as the building blocks for all the proteins in the body. Different animals require different types and amounts of amino acids.

Nutritional supplements are meant to increase intake of particular amino acids, vitamins, minerals, or other substances that support health that are not readily available in the diet. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate nutritional supplements. This means the products are not evaluated for safety or efficacy (i.e. how effective they are). 

Because of this, asking your veterinarian for suggestions as to which products to buy is very important. Veterinarians will know the highest quality brands to purchase and be able to determine if certain nutritional supplements are not recommended for your cat.

L-lysine can be purchased online, in pet stores, and at veterinary clinics throughout the United States. It does not require a prescription or specialist. Many companies make the supplement for both humans and cats, and it is available through compounding pharmacies as well.

What Does L-lysine Look Like?

The veterinary forms of L-lysine for cats come in many forms including:

• Chews
• Powders
• Gels and pastes
• Liquids
• Tablets 

Chews are a popular option and are typically small, brown, and more firm than soft treats. 

Powder is white to off-white and typically comes with a small scoop for ease of dosing. 

Gel or paste is offered, typically brown in color, that cats can lick or eat as a treat. 

Powder, gel or pastes can be easily mixed into a small amount of food that your kitty likes to eat. 

Some companies put L-lysine into a liquid, although this is usually accompanied by additional supplements as well. 

Tablets are available from human pharmaceuticals and are typically large oval-shaped tablets of white to off-white color.

How Does L-lysine for Cats Work?

Arginine, an amino acid found naturally in the body, is essential to some viruses when replicating (i.e. creating more virus) including herpesviruses. L-lysine is supposed to stimulate an enzyme in the liver that breaks down arginine. 

The theory is that when high levels of L-lysine are consumed, the body secretes the enzyme that breaks down arginine. With less arginine, feline herpesvirus should not be able to make as much virus and your cat should feel better. The full effect of L-lysine supplementation takes a few weeks before pet parents can expect results.

What Is L-lysine Used for in Cats?

Typically, veterinarians recommend L-lysine for cats with symptoms of upper respiratory infections. Symptoms of upper respiratory infections include:

• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion (stuffiness, so that you can hear your cat breathing)
• Runny eyes or nose (can be watery or yellow-green discharge)
• Red, puffy eyes

Most cats with upper respiratory symptoms have feline herpesvirus. This particular virus causes symptoms off and on for life, waxing and waning during times of stress such as moving, vacations, or after other illnesses or procedures such as surgery. 

The goal of L-lysine is to decrease symptoms and prevent flare-ups over time, not as a short-term treatment.

L-lysine for Cats: What Does Research Show?

A lot of research has been done involving L-lysine and has mostly shown L-lysine to have no effect on the health and wellbeing of cats. Veterinarians are now more reluctant to recommend this supplement, although generally L-lysine is not harmful to most cats. 

Multiple studies have demonstrated that when given in food, lysine was found to be ineffective in preventing disease [1] [2]. In one such study, the cats receiving lysine experienced worse symptoms and higher levels of feline herpesvirus when tested [1].

A review of multiple studies performed both in cats and in humans concluded that lysine is not effective against herpesviruses in general [3]. The theory that lysine decreases arginine is shown to be false in several studies. There is no evidence that low levels of arginine in the body stop herpesvirus from producing more virus or that increased L-lysine supplementation decreases herpesvirus. After decades of research, it would appear lysine is not an effective treatment for feline herpesvirus after all.

L-lysine Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are uncommon with L-lysine. Cats that eat too much L-lysine may experience gastrointestinal side effects including:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting

If your cat starts taking an L-lysine supplement and begins experiencing these symptoms, call your veterinarian and double check the recommended dosing on the label. If your cat eats more L-lysine than should be given in one dose at any time, call your veterinarian or a poison control hotline right away.

For very large doses of L-lysine, cats with severe kidney or liver disease may have trouble breaking down the end-products of L-lysine (substances created after breaking down L-lysine). L-lysine increases the absorption of calcium which can be an issue in some cats with metabolic disease. 

None of these issues are a concern, however, if L-lysine is given at the dose generally recommended in cats.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

L-lysine is not known to react with any other drugs or medications. In animals receiving doses of L-lysine much higher (i.e. 10 times) than the recommended dosing, aminoglycoside medications can be more toxic when given with L-lysine. 

Examples of aminoglycoside medication include gentamicin or amikacin.

L-lysine Dosages for Cats

Dosing of L-lysine for cats is generally 250 mg to 500 mg once or twice per day. Kittens and smaller adult cats should tend towards the lower dose, while larger adult cats are usually fine receiving the higher dose. There is no specific dose based on weight. 

Speak with your veterinarian for dosing guidance, and always follow the instructions on the supplement’s container unless your veterinarian advises otherwise.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of L-lysine?

If your cat misses a dose of L-lysine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If you remember the missed dose within a few hours of the next dose, it is fine to skip the dose you missed and give the next dose at the regular time.

Cost of L-lysine for Cats

Per month, L-lysine for cats generally costs $5 to $20. Powder tends to be the cheapest form, while chews and some pastes are more expensive.

L-lysine Storage Instructions

 L-lysine should be stored tightly sealed in its original container at room temperature.

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Is it OK for Cats to Eat Celery?

Yes, cats can eat celery! However, celery cannot replace a well-balanced diet. Pet parents should consider celery an additional treat rather than a significant part of a cat’s routine diet. As obligate carnivores, meat-based diets for cats are a must. Without meat and a whole host of vitamins and minerals in the correct proportions, cats can become seriously ill. 

But as long as you serve up celery in the correct proportion to a nutritionally balanced diet, it’s fine to share this veggie with your cat.

Celery grows in marshlands all over the world in the form of a long narrow stalk that tapers into leaves. From this comes a narrow stem that flowers and produces seeds. These small, fragrant celery seeds are used as a cooking spice as well as a component of Eastern medicine. People tend to eat the stalk, leaves, and seeds—essentially the entire plant, minus the roots.

Is Celery Good for Cats?

Celery in moderation is good for cats. For one, it contains compounds called apigenin and luteolin—antioxidants that lower inflammation (1) and are used frequently in Eastern medicine. The compounds in celery have been suggested as a possible treatment for cancer, based on how they interact with cells (2, 3).

Celery seeds and extracts are natural diuretics—a substance that helps flush salt and chloride from the body in the form of urine. Excessive amounts of celery could potentially lead to dehydration in cats, albeit a very mild case. This diuretic property is often used in a beneficial way, however. In rats, celery extracts reduced high blood pressure (4).

Celery has also been shown to decrease cholesterol and triglycerides in rats (5). In vitro studies have shown that celery extract can regrow nerve cells (6). Celery is also high in fiber, which helps regulate the production of feces and promotes regularity. Higher fiber intake helps cats feel full.

Many cats demonstrate a preference for certain textures or shapes that are fun to chew on. In fact, some cats become obsessed with chewing on things like wooden furniture! Celery is an excellent enrichment tool. Its crunchy, wood-like texture makes it a fun chew toy of sorts for cats. You could even hang it from the ceiling on a string to provide your favorite feline with a moving target to practice pouncing upon. 

Celery is not common in commercially sold cat food diets or treats. It is primarily composed of water and, secondarily, fiber, which makes it a difficult ingredient to incorporate. You may find it as an ingredient in recipes for homemade cat food posted online. However, always check with your veterinarian before whipping up any homemade cat food recipe. Unless the recipe has been thoroughly vetted by a veterinary nutritionist or prescribed by your veterinarian, there’s no way to confirm that it is nutritionally complete and balanced. 

Is Celery Bad for Cats?

In some cases, celery can be harmful to your cat. If your cat ingests a large quantity of celery stalks or leaves, they could suffer an upset stomach, vomiting, or diarrhea. While having high fiber content is beneficial, it can also be difficult to digest.

Celery may also be cross-reactive with certain allergens. If your cat is allergic to things in the environment such as mugwort or other grasses, they may also be allergic to celery.

Celery and Cats: Feeding Tips

On average, only 10 percent of your cat’s daily diet (at most) should come from sources outside of their nutritionally-balanced cat food. With that in mind, about 1 tablespoon of celery per day would be considered a suitable serving.

When you are serving up celery as a special treat, you can leave it as a whole chunk or dice it up, depending on your cat’s preference. If you are offering celery as an enriching play option, leave it as a whole stalk for your cat to grab and chew.

Celery juice is not harmful to cats in small quantities. There are no specific guidelines about how much celery juice is too much for cats to drink, but pet parents should not offer more than about a tablespoon per day. As a natural diuretic, celery juice can trigger your cat to lose extra fluids. But as long as your cat has plenty of fresh water available at all times, they should be fine.

Celery seeds are sometimes used therapeutically in Eastern medicine. Before giving your cat any herbal supplement, you should consult your veterinarian. Some herbal supplements contain high doses of compounds that may be harmful to your cat, depending on their medical history and conditions.

As long as you follow these guidelines, you should be able to share the crunchy, yummy benefits of celery safely with your cat. 

The post Can Cats Eat Celery? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But can cats eat strawberries? Even better question—SHOULD cats eat strawberries? Read on about the nutrition and related research around strawberries for cats.

Can Cats Eat Strawberries?

The short answer is that cats can eat strawberries! However, strawberries cannot replace a well-balanced diet and should be considered an additional treat more than a part of a cat’s routine diet. Without meat and a whole host of vitamins and minerals in the correct proportions, cats can become very ill. As obligate carnivores, meat-based diets for cats are a must.

On average, a cat should only eat approximately 10 percent of their total diet as other food besides their well-balanced cat food. For example, eating strawberries as 10 percent of a cat’s diet would add up to approximately 1 tablespoon of strawberry per day.

Are Strawberries Good for Cats?

There is no evidence to show that cats specifically benefit from strawberries. However, multiple studies show benefits to a variety of other species, especially humans. Research shows that strawberries:

• Have many vitamins, antioxidants and polyphenols known to reverse damage to cells due to aging and other factors [1].

• Are associated with decreased risk of hypertension (high blood pressure) [1].

• Help maintain a steady blood glucose (sugar) level [1].

• Animals fed strawberries (2 percent of their diet) demonstrated better motor skills and increased cognition, or mental ability for logic [2].

• May protect against cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity and neurologic disease (disease of the brain and/or nerves) [3].

Are Strawberries Bad for Cats?

Strawberries are not poisonous to cats. Allergies to strawberries are suspected but not proven in dogs as well as cats. Cats that are allergic to birch and alder pollen can be allergic to strawberries, so cats with a history of allergies should be monitored for increased itching after feeding strawberries.

Strawberries do contain a lot of sugar, and they should never be fed as more than 10 percent of the diet. High sugar content can lead to obesity, which is linked to diabetes and many other health issues in cats.

In addition, strawberries are one of the most contaminated crops with pesticides [4]. There are no reports of poisonings of animals having reactions to strawberries due to pesticides. However, limiting the amount of strawberries that are fed to your cat is wise due to the high likelihood of contamination.

Do Cats Like Strawberries?

Individual cats will vary on whether or not they appreciate the taste of strawberries. Most humans enjoy strawberries for their sweetness, but cats cannot taste sweet things—they lack the sweet taste receptor all together [5]! The tartness and texture may be appealing to some cats, and not to others.

Pet parents can feed strawberries daily to their cats if they show no symptoms of an upset stomach and 90 percent of what they are eating is a well-balanced food made for cats. Any increase in weight in your cat should be taken seriously and treats that are lower in sugar should be considered. 

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Leaves?

Yes! Strawberries and their leaves are not poisonous to cats. However, eating the stems and leaves may cause gastrointestinal (stomach) upset such as vomiting, so it’s a good idea to monitor your cat for signs of upset if they consume strawberry leaves.

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Yogurt?

Yogurt can be fed to cats, but stomach upset is a relatively common consequence. Dairy products—such as milk, cheese, and yogurt—may cause stomach upset including vomiting and diarrhea since cats do not have much enzyme to break down lactose.

Plain unflavored yogurt would be preferable over flavored, strawberry yogurt since the sugar content should be lower in plain yogurt. Cats do not need any extra sugar in their diet. 

One possible difference between strawberry yogurt and plain yogurt may be the content of xylitol. Xylitol is an artificial sweetener in place of sugar. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control has had no reports of cat toxicity to artificial sweeteners before, but pet parents should still be cautious as xylitol is very toxic to dogs. Toxicity is typically similar between dogs and cats.

Can Cats Eat Strawberry Ice Cream?

Ice cream is a dairy product, and due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lactose, cats may have gastrointestinal upset after eating strawberry ice cream. Ice cream in general contains a high amount of fat and sugar. Food high in fat can result in stomach upset as well as obesity, pancreatitis, and diabetes if fed in high amounts.

Strawberry ice cream is not toxic to cats, but it is likely to upset the cat’s stomach and should only be fed on occasion, if ever. Pet parents should avoid any product that contains xylitol.

Cats and Strawberries: The Verdict

Strawberries are a generally safe treat to give to your cat. Cats should not be eating more than approximately 1 tablespoon of strawberries (or any other food!) per day if pet parents choose to feed their cats with this fruit. 

The post Can Cats Eat Strawberries? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Nutrition is key for kittens in preventing serious health consequences and promoting healthy growth. Read this article to understand what kind of food your kitten should eat, how much, and how often.

What Do Kittens Eat? 

Kittens require higher levels of nutrients than adult cats do simply because they are growing. 

Some of these nutritional needs include:

• Energy (calories)
• Protein
• Fat
• Minerals (such as calcium and phosphorus)

Newborn kittens (3 weeks old and under) get adequate nutrition from their mother’s milk or from commercial kitten formula. It is very important that kittens only drink their mother’s milk or a commercial formula made for cats because each species has very different milk properties, and kittens require specific nutrient balances. Certain amino acids such as taurine that cats require are not found in dog milk or goat milk, for instance. Without taurine cats develop severe heart disease and blindness.

After kittens turn 3-4 weeks old, canned and dry commercial diets will provide complete nutrition for kittens. The food should either state it is formulated for kittens or for all life-stages. If a food is formulated for all life-stages, this means that the higher nutrients kittens would require are included in the food.

Kittens should not be fed adult cat food as it will not contain sufficient fat, protein, or minerals for healthy growth. However, if a kitten eats some adult food for a day or two until you can get to the store, it’s no problem!

If your kitten has specific health or nutritional needs, such as sensitive skin or stomach, your veterinarian may recommend a diet that’s specially formulated to help address these issues. Such diets are often more expensive than standard kitten food. However, a CareCredit credit card can help you manage pet care costs, including food recommended by your veterinarian to keep your kitten healthy.*

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) has developed minimum standards for what nutrition foods must contain for dogs and cats. Look for a small AAFCO statement on the bag or cans of food. If there isn’t one, another brand of food should be chosen.

How Long Do Kittens Nurse? 

Kittens eat liquid-only diets until they are approximately 3-4 weeks of age. At that time, kittens slowly begin eating more solid foods. 

If you have a mother cat and kittens, simply leave out plenty of canned cat food so that kittens and the mother cat can eat as they please. The kittens will watch their mother eat and will try it on their own. A pate-style canned food is much easier for kittens than chunky foods. Mother cats naturally wean their own kittens by decreasing the amount of time the kittens are allowed to nurse.

If you have a very young kitten without a mother, at 3-4 weeks of age begin offering a shallow dish of kitten formula with a very small amount of canned pate food mixed in. Bring the kitten to the dish and entice them to eat by using a small spoon placed near their mouth. Most kittens at this age will begin chewing or suckling on the contents of the spoon. Slowly bring the spoon down into the bowl so the kitten tries some of the mixture. This stage is very messy!

Once the kitten begins eating out of the dish reliably, bottle feeding is no longer necessary. This occurs when they eat out of a dish without chewing the sides of the dish and without sucking on the food. 

Offer a new dish of formula and canned food at least twice daily, if not 3 to 4 times per day, out of a clean dish. Every couple days, increase the amount of canned food mixed into the formula for about 2 weeks. Kittens should be fully off formula (or their mother’s milk) by 6 to 9 weeks of age.

When Can Kittens Eat Wet Food?  

Kittens can eat wet kitten food as early as 3 weeks of age. Since kittens are not usually fully weaned until 6 to 9 weeks of age, there is ideally a gradual change from formula or their mother’s milk to a solid-food diet.

However, some kittens younger than 6 weeks old—as young as 3 weeks old—are already onto solid foods. If a kitten refuses to eat from a bottle, and is 3 weeks of age or older, set out a plate of canned food and see what happens! The kitten may very well chow down.

When Can Kittens Eat Dry Food? 

Kittens can be offered dry food whenever they have fully transitioned to canned food—approximately 6 weeks of age and older. Your kitten will choose whether they prefer mostly canned food or mostly dry food. The important thing is to provide as much canned and dry food as your kitten wishes to eat!

What Human Food Can Kittens Eat? 

Cats are obligate carnivores, so really your cat can eat plain, well-cooked meat of any kind. Raw or undercooked meat is not good for your cat, as bacteria and parasites can cause serious health concerns in your cat including diarrhea and vomiting.

Cats should only eat up to 10 percent of their daily food requirements as food other than their main balanced diet. 

If you choose to feed human food to your cat, it would equate to approximately 1 tablespoon in total per day. As long as the human food is safe for your cat and all treats including human food are kept to a total of 1 tablespoon per day, your kitten can enjoy some human food!

Examples of safe human foods for kittens include:

• Meat, plain and well-cooked
• Eggs, cooked
• Vegetables (other than onion, garlic or chives), fresh and plain
• Fruit (other than citrus fruit or grapes), fresh and plain – including strawberries!
• Starches, plain and cooked such as rice, potato, bread or noodles
• Popcorn, cooked without salt or butter

Can Kittens Eat Tuna?

Kittens can have small amounts of tuna each day. In total, kittens should be fed no more than 1 tablespoon per day of foods other than their main diet. If tuna is fed in this amount or less, your kitten should not experience any ill effects. 

Tuna itself is not a particularly beneficial part of a cat’s diet.

Kittens that are fed larger amounts of tuna have developed serious health issues, including:

• Nutritional deficiency, particularly a lack of calcium.
• Thiamine deficiency, since tuna contains enzymes that break down thiamine which cats need to survive.
• Pansteatitis, a painful and potentially lethal inflammation of the fat throughout the body.
• Lower urinary tract disease, inflammation of the bladder leading to discomfort.
• Abnormal bleeding, due to tuna decreasing effective vitamin K.

Homemade Kitten Food 

Feeding your young feline homemade kitten food is very challenging and not recommended by veterinary nutritionists. This is particularly true in kittens, as growing animals have even higher nutritional demands.

Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they must eat meat to survive. This does not mean that cats only need meat, however, and without proper supplements added to a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates your cat will not do well. Kittens are particularly susceptible to nutritional deficiency, meaning they are not receiving adequate nutrition even if the amount of food is adequate. 

An example of this is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition that occurs in kittens not fed balanced diets related to calcium and phosphorus levels. Their bones become paper-thin and break without any trauma, causing significant pain and discomfort. 

If you do decide to make a homemade diet for your kitten, you must speak with your veterinarian. The internet is full of people’s recipes, which are unfounded and could lead to serious health conditions in your kitten if not given under veterinary supervision.

What Not to Feed Your Kitten

There are many things that should not be fed to your kitten. These include the following:

Dairy Products

Dairy products, like milk, may cause stomach upset including vomiting and diarrhea since cats do not have much enzyme to break down lactose. 

Fatty Foods

Food high in fat can result in stomach upset as well as obesity, pancreatitis, and diabetes if fed in high amounts. 

Salty Foods

Salty foods can cause increased urination and drinking and may even cause toxicity if fed in high quantities including tremors and seizures. 

Undercooked Foods

Undercooked meat, eggs and bones may contain dangerous bacteria. Raw eggs actually decrease absorption of B vitamins causing skin and coat problems. Bones can splinter and become lodged in your kitten’s throat.

Other foods that should not be fed to your kitten include:

• Alcohol
• Chives
• Chocolate
• Coffee
• Caffeine
• Citrus fruits or plants
• Coconut or coconut oil
• Garlic
• Grapes or raisins
• Nuts
• Onion
• Xylitol (found in gum, candy, baked goods and toothpaste)
• Yeast dough

How Much Food Should a Kitten Eat? 

Young kittens primarily eating formula (4 weeks and under) should eat no more than their stomach can hold. Stomach capacity for food is determined based on body weight. This would equate to 20 ml of formula per pound.

Kittens under 4 months old require 90 calories per pound per day. But, the best rule of thumb for kittens between 2 and 6 months of age is to feed as much as they will eat of a balanced kitten diet. Some kittens will eat more than others, depending on their own individual metabolism.

Once your kitten reaches 6 months of age, their metabolism will begin to slow down. Most cats will require much less food and should be monitored closely for unnecessary weight gain. Each and every kitten is different, so amounts may vary considerably.

How Much Wet Food to Feed a Kitten

For kittens under 4 months old, one-half of a 5.5 oz can of cat food should be fed in total over a single day. 

For kittens over 4 months, most will eat approximately 1.5 to 2 cans of 5.5 oz canned food per day. 

How Much Dry Food to Feed a Kitten

For kittens under 4 months, approximately one-quarter cup of dry food would be fed in total over a single day. If offering canned food as well (which is strongly recommended), decrease the total amount of dry food by one to two tablespoons.

For kittens over 4 months, most will eat approximately one-half cup to three-quarters cup of dry food per day. Decrease by one-quarter cup if offering canned food, too.

How Often Should Kittens Eat?

Kittens eating formula should ideally eat 7 times per day if 1 week old, 6 times per day if 2 weeks old, 5 times per day if 3 weeks old and 4 times per day if 4 weeks old.

Kittens prefer to eat whenever they feel like it. However, meal feeding once your kitten is eating solid food can lead to healthier eating habits in the future. Feeding 2 to 4 meals per day is preferred.

When to Switch from Kitten Food to Cat Food 

Once a kitten is finished growing, it’s time to transition to an adult cat food diet. This usually happens around 10-12 months of age. However, kitten growth rates can vary widely depending on breed, so some kittens may need to stay on kitten food for up to 18 months. 

It’s always best to ask your veterinarian for guidance during this critical stage. The lower protein and calorie content in adult cat food helps prevent cat obesity. However, portion control also plays an important role in ensuring your kitten maintains a healthy weight. 

Your vet can help advise if your kitten needs to be on a specialty or therapeutic diet. If so, that could lead to an unexpected increase in pet food costs. Remember, having a health and pet care credit card, such as CareCredit, can help you manage your cat care budget. It can be used at any provider in the CareCredit network, and it allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.*

To transition your kitten to adult food, it will be easier to do the switch gradually over approximately one week. Each day mix in a little more of the adult food and a little less of the kitten food. Choosing the adult version of the same brand of food will help as the taste should be somewhat similar.

Kittens have specific nutritional needs. Using tips from this article will ensure your kitten remains healthy and eats the quality food they deserve. You can always call your veterinarian if you are concerned. As long as you choose a balanced commercial kitten diet and keep treats to a minimum, your kitten will live a long healthy life!

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post What Do Kittens Eat? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Understanding the natural reasons behind why cats bite can help us humans in preventing and perhaps decreasing this behavior in the future.

Why Do Cats Bite?

There are several natural reasons that cats bite. Cats are very social creatures but prefer to hunt alone. Cats bite when hunting in order to capture and kill their prey. In fact, cats are one of the few animals that hunt even when they are not hungry.

Cats also bite when they perceive a threat or have a high level of fear and are unable to flee. This is a normal, instinctual behavior in order to protect themselves. Cats experiencing this level of fear demonstrate their fear in other ways such as hissing, growling, ears going flat, swatting, and spitting.

But not all biting is part of a cat’s instinctual prey drive or brought on by fear. Biting is also a natural part of play between cats. This type of biting should never result in wounds or injury. Cats mark their own scent on objects in their environment. On occasion, when marking a human with their cheek, cats may bite lightly. These behaviors are all learned from a very early age through interactions with cats and sometimes humans.

Why Do Cats Bite Their Owners?

There are several reasons that cats may bite their owners.

Frustration or Fear 

Sometimes pet parents do things to their cats that they do not like. For example, a pet parent picks up his/her cat, but she does not like to be picked up. When she is trying to get away but cannot or she is feeling afraid, kitty may bite. This is a normal behavior in response to fear.

Pain 

Cats hide symptoms of pain very well. Even when pet parents do not recognize that their cat is in pain, kitty may bite from the discomfort. Over 90 percent of cats that are 12 years old and older develop painful arthritis. Dental disease can be very painful and may lead to biting. 

Petting 

Some cats will bite to signal they have had enough petting. Sometimes this is due to overstimulation where the cat is in a state of high arousal due to prolonged petting or play. It could be due to pain but does not have to be.

Redirected Aggression

In some cases, a cat will perceive a threat and remain in a hypervigilant or state of hyperarousal—meaning her adrenaline is pumping and she is feeling panicked or super excited. A pet parent (or sometimes other cats) may cross paths with this cat, and she bites him/her. The hardest part about identifying this type of aggression is knowing ahead of time that the cat is overly aroused.

Conflict

On occasion, a cat will bite a pet parent that creates conflict between them. For example, if a cat jumps onto the counter and the pet parent tries to “shoo” her off of the counter, she may bite. Cats naturally appreciate being in control of their environments and interactions, and this may be related to creating a sense of controlling the situation. Keep in mind that punishing your cat for biting in these circumstances will make this behavior much worse.

Understanding Play Biting in Cats

Cats are very social creatures and, from approximately 3 weeks of age until 16 weeks, they engage in social play with both cats and humans that will shape their interactions for the rest of their lives. 

Biting is a natural part of play, and with appropriate social play with other cats, cats learn bite inhibition. Bite inhibition means that cats learn how hard they can bite without causing injury. It would be inappropriate for a bite to break skin and cause injury when the cat is intending to play.

While play biting is normal and expected between cats that play, many pet parents accidentally encourage this behavior between themselves and their cats causing bites. These bites can be very mild including barely feeling a play bite or painful resulting in red marks on the skin.

Play aggression occurs in cats that were never properly socialized as kittens during the crucial social play period and is one of the most common causes of aggression to people. If cats did not learn appropriate play with other cats, they are unlikely to have learned bite inhibition and will bite pet parents very hard in an attempt to play. These bites can even break skin and create small wounds. Kitty may even claw her pet parent, having never learned how to sheathe (put away) her claws. These bites often occur on feet, legs, hands, or arms.

Pet parents should stop all play biting—it should not be encouraged or allowed at any time. Play biting could lead to firmer and firmer bites that eventually cause harm to the pet parent. 

Cat parents are encouraged to:

• Play daily with their cat to ensure kitty is getting enough play and attention, and atleast twice daily if the cat is less than a year old.
• Use wand toys or other items that keep hands far away from the cat during play.
• If a bite occurs, immediately stop the interaction. Slowly remove whatever appendage was scratched or bit from the situation, and slowly leave the area to signal you are done with play. Most of the time, kitty is very aroused and will need a distraction to stop play—have a small, favored toy on hand to toss away from you when ending play.
• Give 1 or 2 treats to kitty after a great play session that did not involve any bites.
• Never punish your cat for biting—no physical or vocal punishment. This can create fear and decrease the bond between the pet parent and cat.

Remember to stop play and walk away whenever a cat is interacting with you in an inappropriate way.

Is There Such A Thing As a Cat Love Bite?

Cats are very scent motivated and often mark their own scent on objects in their environment to decrease their stress and indicate their territory. Marking is typically done by rubbing the cheek, chin, or tail base against an item repeatedly. On occasion, some cats that are very involved in marking a human with their cheek may bite lightly. Pet parents often describe that the cat “mouthed” them or that they felt the graze of teeth.

These soft bites during times of marking are typically called “love bites.” Cats that mark by rubbing are often content and when interacting with their pet parents may be purring, trilling, tail vibrating, eyes partially closed or demonstrating other cues that kitty is very pleased with the interaction. These gentle bites do not need to be stopped necessarily but they should also not be encouraged. Pet parents that are used to these gentle bites may be startled and upset if their cat suddenly bites harder. While these bites do not often progress to injury, it is possible. If a cat begins gently biting, it would be best to calmly and slowly walk away from kitty to avoid any mishaps.

What to Do If Your Cat Is Biting

If your cat is biting you, it can be quite upsetting. Sometimes the bites are painful but do not cause wounds, and other times it can result in wounds that can become infected. 

The first thing to do with your cat is make an appointment with the veterinarian. Keep a daily log of the when the bites occur and record the day’s events. Were there any visitors that day? Did your routine change? Was there anything different about the environment, including a shipment of packages or construction noise outside?

The reason to make an appointment with your veterinarian is to immediately rule out medical causes. If your cat is approximately 7 years of age or older, or the behavior has suddenly started occurring, medical causes are quite common. Remember, cats hide symptoms of pain and discomfort—so issues such as chronic bladder inflammation, painful dental disease, and arthritis can lead to sudden changes in behavior and increased bites to pet parents. If your veterinarian does not find a medical cause, he/she will offer tips to try at home or refer you to a cat behavior specialist if there is aggression occurring.

The best solution to all biting is prevention. If your cat bites you during petting, find other ways to interact with your cat without petting or stick to very few (3 or less) pets for every interaction. If your cat bites you every time you pick her up, do not pick her up.

Behavior modification is the practice of recognizing unwanted behaviors like biting and modifying them. Modifying behavior never involves punishment of any kind. Instead, cat parents can work on the following:

Meet Your Cat’s Natural Needs 

Your cat should have access to scratching that is both vertical and horizontal. Cat trees can provide an area for scratching and climbing. A variety of play toys should always be available and changed out at least weekly. Fresh water should be available at all times. Food should NOT be available at all times—cats are used to hunting their food in smaller quantities throughout the day. Litter boxes should be large enough for your cat to comfortably turn around and dig in with soft substrate. Cats need places to hide, and higher-up places to climb.

Increase Your Cat’s Enrichment

Cats need a lot of variety and excitement in their environment to meet their behavioral needs. Play should be daily and never involve hands or very small toys that could result in bites to hands. Think of all your cat’s senses—taste, touch, smell, sight and sound. Does your cat have a new sensory experience every day? Try food puzzles at mealtimes, play cat-friendly videos on a computer or TV, or leave out a paper bag for your cat to rustle in.

Reward Welcome Behavior

Have treats handy. If your cat uses the cat scratcher instead of your armchair, immediately give kitty a treat!

Redirect Your Cat’s Biting When Possible

If your cat is focused on your feet every time you sit in your office chair, place a few treats or favorite small toys near the office chair that you can calmly reach for. Toss treats or small toys away from you to distract your cat to chase something else and avoid the situation which may lead to bites. If she is sitting on your lap and kitty is biting you, slowly stand up so that kitty has to jump down on her own instead of you needing to lift her.

The post Why Do Cats Bite? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So how do we know if our cat is coughing or if he is doing something else? When should we be concerned? And what causes cats to cough? Read below to find the 11 most common causes of coughing in cats.

Do Cats Cough?

Cats can cough just like people do. Any irritation in the respiratory tract could lead to a cough. Coughing on rare occasions (once every few months or even less frequently) could be normal, but most cats do not cough unless something is wrong.

A cat’s respiratory system goes from the nose all the way to the lungs—including the nasal cavity (chamber of the nose), pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and lungs. Inside the lungs are passageways for air called bronchi that get smaller and lead to bronchioles. Cats cough when there is irritation anywhere from the pharynx down to the bronchioles, so knowing exactly why (or from where) the cough is coming from can be tricky.

What Does a Coughing Cat Sound Like? 

A cat that coughs usually stops what activity they are doing and sticks out their head, extending their neck. You may hear one cough, or several—and if your cat coughs several times in a row, he will stand or sit in one place during this. 

There are two types of cat coughs: a dry cough or a productive (wet) cough. Some causes of coughing will increase mucus production and produce a wet cough, while others will not and produce a dry cough. 

A dry cough sounds like a “honk” or “wheeze” and your cat does not swallow afterward.

A wet cough sounds like water or something caught in the back of your cat’s throat—perhaps like crackles. He will swallow afterward.

Other Reasons for Cat Coughing Sounds

It is very challenging for pet parents to know if their cat is actually coughing or producing a different sound. Some other things that could be happening instead of coughing include:

Retching occurs when something catches in the back of the throat. Cats will usually make a sudden loud noise with their mouths wide open briefly before shutting it again. Retching can occur after a fit of coughing, and a very small amount of fluid or possibly food may come out.

Reverse sneezing usually occurs in fits and comes from irritation in the nasal cavity and throat. Your cat’s mouth is likely mostly closed, multiple sneezes happen rapidly without pausing, with the lips pulled back as your cat draws air inward (instead of out like coughing).

Vomiting is when the body releases stomach (or nearby small intestine) contents out through the mouth. Your cat will produce fluid and foodstuff (unless your cat’s stomach is empty). In some cases, a mass of fur will come out as well.

Because cat coughing sounds can be hard to decipher, take a video of when it is happening and show it to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will be able to diagnose whether the noise you are hearing is coughing or not.

Why Is My Cat Coughing: 11 Common Causes

There are many causes of coughing in cats—remember, the issue could be anywhere from the throat to deep in the chest. Determining the cause of your cat’s coughing will dictate the treatment plan.

As you and your vet get to the bottom of your cat’s coughing, it’s natural to feel stressed about paying for unexpected pet expenses. A solution like the CareCredit health and pet care credit card can help you feel prepared from the start. It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.*

Flexible Financing for Veterinary Care

CareCredit Fast Facts

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• Use your card again and again for any type of care your pet needs
• Accepted at most veterinary hospitals**

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Possible causes of cat coughing include:

Viral Respiratory Infection

This can be caused by feline herpesvirus-1 or feline calicivirus (or rarely influenza). These viruses are contagious from cat to cat and very common. Cats can develop an infection as a kitten and harbor the virus for the rest of their lives. If the throat is inflamed and irritated, coughing may occur.

Chronic Bronchitis (Also Known as Asthma)

Approximately 1 percent of ill cats are diagnosed with chronic bronchitis (or feline asthma), which is a similar disease to asthma in people. This is a disease related to inflammation in the air passages and causes chronic dry cough in most cases. Cats can hide the disease well, however, and may suddenly begin coughing and struggle to breathe as opposed to showing chronic cough. Siamese and Oriental cats are more likely to get this condition.

Infectious Bronchitis

This is when infection causes inflammation of the airways in the lungs. It can occur due to:

Bacteria such as Mycoplasma spp. or Bordetella bronchiseptica. These bacteria are rarely alone and often infect the upper airway and/or lungs with a virus. Coughing occurs suddenly and is usually accompanied by fever, decreased appetite, decreased activity, and sneezing with nasal mucus.

Parasites known as lungworms (Aelurostrongylus abstrusus or Eucoleus aerophilus). These parasites sit inside the air passages in the lungs and cause inflammation leading to a cough in cats. These are more common in young cats that live outdoors.

Pneumonia 

A serious condition, Pneumonia in cats refers to inflammation of the lungs in general. It comes on quickly and makes your cat feel very sick—likely feverish, lacking appetite, no activity, and perhaps struggling to breathe. Various causes include:

Infections with bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa (i.e. Toxoplasma gondii), fungi or mycobacterium.

Aspiration, which happens when your cat accidentally breathes in vomit or stomach fluid, usually occurring with severe episodes of vomiting or anesthesia/sedation.

Foreign Body in the Throat

Occasionally, parts of plants, objects your cat attempted to eat, or even a furball can catch in the throat area or inside the nose. If a foreign body is there, it creates inflammation as well as mucus that can cause a cough.

On average, the cost of treating an ingested foreign object in cats is $3,400.”

Source: Pets Best claims data from 2017 – 2021 for average 1st year condition costs.

Nasopharyngeal Polyp

This is a mass that is either a side effect or cause of chronic inflammation of the nose or throat. Oftentimes there is no specific underlying reason. These swellings create inflammation and usually mucus, creating a cough, as well as possibly voice change or loud breathing through the nose like snoring.

Edema

Edema is when fluid fills the air passages of the lungs, causing coughing as the body attempts to get rid of the fluid and struggles to breathe. This can be caused by the heart (cardiogenic) or not. Coughing due to heart failure is exceedingly rare in cats, so if edema is present, it is unlikely to be related to heart disease. Even so the only way to know is to have your cat’s heart examined by a specialist, or cardiologist.

Cancer

Cancer in cats can cause cough in many different ways. One way would be if a large mass is growing in the chest or throat area and pushing on the trachea (windpipe) or air passages of the lungs. Another possibility is cancer growing inside the throat, windpipe, or air passages themselves.

Trauma

When cats experience trauma, bleeding can occur inside the air passages resulting in a cough. Sometimes the lungs themselves can perforate so air escapes and makes it harder to breathe. In any case, these cats need medical attention right away.

Pleural Effusion

This means some sort of fluid is inside the cat’s chest but outside of the lungs. It can be bacterial infection, fluid from cancer, or lymph fluid (rare). This fluid puts pressure outside of the lungs, resulting in a cough.

Enlarged Lymph Nodes Deep in the Chest

Many lymph nodes naturally live inside a cat’s chest cavity that work within the immune system. Cancer or severe infection can cause these lymph nodes to swell, and if they swell significantly they put pressure on the windpipe and air passages, resulting in a cough.

Rare Causes of Coughing in Cats

While the above causes of coughing in cats are more common, there are other reasons that may produce a cough. The following causes are rare and do not happen often in our feline companions. 

Heartworm Disease (rare)

Infection with Dirofilaria immitis is much more common in dogs since cats are naturally resistant. When cats do have a heartworm infection, however, it is often life threatening if the cat is experiencing symptoms. Cough occurs as the heartworm parasites live inside the air passages, causing severe inflammation. Any cat who lives outdoors in areas known to have heartworm disease and does not receive monthly heartworm prevention (topical on the skin or by mouth) may have heartworm disease.

Bronchiectasis (very rare)

This means severe chronic inflammation has permanently thickened and hardened the air passages of the lungs. Because of the inflammation, coughing occurs.

Laryngeal paralysis (very rare)

This condition is more common in dogs than it is in cats. The larynx is the opening to the windpipe and consists of two folds of tissue that open when your cat is breathing in. Paralyzed or immobile folds create inflammation and a decreased ability to breathe in, causing a cough.

Cat Coughing Treatment

How you treat a coughing cat depends on the cause of the coughing, so get a diagnosis by a veterinarian first. In some cases, your vet may recommend diagnostic imaging to identify the exact cause of the cough. Whether your vet recommends laboratory and diagnostic services or a prescription medication, CareCredit can be used for any type of care your cat needs, at any provider in the CareCredit network.*

Flexible Financing for Veterinary Care

CareCredit Fast Facts

• Pay over time with flexible financing options*
• Use your card again and again for any type of care your pet needs
• Accepted at most veterinary hospitals**

Learn More

Some of the more common treatments for coughing in cats include:

• Antibiotics for respiratory infections or pneumonia such as doxycycline or enrofloxacin.
• Steroids for chronic bronchitis, polyps or other inflammatory conditions such as prednisolone by mouth or a cat inhaler containing fluticasone.
• Antiparasitics for lungworms such as fenbendazole by mouth or imidacloprid/moxidectin applied to the skin.

Cats that have more serious conditions such as pleural effusion, trauma, or severe pneumonia may need to stay in the veterinary hospital and be treated with oxygen, medications, and special procedures like the removal of fluid from the chest. Veterinarians do this using a needle—a minor procedure called thoracocentesis.

If a foreign body or polyp is present, your veterinarian may recommend anesthetizing your cat at the hospital and examining his mouth, throat, and nasal cavity while sleeping. If a polyp is found, the veterinarian may be able to remove it. Flushing the nasal cavity may help if a foreign body sticks near the back of the throat, or if there is a large amount of mucus production.

Medicine for a Coughing Cat

Two medications that help manage coughing in cats are dextromethorphan and guaifenesin. You can find these medications over the counter and in human medications. Vets rarely recommend these for cats as they are largely ineffective and do not treat the cause of the cough which can worsen with time. 

If your cat is coughing, cough medicine is not recommended. He needs to be seen by a veterinarian.

When to Worry About a Coughing Cat

If your cat is heard coughing one day and you had not heard it before, monitor him closely. A cat that is coughing, even occasionally, for two weeks or more likely has a chronic medical issue that needs attention, even if he is not experiencing other symptoms of illness. Realizing your cat is coughing and bringing him to the veterinarian early is the best way to keep your cat healthy.

If your cat coughs a lot one day or appears in distress, get him to the veterinarian right away. Specific symptoms that indicate an emergency include:

• Limited to no appetite
• Decreased or no activity
• Hiding or other change in behavior
• Breath rate is more than once per second (over 60 breaths per minute)
• Breathing appears exaggerated, such as the chest and/or belly are moving in and out quickly or dramatically or your cat is open mouth panting/breathing

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

**Internal estimates based on publicly available market sizing information, as of Feb 2023

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Coughing Cat: 11 Common Causes (and How to Help) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

It shortens the lifespan of cats and can be spread between cats in a variety of situations, so it is crucial pet parents know about this condition. There is no cure, and many medical conditions may affect your cat because his immune system is decreased when infected with FeLV. 

There are several ways to prevent this devastating disease. Let’s cover how FeLV impacts cats, the symptoms and treatment options, and what pet parents can do to help keep their cats safe from this virus. 

What is Feline Leukemia Virus?

FeLV is a retrovirus. This class of viruses inserts its genetic material, called RNA, into your cat’s own DNA. Once this occurs, your cat’s body will unknowingly create more FeLV through a natural process when it makes copies of its own DNA.

In cats, FeLV invades the organs of the immune system and, if it infects your cat for life, will infect cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is found in the center of some of the larger bones in the body and is responsible for making critically important cells—such as red blood cells and white blood cells, which prevent infection and are involved in inflammation. Once these cells are infected, FeLV is there to stay and affects the immune system lifelong.

How Common is Feline Leukemia?

In the United States, approximately 3 percent of cats have this disease (1). This means that for every 100 cats tested, 3 cats will have the disease. In comparison, this is more than 3 times as common as diabetes mellitus in cats (2) and about as common as chronic kidney disease in adult (not senior) cats (3).

How Do Cats Get Feline Leukemia Virus?

The FeLV virus is spread oronasally, meaning through the mouth and nose. Any bodily fluid from an infected cat could spread FeLV—whether the fluid is saliva, sneezed droplets, eye discharge, urine, feces, or blood. 

Sharing food bowls, grooming each other, and sharing a litter box can cause cats in a household to spread FeLV from one to another. FeLV can also be spread through deep bite wounds, which is uncommon in pets, but more prevalent in feral and stray cats. 

The most common way for cats to be infected with FeLV is to contract it as a kitten from the mother cat. Kittens are infected with FeLV much more easily than adult cats. As cats get older, they build natural immunity to FeLV which reduces their risk of infection. Adult cats that are immunocompromised for any reason (i.e. high stress or another medical condition that lowers the immune system) will be more easily infected with FeLV.

Cats that live outdoors and/or are not spayed or neutered are more likely to contract FeLV. Outdoor cats are exposed to other cats of unknown health and are more likely to get into fights with other cats. Cats that are not spayed or neutered are more likely to fight with other cats and can suffer deep bite wounds that spread FeLV.

Can Kittens Be Born With Feline Leukemia?

Kittens can be born with the disease and contract it from their mother—called an in utero infection (before the kittens are even born). A mother cat can also transmit the disease to their kittens through sharing bodily fluids, such as from frequent grooming or through nursing (passing the virus in the milk).

Can Cats with Feline Leukemia Live With Other Cats?

Cats with FeLV can live with other cats, but prevention of spread of FeLV within the household is crucial. 

Ideally, FeLV-infected and non-infected cats would not have direct contact, meaning they would not live in the same enclosed area. However, some pet parents wish to intermingle their cats and this could be done safely with the help of a veterinarian.

If a pet parent wishes to bring a FeLV-infected cat into a household with non-infected cats, the following guidelines are important to prevent the spread of the virus:

• Limited number (i.e. 1 or 2) of cats already in the household
• All non-infected cats are healthy adult cats with no known underlying medical conditions
• All non-infected cats are vaccinated not only with core vaccines (i.e. FVRCP and rabies) but also against FeLV with both boosters completed at least 3 weeks prior to introducing the FeLV-infected cat
• High level of enrichment and an abundance of all resources (i.e. food, water, litter boxes, toys, bedding, etc) for all cats to reduce stress.

These guidelines are meant to prevent stress in the home—not only to prevent fights between cats, but to support the immune system. Cats with chronic stress tend to have lowered immune systems and this is more common in multi-cat households.

Feline Leukemia Virus Symptoms

There are limited specific symptoms to FeLV, because FeLV generally lowers the immune system which can result in any number of secondary conditions (medical issues not caused by the virus itself). 

Initially after infection with FeLV, cats may experience a fever, mild lethargy (less active), and mild increase in the size of their lymph nodes. Most pet parents never even notice these subtle signs. 

If a cat becomes infected lifelong, he will be more susceptible to other diseases such as:

• Gingivitis and stomatitis, or painful inflammation in the mouth
  • Symptoms include decreased appetite, vocalizing or pawing at the mouth during/after eating, blood-tinged saliva
• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), another retrovirus in cats
  • Symptoms are rare. After initial infection cats may experience mild fever, lethargy, and increased size of lymph nodes
• Mycoplasma hemofelis, a blood bacterium that causes destruction of red blood cells (anemia) and comes from flea infestation
  • Symptoms include lethargy, decreased appetite, pale/white gums
• Lymphoma, a specific type of cancer that affects white blood cells of the immune system (can be found in the chest, abdomen, lymph nodes or skin)
  • Symptoms are severe and vary depending on where the cancer is found
  • Symptoms could include severe diarrhea, chronic vomiting, lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, fast breathing, swelling of the lymph nodes and/or skin
• Neurologic disease
  • Symptoms may include ataxia (walking drunkenly), head tilted to one side, changes in behavior, decreased appetite, decreased activity, stumbling

FeLV does have an end-stage. In progressive lifelong infections, cats may experience destruction of their red blood cells and white blood cells. This is untreatable and cannot be prevented. Symptoms include:

• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Pale or white gums
• Prolonged secondary infections (for example, upper respiratory infection that doesn’t go away)

Diagnosing Feline Leukemia Virus in Cats

FeLV is initially diagnosed with a simple blood test at your veterinary hospital. A very small amount of blood is taken and can either be sent to a laboratory or placed into a test at the hospital that gives a result within 10 minutes. This first test is looking for antigen, or a portion of the Feline Leukemia Virus itself.

 If this test is positive, it is important to follow up with a second, more specialized test at the laboratory. This is because even though the antigen tests are reliable, treatment of certain medical conditions is known to be more challenging for FeLV-infected cats. It is crucial to confirm diagnosis.

 There are 2 main laboratory tests to confirm diagnosis. Both can be used for confirmation of FeLV:

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This test looks for a specific form of the virus (provirus) found in all cats infected with FeLV

Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA looks for white blood cells traveling in the blood that are infected with FeLV

How to Treat Feline Leukemia Virus

Unfortunately, there is no cure for FeLV. However, infected cats can develop many different medical conditions that are treatable. Just because your FeLV infected cat is sick does not mean he cannot be treated! 

Your veterinarian is key to determining what is causing your cat to be ill. For any cat with FeLV, recognizing signs of illness early on is crucial. Bring your cat to the veterinarian immediately if any abnormal symptoms occur including subtle changes in behavior, appetite, or activity. 

Antiretroviral therapies (chemotherapy) are frequently used in humans with other types of retrovirus infection. However, minimal research has been done on these medications to determine if they are effective against FeLV in cats. Also, these medications can have serious side effects for our feline friends.

Medications for Feline Leukemia Virus in Cats

One of the only antiretroviral therapies that is shown to be effective against FeLV is zidovudine (also known as azidothymidine). This medication will not cure FeLV, but it will decrease the amount of virus and improve some disease states related to FeLV, such as stomatitis. Zidovudine can be injected or given by mouth.

Interferons are injectable medications meant to improve the immune system, including feline interferon omega. However, there are not many well designed studies that demonstrate if this medication truly improves the outcome of cats with FeLV. In a study with only 16 cats that were infected with FeLV or FIV, secondary infections over a short period improved with this medication (4). More studies are needed before it can be determined if these interferons help cats with FeLV.

General Cost to Treat Feline Leukemia

Initial testing in cats for FeLV as well as veterinary examination will typically cost $100-$200. Other secondary medical conditions that may occur and are not caused by FeLV vary in treatment from $100 to treat an upper respiratory infection to thousands of dollars to treat stomatitis.

Ongoing care for FeLV-positive cats can involve regular vet visits and treatments, which can get costly.  Pet insurance may help offset the cost of care, but it depends on your plan and type of coverage. Another option that can give you peace of mind is a CareCredit credit card, which provides flexible financing options for veterinary services, making it easier to budget for your cat’s health and wellness.*

Since there is no treatment for end-stage FeLV, there is no true cost other than possibly palliative care (keeping your cat comfortable until time for euthanasia).

Life Expectancy of Cats with Feline Leukemia

In scientific studies, cats tend to live 2-3 years after diagnosis of FeLV. However, the age at which cats are diagnosed with FeLV is highly variable. In one study, the median age was 2 years old and the cats lived an average of 2.5 years (5). In essence, the average cat infected with FeLV lived to be approximately 5 years old.

Many cats are diagnosed with FeLV when they show symptoms of illness that prompts testing. Knowing this, it is possible for a cat infected with FeLV to live a normal lifespan—not every cat infected with FeLV will show unusual symptoms of illness.

Cats with FeLV live longer if pet parents bring them to the veterinarian to treat secondary medical conditions that can occur. The diagnosis of FeLV infection is NOT a reason to euthanize your cat. Many cats with FeLV will respond to treatment for different conditions and live a good quality of life, perhaps for many years to come.

How to Prevent Cats From Getting FeLV

There are several ways to prevent your cat from getting FeLV. Take the following steps to keep your cat safe.

Spay/neuter your cat. The most common way to spread FeLV is from mother cats to kittens. Cats that are not spayed or neutered are also more likely to fight, which can spread FeLV.

Allow an indoors-only lifestyle. This will help your cat avoid infections, trauma, and interacting with other unknown cats who may be infected.

Vaccinate your cat against FeLV. The FeLV vaccination may help, especially if your cat is at risk of exposure. 

Test cats for the disease. This is especially important before introducing new cats into your household

Keep your cat healthy. Preventative care such as core vaccinations, routine preventives (flea and parasite medications), and regular veterinary care will help keep your cat’s immune system as effective as possible.

The cost of these preventative measures can add up quickly. But they’re an important part of maintaining your cat’s overall health, as well as helping guard against FeLV. If you’re concerned about the expense, consider using a health and pet care credit card like CareCredit. Whether you use it for FeLV vaccinations or routine check-ups (at a provider in the CareCredit network), having a flexible way to pay can help ensure your cat gets the care they need without financial stress.*

FeLV Vaccine for Cats

Not every adult cat is recommended to receive the FeLV vaccination. But there are some circumstances where it is recommended for cats to be vaccinated. These include: 

• If your cat goes outdoors.
• If your cat spends considerable time on porches or at screened windows and comes into close contact with roaming cats.
• If you decide to adopt or purchase a new cat that is either FeLV-infected or has not been tested.
• If you foster (temporarily care for) any cat whose status of FeLV infection is unknown.

 Your veterinarian will make recommendations specific to your cat, depending on his risk.

Related Conditions 

• Gingivitis
• Stomatitis
• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
• Mycoplasma hemofelis
• Lymphoma
• Neurologic disease

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post All About Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The first thought you may have is if the nose is dry, is my cat dehydrated? A common concern, but cat noses become dry and irritated from issues other than dehydration. Read this article for what your feline’s nose should look like and what could be the cause of dry nose in cats.

Should a Cat’s Nose Be Dry or Wet?

To answer this question, it’s important to realize that each cat’s nose is unique. Some cats have a very wet nose that leaves a small spot of residue after they sniff something. Other cats have no obvious wetness to the nose. There is no hard and fast moisture standard for cat noses, your feline’s nose should never be so dry that it appears cracked, red, scaly or painful.

Cats sweat from very few places on the body—only from hairless areas such as pawpads and possibly the nose. It will make the bridge of your cat’s nose appear wet. This is normal unless your cat is showing symptoms of being overheated, such as breathing with her mouth open, unwilling to move/exercise, and feeling warm to the touch. Keep in mind that cats may sweat more and increase their body temperature in high stress situations like a visit to the veterinary clinic.

Why is My Cat’s Nose Dry?

When a cat’s nose appears dry and cracked or red and raw there are many potential conditions or factors that cause it.

Some cat breeds have particular skin conditions that affect the face. These can result in a dry, crusty nose. Persians, for example, can develop idiopathic facial dermatitis, which causes the facial skin (and nose) to appear dirty. Another breed, Bengals, are known to develop ulcerative nasal dermatitis—inflammation of the nose specifically.

Other potential causes of your cat’s dry nose may include the following health conditions:

Chronic Nasal Discharge

This could occur due to upper respiratory infection (a cat cold) or rhinitis (chronic inflammation of the nasal passages), and would dry out the nose.

Ringworm

Ringworm in cats is a fungal infection that normally affects the face as well as the ears, paws and tail.

Bacterial Infection

Sometimes cats develop an infection that perhaps started with a small wound or accompanies general skin infection.

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 

This is a condition that usually affects the lips and may extend to the nose. It occurs due to an overactive immune system.

Herpesvirus Infections of the Skin 

Herpesvirus (feline herpesvirus-1) is a common virus in cats that causes upper respiratory symptoms like sneezing and eye and nose discharge. Very few cats will develop skin inflammation of the face associated with the virus.

Calicivirus Infections of the Skin

Another relatively common virus in cats that causes upper respiratory symptoms and oral problems like gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) or stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth).

Viral Papilloma

This is a virus that creates firm growths off the skin that can appear crusty.

Lack of Tear Production

If cats aren’t properly producing tears, it could result in a very dry nose, since tears from the eyes connect with and moisturize the nose.

Pemphigus Foliaceus

This describes crusty skin inflammation that typically occurs on the face, especially the underside of the ears.

Keratinization Defect

Although this is rare, this is an issue where a cat’s skin cannot slough dead skin cells appropriately and could potentially result in dry nose.

Cancer

Skin cancer (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma) can cause an ulcerated, red, raw nose in cats.

When to Worry About a Cat’s Dry Nose

Any cat with a dry, cracked, irritated nose should be examined by a veterinarian. A lot of different medical conditions could be the cause, and some get worse over time. 

Additional symptoms would give clues that pet parents need to seek veterinary care with more urgency. Symptoms could include:

• Fur loss or crusty skin lesions elsewhere
• Decreased activity (lethargy)
• Decreased appetite
• Eye or nose discharge

How to Treat Your Cat’s Dry Nose

A home remedy that can help some cats with a mildly dry nose would be petroleum jelly or petrolatum skin protectant, which is sold over the counter. As long as it is not a medicated ointment from the doctor, it would not be harmful for your cat to lick it—which she will certainly do! 

This can safely be applied several times per day. A thin layer is all that is needed—applying large quantities will not help any more than a small amount. 

Drinking more water will not help your cat’s irritated, dry nose. 

If your cat is experiencing any other symptoms besides just the nose, or the nose does not improve with petroleum jelly, other treatment is needed depending on the cause. 

Your veterinarian may run a couple tests initially such as a cytology, meaning gently brushing the nose and getting a sample onto a slide. If the nose issue is severe or continues after initial treatment, your veterinarian may recommend a biopsy. This consists of placing your cat under anesthesia briefly to take a very small piece of the outer part of your cat’s nose to send to a pathologist (a specialist at examining tissue). The pathologist will be able to provide a lot more information about what is causing the nasal issue.

Common therapies from your veterinarian to treat dry nose in cats may include:

• Topical antibacterial and/or antifungal ointments
• Oral antibiotics
• Oral antiviral medication (i.e. famciclovir in case of herpesvirus)
• Vitamin E (topical or oral)

Related Conditions 

• Upper respiratory infection
• Chronic rhinitis
• Ringworm (dermatophytosis)
• Eosinophilic granuloma complex
• Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
• Calicivirus
• Mosquito bite hypersensitivity
• Viral papilloma
• Pemphigus foliaceus
• Squamous cell carcinoma

The post Cat Dry Nose: Causes and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cats also communicate with scents such as rubbing their cheek onto housemates, objects, or pet parents, or even by urine spraying.

The vocal forms of communication in cats are varied. Subtle differences between individual meows cannot be distinguished by humans but can be by other cats as well as other species. A single cat may have dozens of different meows with different meanings. Cat trilling, on the other hand, is luckily more straightforward.

What is Cat Trilling?

Cat trilling is a vocal form of communication that cats use to “talk” to other cats, to humans, and even to other animals (particularly within their household). It is a high-pitched, repetitive noise that comes out in short bursts. Trilling is also known as chirping. Cat trilling occurs with the mouth closed, not open like many other forms of vocalizing. 

Trilling is a natural social behavior with other cats, and kittens begin learning key social behaviors between 2 and 7 weeks of age. Kittens that were housed without other adult cats after the age of 6 weeks may never learn trilling.

Trilling vs. Other Cat Sounds

Trilling differs from other recognizable cat sounds like purring, meowing, yowling, and hissing. In order to better understand the differences, it’s helpful to know the three categories for cat vocalizations. They are as follows: 

Closed mouth. These vocalizations occur with the mouth closed and include trilling and purring. Purring is a constant noise, almost like a vibration. It can be a variety of pitches depending on the cat. Purring is associated with both positive associations such as pleasing attention from a pet parent, or extreme pain. Purring has been theorized to perhaps be a way for cats to seek care, although it is much more frequently tied to positive things. Unlike purring, which is a continual noise, trilling is characterized by short, repetitive, high-pitched noises. 

Open mouth then closed. These vocalizations are meows. The cat’s mouth is open for the meow but ends the noise by closing the mouth. Meows are similar in sound to how the word is pronounced—they can be long and drawn out or short. Meows are very nuanced. Each cat may have dozens of different meows with different meanings. Pet parents may learn some of their own cat’s individual meows. Mating calls from both females and males are also included in this category.

Open mouth. These are all fear-based or aggressive vocalizations made with the mouth open. Hissing, growling, yowling, snarling, and spitting occur with the mouth open. Hissing is a constant muted noise that is typically very short. Growling is typically a low-pitched, constant noise of varying length. Yowling is a very dramatic, sharp vocalization that almost sounds like a very loud meow but is more like a “raow”. Spitting is a very quick vocalization, only tenths of a second, that sounds like a rush of air and a person trying to pronounce the letter “F.” Spitting is often accompanied by some flying saliva, as the name would suggest.

Why Do Cats Trill?

Cats trill when they see or approach a familiar and well-liked person, cat, or other animal. Studies show it is specifically associated with positive and familiar situations (1). A person they know may be offering treats or bringing out a favorite toy, but the reason for the trill is the specific person, not the activity itself.

Keep in mind that just because a cat doesn’t trill does not mean a cat is unhappy or doesn’t like their pet parents. Some cats trill much more than others because they are generally more social cats. 

Hormones may also influence this type of vocalization, as female cats that are in heat (trying to find a mate) tend to trill frequently.

Cat Breeds That Trill

There are no cat breeds known for trilling more frequently than others. Cat trilling is a communication common to all cats, and different individual cats will trill more than others.

Cat Trilling All The Time: Should You Worry?

There should be no concern with a cat that trills frequently. Some cats are just more social than others! 

Trilling is a common, natural, and healthy form of communication from your cat. If your cat is female and intact (not spayed) she is likely to trill more frequently due to her hormones causing her to wish for a mate. 

On rare occasions, a female cat that was previously spayed and months later is heard to be trilling frequently may be experiencing symptoms of being in heat. Discuss any other symptoms of being in heat with your veterinarian, including vocalizing in general much more frequently and demonstrating a stance with her tail held high, front half of the body low, and back half of the body held up with the back feet moving slightly. 

These cats have what we call an ovarian remnant. Rarely a surgeon will mistakenly leave a very small piece of the ovary (organ that produces hormones in females) and it will continue to create hormones leading to heat cycles, even if the female cannot possibly become pregnant due to the lack of a uterus after spay.

The post Cat Trilling: Why They Do It and What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While nearly one-third of cats may not show symptoms of a UTI, others will become very ill. Cats often have an underlying condition that causes them to develop a UTI, so testing and investigation is critical. Read more to navigate this complex disease in cats.

What is a Cat Urinary Tract Infection?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is when bacteria (or very rarely a fungus) infects the urinary system. The urinary system consists of the kidneys all the way to the genital tract. Urine flows through the system in this order:

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Genitalia (i.e. vagina or penis)

A urinary tract infection is not the same as cystitis. Cystitis refers to inflammation of the bladder, which is a relatively common condition in cats. Urinary tract infections only occur in 1-3 percent of all cases of cystitis in cats and are considered a rare condition. 

For unknown reasons, cats who are 10 years of age and older are much more likely to have a urinary tract infection than younger cats. No specific cat breeds are prone to UTIs.

Cats with a UTI often experience symptoms that make them very uncomfortable. Without appropriate treatment, infection can spread up to the kidneys. When this happens, a life-threatening condition called pyelonephritis can occur.

What Causes UTIs in Cats?

A cat’s urinary system is very good at preventing infection, and urine is typically sterile (without bacteria or fungi). 

In cats, the following conditions may lead to urinary tract infections:

• Systemic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, kidney failure or hyperthyroidism
• Stones or crystals in the urinary system (urolithiasis)
• Urinary incontinence (inability to control urination)
• Abnormalities in the structure of the urinary system such as conditions of the penis or vulva (genitalia)
• Hospitalization requiring a catheter to be placed into the bladder
• Use of medications that decrease the immune system

While diet is important to control some urinary issues in cats, it is not known to cause UTI. Since there are no breeds predisposed to UTIs, there is no evidence that genetics cause urinary tract infections.

Signs of a Urinary Tract Infection in Cats

Symptoms of UTIs in cats are similar to cystitis, since both conditions cause general discomfort in the urinary system. It is important to note that not all cats show symptoms—in one study of cats with a UTI, 35 percent of cats showed no signs (1). 

Below are the symptoms you might see:

• Urination outside of the litter box
• Change in frequency of urination (i.e. smaller amounts more frequently)
• Straining to urinate (i.e. standing in the litter box a long time and not urinating much if any)
• Vocalizing while urinating (meowing or howling)
• Change in color of the urine (darker yellow, brown or bright red)
• Increased drinking
• Increased volume (amount) of urine
• Change in normal behaviors – for example, hiding or eating less
• Licking genitalia more frequently (the area under the tail)
• Discharge from the vulva or prepuce (i.e. from the genitalia)

Diagnosing a Urinary Tract Infection in Cats

Veterinarians will need to run urine tests in order to diagnose this condition. A urinalysis is a basic first step to test the concentration of the urine and look for any abnormal cells or bacteria. Typically a veterinarian would note your cat’s urine has more water content (is more dilute) than usual, and may note blood, white blood cells (indicating inflammation), crystals and/or actual bacteria. 

Not all urine samples show obvious infection or bacteria. In one study, up to 25 percent of urine samples did not show any bacteria, but UTI was diagnosed using a urine culture (2). A urine culture is when the veterinarian takes a sample of urine directly from the bladder. This sample of urine is sent to a laboratory and put onto a special plate meant to grow bacteria. After a couple of days, if there are no bacteria growing, then there is no evidence of a UTI. If bacteria begin to grow, the laboratory will run further testing to see which antibiotics the bacteria will respond to.

Blood work is also important for cats with a UTI because underlying systemic conditions are usually involved. Because stones in the urinary system can be a cause (or effect) of infections, X-rays are a common test as well as ultrasound to view the urinary system.

Cat UTI Treatment 

Urinary tract infections require the use of antibiotics to treat them (or, in the very rare case of a fungal infection, antifungal medications). If underlying systemic conditions are also present, treatment of the other condition is also required to allow the body to fight off the UTI.

Medications to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Cats

Common antibiotics used to treat cat urinary tract infections include:

• Amoxicillin (with or without clavulanic acid)
• Cefovecin (injection)
• Trimethoprim-sulfonamide
• Fluoroquinolones such as enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin or pradofloxacin

These medications are all available in pill or liquid form except for cefovecin, which is an injection. Most veterinarians will order liquid medications for pet parents to help with giving medications to cats. Some of the antibiotics need to be compounded, meaning specially made for your pet.

Cefovecin is not the best treatment choice for UTI in cats. It is an attractive option since one injection lasts for 10-14 days. But, cefovecin is not as effective against some of the types of bacteria typically seen in cat urinary tract infections. While it may not be the best choice, if a pet parent is unable to give medications by mouth to his/her cat, it may be the only choice available.

General Cost to Treat a Cat UTI

The cost to treat urinary infections in cats varies widely depending on what other underlying issues are present. To diagnose a urinary tract infection with a veterinary examination, it will cost around $100-$120. If a culture is needed, additional costs may be around $200.

However, other tests are typically needed to look for underlying reasons. These vary and can cost an additional $100 to $500, depending on what your cat needs.

Most veterinarians will recommend you return with your cat for a retest of the urine to ensure the infection is gone before antibiotics are over. This is a critical step, because if the infection is not gone when antibiotics are stopped the infection will immediately come back and perhaps get even worse than the first time. This re-test will likely cost around $50. 

Some cats have crystals in their urine and possibly stones in their urinary system. If this is the case, your veterinarian will recommend a prescription diet. There are no over-the-counter diets that prevent crystals and stones. The cost of these diets is approximately $75-$100 per month and would need to be given for the rest of your cat’s life.

Holistic Remedies for a Cat UTI

There are many holistic remedies that are intended to decrease inflammation in the bladder. However, these remedies will not cure or appropriately treat a bacterial infection. Using holistic remedies along with antibiotics may help increase your cat’s comfort and decrease the chance of recurrence. Ideally, seek a holistic veterinarian for treatment. 

Examples of holistic treatments for a cat UTI include:

• High quality canned food diet (eliminate dry food diets)
• Cranberry extract
• Acupuncture
• Commercially available herbal therapies for cystitis
• Veterinary herbal therapies (like choreito)
• Chinese herbal therapies (like Ba Zheng San)

Please speak with a veterinarian before giving your cat any supplements or herbal remedies. If given incorrectly these remedies could be harmful for your cat.

How to Prevent Cats from Getting a Urinary Tract Infection

While not all urinary tract infections in cats can be prevented, there are steps you can take to help your feline avoid urinary issues.

Preventive measures may involve:

• Annual or biannual veterinary examinations to identify underlying conditions early on.
• Taking your cat to the veterinarian as soon as there are changes in behavior or medical status such as appetite or activity level.
• Treatment and long-term management of systemic illness.
• Surgery of the genitalia if there is abnormal structure.

Related Conditions

• Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys)
• Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)
• Diabetes mellitus
• Kidney failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperadrenocorticism
• Urinary stones (urolithiasis)
• Urinary incontinence

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One of the most common side effects of any medical condition in cats is nausea and vomiting. Your cat may be throwing up and generally feeling under the weather. Nausea and vomiting also tends to decrease a cat’s appetite, and pet parents get really nervous—rightfully so—when their cat isn’t eating well. 

When this happens, you’ll take your cat to the veterinary clinic or hospital looking for a solution. Luckily, your veterinarian has just the medication to stop vomiting and decrease nausea in cats. That medication is called Cerenia.

What is Cerenia?

Cerenia is a medication that stops nausea and vomiting in pets. In 2007, Cerenia was approved by the FDA specifically for dogs who were vomiting or were going to experience motion sickness. It was the first and only antiemetic (stops vomiting) drug approved for veterinary patients, meaning that the medications used before were approved for human use or other conditions besides vomiting in pets. 

In 2012, Cerenia was approved by the FDA in cats as well as dogs. In 2016, the FDA approved the injectable Cerenia for not only subcutaneous (under the skin) use, but also intravenous (into the vein or bloodstream).

The Cerenia injectible is FDA approved in both dogs and cats. Cerenia tablets are only FDA approved for use in dogs, but many veterinarians prescribe them “off-label” for use in cats.

Cerenia can be given to cats who are 16 weeks and older to treat nausea and vomiting. 

This medication is widely available throughout the United States and the world. It is commonly stocked both in the injectable and tablet forms at general practices, as well as with specialists. Currently there are no generic options for this medication.

What Does Cerenia Look Like?

The tablet form of Cerenia is a small oval peach-colored tablet scored in the middle. A scored tablet is meant to be easily broken into two pieces with your hands, not requiring the use of any special tools. Each tablet has the letters “MPT” and the milligrams (mg) of medication stamped on it. 

Cerenia also comes as an injectable medication. The liquid is clear and not very viscous (meaning not thick).

How Does Cerenia Work?

Cerenia works on the source of vomiting in cats—the brain. There are two ways in which the brain triggers vomiting:

• A central pathway, which includes gastrointestinal (stomach or intestine) disease as well as fear or anxiety.
• A peripheral pathway, which includes toxins in the bloodstream or organ failure.

When either pathway is triggered, Substance P is released in the brain to grab onto NK1 receptors. When it does, an electrical current travels through certain neurons (connections) in the brain to signal the need to vomit. 

Cerenia binds to NK1 receptors, preventing Substance P from being able to grab onto them. No matter which pathway is triggered (no matter the cause), Cerenia will stop the brain from causing vomiting.

NK1 receptors are also part of the inflammatory cascade, meaning they are involved in creating inflammation. This has been specifically noted in pancreatitis, or disease in the pancreas. By binding to NK1 receptors, Cerenia appears to have some anti-inflammatory effects as well (1). 

What Is Cerenia Used for in Cats?

Cerenia is prescribed to cats with a variety of medical conditions. Low appetite and nausea are very common symptoms for the majority of illnesses your cat can have, and Cerenia specifically combats vomiting to allow your cat’s appetite to improve. 

Gastrointestinal disease, or disease that affects the stomach and intestines, is the most common type of disease to use Cerenia for.

Some of the common conditions Cerenia is prescribed for include:

• Upset stomach (for any reason)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pancreatitis (disease of the pancreas)
• Chronic kidney disease (toxins cause nausea)
• Nausea due to anesthesia

Cerenia has also been recognized as an anti-inflammatory agent and has been used in some conditions such as chronic rhinitis in cats, or chronic inflammation and stuffiness in the nose. It is also sometimes used as a pre-anesthetic medication to help reduce side effects and complications of anesthetic drugs used during surgery.

Cerenia Side Effects for Cats

Cerenia is a relatively safe drug that has a wide range of safety in dosing. Serious side effects are very rare. The only common side effect of Cerenia includes pain on injection, which resolves within seconds. Most veterinarians believe Cerenia injectable stings less if kept in the refrigerator.

The rare side effects of Cerenia can include:

• Diarrhea
• Anorexia (no appetite)
• Hematuria (blood in the urine)
• Hypersalivation (excessive drooling)
• Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, or whole-body allergy (including swelling of head/face)

If your cat is given Cerenia and symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear, contact your veterinarian right away.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

There are currently no known reactions between Cerenia and other drugs or medications used for cats. However, there is always a possibility for interactions with other medications and it is always important to check with your veterinarian before using it.

Cerenia Dosages for Cats

The standard dose of Cerenia for cats who are vomiting is 1 mg per pound of body weight. For example, if your cat weighs 12 pounds, the appropriate dose would be 12 mg. Depending on your cat’s condition, your cat may be prescribed less or more than this dosing. 

With the injectable form, dosing can be very specific. However, if your cat receives the tablet form, your cat’s dose depends on the size of the tablet. The most common sized tablet of Cerenia used in cats is 16 mg. If your cat weighs 12 pounds, your veterinarian may prescribe 8 mg (half a tablet) or 16 mg (one whole tablet).

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Cerenia?

If your cat misses a dose of Cerenia, he may vomit or have decreased appetite later that day since the medication stops vomiting and usually increases appetite. However, missing a dose of Cerenia will not be life threatening. If you have concerns, reach out to your veterinarian.

Cost of Cerenia for Cats

The most common sized tablet for cats, 16 mg, is approximately $5 per tablet. A box of Cerenia comes with 4 tablets, so you would expect to pay approximately $20 for a box. Depending on your cat’s size and his condition, you may spend $1.25 per dose (1/4 tablet) up to $5 per dose (1 tablet).

The injectable vial costs over $200. Because of its expense, each injection in an average-sized cat will cost at least $5 per dose, not including the syringe needed to inject it with.

Cerenia Storage Instructions

Cerenia tablets should be stored at room temperature. Once the foil for an individual tablet is opened, the tablet should be used within 2 days. 

Cerenia injectable should be stored at room temperature until it is used (punctured by a needle) for the first time. After that, the Cerenia injectable should be stored in the refrigerator. The injectable should be used within 90 days of first use and ideally punctured with a needle no more than 25 times.

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Studies show that cats infected with FeLV live shorter lifespans than cats without it. Because of the effects of this disease, it is important to protect your cat from infection. Vaccination can help with that, but it isn’t necessary for all cats. 

Read below to understand if your cat needs the FeLV vaccine.

What is the FeLV Vaccine?

The FeLV vaccination protects cats against the symptoms of feline leukemia virus. It was first created and placed on the market in 1985. This vaccine has been approved by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Pet parents can go to any veterinary clinic in the country and request the FeLV vaccine. This vaccination is not known to be required by any level of law in the US.

How Does the FeLV Vaccine Work?

After vaccination, a cat’s immune system creates a memory for a specific virus—both by producing cells that fight the disease and by producing immunoglobulins, important proteins that find the virus, stick to it, and signal the body to destroy it. 

If a cat is not vaccinated against a particular virus, his immune system will require days to weeks to mount an effective immune response when he is exposed to it. If, however, a cat IS vaccinated against a particular virus, his immune system will kick in within minutes to hours after exposure!

Some studies have shown that the FeLV vaccine may prevent symptoms (signs) of FeLV disease, but not necessarily infection. Testing of cats exposed to FeLV after vaccination shows the presence of proviral DNA of FeLV in the body. This is not an active infection, and the virus should not replicate or infect the cat. However, it is possible that in future years FeLV could begin to replicate (or grow) and cause FeLV disease. 

There are currently 2 different kinds of FeLV vaccination:

Inactivated virus vaccine: this means the actual virus in its complete form is altered in the laboratory so it can no longer infect cats—also known as “killed” vaccines.

Recombinant canarypox vector vaccine: This means an important piece of FeLV was placed into another harmless virus called canarypox. This live canarypox virus will express important proteins from FeLV that will then stimulate an immune response, but FeLV itself is not present in its entirety

Feline Leukemia Vaccination Schedule for Cats

Before any cat is vaccinated against FeLV, they need to be tested for FeLV. There are a variety of tests, and your veterinarian will choose the exact test based on what his/her clinic uses. If your cat tests positive for an infection, it is not recommended to vaccinate against FeLV. 

Every cat receiving the FeLV vaccine for the first time receives two doses, 2-4 weeks apart. The duration of immunity—or the length of time that the vaccine protects your cat—is proven at 1 year in most vaccines. Studies have shown that several vaccines can provide 2 years of protection, but not all cats will experience full protection at 2 years. Your veterinarian will help you decide your cat’s level of risk and whether you can wait 2 years until the next vaccination.

Side Effects of the Feline Leukemia Vaccine

As with any cat vaccination, the FeLV vaccination can cause the following side effects:

• Local swelling and/or pain (vaccine should be given in the left rear leg)
• Decreased activity
• Fever of short duration
• Granuloma (non-cancerous growth from chronic inflammation)

In rare cases, cats can develop injection site sarcomas, a severe form of skin cancer that is very invasive and cannot be easily treated. Approximately 1 in 10,000 cats who are vaccinated will develop this disease. Other types of injections can cause this rare disease as well, such as long-acting steroids.

Speak to your veterinarian if you are concerned with this rare side effect. Ask your veterinarian where they inject vaccines in cats. An outdated veterinary practice was to give vaccines to cats in between the shoulder blades, and this is associated with a much higher risk of developing sarcoma. Vaccines should be given low on your cat’s hind leg (usually the left) or on the tail. This way, if an injection site tumor grows, the limb can easily be amputated to remove the tumor and all affected tissue.

Manufacturers of the FeLV Vaccine for Cats

There are four licensed manufacturers of the FeLV vaccine in the U.S. They all create FeLV vaccines alone, as well as some create a combined product with other viruses. Either killed or canarypox vector vaccines are made. 

The following manufacturers make FeLV vaccinations:

Cost of the FeLV Vaccine for Cats

Individual FeLV vaccines will cost approximately $25-$50 each at a veterinary clinic. This does not include the examination fee at each appointment. Your cat will need to be tested for FeLV before receiving his first vaccine, which also generally ranges anywhere from $25-$100, depending on the type of test.

Does Your Cat Need the Feline Leukemia Vaccine?

Kittens are recommended by feline specialty groups to be routinely vaccinated against FeLV since they are most susceptible to contracting FeLV. Not every kitten will have exposure, however, so not every veterinarian will recommend vaccination of your kitten. 

After the first round of FeLV vaccination (2 boosters), whether or not your cat should be vaccinated 1 year later depends on if there is any potential for exposure to FeLV. Adult cats build natural immunity to the FeLV disease, so vaccinating adult cats should only occur if there is substantial risk of exposure to FeLV. 

Possibilities for FeLV exposure include:

• If your cat goes outdoors.
• If your cat spends considerable time on porches or at screened windows and comes into close contact with roaming cats.
• If you decide to adopt or purchase a new cat that is either FeLV infected or has not been tested.
• If you foster (temporarily care for) any cat whose status of FeLV infection is unknown.
• If your cat goes to cat shows.
• If you routinely board your cat.

Your veterinarian can help you determine whether your cat should be vaccinated against FeLV.

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Read below to know this process well enough to successfully pick up almost any cat you come in contact with.

Picking Up a Cat: Why Technique Matters

Learning the appropriate way to pick up a cat—starting with the correct approach—is very important. Cats that experience stress may desperately attempt to get away if picked up awkwardly, resulting in a high level of fear and possible injury to the cat. 

Cats have some level of memory—while they will not remember dates, times, and exact details, a stressful event like being picked up wrong could leave a lasting impression against interacting with a particular person. 

Cats may even scratch or bite out of fear, so keeping yourself safe is another important reason to learn how to properly pick up a cat.

How to Approach a Cat

Every cat appreciates a proper introduction. First, approach the cat only if she is relaxed and when she is not asleep—it can be startling to be woken up. 

You can tell a cat is relaxed when:

• Her eyes are not open wide, and her pupils (the black center of the eye) are not super big or dilated
• Her body is in a relaxed position. For example, she is sitting or laying down calmly with minimal movement
• Her tail is still (not twitching)
• Her ears are facing forward
• Her fur is not on end, and the tail is not puffed up
• She is not growling or vocalizing loudly

If the cat you wish to pick up appears relaxed, approach the cat calmly and quietly. Speak in a normal voice—one that is not raised. You also shouldn’t approach with laughter or strange noises. Walk up steadily—don’t run or perform other quick movements.

The next step is to allow the cat the opportunity to sniff you. Hold out your hand fairly slowly and place it a couple inches from the cat’s face. Many times, cats will sniff your hand and choose what to do next. 

If you notice that she leans away from your hand, adjusts her body so she is now facing away or flinches, do not approach. The cat is trying to tell you she is NOT interested in any interaction whatsoever. If the cat does not sniff your hand and just stares, you should also not approach—cats that choose this are usually very tense and more apt to swat at you.

If the cat sniffs you and continues to appear relaxed, greet her appropriately by gently petting her a couple times on the top of the head and/or the cheek. Do not pet anywhere lower than the top of the head. Stop after a couple of pets and reassess her body language. Did her tail start to twitch? Did she open her eyes wide to stare at you? Did she sit up from laying down? If the signs of relaxation change, the cat does not wish for you to continue. However, if the cat appears relaxed still—and maybe even begins to purr—she is likely to accept more pets.

After several more pets on the head and face, run your hand gently and smoothly, once, from head to tail. If the cat’s relaxation changes—especially if she turns her head suddenly to stare at your hand, swats, opens her eyes wide, or tail or body twitches—she is unlikely to allow you to pick her up. If the cat appears unfazed, you might be able to pick her up!

How to Pick Up a Cat

Picking up a cat appropriately is more challenging than people realize. Read these steps to ensure the cat is comfortable and safe in your arms. 

Remember that with each step you should remain calm and quiet. Move smoothly and a little slower than you might normally.

 Step 1: Placement of your hands and arms. Place one hand and part of your arm under the cat’s front legs and the other underneath her back legs. She needs to feel supported under her rear end especially.

Step 2: Lift the cat. Once you lift her up, immediately bring her close to your body, against your chest or stomach. Do so as soon as possible during lifting, even before you have fully stood up.

Step 3: Hold the cat securely. Many times people will move to wrapping their arms around the cat. This is fine, as long as you continue to hold the cat against you, and her rear end is always supported. Some shy cats may choose to hide their face in the crook of your arm; allow them to do this.

Step 4: Continue monitoring body language throughout carrying the cat. While she may have enjoyed it initially, when a cat becomes tired of being held she will give cues such as tail twitching or thrashing, growling, tensing the body, squirming in your arms or stopping purring. If any of these things occur, put the cat down right away in a safe way (see the next step).

Step 5: Put down the cat in a quiet area away from activity. Even though cats can jump from high places, it is safer and more polite to assist the cat in meeting the height to which she is to jump. For example, if you want to set her on the ground, kneel down so she can jump from a lesser height. If you wish to set her on a surface, bring her close to the surface both in height and proximity. This is particularly important to avoid getting scratched by her back claws as is common for cats when they leap out of your arms.

How to Pick Up a Kitten

Kittens should be given the same process as is outlined above for all cats. Even though most kittens are outgoing and have less fear, ensuring they have a positive experience with being picked up is critical. Kittens form life-long assumptions and associations with experiences at a young age.

Kittens are more tricky to hold once they are picked up. If the kitten is small enough that you can use just your hands (not your arms) to lift them under their front and rear legs, this is appropriate and may offer better control. 

Kittens tend to squirm when in your arms for long periods of time, as they are very active. If a kitten becomes difficult to hold onto, immediately lower them safely toward a place to set them down. This is important to avoid frustrating the kitten, to avoid getting scratched, and to ensure you do not accidentally drop the kitten.

Mistakes to Avoid When Picking Up a Cat

The most common mistake made when people pick up a cat is that she gave clear signs she did not wish to be picked up. Watching body language each step of the way is key. 

Other common mistakes include:

• Picking up a cat before finishing the introduction process (i.e. allowing the cat to sniff then immediately picking them up)
• Picking up a cat by the scruff, or the skin on the back of the neck and shoulders
• Not holding a cat close to your body so she feels insecure
• Holding onto a cat too long
• Allowing a cat to jump out of your arms from a distance or considerable height
• Allowing children to carry a cat for long periods, incorrectly or unsupervised

Why Doesn’t My Cat Like to Be Held?

Not every cat likes being held. In fact, some pet parents are never able to hold their cat! 

It is natural for some cats to dislike being held and there may be no explanation. For other cats, this dislike could be because of a traumatic event in the past, or repeated negative interactions while being held. It could also be true that as a kitten this cat was not held often and has no experience with being held. Some cats do not like their stomachs touched for any reason and being picked up requires the stomach area to be touched. 

Some of these cats can be slowly conditioned (in a sense trained) to enjoy being held. Keep in mind that no matter what you do, never scold your cat during this process, as it will make matters worse. 

Follow these steps carefully and slowly. If at ANY time your cat bites or attempts to bite, howls, urinates or defecates on you or runs and hides for a considerable period of time afterward stop making these attempts. Some cats may never enjoy being held and you shouldn’t force it.

 Step 1: Find a favorite treat or toy. If there is a small piece of something to eat that is highly enjoyed such as tuna (cooked) or a particular pet store treat, use this. Some cats are not very fond of treats but are very interested in play – have a favorite toy on hand during conditioning. If using a toy as incentive, you must play with your cat for at least a couple minutes as her reward.

Step 2: Ensure a quiet environment. Only perform conditioning when there is limited to no other human or animal activity, in familiar environments (i.e. at home) and when things are generally quiet.

Step 3: Take time for introductions. Always start with a proper introduction, and if your cat’s response is that she does not want attention, do not force it.

Step 4: Lift and reward. Gently place your hands under the rear legs and behind the front legs, lift about 1 inch from the ground and immediately return her to her original spot. Immediately follow (within a couple seconds) with the treat or toy.

Step 5: Repeat. After this has been done several times, and you do not notice any signs of stress (i.e. biting, scratching, growling, hiding), try lifting several inches off the ground. Repeat the same steps as above and do this several times over.

Step 6: Hold your cat against your body. Once your cat seems comfortable with being lifted off the ground and rewarded, the next step is to pick up your cat and hold her against your body for a second. Do this and then return her to the ground safely to immediately receive her treat or toy. Do this numerous times, and do not move on until there are no signs of stress.

Step 7: Try a hold lasting a few seconds. The final step is to pick up your cat and hold her a few seconds, talking softly and petting her. Continue to repeat this process until she is held for longer and longer periods of time.

It is VERY important that if at any time during this process your cat shows signs of wanting to get down—such as squirming or growling—you must immediately put her down. Forcing your cat to stay in your arms may ruin the work you have done to condition her to tolerate or (hopefully) enjoy being picked up. 

The post The Right Way to Pick Up a Cat: A Step-By-Step Guide appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Catching liver disease early is the best way to help your cat. Read more to understand what causes liver disease, how to identify symptoms, and what it takes to treat your cat.

Liver Problems in Cats: An Overview

The liver is a very vital organ to your cat’s overall health. It breaks down nutrients from food into energy and medications into effective treatments. Vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver until a cat’s body needs them. It has many roles in metabolism—meaning the liver helps many processes that are crucial to staying alive.

The liver is found just underneath a cat’s rib cage. A muscle called the diaphragm separates the chest (with the heart and lungs) and the abdomen (with the liver, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, etc). Between the diaphragm and the stomach is the liver. The gallbladder is a structure within the liver, filled with bile that breaks down food. The liver looks like a round, smooth organ with reddish-brown coloration and multiple parts to it, called lobes.

Because the liver provides so many critical processes, if the liver is diseased, it affects the whole body. Energy from food declines, vitamins and minerals are unavailable, the body cannot effectively process medications, bleeding doesn’t stop, and more.

Types of Cat Liver Disease

There are four categories for types of liver disease in cats. These include: 

• Inflammatory
• Lipidosis
• Cancer (neoplasia)
• Infectious

All of these types of feline liver disease have extremely similar symptoms, so you cannot tell these apart based on how your cat feels. 

Inflammatory means there is inflammation somewhere in the liver. This can be primary or secondary. Primary inflammation means that the liver itself is the reason for the inflammation. However, the liver may be inflamed because of other conditions or even because other nearby or related organs are inflamed. The most common inflammatory liver condition in cats is called cholangiohepatitis, which is primary inflammation involving the gallbladder. These conditions range from mild to severe.

Hepatic lipidosis, also known as fatty liver disease, is when individual liver cells store too much fat, which stops the liver from being able to metabolize food for energy. While overweight cats are at a higher risk of developing this condition (due to having more body fat), cats of healthy weight can also develop lipidosis. When this condition is diagnosed, it is usually considered moderate to severe.

Cancer is a possible cause of liver disease in cats and is usually severe. 

Infectious liver disease can be caused by a variety of pathogens (viruses, parasites, and fungi) and is the least common cause of liver disease in cats. It can be mild to severe.

Cats can also suffer from cirrhosis of the liver, but it is rare.

Symptoms of Liver Disease in Cats

Liver disease commonly causes vague symptoms  in cats, such as a change in appetite and a change in behavior. 

A comprehensive list of possible symptoms include:

• Weight loss
• Decreased (or absent) appetite
• Decreased activity level
• Drooling and/or vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Change in litter box habits
• Change in behavior (ex. Hiding)
• Yellow tinge to the skin and whites of the eyes
• Orange-tinged urine
• Enlargement of the belly (abdomen)
• Increased thirst and/or urination

One of the most specific symptoms of liver disease in cats is icterus, also known as jaundice. Icterus occurs when the skin turns a yellow tint as well as the white parts of the eyes. Icterus is due to a normal byproduct of the liver building up in the body. 

However, this process can occur for a couple other issues that do not directly involve the liver, so veterinarians cannot assume there is liver disease even with icterus. Testing is needed to confirm whether this is being caused by your cat’s liver. 

Causes of Liver Disease in Cats

One of the most common causes of liver disease in cats is cholangitis also known as cholangiohepatitis. As previously mentioned, this is due to inflammation and it encompasses 25 percent of all cases of feline liver disease. 

A theory for why this inflammation happens includes bacteria making its way from the gastrointestinal system to the bile ducts, infiltrating the gallbladder and biliary tree (connections from the gallbladder to the liver and intestines). 

There are several diseases that may cause secondary inflammation in the liver. For example, the liver can be inflamed due to pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) or inflammatory bowel disease (inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines). The pancreas, stomach, and (some of the) intestines are physically close to the liver inside a cat’s body.

Hepatic lipidosis is caused by any condition whatsoever that decreases appetite in cats. This means that almost any disease could technically cause lipidosis, since cats often experience a decrease in appetite when they are not feeling well. This condition is much more common in obese cats since they have higher stores of fat. Common causes of lipidosis include diabetes mellitus, obesity, pancreatitis, kidney disease, or severe stress. Diet is linked to many of these conditions, playing an important role in your cat’s overall health.

Liver cancer is less common in cats. The most common type of cancer affecting the liver is lymphoma (which can be found in many organs) or bile duct carcinoma (found specifically in the bile duct from the gallbladder). Some of these have chemotherapy options, but this depends on each cat’s specific condition.

Infectious diseases in cats can also cause liver disease. There are many pathogens that can affect the liver, including:

• Fungi like histoplasmosis
• Parasites like toxoplasmosis
• Protozoa like cytauxzoonosis
• Viruses like feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

Diagnosing Cats With Liver Disease

Liver disease is usually diagnosed with blood work. After your veterinarian examines your cat and listens to your description of the symptoms you are seeing at home, they will strongly recommend blood work to evaluate your cat’s overall health. 

On blood work, there are several telltale signs that a cat’s liver is inflamed. However, routine blood work will not tell the cause of liver disease. There are specific tests for infectious causes, and your veterinarian may suggest these tests.

A biopsy is the most common recommended test to determine the cause of liver disease. Biopsy is when a surgeon retrieves a very small piece of an organ to send to a specialist (histopathologist) to review under a microscope. They can see individual liver cells this way. 

Biopsy requires surgery of some kind. Laparoscopy, or the use of a small camera to go inside the abdomen through a small incision, could be used. Most veterinarians do not have this equipment, so they will make an incision in the middle of your cat’s belly to take a very small piece of the liver. During surgery, culture of the liver or bile will determine what kind of bacteria could be causing cholangiohepatitis, which helps in choosing the correct antibiotic.

Ultrasound is a way of viewing the appearance of the liver without performing surgery. Ultrasound can help identify if there is a mass on the liver or what parts of your cat’s liver are affected. It is also used to examine other organs nearby that could be causing liver inflammation. However, ultrasound cannot necessarily give a specific cause of liver disease unless it is caused by secondary inflammation due to other organs nearby.

Cat Liver Disease Treatments

All cat liver disease, especially hepatic lipidosis, is treated with supportive care, meaning veterinarians treat the symptoms because we cannot treat the liver itself. By supporting our cat’s overall health, we give the liver time to recuperate on its own. 

Many times cats with liver disease are very dehydrated, so they may require hospitalization and IV fluids. Occasionally, if the liver disease is mild, cats can get fluids under the skin at one time instead of staying in the hospital. 

Another factor with liver disease is most cats do not wish to eat. Without food your kitty cannot recover, so some cats will require a feeding tube as well as medications to help appetite. This tube would either be placed in your cat’s nose or with a minor surgical procedure to sit on the side of your cat’s neck. Pet parents can provide nutrition through the tube instead of their cat needing to eat through the mouth.

The rest of the main causes of liver disease have more specific treatments. Liver disease may be treated with a variety of medications as well as supportive care.

Medications to Treat Liver Disease in Cats

Some classes of medications used in cats with liver disease include:

Antibiotics: Cholangiohepatitis requires treatment with antibiotics. Common ones include amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin.

Antinausea medications: These decrease nausea and vomiting and should increase kitty’s appetite. Examples include maropitant or ondansetron.

Appetite stimulants: These directly increase appetite. Examples include mirtazapine or cyproheptadine.

Bile acid medications: This is generally recommended with cholangiohepatitis to decrease the chance of gallbladder stones. An example includes ursodeoxycholic acid.

Immunosuppressive medications: Steroids or other medications that decrease the immune system, thus decreasing inflammation in the liver. Examples include prednisolone and chlorambucil.

Pain medications: These may be necessary, particularly for cats with cholangiohepatitis or pancreatitis that can occur with liver disease. An example includes buprenorphine.

Promotility medications: These get the guts moving the right way to increase appetite. Examples include metoclopramide or cisapride.

Hepatoprotective medications: These decrease the toxic effects on the liver. Examples include S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) and silybin.

Supplements: Cats can benefit from vitamin B supplementation if their levels are low.

General Cost to Treat Liver Disease in Cats

Mild cases of feline liver disease can cost only between $300-$500. Most cases of liver disease are worse than mild, however. If your cat needs to be hospitalized, depending on how ill he is, the cost could be anywhere from $800-$3,000.

How to Prevent Cat Liver Disease

Some ways to prevent liver disease in cats include:

• Maintain your cat at a healthy weight.
• Visit the veterinarian yearly, and perform blood work when requested.
• Call your veterinarian as soon as you notice concerning symptoms, especially if your cat’s appetite has decreased or is absent.
• Administer parasite prevention as directed by your veterinarian.
• Keep your cat indoors so he cannot interact with cats unknown to you, cannot get parasites or ingest toxins.
• Keep all toxic substances locked up so your cat does not have access.

The post Liver Disease in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Asthma attacks in cats can result in a life-threatening situation for our feline companions. While this condition is concerning, attentive pet parents can lower the chance of a full-blown attack if they notice subtle signs first.

Read on to know what symptoms to watch for, what causes feline asthma, and how cats with this condition are treated.

Can Cats Have Asthma?

Cats can definitely have asthma. Most veterinarians call it chronic allergic bronchitis in cats, because that phrase is a better descriptor of the disease. Chronic means ongoing—and for cats, this is a lifelong condition once it is diagnosed. Allergic means that this disease is caused by the body’s immune system overreacting to things it doesn’t like, such as cigarette smoke or dust. Bronchitis means inflammation of the small airways inside the lungs.

Asthma in cats is a similar condition to humans. Your cat’s body has a unique trigger, or allergen. This allergen sets off a chain reaction inside your cat’s lungs that results in constricted airways and an increase in mucus. For these reasons, it becomes difficult to breathe.

In some cats with asthma, they show subtle symptoms for a period of time before pet parents realize something is amiss. In other cats, they very suddenly experience an asthma attack. Each cat is unique in what triggers the issue, and how severe the asthma can be.

Causes of Feline Asthma

Asthma is caused by a cat’s immune system overreacting to allergens, or things that your cat breathes in that the body doesn’t like. Siamese cats are more likely to get asthma, with an occurrence of 5 percent. Besides this specific breed, there is no way to predict which cat will have asthma and which will not.

Allergens that have been identified as causes of asthma in cats include:

• Dust
• Cigarette smoke
• Mold
• Plants (weeds, trees, pollen, etc.)
• Parasites (i.e. lungworms)
• Cat litter
• Household chemicals (i.e. cleaning solutions)

Cat Asthma Symptoms

Most of the time, your cat’s symptoms are chronic or ongoing — they never go away and can be subtle or be pretty obvious. About ¼ of the time your cat’s symptoms are intermittent — the symptoms come and go, and it can be hard to predict when they will come back. It is important that all pet parents recognize these symptoms and monitor their cats closely, even if symptoms go away.

The most common symptom of asthma in cats is coughing. Cats rarely cough, and asthma is a typical reason—especially in a young or middle-aged cat.

Pet parents may also notice ongoing or intermittent signs such as:

• Noise (whistle, wheeze or congestion) when breathing
• Increased rate of breathing (perhaps only occasionally after exercise)
• Decreased activity or your cat stops exercise sooner than usual
• Change in behavior

When cats experience an asthma attack, the symptoms are much more obvious and your cat needs emergency medical attention. Symptoms of a feline asthma attack include:

• Audible noises when breathing (whistle, wheeze, congestion)
• Complete lack of activity and appetite
• Dramatic increased rate of breathing (>1 breath per second)
• Chest moves in and out dramatically with the belly too
• Open mouth breathing (“panting”)

What to Do During a Cat Asthma Attack

If you suspect your cat is having an asthma attack, take the following steps:

Step 1: If you are uncertain as to whether or not your cat is having an asthma attack, call your veterinarian. If they are closed, it is better to visit the emergency room than wait.

Step 2: Reduce your cat’s stress as much as possible. Place him into a carrier gently, coaxing him instead of pushing him in. Keep the carrier covered with a light breathable covering such as a pillowcase or towel. Keep the environment quiet while bringing him to an emergency clinic.

Step 3: Bring your cat to the nearest emergency hospital. Bring any medications he is currently on and report any symptoms that occurred before the asthma attack.

Step 4: If possible, call the emergency clinic while you are on your way to alert them that your cat is having trouble breathing. If this is not possible, the hospital will still tend to your cat swiftly.

Diagnosing Cats with Asthma

Cats with asthma are usually diagnosed based on history, a physical exam and most importantly X-rays. However, X-rays of a cat’s chest can be deceiving. Almost half of cats with asthma have very mild or even no signs on X-rays. But the majority (93 percent) have some change that is noticeable when images are reviewed by veterinarians. This is the best test to see what is happening in the lungs.

Your veterinarian will likely also perform other tests to rule out other possible causes of breathing problems in your cat. One cause could be lungworms, which require a special feces (poop) test to look for lungworm eggs. Bloodwork will likely be performed to evaluate how organs such as the kidneys and liver are doing and look for signs of inflammation.

An uncommon test that your veterinarian may perform is called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves putting sterile saline (a non-harmful fluid) into the lungs in a small amount, then sucking the fluid back out to be tested. This is more often done when an infection is suspected, or your cat is not responding to treatment very well.

It can be incredibly challenging to tell the difference between cats in heart failure and those having an asthma attack. Because the symptoms are similar, a cardiologist (heart specialist for cats and dogs) may examine your pet for heart disease with an echocardiogram, or measurement of the heart with ultrasound.

Feline Asthma Treatment

Treatment for a cat asthma attack involves emergency care, including oxygen and fast-acting medications to open the airways so your cat can breathe.

When treating your cat for asthma long-term, medication to decrease the inflammation in the lungs is important even if your cat does not always experience symptoms. Over time the inflammation in the lungs (even if mild) can cause permanent damage, so treatment is always warranted.

Medications to Treat Cat Asthma

Long-term medications to treat asthma in cats involve decreasing inflammation in the lungs. Your veterinarian may recommend:

Oral steroids (given by mouth): These medications are usually the first medication prescribed to cats after an asthma attack. Your cat will start out with a strong dose, and slowly decrease the dose to a level safer for long-term use. A common example is prednisolone.

Inhaled steroids: These medications are placed through an inhaler, which is connected to a system made especially for cats. Many cats can be acclimated to this inhaler, which looks like a small clear face mask. It may be safer than oral steroids for certain cats. A common example is fluticasone propionate.

Bronchodilators (given by mouth or inhaler): Occasionally cats that do not respond well to just steroids may also be given this medication, which directly acts on the airway to open it up. A common (by mouth) example is terbutaline.

Immunosuppressants (given by mouth): Occasionally cats that cannot be given steroids may be managed on this, which decreases the entire immune system including in the lungs. An example is cyclosporine.

Home Remedies for Cat Asthma

Holistic therapy is a safe therapy along with Western medicine, but holistic therapy itself will not be enough for your asthmatic cat.

Some examples of supplemental home remedies for cat asthma include:

• High-quality diet
• Acupuncture
• Herbal therapies (veterinary or Chinese)

There is no single herbal therapy that treats asthma in cats. Holistic veterinarians must examine each cat with asthma before prescribing a specific herbal or home remedy, as asthma is complex.

General Cost to Treat Asthma in Cats

If your cat is diagnosed with asthma but is not currently in an emergency situation, the cost for treatment could be anywhere from $400 to $600, depending on what kind of testing is required to determine a cause. Your cat may also need long-term medications to treat chronic asthma, which vary in cost.

If your cat experiences an asthma attack and requires emergency care, the cost could be anywhere from $800 to $2,000.

How to Prevent Feline Asthma

While not all cases of cat asthma can be prevented, you can take the following steps to help reduce your cat’s exposure to common allergens:

• Keep your home clean to avoid dust
• Stop any type of smoking in your home where your cat is exposed
• Address mold issues in your home right away
• Have your cat regularly tested for parasites and provide routine deworming
• Choose a low-dust cat litter
• Use a HEPA filter in your furnace and vacuum
• Switch out carpets for hard floor surfaces where possible
• Remove your cat from parts of your home where you are using strong cleaners, and don’t let them back in until the cleaning products have dried and the area has been well ventilated
• Don’t use essential oil diffusers or scented candles around your cat

Discuss with your veterinarian which cleaning solutions are safe to use around your pets, and only use these at the recommended dilutions and do not allow your cat to have direct exposure.

The post All About Feline Asthma appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Catching this condition early can limit how severe it gets. Because of this, every pet parent should read the following to understand more about the symptoms of megacolon in cats and how to get their cat help.

What is a Megacolon?

Megacolon is a relatively common condition in cats (but uncommon in dogs). The term megacolon means a large colon. A cat’s colon is located at the end of the intestines where feces is made before passing out of the body.

In cats with megacolon, the colon becomes larger or more distended than it should be. This slows down the passing of feces out and results in constipation, or the decreased ability to defecate. Many times, the feces becomes very firm, dry, and large when it does not pass out of the body. This is intensely uncomfortable for cats. In some cases, complete and severe constipation—known as obstipation—occurs.

This is a serious condition that requires a veterinarian to help your cat. It could be life threatening if your cat becomes so sick that he refuses to eat and becomes severely dehydrated.

What Causes Megacolon in Cats?

Over 60 percent of cases of megacolon are idiopathic, meaning the underlying cause is unknown. The smooth muscle in the colon that is responsible for pushing feces out does not function as well anymore. Oftentimes, multiple bouts of constipation occur first, stretching the colon even wider and damaging the inner layers of the colon important to a cat’s digestion and gut health.

While most cases of megacolon are found in mixed breed cats (61 percent), approximately 12 percent of cases are in purebred Siamese cats. Therefore, it is possible that genetics has something to do with this condition.

There are multiple other possible causes for megacolon in cats including:

A blockage: A physical issue blocking the passage of feces out of the colon. Examples include a foreign object, previous fractures of the pelvis (hip), or a cancerous mass.

Nerve problems: An issue with the nerves that are supposed to help control the colon’s function. Examples include an issue in the spinal cord or a congenital issue, meaning the cat was born with a lack of appropriate nerves to the colon.

Congenital hypothyroidism. This is rare, but cats born with hypothyroidism, or low thyroid hormone, may have stunted growth and other health issues on top of megacolon.

Symptoms of Megacolon in Cats

The symptoms of megacolon in cats are essentially the same as for constipation, but they are more severe and longer lasting. Once megacolon occurs, it is lifelong—not temporary like constipation.

The symptoms of megacolon include:

• Decreased or no feces produced – may see very small very firm pieces of feces
• Not using the litter box
• Straining to defecate (standing and pushing as though trying to pass feces)
• Vomiting
• Distended belly (increased in how round it is even when not eating well)
• Blood or mucus from the anus
• Decreased or no appetite
• Decreased activity level

Cats with megacolon can sometimes also have liquid diarrhea, which confuses pet parents. This can be because the inner lining of the colon is so inflamed and irritated that it produces diarrhea, which leaks around the large, firm feces stuck inside.

Diagnosing Megacolon in Cats

The most common way that veterinarians diagnose megacolon in cats is through X-rays. Your veterinarian will examine your cat and feel large, firm feces stuck inside. On  an X-ray, veterinarians can look for underlying causes for megacolon as well as measure the size of the colon. If the colon is not too large, your cat may just be constipated. But if his colon is very distended and abnormally large, your veterinarian will diagnose megacolon.

Bloodwork is often a good test to run when your cat is first found to be constipated. Sometimes underlying issues (such as kidney disease) cause dehydration (lack of water), which can lead to constipation. In rare cases, young kittens are born with low thyroid levels and bloodwork is the only way to measure that.

Occasionally more advanced testing will be recommended for megacolon. This can include a colonoscopy, which allows veterinarians to look for abnormalities in the colon with a small camera. Biopsies (small samples) can be taken to analyze for cancer, nerve issues, and other damage to the colon.

How to Treat Feline Megacolon

When your cat is severely constipated (especially if he’s obstipated) an enema is a required treatment. An enema involves putting your cat under anesthesia for a short time to place lubricating liquids into the colon. These liquids will help your veterinarian remove some of the feces as well as help your cat pass feces by himself later on.

There are several ways to manage megacolon long-term, which include:

• Medications to stimulate movement of the colon to pass feces
• Laxatives to make it easier to pass stool
• Increased water consumption (feeding canned food or giving your cat a drinking fountain)
• Increased fiber in food such as psyllium or wheat bran
• Prescription diets that have increased fiber for gut health
• Probiotics to support general gut health
• Acupuncture

Depending on your cat’s specific case, sometimes surgery to remove a mass is required. Some cats will not respond to medications and, for his long-term happiness, surgery is recommended. The surgery of choice for megacolon is called subtotal colectomy, which involves the removal of most of the colon to keep feces from getting stuck there. This surgery has a high success rate.

Medications for Megacolon in Cats

Medications to help treat megacolon in cats may include:

• Prokinetic medications that stimulate movement of feces out of the colon, such as Cisapride
• Laxatives that make stool softer, such as Polyethylene glycol or lactulose
• Probiotics that support gut health

General Cost to Treat Megacolon

The cost of treating megacolon varies significantly depending on your geographic location and the severity of the condition.

If your cat is having an episode of constipation for the first time, your veterinarian may only charge for general treatments. If your cat has evidence of megacolon or repeated constipation, your veterinarian will run several tests and provide several treatments to make your cat better. These tests and treatments are estimated in the $400-$600 range.

If your cat is obstipated and requires an enema, add an estimated $300-$600 on top of the $400-$600.

How to Prevent Megacolon in Cats

Megacolon is seen more often in cats that are stressed in the home or that do not have litter boxes regularly cleaned.

In order to help prevent megacolon:

Make sure your cat has access to fresh water. Provide plenty of fresh water and canned food to increase water consumption.

Keep your cat happy and stimulated. Provide essential environmental enrichment for your cat to limit stress and stimulate his brain and activity level.

Keep your cat’s litter box clean. Scoop all of your cat’s litter boxes every day, and empty and thoroughly clean the litter boxes at least every 2-3 months.

Call your veterinarian right away if your cat is constipated (not producing stool) for over 48 hours. Long-term constipation can lead to megacolon.

Related Conditions

• Constipation
• Obstipation

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Playing with your pet is a great way to keep them happy and healthy. But it’s important to ensure your pet’s body and mind can keep pace with the fun. Ask your vet about supplements for joints, brain, stress, and digestion to help your pet stay limber, curious, and ready to play.

Ready to romp, play, and have some fun? Read on to get our experts’ suggestions for bonding at home with your pets.

Creative Activities For Dogs

Try searching games

“Try search games in your home—hide a toy or treat and let your dog track it down,” says Dr. Stefanie Schwartz, a board certified veterinary behaviorist and founder of CivilizedPet.com. “Some dogs are naturally good at this, others need some basic training like hiding something in plain sight, then hiding it under a pillow and gradually making it more challenging.”

Play “The Box” game

“Here, our objective is to see if we can get your dog to advance to the box (and maybe even sit in it) without saying a word. It is a shaping technique we use in animal training,” says Vivian Zottola, research associate at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies. “All you need is a box, pet training clicker, and food.”

Here’s how to do it:

Step 1: Ensure the room has no distractions. Then, using a box your dog could easily walk into, place it on the ground in the middle of the room.

Step 2: Observe your pet and wait for them to notice the box. If they advance and stick their heads in, super! Mark the event with a clicker sound.

Step 3: Treat your pet AFTER the clicker sound you make.

Step 4: Wait again until your pet goes back to the box/looks into the box. Repeat the mark and reward each time.

Step 5: You can wait for the dog to offer a different behavior (perhaps sticking their head further in or stepping into the box), then advancing to sit in the box. Have fun!

Enjoy outdoor yard games

“Walks aren’t the only option for exercise,” says Dr. Terry Marie Curtis, clinical veterinary behaviorist at the University of Florida’s College of Veterinary Medicine. “If there is a fenced yard, there are lots of options–from walking around in the yard to setting up a little homemade agility course. For water-loving dogs, a kiddy pool can provide lots of fun.”

Put your dog’s nose to work

“Nose work is another good activity–especially for dogs who don’t have access to an outside yard. It doesn’t have to be complicated,” says Curtis. “It can take the form of hiding treats in boxes that are hidden around the house that the dog has to find. Puzzle toys can serve the same purpose–hide and seek!”

Try audio/visual engagements

“When considering how to keep your dog busy, consider some breeds (sight hounds) may enjoy watching things move about,” says Zottola. “Check out Dogtv.com for their on demand dog channel.”

And if your dog is stressed or anxious, try implementing relaxing music.

“Filling the home with sounds including playing nature music (YouTube), soft classical or spa music on low volume helps,” says Zottola.

Creative Activities for Cats

Create a DIY puzzle toy

“Cats are known to eat 10-16 times per day,” says Dr. Melissa Bain, professor of Clinical Animal Behavior and Director of Professional Student Clinical Education at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. “You can purchase toys as well as make them.”

She recommends checking out the website Food Puzzles For Cats for reviews of store-bought options. But if you’re feeling crafty, the site also offers instructions for making your own cat puzzle toy at home, complete with healthy cat treats.

Give felines a catnip challenge

“Catnip responsive cats will appreciate a little nibble,” says Schwartz. “Try hiding it under a bowl or plastic container so they have to work for it a little.”

Train your cat to high five

If you want to try training your cat to do some basic tricks, a high five is a great place to begin.

“Use positive reinforcement training, especially with a clicker or other unique sound that can mark the behavior,” says Bain. “Be sure to remain positive and don’t use punishment.”

All you need is a pet training clicker. Here’s how to teach your cat how to high five:

Step 1: Use a plastic golf ball or a ping-pong ball on the end of a chopstick, pen, or wooden dowel as a target. Hold the target where the cat can see it and click and treat when the cat looks at the target. Click and treat any movement toward the target, and then click for actually touching the target.

Step 2: Hold the target a few inches above the cat’s head, too high for your cat to touch with her nose. The cat will almost certainly extend a paw to try to bring the target to its nose. Click and treat just as the paw makes contact with the target.

Step 3: Move your hand down, so that on each subsequent trial your hand is closer to the ball end of the target. When your hand is nearly on top of the ball, remove the target and just use your hand as the target.

Step 3: The cat will put its paw up to your hand where the target used to be. Click and treat every attempt the cat makes to put its paw on or near your hand. Add the verbal cue “high five” when the cat is putting its paw up to touch your hand reliably.

Grab a brush and groom

“Many cats love to be groomed. When time is scarce, this activity tends to fall by the wayside,” says Curtis. “While owners are catching up on missed television programs, their cats can get a spa treatment just sitting in their laps.”

“Grooming your cat with a gentle tool and light pressure can become a lovely way to bond,” adds Schwartz.

The post 9 Creative Ways to Keep Pets Busy at Home appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read below to understand what to look for, where they come from and what needs to be done to treat these parasites.

What is a Warble?

Warbles are a parasite that feeds on rabbits and rodents, such as rats. Their genus name is Cuterebra, which includes a variety of species. Technically, warbles are immature versions of the adult rodent bot fly called larvae.

Adult flies lay eggs at the entrance to burrows of rabbits and rodents. The eggs hatch when they sense body heat releasing very small worm-like larvae, and when a rabbit or rodent passes over them they stick in the fur. The larvae then crawl into any hole they can find–a wound, the nose, or even the eye. Warbles get into the tissues just below the skin and begin to grow, feeding on the rabbit’s tissues

After approximately 4 weeks, the warble becomes visible under the skin as an inflamed lump with a hole in the top for the warble to breathe from. Eventually, when the warble is big enough, it exits the rabbit and falls to the ground to finish turning into an adult fly. At this point, the warble is typically an inch long, 0.5 inch wide, and is gray-brown in color covered in small black spines.

What Causes Warbles in Cats?

Warbles affect cats when our felines spend time outdoors, exploring rabbit or rodent burrows. The larvae stick to the cat’s fur instead of a rabbit’s or rodent’s and follow the same life cycle. Any cat can get warbles at any age.

The most common place to find warbles on cats is just under the skin on the head or neck. However, they may migrate elsewhere in your cat causing more severe issues. Warbles can be found in the nose, inside of the eye, inside the throat, or even in the brain.

Are Warbles in Cats Contagious?

Warbles aren’t contagious between felines, but cats that spend time outdoors around areas where rabbits and rodents burrow are susceptible to warbles. The larvae may stick to a cat’s fur and then crawl into a cat’s nose, a wound, or into a cat’s eye.

Symptoms Warbles in Cats

There are many possible symptoms of warbles depending on where the warble is located in your cat. Keep in mind that when the warble first infects your cat, it is so small you likely won’t see it. After a couple weeks, symptoms are usually noted when the warble is larger.

Most of the time, the warble is found just under a cat’s skin and causes the following symptoms:

• Red swelling, approximately 1 inch wide with a hole in the top (there may be more than one)
• Moving gray-brown worm-like creature, seen through the swelling hole, covered in small black spines
• Possible foul-smelling, yellow-tan discharge
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity

If the warble makes its way into your cat’s nose:

• Frequent sneezing
• Oftentimes yellow-green nasal discharge
• Swelling of the nose
• Congestion
• Possible coughing

If the warble makes its way into your cat’s eye:

• Swelling of the tissues around and in the eye
• Pink or red-looking eye
• Eye discharge, often yellow-green
• Squinting
• Possible to see a worm floating in the front part of your cat’s eye (in front of the colorful iris)

If the warble makes its way into your cat’s brain and/or spinal cord:

• Blindness
• Uncoordinated walking (looks like your cat is walking drunkenly)
• Seizures
• Changes in behavior, including vocalization
• Head tilted to one side
• Walking in circles

Diagnosing This Parasite in Cats

Most of the time, a physical examination is all that is needed to diagnose warbles. Veterinarians will often notice a swelling with a visible worm inside of it and no special testing is required. However, sometimes the warble is hidden inside the cat and your veterinarian cannot see the worm. If this is the case, special testing may be needed to find the worm.

For example, if the worm is far into your cat’s nose, rhinoscopy–or a very small camera passed into the mouth and nose–would be necessary. If the warbles went into your cat’s brain, a CT scan or MRI would be necessary. These tests very carefully scan the brain and spinal cord of your cat while she is under anesthesia (unconscious). These special tests would be conducted at specialty veterinary clinics, and not performed at your routine veterinary clinic.

How to Treat Warbles in Cats

The first step of treatment is always removal of the warble, unless the worm is inside your cat’s brain. Removal will require pain medication and sedation depending on where the worm is located.

A veterinarian is required to remove the worm, as an incision will be made to provide enough space to carefully extract the worm intact. If the worm is broken or cut into pieces during removal, your cat’s body reacts very strongly and could set up a severe prolonged infection or anaphylactic shock. This is a serious medical condition where the whole body of your cat has an allergic reaction.

Medications to Treat Warbles in Cats

Antibiotics are typically prescribed to cats after removal of the warble to treat secondary bacterial infections caused by the trauma of the warble living inside your cat. If the warble is inside your cat’s eye, the warble will be removed and your veterinarian will prescribe extended treatment of the eye with antibiotic drops and steroids, either by mouth or drops in the eye.

If your cat has warbles in the brain, ivermectin is a medication given that will kill the worm and your veterinarian will give the injection. However, when the worm dies, it will cause a lot of inflammation in the brain as well as anaphylaxis (allergic reaction). Because of this, cats will likely receive diphenhydramine (an antihistamine to prevent allergic reaction) and steroids. Steroids may include prednisolone and dexamethasone. These medications are given by mouth.

General Cost to Get Rid of Warbles

The vast majority of the time, the surgery to remove warbles is minor if it is located just below the skin. The cost can range from $200-$600 depending on location of the warble and medications needed.

If the warble is inside your cat’s eye, your cat will need advanced surgery, long-term medications and many rechecks which can range from $1,000 to $3,000.

If the warble is inside the brain, your cat will need intensive care and the price varies widely depending on how ill your cat is. If she is hospitalized, an MRI is done to diagnose the disease, she is given medications and treated for allergic reaction. The cost for this treatment could range from $2,000 to $5,000.

How to Prevent Warbles in Cats

The only surefire way to prevent warbles in cats is to keep your cat indoors. This will prevent them from investigating rabbit and rodent burrows, which could allow coming in contact with botfly larvae. If your cat roams freely outside, you are unlikely to stop them from poking into burrows.

Some parasite preventatives may help reduce the likelihoood of warbles, when given regularly. Although these preventatives have not been tested for efficacy against warbles and are not labeled for this use, they may be able to kill botfly larvae before they begin developing under a pet’s skin.

The post Warbles in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Kennel Cough?

Kennel cough is a contagious disease in dogs characterized by a persistent cough of several days. Dogs with this disease contract it through exposure to other dogs. It almost always involves a mixture of multiple viruses and bacteria (multiple pathogens), which means that each dog’s symptoms and treatment needs will vary.

All of the kennel cough pathogens break down the lining of various parts of the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and infection. The respiratory system goes from the nose all the way to the lungs, including the nasal cavity (chamber of the nose), pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and lungs. Inside the lungs, passageways for air called bronchi lead to smaller branches called bronchioles.

What Does Kennel Cough Sound Like?

Kennel cough usually sounds like a nagging and dry cough, which happens over and over for a short period of time. Most people describe the sound as a honk. In other dogs, the cough is deeper and sounds wet, so that you would imagine your dog producing phlegm (mucus) from inside their chest. Occasionally the cough is so persistent that your dog may appear to choke for a second, and you’ll hear a sharp hacking noise from the throat.

How Long Does Kennel Cough Last?

Each dog varies in how long kennel cough will last. It depends on the specific pathogens that your dog has, their age, and if they have other underlying medical conditions. The majority of dogs develop symptoms three to seven days after exposure.

Dogs tend to have kennel cough for seven to 14 days once they show symptoms. Treatment is not always warranted, but the length of time your dog appears ill will shorten with certain treatments. Most dogs can fight the infection at home with your help, but some will require a veterinarian visit.

Is Kennel Cough Contagious?

Kennel cough is very contagious between dogs, which means it can spread easily in shelter environments or in multi-dog households.

Luckily, the majority of pathogens involved in kennel cough are not contagious to other species besides dogs. However, there are three exceptions:

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV): Cats can be infected but will not show symptoms. This is important in that cats can spread the infection to other dogs or cats. This virus is not contagious to humans.

Canine distemper virus (CDV): This virus is found in dogs as well as ferrets and other wildlife. Your dog can spread this virus to those other species but not humans or cats.

Bordetella bronchiseptica: This bacterium can be spread to cats as well as humans, but this is very rare. Humans who get Bordetella from dogs have other medical conditions that severely decrease their immune system.

Kennel Cough in Puppies

Puppies are more susceptible to kennel cough than adult dogs because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to fight off all infections. For this reason, follow all vaccination protocols and veterinary recommendations for your puppy. Any puppy showing symptoms of kennel cough needs veterinary care right away. Having a health and pet care credit card, such as CareCredit, can provide peace of mind so you can focus on helping your puppy feel better.*

Some of the pathogens associated with kennel cough are particularly bad for puppies. For example, the canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) can cause neurologic disease (disease in the brain and spinal cord). In general, puppies are more likely to develop more serious diseases, such as pneumonia (lung infection), than adult dogs. At least 50 percent of young dogs with pneumonia have Bordetella (1).

How Do Dogs Get Kennel Cough?

Kennel cough exposure most often happens at boarding facilities, breeders, groomers, or animal shelters. It usually spreads by cough (aerosol transmission) or direct contact between dogs, such as play. Some pathogens are so potent that they can exist on items touched by an infected dog. If you do not properly disinfect that item, another dog can get pick up the disease from it. This is called fomite transmission.

Dogs will more likely to contract kennel cough if they are stressed (such as being housed in a boarding facility), unvaccinated (or out-of-date on vaccinations), or less than 1 year old.

Kennel Cough Symptoms in Dogs

The most common symptom of kennel cough may be a cough, but dogs will often demonstrate other symptoms as well, such as:

• Decreased activity
• Decreased appetite
• Fever
• Sneezing
• Nose discharge (clear or yellow-green)
• Eye discharge and/or redness

In some severe cases, dogs can display symptoms of pneumonia. Pneumonia affects your dog’s ability to breathe, so you may note:

• Lack of activity
• Lack of appetite
• Exaggerated breathing (the belly is working hard with the chest to move in and out)
• Fast rate of breathing
• Loud breathing
• Bluish tint to the tongue, lips, and gums

If your dog displays any of these symptoms of pneumonia, they need emergency care.

Is Kennel Cough Serious?

Kennel cough is not often serious. For most dogs, it will subside without treatment. Because it tends to be more serious in puppies and unvaccinated dogs, get these types of dogs veterinary care right away if you note any symptoms.

Kennel cough becomes serious in dogs if it infects the lungs, since it affects your dog’s ability to breathe, but not all dogs will develop pneumonia.

Diagnosing Dogs with Kennel Cough

Veterinarians typically diagnose this condition presumptively by examination and history, meaning without tests. The majority of dogs present symptoms that respond well to general treatments, so testing is not necessary. In addition, testing for specific pathogens is rarely useful as it can be fairly inaccurate based on when in the course of disease the test is performed, as well as other factors.

X-rays of the chest may be a necessary test for your dog, depending on their symptoms. Your veterinarian will listen to the lungs with a stethoscope, and while this is important, it cannot diagnose pneumonia with certainty. X-rays will show if pneumonia is present, and treatment will change drastically if it is.

How to Treat Kennel Cough in Dogs

Veterinary intervention is not always necessary for kennel cough. Most dogs will recover without veterinary treatment, but they need their pet parents’ support. For example, if your dog’s appetite has decreased, you could offer them some plain cooked chicken (no bones!) and rice to entice them to eat until they are feeling better.

In some cases, a dog needs veterinary treatment for kennel cough because they are not eating and become dehydrated. In other cases, yellow-green nose or eye discharge indicates a bacterial infection that requires antibiotics.

You should bring your dog to the veterinarian if they are not eating for more than 24 hours, vomiting, experience a significant decrease in activity, weakness, trouble breathing, yellow-green eye or nose discharge, or any other concerns that do not improve within 48 hours.

Medicine Your Vet May Recommend

None of the viruses that cause kennel cough have antiviral medications (medications that kill the virus). Antibiotics are useful when bacteria may be the culprit.

Types of antibiotics that may be prescribed include:

• Tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline)
• Azithromycin
• Enrofloxacin
• Amoxicillin

Many times, a dog’s cough is so persistent that your veterinarian may recommend something to decrease it.  If the cough is severe, your veterinarian may choose to prescribe an opioid for your dog. However, veterinarians rarely prescribe this treatment. In fact, it may actually prolong the cough since opioids may decrease the flow of phlegm out of your dog’s chest.

Ask your veterinarian about cough suppression options. DO NOT give your dog any medication without consulting your veterinarian first.

General Cost of Treatment

For most dogs, an examination and medication to go home with will cost approximately $100-$200. If your veterinarian deems X-rays necessary, add an additional $150-$300 depending on the size of the dog and severity of symptoms.

If your dog develops pneumonia, they may be required to remain in the veterinary hospital for intensive care. The cost varies depending on where you live as well as how severe their disease is but can range anywhere from $500-$3,000.

A pet health insurance plan may help cover the cost of treating your dog’s kennel cough. The CareCredit credit card is another good solution to consider, as it allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.* You can use the card for any type of care your pet needs — from diagnostic services to prescription medications — at any provider in the CareCredit network.

How to Prevent Kennel Cough

There are multiple ways to prevent kennel cough, the most important of which is vaccinating your dog and keeping them up-to-date on their vaccines. Ensure your dog’s latest vaccine was at least two weeks prior to bringing them to the dog park, groomers, or boarding facility.

Avoid interactions with other dogs who appear sick. Choose a boarding facility, breeder, and/or groomer that offers fresh air requires all dogs to be appropriately vaccinated by a veterinary clinic.

Relevant Vaccines

There are two vaccines commonly used that are effective against kennel cough: distemper (DAPP) and Bordetella (Bordetella bronchiseptica). According to the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines:

Distemper is a core vaccine required for all dogs. It protects against the pathogens CDV, CAV-2, and CPiV, as well as canine parvovirus (a severe disease of the gastrointestinal tract). Starting at 6 weeks of age, puppies will receive an injection every two to three weeks until they are 16 weeks old, again one year later, and then every three years. Adult dogs will receive one injection followed by a booster 2-3 weeks later, then one year later, and then every three years. Side effects may include soreness at the injection site lasting one to two days. More serious reactions are exceedingly rare.

Bordetella is a non-core vaccine, meaning it’s not required for all dogs. It protects against Bordetella bronchiseptica. It is given as an injection or drops in the nose (the drops may be combined with protection against other viruses). Dogs will receive a booster every year. If an injection is given, it MUST be boostered two to four weeks after the first dose, then every year after. Side effects may include soreness at the injection site lasting one to two days. More serious reactions such as full body allergy are rare. You may notice sneezing, clear eye or nose discharge a couple of days after your dog gets drops in their nose. These symptoms will only last a few days.

There are two vaccines available against canine influenza, covering two different strains. Veterinarians recommend them infrequently, and only for dogs in high risk areas. Outbreaks occur sporadically across the United States. Talk to your veterinarian for more information on whether this non-core vaccination is necessary for your dog.

Related Conditions

• Conjunctivitis (eye infection)
• Upper respiratory infection (URI)
• Pneumonia

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Kennel Cough in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.