What Causes Heart Problems in Dogs?

Heart disease in dogs, also known as cardiac disease, can have a number of potential causes. 

Most canine heart disease is age-related. As dogs age, the valves within their heart may weaken and deteriorate. This prevents the heart valves from closing normally. Instead of blood flowing smoothly through the four chambers of the heart, a leaky heart valve can allow backflow within the heart, with some blood not moving forward along its normal path. Age-related valve degeneration is the most common cause of heart disease in dogs. 

Some cases of heart disease are congenital, meaning the dog is born with a heart defect. This defect may be diagnosed at a puppy’s first veterinary exam, or it may be inapparent until later in life. Examples of congenital heart disease include patent ductus arteriosus (in which an embryonic heart vessel fails to close at birth), septal defects (presence of an abnormal opening that connects the left and right sides of the heart), and pulmonic stenosis (abnormally narrow pulmonic valve within the heart).  

Less common causes of heart disease in dogs include viral infections, bacterial infections, tumors, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal disorders, and obesity. 

Some breeds are more likely to develop heart disease than others. For example, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels almost always develop heart disease at some point during their lives. Other breeds that are predisposed to heart disease include Miniature Schnauzers, Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, Shih Tzus, Boxers, and Doberman Pinschers.

Signs of Dog Heart Problems

Heart disease is often asymptomatic or nearly asymptomatic in their early stages. Your veterinarian may notice signs of heart disease on a physical exam, but these signs may not be obvious at home. Signs that your veterinarian may notice on their exam include: 

• Heart murmur
• Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
• Abnormal pulses

As heart disease progresses, you may start to see signs at home. Signs of heart problems in dogs may include: 

• Coughing
• Increased respiratory rate
• Exercise intolerance
• Fainting

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a late stage of heart disease. Dogs develop CHF when their body can no longer compensate for their heart disease. Signs of CHF include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Difficulty breathing
• Cough (especially a productive cough)
• Blue tinge to gums 
• Swollen belly due to fluid accumulation
• Weak pulse 
• Lethargy

If your dog is showing signs of heart disease, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, listening to your dog’s heart and lungs, palpating their pulses, and checking your dog carefully for other health issues. 

If your dog’s exam suggests a possibility of heart disease, your veterinarian will likely recommend additional testing. These tests may include an electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-rays, and/or an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart).

5 Canine Heart Problems to Know About

There are numerous forms of heart disease in dogs. Each type of heart disease is different in its underlying cause, its impact, and its treatment. 

Here are five common heart diseases that affect dogs: 

Mitral valve disease (MVD) 

Mitral valve disease is the most common heart disease in dogs. The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle of the heart. As dogs age, this valve can begin to deteriorate and become leaky over time. This means that blood isn’t pushed out of the heart normally when the heart beats; instead, some of the blood may leak from the ventricle back into the atrium. This forces the heart to work harder, leading to signs of heart disease.

While leaky mitral valves are typically repaired or replaced in people, this is not feasible in dogs. Therefore, MVD is managed, not cured. Your veterinarian will prescribe heart medications to support your dog’s heart function, as well as medications to prevent or treat the congestive heart failure that can occur secondary to mitral valve disease. 

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) 

Congestive heart failure is a late-stage effect of any form of canine heart disease. When the heart cannot effectively move blood forward, fluid may begin to pool within the lungs and other parts of the body. This can lead to a variety of signs, such as difficulty breathing, a bloated or round appearance to the abdomen, and edema (fluid) in the legs. 

The treatment of CHF involves removing this extra fluid from the body and the lungs. Veterinarians typically prescribe a diuretic, such as furosemide. More medications may also be prescribed to treat the underlying cause of CHF and otherwise support heart function. 

Heartworm Disease

Heartworm disease is caused by a parasite, Dirofilaria immitis. This parasite is spread by mosquitoes. In fact, a single mosquito bite is all that it takes to spread heartworms to an unprotected dog. 

Although heartworm larvae start off as small, microscopic parasites, they mature into large worms that look like spaghetti. These worms lodge within a dog’s heart and lungs, blocking normal circulation. Fortunately, heartworm infection can be prevented with the use of year-round heartworm preventative. 

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened. This leads to enlargement of the heart, as the walls of the heart grow thinner and lose their normal shape. This condition is most common in large breed dogs, such as Great Danes, Boxers, and Doberman Pinschers. Diet can also play a role in the development of DCM, causing it to occur in breeds that are not commonly affected by this condition. 

There is no cure for DCM. Instead, veterinarians prescribe medications to support heart function, reduce fluid buildup within the body, and reduce the risk of arrhythmias. 

Pulmonic stenosis (PS) 

Pulmonic stenosis is an inherited heart defect in which the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the vessel that carries blood to the lungs) is narrowed. This means that the heart must work harder to pump blood through this narrowed valve. 

Pulmonic stenosis is treated with balloon valvuloplasty. This surgical treatment opens the valve up to a more normal width, restoring unobstructed blood flow.

Canine Heart Health: How to Stay Ahead of Problems

The most preventable cause of heart disease is heartworms. These parasites are spread by mosquitoes, and a single bite can be enough to cause life-threatening disease. Talk to your veterinarian and ensure that your dog is on year-round heartworm prevention to prevent heartworm disease.

Some cases of heart disease are nutritional in nature. Feeding an imbalanced diet can increase your dog’s risk of heart disease. Therefore, it’s important to talk to your veterinarian and ensure that you are feeding a nutritionally complete and balanced diet that’s appropriate for your dog’s life stage. If your dog is at increased risk of heart disease, or is already showing signs of heart disease, your veterinarian may recommend a cardiac diet or nutritional supplement. 

If you are considering a purebred dog, do your homework. Some breeds are more likely to develop heart disease than others; avoiding these breeds can reduce your risk of adopting a dog with heart problems. If you’re purchasing a dog from a breeder, consult the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals’ recommended list of breed-specific screenings to determine whether cardiac screenings are recommended for that breed. Do not buy a puppy unless the breeder can verify that the puppy’s parents received and passed the recommended screening tests for their breed.

Unfortunately, most cases of heart disease cannot be avoided or prevented. Instead, it’s important to pay close attention to your dog and ensure that they receive regular veterinary care. Early diagnosis of heart disease allows early treatment, potentially improving your dog’s prognosis. 

Reference

1. Keene, Bruce W et al. “ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 33,3 (2019): 1127-1140. doi:10.1111/jvim.15488

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Hypercalcemia is one of many conditions that can be diagnosed based on a cat’s bloodwork.  Some cases of hypercalcemia are mild, requiring minimal interventions and carrying a relatively good prognosis. Other cases are far more significant. Read on to learn more about hypercalcemia in cats. 

What Is Hypercalcemia in Cats?

Hypercalcemia is defined as abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. 

Under normal circumstances, your cat has systems in place that regulate blood calcium. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D), and calcitonin (a hormone released by the thyroid gland) all play a role in regulating blood calcium.

Hypercalcemia can be caused by a wide variety of conditions, which can affect any of these calcium regulatory systems. Hypercalcemia is most common in older cats, but it can affect cats of any age. 

Hypercalcemia vs Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia refers to increased blood calcium. “Hyper” is a prefix that means excessive, and “-calcemia” is a root wood that refers to blood calcium. Therefore, a cat with hypercalcemia has excessive calcium in the blood. 

You may also hear veterinarians refer to hypocalcemia. “Hypo” means low or below normal. Therefore, a cat with hypocalcemia has abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. 

It’s easy to confuse these words, especially if your veterinarian is speaking quickly. If you’re unsure which condition your veterinarian is describing, ask for clarification.

Causes of Hypercalcemia in Cats

Hypercalcemia in cats can have many potential causes. However, the three most common causes are: 

• Kidney disease: The kidneys play an important role in regulating the levels of calcium and other substances in the blood. When the kidneys aren’t working correctly, calcium can build up to abnormally high levels. 
• Malignant cancer: Some cancers, including lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma, have been shown to cause hypercalcemia in cats. 
• Idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats: This is one of the most common causes of hypercalcemia in cats. “Idiopathic” means hypercalcemia arises spontaneously, with no known cause. These cats do not have any underlying diseases that can be found as a cause of their hypercalcemia, despite extensive testing. 

Less common causes of hypercalcemia in cats include: 

• Adrenal hormone insufficiency
• Destructive bone disease (infection, bone cancer)
• Fungal infection 
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Nutritional imbalances
• Vitamin D toxicity (caused by rat poison)

Genetics doesn’t seem to play a role in hypercalcemia. No specific breeds have been found to be at higher or lower risk of hypercalcemia. 

Hypercalcemia in Cats Symptoms

Clinical signs of hypercalcemia can vary widely. Some cats are completely asymptomatic, while others are very sick by the time their condition is diagnosed. 

Signs of hypercalcemia in cats may include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Dehydration
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Abdominal pain
• Muscle spasms
• Seizures

It’s important to note that the signs of hypercalcemia mimic the signs of many other conditions. This condition can’t be diagnosed on clinical signs alone. 

Diagnosing Hypercalcemia in Cats

Hypercalcemia is diagnosed based on a blood test. If your cat is showing vague signs of illness, your veterinarian will likely recommend blood tests to evaluate your cat’s health. In a cat with hypercalcemia, blood tests will show an abnormally high blood calcium level. 

Not all elevated calcium levels are clinically significant. Calcium levels can fluctuate over time, and they may be briefly elevated but then return to normal. If your cat’s blood calcium is elevated on screening bloodwork, your veterinarian will probably perform further testing to be sure the elevated calcium level is significant. This may involve rechecking blood tests a few days later or sending your cat’s blood to a reference laboratory, which can perform more specialized tests. If your cat’s blood calcium elevation is found to be significant, your veterinarian will diagnose your cat with hypercalcemia. 

After receiving a hypercalcemia diagnosis, the next step is figuring out the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will recommend further tests to look for potential causes of hypercalcemia. Further testing may include additional blood tests, urinalysis (to check kidney function), imaging (to look for cancer), and other diagnostics. It’s important to determine the cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia (if possible), because this determines the best treatment for your cat. 

Hypercalcemia in Cats Treatment

If your cat is very sick with hypercalcemia, your veterinarian will take steps to lower your cat’s blood calcium levels quickly. This may include intravenous (IV) fluids, diuretics (to encourage calcium elimination in the urine), and other medications. 

Next, your veterinarian will shift to long-term treatment strategies. 

If possible, your veterinarian will aim to control the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia. This is the best treatment for hypercalcemia. Treatment may involve fluid therapy and dietary changes for kidney disease, chemotherapy or surgery for cancer, or other treatments. 

If the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia cannot be determined and/or treated, your veterinarian will start your cat on long-term medications. These medications are intended to reduce your cat’s blood calcium levels. The efficacy of these medications can vary, and these medications may cause significant side effects. Therefore, it’s always best to control the underlying cause of hypercalcemia, if possible. 

What to Feed a Cat with Hypercalcemia

Your veterinarian will recommend the best diet for your cat. There is no single best cat food for hypercalcemia. 

If your cat’s hypercalcemia is caused by an underlying disease, your veterinarian will probably recommend a diet to help manage the underlying disease. 

If your cat has idiopathic hyperthyroidism, your veterinarians may recommend a diet that is low in calcium. Diets that are low in carbohydrates, high in protein, and/or high in fiber have also been recommended to reduce hypercalcemia, although research in this area is limited and opinions vary. 

Cost to Treat Hypercalcemia in Cats

The cost to treat hypercalcemia will vary, depending on the underlying cause of your cat’s condition. 

The initial diagnostic testing for hypercalcemia can cost anywhere from a few hundred dollars to over $1,000, depending on your cat’s individual case. 

If your cat has mild hypercalcemia that can be addressed through a dietary change, the cost of treatment and monitoring may be as low as several hundred dollars per year. If your cat has lymphoma or another malignant cancer, treatment may cost several thousand dollars. 

Your veterinarian can provide a more educated estimate of treatment costs once they have determined the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia.

How to Prevent Hypercalcemia in Cats

Given the wide variety of conditions that may cause hypercalcemia, there is no way to definitively prevent this condition. However, there are steps you can take to reduce your cat’s risk, such as:

• Feed a well-balanced diet. An imbalanced diet is one potential cause of hypercalcemia.
• Keep your cat away from toxins and human nutritional supplements, both of which may impact blood calcium levels. 
• Follow your veterinarian’s recommendations for wellness exams and bloodwork monitoring. Most veterinarians recommend annual bloodwork for cats. Screening bloodwork can aid in the early diagnosis of hypercalcemia, in addition to many other diseases. 
• Seek veterinary care if you notice weight loss, lethargy, or other signs of illness.

While there’s no way to definitively prevent hypercalcemia, paying attention to your cat’s health and following your veterinarian’s recommendations can help reduce the risk.

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Let’s explore some of the top spring hazards for pets — and how you can keep your furry family members safe.

10 Spring Hazards for Pets

Standing/Communal Water 

As temperatures rise, our pets will be drinking more to stay cool. While streams and puddles may seem like convenient water sources, they can carry harmful bacteria, parasites, and even toxins. “Drinking from these sources can expose your pet to diseases like leptospirosis and giardia, which can also be spread to humans,” says Dr. Liza Cahn, a veterinary consultant with Embrace Pet Insurance. 

And while water bowls at your local outdoor patios may be tempting, Dr. Cahn explains they can also be an easy source of passing diseases between dogs, such as the dog flu and kennel cough. To keep your pet safe, it’s best to carry fresh water and a travel water bowl with you during outdoor activities. 

External Parasites

With warmer weather comes an influx of pesky parasites like fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, all of which can spread disease. “Fleas and ticks surge in the spring, so it’s crucial that your pet is up-to-date on their flea, tick, and heartworm prevention,” explains Dr. Whitney Miller, chief veterinarian at Petco. 

Pet parents should use veterinary-recommended parasite control such as Midamox Topical Solution on their pets year-round, not just in the spring. But, it helps to avoid the spots where these pests thrive during the spring, like tall grass and woodsy areas.

Here is a closer look at each of these pests:

Fleas

Fleas are a common nuisance, but they can cause more issues than itching. “Fleas can lead to blood loss, anemia, and allergic reactions,” Dr. Cahn says. If your pet is allergic to flea saliva, even a single bite can cause severe, widespread skin irritation. Fleas can also transmit tapeworms if eaten — which is common when your pet is biting their skin to relieve the itching they cause. 

To prevent infestations, use flea preventatives recommended by your veterinarian. Remember to only use feline-specific flea meds on your cat — many canine flea control products are toxic to cats.

Ticks

Ticks can transmit some serious diseases, such as Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. Dr. Cahn advises checking your pet for ticks after outdoor activities, especially in wooded or grassy areas. If you find a tick, remove it promptly using fine-tipped tweezers, not your fingers. Early removal is key to preventing the spread of disease, and staying on top of tick control can help ensure ticks die before they get a chance to hurt your pet.

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes may seem like a minor annoyance, but they’re a major concern thanks to their role in spreading heartworm disease. “Heartworm larvae are transmitted when an infected mosquito bites your pet,” Dr. Cahn explains. The larvae mature in the heart and lungs, causing serious health issues. Keeping your pet on preventive heartworm medication is the best way to protect them from this potentially fatal disease.

Intestinal Parasites

More time outside means more exposure to intestinal parasites, such as hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. These parasites are often spread through contaminated soil or feces from other animals. Symptoms may not always be obvious, but some signs that your pet has intestinal parasites can include diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. 

“Use a prescription preventative from your vet year-round and have your pet’s fecal sample checked annually to reduce the risk,” Dr. Cahn says. And always remember to clean up after your pet to prevent spreading worms to others!

Hot Cars and Heat Stroke

With temperatures rising, heat stroke starts to become a real concern for pets during the spring months, especially when left in a parked car. Dogs and cats don’t regulate their body temperature as efficiently as humans, making them vulnerable to overheating. “Never leave your pet unattended in a car, as heat stroke can occur within minutes,” Dr. Cahn warns. 

Signs of heat stroke include excessive panting, lethargy, collapse, and difficulty breathing. If you think your pet is suffering from heat stroke, get them to an emergency vet ASAP.

Toxic Plants

Springtime means flowers and plants are in full bloom, but some of these can be toxic to pets. Common flowers like lilies, daffodils, and tulips can lead to serious health problems if accidentally eaten. “Symptoms of plant poisoning can include vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, lethargy, tremors, difficulty breathing, and even kidney failure and seizures,” Dr. Cahn says. Some symptoms occur right away, while others may take days to develop.

Here is a list of common plants and flowers that are toxic that pet parents may stumble upon in the spring:

• Aloe  
• Apple trees  
• Azaleas  
• Birds of Paradise  
• Boxwoods  
• Calla Lily  
• Lily of the Valley  
• Holly  
• Oleanders  
• Wisteria   
• Amaryllis  
• Daffodil  
• Eucalyptus  
• Mums  
• Sago Palm  
• Tulip and Hyacinth bulbs  
• Poinsettia

Dr. Miller advises pet parents to keep plants out of reach in your home and be cautious when walking in areas where these plants are common. If you think your pet may have eaten something toxic, use the Pet Poison Hotline for advice or get them to your vet right away.

Seasonal Allergies

Just like humans, pets can suffer from the onslaught of seasonal allergies during warmer months. Pollen, grass, and other environmental irritants are more prevalent in the spring, leading to symptoms such as:

• Excessive biting or scratching at skin
• Ear infections
• Skin redness
• Hair loss
• Sneezing 
• Watery eyes
• Pawing at eyes or ears

“Environmental allergies, or atopy, can cause a lot of discomfort for pets, so it’s important to work with your veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment,” Dr. Cahn says. They can help identify what allergens are causing the most problems and recommend strategies to help lessen the symptoms through medications, special diets, or immunotherapy.

Bee/Wasp Stings

Bee stings typically cause only slight discomfort, like mild swelling and pain at the sting site, and will subside on their own. Pet parents can apply a cold compress to the sting site to reduce inflammation, though it’s not always necessary. In some cases, your vet might suggest giving antihistamines (such as Benadryl) to help, but this should only be done under veterinary guidance. 

While most stings aren’t something to worry about, some pets can experience severe allergic reactions, especially if stung multiple times. “If you notice signs of a more serious reaction, like facial swelling, difficulty breathing, vomiting, or hives, get your pet to the vet immediately,” advises Dr. Miller. 

Open Windows and Doors

With warmer weather comes the temptation to open windows and doors for fresh air. However, this can lead to accidents if your pet escapes or falls. Cats, in particular, are at risk of falling from windows or balconies. While we may think cats can land on their feet, a fall from this height can lead to an array of injuries, such as broken limbs, chest trauma, head injuries, and shock — a condition known as high-rise syndrome. 

“Make sure that window screens are secure and your pet doesn’t have access to open windows or balconies,” Dr. Cahn advises. She suggests microchipping your pet, too, in case they do get out and wander off.

Toxic Products

Spring cleaning often involves chemicals like bleach and essential oils or fertilizers and pesticides, many of which can be toxic to pets. These products can cause skin irritation or chemical burns if your pet comes into contact with them, or serious health problems if ingested. 

“Eating a few blades of grass with fertilizer on them is unlikely to result in poisoning, but if a pet gets into a direct source of fertilizer, they could experience serious effects like vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures,” Dr. Miller warns.

To keep your pet safe, use pet-friendly cleaning products and store harmful substances out of their reach. If you suspect poisoning, contact your vet or a pet poison hotline immediately.

Easter and Valentine’s Day Candy

Spring brings several holidays that are celebrated with candy and sweets, which often contain ingredients that are harmful to our pets. Harmful ingredients may include:

• Xylitol: This sweetener is commonly used in sugar-free products, such as candy, gum, diet foods, baked goods and toothpaste. It can cause a severe drop in blood sugar or even liver failure in dogs (though cats don’t seem quite as affected). Symptoms can start minutes after eating xylitol, so time is of the essence if your pup accidentally eats any.
• Nuts: Due to their size, many nuts (like pistachios) pose a choking hazard to pets. Their teeth aren’t made for crunching on nuts like ours are, so pets often accidentally swallow nuts whole. Other nuts can be high in sodium and lead to pancreatitis in cats or are poisonous, like macadamia nuts, and should be completely off-limits to pets.  
• Chocolate: Chocolate is toxic to dogs and cats due to its high levels of caffeine and theobromine. The darker the chocolate, the higher the concentration, which makes dark (including bakers) chocolate the most dangerous. Eating chocolate can cause vomiting and diarrhea in pets, or more serious symptoms like abnormal heartbeat, muscle tremors, and seizures.

By taking proper precautions and following these springtime safety tips for pets, you can help keep your dog or cat safe and healthy this season.

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Fortunately, thanks to widespread vaccination, rabies is now relatively uncommon in U.S. cats. In 2021, a total of 216 cats were diagnosed with rabies within the United States. In contrast, thousands of wild animals are diagnosed with confirmed rabies infection in the U.S. every year, and that number is surely an underestimate because most wild animals are never tested for rabies.

What Is the Rabies Vaccine for Cats?

Rabies vaccines are designed to prevent rabies infection. In most parts of the United States, rabies vaccination is required by law for both cats and dogs. This is because rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it can affect both animals and people. Vaccinating dogs and cats helps to prevent rabies in people. 

The first rabies vaccine was developed in 1885 by Louis Pasteur. This vaccine was designed for dogs, and the first vaccination campaigns for dogs began in the early 1900s. Over time, rabies vaccination expanded to cats. Since their development, rabies vaccines have been continually modified to make them safer and more effective. 

Today’s rabies vaccines are considered very safe and very effective. Rabies vaccination is considered a core vaccine for cats, meaning that all cats should receive this vaccine early in life and continue to receive boosters over the course of their lifetime. All veterinarians administer rabies vaccines in their practice, so rabies vaccines are widely available to pet parents.

How Does the Rabies Vaccine for Cats Work?

Rabies vaccines for cats belong to a vaccine category known as “inactive” vaccines. The vaccine contains small amounts of killed (inactivated virus). When your cat’s immune system sees these viral fragments after receiving the vaccine, the immune system recognizes the fragments as foreign. This leads the immune system to develop an immune response against rabies virus, training the immune system to fight rabies exposure quickly. 

A cat who has been vaccinated for rabies has an immune system that is trained to quickly recognize and attack the virus. If your cat is exposed to rabies, through the bite of a wild animal, the rabies vaccine will help your cat attack and destroy the virus before it causes an active infection. 

Rabies Vaccination Schedule for Cats

A kitten’s first rabies vaccine should be given at 12-16 weeks of age. If you adopt your cat as an adult, the first rabies vaccine should be given as soon as possible. 

Your cat will receive their first rabies vaccine booster one year after their initial vaccine. After this initial booster, further vaccine boosters will be given every 1-3 years, depending on the vaccine manufacturer’s instructions and your local legal requirements. Your veterinarian will determine whether your cat should receive a 1-year vs. 3-year rabies vaccine for cats. 

Possible Side Effects

Rabies vaccine reactions in cats are typically mild. Some cats experience mild discomfort at their vaccine site, and others may develop a slight fever or lethargy. These cats may have reactions like those seen in people receiving an annual flu vaccine. 

In a study of 500,000 cats receiving vaccines, approximately 0.5 percent of vaccinated cats experienced a vaccine reaction that their owners reported to the veterinary hospital. Other cats may also have experienced a reaction, but it was mild enough that the owners did not contact their veterinarian. 

The most common rabies vaccine reactions in cats include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Soreness at vaccination site
• Mild swelling at vaccination site 

Anaphylactic (allergic) reactions may also occur after vaccination. These reactions may be severe and life-threatening. Signs of anaphylaxis in cats include: 

• Facial swelling
• Hives
• Itchiness
• Drooling
• Vomiting
• Difficulty breathing
• Pale gums
• Cold limbs
• Incoordination
• Seizures
• Coma

Anaphylactic reactions typically occur within minutes to hours of vaccination, and they require emergency treatment. Fortunately, anaphylactic reactions are very rare; they are reported to occur in 1-5 of every 10,000 cats receiving vaccines.

Finally, there is another form of uncommon reaction that can occur with vaccines in cats. Feline injection site sarcomas are a type of tumor that can occur after any injection, including vaccines. It is estimated that 0.3-1 in every 10,000 vaccines results in an injection site sarcoma. These tumors typically form months to years after receiving a vaccine.

Signs of injection sarcoma may include:

• A firm lump under the skin at an injection site 
• Swelling, redness, or irritation around the lump
• A lump that is painful when touched

If you are concerned that your cat may have an injection site sarcoma, see your veterinarian. 

Manufacturers of the Rabies Vaccine for Cats

There are several rabies vaccines available for use in cats. These vaccines are all effective against rabies virus, though there are slight differences between vaccines.

Nobivac (Merck Animal Health), Vanguard (Zoetis), Rabvac (Elanco), and Imrab (Boehringer Ingelheim) are conventional rabies vaccines for use in cats. These vaccines are all commonly used by veterinary practices, and they are all available in both 1- and 3-year formulations.

PureVax (Boehringer Ingelheim) differs from the other vaccines, because it is the only feline rabies vaccine that is made without adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances that boost the immune reaction triggered by a vaccine, but they are also thought to play a role in vaccine side effects. In addition to potentially reducing the risk of vaccine reactions, PureVax is also delivered in a smaller injection volume than other, conventional rabies vaccines. While this vaccine offers potential benefits, it is more expensive than other rabies vaccines. Like other rabies vaccines, PureVax is available in both 1- and 3-year formulations. 

Your veterinarian will determine the best rabies vaccine for your cat. Most veterinarians only stock one formulation of rabies vaccine, and that is the formulation that they feel offers the most benefits for their patients and clients. 

Cost of the Rabies Vaccine for Cats

Cat rabies vaccine costs may vary, depending on numerous factors. In general, PureVax is more expensive than other vaccines. Having your cat vaccinated for rabies will likely also include a veterinarian exam, as well as paying for local pet licensing. 

The cost of a thorough veterinary exam, rabies vaccine, and local license (if required) will be approximately $100-$200.

Does Your Cat Need to Be Vaccinated for Rabies?

All cats should be vaccinated for rabies, because all cats are at risk of this deadly infection. Even indoor cats need rabies vaccines; there have been countless reports of indoor cats that escape their home and/or bats and other wildlife entering a home. Rabies isn’t just an inconvenience — infection is fatal for cats. 

Rabies vaccination also protects you, the pet parent. As a veterinarian, I have seen cats who were infected with rabies. In many cases, these cats exposed numerous family members, requiring everyone in the family to receive post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Fortunately, post-exposure prophylaxis is effective when given quickly. Unfortunately, this treatment is uncomfortable and expensive. And, if your cat develops rabies but dies before being diagnosed, there is a possibility that you could become infected without knowing it. Rabies infection is almost always fatal without post-exposure treatment.  

Finally, rabies vaccination has legal implications. If your cat is bitten by a wild animal, law enforcement may require 4-6 months of quarantine or even euthanasia. If your unvaccinated cat bites someone, law enforcement may also require quarantine (for up to 10 days). In many cases, quarantine must take place outside of your home; this is not only stressful for your cat, but it can also become very expensive for you. (I have seen clients spend thousands of dollars to quarantine their cat at a veterinary hospital after the cat received a bite wound while roaming outdoors!) Keeping your cat up-to-date on rabies vaccines reduces the likelihood of expensive fines, quarantines, and other stressful scenarios that can ensue when you do not follow legal requirements. 

If you have concerns about rabies vaccination, talk to your veterinarian. Work together to create a plan to protect your cat against rabies as safely as possible. 

References

1. Ma, Xiaoyue et al. “Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 261,7 1045-1053. 8 Mar. 2023, doi:10.2460/javma.23.02.0081
2. American Animal Hospital Association. “Adverse Postvaccination Reactions.” Aug. 2020. Retrieved from https://www.aaha.org/resources/2020-aahaaafp-feline-vaccination-guidelines/adverse-postvaccination-reactions/

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Whether your cat is more of a cozy indoor lounger or a curious outdoor adventurer, it’s crucial to understand how the cold affects them and know when the temperature might be too low for their comfort and safety.

We spoke to a veterinarian to find out how well cats tolerate cold weather, signs a cat might be too cold, potential cold weather risks, and practical tips to keep your furbaby warm when the temperature plummets.

Do Cats Get Cold?

The short answer is yes, but a cat’s susceptibility to chilly weather varies depending on several factors.

As descendants of desert-dwellers accustomed to warm, dry climates, domestic cats are not built to handle prolonged exposure to cold weather. Much like humans, they can quickly feel cold and need protection from low temperatures.
A cat’s normal body temperature can vary, based on environment and activity level, but typically ranges from 100 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. This means that their bodies run just a bit warmer than ours. If you find that the indoor or outdoor temperature feels too cold, chances are your cat feels the same.

How Cold Is Too Cold for Cats?

The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends keeping spaces where cats (and dogs) live above 50 degrees Fahrenheit and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit [1]. 

However, Dr. Eliza O’Callaghan, managing veterinarian for Small Door Vet’s NYC practices, says cats are likely to feel most comfortable in temperatures ranging from 60 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit, which is roughly the average indoor temperature for most homes. 

What about outside temperatures? How cold is too cold for a cat to take a jaunt around your yard? “Generally, when temperatures drop below 45 degrees Fahrenheit, it’s too cold for most cats to be outdoors for an extended period,” Dr. O’Callaghan says.

While some cats might tolerate slightly colder conditions for very short periods, prolonged exposure to temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit can be dangerous, potentially leading to hypothermia or frostbite. (More on this later.)

The exact temperature threshold where it becomes too cold for a cat can vary depending on several factors. These include:

Breed and coat type

The insulation provided by a cat’s fur can significantly affect how they tolerate the cold. Cats with thick, dense coats, such as Norwegian Forest cats or Maine Coons, can handle colder temperatures better than short-haired or hairless breeds, such as Siamese or the Sphynx, Dr. O’Callaghan says.

Age

Kittens (particularly those 7 weeks old or younger) are extremely vulnerable to cold for several reasons: they have less body fat, cannot react to cold by shivering, and have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio [2]. Senior cats may also struggle with temperature regulation.

Weight

A big, chunky cat with more body fat will stay warmer than a slimmer cat with less body fat.

Health conditions

Cats with chronic medical conditions tend to be more susceptible to the cold. For example, the cold can exacerbate joint pain in cats with arthritis and make mobility more difficult, Dr. O’Callaghan explains. Additionally, senior cats or those with weakened immune systems might have a harder time maintaining their body heat, she adds.

Weather conditions

Windy, wet, or damp weather can make the cold feel much more intense for a cat.

Note: Given the numerous dangers outside—such as cars, wild animals, and even ill-intentioned people—it’s safer to keep your cat indoors, regardless of the weather. If you want to let them experience the outdoors, consider safe options like using a harness and leash or providing access to a secure catio.

Risks of Cold Weather for Cats

If a cat gets too cold, they are at risk of hypothermia. In general, hypothermia can pose a risk to any cat with a body temperature below 99 degrees Fahrenheit. The lower a cat’s body temperature becomes, the greater the risk of serious problems. Hypothermia in cats can be life-threatening, especially for kittens. 

“Frostbite is another risk, particularly affecting the ears, paws, and tail,” Dr. O’Callaghan says. This occurs when a cat’s extremities are exposed to extreme cold. The tissue can become damaged and, in severe cases, may turn black and die.“Prolonged exposure to cold can also weaken a cat’s immune system, making them more susceptible to infections,” Dr. O’Callaghan adds.

How to Tell If Your Cat Is Cold

Cats can’t say “Brrrr, I’m freezing!” like humans can, but they do have their own ways of showing when they’re too cold. By spotting these signs early, you can step in before the cold leads to more serious problems.

Shivering or trembling

Cats may shiver or tremble when they’re cold. This involuntary reaction, where the muscles rapidly contract and relax, produces heat and helps the body warm up.

Cold ears and extremities

While a cat’s ears can naturally be cooler than other parts of their body due to less fur and blood flow, persistently cold ears, especially in conjunction with other signs, can indicate your cat is struggling to stay warm. Cold paw pads and a cold tail can also be signs.

Tucked-in posture

If your cat is curling up tightly with their paws and tail tucked underneath their body, they might be trying to conserve heat.

Seeking warmth

If your cat is seeking out warmer places, like sitting near heaters, curling up in blankets, or finding a sunny spot, they could be trying to warm up.

Lethargy

Cold temperatures can cause cats to become less active and more lethargic as they try to conserve energy and maintain body heat.

Vocalizing

Some cats may become more vocal when they’re cold as a way of expressing discomfort or trying to get your attention.

Rapid breathing

Cats may breathe faster when experiencing mild hypothermia as a way to generate heat. 
In severe cases of hypothermia, cats may experience slow breathing, collapse, or lose consciousness. If frostbite occurs, a cat’s extremities can swell, blister, and become discolored (often pale, gray, blue, or black).

Cold Cat Safety Tips

As the temperature starts to dip, it’s important to make sure your kitty stays cozy and safe. Here are some tips to help you keep them protected from the chill.

For Indoor-Only Cats

Regulate indoor temperatures. Keep your home at a comfortable temperature, ideally between 60 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.

Create warm spaces. Set up cozy spots in your home where your cat can retreat when they feel cold. This could be a bed near a sunny window or a nook with plenty of blankets. Cat-safe heating pads can also be helpful in cold climates.

Use cold-weather gear. Most indoor cats won’t need clothing, but a cat sweater can help keep hairless or senior cats warm in chilly conditions. Just make sure it fits well and allows them to move freely.

For Indoor-Outdoor Cats

For indoor-outdoor cats, avoid letting your cat outside in very cold weather, especially if the temperature drops below 45 degrees Fahrenheit.

If your cat spends a lot of time outside in cold weather, regularly check on them to ensure they’re safe and not showing signs of cold stress, such as shivering. Bring them indoors if the weather becomes too harsh.

For Outdoor-Only Cats

Cats living exclusively outdoors, such as feral or stray cats, face unique challenges during winter. Here’s how you can help them stay safe and warm:

Build or provide a winter shelter. Outdoor-only cats need a safe place to escape the elements. Consider providing them with an outdoor cat house for winter. You can buy a weatherproof cat house or make your own using a large plastic tub [3]. Line the tub with straw (not hay), as it repels moisture and provides good insulation. Pack the straw loosely into the shelter to about a quarter or halfway point. Avoid using blankets or towels, as these can absorb moisture and make the shelter cold and damp.

Provide food and water. If possible, provide outdoor-only cats with cat food and fresh water. Place food and water in a sheltered area to protect it from snow and ice.

Monitor their health. Even if a cat isn’t fully domesticated, check on them regularly. Look for signs of cold stress, frostbite, and hypothermia. If you notice a cat who is in trouble, try to catch them using a humane box trap and bring them to a veterinarian or shelter for care.

Spay or neuter: If you’re aware of a colony of feral cats, arrange with a rescue organization to have them trapped, spayed/neutered, and released back to their outdoor environment. This can help control the local cat population and improve the overall health and well-being of the colony. Uncontrolled breeding leads to more kittens being born into challenging conditions.

FAQs About Cold Cats

Can cats survive in the cold?

Cats can survive in cold weather, but their ability to do so depends on factors like their breed, age, coat thickness, overall health, and access to shelter. However, prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can lead to serious health issues and death, so it’s important to provide adequate shelter and warmth.

Do cats get cold inside the house?

Cats can get cold inside the house if the temperature drops significantly or if they don’t have access to warm, cozy spots. Ensure your home is kept at a comfortable temperature and consider providing a pet-safe heated bed and blankets during colder months.

At what temperature do cats get cold?

Cats usually begin to feel chilly when temperatures dip below 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Once the temperature falls below 45 degrees Fahrenheit, they’re likely to feel uncomfortably cold. Temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit are dangerously cold for cats.

Don’t forget about your canine companion, too! Learn what temperature is too cold for dogs and how to protect your pup.

References

1. “Companion Animal Care Guidelines.” American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/companion-animal-care-guidelines#:~:text=Animal%20environment&text=Generally%2C%20for%20dogs%20and%20cats,range%20from%2030%20to%2070%25
2. Gunn-Moore, Danielle. “Small Animal Neonatology: They Look Normal When They Are Born and Then They Die.” World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2006. Retrieved from: https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&id=3859263 
3. How to Build an Outdoor Shelter. Alley Cat Allies. Retrieved from: https://www.alleycat.org/resources/how-to-build-an-outdoor-shelter/

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“He was making horrible moaning sounds and movements,” says Dr. Dodman, a professor emeritus at Tufts University and the chief scientific officer at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies. “My wife and I are both vets and we looked at him and said, ‘Oh my god, I think he’s dreaming about something awful.’ It was so obvious that we actually woke him up so he didn’t need to experience it.” 

For Dr. Dodman, it’s logical that dogs dream, and research supports this assumption. But can dogs have nightmares? Here’s what you need to know about dog nightmares and how to calm your pet after a bad dream.

What Do Dogs Dream About?

Dogs can’t tell us whether they dream or what they dream about, but most experts believe dogs do dream. 

Dogs oscillate between REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and deep sleep, just like people, Dr. Dodman says. While there are some differences in brain waves between humans and dogs, Dr. Dodman says everything else about canine sleep is “exactly the same as in people.”

For instance, one study found that dogs have similar sleep-wake cycles as humans, and also that medical conditions, such as chronic pain, can affect dogs’ sleep patterns in a comparable way [1]. Another study found that periods of sleep in dogs supported memory, learning, general intelligence and healthy aging, just like in humans [2].

If dogs can dream, it makes sense that dogs have nightmares. “I think they can have very bad dreams and they can have good dreams — just like us,” Dr. Dodman says. “They’re so much like us in so many respects. It’s almost like they’re canine carbon copies of us.”

But what might cause a dog to have a bad dream, as opposed to a good dream? Dr. Dodman says it’s likely that dogs dream of things they previously experienced.

For instance, Dr. Dodman says his rescue dog Rusty came from an abusive situation, and that his past experiences probably caused him to have occasional nightmares. 

“If you have those memories stored up in your brain, all these traumatic incidents, it may [play out] in your sleep as an occurrence,” Dr. Dodman says.

Is My Dog Dreaming or Having a Nightmare?

If you see your dog twitching, whining, growling, or moving their limbs, they’re probably having a dream. If your dog is experiencing REM sleep, Dr. Dodman says you might even be able to see their eyelids moving. But how can you tell if your dog is having a nightmare? 

Dr. Dodman says you can make an educated guess about what’s going on. “If it looks like they’re having a bad dream,” he says, “give them the benefit of the doubt.”

A dog who just had a nightmare will not necessarily act clingy or anxious afterward, Dr. Dodman says. “It depends on what [they’re] dreaming about, but I imagine if it’s something horrific, it’s a great relief to be suddenly conscious and to realize that it was a dream,” Dr. Dodman says.

There is a phenomenon that can be mistaken for dreaming called sundowner syndrome, which is associated with canine cognitive dysfunction. “At or after sunset, they start to run around and act crazy and terrified of something — but it’s something that isn’t there,” Dr. Dodman explains. “It’s almost like a bad dream that you’re actually living out consciously. It’s very much like night terrors.”

If you see a sudden change in your dog’s behavior or sleep patterns, consult your veterinarian.

What to Do About Dog Nightmares

Having a bad dream might be uncomfortable for your dog, but it doesn’t mean your dog is in danger. However, if you’re worried about your dog having a bad dream, Dr. Dodman says you can gently wake them up — just like he once did with Rusty.

“I would remain calm,” Dr. Dodman recalls. “I would sit next to Rusty. I wouldn’t be suddenly shaking him by the collar for him to get up — I would just stroke him gently across the head … to lightly pull him out of the sleep that he’s in.”

If nightmares seem like a frequent occurrence for your dog, talk to your veterinarian. Anxiety and medical conditions are common causes of sleep problems, so your veterinarian is likely to recommend a thorough workup (including a physical exam, neurologic exam, and blood tests). A video of your dog’s suspected nightmares can also provide your veterinarian with more information about your dog’s episodes. While uncommon, REM sleep disorders can occur in dogs and may look like nightmares. 

In addition to working with your veterinarian, you can take steps to make your dog’s environment more conducive to sleep. “If a dog has trouble sleeping, you do want them in an optimal environment,” Dr. Dodman says. “You want them to have a very comfortable place to lie and get fully relaxed. You want a dark room. You want it to be as peaceful and quiet as possible.”

References

1. Woods, Hope J et al. “A functional linear modeling approach to sleep-wake cycles in dogs.” Scientific reports vol. 10,1 22233. 17 Dec. 2020, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79274-2
2. Morell, Virginia. “Brain scans show dogs learn when sleeping—just like people.” Science. Oct. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.science.org/content/article/brain-scans-show-dogs-learn-when-sleeping-just-people

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Whether your veterinarian has recommended switching to hydrolyzed protein cat food or you’re researching dietary options for a cat with a medical condition, we’ve rounded up everything you need to know about this type of diet.

What Is Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food?

Hydrolyzed protein food for cats is a prescription diet that is prescribed for cats with specific medical conditions. Hydrolyzed protein food is not beneficial for every cat; instead, it is available only on the recommendation of a veterinarian. 

In a hydrolyzed protein cat food, the proteins have undergone a process known as hydrolysis. This process uses water to break proteins down into their smallest building blocks. Instead of containing normal beef, chicken, or fish proteins, hydrolyzed protein cat food contains protein fragments that cannot be recognized by the immune system. These protein fragments serve as a valuable source of nutrition, but they are too small to trigger an allergic response in cats who eat these diets.  

Why Vets Might Recommend Cat Food with Hydrolyzed Protein

Veterinarians typically recommend hydrolyzed protein diets for cats who have had a confirmed or suspected immune response (allergic response) to their diet. This typically includes two categories of cats: cats with food allergies and cats with inflammatory bowel disease. 

Hydrolyzed protein diets are often used to manage food allergies. In cats, food allergies are one cause of allergic skin disease, which may result in red, itchy skin and recurrent ear infections. These cats experience an immune reaction to proteins in their diet, and this reaction causes skin and ear inflammation. Feeding these cats a hydrolyzed protein diet (with no other food or treats) prevents that immune reaction. This typically alleviates the signs of food allergy, without a need for other medications or treatments.  

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is also often treated with hydrolyzed protein diets. Cats with IBD may experience a number of gastrointestinal signs, including vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Many cats with IBD develop intestinal inflammation as an immune response to proteins in their diet. Feeding a hydrolyzed protein diet (without any other food or treats) can aid in the management of IBD by reducing intestinal inflammation.

Pros and Cons of Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food

Hydrolyzed protein cat food can offer significant benefits for cats with food sensitivities. However, there can also be disadvantages to feeding hydrolyzed protein cat food. Let’s look at both the pros and cons:

Pros

• Successfully manage common conditions like food allergic dermatitis and IBD 
• Nutritionally complete and well-balanced
• Available in dry and canned formulations
• Manufactured by several trusted diet manufacturers

Cons

• Cost is often significantly higher than over-the-counter diets
• Limited number of flavor choices
• Limited number of texture choices

Switching to a Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food

If your cat may have food allergies or IBD, talk to your veterinarian about the use of hydrolyzed protein cat food. Many of these diets are available only with a veterinarian’s prescription, so you will need your veterinarian’s approval to start your cat on a hydrolyzed protein diet. 

In order for a hydrolyzed protein to offer benefits, you need to be sure that it is the only food your cat is eating. Cats with dietary sensitivities are often sensitive to very small quantities of ingested allergens. Feeding a hydrolyzed protein diet while continuing to offer table food and over-the-counter cat treats is unlikely to offer any benefits for your cat. Instead, consider avoiding typical cat treats and using hydrolyzed protein treats. Some pet parents choose to bake their own treats, using hydrolyzed protein wet cat food. 

When switching to a hydrolyzed protein cat food, it is best to make this transition gradually. Transition your cat from their old food to a hydrolyzed protein cat food gradually, over a period of approximately one week, to reduce the risk of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal effects. Each day, feed your cat a little bit more of the hydrolyzed protein cat food and a little bit less of their original diet, feeding a 50/50 mix of both foods by mid-week and transitioning entirely to the hydrolyzed protein cat food by the end of the week. 

In some cases, your veterinarian may advise making a more abrupt transition, to more rapidly alleviate your cat’s clinical signs. If this is the case, follow your veterinarian’s advice when transitioning to a hydrolyzed protein cat food. 

Cats with food allergies or IBD will often remain on a hydrolyzed protein for the rest of their life. These diets offer a safe and balanced source of nutrition, and they are appropriate for long-term, lifelong feeding. 

Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food Brands to Consider

Hydrolyzed protein cat foods are available from a number of different pet food manufacturers. Veterinarians often recommend prescription diets made by Hill’s, Royal Canin, or Purina Pro Plan. These three brands are known for their nutritional quality and their extensive research on pet foods. Hydrolyzed protein diets available from these three pet food manufacturers include:

Hill’s Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food

Royal Canin Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food

Purina Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food

If you are looking to purchase a hydrolyzed diet from an alternative brand, Blue Buffalo hydrolyzed protein cat food is also available:

Talk to your veterinarian if you are interested in feeding your cat a hydrolyzed protein diet. Your veterinarian can help you determine whether a hydrolyzed protein diet is necessary and can help you select the best diet for your cat.

The post What Is Hydrolyzed Protein Cat Food? Information and Product Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

There are numerous causes of cloudy eyes in dogs and different signs to watch for. Here’s everything you need to know so you can get your dog the proper treatment.

What Are Cloudy Eyes in Dogs?

To understand cloudy eyes in dogs, we must first understand the structures of the eye that may play a role. 

• The very outermost layer of the eye is the conjunctiva, which is a clear protective layer over the sclera, the white of the eye. 
• The conjunctiva runs to the edge of the cornea, a clear protective layer which sits over the iris. 
• The iris, also known as the colored part of the eye, works by enlarging or shrinking the pupil, the black of the eye. 
• Behind the iris sits the lens, which helps focus light. 
• The retina sits at the back of the eye and senses light. 
• The optic nerve transmits visual signals to the brain. 

Cloudy eyes in dogs occur when either the lens or the cornea is no longer clear, thus creating a milky color within the eye. 

Cloudy eyes more commonly affect older dogs because many causes of cloudy eye result from diseases that are more common in older age. However, younger dogs can also be affected.

Some breeds are more prone to cloudy eyes than other dogs, because they are predisposed to specific diseases that cause cloudy eyes. 

Why Are My Dog’s Eyes Cloudy?

Cloudy eyes in dogs can be caused by many conditions. These conditions may arise suddenly or more gradually. Common causes of cloudiness include:

Age-Related Changes: Cloudiness of the eyes caused by normal, age-related changes in the lens. This change is called nuclear or lenticular sclerosis. It typically does not affect vision. 

Cataracts: Abnormal clumping of proteins in the lens of the eye. Cataracts may turn dogs’ lenses milky white and will cause vision impairments up to blindness. 

Corneal Dystrophy: White discoloration of the cornea, caused by cholesterol and/or mineral deposits. Rarely does this lead to blindness. 

Ulcers: Corneal damage, removing the surface layers of the cornea. Ulcers tend to be painful, so they are often associated with other signs, like squinting and redness. Additionally, ulcers can cause color changes in the cornea, from blue to red or a general haze. Left untreated, ulcers can cause irreversible damage and vision loss.  

Dry Eye: When the eye doesn’t produce enough tears, a condition called keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) occurs. This can lead to irritation and cloudiness of the cornea. Left untreated, this can cause damage and vision loss.  

Anterior Uveitis: Occurs when the uvea, a collection of structures in the eye, becomes inflamed, leading to a cloudy appearance. This condition has a variety of underlying causes, including infectious and inflammatory diseases. Uveitis can be painful and may ultimately lead to blindness. 

Glaucoma: Increased eye pressure. This puts pressure on the optic nerve, causing pain and inflammation. The eyes may also take on a hazy appearance. Untreated glaucoma may lead to blindness. 

Symptoms That Accompany Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Since cloudy dog eyes can be caused by so many different conditions, here are some additional symptoms to look for to help narrow down the cause:

Red cloudy eyes: This could be indicative of inflammation or irritation in the eye. 

Cloudy eye and discharge: Discharge is a sign of inflammation or infection. 

Blue and cloudy: This is the most common color for cloudiness and can be associated with old age. 

Bulging and cloudy: Bulging eyes, whether unilateral (one eye) or bilateral (both eyes), could be a sign of tumors or glaucoma. 

Small cloudy spot on dog’s eye: White or cloudy spots often occur on the surface of the eye, and they are most commonly associated with corneal dystrophy. However, a small cloudy spot deep within the eye could be the start of a cataract. 

Diagnosing Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Many cloudy eye conditions can be cared for by your veterinarian. 

To properly diagnose the cause behind a dog with cloudy eyes, a veterinarian will start with a physical exam and potentially some bloodwork, followed by an eye exam. The eye exam will look for any abnormalities within the structures in the eye. Your veterinarian will likely perform a number of diagnostic tests, including: 

• Schirmer Tear Test: Measures tear production and may be used if dry eye is suspected. 
• Fluorescein Stain Test: Uses orange dye and a blue light to look for damage to the cornea, such as ulcers. 
• Tonometry: Measures pressure inside each of the eyes and used to screen for glaucoma.

If your veterinarian is unable to diagnose the cause of your dog’s cloudy eye, referral to a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist may be necessary.

Dog Cloudy Eye Treatment

Eye treatment for cloudiness varies depending on the underlying cause. While most conditions resulting in cloudy dog eyes are treatable, other cases of cloudiness may not be reversible. 

Nuclear sclerosis (cloudiness due to old age) is permanent. No treatment is needed; it is simply a result of aging, just like graying fur. 

Conditions related to infection, such as corneal ulcers and uveitis, may be treated with topical or oral antibiotics. 

Dry eye is typically treated with medicated ointments that aim to restore tear gland function. Additionally, your veterinarian may prescribe lubricating drops or ointment. 

Glaucoma is treated with medications designed to bring down eye pressure. These medications may come in the form of eye drops or oral medication.

Some conditions may warrant surgery. For example, cataracts have no treatment, except for surgery, just like in humans. 

In painful situations that cannot be cured with treatment, removal of the eye (enucleation) may be recommended. 

Dog Cloudy Eye Home Remedy

There are no approved home remedies for cloudy eyes. Due to the complex nature of eye conditions and the risk of blindness, home remedies put dogs at risk for further complications. Instead, contact your veterinarian for treatment. 

Cloudy Eye Medication for Dogs

Common medications for cloudy eyes in dogs include:

• Topical antibiotics, for corneal ulcers
• Topical immunosuppressives, such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus, for dry eye 
• Oral steroids such as prednisone for inflammation, such as with uveitis
• Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as methazolamide, to treat glaucoma

Costs for a comprehensive physical exams (including an eye exam) and diagnostic tests may range from $200 – 300, depending on the tests your dog needs. Treatment for eye conditions can range from under $50 for single, short-term topical medication to several thousand dollars for cataract surgery.   

How to Prevent Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Most conditions that cause cloudy eyes cannot be prevented. However, some cases are preventable. 

Cataracts in dogs are often associated with diabetes. You can reduce your dog’s risk of diabetes by keeping them at a healthy weight. If your dog does develop diabetes, proactive treatment can reduce the risk of cataracts. 

Uveitis may occur secondary to infectious disease. Ensuring that your dog is up-to-date on their recommended vaccines can reduce the risk of uveitis. 

Finally, corneal ulcers are often caused by trauma. You can reduce this risk by focusing on your dog’s safety. Don’t let them hang their head out the window while riding in the car, and monitor play with other pets. Seek veterinary care at the first sign of an eye injury. 

Even when cloud eyes occur, you can prevent complications, like blindness and prolonged pain, by contacting your veterinarian at the first sign of an eye problem.

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Do Cats Cry? We Asked the Experts

Cats are emotional creatures. Studies show that cats have 276 distinct facial expressions and are reported to express six different emotions: anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, and sadness. Cats even respond to human emotions, with research showing higher stress levels when their humans were stressed or sad.[1, 2, 3]

If cats experience sadness and their facial expressions mirror their emotions, do cats cry tears when they are sad? Despite the plethora of internet memes depicting crying kitties, cats don’t shed tears when they are sad, notes Dr. Alex Lynch, associate professor of emergency and critical care and co-director of the Feline Health Center at NC State.

“Cats do produce tears, but we don’t associate that as a sign of pain or distress,” Dr. Lynch says. “Tear production is a normal process to keep the eye healthy.”

What’s Really Going on with Crying Cats

It’s common for cats to make vocalizations that sound like cries. In fact, older research found that domestic cats make a sound that is akin to an infant’s distress cries and use these so-called “isolation cries” to beg for food.[4] Researchers noted, “Humans are highly sensitive to it…[that] could serve as a subtle means of exploitation.”

All cats can make sounds that mimic cries — but some are more vocal than others, according to Dr. Matthew Fife, a veterinary ophthalmologist with Veterinary Eye Institute in Orlando.

“Many cats will vocalize when experiencing stress or pain,” Dr. Fife says. “We have many patients that will vocalize constantly when in an unusual environment, such as in the vet hospital, while others never make a peep.”

Do Cats Cry Tears?

Cats do produce tears — but it’s not from feeling sadness.

Dr. Fife calls cat tears “incredibly important” to eye health. Tears lubricate your cat’s eyes and contain proteins that help to control bacterial levels and fight infections. “Healthy and adequate tear production is essential for maintaining good vision,” he adds.

Why Is My Cat Crying? 6 Possible Reasons

Epiphora is the medical term for an overflow of tears from the eyes. The most common causes are conditions that create an overproduction of tears or prevent tears from draining normally.

Eye infections

Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines your cat’s eyelids and covers the white part of their eyeballs, causes excessive tearing. In addition to producing excessive tears, cats with conjunctivitis might also squint, or have cloudy yellow or greenish discharge or swelling in one or both eyes. 

Bacteria and viruses, including feline viral rhinotracheitis (also known as feline herpesvirus), are common infectious causes of conjunctivitis. 
Antibiotic eye drops are the most typical type of medication used to treat eye infections, although there might be some circumstances where oral medications are recommended too, Dr. Lynch says.

Eye disease

Glaucoma is caused when the fluid in the front part of a cat’s eye is unable to drain normally and puts pressure on the optic nerve, causing pain and interfering with vision. The nerve damage can result in partial or total blindness. 

Excessive tear production, cloudiness in the eyes, and squinting are some of the early signs of glaucoma. There is no cure for the disease, but there are medications to help ease the symptoms and control the pain.

Eye injuries

Possible eye injuries include scratches, irritation from eyelashes, foreign material being present in the eye, and rubbing the eye against something in their environment — but any damage to the cornea will cause eyes to water, Dr. Fife says.

“Traumatic injuries that occur during play or from other animals are common, viral infections can cause ulceration on the surface of the cornea, and foreign material in the eye can be very irritating.”

Eyelid abnormalities

Entropion (a condition that causes eyelids to turn inward) and ectropion (a condition that causes the tissues lining the inner surface of the eyelids to roll outward) cause irritation that can lead to watery eyes. 

Persians, Himalayans, and other flat-faced breeds are at greater risk of eyelid abnormalities because their facial anatomies make it harder for tears to drain properly. Often, their tears roll down their faces instead of draining through the tear ducts.

Blocked tear ducts

“Damage to the tear drainage duct is quite common, especially in stray cats that are more prone to severe respiratory infections,” Dr. Fife says. 

Infections can cause scarring in the tear duct that drains tears from the eye into the nose, causing a blockage. When the tears can’t drain, they spill onto the face, making it look like your cat is crying.

Environmental irritants

Environmental allergies are very common in animals, and Dr. Fife notes that mild allergies will cause watery eyes. 

“Dirt and pollen in the environment can get into the eyes, especially in animals spending a lot of time outside,” he says. “This can produce some thicker, mucous discharge.” 

Additionally, cats that like to dig a lot in the litter box can get clay particles in the eyes, which can cause tearing, he adds.

What Is Your Crying Cat Trying to Tell You?

Cats need to produce tears, so don’t fret if your cat sheds one occasionally. But Dr. Lynch notes that too many tears could be a sign that something is wrong. 

“Obvious or apparently excessive tear production…could represent a problem with the eye itself, perhaps an injury to the eye surface like an ulcer or scratch, or other issues like allergies or infections,” he says. 

Dr. Lynch suggests watching for additional changes in their health and behavior, like red eyes or holding their eyes closed. Looking at your cat’s tail language could also help you understand how your cat is feeling when they are “crying.”

Make an appointment with your veterinarian if you notice your cat shedding an excessive amount of tears. They can examine the eye and help identify if there is something abnormal going on.

When Cat Crying May Indicate a Problem

While most cat cries are likely nothing to worry about, changes in vocalizations or persistent cries could indicate your cat is feeling pain or discomfort. Excessive tear production, especially if it’s accompanied by mucous or thick, green discharge, could also be a sign of a health issue.

“Since so many things can cause teary eyes, the only real thing to do is have it checked and try to address any underlying problem,” Dr. Fife says.

How to Prevent Crying in Cats

Normal tear production keeps your cat’s eyes healthy, but it’s important to protect them from illnesses and injuries that may cause too many tears. Depending on the cause, Dr. Lynch suggests preventive measures such as avoiding cleaning products or other environmental irritants that could lead to watery eyes, isolating new or sick animals from each other to reduce the risk of spreading infection, and keeping cats indoors to minimize injuries from other animals or vehicles. Keeping your cat up to date on vaccinations can also prevent some infections that contribute to conjunctivitis.

“If you’re worried about your cat having watery eyes, please contact your veterinary team,” Dr. Lynch urges. “They will help advise the best way to get your cat feeling better again.”

References

1. Lauren Scott, Brittany N. Florkiewicz, “Feline faces: Unraveling the social function of domestic cat facial signals,” Behavioural Processes, Volume 213, 2023, 104959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104959 
2. Martens, P., Enders-Slegers, M. J., & Walker, J. K., “The Emotional Lives of Companion Animals: Attachment and Subjective Claims by Owners of Cats and Dogs.” Anthrozoös, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1075299 
3. Quaranta A, d’Ingeo S, Amoruso R, Siniscalchi M., “Emotion Recognition in Cats.” Animals (Basel), 2020 Jun 28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7401521/ 
4. McComb, Karen et al. “The cry embedded within the purr.” Current biology : CB vol. 19,13 (2009): R507-8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033

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But good hearing isn’t always a guarantee in dogs. Some dogs may be born with the inability to hear due to a genetic defect or another issue. Or they can experience canine hearing loss as the result of an infection or traumatic injury — or just because they’re getting older. 

Read on for everything you need to know about identifying and caring for a deaf dog.

How to Tell If Your Dog is Deaf

What are some signs of deafness in dogs? Dr. Becca Boronat, a veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society, says there are several things pet parents may notice. For one, the dog’s behavior might change. 

“Deaf dogs may not respond to common sounds, such as their name, doorbells, or other household noises,” Dr. Boronat explains, adding that noises like the squeak of a toy may also not elicit a response. 

If a puppy is born deaf, they may never develop behaviors that are typical for hearing dogs, like responding to sounds. A new onset of deafness in a hearing dog, however, may look like unexpected behavior changes.

Another indication that a dog is going deaf or has already lost hearing is a change in sleep patterns, according to Dr. Boronat. “They may startle more easily when touched while sleeping since they don’t hear approaching footsteps.” 

Yet another sign can be found in how a dog moves. “They might move their head in a searching motion more frequently, trying to visually compensate for the lack of auditory information,” Dr. Boronat says.

Last but not least, she notes that deafness may result in your dog being more anxious or stressed than normal, particularly in unfamiliar situations.

Causes of Deafness in Dogs

What are the causes of deafness in dogs? For some, they’re simply born this way due to genetic factors, toxic exposure, or viral damage during development, according to Dr. Boronat. Hearing loss that is present from birth is known as congenital deafness. 

Dogs of any breed can be susceptible to congenital deafness, but there are some breeds that are more susceptible than others.

“Breeds with merle and white coat colors, such as Dalmatians, Bull Terriers, Australian Heelers, Catahoulas, English Cocker Spaniels, Parson Russell Terriers, and Boston Terriers, are commonly affected,” Dr. Boronat says. “The list of affected breeds, now around 100, is growing and may change with breed popularity and selective breeding practices.”

Besides congenital deafness, a dog going deaf — or partially deaf — can be the result of aging, ototoxicity, noise trauma, otitis interna, and anesthesia, among other causes. [1]

Dr. Boronat also explains that sudden dog deafness may stem from different medical conditions, including:

• External ear canal blockage due to long-term inflammation (a condition known as otitis externa)
• Excessive ear wax
• A ruptured eardrum
• Inflammation of the middle or inner ear.

However, she adds, for many of these conditions, a dog’s hearing can come back — or partially return — once resolved.

How to Care for a Deaf Dog

While caring for a deaf dog does present some extra challenges, there are many things you can do to make things easier for both you and your pup. 

Tap Into Their Other Senses

Try to rely on visual cues rather than auditory cues when interacting with your dog at home. “Ensure the dog can see you coming to avoid startling them,” Dr. Boronat advises.

Pet parents can also train deaf dogs to respond to hand signals. According to the non-profit organization Deaf Dogs Rock, pet parents can come up with sign cues for their dog’s name, basic commands, and positive reinforcement. For instance, some pet parents rely on the basics of American Sign Language (ASL) to create hand signals for deaf dogs. 

When training deaf dogs, Karen Prior Clicker Training recommends using a gentle touch such as a shoulder tap (to avoid startling your dog), flicking lights on and off (such as a flashlight), or vibrations such as tapping or stomping on the floor. 

There are also special vibration collars — not to be confused with shock collars — that can be used to help get your dog’s attention, Dr. Boronat says.

Ensure Your Dog’s Safety

Pet parents of deaf dogs need to think about safety, particularly when your dog spends time outside. A deaf dog might be vulnerable to getting hit by a car since they are unable to hear it coming, for instance. “Always keep your deaf dog on a leash or in a secure, fenced area to prevent them from wandering off or getting into danger,” Dr. Boronat says.

Keep Stress Levels Low

One thing pet parents of deaf dogs should try to avoid at all costs is placing extra stress on your canine companions. “Sudden movements or environments with lots of visual distractions might stress a deaf dog,” Dr. Boronat explains. “Introducing new environments slowly can help reduce anxiety.”

Don’t Forget About Check-Ups

Last but not least, it’s important to take your dog to the veterinary clinic for check-ups.

“While deaf dogs do not necessarily need additional medical care related to their deafness,” Dr. Boronat says, “they should have regular check-ups to monitor their overall health.”

Of course, if your dog has an underlying condition that leads to deafness, ensure that they’re getting ongoing treatment.

Dogs and Deafness: In Conclusion

Caring for a deaf puppy or dog might present some extra challenges, but preparation and readiness will make your job easier.

“Patience and understanding are crucial,” Dr. Boronat says. “Deaf dogs rely heavily on their other senses and their bond with their human companions to navigate the world.”

One thing is for sure: deaf dogs can be wonderful companions. If you’re considering adopting a deaf dog, there are several groups in the U.S. that can help facilitate this, including Deaf Dogs Rock, Pink Heart Rescue, and Deaf Dogs of Oregon.

Reference

1. George M. Strain, Canine Deafness, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Volume 42, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1209-1224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.08.010.

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Conjunctivitis in dogs (also known as dog pink eye) is a common condition. In fact, most dogs are likely to experience an episode of conjunctivitis at some point during their lifespan. However, there are many underlying causes of the condition, and they can range from mild to serious.

To help you provide your pup with the best care possible, here’s what you need to know about conjunctivitis in dogs, what causes it, and how to treat this common dog eye issue effectively. 

Conjunctivitis in Dogs: What is It?

Conjunctivitis in dogs is very similar to conjunctivitis in humans, though the causes and treatments vary.

Conjunctivitis means “inflammation of the conjunctiva.” The conjunctiva is a thin layer of tissue that covers the inside of the eyelids and the surface of the eye. When this layer becomes inflamed, a dog’s eye becomes red, swollen, and uncomfortable.

Conjunctivitis in dogs may or may not be contagious, depending on what’s causing it.

When a virus or bacteria causes conjunctivitis, dogs can pass this infectious conjunctivitis along to other dogs. In some cases, a dog may also be able to spread bacterial conjunctivitis to humans.

When dogs get non-infectious conjunctivitis (from things like allergies or dry eye), these cases are not contagious.

Conjunctivitis can occur in any dog of any age. However, some breeds are more likely to develop conjunctivitis than others. These include: 

• Cocker Spaniel
• Hounds
• Labrador Retriever
• Lhasa Apso
• Pekingese
• Poodle
• Pug
• Scottish Terrier
• Shar Pei
• Shih Tzu
• West Highland White Terrier

Causes of Conjunctivitis in Dogs

Determining the cause of a dog’s conjunctivitis plays a key role in effective treatment. Conjunctivitis in dogs can have a wide variety of causes, including: 

• Viral infection – Viruses, like canine herpes virus and canine distemper virus, can cause conjunctivitis. 
• Bacterial infection – Bacterial conjunctivitis in dogs can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary means the infection is caused by the bacterium, itself. Secondary means there’s an underlying cause that makes the eye more susceptible to bacterial infection. 
• Allergies – Environmental allergens, like dust and pollen, can trigger conjunctivitis. 
• Airborne irritants – Substances that aggravate the surface of the eye, like smoke and perfumes, can cause conjunctivitis. 
• Corneal ulcer – Trauma or chemical irritants can damage the surface of the eye, resulting in conjunctivitis.
• Dry eye – Dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye) do not make enough tears to keep the eye lubricated. The lack of a healthy tear film leads to conjunctivitis. 
• Glaucoma – Increased pressure within the eye leads to inflammation and conjunctivitis. 
• Tumor of the eye or eyelid – Tumors that irritate the eye often cause conjunctivitis.
• Immune-mediated – Autoimmune conditions can lead to inflammation of the eye. 

It’s important to note that this list is not exhaustive. Anything that irritates the eyes or eyelids can potentially cause conjunctivitis.   

Conjunctivitis in Dogs Symptoms

Detecting the signs of conjunctivitis in dogs plays a key role in getting your pet the treatment they need. Here’s what to watch out for.

The primary symptom of conjunctivitis in dogs is swelling and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the eye.

You may notice swelling of your dog’s third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane. This is the small pink piece of tissue located in the middle corner of each of your dog’s eyes. The third eyelid may be more visible than usual, it may look swollen, or it may become a darker red color.  

Signs of conjunctivitis in dogs may affect one or both eyes. In addition to red and swollen eyes, symptoms may include:

• Dog with red eyes
• Swollen eyes
• Increased dog eye discharge (clear, yellow, or green)
• Squinting
• Frequent blinking
• Pawing at the face or eye(s)

If your dog has very mild conjunctivitis, it may be okay to monitor your dog at home for 24 hours. Mild signs of conjunctivitis can occur with exposure to dust, perfumes, or other irritants, and they may resolve with time.

However, you know your dog best. If your dog is uncomfortable or you notice pronounced clinical signs, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. 

If your dog’s signs are mild, but they do not resolve within 24 hours, this also warrants a trip to the veterinarian. Seeking veterinary care early reduces the risk of permanent damage to the eye(s). Permanent damage can lead to blindness, so it’s important to always take eye problems seriously in your dog. 

Diagnosing Canine Conjunctivitis

Your veterinarian can diagnose conjunctivitis by carefully examining your dog’s conjunctiva for signs of redness or inflammation.

Effective treatment, however, depends on what’s causing your dog’s conjunctivitis. So your vet will likely recommend further testing to identify the cause. 

Common tests for conjunctivitis include: 

• Fluorescein stain – This test diagnoses corneal ulcers. A fluorescent stain is applied to your dog’s eye. This stain sticks to corneal ulcers, highlighting the lesion. 
• Schirmer tear test – This tests your dog’s tear production, looking for dry eye or KCS. 
• Tonometry – This test assesses your dog’s eye pressure, looking for glaucoma. 

Your vet may also recommend other tests, depending on your dog’s clinical signs. 

Dog Conjunctivitis Treatment Options

Dog conjunctivitis medicine usually comes in the form of an eye drop or eye ointment. However, there is no one-size-fits-all conjunctivitis cure for dogs.

The best medication for your dog will depend on the underlying cause of the conjunctivitis. Here are some examples:

• For conjunctivitis due to bacterial infections and corneal ulcers, vets often prescribe antibiotic eye drops as a dog pink eye treatment.
• For dry eye (KCS) and allergic conjunctivitis in dogs, vets recommend steroids or anti-inflammatory medication as a treatment plan.
• Conjunctivitis caused by glaucoma requires medication to reduce the pressure within the eye.
• If your dog has a tumor causing conjunctivitis, your vet may recommend surgical removal of the tumor.

As a general rule, never give your dog an over-the-counter treatment for conjunctivitis without your vet’s approval. The same applies to any dog conjunctivitis home treatment or remedy. Always check with your vet first.

Also, don’t use old medications or dog eye drops to treat your dog’s current problem. The wrong medication can make your dog’s conjunctivitis worse. For example, treating a corneal ulcer with a steroid may lead to rapid and severe worsening, potentially causing permanent damage. 

How to Prevent Conjunctivitis in Dogs

To keep your dog’s eyes healthy and reduce the risk of conjunctivitis, take these steps: 

• Keep vaccinations current to reduce the risk of viral conjunctivitis.
• Keep your dog away from other dogs with conjunctivitis.
• Minimize exposure to airborne irritants, like smoke, dust, and perfume. 
• Avoid getting shampoo in your dog’s eyes during bathtime. 
• Keep your dog’s facial hair neatly trimmed and groomed. 
• Monitor your dog during playtime to reduce injury risk. 

Unfortunately, not all cases of conjunctivitis are preventable. Even if you do everything you can to prevent conjunctivitis, your dog may still develop this condition. 

FAQs About Dog Pink Eye

Do dogs get pink eye?

Yes, dogs are at risk of pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis. There are many causes of pink eye in dogs, including viral infections, bacterial infections, trauma, allergies, and others. 

Is conjunctivitis contagious in dogs?

Some cases of dog conjunctivitis are caused by viral or bacterial infections. These forms of conjunctivitis can be contagious. However, there are many other causes of conjunctivitis that are not contagious. 

Can dogs get pink eye from humans?

Some cases of human pink eye can be spread to dogs. If you have pink eye, wash your hands frequently and especially before handling your dog. 

Can you get pink eye from a dog?

Pink eye that is caused by a bacterial infection can potentially spread from dogs to humans. Fortunately, bacterial conjunctivitis is relatively uncommon in dogs, making dog-to-human spread of pink eye relatively rare. 

How long does conjunctivitis last in dogs?

The duration of conjunctivitis will depend on its underlying cause. Some cases resolve quickly with treatment, while others may be chronic (long-lasting) in nature. Once your veterinarian determines the underlying cause of your dog’s conjunctivitis, they will be able to provide a prognosis. 

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In 2023, pet parents spent more than $2.7 billion on supplements for their four-legged friends. The most popular supplements for pets include those for joint and digestive health, cognition, and heart health—areas where SAMe could have a positive impact (1).

What Is SAMe?

SAMe is a modified version of the amino acid methionine, explains Dr. Primrose Moss, a U.K.-based veterinary surgeon. It’s important for the brain, heart, hormones, and other metabolic functions. Dogs naturally produce SAMe but it’s also available in supplement form. 

The role of SAMe is complex and Dr. Moss notes that the specific mechanism — or how it works — is unclear. But research shows that SAMe is an anti-inflammatory and has the potential to reduce pain and support cartilage production, making it a valuable supplement for dogs with conditions like liver disease, osteoarthritis, and cognitive decline.

SAMe for dogs is available as a tablet (pill) or liquid.

Benefits of SAMe for Dogs

Pet parents have tried SAMe for dogs to treat a range of conditions, and it may have benefits for these four health issues:

Liver issues

SAMe is often recommended for dogs with liver disease. It is known for having “hepatoprotective properties,” according to Dr. Sehaj Grewal, a veterinarian at The Melrose Vet in Los Angeles. 

“It can help protect liver cells from damage, enhance the regeneration of liver tissue, and support the liver detoxification process,” he explains. 

SAMe is metabolized in the liver and research shows that the supplement boosts glutathione, an important antioxidant in the liver, and may help reduce stress on the liver for dogs taking steroid medications (2, 3, 4). A case study showed that a dog who ingested the artificial sweetener xylitol was given SAMe to help support the liver; this dog survived and his liver values returned to normal within a month (5).

Dr. Grewal notes that these benefits make SAMe a common supplement for dogs with liver disease or those taking medications that may affect liver function. 

Cognitive decline

Canine dysfunction syndrome affects the brain, causing behavioral changes like getting lost in familiar places or stuck in corners, sleep changes, restlessness, and irritability (6). There is no cure for CDS but several treatments, including SAMe, could help.

Studies have found significant improvement in signs of cognitive decline in dogs with some research showing that dogs with cognitive decline who took the supplements became more active and aware and showed fewer signs of mental impairment (7). 

SAMe is believed to increase the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which can improve mood and cognitive performance, according to Dr. Grewal. But Dr. Moss adds, “The evidence isn’t conclusive yet, so if you’re concerned about cognitive decline, it’s best to discuss possible treatments with your vet.”

Osteoarthritis

Dogs with osteoarthritis may show symptoms like stiffness, limping, irritability, and restlessness, and might not want to go for walks or hop on and off the sofa due to joint pain.

“SAM-e…supports cartilage health by promoting the production of cartilage-building proteins, which can be beneficial for dogs suffering from arthritis,” Dr. Grewal says. “It is thought to have anti-inflammatory properties that can also help reduce joint inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.”

In humans with osteoarthritis, taking the supplement for three months was linked to less pain and better physical function (8), but there is limited research on the benefits of SAMe for dogs with arthritis. 
“That’s not to say it definitely won’t help,” Dr. Moss says. “But if your dog has arthritis, it’s best to prioritize supplements containing omega-3, which has been shown to support healthy joints and reduce the signs of arthritis.”

Allergies

Some pet parents have turned to SAMe to help their dogs deal with seasonal allergies. There is no scientific evidence to support the supplements to alleviate common allergy symptoms like itchiness, hair loss, and stomach upset, but Dr. Grewal believes SAMe could offer some benefits.

“While it is not a primary treatment for allergies, SAM-e’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may provide some relief for dogs with allergies,” he says. “By reducing inflammation, SAM-e could potentially alleviate some allergy symptoms.”

SAMe and Milk Thistle for Dogs

Milk thistle and SAMe are often used together to support liver health, and studies show that dogs with liver issues may benefit from taking both supplements (2).

“Milk thistle provides antioxidant protection and supports liver cell repair while SAMe aids in liver detoxification and regeneration,” Dr. Grewal says. “Working together, they can protect against liver damage and enhance liver function.”

There may also be some benefit to using SAMe and milk thistle together for cognitive decline in dogs. Silymarin, one of the active ingredients in milk thistle, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that have been linked to brain health benefits from improved learning to enhanced memory in animal studies. However, more research is needed to determine if it can help dogs with cognitive dysfunction (9).

SAMe for Dogs Side Effects

SAMe is considered safe and side effects are rare. Dr. Moss notes that most dogs “tolerate it well,” but it’s important to be on the lookout for nausea and stomach upset, which are the most common side effects of SAMe for dogs.

The supplement might interact with certain medications, including antidepressants, dextromethorphan, meperidine, pentazocine, and tramadol. Supplements may also interact with each other, so it’s important to talk to your vet before giving your dog SAMe. 

“SAMe alone can’t treat significant health issues,” Dr. Moss says, “and delaying the treatment of conditions like hepatitis could result in serious complications.” 

Choosing a SAMe Supplement for Dogs

There are multiple SAMe supplements on the market, such as VetriScience and Covetrus. Dr. Grewal advises pet parents to look for a pet-specific product with dosing instructions on the label. It’s also important to steer clear of SAMe supplements made for humans.

“The dosage for dogs differs from humans, and human supplements may contain certain ingredients that are not suitable for pets,” Dr. Grewal explains. 

SAMe for Dogs: The Verdict

SAMe is just one of a number of supplements marketed to dogs, but there is research showing its potential to help with health issues like liver problems, cognitive decline, and arthritis with few side effects. But that doesn’t mean SAMe is a safe choice or an effective choice for all dogs.

“SAMe may not be the best choice for your dog,” Dr. Moss says. “It’s best to speak to your vet about your concerns so you can agree on a tailored treatment plan, including any appropriate supplements.”

References

1. Finno, Carrie J. “Veterinary Pet Supplements and Nutraceuticals.” Nutrition today vol. 55,2 (2020): 97-101. doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000399
2. Marchegiani, Andrea et al. “Evidences on Molecules Most Frequently Included in Canine and Feline Complementary Feed to Support Liver Function.” Veterinary medicine international vol. 2020 9185759. 9 May. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/9185759
3. Webster, Cynthia R L et al. “ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 33,3 (2019): 1173-1200. doi:10.1111/jvim.15467
4. Center, Sharon A et al. “Evaluation of the influence of S-adenosylmethionine on systemic and hepatic effects of prednisolone in dogs.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 66,2 (2005): 330-41. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.330
5. Schmid, Renee D, and Lynn R Hovda. “Acute Hepatic Failure in a Dog after Xylitol Ingestion.” Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology vol. 12,2 (2016): 201-5. doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0531-7
6. “Cognitive dsyfunction syndrome.” Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome
7. Rème, C A et al. “Effect of S-adenosylmethionine tablets on the reduction of age-related mental decline in dogs: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.” Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine vol. 9,2 (2008): 69-82.
8. “S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for osteoarthritis.” Cochrane. Retrieved from: https://www.cochrane.org/CD007321/MUSKEL_s-adenosylmethionine-same-for-osteoarthritis
9. Ranjan, Shovit, and Akash Gautam. “Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight.” Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 17 1159806. 18 May. 2023, doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806

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“It’s a busy time and pets may be confused or excited by what is going on and we may be less attentive than usual,” says Brian Collins, DVM, DABVP (Canine and Feline Practice), senior lecturer at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. 

“It can also be a fun time for pets if we keep their safety in mind while including them in the festivities wherever possible,” Dr. Collins adds.

Preparing ahead of time for holiday pet safety can help put you and your family at ease and help avoid pet emergencies during this special time of year.

7 Holiday Hazards for Pets to Avoid

Unfortunately, there are many holiday hazards for pets that could harm your four-legged friend. Keep an eye out for the following potential risks to keep your pet safe and sound as you celebrate.

1. Candles

Candles can create a warm and peaceful ambiance in your home during the holidays — but they are dangerous for pets. 

“Candles may be part of holiday decorations or religious celebrations,” Dr. Collins says. “Candles can get knocked over by a curious cat or a dog’s happy tail, causing either injury to them as well as a potential fire hazard.”

How to avoid a mishap: If your pet is drawn to candles, you might play it safe and go with artificial candle options. 

“If using real candles, keep them out of the reach of pets or keep the pets separated in the house from where the candles are being used,” Dr. Collins says. “Consider safer options such as battery-operated, flameless candles or other decorations. Always be sure to have a functional fire extinguisher in your home.”

2. Seasonal stress and anxiety

The holidays are a bustling time and can increase stress and anxiety for your pets. 

“Holiday chaos, loud noises, and unfamiliar guests can heighten anxiety and stress in pets, potentially leading to issues such as destructive behavior, hiding, or even attempts to escape,” says Erin Askeland, CPDT-KA, CBCC-KA, animal health and behavior expert at Camp Bow Wow. “Pets left alone for longer periods of time or more frequently than usual may also experience stress due to these changes in their routine.”

How to avoid a mishap: Create a safe, calm environment for your pet, and consider using calming aids. 

“Some dogs will do better being by themselves in a quiet room away from the festivities, perhaps even with a crate for security if they are accustomed to that,” Dr. Collins says. “Some pets may benefit from medication to keep them calm and relaxed. Consult with your veterinarian ahead of time so there’s plenty of time to prepare.”

3. Chocolate

Chocolate finds a place in almost any holiday celebration, but it is incredibly dangerous to dogs and cats. 

“Chocolate contains theobromine and caffeine, which people can metabolize well but not so for cats and dogs,” Dr. Collins says. “Ingestion of a harmful quantity can lead to mild symptoms, such as an upset stomach and restlessness, to more serious symptoms, such as heart problems, seizures, and even death. Accidental ingestion is more common in dogs than in cats because it is more appealing to dogs overall, but both dogs and cats can suffer from chocolate toxicity.”

How to avoid a mishap: Be super careful to keep chocolate-containing treats out of your pets’ reach. 

“Keep the chocolate out of reach — whether it is chocolate candy or baked into cookies, cakes, brownies, etc.,” Dr. Collins says. “Advise guests of the risks and monitor children closely who may innocently want to share their Halloween candy with the family dog. Pets may find chocolate in coat pockets, handbags, or wrapped up as a gift. If you have pets, be sure to ask if a gift is edible before you put it under the tree or leave it within a pet’s reach.”

4. Toxic plants and flowers

There are many holiday plants and flowers that may be toxic to your pets. 

“Popular holiday plants such as poinsettias, mistletoe, and holly can be toxic to dogs and cats if ingested and may cause symptoms ranging from mild gastrointestinal distress to more severe issues like heart problems or even death,” Askeland says. “Plant foods and fertilizers can also be detrimental to a pet’s health.”

How to avoid a mishap: Do your research ahead of time before you bring any plants or flowers into your home or before you give them as a gift to people with pets. 

“Cats are experts at reaching anything that you try to put out of their reach. With some plants such as lilies, there’s no point in taking the risk, as ingestion of any part of the plant can be fatal,” Dr. Collins says. “If you are sending flowers to someone, please ask the florist to avoid any that are not safe with pets. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center contains extensive lists that classify plants as either non-toxic or toxic.”  

Askeland offers another piece of advice: “Consider using artificial versions of these plants to still achieve the festive look without the risk, though you still need to make sure pets aren’t chewing or eating these alternative options.”

5. High-fat or toxic foods

If your pets get a hold of leftovers, it can be dangerous if they feast on table scraps — especially if the foods are high in fat. 

“Overconsumption of food in general or ingestion of dangerous food items can lead to many undesired consequences,” Dr. Collins says. “Dogs and cats generally have relatively stable diets, so if they consume unfamiliar food, it can lead to mild gastrointestinal (GI) distress, such as vomiting and diarrhea, and an even more serious condition such as pancreatitis. This is especially likely with food that contains high-fat content (like meat, gravy, and cheese).”

In addition, certain human foods can be toxic to dogs and cats. 

“Some food may contain an artificial sweetener called xylitol, which can have fatal consequences if ingested by dogs,” Dr. Collins says. “Ingestion of bones can lead to blockages or perforations of the GI tract. Food cooked with onions is toxic. Raisins and grapes can be life-threatening to both cats and dogs. Corn cobs are very appealing to dogs, but eating them often leads to GI obstructions.”

How to avoid a mishap: Don’t leave pets unattended when food is out on the table or counter and properly store food when you are finished eating. 

“Try to prevent accidental ingestion by keeping food out of your pet’s reach — which can be difficult if you have a large dog that can reach the counter or a cat who is able to jump that high,” Dr. Collins says. “Ask guests not to offer unapproved table food to pets. Trash should also be secured to prevent pets from feasting on it.”

6. Christmas trees

Your glimmering tree may be pretty to look at, but for curious pets, it’s a prime target for climbing, chewing, and destruction. 

“Christmas trees pose multiple hazards,” Askeland says. “Pine needles can cause gastrointestinal blockages or perforations, tinsel, and ornaments can be choking hazards, and electrical cords for lights can lead to severe electric shocks if chewed.”

How to avoid a mishap: Take proactive measures to make your Christmas tree more pet-friendly. 

“Secure your tree to prevent it from tipping over, use pet-friendly decorations, and cover electrical cords,” Askeland says. “Always supervise pets around the tree or consider using a baby gate to limit their access.”

7. Cold weather and antifreeze

Winter climates come with exposure threats, as well as possible ingestion of antifreeze.

“Cold weather brings its own challenges, including the risk of hypothermia and frostbite,” Askeland says. “Additionally, antifreeze spills can be extremely toxic; even a small amount ingested can be fatal.”

How to avoid a mishap: Protect your pet from extreme temperatures and keep them away from antifreeze products. 

“Limit your dog’s exposure to cold weather and always clean up antifreeze spills immediately,” Askeland says. “Use pet-safe antifreeze products and ensure your dog has a warm, dry place to stay inside.”

If you have a cat who likes to roam outdoors, take steps to keep them warm and safe in winter, such as providing access to an enclosed space away from the elements and ensuring their water bowl doesn’t freeze over.

Holiday Pet Safety: Other Ways to Protect Your Pet

As a pet parent, there are many ways you can implement holiday pet safety tips to keep your dog and cat safe. Here are some additional tips for avoiding a holiday mishap.

Use pet identification tools

If your pet escapes by accident amid the holiday festivities, pet identification tags and tools can help you relocate them. 

“Be sure your pet is identified in at least one way — an ID tag on a collar/harness and/or a microchip,” Dr. Collins says. “If people will be coming and going with doors opening a lot, it may be best to keep cats and dogs confined to a closed room so that the risk of escape is minimized.”

Ask guests to leave their pets at home

Unless your own pet is welcoming and friendly toward other pets, introducing a new pet during a holiday get-together can create a stressful environment for your pet. 

“If guests ask to bring their pet with them, it may not be the best time to do so for the first time during holiday activities,” Dr. Collins says. 

Have emergency information handy

Your family veterinarian’s office is likely closed overnight, as well as on weekends and holidays. In case of emergency, have the proper phone numbers and addresses for emergency pet services readily available. 

“Know ahead of time where to take your pet if there is an emergency — especially if you are traveling with them,” Dr. Collins says. “If you have any doubts about your pet’s health, call a vet as soon as possible. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center hotline is a very valuable source of information.”

Brush up on training

Consider taking a training class or workshop with your pet to brush up on skills before guests come over and do your best to stick to your pet’s routine so they are still getting the exercise and mental stimulation they need. This can also help decrease stress in the hustle and bustle of the holiday season. 

You may also consider pet day care or boarding options that can provide fun activities for your pet outside your home to keep them occupied and out of harm’s way. 

The post 7 Holiday Hazards for Pets (and How to Avoid Them) appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Brown cat vomit can be a sign of a life-threatening health issue, such as pancreatitis or kidney disease. Or, it could be due to something much less worrisome, like a hairball or upset stomach.

Unfortunately, often the only way to know for sure what you’re dealing with is through diagnostic testing. And how many pet parents want to rush to the clinic every time their cat yacks up a brownish mess?

When your cat’s health is in question, a veterinary visit is always your best bet. However, there may be some scenarios where it’s reasonable to monitor your cat at home. Telling the difference between the two is the hard part. Here’s some guidance, so you can make the right choice for a cat vomiting brown liquid.

Brown Cat Throw-up: What it Looks Like

In the rainbow array of cat puke colors, brown throw-up is pretty common for most felines. Many cat foods are brownish in color. So if your cat is throwing up partially digested food, it will often be some shade of brown or tan.

Brown vomit in cats may be solid, liquid, or somewhere in between. It may range in color from dark to light brown or appear yellowish, reddish, or greenish in hue. It can contain brown or dark brown liquid, brown foam, brown specks, and/or brown mucus. A cat vomiting bile can also look like brown liquid.

In general, brown puke is not necessarily a cause for concern in cats. However, if your cat’s vomit has brown specks in it or looks like it contains coffee grounds, it’s an important warning sign. This can indicate the presence of digested blood in the vomit. In that case, an immediate visit to the vet is in order.

Causes of Brown Vomit in Cats

Cats throw up for many reasons, ranging from minor issues to severe health conditions. Potential causes of a cat throwing up brown liquid or brown vomit can include: 

• Hairballs
• Dietary sensitivity
• Intestinal parasites
• Heartworm disease
• Feline infectious peritonitis
• Feline panleukopenia
• Toxin (antifreeze, poisonous plants)
• Medication reaction
• Foreign body obstruction
• Constipation
• Stomach ulcers
• Inflammatory bowel disease 
• Intestinal tumor (e.g., lymphoma)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Diabetes
• Neurologic disease

Unfortunately, you can’t tell too much from the color and appearance of cat vomit what’s causing it. To answer the question, “Why is my cat puking?” typically requires a veterinary exam and specific diagnostic tests.

Cat Throwing Up Brown Liquid: Is It Cause for Concern?

In general, a single, isolated episode of cat vomit is rarely cause for concern. However, since brown vomit can signal internal bleeding in cats, it’s worth taking more seriously. Here’s how to know when to seek veterinary attention for a cat throwing up brown liquid.

For a cat vomiting brown liquid with specks in it that look like coffee grounds, go to the nearest veterinarian as soon as possible. This is not a “wait and see” situation. Those specks could indicate blood in your cat’s gastrointestinal tract, which is a serious health issue

If your healthy, adult cat vomited brown liquid just once, it could be an isolated incident. A brief period of stomach rest often resolves the problem. Restrict their access to food and water for the next two to three hours and observe them closely.

If your cat doesn’t throw up again and they are otherwise acting fine, there’s no need to rush them to the vet. However, if they vomit repeatedly or display any of the following signs, visit your vet or a nearby emergency veterinary hospital right away.

Warning signs to watch out for:

• Lethargy (lack of energy)
• Diarrhea
• Repeated or projectile vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Not eating or drinking for longer than 12 hours
• Straining in the litter box
• Change in litter box habits
• Hiding from people
• Unexpected aggression in a friendly cat
• Other behavioral changes

A cat vomiting brown liquid intermittently — even without any other signs of illness — should also visit the vet. What could seem like isolated incidents may be more than that if they happen repeatedly. In general, any cat that vomits more than once weekly should see a veterinarian for a full exam. 

Finally, these guidelines only apply to healthy, adult cats. If your cat has an underlying illness and begins vomiting, contact your veterinarian for guidance. If a young kitten begins vomiting, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. Unhealthy cats and young kittens are at higher risk of dehydration and other serious consequences caused by vomiting. 

Treatment for Cat Vomiting Brown Liquid

To treat a cat vomiting brown liquid, your vet must first diagnose the underlying cause. This requires a thorough medical history, so it’s a good idea to come to the appointment with info about:

• your cat’s diet
• any other health issues they have
• what preventatives they’re on
• the frequency, appearance, and color of your cat’s vomit

Next, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination to evaluate your cat’s overall health. They will look for signs of dehydration, abdominal pain, abdominal masses, and other abnormalities. 

If needed, your vet will recommend diagnostic tests for your cat. These could include a test for fecal parasites, blood tests, abdominal X-rays, and an abdominal ultrasound.

Treatments for a cat throwing up brown liquid will vary depending on the cause. Veterinarians commonly recommend anti-nausea medication (such as maropitant) and fluid therapy to treat or prevent dehydration. In cases of a serious underlying disease, hospitalization may be required. 

Other potential treatments for vomiting in cats may include: 

• Dewormer (for cats with intestinal parasites)
• Surgery (for cats with an intestinal obstruction) 
• Thyroid medication (for cats with hyperthyroidism)
• Insulin (for cats with diabetes)
• Chemotherapy (for cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma) 

My Take on Brown Cat Vomit

I live with two cats, and I’m well aware that “vomit happens!” Fortunately, most incidents have been isolated. My cats have yet to have an episode of vomiting with a serious underlying cause. (I’m knocking on wood right now!)

When I discover cat vomit in my home, I stay on heightened alert for a day or two. I watch my cats closely, looking for signs of illness and any additional evidence of vomiting episodes. In most cases, everything is fine, and I don’t have to worry about it further. 

In those rare situations where the vomiting persists, or if my cat is acting unwell, I take them to the veterinary hospital for a workup. This typically includes a physical exam, blood tests, and an abdominal X-ray.

As long as these tests come back normal, my cat gets an anti-nausea injection and the vomiting resolves quickly.

Every cat is different, however. So if you’re ever in this situation, your veterinarian can help guide you through the process to restore your cat’s good health. In some cases, that may require a change in diet. In other cases, more aggressive treatment may be merited.

The most important thing is to know when it’s crucial to take a cat vomiting brown liquid to the vet for proper care. As long as you know the key warning signs to look for, you can make sure your cat’s health is in the best hands possible.

The post Is Your Cat Throwing Up Brown Liquid? What To Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn more about the potential impacts of canine tularemia, including how to prevent and treat this condition.  

What Is Tularemia?

Tularemia is a bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. As the name rabbit fever suggests, tularemia is most common in rabbits. However, it can also affect other species, including rodents, livestock, cats, dogs, and even humans. 

Tularemia has been reported in every U.S. state except for Hawaii. It is also found in Canada, Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. 

How Do Dogs Get Tularemia?

There are several ways that a dog can become infected with tularemia: 

• Eating an infected rabbit or rodent
• Bite or scratch from an infected animal  
• Bite from blood-sucking pests (e.g., fleas, ticks, biting flies)

According to a study of 88 cases of rabbit fever in dogs, 60 percent of infected dogs had known contact with a wild rabbit or rodent (1). Contact with infected wildlife is the most common source of tularemia in dogs. 

The incubation period for tularemia in dogs is approximately 3–5 days. This means that symptoms of dog tularemia typically become apparent 3–5 days after exposure to the disease. 

Tularemia Symptoms in Dogs

Many cases of tularemia in dogs are mild and self-limiting. These dogs show few, if any, signs of infection and may clear the infection without their owners even realizing that they are sick.  

Other dogs show significant signs of illness when infected with tularemia. The most common signs in dogs are fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite. However, Francisella tularensis can travel to many different parts of the body, leading to a variety of other symptoms. 

Rabbit fever symptoms in dogs may include: 

• Fever
• Lethargy 
• Decreased appetite
• Enlarged/swollen lymph nodes
• Draining skin wounds
• Dehydration
• Increased salivation (drooling)
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
• Discharge from eyes
• Nasal discharge
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Oral ulcers

If your dog is showing any signs of tularemia, seek veterinary care. 

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical examination. They will examine your dog closely, assessing their body temperature, heart/lung sounds, abdomen, musculoskeletal system, and skin. During this examination, your veterinarian will look for signs that may suggest the possibility of tularemia, as well as other illnesses that might explain your dog’s signs of illness.

Screening blood tests are often recommended. Although tularemia cannot be definitively diagnosed without specific diagnostic testing, screening blood tests can suggest whether tularemia is likely and support the need for further testing. Common blood test abnormalities in infected dogs include increased or decreased white blood cell counts and increased liver values. 

Tularemia is often diagnosed with blood antibody tests. A high tularemia antibody level indicates that your dog has been exposed to Francisella tularensis. To distinguish active infection from previous exposure, your veterinarian may recommend multiple antibody tests to determine whether your dog’s antibody levels are increasing. Tularemia can also be diagnosed with PCR testing, which looks for small amounts of Francisella tularensis DNA in a dog’s blood or tissues. Your veterinarian will determine the best test for your dog.

Tularemia in Dogs Treatment

Tularemia is a bacterial infection, and it can be treated with several different antibiotics. Dogs are typically treated with doxycycline or enrofloxacin, but other antibiotic options are available. Antibiotics are generally continued for 10–14 days. 

Patients who are vomiting or dehydrated may need to be hospitalized. This allows your veterinarian to administer intravenous (IV) fluids, injectable antibiotics, and injectable anti-nausea medications. 

If your dog has draining wounds caused by tularemia, surgical removal may be recommended. This is often more effective than antibiotic treatment alone. 

Fortunately, the prognosis for tularemia in dogs is good. In a study of 88 dogs, less than half of infected dogs required hospitalization and all infected dogs survived treatment (1). 

Tularemia is a serious zoonotic infection. Your dog can spread this infection to humans. Some veterinarians recommend hospitalization for all patients, to reduce the risk of dogs spreading tularemia to human family members. 

When treating your pet at home, limit close contact with your dog and their secretions. Avoid letting your dog lick you, especially on the face. Wear gloves if you need to clean up urine, feces, or vomit. Finally, wash your hands after handling your dog. These steps can help reduce the likelihood of you becoming infected with tularemia.

Prevention

Reduce your dog’s risk by limiting interactions with wild animals. Don’t allow your dog to roam; instead, keep them in a fenced yard and walk them on a leash. These steps can keep your dog from hunting small animals and decrease their risk of being bitten or scratched by wildlife. 

Use veterinarian-recommended flea and tick control year-round. Certain blood-sucking pests, such as fleas, ticks, and biting flies, can spread tularemia by biting your dog. Effective parasite preventatives can reduce your dog’s risk of infection. 

Finally, take measures to help prevent tularemia from entering your home via other pets. Tularemia is more common in cats than dogs, and an infected cat can spread tularemia to your dog. Keep your cat indoors to minimize wildlife interactions and ensure that your cat receives year-round parasite control. 

Reference

1. Kwit, Natalie A et al. “Francisella tularensis infection in dogs: 88 cases (2014-2016).” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 256,2 (2020): 220-225. doi:10.2460/javma.256.2.220

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Many pet parents come to discover their pup is highly food-motivated. That can be a huge plus in dog training, but the same characteristic can become problematic when it leads to health hazards like vomiting or bloat. 

The good news is that you can help your dog slow down at meal time with some strategic adjustments. Here’s what you need to know. 

Why Do Dogs Eat Fast?

“Dogs can eat fast for a couple of reasons,” says Dr. Nancy Welborn, an assistant professor of veterinary clinical sciences at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine in Baton Rouge. “It could be enthusiasm for food—something we all understand—or it could be a protective measure. If there are multiple animals in the home or they’re fed together in a high-population setting like a shelter or breeding facility, they’ll start gulping faster.”

Dogs’ canine ancestors may give us some clues to where this habit comes from, too. When wolves kill a large animal like a caribou, they eat according to their hierarchy. Pack leaders chow down first. Then, the rest have to compete for leftovers. Your dog’s speed-eating could be traced back to the need to beat others to the chase. 

Scarcity is another factor that could come into play. Most wild canines have a feast-or-famine approach to eating. When food is available, they stuff their bellies because their next meal is not guaranteed. It’s possible that this could be another behavior dogs have maintained with the passage of time. 

Even more recent history points to benefits for dogs eating quickly. In the early days, when dogs first began hanging around humans, they may have still had to scarf down food as they scavenged for our scraps. While our pets no longer have to fend for themselves in these ways, some researchers believe their ancestral history could still impact their eating behavior to this day (1). 

In some cases, dogs could also be more ravenous than usual due to more individualized issues, like an underlying health condition. Cushing’s disease or diabetes could lead a dog to gobble down food. The key thing to look out for is a change in eating behavior. That’s a sign that veterinary attention is needed.

Problems When Dogs Gulp Down Food

“Typically when dogs eat too fast they’ll gulp,” Dr. Welborn says. “They’re gulping air at the same time, which can cause vomiting or regurgitation.” It’s common to see a dog rapidly gobble down food only to throw it back up a moment later—an icky and frustrating problem.  

In rare cases, rapidly eating large volumes of food could potentially lead to a veterinary emergency known as bloat, Dr. Welborn says. Bloat happens when your dog’s stomach becomes swollen with food or gas. Because of increased pressure in the stomach, usual attempts to get rid of excess food and air—like burping or digestion—don’t work. 

Bloat is a severe and rapidly progressive condition that can be life-threatening. It can become especially dangerous when your dog’s stomach turns on itself, which is known as gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV). 

Warning signs to watch for include:

• A swollen belly 
• Dry heaving without producing anything 
• Anxiety 
• Standing and stretching 
• Pacing
• Chewing at belly
• Looking at belly
• Drooling
• Pale gums

If you suspect your dog is suffering from bloat, seek immediate veterinary attention. 

5 Ways to Slow Down a Dog Who Eats Too Fast

While it may seem like an impossible task, you can slow down your dog’s feeding frenzy with some help. Start with these tips. 

Use a slow feeder. This is Dr. Welborn’s number one piece of advice. Maze-like dog bowls called slow feeders distribute kibble down deep in grooves so your dog has to work to get the kibble out. 

Fill up a muffin pan. If you have a muffin pan on hand, this strategy works similarly: By dispersing food into muffin holes, you force your dog to slow down and dig in. 

Shrink portion sizes. Instead of one or two larger meals, feed your dog three or four smaller meals throughout the day. 

Make them “hunt” for their food. Hide kibble throughout the house or use puzzle feeders for your dog to gradually consume the day’s calories. 

Do scatter feedings. Scatter food on a clean surface for your dog to scramble after.

Having a dog who eats too fast can lead to small headaches like a mess to clean up or seriously scary situations like bloat. Thankfully, there are fixes you can use to slow your dog down. With these tricks, you can create a more peaceful meal time for you and your pup. 

Reference

1. Bradshaw, John W S. “The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus).” The Journal of Nutrition vol. 136,7 Suppl (2006): 1927S-1931S. doi:10.1093/jn/136.7.1927S

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As you swat a mosquito biting your arm or wave away a mosquito buzzing in your ear, you may find yourself wondering: do mosquitoes bite dogs? Let’s find out!

Do Mosquitoes Bite Dogs?

Yes, mosquitoes bite dogs on a regular basis. Female mosquitoes must consume blood to produce eggs. While there are some species that prefer to feed on reptiles and birds, many mosquitoes feed on mammals. Their preferred food source can include people, dogs, and other animals.   

Mosquitoes locate their animal hosts in a variety of ways. The most well-known method by which mosquitoes find their hosts is the detection of carbon dioxide, which all animals release when breathing (1). However, mosquitoes can also use other odors and oils produced by their animal hosts to locate their next meal.

Unfortunately, a thick coat does little to protect dogs against mosquitoes. Even double-coated dogs tend to have unhaired areas around their belly and groin. Therefore, these dogs are also susceptible to mosquito bites and mosquito-borne disease.

Do Dogs Get Itchy From Mosquito Bites?

Mosquito bites are notoriously itchy in people, and they can also cause itching for dogs. 

Many dogs are allergic to proteins that are found within mosquito saliva. When mosquitoes feed, they inject a small amount of this saliva to help the blood flow freely. This exposure to mosquito saliva proteins can trigger itching and inflammation in dogs who are bit by mosquitoes. 

What Do Mosquito Bites Look Like on Dogs?

Like their human companions, dogs often experience redness, swelling, and itching at the site of a mosquito bite. However, these lesions can be subtle; they may be less obvious than human mosquito bites. Bites that occur on haired areas may be especially difficult to see.

Mosquito Bites on Dogs: Risks to Know

While itching and swelling are unpleasant consequences of a mosquito bite, they pale in comparison to the risk posed by heartworm disease. 

Heartworm disease is a parasitic infection that spreads through the bite of mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites a dog, microscopic heartworm larvae are injected into the dog’s tissues. These larvae migrate through the tissues and enter the bloodstream, gradually maturing into spaghetti-like adult heartworms. Adult heartworms lodge in the vessels surrounding the heart and lungs, causing inflammation and interfering with blood circulation. Without treatment, heartworm disease can be fatal in dogs. 

Mosquitoes can also transmit other diseases, such as tularemia and West Nile virus. Fortunately, these infections are rare in dogs. However, they can be serious when they occur.  

In a dog allergic to mosquito bites, these bites can trigger a significant reaction. Affected dogs may develop hives, generalized itching, and inflammation of the skin. In some cases, dogs may scratch themselves until they damage their skin barrier, allowing a secondary bacterial infection to develop.

How to Treat Mosquito Bites on Dogs

The biggest risk associated with mosquito bites is heartworm disease. Therefore, the most important treatment for mosquito bites is to ensure that your dog is on an effective, year-round heartworm prevention. Talk to your veterinarian about the best heartworm prevention option for your dog. 
If your dog has skin inflammation caused by mosquito bites, reach out to your veterinarian for guidance. Your veterinarian may prescribe a short course of oral medication or medicated shampoo to alleviate itching. Your veterinarian may also recommend a physical exam, to check for a skin infection and other problems that may be causing skin itching and inflammation. Your veterinarian can also help you distinguish between flea bites vs. mosquito bites on dogs.

How to Prevent Mosquito Bites on Dogs

Human insect repellants, which often contain DEET, should not be used on dogs and cats. However, mosquito repellant for dogs may be helpful.  

Permethrin is an insect repellant that is safe for use in dogs. Some topical parasite control products contain permethrin, which can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites on dogs. However, permethrin is highly toxic to cats. If you have cats in your home, talk to your veterinarian before using a preventative that contains permethrin. 

The best way to prevent mosquito bites is to limit the number of mosquitoes around your home. Remove standing water that mosquitoes use for breeding, overturning pots or dishes that may collect rainwater. Use citronella candles when spending time outdoors on your patio but avoid citronella plants (which may be toxic to dogs). Essential oils can also help ward off mosquitoes, but they should not be applied directly to pets due to the risk of toxicity.   

While dawn and dusk often mean pleasant weather for dog-walking, they are also the most popular feeding time for many mosquito species. Limiting your dog’s outdoor time at dawn and dusk can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites. 

Finally, ensure that your dog is receiving year-round heartworm prevention. Heartworm disease is the most significant risk associated with dogs and mosquito bites, and it only takes a single bite for a dog to become infected. No amount of environmental control or carefully timed dog walking can completely eliminate the risk of mosquito bites, but heartworm prevention can at least eliminate the risk of heartworm disease.

Reference

Reference

1. Torgan, Carol. “How Mosquitoes Detect People.” National Institutes of Health. Dec. 2013. Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-mosquitoes-detect-people

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Fortunately, intestinal blockages are relatively rare in cats. A Banfield Pet study found that approximately 16 in 10,000 cats (0.16 percent) will be diagnosed with a gastrointestinal foreign body in a given year (1). Still, a small risk does not mean zero risk, and intestinal blockages can present a significant health risk in cats. 

Read on to learn more about intestinal blockage in cats, including causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What Is Intestinal Blockage?

An intestinal blockage, also known as an intestinal obstruction or bowel obstruction, occurs when the intestinal contents are unable to move normally through the intestine. By preventing movement of the intestinal contents, an intestinal blockage keeps a cat from digesting food normally. Intestinal blockage rapidly leads to signs of illness, and it can be fatal without treatment. 

What Causes Intestinal Blockage in Cats?

There are several possible causes of bowel obstruction in cats. 

A common cause of intestinal blockage is a foreign object that has been ingested by the cat. Some cats like to eat objects they should avoid, like string, small toys, elastic hair bands, etc. Any of these foreign objects can become lodged in a cat’s intestinal tract, leading to an obstruction or blockage. 

Some blockages are caused by intestinal cancer. Lymphoma is a cancer that can affect the feline intestinal tract, causing swelling and thickening of the intestines. When the intestines become swollen and inflamed, the opening of the intestinal tract may become too narrow for the intestinal contents to pass. Less common forms of intestinal cancer, like adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, and mast cell tumors, can also cause intestinal blockage in cats.

Less common causes of intestinal obstruction in cats include: 

• Hairballs
• Severe intestinal worm infections
• Intussusception
• Hernias
• Abscesses

Intestinal blockage can affect cats of any age. Young cats are more likely to experience a blockage caused by a foreign body or parasites, while middle-aged and older cats are more likely to develop cancer that may lead to a blockage. 

Cat Intestinal Blockage Symptoms

An intestinal blockage quickly causes signs of illness in affected cats. These signs are related to the cat’s inability to move food through the intestinal tract. Early signs often include decreased appetite and vomiting undigested food. If left untreated, this will quickly progress to more severe signs. 

Signs of intestinal blockage in cats include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Gagging 
• Increased salivation
• Pawing at the mouth
• Abdominal pain 
• Straining to defecate 
• Diarrhea or lack of bowel movements 
• Blood in the stool
• Dehydration
• Lethargy
• Hiding from family
• Loss of consciousness (if untreated/severe)

There is no definitive cat intestinal blockage timeline. There is also no definitive answer to how long a cat can live with intestinal blockage. Some cats experience a partial blockage, which is usually accompanied by a slower and more gradual onset of signs. In the case of a complete obstruction, however, cats can go downhill quickly. A complete intestinal blockage can be fatal in as little as a few days. 

Diagnosing Intestinal Blockage in Cats

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. They will look for signs of dehydration and weight loss. Your veterinarian will carefully check under your cat’s tongue, because linear foreign bodies (like string) often become lodged under the tongue. Finally, your veterinarian will palpate (feel) your cat’s abdomen (belly). In some cases, a veterinarian can feel an abdominal mass or signs of a foreign body obstruction on palpation. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend radiographs (X-rays). Radiographs are used to assess the intestinal tract and are often all that is needed to diagnose an obstruction. In some cases, ultrasound or other tests may be needed.

Your veterinarian may also recommend bloodwork. Intestinal obstructions can lead to changes in organ function. Knowing about potential organ dysfunction is especially important if your pet is undergoing anesthesia for surgical treatment. 

Treatment: How to Help a Cat with Intestinal Blockage

A bowel blockage in cats typically requires surgery. After anesthetizing the cat, the veterinarian will make an incision through the cat’s body wall to inspect the intestinal tract. When the obstruction is located, the veterinarian will make an incision into the intestines to remove the obstruction (foreign material or mass). The intestines are sutured closed, and then the body wall is closed. 

If the obstruction is located within the stomach, a veterinarian may attempt to induce vomiting before going to surgery. In some cases, small objects within the stomach can be brought up with vomiting. Foreign bodies in the stomach can also be removed with endoscopy. Endoscopy requires general anesthesia (like surgery), but it is a less invasive procedure. 

There is no cat intestinal blockage home remedy. Cats with an intestinal blockage require urgent veterinary care.

Supportive Care

Supportive care is needed before, during, and after surgical treatment of an intestinal obstruction in cats.

While hospitalized, your cat may receive the following treatments: 

• Intravenous (IV) fluids
• Pain medication 
• Antibiotics (in some cases)
• Nutritional support

Most cats begin eating normally within a few days of surgery. When your cat is discharged from the veterinary hospital, you may need to feed a prescription diet in small/limited quantities. You may also need to give pain medications at home. Follow your veterinarian’s instructions regarding post-surgical care. 

Cat Intestinal Blockage Surgery Success Rate

Removing an intestinal blockage requires creating incisions in the intestines. The most serious potential risk associated with this surgery is that one or more of these incisions could fail, allowing intestinal contents to leak into the cat’s abdomen. This can lead to a condition known as septic peritonitis, which is a life-threatening abdominal infection. 

A 2023 study by University of Georgia looked at the records of 56 cats receiving foreign body removal surgery at their hospital (2). No serious complications or deaths occurred among these patients, leading the researchers to estimate that the likelihood of septic peritonitis or death following the surgical removal of a foreign body is less than 5 percent in cats.  

There are many factors that affect the predicted success rate of surgery in cats with intestinal obstruction. Cats who have been sick for a longer time and cats who are very sick at the time of surgery typically have a worse prognosis (lower expected likelihood of success). Your veterinarian will determine your cat’s prognosis, based on a variety of factors, and communicate with you about the expected risks and benefits of surgery. 

General Cost of Treatment

Cat intestinal blockage surgery costs vary, depending on multiple factors. In general, you can expect to pay approximately $3,000–$6,000 for the diagnosis and treatment of a typical cat intestinal blockage.

How to Prevent Intestinal Blockage in Cats

Most feline intestinal blockages are caused by the ingestion of a foreign object, such as a toy or hair elastic. The best way to prevent these obstructions is to keep these items away from your cat. While it may be adorable to watch your cat play fetch with small items, this can be risky. 

References

1. Holt, David E. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats. Today’s Veterinary Practice. Oct 2015. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/gastroenterology/pet-health-numbersprevalence-gastrointestinal-foreign-bodies/
2. Gollnick, Hailey R et al. “Retrospective evaluation of surgical treatment of linear and discrete gastrointestinal foreign bodies in cats: 2009-2021.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 25,6 (2023): 1098612X231178140. doi:10.1177/1098612X231178140

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What about cats, though? We know cats can trigger allergies in people, but can cats be allergic to substances in their own environment? And, if so, can cat allergy medicine treat these allergies? Read on to learn more.

Featured Cat Allergy Medications

• Vetadryl
• Atopica
• Cyclosporine
• Hydroxyzine
• Prednisone/Prednisolone
• Dexamethasone

Do Cats Get Allergies?

Just like humans, cats can suffer from allergies. However, feline allergies don’t always look like ours. While humans tend to develop sniffling, sneezing, and watery eyes, cats with allergies are more likely to stand out because of their hair loss and itchy, inflamed skin.

Allergies in cats often fall into one of three categories:

Flea allergies: While flea bites can be a nuisance for any animal, some cats are allergic to proteins that are found in a flea’s saliva. These cats may experience extreme itching and skin inflammation following just a single flea bite.

Food allergies: While less common than flea allergies, food allergies can play a role in some cases of feline skin disease. Cats may develop allergies to any protein source in their food, including beef, chicken, pork, eggs, dairy, or fish. These cats will experience skin inflammation when they eat food that contains this protein.

Environmental allergies: Dust, pollen, and other environmental allergens can cause allergies in cats, just like they do in their human counterparts. When these allergens are inhaled, an allergic response can lead to redness of the skin, itching, and hair loss.

The signs of flea allergies, environmental allergies, and food allergies can be nearly identical. Therefore, in most cases, a veterinary examination and further testing will be needed to determine the cause of your cat’s allergies.  

Why Your Vets Recommend Prescription Cat Allergy Medications

If your veterinarian is able to identify the cause of your cat’s allergies, you might be able to successfully avoid that allergen. Flea allergies can be managed through the appropriate and consistent use of prescription flea prevention, while food allergies can be managed through the use of a hypoallergenic diet.

In many cases, however, feline allergies are caused by environmental allergens. It is often unrealistic to avoid dust, pollen, mold, and other inhaled allergens for the rest of your cat’s life, just like it’s not always possible for humans to avoid these allergens. Therefore, veterinarians often recommend medicine for cats with allergies. These medications do not cure a cat’s allergies, but they can reduce the signs of allergies and help an allergic cat experience a better quality of life.

6 Prescription Cat Allergy Medications Trusted By Vets

While there are many medications that may benefit cats with allergies, veterinarians tend to reach for certain medications due to their proven track record of safety and efficacy.

The right cat allergy medicine for your feline will depend on the severity of your pet’s allergies and any other concurrent medical conditions that must be managed. In some cases, trial-and-error is required to determine the best allergy medicine for your cat.  

The following six medications are commonly used to treat allergies in cats.

Vetadryl

This allergy medicine for cats contains diphenhydramine, the same antihistamine that is found in Benadryl (a human medication). However, in this medication, diphenhydramine is contained in the small amounts that are needed for safe feline dosing. Diphenhydramine works by counteracting histamine, an inflammatory signal that is released by the body during an allergic reaction. By counteracting the effects of histamine, diphenhydramine can reduce the signs of allergies. The primary side effect associated with diphenhydramine is sedation.

Atopica for Cats

Atopica (cyclosporine) is a cat allergy treatment that was developed to give the benefits of corticosteroids, without the associated risks. In fact, it’s the first FDA-approved nonsteroid medication to treat allergic skin disease in cats. This medication targets the allergic response, without affecting a cat’s immune system. Atopica is often more effective than antihistamines, like Vetadryl, and it comes in an oral solution that may be easier to dose than pills or tablets. The most common side effects of Atopica for cats include vomiting and diarrhea.

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a generic equivalent to Atopica. It theoretically has the same benefits and side effects as Atopica, at a lower cost. Cyclosporine is usually available in the form of capsules, but it can be compounded into an oral solution if desired. Talk to your veterinarian to decide whether Atopica or generic cyclosporine is the right fit for your cat. 

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine, like diphenhydramine, is an antihistamine. Unlike diphenhydramine, however, hydroxyzine is available only with a veterinarian’s prescription. Hydroxyzine tends to have stronger effects than diphenhydramine. It may be more effective in the treatment of allergies than diphenhydramine, but it may also cause more sedation.

Prednisone/Prednisolone

Prednisone and prednisolone are closely related drugs, belonging to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. While antihistamines target histamine, corticosteroids reduce the body’s overall inflammatory/immune response. Corticosteroids are often much more effective than antihistamines for treating allergies, but they also carry a greater risk of side effects. Side effects of prednisone and prednisolone include increased thirst and urination, weight gain, restlessness, and a weakened immune system.  

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is another corticosteroid that may be used to treat allergies in cats. It is stronger than prednisone and prednisolone, which means that lower doses can be used. However, dexamethasone is associated with similar side effects, and it is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Your veterinarian will select the best corticosteroid for your cat, to control their signs of allergies while minimizing the risk of side effects.

Tips and Safety for Using Cat Allergy Medications

Talk to your veterinarian before giving any medication to your cat. Allergy pills for cats can have harmful effects when used incorrectly or when given at improper dosages. Your veterinarian will select the best allergy medication and the best dosage for your cat. Do not make any dosage changes without speaking to your veterinarian.  

Also, it is important not to combine medications without your veterinarian’s approval. Combining multiple immunosuppressive drugs (such as prednisone and cyclosporine) could increase your cat’s risk of infection. Combining multiple antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine) could cause serious sedation. Be sure that your veterinarian is familiar with any medications your cat is taking, including prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, and supplements.

Finally, realize that allergy medications can have variable efficacy in cats, just like they do in people. You and your veterinarian may need to experiment a bit, in order to find the best cat allergy medicine for your feline family member. If your cat’s signs cannot be controlled with medications, your veterinarian may recommend additional steps, such as allergy testing and hyposensitization treatments.

Allergies are managed, not cured and most cats will require lifelong treatment. Develop a good working relationship with your veterinarian and their staff, so you can work together to provide the best possible allergy relief for your cat.

The post Cat Allergy Medicine: 6 Vet-Prescribed Products to Stop the Itch appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Popular Allergy Medicines for Dogs

• Zenrelia
• Apoquel
• Atopica
• Cyclavance
• Prednisone
• Hydroxyzine
• Clemastine

Do Dogs Get Allergies?

Allergies are a relatively common problem in dogs, just like in humans. Dogs can be allergic to some of the same substances that trigger allergies in people. 

Where we differ, though, is in the effects of common allergies. While humans tend to get a runny nose and watery eyes when we’re experiencing allergies, our canine companions tend to develop itchy skin and ear infections.

There are three common triggers of skin allergies in dogs:

Environmental allergies: Like humans, dogs can become allergic to inhaled allergens, such as dust, dander, and the pollens produced by trees, weeds, and grasses. Allergies to inhaled environmental allergens, also known as atopic dermatitis, are estimated to affect 10-15 percent of dogs. Affected dogs often experience seasonal itching and inflammation of the skin.

Food allergies: An estimated 1-2 percent of dogs are affected by some form of food allergy. In these dogs, eating a particular food item will trigger an allergic reaction affecting the skin and ears. The most common food allergens in dogs include beef, chicken, eggs, and dairy.   

Flea allergy: Fleas are a nuisance to any dog, but some dogs are especially sensitive to proteins found in the flea’s saliva. In these dogs, just one or two flea bites may be enough to trigger a widespread skin reaction. Fortunately, signs of flea allergy dermatitis can be prevented through the regular use of flea prevention.

Each form of canine allergies requires a unique approach to diagnosis and treatment. After determining the underlying cause of your dog’s allergies, your veterinarian may prescribe dog allergy medications as a component of your dog’s short-term or long-term treatment.

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Prescription Dog Allergy Medication

In a perfect world, we could prevent symptoms of allergies in our dogs by avoiding allergens. In reality, however, that isn’t always feasible. Food allergies and flea allergies may be preventable, but there’s no way to completely protect your dog from pollen, dust, cat dander, or even human dander, all of which can serve as potential environmental allergens. Therefore, allergy medication for dogs often plays a role in treatment.

Some dogs, with very mild allergies, can be managed with over-the-counter allergy medications like Benadryl or Zyrtec. Unfortunately, over-the-counter antihistamines are not very strong, and they are insufficient to provide significant relief for many dogs with allergies. Therefore, veterinarians often recommend prescription allergy pills for dogs to help manage their allergies and make them more comfortable.

7 Prescription Dog Allergies Medications 

Veterinarians use a variety of tools in the management of allergic dermatitis. Depending on your dog’s allergies, your treatment plan may include parasite preventives, prescription diets, injections, medicated dog shampoo for skin allergies, and other treatments. In many cases, prescription dog allergy medicine plays a role in the management of allergies. 

These seven allergy medications for dogs are commonly prescribed by veterinarians to manage allergy symptoms in dogs.

Zenrelia

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) is a new player in the canine dermatology market. Approved by the FDA in September 2024, Zenrelia is a once-daily medication for dogs with allergic and atopic dermatitis. It is a JAK inhibitor, which means it works by blocking the pathways that trigger allergic itch and inflammation.¹ In a head-to-head study, 77 percent of Zenrelia-treated dogs achieved clinical remission from itching (pruritus) compared to 53 percent of dogs treated with Apoquel (oclacitinib tablet), the competitive JAK inhibitor.²*

Highlights

• Fast and effective relief, with visible improvements in allergic itch¹
• Convenient once-daily dosing from the start (no tapering)
• Minimizes the risk of “rebound itch”²
• Cost effective; at label dose, the average price for a monthly supply of Zenrelia is less than Apoquel**

Things to Consider

• Dogs should not take Zenrelia for a time period before and after vaccination 
• Dogs should be at least 12 months of age

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Apoquel 

Introduced in 2014, Apoquel (oclacitinib) is a commonly-prescribed medication for dogs with allergies. Similar to Zenrelia, Apoquel works by blocking the production of cytokines, chemical signals that lead to itchy and inflamed skin. With Apoquel, dogs are typically started on a twice-daily dose (to calm the allergic reaction), and then are tapered to once-daily dosing for long-term maintenance.

This drug offers many of the benefits of other medications like prednisone/prednisolone and cyclosporine, with an even lower risk of side effects. In comparison to over-the-counter antihistamines like Zyrtec, Apoquel may be more effective at managing severe and chronic allergies in dogs.

Highlights

• Rapid onset
• Low risk of side effects
• Acts only on the skin – doesn’t suppress the immune system

Things to Consider

• Can be expensive, compared to other options
• No generic form available
• Does not work for every pet

Atopica

Atopica for dogs is available in capsule form. The active ingredient is cyclosporine, which was introduced as a treatment for dog allergies in 2003. This drug was intended to offer the benefits of prednisone/prednisolone, with a lower risk of short-term and long-term side effects. Some dogs experience gastrointestinal side effects with cyclosporine, while nearly all dogs experience some level of side effects with prednisone/prednisolone.

Higlights

• Fewer side effects than prednisone and prednisolone
• Available for dogs 4 pounds and over
• Available in 15-count, 30-count, 45-count, and 60-count packages

Things to Consider

• Slower onset of relief than prednisone and prednisolone
• May suppress the immune system, especially at higher doses
• Dogs may experience gastrointestinal side effects (vomiting, diarrhea) 

Cyclavance 

Cyclavance is another cyclosporine option for treating allergies in dogs. Unlike Atopica, Cyclavance is an oral solution that can be given to dogs with a syringe. This could make dosing easier for dogs that have problems taking pills. Cyclavance has the same benefits and side effects of Atopica, but it is a more affordable treatment option. 

Highlights

• Relatively inexpensive
• Liquid form may make dosing easier

Things to Consider

• Same cons (immune system suppression and GI side effects) as Atopica

Prednisone/Prednisolone

Prednisone and prednisolone have long been used to treat allergic reactions in a variety of species. These two closely related drugs (prednisone is metabolized to prednisolone in the body) suppress the immune system, effectively managing allergic reactions. 

While these medications are highly effective, they can have a number of side effects. Veterinarians may use them for short-term relief in extremely itchy dogs, but they are not typically recommended for long-term use.

Highlights

• Rapid onset of relief
• Effectively control itch and inflammation in almost every pet, especially at higher doses

Things to Consider

• Side effects are common: increased thirst/urination, panting, hunger, lethargy
• Suppress the immune system
• Long-term use associated with significant health issues, including skin disease, delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, urinary tract infections, fungal infections, diabetes, and Cushing’s disease

Hydroxyzine

Not every dog needs a strong medication like prednisone/prednisolone, cyclosporine, or Apoquel. In some cases, an antihistamine alone is sufficient to control itching. Antihistamines for dogs work by counteracting the activity of histamine, an inflammatory chemical released in allergic reactions. Hydroxyzine is a commonly-used, prescription-strength antihistamine in veterinary medicine. This drug is similar to Benadryl in its actions, but it can be more effective for many pets.

Highlights

• Rapid onset
• Low risk of side effects
• Inexpensive

Things to Consider

• Does not work for every pet
• Must be repeated every 6 – 8 hours
• May cause sedation

Clemastine

Like hydroxyzine, clemastine is a prescription-strength antihistamine. It’s more effective than Benadryl in many cases of canine allergies, but not as effective as more targeted medications. Still, many veterinarians recommend this medication in the case of mild skin allergies, due to its low cost and low risk of side effects.

Highlights

• Works quickly to reduce itching
• Low risk of side effects
• Inexpensive

Things to Consider

• Is not effective for every pet
• May cause sedation

There is no single best allergy medication for dogs. Instead, the best treatment for each individual dog will depend on factors specific to that pet. Trial and error of different dog allergy medications is often needed to find the best option.

Dog Allergy Medications: Tips and Safety

Do not give any allergy medications to your dog without first consulting your veterinarian. Although some over-the-counter human allergy medications are safe for dogs, your veterinarian is the best source of reliable information regarding dosing, side effects, and whether a given medication may be appropriate for your pet.

Talk to your veterinarian before combining medications. If your dog is taking over-the-counter medications or prescription medication obtained from another veterinarian, make sure that your veterinarian is aware of this before beginning a new prescription medication. Allergy medications can interact with each other, leading to an increased risk of side effects. Do not combine medications unless instructed to do so by your veterinarian.

Follow your veterinarian’s instructions requiring dosing. If a given medication is not effective, do not increase your dog’s dose without first contacting your veterinarian. Overdosing your dog on allergy medication can have serious impacts. If a given medication at a given dose is not effective, that may mean that your dog needs a different medication.

Finally, oral medication alone is not effective for every allergy case. In many cases, your veterinarian may recommend additional treatments, such as parasite prevention, medicated allergy shampoo for dogs, a hypoallergenic diet, allergy testing, or adjunct treatments (such as long-acting injections) either alone or in addition to an oral medication.

Allergies in dogs are managed, not cured. Your dog will likely need lifelong treatment, unless you are somehow able to prevent all exposure to their allergens. Therefore, it’s important to work closely with your veterinarian, collaborating to determine the most effective treatment protocol for your individual dog.

References

1 Forster S, Boegel A, Despa S, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of ilunocitinib and oclacitinib for the control of pruritus and associated skin lesions in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Veterinary Dermatology. 2025; 1–10.

2 Elanco Animal Health. Data on File.

*(P≤0.05).The primary study endpoint was non-inferiority at Day 28, with an optional continuation phase through Day 112. Additional endpoint P values are not adjusted for multiple testing; therefore, caution should be exercised in interpretation.

** Cost may vary depending on dog weight. [2024 Zoetis Petcare Products Veterinary Price List vs. 2024 Elanco Zenrelia Veterinary List Price]

The post 7 Dog Allergy Medications Prescribed By Vets appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Whether your pet was recently diagnosed with pannus or you are simply taking preventative measures to protect them, this article covers everything you need to know about pannus in dogs. That way, can recognize the symptoms and understand how dog pannus is treated and managed if your pet is affected by the troublesome disease.

What Is Pannus?

Pannus is a disease where blood vessels and scar tissue progressively invade the cornea. This change usually begins at the outer and lower aspect of the eye, and occasionally, the third eyelid will also be affected. Over time, the entire cornea will become affected, resulting in cloudiness and then darkening known as pigmentation. As the once-clear cornea becomes pigmented and black, light can no longer pass through the cornea and vision is lost. 

The disease affects both eyes, although not always symmetrically, meaning that one eye might begin earlier than the other. 

Causes of Pannus in Dogs

Pannus in dogs is believed to be a genetic, immune-mediated condition. Increased exposure to ultraviolet light, high altitudes, and smoke are considered predisposing factors for the development of pannus. These factors can also exacerbate pannus and make it harder to treat. 

German Shepherds and German Shepherd mixes are the most commonly affected breed. Other breeds that are prone to pannus include Greyhounds, Rottweilers, Belgian Tervurens, and Border Collies. Any breed, however, can develop pannus. 

In most cases, pannus develops in dogs between 4 and 7 years of age. Generally, the earlier a dog develops pannus, the more severe the case tends to be. Cases of pannus that develop after dogs are 5 or 6 tend to be more responsive to treatment and easier to manage. 

Symptoms of Pannus in Dogs

Dogs with pannus often display one or more of the following symptoms:

• A raised red lump on the eye
• A grayish-pink film on the eye
• Visible blood vessels on the eye
• Dark brown pigmentation of the eye
• Excess tearing of the eye
• Pawing or rubbing at the affected eye
• Poor vision (running into walls, reluctant to jump or play, etc.)

It’s important to keep in mind that blindness is an end-stage result of untreated pannus. Early pannus in dogs does not typically result in signs of blindness. 

Diagnosing Pannus in Dogs

Pannus in dogs is usually diagnosed by a thorough history and veterinary physical exam. However, your veterinarian will need to perform a series of tests on the eye, such as a fluorescein stain, a Schirmer Tear Test, and measurement of intraocular pressures. These tests are mainly to rule out other common dog eye diseases and help guide your veterinarian in creating the best treatment plan for your pet. 

How to Treat Pannus in Dogs

While pannus in dogs cannot be cured, it can be well managed with topical medications. The goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the corneal pigmentation and preserve vision. 

An anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive steroid, such as dexamethasone, is often prescribed either alone or with an immune-modulating drug, such as cyclosporine. These are administered directly to the affected eye(s) either as drops or as ointment. Initially, the drops will be given frequently throughout the day. As the pannus improves, the medications can be tapered down to twice daily. 

In severe cases of pannus, or those that fail to respond to topical medications, steroid injections can be made directly into the eye. This is usually reserved for extreme cases and should only be done by a skilled veterinarian or veterinary ophthalmologist.

How to Prevent Pannus in Dogs

Whether you’re trying to prevent a flare up of pannus in your dog, or trying to prevent your dog from developing pannus, there are a few cautionary measures you can take. Since ultraviolet light, high altitudes, and smoke can exacerbate or induce pannus in dogs, pet owners should try to avoid exposing their dog to these elements, especially in German Shepherds or other breeds predisposed to pannus. 

Dogs can be kept indoors during the sunniest part of the day, and when they are outside, they should have adequate shelter and shade. Shaded walking trails and parks with trees are good options for exercise.

You should never smoke cigarettes around your dog, especially in areas with poor ventilation, and dogs should be kept a safe distance away from campfires or fire pits. 

Lastly, trying a specialty pair of canine sunglasses, such as RexSpecs or Doggles, can help prevent light exposure and protect your dog’s eyes from developing pannus or a relapse of pannus. 

The post Pannus in Dogs: Symptoms and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Any cat can get intestinal parasites, but young kittens and older cats with weakened immune systems are most susceptible. Nearly all kittens are born with intestinal parasites, and the parasites’ larvae (immature life stage) can lie dormant within a cat’s body, causing reinfection later in life.

Unfortunately, these troublesome parasites aren’t going anywhere anytime soon. Let’s review the most common intestinal parasites in cats, what symptoms they cause, and how a monthly parasite preventative like NexGard COMBO or Revolution Plus can help treat and control them.

Types of Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Intestinal parasites in cats are either worms (such as roundworms) or protozoans (Giardia), which are single-celled organisms.

The parasites migrate to a cat’s digestive system, setting up shop in the small intestine. 

Here are the common types of intestinal parasites in cats:

Roundworms

Roundworms, also known as ascarids, are about 2–3 inches long and are the most common cat intestinal parasite. Cats can get them by eating soil or feces infected with roundworm eggs. Transmission can also occur from mom to her unborn kittens, as well as through nursing. Roundworms can become abundant enough in the gut to cause intestinal blockage. 

Hookworms

Hookworm larvae burrow through a cat’s skin. They can also be transmitted in utero, during nursing, and by eating infected rodents. The worms use their sharp mouthparts to latch onto the small intestinal wall and suck the host’s blood.

Tapeworms

Cats commonly get tapeworms by eating infected fleas. Eating infected prey, such as rodents and birds, can also cause tapeworm infections in cats. These worms consist of segments called proglottids that contain eggs and look like white grains of rice when passed in a cat’s poop. Like roundworms, they can multiply enough in the gut to block the intestines.

Giardia

Giardia is a protozoan that is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Due to many cats not showing any symptoms, pet parents may not realize that their cat has giardia.

Coccidia

Coccidia is another protozoan that lives in the small intestine. It is transmitted from mom to kitten during nursing or by ingesting feces from infected wildlife.

Roundworms, hookworms, and giardia are zoonotic, meaning they can be passed from pets to people. For example, roundworms are passed to humans via ingestion of worm eggs that hatch into larvae while in the body. Most of the time, no symptoms occur. However,  roundworm infections in humans can sometimes lead to tissue or nerve damage, or even ocular larva migrans, during which the worm larvae migrate to the eye and can cause irreversible blindness.

7 Symptoms of Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Intestinal parasites, given their location, cause several gastrointestinal symptoms. However, systemic symptoms can also occur. Here are a few symptoms of intestinal parasites in cats to watch for.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is seen with each intestinal parasite described above, resulting from disrupted digestion and nutrient absorption. Diarrhea is bloody with hookworms, and diarrhea from giardia is often watery and profuse, and contains mucus. Tapeworm infections may cause mild diarrhea.

Vomiting

Vomiting is typically seen with roundworms and Giardia.

Potbelly

A pot-bellied appearance is characteristic of a roundworm infection. This appearance occurs when the worms multiply so much in the gut that the abdomen physically expands. 

Weight loss

Weight loss can occur with each of the intestinal parasites because of appetite loss and general gastrointestinal upset.

Poor growth

Poor growth is seen in kittens infected with intestinal parasites. The parasites are essentially “stealing” nutrients from the kitten that are essential for normal growth and development.

Coughing

Coughing is seen with a roundworm infection. After initial infection, the roundworm larvae travel up to the lungs, where they are coughed up and then swallowed. They then reach the small intestines, where they mature into adults.

Pale gums

Hookworm infection causes pale gums because of the blood loss caused by the worms sucking the host’s blood in the small intestine. Pale gums indicate anemia, which can be severe and fatal in young infected kittens.

Other than the potbelly, the symptoms listed here are not specific to intestinal parasites. These symptoms can be found with many other diseases, including other gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel syndrome) and diseases of other body systems, such as the respiratory system.

Also, infections with intestinal parasites do not always cause symptoms. For example, many cats with hookworms do not show any outward signs of infection. However, if your young kitten has any of these symptoms, intestinal parasites are a probable culprit.

Cat Intestinal Parasites: Next Steps

If you think your cat has an intestinal parasite, take them to your veterinarian for examination and diagnostic testing.

A fecal exam is the primary way to diagnose intestinal parasites. A fresh fecal sample (no more than 24 hours old) is ideal. Collect a sample from your cat and refrigerate it until your appointment. If you’re understandably squeamish about keeping your cat’s poop in your fridge, try to collect a sample before leaving for the appointment.

If you can’t get a sample at home, your veterinarian will collect one during the appointment.

Your veterinarian will perform a fecal float, in which the feces are mixed with a solution that makes the parasite eggs float to the top of the solution. The liquid is then examined under a microscope.

Giardia and tapeworms are difficult to detect on a fecal exam. Tapeworms are typically diagnosed by seeing the tapeworm segments around a cat’s anus.

Treatment for intestinal worms is with a dewormer medication. Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate dewormer for the type of intestinal worm infecting your cat. 

Be aware that deworming medications kill only adult worms. Therefore, if an infected cat has worm larvae, those larvae may lie dormant and cause reinfection later.

Giardia is treated with antibiotics. However, treatment is difficult because reinfection is common and often associated with stress.

Preventing Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Deworming young kittens is a mainstay of intestinal parasite prevention. Kittens are typically dewormed every two weeks, from 3 to 4 weeks of age until about 3 months of age. Kittens are then dewormed monthly until 6 months of age.

Here are other prevention strategies:

Keep your cat indoors. Keeping your cat indoors will prevent them from eating infected soil, feces, and prey. 

Schedule regular fecal exams. Fecal exams are a routine part of your cat’s wellness exams. Regular fecal exams will help your veterinarian identify intestinal parasites and, if needed, prescribe the most appropriate treatment.

Administer year-round, broad-spectrum parasite prevention. Parasite prevention isn’t just important in the warmer months. Your cat will need year-round prevention to be effectively protected from intestinal parasites.

Prevent fleas. Yes, indoor cats can get fleas! A year-round flea preventative is critical to preventing fleas and subsequent tapeworm infections.

Ask your veterinarian what type of parasite preventative is best suited for your cat. To provide protection against a variety of parasites, consider a broad-spectrum product like NexGard COMBO or Revolution Plus. Simply apply one dose of the topical solution to your cat’s skin once a month to kill fleas and ticks, prevent heartworm disease, and treat and control roundworms and hookworms. NexGard COMBO also includes tapeworm coverage.

Preventing the Passage of Parasites to People

Additionally, it’s important that you take extra precautions to avoid getting infected with the intestinal parasites that can be passed to people.

Promptly get rid of feces. Young children are at high risk of infection with these parasites because they touch almost anything and put their fingers in their mouths. Remove your cat’s feces as soon as possible, and don’t forget to wash your hands immediately after.

Avoid contaminated food and water. Do not drink water that may be contaminated or eat food that was rinsed in contaminated water.

The post 7 Symptoms of Intestinal Parasites in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The inquisitive and sometimes mischievous nature of our furry friends commonly leads them to ingest things they shouldn’t. Many toxins/poisons even smell or taste attractive to dogs, which further entices them. Additionally, even over-the-counter medications that are safe for children may be toxic to dogs and can lead to life-threatening conditions.

In 2022 alone, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center assisted with over 400,000 exposures in animals in the United States. Pet Poison Helpline, another 24/7 veterinary poison control group, also assisted in many potential exposures, and nearly 90 percent of these calls were from dog owners.

In this article, we will cover the most common toxins/poisons that dogs are exposed to, common symptoms to watch for, and what to do if you think your dog has been exposed. As pet parents, you play an essential role in avoiding toxin exposures in your dog and in recognizing when to seek veterinary care for a potential exposure. The safest way to prevent exposures is to avoid having known toxins in or around the house whenever possible, and to lock away unavoidable things in a pet-proof container.

Signs of Poisoning in Dogs

Signs of poisoning in dogs will greatly depend on what they were exposed to, when they were exposed, and the amount of exposure.

Below are examples of common signs of dog poisoning, broken down by category. It is important to recognize that many of these symptoms (especially the gastrointestinal ones) are also seen with a wide range of other conditions. Seeing these symptoms without a known exposure doesn’t mean your dog was poisoned.

A dog who has been exposed to toxins/poisons will often experience symptoms in more than one of the following categories:

Gastrointestinal

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Excessive drooling
• Stomach pain
• Poor appetite

Neurologic

• Hyperactive, agitated, or vocalizing erratically
• Sedate or altered consciousness
• Sensitive to noise/sound
• Leaking urine
• Wobbly gait/uncoordinated
• Seizures, tremors, or twitching
• Sudden vision loss and/or pupil size change (dilated or pinpoint)
• Breathing changes (very slow vs fast and erratic)

Bleeding problems

• Unusual bleeding and bruising (i.e., nosebleeds, bleeding around teeth, pinpoint red/purple spots on belly/inner ear/gums)
• Bloody vomit or blood in feces
• Coughing up blood
• Fast breathing
• Pale white gums

Cardiovascular and Respiratory

• Heart rate that is too slow or too fast
• Irregular heartbeat
• Weakness or collapse
• Gums that are bright red, pale/white, or blue/purple
• Difficulty breathing
• Rapid breathing rate, even at rest
• Coughing or wheezing

Kidney and/or Liver  

• Excessive thirst
• Excessive urination or not making any urine
• Blood in urine
• Dark orange/brown urine
• Yellowing of skin (especially inner ear) or the whites of the eyes

Skin and Mouth

• Sores, blisters, burns
• Swelling of the skin or mouth
• Excessive drooling
• Swelling or pawing at the face
• Difficulty eating due to swelling or pain

General signs you may also notice if your dog has ingested a toxin include:

• Lethargy
• Excessive sleepiness
• Weakness or reluctance to get up
• Dehydration

What Is Toxic to Dogs?

The severity of poisoning in dogs usually depends on how much of a poisonous substance the dog consumed. However, many of the items on this list can lead to problems with even a small amount.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of some common ingested toxicities in dogs:

• Certain human foods, such as chocolate, grapes and raisins, onions and garlic, and macadamia nuts
• Products containing xylitol (a sugar substitute), such as sugar-free gum, peanut butter, or protein bars
• Over-the-counter and prescription medications (either human or veterinary)
• Marijuana and other recreational drugs
• Alcohol, tobacco, and nicotine products
• Household items like glue, paint, batteries, and pennies
• Outdoor items like pest control baits, fertilizers, insecticides, and antifreeze
• Certain indoor and outdoor plants (e.g., sago palm, oleander) and some wild mushrooms

What to Do If You Suspect Your Dog Was Poisoned

If you suspect your dog has been exposed to a toxin/poison, you should contact a veterinary poison control group and/or a veterinarian immediately. They will determine whether you need to pursue further care for your dog. For true toxicities, both a phone consultation with a veterinary poison control group and in-person care with a veterinarian are often needed to ensure your dog receives the very best care.

If your dog is already exhibiting symptoms of toxin exposure or they ingest something you know is toxic, seek care immediately with a veterinarian (i.e. emergency veterinary hospital). If you don’t know what your dog ate, provide a list of all potential exposures.

Having your dog treated with a veterinarian before signs develop is always safest, as there are often ways to decrease the amount your dog absorbs. If your veterinarian or the toxicology expert recommends that you bring your dog in for care, promptly seek veterinary attention.

For potential toxin exposures with some of the more serious toxins (e.g., rat bait, antifreeze, medications, xylitol, etc.), heading to your local veterinary emergency hospital ASAP and calling them en route can save valuable time.

You can call one of the following veterinary poison control groups (available 24/7):

• ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center: 888-426-4435 
• Pet Poison Helpline: 855-764-7661 

Both groups have a vast database of information on many different toxins and medications, and they have a team of veterinary experts and toxicologists who specialize in exposures in animals. There is a fee associated with their phone consultation that will cover recommendations specific to your dog and follow-up calls with your veterinarian if treatment is recommended.

During the call, they will gather information about your dog and the toxin they ingested, such as the type, strength, and amount your dog may have been exposed to. Try to be as specific as possible. For example, count the number of pills left in an open bottle of medicine so you can estimate how much your dog ingested.

When treatment is recommended, the veterinary poison control group will work closely with your veterinarian to share the specific testing and treatment plan. All you have to do is provide your veterinarian with the case number and they will take it from there.

In situations where the toxin or exposure amount is not expected to cause serious problems, you will be guided on how to manage your pet’s care at home. In these cases, a phone toxicology consultation may help you avoid unnecessary trips to your veterinarian.

How Vets Treat Poisoning in Dogs

If you promptly seek veterinary care before your dog develops symptoms of toxicity, this often allows your veterinarian to take steps to decrease the amount of toxin that is absorbed. This is safer for your dog and often results in less hospital time and overall cost.

Treatment will vary significantly depending on the type of toxin/poison, the amount of exposure, how long ago the exposure occurred, and any signs your dog may already be exhibiting. Your dog’s specific treatment will be determined by your veterinarian and/or toxicology consult.

The following are some example treatments your veterinarian may recommend:

• Bathing for topical exposures
• Medications to make a dog vomit
• Activated charcoal to help minimize absorption of certain toxins
• Pumping the stomach (gastric lavage) under anesthesia for certain toxins/large exposures
• Administering an antidote, if available, to counteract or reverse the effects of the toxin/poison
• Medications to treat symptoms of toxicity until the toxin is out of the dog’s system (i.e. medications to control seizures, bleeding, gastrointestinal signs, or heart rate/rhythm abnormalities)
• Supportive care, such as fluid therapy, oxygen support, or blood/plasma transfusions

Hydrogen peroxide (3%) is sometimes recommended by veterinarians or veterinary poison control for at-home use in dogs (never for cats) to induce vomiting, but you should never use it without professional guidance. It is considered less effective than the medications veterinarians use to make a dog vomit, requires precise dosing, and has an increased risk for complications. DO NOT use other home remedies to make a dog throw up.

How to Prevent Dog Poisoning

To help protect your dog from poisons, it helps to know the 4 Ps:

Pet-Proofing

Create a safe space for your pets to roam that is free of any potential exposures. Keep all food, medicines, plants, and potential toxins out of reach of your pets. Avoid Ziplock bags of medications. Instead, keep medications in their original child-proof containers and up high and out of reach. Don’t forget to pet proof garages, sheds, backyard, and trash cans.

Proactive Prevention

Know the most common toxins for dogs. Avoid having them altogether, whenever possible. At minimum, keep toxins out of reach of pets. Other proactive steps you can take include:

Don’t give your dog medications unless they are directly prescribed by your veterinarian. Many over-the-counter and prescription human medications are toxic to pets.

Check food or drug labels to identify potential risks before bringing them home. Choose safer substitutes when possible. For example, check the ingredients list of gum, foods, and supplements to ensure they do not contain xylitol, bake with milk chocolate instead of semi-sweet chocolate, or buy trail mix without raisins. Supervise children eating grapes and raisins, and ideally keep your pets in another room, in case any food gets dropped.

Remove unsafe plants from your yard and home. Research new plants before bringing them home. There are varying degrees of toxicity among many plants. Some plants, like sago palm and oleander, can be life-threatening, even when very small amounts are ingested.

Always be aware of your dog’s environment. Exposures are common when changes disrupt your pet-proofing, such as traveling with your dog, going on walks/hikes, or having visitors in your home. If you have visitors over, keep their luggage or purses in a safe space out of reach of your dog. Ask your guests to keep gum, food, medications, and recreational drugs away from your pets.

Be Prepared

Save phone numbers (in phone, on fridge) for veterinary poison control groups, your dog’s veterinarian, and the closest 24/7 emergency veterinary hospital. Consider pet insurance to help with future pet care costs, as toxin exposures can be costly. Know what you have in and around your home so you can notify your veterinarian of possible exposures if your pet is unwell.

Promptly Seek Care

Call poison control with any potential exposures (keep packaging/detailed information on the toxin), and promptly seek care with a veterinarian. Don’t wait until signs develop before seeking help, as this can lead to irreversible damage. With signs of poisoning and no known exposure, have someone inspect the home for evidence of what your dog may have ingested (e.g., chewed up pill bottle).

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What Is Pillow Foot in Cats?

Pillow foot (also known as plasma cell pododermatitis) refers to inflammation of the paw pads due the presence of high numbers of plasma cells. These inflammatory cells respond to various stimuli, such as allergens or bacteria, that a cat may come into contact with. Sometimes this response can be excessive and lead to swelling. Typically, more than one paw pad is affected, but in rare cases, pet parents may notice just one swollen pad. In the early stages, this swelling is non-painful, but the condition worsens over time, causing significant pain and discomfort. 

Pillow foot affects cats of all ages and breeds. Cats with underlying viral diseases, such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), are thought to be at a higher risk of developing the condition. 

Causes of Pillow Foot in Cats

The exact cause of cat pillow foot is unknown. The most commonly accepted reason this condition develops is due to an immune-mediated reaction. This means that the cat’s immune system overreacts and high numbers of plasma cells collect in the paw pads, which leads to swelling.  

The immune system can be stimulated by the following: 

• Environmental allergens
• Food sensitivities 
• Severe inflammation
• Infections

Signs of Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot causes a wide range of signs, with the most distinctive being red, swollen paw pads. It’s also important to note that there are many other conditions that cause swelling of the paw pads, so pet parents should always bring affected cats to a veterinarian to determine the underlying cause.

Other characteristic symptoms include the following: 

• Ulcerated and/or bleeding paw pads
• Thickened skin on paw pads
• Pain
• Limping
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Enlarged lymph nodes

Cats with pillow foot may also have signs of concurrent illnesses, such as kidney disease, which could include increased thirst and urination, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Mouth sores may also be present. 

Diagnosing Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot in cats is diagnosed using a combination of tests. First, a veterinarian performs a physical exam to identify abnormalities of the foot pad and collects information from the pet parent about their cat’s behaviors and when symptoms began. Blood is collected to check for high levels of inflammatory cells or evidence of underlying infection, such as FIV or FeLV. 

A sample of cells is taken from the affected paw pad(s) using a small needle and examined under the microscope. This procedure may cause mild discomfort for cats, but it is helpful for identifying high numbers of plasma cells to diagnose pillow foot. It is also useful to rule out other conditions that can look similar. A more accurate diagnosis can be made by taking a biopsy, which consists of surgically removing a small piece of paw pad. This generally requires sedation to ensure the cat remains still and free from discomfort. The sample is sent to a specialized laboratory for identification. 

Pillow Foot in Cats Treatment

Some cats with pillow foot improve on their own, particularly if they have only mild symptoms. However, in most cases, treatment is necessary and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both. 

Medications for Pillow Foot in Cats

Your veterinarian may prescribe a medication called doxycycline to treat pillow foot in your cat. Doxycycline is a type of antibiotic that treats infection and reduces inflammation associated with plasma cell pododermatitis. It is usually given by mouth twice daily. However, because this medication has been linked with esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus) in cats, pet parents should ensure their cats drink water after receiving it. Other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclosporine, can also be given orally to treat this condition. Injectable or oral steroids may also be helpful.

Your veterinarian can determine the best type of medication to meet your cat’s specific needs. Treatment may continue for several months. Always be sure to give the prescribed medications exactly as directed for the best treatment outcomes. 

It is important to follow up with your veterinarian while your cat is receiving treatment to identify any side effects of the medications and to determine when treatment can be stopped. In rare cases, some cats may have relapses throughout their lives, which require additional medications.  

Home Remedies for Pillow Foot in Cats

It is not recommended to try any home remedies for pillow foot in cats. Since this condition is likely due to an overactive immune system, specific prescription medications are needed for resolution. Trying home remedies before seeking veterinary guidance can delay appropriate treatment and cause worsening of symptoms.

Cost to Treat

Pet parents can expect to pay $20 to $40 per month for steroid treatment, while cyclosporine can range from $30 to $200 per month, depending on the brand. (Generic medications cost much less than brand name products.)

If your cat requires surgery and hospitalization, costs can range between $300 and $600 or more, depending on how many paw pads are affected and how your cat does during recovery. Most cats are sent home on medications, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, to reduce swelling and prevent infection. 

How to Prevent Pillow Foot in Cats

Because the exact cause of pillow foot in cats is unknown, it is difficult to determine what to do to prevent this condition. If it is truly immune-mediated, there is nothing pet parents can do to prevent it from developing in their cats. However, ensuring you are bringing your cat to the veterinarian for regular preventative care can help detect any problems early and keep them as healthy as possible. 

Related Conditions

Pillow foot is a unique disease, but other conditions may cause similar changes to the paw pads. These include the following: 

• Mast cell tumors
• Eosinophilic granuloma complex 
• Paw pad injuries

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Many people who love and cherish their pets simply don’t know the answer to that question. Some people are unaware of how crucial preventative care is to the long-term health of their dog. Others may have a difficult time bringing their pup into the veterinary office for various reasons, from transportation difficulties to owning a fearful dog. 

Let’s discuss how often you should take your dog to the vet and ways to make it easier on yourself and your dog.

How Often Should I Take My Dog to the Vet?

So, let’s get down to it: how often should you take a dog to the vet? The answer really depends on several factors, including the age of your dog, if they have any pre-existing medical conditions, and if they are currently sick.

Puppies

Veterinarians typically want to see puppies shortly after adoption to perform an exam and check for any early problems like a heart murmur or hernia. The veterinarian will get a stool sample, deworm them, start them on heartworm prevention and get them their first round of shots. You should bring any paperwork to your appointment from the shelter or breeder so that your veterinarian knows what has already been done. 

Puppies should return for vaccine boosters every three to four weeks until they are 16 weeks of age, or until your veterinarian deems them fully vaccinated and protected. Not returning or skipping boosters can put your puppy at risk for many life-threatening infectious diseases. It can also necessitate restarting the entire vaccine series, which would cost more money.

Adult Dogs 

Healthy adult dogs can go see the veterinarian once a year for annual vaccines, a preventative exam, and deworming. 

Senior Dogs and Dogs With Medical Conditions

Senior dogs and dogs with chronic medical conditions, like heart disease or kidney dysfunction, should see the vet at least every six months. Dogs are considered senior at different ages depending on their breed. Large and giant breed dogs are considered seniors at 6 to 7 years of age. Medium-sized dogs reach senior status at 8 to 9 years, while small breed dogs are considered seniors at 10 to 12 years old.

Signs That Your Dog Should Go to the Vet

While age and certain conditions do factor into when to take your dog to the vet, it really boils down to this: anytime you are concerned about your dog’s health, you should make an appointment. 

Listen to your gut. If you feel that something is off, take them into the veterinary clinic. If you’re unsure if a problem is urgent or can wait, call the veterinary hospital and speak with one of the receptionists. They will guide you and tell you what the appropriate next steps are for your pet. You (the pet parent) are the front line of monitoring your dog’s health.

Some signs that your dog needs to go to the vet sooner rather than later include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Vomiting/diarrhea
• Blood in stool
• Change in eating habits
• Increased drinking
• Lethargy or exercise intolerance
• Difficulty walking
• Red, watery or painful eye +/- excessive blinking
• Change in coat or hairless/red patches of skin
• Crying/whining
• Aggressive or unusual behavior

Why It’s Important to Take Your Dog to the Vet

Benjamin Franklin’s quote, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is just as true today as it was back then. There are many benefits to taking your dog in for annual preventative exams. 

Preventative care is less expensive than treating an advanced disease. Plus, catching a problem early can increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. The veterinarian can advise you additionally on a proper diet for your pet’s age and weight, needed dental care, current vaccine protocols, risks of any emerging disease in your area (like canine flu), and bloodwork to catch potential problems early. They can also supply you with heartworm and flea/tick prevention for the following year. All of these are necessary things to optimize your dog’s health.

In addition to the health benefits of preventative care, it is important to maintain a veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR), so that when you do have questions or concerns, you can easily get the necessary answers. A VCPR is basically an agreement between a veterinarian and client to take care of an animal or group of animals. This relationship needs to be maintained on a regular basis for the veterinarian to provide care and support to you and your pet.  

How Often Do Dogs Get Shots?

Vaccines are another integral part of preventative care. The rabies vaccine is required by law in most states. Rabies vaccines are available in one-year and three-year shots. The first time a dog gets a rabies vaccine, they must receive a one-year shot. 

After the initial puppy vaccines, dogs should receive additional vaccines every one to three years, depending on the type. For instance, a Lyme or leptospirosis vaccine needs to be boostered yearly, whereas a distemper or parvo vaccine could potentially be given every three years, taking your dog’s risk into consideration, of course.

Tips for Bringing Your Dog to the Vet

We know that it can be difficult to drag your dog into the vet every year. However, you don’t have to dread this annual trip to the clinic. Here are some tips you to make it easier for you and your pet:

Burn off that energy. Take your dog for a walk, or play with them to get some extra energy out before the appointment.

Try a carrier. Consider taking small dogs in a carrier to keep them contained.

Make sure they’re comfortable. Bring a favorite toy or blanket for a familiar smell and emotional support.

Exit the waiting room. If your dog is having a hard time in the lobby, ask to wait outside or in the car until the doctor is ready.

Shorten the leash. Use a short, non-retractable leash while in the clinic for the safety of your dog and the other dogs at the clinic.

Practice, practice, practice. Make “practice runs” to the clinic. Drive your dog to the vet, have the staff give him lots of love and treats, and then leave on a positive note.

Check in early. If you have a reactive dog, call ahead and let the staff know that you are on your way; they may be able to get a private room ready for your arrival.

Consider medication. Talk to your veterinarian before the appointment to see if your pet would benefit from a calming medication or supplement. There’s a wide range of prescription and over-the-counter options that help provide short-term anxiety relief. Ask your veterinarian which one would be the best fit for your frazzled pup.

Schedule in advance. Make your next appointment before you leave the clinic. That way you won’t forget to call and schedule in a year.

Plan ahead. The veterinary community is making strides to increase access to care. For those with transportation or financial difficulties, more low-cost clinics and mobile veterinarians are available than ever before. Research pet-friendly taxi services or know which family members that you can call to help your pet get to the hospital. It also may help to set aside a little money each month in a “rainy day pet fund” for unexpected illnesses or injuries. 

Most of all, be patient. The veterinarian team is doing their best to get your dog taken care of in a timely manner. Emergencies and unforeseen circumstances occur on a daily basis, making it easy to get behind. The busiest times at a veterinary hospital are early mornings and early evenings. If possible, try to make an appointment in the middle of the day.

Remember, your veterinarian is there for the good times and bad. Find a vet that is knowledgeable, compassionate and provides a high level of care, and you will have a relationship that will be beneficial for all.

Reference

1. American Veterinary Medical Association Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook (2022). Retrieved from: https://ebusiness.avma.org/files/ProductDownloads/eco-pet-demographic-report-22-low-res.pdf

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Regardless, most veterinarians see umbilical hernias pretty regularly. While the majority of dog umbilical hernias are mild in severity, some can be more serious or even life-threatening, so it’s important that all puppy parents are aware of them. 

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at umbilical hernias in puppies, how serious they can be, and how to treat them.

What Is an Umbilical Hernia in Puppies?

An umbilical hernia in puppies looks and feels like a small, soft lump right in the center of their tummy, where their umbilical cord attaches. Because it’s a lump, some people mistake a puppy hernia for a dog belly button, but it isn’t: a belly button is the scar from an umbilical cord healing, and a hernia is a pouch filled with fat or intestines. 

Dogs with an umbilical hernia have a defect in the muscles of their abdomen. Instead of the muscles meeting in the middle, there’s a hole. When the hole is very small, it may not even be noticeable. When it’s bigger, bits of fat can slip through the hole and even get stuck there, forming a small lump. If it’s a large enough hole, bits of gut can also fall through. This is dangerous, especially if the gut loop becomes stuck and loses blood flow. 

The seriousness of an umbilical hernia in a puppy depends on the size of that hole. It’s rare, but umbilical hernias that are large enough to allow guts to fall through can cause death in a young puppy, so getting a veterinary opinion early on is a good idea.

What Causes a Puppy Umbilical Hernia? 

Umbilical hernias in puppies are usually congenital, which means they are present at birth. Most umbilical hernias in dogs happen because the umbilical ring (where the umbilical cord feeds through) fails to close. 

The exact cause for this failure to close isn’t clear, but the suspicion is that most causes are genetic, as umbilical hernias are more common in certain lineages. Therefore, it is recommended that breeders don’t breed with affected puppies. 

Umbilical hernias may also be more common when dogs are indiscriminately bred. However, not all puppies in a litter will have the problem, and it’s not yet clear which gene is at fault, so it’s likely that the root cause is complex.

An umbilical hernia is usually present from birth and can be corrected even when it’s very small, but if it goes unnoticed (or is not corrected), it can impact an adult dog as well. 

Generally, umbilical hernias are less serious as dogs get older, as their guts grow too big to fall through the hole. The exception is when a dog herniates after surgery, which is not technically an umbilical hernia but may look like one.

Symptoms of Umbilical Hernia in Puppies

The most common symptom of an umbilical hernia in puppies is the soft swelling in the area of the umbilical cord. Puppies don’t have a protruding “belly button,” so if you feel a soft lump on your puppy’s tummy, it’s probably a hernia. This lump may come and go as fat slips in and out, and may be more visible when your dog is defecating or coughing. Most dogs show no other symptoms of their umbilical hernia, and it’s not uncommon for it to go unnoticed until dogs are at the vet for their health checks.

In more serious cases, dogs will show more symptoms of an umbilical hernia. In addition to the physical swelling (which may become larger or harder), these might include:

• Biting, scratching, kicking, or nudging the area due to pain or discomfort
• Pain in the area when touched, which might show as a squeal or aggression when being picked up or stroked
• Pain in the area after eating, which may show as paying the area attention, reluctance to move, or guarding themselves 
• Vomiting
• Inappetence

In all cases, these symptoms are a sign that the umbilical hernia is more serious, so your puppy should be examined by a veterinarian urgently. 

Diagnosing Umbilical Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical hernias are typically diagnosed at a puppy’s first examination, or during their first vaccinations. In fact, they are so common that checking for them is routine at early puppy appointments.

An umbilical hernia is diagnosed with a physical exam; the location and feel of the lump in a dog of the right age is usually enough to diagnose a hernia. Your veterinarian will then offer an opinion as to how large and how serious the hernia is.

In some cases, your veterinarian might recommend more tests. For a large hernia, checking the lump with an ultrasound can help determine whether the gut has fallen through the hole.

Types of Umbilical Hernias in Puppies

Your veterinarian may refer to your dog’s hernia as “reducible” or “non-reducible.” If the hernia can be “reduced” by pushing the fat back through the hole, it’s “reducible.” If it can’t because the fat is stuck, it’s “‘non-reducible.” This can help indicate the size of the hole, whether it’s easy to correct, and whether it’s likely to cause a problem. In general, reducible hernias are less of a concern, but that doesn’t automatically mean that a non-reducible hernia needs urgent surgery.

Umbilical Hernia: Puppy Treatment Options

When necessary, umbilical hernias in puppies are treated with surgery. However, not all umbilical hernias need treating, and even those that do require surgery may not need it immediately. Many times, a veterinarian will treat an umbilical hernia when the dog is being neutered.

Your vet will take your dog’s size and age, the hernia size, and the hernia contents (i.e fat vs gut) into account, as well as whether the hernia is reducible. 

No Treatment

A small, reducible hernia in a young dog can usually be left alone. Dogs will sometimes outgrow the condition, as the hole tends not to grow with the dog. You’ll be advised how to monitor the hernia at home and encouraged to return to your vet if there are any concerns about the hernia in future.

Surgery

If your veterinarian determines that the hernia is potentially going to cause a problem, it could mean surgery at some point, whether on its own or while your dog is being neutered. Again, you will be given instructions on monitoring your dog in the meantime, and if you aren’t planning to have your dog neutered, or will be neutering them later in life, you may decide to go ahead and get the surgery done sooner.

Immediate Surgery

Lastly, some puppies will need urgent surgery if the umbilical hernia is large enough that the dog’s guts can slip in. This type of hernia will be operated on within a few days to prevent problems. If the gut is already trapped, the surgery should be done as soon as possible to save it. Surgery is a lot more risky at this stage, and recovery is longer.

Are There Home Remedies for Dog Hernias?

There are no home remedies for hernias in dogs, but most cases can be monitored at home and may never need surgery. It’s a good idea to check with your vet at the earliest opportunity if you suspect a hernia so you know exactly how likely the hernia is to cause a problem and what warning signs you should be on the lookout for.

Cost of Umbilical Hernia Surgery for Dogs

The cost of umbilical hernia surgery will depend on when the hernia is repaired, and whether it’s an emergency. A standard repair, done at the time of neutering, will usually be an “add-on” cost and likely under $100. 

If your dog isn’t being neutered at the same time, additional anesthetic will be required, in which case the costs are likely to go up — although you can still expect them to be under $400 in most cases.

In serious cases, where emergency surgery is required, costs will go up again. This is because your puppy will need more medication, more specialist care, and more surgical skill. In the worst cases, your dog will lose a portion of their gut, which is a complex and risky surgery that will require several days of hospitalization. Costs could be in the range of $1,000 to $3,000, depending on the severity and the geographic region.

The sooner hernias are treated, the cheaper and easier the surgery is likely to be. If costs are a concern, explain this to your veterinarian — they will help you find the most cost-effective solution so your puppy can have the surgery ASAP.

Umbilical Hernia: Puppy Care Post Surgery

The most important thing after umbilical hernia surgery in puppies is to limit their exercise, including play and jumping. The hernia is usually repaired by cutting the muscle and then stitching it back together again, just like an incision would be repaired after a neuter surgery or other abdominal surgery. But excessive exercise can cause swelling, and jumping could even cause a stitch to break, opening the hernia back up again. 

You’ll also need to prevent your puppy from interfering with (licking, chewing, scratching, or biting) the wound, as this can cause infection or break the stitches. Recovery from this sort of surgery is usually seven to 10 days, but it will vary with the seriousness of the hernia and whether the dog was neutered at the same time. Of course, your veterinarian will give you detailed post-surgical advice for your dog, and you should contact them if you have any questions.

How to Prevent Umbilical Hernias in Puppies

It’s not possible to prevent umbilical hernias after a puppy has been born. If you are purchasing a puppy, you can ask whether hernias have been found in previous litters from the same mother, or whether the mother herself had a hernia, but this isn’t a guarantee. Most people won’t remember or don’t know whether their dog had a hernia as a puppy, and hernias can still occur even if the dam didn’t have one herself. 

If you are thinking about breeding your dog and you want to prevent umbilical hernias, be sure to look at your dog and their siblings, as well as the potential father and their siblings. The fewer hernias are seen in the dog’s family history, the better the chance of preventing them in the pups. Do not breed dogs with umbilical hernias, or whose close relations had umbilical hernias.

Reference:

Gonzales, K.L., Famula, T.R., Feng, L.C., Power, H.M.N. and Bullis, J.M. (2021), “Folic Acid Supplementation Does Not Decrease Stillbirths and Congenital Malformations in a Guide Dog Colony.” J Small Anim Pract, 62: 286-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13292

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Read on to learn more about the risk of foodborne illness in dogs and whether your dog is at risk of this condition. 

Can Dogs Get Food Poisoning?

Like their human family members, dogs can get food poisoning after eating contaminated food. And, just like in humans, the signs of food poisoning may vary from mild diarrhea to severe illness.

Fortunately, food poisoning is rare in dogs who eat high-quality commercial dog food. However, if your dog eats a raw diet, gets into the trash can, or encounters roadkill and other “icky” items while roaming outside, food-related illness is a distinct possibility. 

Types of Food Poisoning in Dogs

The term “food poisoning” is used to describe any illness caused by food. Bacteria, viruses, and toxic substances can all potentially cause food poisoning. 

Bacterial causes of food poisoning include: 

• Salmonella: This bacterium is a common cause of foodborne illness in people and pets. Many infections are asymptomatic, but Salmonella can cause severe illness in some dogs.
• E. coli: This bacterium is commonly found in the intestinal tract of many animals, including dogs. However, not all strains of E. coli are the same. Some strains do not cause any problems, while others can lead to severe illness in pets and people. 
• Listeria: Infections are usually asymptomatic but occasionally can lead to vomiting, diarrhea, fever, pregnancy loss, and even death. Infected dogs can also pass this infection to humans.  

In many cases, however, food-related illness has non-infectious causes. Dogs who eat abnormally rich food may experience inflammation in their gastrointestinal tract, causing vomiting or diarrhea. Toxic plants may also lead to vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. While these could technically be considered food-related illnesses, they don’t indicate the presence of an infection. 

What Causes Food Poisoning in Dogs?

Raw diets are the most common cause of foodborne illness in dogs. In recent years, a trend toward “natural,” unprocessed food has led some pet parents to feed a raw, or uncooked, diet. Unfortunately, raw diets are associated with an increased risk of foodborne infections. A 2005 study evaluating 25 commercially-available raw diets for dogs and cats found that all tested diets contained fecal bacteria, 64 percent contained E. coli, and 20 percent contained Salmonella [1]. Although some healthy dogs can eat these foods without developing clinical disease, others may develop serious illnesses.

Less commonly, foodborne illness is associated with contaminated conventional dog food. Although these diets are cooked, human error or equipment malfunctions can lead to contamination. Reputable food manufacturers conduct regular quality control testing, and they may recall a diet if there is a potential for contamination. In other cases, a diet may be recalled after complaints of foodborne illness. In either situation, feeding a contaminated diet could lead to foodborne illness. 

Dog Food Poisoning Symptoms

Symptoms of food poisoning in dogs typically include gastrointestinal signs, similar to what you would expect in a person with food poisoning. Dogs with mild signs may develop diarrhea and/or a mild decrease in appetite. In more severe cases, you may notice vomiting, severe diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, lethargy, and fever. 

To recap, signs of food poisoning in dogs may include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Flatulence (gas)
• Abdominal pain
• Restlessness
• Lethargy
• Dehydration
• Fever

The signs of foodborne illness are indistinguishable from signs caused by a variety of other illnesses. Therefore, a veterinary visit will be needed to determine whether your dog’s gastrointestinal issues are caused by food poisoning. If your dog is experiencing severe signs of illness, such as repeated vomiting, diarrhea, or lethargy, you may need to visit an after-hours veterinary emergency hospital.

Diagnosing Food Poisoning in Dogs

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, paying special attention to your dog’s hydration status. The veterinarian will also gently press and feel (palpate) your dog’s abdomen to look for abdominal pain and other abnormalities. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend diagnostic testing to determine the cause of your dog’s illness. In most cases, they will begin by checking your dog for intestinal parasites. A small sample of your dog’s stool will be processed and examined under a microscope in order to check for protozoan parasites and eggs that may indicate intestinal worms. Your veterinarian may recommend other tests to look for infectious agents in your dog’s stool. 

Additional testing may also be necessary, depending on the severity of your dog’s illness. Blood tests (including a complete blood cell count and serum biochemistry profile) can aid in evaluating your dog’s overall health status and degree of dehydration, while X-rays of your dog’s abdomen can help rule out an intestinal obstruction. 

How to Treat Dog Food Poisoning

Your dog’s treatment will depend on the severity of their symptoms. 

A mild case of food poisoning can often be treated on an outpatient basis. Your veterinarian may prescribe an antidiarrheal medication and a bland diet, instructing you to monitor your dog closely at home. If a bacterial infection is suspected, your veterinarian may also prescribe an antibiotic. 

In some cases, however, more aggressive treatment is needed. If your dog is vomiting and dehydrated, your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization. While hospitalized, your dog will likely receive intravenous (IV) fluids, injectable anti-nausea medication, and injectable antibiotics. 

Medications for Food Poisoning in Dogs

Common medications used to treat foodborne illness in dogs include: 

• Anti-nausea medications, such as maropitant, metoclopramide, or chlorpromazine
• Anti-diarrheal medications, such as loperamide
• Antibiotics, such as metronidazole, enrofloxacin, or amoxicillin
• Antiprotozoal medications, such as sulfadimethoxine or ponazuril
• Probiotics to restore healthy gut bacteria

Your veterinarian will select the best medication(s) for your dog, based on the severity and suspected cause of your dog’s illness. They will also consider your dog’s medical history, including underlying conditions and other medications your dog is receiving. 

General Cost of Treatment

The cost of treatment will vary, depending on the severity of your dog’s clinical signs. A mild case of food-related diarrhea may cost $100 to treat on an outpatient basis, while hospitalization for severe illness could cost $1,000 to $2,000. 

Dog Food Poisoning Prevention

The best way to prevent food poisoning is to avoid raw foods. Raw foods are often contaminated with bacteria, which can lead to foodborne illness. In some cases, dogs can even pass these infections to their owners, posing a threat to human health. 

When your dog goes outdoors, keep them confined to a fenced yard or walk them on a leash. Free-roaming dogs are more likely to come in contact with trash or dead animals, increasing the risk of foodborne illness. In fact, a 2017 study found that dogs living in rural areas are more likely to have Salmonella than dogs living in urban or suburban areas [2].

Also, make sure to practice good hygiene, washing and sanitizing pet food bowls, cups, and storage bins.

Finally, pay attention to dog food recalls. Reputable manufacturers do their best to avoid bacterial contamination, but just like in human foods, contamination can occur. Be sure to always wash and sanitize your hands after you handle both recalled food and/or utensils that come into contact with recalled food. And be sure to sign up for a GreatPetCare account to get all the latest pet food recall alerts. 

Related Conditions

• Salmonellosis 
• E. coli infection
• Listeriosis
• Gastroenteritis 
• Pancreatitis

References

1. Weese, J Scott et al. “Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets.” The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne vol. 46,6 (2005): 513-6
2. Reimschuessel, Renate et al. “Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology vol. 55,5 (2017): 1350-1368. doi:10.1128/JCM.02137-16

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Pet parents should keep note of their cat’s urination habits and other behavioral changes that could indicate an underlying medical condition requiring management without delay.

Let’s take a closer look at how often cats typically urinate and what to do if it seems like your cat can’t pee.

How Often Do Cats Pee?

The average healthy adult cat typically urinates two to four times over a 24-hour period, primarily during the daytime. Domestic cats evolved as desert creatures, meaning they are well adept at trying to survive on little water if necessary. Therefore, urination frequency and volume may decrease when a cat is dehydrated either from medical issues, lack of access to fresh water, or high ambient temperatures. Dry heat is more dehydrating than humid weather or home environments. Additionally, a cat’s diet can affect hydration and thereby urination habits. Healthy kitties who consume a canned (or wet) food formula may urinate more frequently than those eating a dry kibble due to the additional water content of their meal.

If your cat is peeing less than usual, maintaining a clean litter box in a quiet, inviting environment can be helpful. Perhaps your cat is physically able to urinate but is holding their bladder until they can pee in a clean litter box.

If litter box hygiene is not the culprit, investigate if there are other reasons your cat is avoiding the litter box. For instance, if you have a giant litter box for a tiny kitten, they may be having a difficult time climbing into it. If your geriatric cat is experiencing mobility issues from osteoarthritis, a shallow box rather than a tall one may help them step inside it more comfortably Also consider whether there is something in the way that’s frightening your cat from journeying to the litter box. Could they be urinating outside the litter box somewhere else in the house? 

Additionally, keep tabs on your cat’s behavior. If your cat is hiding, not eating, or attempting to use the litter box but either won’t or can’t, hurry and seek your veterinarian’s advice. No urine production after 24-48 hours constitutes a medical emergency.

Cat Not Peeing: Signs and Symptoms

Pet parents can monitor their cat’s actions and attitude for warning signs that their cat may not be peeing. Signs of a cat having trouble peeing include:

• The litter box may appear cleaner than usual since no urine is being produced, or clean litter may be moved all over the place during a cat’s attempt to scratch around and try to pee.
• Your cat may go to the litter box more often than usual
• Your cat may strain when squatting (posturing) to urinate
• Your cat may vocalize or cry out in pain while attempting to urinate
• Your cat may appear more agitated or uncomfortable
• Hiding behavior is common in kitties when they’re not feeling well, including when they can’t pee
• You may notice a decrease in your cat’s appetite or water intake
• You may observe your cat licking their lower abdomen or genitals more frequently in an attempt to alleviate discomfort in the bladder and urethra
• In severe circumstances, your cat may collapse if no urine has been produced for over 24-48 hours.

Aside from regularly checking the litter box for urine production, tricks to help pet parents monitor whether their cat is producing urine include the following:

• Smart litter boxes (such as the Litter-Robot) may offer tools to track the number of times your cat enters and exits the litter box. Some systems scan your cat’s microchip number to help you determine which cat may be having urinary problems if you have a multi-cat household.
• Setting up a pet camera can also be helpful so you can track whether your cat is using the litter box and how often they are journeying to the box.
• If you suspect your cat may be urinating outside the litter box, a black light can assist pet parents in searching for urine marks around the home.

Why Can’t My Cat Pee?

The underlying cause of your cat’s difficulty urinating can vary. Some may result in a cat dribbling or trickling urine rather than producing a normal stream while others can prevent your cat from being unable to urinate at all. Many of these causes fall under the umbrella of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), a menagerie of ailments plaguing the bladder and urethra (tube that empties the bladder during urination).

If left unmanaged, FLUTD can rapidly progress to a urethral obstruction (blockage of the urethra in which urine cannot pass out of the body), which constitutes a medical emergency that can quickly lead to various organ shutdown and death if prompt vet care is not provided. Male cats are at increased risk of urethral obstruction (or becoming “blocked”) due to their long and narrow urethra.

Here are some potential causes for a cat not peeing:

Idiopathic Cystitis

Idiopathic cystitis is the most common cause of FLUTD. It occurs due to an unknown trigger causing inflammation of the bladder, which can manifest as all the signs described above in the previous section. Stress is the most common culprit. Urinary crystals can also be a factor; crystals are grit from excess mineral content from the diet that can accumulate in the urine and irritate the bladder lining, leading to inflammation and urinary discomfort.

Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection can cause the following clinical signs: periuria (peeing outside the litterbox) pollakiuria (increased more frequently in smaller amounts), stranguria (pain while urinating), hematuria (blood in the urine), and malodor. UTIs in cats generally arise secondarily to some other disorder.

Urinary Stones

Urolithiasis (urinary stones) can develop in the lower urinary tract, irritating the lining of the bladder, causing secondary bacterial infections (or UTIs), and lodging in the urethra (thus causing an obstruction). Mucus plugs can also cause urethral obstructions and are more common in male cats.

Growths

Bladder masses, tumors, and polyps, while relatively uncommon in cats, are more likely to occur in older cats and can lead to trouble urinating.

Trauma

Trauma to the lower urinary tract due to injury can disrupt the flow of urine.

No Urine Production

Rather than a problem with the bladder or urethra affecting the ability to urinate, your cat’s body may not be producing any urine for the bladder to hold at all. Anuria (the absence of urine production) or oliguria (infrequent urination) can arise from severe dehydration or end-stage renal failure. In these scenarios, the body can urinate, but there is no urine made by the kidneys to void.

Neurologic Conditions

Neurologic conditions, such as those affecting the spinal cord (and thus the nerves branching off it that supply the bladder), can also make voluntary urination difficult. For instance, cats with paralysis due to spinal cord injury may dribble or leak urine but be unable to urinate a normal amount on their own, thus requiring manual bladder expression taught by your vet to help empty the bladder.

What to Do if Your Cat Isn’t Peeing

If your cat is either struggling to pee or not peeing at all (particularly if your cat is male), this behavior indicates a medical emergency, so vet care should be sought ASAP. An overly full bladder is not only intensely painful, but it can cause damage to the rest of the body. If urine is trapped with nowhere to go, fluid and toxins can back up from the bladder into the kidneys, causing kidney damage. Infections can arise. Furthermore, electrolyte abnormalities from excess retained potassium can cause heart failure.

Therefore, call your closest vet clinic or emergency hospital to let them know what’s going on so they can advise you on your cat’s specific case. The vet team can offer support to manage your expectations in an emergency setting (time-wise and financial). In the meantime, try to keep your kitty as calm and comfortable as possible until you’re ready to head out the door.

Once you’re at the vet clinic or hospital, be prepared to answer some questions about your cat’s history, such as:

• When was the last time you noticed your cat urinating normally?
• Has this problem happened before?
• Could they be urinating somewhere in the house outside the litter box?
• Have you noticed any other abnormal behavior? Straining or crying when urinating? Hiding? Any blood observed in the urine?
• Is your cat eating? What diet?
• Any vomiting?
• Has there been an increase or decrease in your cat’s water consumption as well as urination frequency and volume leading up to this event?
• Have there been any changes to the litter box or litter type? How often do you clean your cat’s litter box and change the litter?
• How many litter boxes do you have in your home? How many other cats do you have?
• Have there been any recent events in your home that could have been stressful to your kitty? Construction or home renovation? Recent visitors? A new baby? A new pet?
• Any other pertinent medical history?

Treating a Cat Who Can’t Pee

The first thing your vet will do when your cat presents for having trouble peeing will be a thorough physical exam. Your cat’s vital signs will be measured, including your cat’s heart rate. A slow heart rate (bradycardia) and irregular heart rate (arrhythmia) in a cat who is not urinating can indicate a severe electrolyte abnormality in which the potassium level in the bloodstream is too high (hyperkalemia), because excess cannot be excreted from the body in urine. If extreme, these cardiac abnormalities warrant a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Additionally, your vet will feel (or palpate) your cat’s abdomen to confirm an enlarged bladder and whether your cat has a urinary obstruction. Additional physical exam findings, such as enlarged kidneys, will also be assessed.

Common diagnostics for a cat who can’t pee include urine testing (urinalysis). If your cat is not fully obstructed, your vet may manually express your cat’s bladder or be able to obtain a urine sample from a litter box filled with special non-absorbent cat litter. If your cat has a urinary obstruction (or is “blocked”), urine may be collected either via a urinary catheter or a sterile needle placed directly through the skin into the bladder (i.e. cystocentesis). Urine will be analyzed, especially checking for urine concentration, bacteria, crystals, blood, protein, and white blood cells.

Your vet may also recommend blood work, particularly to assess your cat’s kidney values to ensure no damage has occurred. Imaging, such as abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or abdominal ultrasound (sonogram) may also be recommended, particularly to rule out urinary stones as a cause for the issue.

Once your cat has been assessed, treatment can be initiated. The treatment plan depends on your cat’s specific underlying cause of urinary trouble and may include:

• Antibiotics for a simple UTI
• Surgical removal of urinary stones
• Prescription urinary diet to help dissolve urinary stones or reduce crystal formation
• Urinary catheter/urethral flush to unblock obstruction
• Medications to help relax the bladder and keep the urethra from spasming and re-obstructing
• Long-term anxiety medications (such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline)
• Surgery (perineal urethrostomy) to help reduce the risk of future blockages (for some male cats)
• Hospitalization with IV fluids, additional medications, and intense monitoring for cats with severe electrolyte derangements, cardiac abnormalities, or renal failure
• Surgical repair for traumatic injury to the lower urinary tract
• Management of neurological abnormalities along with regular manual bladder expression

Prognosis varies depending on your cat’s underlying cause, severity, and presence of other medical issues.

How to Lower Your Cat’s Risk of Urinary Disease

Pet parents can help minimize their cat’s risk of urinary disease with the following guidelines:

Weight management: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of FLUTD, so maintaining a lean body weight is key to help support bladder health.

Stress management and environmental enrichment: Keeping cats as calm and happy as possible by reducing environmental stressors and providing mental stimulation and fun play can help reduce bladder inflammation. Keeping the peace by reducing aggressive standoffs between cats in your home is an important component. Products like Feliway pheromone spray or diffuser can be helpful to some kitties.

Litter box care: Proper litter box hygiene and having enough litter boxes for cats in a multi-cat household is vital. Kitties are fastidious hygiene freaks; pet parents can help by ensuring their cat’s litter box is clean and by adhering to the 1+1 litter box rule (1 litter box in the house for each cat, plus 1 additional).

Hydration: A hydrated urinary system is a happy one. Switching from dry to canned food can be helpful, as can purchasing a water fountain for drinking. If your cat doesn’t drink much on their own, ask your vet if Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Hydra Care Supplement is right for them. Your kitty’s bladder will thank you.

The post My Cat Can’t Pee: 7 Causes and Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Luckily, most causes of dog epilepsy can be managed – even if they can’t be cured. The good news is that most dogs who have epilepsy live a normal, happy life.

What is Epilepsy in Dogs?

Epilepsy is the name of a syndrome of recurrent seizures. Seizures are abnormal electrical signals in the brain that typically cause uncontrolled muscle movements and loss of consciousness. They may also cause stiffness and abnormal behaviors.

Seizure disorders in dogs are common enough that your veterinarian likely cares for dogs with epilepsy. However, most pet parents will never have a pet with epilepsy. 

Causes of Epilepsy in Dogs

There are many causes of seizures and epilepsy in dogs. One of the biggest distinctions between causes is whether the seizure is the result of something inside the skull (intracranial) or something outside the skull (extracranial). 

Extracranial causes of seizures include low blood sugar, liver failure, toxins (chocolate, medications, etc), high fever, heat stroke, changes in electrolyte concentration in blood, low platelets, distemper virus, and others. 

Intracranial seizures can be the result of high intracranial pressure, masses or cancer, trauma, infection, congenital defects, and idiopathic epilepsy. 

Idiopathic epilepsy means there is no identifiable cause for the seizures. This is also known as primary epilepsy or primary seizures. While there is a genetic component to some cases of primary epilepsy it is not as simple as one or two genetic mutations causing seizures. Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two breeds with a genetic risk for primary epilepsy. Breeds including Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers also have increased risk.

Types of Dog Epilepsy

Epilepsy in dogs can be characterized by the different types of seizures your dog has – and not all of them are the same.

When people hear the word seizure they often think of full body spasms where the arms and legs flail in wild, uncoordinated movements. These are called grand mal seizures. 

However there are other types of seizures that affect dogs as well. Partial seizures or focal seizures may only affect a limb or one side of the face. Other seizures are just a brief pause in activity during which the dog may be unresponsive.

Brief changes in behavior can also be the only external sign of a seizure known as psychomotor seizures. For example a very friendly dog who suddenly bites her owner could be having a seizure.

Symptoms of Epilepsy in Dogs

Dogs with epilepsy may have seizure symptoms that include full body convulsions and loss of consciousness. But the symptoms of other types of seizures may be less obvious. 

Here are some other signs and symptoms to watch for if you suspect your dog has epilepsy:

Symptoms of partial seizures include abnormal movements of just one part of the body such as the face or one limb.

Signs of absence seizures include a temporary lapse of consciousness without physical movements. 

Symptoms of psychomotor seizures in dogs include changes in behavior that may manifest as repetitive movements, a moment of aggression, or another behavior that is abnormal for your dog.  

After a dog has a seizure there is typically a period of time where they still behave abnormally. This is known as a postictal phase. It could be that your dog is tired, panting, pacing, or otherwise not themselves. This is a normal part of a seizure and typically resolves in 5-30 minutes. 

Some dogs may be aware that a seizure is about to happen, called an aura. They may get anxious, become clingy, or hide if they know a seizure is about to happen. Auras are common in humans with epilepsy, but since dogs can’t tell us what is wrong it is unknown how common auras are in dogs.

Diagnosing Epilepsy in Dogs

While it may seem that the diagnosis of epilepsy is straightforward, it isn’t always that easy. Not all seizures are the grand mal type that is readily identifiable. 

Partial or absence seizures can be mistaken for fainting. Seizures can be easily confused with other types of collapse events such as fainting due to impaired cardiovascular function (syncope). Similarly, some toxins such as organophosphates, a type of pesticide, can cause trembling of the whole body. Tremors can look remarkably like a seizure and may only be differentiated based on response to medications dosed by a veterinarian. 

This is why it is very helpful to your veterinarian that you track seizure type, location, frequency, situation, and length. If you are able to do so safely, record a video of the event on your phone so that you can show it to your veterinarian. Make note of anything that may have preceded the seizure such as the delivery person dropping off a package or your dog eating dinner. 

Once it has been established that the event was a seizure, your veterinarian will want to check for extracranial causes by performing a comprehensive physical exam and blood work. Diagnosing epilepsy based on intracranial causes of seizures may require advanced diagnostic testing including sampling cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap) and an MRI. Generally these tests are performed by a neurologist.

How to Treat Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy in dogs is treated with oral medication at home. These medications are typically given 2-3 times per day. It is very important to give each dose on time. Forgetting doses or giving them inconsistently can actually make epilepsy worse. 

There are three main medications that veterinarians use to manage epilepsy in dogs: levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and zonisamide. 

The seizure medication that your veterinarian chooses for your dog will depend on several factors including your dog’s size, age, and other health conditions. Sometimes your dog will need to take more than one medication to manage their epilepsy. 

Your veterinarian may also prescribe a medication to stop a seizure if it happens. These are strong medications called benzodiazepines. Your veterinarian will likely only prescribe one to two doses since they are for emergency use only. 

Treatment of epilepsy in dogs is relatively inexpensive. The medication may cost anywhere from $20 – $100 per month depending on your dog’s size and how many medications they are on. If your dog is on phenobarbital, blood levels and liver values should be checked periodically (every 3-6 months) and these tests may cost $100 – $300 each time. 

There are no proven home remedies to reduce the likelihood of seizures. However, Purina makes a prescription dog food called NeuroCare that may be helpful in reducing seizure risk in dogs with epilepsy. 

Purina NC Neurocare

• Formulated with medium chain triglyceride oil to support cognitive health

• Includes EPA+DHA and omega-3 fatty acids to help support brain health

• Contains antioxidant vitamins E & C to support a healthy immune system

Additionally there is some evidence that raw, unprocessed coconut oil which is high in medium chain triglycerides may also have neuroprotective effects. Talk to your veterinarian before adding or changing anything about your dog’s treatment plan. 

When is an Epileptic Seizure an Emergency?  

A seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes is an emergency known as status epilepticus. If your dog’s seizure reaches the 2 minute mark, you should get prepared to take your dog to the closest emergency veterinary clinic. 

Similarly, if your dog has more than 2 seizures in a 24 hour period, that is an emergency because the likelihood of another seizure happening soon is very high. These are known as cluster seizures. 

A single seizure lasting less than 2 minutes is not an emergency. If it happens during normal business hours, call your veterinarian and ask if your pet can be seen the same day or next. If it happens in the middle of the night or on the weekend, schedule a visit with your veterinarian for the next day they are open. 

If you are unsure what to do, call your local emergency veterinary clinic. They will advise you about whether your dog needs to be seen as an emergency based on the information you provide. 

How to Prevent or Manage Epilepsy in Dogs

If your dog does not already have epilepsy, there is nothing you can do to prevent epilepsy from developing apart from routine care to keep your dog healthy. 

If your dog has epilepsy, then it may be possible to reduce the frequency of your dog’s seizures. Make notes about each time a seizure happens – where, when, what else was going on. You can then use this information by trying to prevent those situations from happening again. 

For example, if your dog has a seizure when they get very excited because you are having a house party, then ask a friend or neighbor to watch your dog if you are having people over. 

Apart from these types of situationally-induced seizures, there is nothing you can do to prevent seizures from happening. The best thing you can do is give your dog their seizure medication as prescribed and follow up with your veterinarian if you have concerns.

FAQs About Epilepsy in Dogs

Can dogs be cured of epilepsy?

No, dogs cannot be cured of epilepsy. However, most forms of epilepsy in dogs can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. Your veterinarian can recommend the best seizure medication for your dog based on size, age, and other health conditions.

How long can dogs live with epilepsy?

Dogs with epilepsy can live relatively normal lives with average lifespans if their seizures are well controlled with medication. If seizures are not well controlled or dogs experience regular episodes of cluster seizures, they may have shorter lifespans due to quality of life issues.

Does anything trigger seizures in dogs?

There are a variety of things that may trigger seizures in epileptic dogs. In one study, pet owners were able to link seizures in their dogs to triggers related to stress, excitement, and food. These included things like fireworks, loud noises, cleaning products and air fresheners, and lack of sleep. Keeping track of when your dog’s seizures are happening and identifying possible triggers can help you avoid those triggers in the future.

What dogs are most prone to epilepsy?

Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two dog breeds with a genetic risk for idiopathic or primary epilepsy. Other breeds prone to epilepsy include Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers.

The post Epilepsy in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Some experts think it is.

But do dogs smile in the same way as humans? Well…not exactly. Experts say there are critical differences between dog smiles and human smiles. However, dogs do display distinct expressions when they’re feeling happy, playful, submissive, or aggressive — and each of these expressions could be interpreted as “smiling.”

Let’s explore these different types of doggy grins.

Do Dogs Smile?

Search for “smiling dogs” on the internet, and you’ll find thousands of images. Dogs giving wide-mouthed grins. Dogs with goofy, toothy smiles. Dogs curling their lips up and baring their teeth.

While there are differences in opinion about dog smiles, most experts agree that dogs can smile — or at least display facial expressions that look like smiling. Dogs might smile when they’re feeling happy, playful, docile, or scared, experts say.

“Dogs do have facial expressions to indicate joy or happiness that resemble the smile that people display,” says Dr. Audrey Weaver, a partner Doctor at Heart + Paw in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. “Whether they refer to it as a ‘smile’ or not in the dog world remains unknown.”

However, dog smiles should be differentiated from human smiles, says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, the director of primary care at Bond Vet in New York City. “Dogs do not have the same facial muscles as humans, so their smiles may look different. Additionally, dogs may use their smiles to communicate different emotions than humans do.”

Dr. Cátia Correia Caeiro, a senior researcher at Leipzig University in Germany who studies cognitive capacities of different species, says she believes the equivalent of a human smile doesn’t really translate into dogs.

“When we think of smiling in humans, it’s when the lip corners are retracted, the lips are apart, and we may see the teeth,” says Dr. Caeiro. “If we apply this to dogs, that is not a smile. Dogs only show this facial expression in aggressive or fearful situations.”

Okay, so dog smiles are a little different than human smiles. So, what exactly is a dog smile then? And what does a grinning dog look like?

What Does a Dog Smile Look Like?

Before we explore what a dog smile looks like, let’s discuss the different types of dog smiles experts have identified.

Nicholas Dodman, a professor emeritus at Tufts University and the chief scientific officer at the Center for Canine Behavior Studies, says there are at least three facial expressions that could be interpreted as a smile on dogs: 

• A submissive grin
• An aggressive expression
• A play face

Let’s dive a little deeper into each of these.

Submissive Grin

When dogs display submissive grins, Dodman says their eyes are bright, and their lips are retracted. ​​”It looks just like a human smiling,” he explains. “The sides of the lips — the commissures, which is where the top lip meets the bottom lip — are pulled back, exposing the teeth.”

Aggressive Expression

However, when dogs raise their lips vertically, their expression changes to aggression, says Dodman. “If a dog lifts his lips to expose his teeth, but the lips are being elevated in a sort of north-south direction, maybe with noise or without noise, that is a threat,” he warns. “That means watch out.”

Play Face

Then there is the play face, which Dodman describes as a “curling over of the lips” accompanied by a puffy face and other signs of a happy dog. 

Additionally, Dr. Fadl says dogs can display a relaxed expression that could be interpreted as a smile. These smiles are defined by “a relaxed and open mouth, with the tongue often hanging out to the side,” she says.

Why Do Dogs Smile?

So, we’ve gone over the way a dog’s smile can look. But what does it mean when a dog smiles? That depends on the type of smile, experts say.

Submissive

Dodman says a dog’s submissive grin signals deference and appeasement. “They’re saying, ‘Don’t worry about me; I’m not a threat.”

Dr. Caeiro notes dogs may display submissive smiles when they think their pet parent is about to scold them. “This particular facial expression in dogs has been talked about quite a lot in the general public and the scientific community due to the viral videos of the ‘guilty dog,’” she says. “In these videos, owners mistakenly think their dogs are feeling guilty because they know they have been ‘naughty,’ and so should be scolded.” 

She adds that research has found that dogs smile submissively “because they are scared and are reacting to potentially aggressive cues in the owner while trying to appease the owner.” [1]

Aggressive

Again, when dogs curl up their lips in a north-south direction and expose their teeth, it’s a sign of aggression, says Dodman. This type of body language can be a sign that a dog might lunge, snap, or bite.

Dr. Caeiro mentions it can be particularly challenging for children to read the signs that a dog is about to become aggressive, so adults must carefully monitor dogs for such signs. ​​“Children might think dogs are smiling as humans smile,” she says. “This is a problem because many of the bites happen because children are not so good at reading a dog’s subtle signs.”

Play

When dogs display a play face, Dr. Caeiro says it can signal to other dogs and humans that they — you guessed it — want to play. But dogs might also show the same expression when meeting humans or greeting their owners after a long absence — a finding documented in Dr. Caerio’s own research. [2] “A smile in a dog would be this kind of face,” she explains, “but it’s not really appropriate to call it a smile because, in humans, it’s not really the same facial expression.”

Do Dogs Understand Smiles?

Research suggests that dogs can understand the smiles and emotions of their pet parents by analyzing their facial expressions. For instance, one study found that dogs have the ability to discriminate between different emotional expressions in humans. [3]

“They are sensitive at recognizing our facial expressions, but they are also very attentive to our body gestures and postures,” says Dr. Caeiro. “They do look at the face, but they spend more time examining what we are doing with our bodies and hands, and this makes sense because dogs communicate a lot with their bodies to each other, more perhaps than the face. They also can recognize emotion in our voices.”

Dr. Weaver believes that dogs may even be purposefully smiling in response to humans smiling, mimicking our facial expressions. “Dogs are very observant and notice that smiles are often used when humans communicate joy to each other,” she says. “I believe when dogs smile, in many cases, it is to express their joy using human ‘language.’”

Smiling Dog: Tips and Advice

Be aware of body language

The biggest tip our experts have for pet parents is to always be aware of your dog’s body language.

When you see your dog smiling, look at the other body language signs to interpret their emotions. Is your dog smiling while happy? Or are they baring their teeth because they feel scared or anxious? 

According to Dr. Fadl, a happy dog may have a “wagging tail, relaxed ears, and a soft gaze” and may vocalize in a cheerful tone and engage in playful behaviors. On the other hand, an anxious or fearful dog may display “raised hackles, a stiff body, or avoidance behaviors.” Keep in mind that anxious or fearful dogs may also wag their tails, although they are more likely to demonstrate a stiff, tense tail wag instead of a happy, relaxed wagging tail. 

It’s important to remember that dogs are individuals and “may display different behaviors and body language signs based on their personality, history, and environment,” Dr. Fadl says. 

Checking in with an expert, she adds, can also help. “It is always a good idea to consult with a veterinarian or qualified animal behaviorist if you have concerns about your dog’s behavior or well-being.”

Recognize anxiety and stress

If your dog is anxious or scared, Dr. Weaver says it’s crucial to remove them from the stressful situation. “If possible, take them on a calm walk to help reduce their stress level, allow them to lay down away from the stressful environment, offer treats while away from the stressful environment,” she recommends. “Do not force a greeting with a pet that is exhibiting signs of anxiety, as it can lead to aggression.”

While every dog smile is different, we can be sure of one thing: there is meaning behind each of our dog’s expressions. It’s up to us to figure out what that meaning is. 

References

1. Horowitz, A. “Disambiguating the ‘guilty look’: Salient prompts to a familiar dog behaviour.” Behavioural Processes, Volume 81, Issue 3 (2009) Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.03.014 
2. Caeiro, C., Guo, K. & Mills, D. “Dogs and humans respond to emotionally competent stimuli by producing different facial actions.” Sci Rep 7, 15525 (2017) Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15091-4
3. Mueller, C., Schmitt, K., Barber, A. & Huber, L. “Dogs Can Discriminate Emotional Expressions of Human Faces.” Current Biology (2015, February) Retrieved from: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)01693-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982214016935%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

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So, when do kittens start walking? And what should one do if a kitten doesn’t begin to walk within the anticipated time frame? We talked to veterinarians to get the scoop.  

Kitten Development: A Basic Timeline

To better understand when and how kittens start walking, it’s important to understand their overall growth and maturation. Below are essential milestones newborn kittens usually achieve in the first couple weeks of life, all of which pave the way for their first steps.

Birth to 1 Week Old 

Kittens are born with their eyes closed, ears folded, and umbilical cord attached. At this point, they cannot hear or see. They are entirely dependent on their mother for warmth, nourishment and direction. 

Around 4 to 5 days of age, kittens will naturally lose their umbilical cords, and around seven days, their ear canals will slowly begin to open. 

1 to 2 Weeks Old 

Around 7 to 10 days of age, kittens’ eyes will gradually begin to open, but their vision will be blurry at first. During this time, kittens might show some small movements, but they’re generally limited to wiggling around. 

By 2 weeks of age, a kitten’s eyes and ear canals will be fully open. Their ears will appear small and rounded, like a bear cub. 

At this stage, kittens start becoming more active and curious about their surroundings. They begin to crawl and scoot around on their bellies using their front legs, dragging their hind legs behind them. 

When Do Kittens Start to Walk?

Now that we’ve covered a kitten’s first few weeks, let’s get down to the question at hand: when do kittens start walking?

As a kitten’s coordination and strength improve, they’ll gradually begin to stand up on their legs. According to Dr. Alejandro Caos, a veterinarian with The Vets, kittens typically start attempting to walk between 2 to 3 weeks of age. 

The transition from crawling to walking is a bit wobbly, as kittens are still developing their motor skills. They might stumble, fall, and struggle to maintain balance. This is normal and not a cause for concern. “As kittens continue to develop, they will become more confident and steady on their feet,” says Dr. Caos. 

By around 4 to 5 weeks old, most kittens will be able to walk and run with more stability, and by 8 to 10 weeks old, they are typically fully capable of walking, running, and jumping with confidence and agility, says Dr. Caos. 

Kittens don’t usually need help from their mothers or caregivers when learning to walk, however, the mother cats do provide guidance and encouragement by acting as an example and nudging them toward food or the litter box. 

Kitten Walking Delays: When to Talk to a Vet

As with any living being, kittens may develop at different rates. Some may take a little longer to start walking or be wobbly for a bit longer. If your kitten’s overall health and growth seem normal, and they’re meeting other developmental milestones, a brief delay in walking might not be a cause for concern.

However, more drastic delays in walking or troubles with walking may indicate an underlying issue with the kitten’s muscles, joints, or nervous system. According to Dr. Alex Schechter, DVM and founder of Burwood Veterinary, common causes of walking delays or issues include injuries, infections, neurological disorders, and developmental abnormalities. 

Dr. Schechter says you should contact a veterinarian if the kitten is:

• Significantly behind in walking milestones (i.e., not attempting to walk by 4 weeks old or still stumbling excessively at 6 to 8 weeks old) 
• Showing signs of pain, weakness, or unusual gait while walking
• Experiencing walking difficulties that persist or worsen

A veterinarian can perform a thorough exam and diagnostic testing to determine the cause of your kitten’s walking troubles. If necessary, they can also make treatment recommendations to address your kitten’s difficulties.

How Can Pet Parents Support a Kitten’s Walking Development? 

As kittens learn to walk, it’s important for caregivers and pet parents to create an environment that encourages and supports their development, without interfering with their natural progress. Here are some ways to help your kitten(s) foster their walking ability.

Ensure the kitten has enough space

Limited space or an overly crowded living area may hinder a kitten’s ability to explore and practice walking. Ensuring that kittens have a safe, clean, and spacious environment free from potential hazards can encourage proper growth and development.

Introduce age-appropriate toys

Toys that encourage movement and play can help kittens develop their motor skills and coordination. Good options are feather wands or a small ball toy. 

Practice walking on different surfaces

Expose kittens to various textures and surfaces, such as carpet, tile, or wood. This can help improve their coordination and adaptability.

Engage in social play

If possible, allow kittens to play with each other, as this can help them develop their motor skills and learn essential social behaviors.

Monitor interactions with other pets

If you have other pets at home, supervise their interactions to ensure the kitten doesn’t get overwhelmed or injured.

Feed a kitten-appropriate diet

Proper nutrition is essential for a kitten’s growth and development. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to weakened muscles, making it difficult for kittens to walk. Work with your veterinarian  to ensure that your kitten is receiving a high-quality, balanced, and age-appropriate diet to promote healthy growth and development.

Nurturing Your Kitten’s Growth and Development

Understanding the timeline of kitten development and knowing when to expect them to start walking is essential for caregivers. Always monitor a kitten’s overall health and development, and if you have any concerns or notice any unusual symptoms, consult your veterinarian for professional guidance.

By being patient and attentive, and providing the appropriate care, you can help a new kitten flourish as they embark on their journey to becoming a confident and healthy adult cat.

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But do dogs love us back? And if so, how do dogs show affection? Many experts think that dogs do love their human companions, and that they will display various behaviors and body language signs when feeling affectionate toward you. 

Read on for a more in-depth look at if dogs can feel love, as well as how they show it. 

Do Dogs Feel Love?

Before we delve into some of the ways dogs show affection, let’s examine this crucial question: do dogs love their owners? 

“There is consensus that dogs and many other animals feel basic emotions like fear, sadness, and joy,” says Dr. Luciana Assis, an animal behavior expert at the University of Lincoln in the U.K. “But complex emotions like love are still being questioned. There are some who believe [that dogs feel love] and some that don’t believe.”

What science does clearly show is that dogs form strong bonds with their human companions, comparable to the bonds mothers form with their babies. [2] Research has also illustrated that dogs experience a surge in oxytocin — often called the love hormone — when socializing with their favorite humans. [3] Humans, too, will get a rise in oxytocin during these interactions, creating a kind of positive loop of affection between humans and dogs. [4]

“If this is not love, then what is love?” asks Dr. Assis.

Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with The Vets, a mobile veterinary service in Austin, Texas, says she believes dogs are capable of experiencing many emotions, including love, but that the “depth and expression of emotions can vary between individual dogs.”

“Some [dogs] may be more demonstrative of their love and attachment than others,” says Dr. Savageau. “Additionally, the quality of the bond between a dog and its owner is influenced by the care, attention, and positive interactions they receive throughout their lives.”

How Do Dogs Show Affection? 9 Surefire Signs

What are the signs that your dog loves you? A dog might do many different things, and some signs are more obvious than others. Here’s what you should look out for, according to Dr. Savageau.

Tail-wagging

Dogs don’t just wag their tails out of excitement — they may also be showing affection. A tail-wagging dog might jump up and down or spin in circles. Or they might display a loose and relaxed wag with a wide range of motion, according to Dr. Savageau. 

“The entire back end of the dog may wag along with the tail, indicating their excitement and joy in seeing you,” she says.

However, it’s important to note that a wagging tail doesn’t always demonstrate affection. Dogs can wag their tail in a variety of circumstances, so be sure to pay attention to the big picture when a strange dog begins wagging their tail during an interaction. A low, relaxed tail wag can have a very different meaning than a tense, alert tail wag, depending on the individual dog and the context. 

Physical closeness

A dog who loves you wants to get as close as possible to you. For instance, your dog might cuddle up to you, follow you around the house, or even lean their body against you. 

“This desire for close physical proximity is a clear sign of their affection and bonding,” says Dr. Savageau. 

Eye contact

Your dog might stare at you for many different reasons. But if you catch your dog looking at you with a “soft gaze,” this could be a sign of their affection and trust, says Dr. Savageau. She adds that dilated pupils and a relaxed expression indicate a positive emotional state. 

Research has also shown that when dogs and humans lovingly gaze at each other, both will experience a rush of oxytocin. [4]

Licking and nuzzling

Do dogs lick to show affection? Yes, they do, says Dr. Savageau. 

“If your dog licks your face, hands, or other body parts gently and in a relaxed manner, it’s a way of showing their love and care,” she says. “Nuzzling or gently nudging you can also be a sign of their affectionate behavior.”

“They may also offer ‘doggy kisses’ or groom their owners, mimicking behaviors they would typically show within their canine social group,” she adds.

Relaxed body language

Relaxed body language is another way dogs show affection, albeit a less obvious one. 

“This includes a loose body posture, relaxed facial expressions, ears held back (in breeds with floppy ears), and a gentle wag of the tail,” says Dr. Savageau. “They may also exhibit a ‘happy pant’ with a relaxed mouth.”

Exposing their bellies

When dogs roll over and show their bellies, they make themselves completely vulnerable with you. This is (you guessed it!) another sign of affection. 

“It’s a way for them to invite gentle belly rubs or show their submission and affection,” says Dr. Savageau. 

Slow blinking

It’s well known that cats will slowly blink at you to show their trust and affection — but what about dogs? Dr. Savageau says some dogs may also display slow blinks to show love, opening and closing their eyes in a relaxed manner. 

“This behavior is a sign of trust and contentment,” she explains. “By slow blinking, they are showing that they feel safe and comfortable in your presence.”

Bringing you “gifts”

If your dog presents you with a toy or another object, this might be their way of saying “I love you.”

“It’s their way of offering something they value to you and is often a behavior that stems from their desire to please and make you happy,” says Dr. Savageau.

Separation anxiety

A dog experiencing separation anxiety might whine, pace, refuse food or even try to escape when they’re not with their favorite human. While this behavior is not ideal for you or your dog, it’s another surefire sign that your dog loves you. 

“This behavior reflects their emotional connection and reliance on their owners for security and comfort,” says Dr. Savageau.

If your dog does exhibit separation anxiety, speak to a veterinarian or behavioral specialist to look for ways to solve it.

How to Show Your Dog Affection Back

We know dogs show affection to us. But then there’s the question of how to show your dog affection. 

Most pet parents do this intuitively just by spending time with their dogs. But if you want to be sure that your dog feels your love, you should try “stroking, cuddling, looking in their eyes and talking to them in a very loving way,” says Dr. Assis.

Dr. Savageau also says you can show affection toward your dog by keeping them mentally stimulated and providing a safe and comfortable environment. 

“We should try to understand our dog’s behavior and how our dog communicates to us,” adds Dr. Assis. “We should also understand that although our dogs are our ‘fur babies,’ they are another species, and we should respect that.”

“Remember that each dog is unique, so it’s essential to observe and understand your dog’s individual preferences and needs,” says Dr. Savageau. “The key is to provide consistent love, attention, and care in ways that resonate with your dog’s personality and strengthen your special bond.”

References

1. Levin, J., Arluke, A., & Irvine, L. (2017). “Are People More Disturbed by Dog or Human Suffering? Influence of Victim’s Species and Age.” Society & Animals, 25(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341440
2. Karl, S., Boch, M., Zamansky, A. et al. “Exploring the dog–human relationship by combining fMRI, eye-tracking and behavioural measures.” Sci Rep 10, 22273 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79247-5
3. Kis A, Bence M, Lakatos G, Pergel E, Turcsán B, Pluijmakers J, Vas J, Elek Z, Brúder I, Földi L, Sasvári-Székely M, Miklósi A, Rónai Z, Kubinyi E. “Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with human directed social behavior in dogs (Canis familiaris).” PLoS One. 2014 Jan 15;9(1):e83993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083993. PMID: 24454713; PMCID: PMC3893090.
4. Miho Nagasawa et al., “Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds.” Science 348,333-336(2015). DOI:10.1126/science.1261022 

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While all dogs need exercise and enrichment to thrive, some low energy dog breeds are content with a short walk around the block, followed by a puzzle feeder (plus lots of quality snuggle time).

It’s important to consider energy levels when adopting a dog, according to Amanda Farah, National Training and Behavior Coordinator at Best Friends Animal Society.

“While energy levels vary throughout an individual dog’s life, or even among members of the same breed types, it’s a good idea to try to pick a dog who has the best chance of fitting into their new family’s lifestyle,” she explains. 

10 Dog Breeds With Low Energy

Looking to adopt a dog that’s more of a couch potato than a dock-diving, ball-catching, endurance racer? Here are 10 of the best lower energy dog breeds.

Basset Hound

With their short legs and stout bodies, it’s no surprise that Basset Hounds aren’t natural athletes. This low energy dog breed will happily amble along on a short walk or sniff around the backyard, but their preferred activities include napping in soft beds, drooling, and howling. This breed also makes a great companion for children. 

Bolognese

Named for the region of Bologna in Italy where the breed was developed, “Bolos” are equally gorgeous and gregarious. This dog is the epitome of a low energy breed that wants nothing more than a few short trips outside to take care of business, then a lot of time to lounge.

Their low-shedding coats also make Bolognese popular, though the coat does take regular upkeep, including professional grooming appointments, to help these fluffy white pooches maintain their good looks.

Mastiff

“Massive” is the best word to describe a Mastiff. Weighing in at 150 pounds, it’s one of the biggest low energy large dog breeds. Mastiffs were prized guard dogs during the Roman Empire and continue to retain their role as prized protectors with big barks.

“While Mastiffs’ exercise requirements aren’t great, their sheer space needs are,” says Farah. “No, you don’t need a huge house and yard, but your home will need wide open spaces for them to move around. Consistent socialization and training from the very start is critically important when your dog might overweigh you before their first birthday.”

When a Mastiff shakes their head, the thick folds of skin around their head and neck flap and drool flies, but it’s a small price to pay for their sweet, slobbery affection.

French Bulldog

Looking for a lower energy dog breed with European heritage? Say “bonjour” to the French Bulldog.

Frenchies are adaptable, affectionate, and even-tempered. Their thick body and short legs mean that they prefer short walks and aren’t usually great swimmers, but their social nature makes them well-suited to tagging along for brunch on a patio or a picnic in the park. 

Great Pyrenees

Although Great Pyrenees love having room to roam and have been invaluable as herding dogs and livestock guardians since 1800 B.C., they make a calm companion.

But don’t mistake this large breed’s laid-back nature for laziness. While Great Pyrenees need exercise and lots of mental stimulation, they will happily settle in for a night of British crime dramas after a good walk or romp in the park. 

Pekingese

Once the pampered lap dogs of Chinese nobles, Pekingese have retained their regal bearing and place as spoiled companions, but these 14-pound pooches are more than just cuddle companions.

“Pekinese are both highly intelligent and not very trainable — not as unusual a combination as you may think, and sometimes very frustrating,” says Farah. “Using exclusively positive reinforcement training methods can help overcome that independent streak and convince a Peke that we have lessons worth learning.”

Pekingese are smart and confident, and despite their small size, they make good watch dogs. These dogs won’t patrol the perimeter, though; they are much happier watching for strangers while seated comfortably on the couch.

Great Dane

When it comes to low energy large dog breeds, Great Danes are head and shoulders above other breeds. The gentle giants are known for being calm, affectionate, playful, and protective in equal measure.

Invite Great Danes on outdoor adventures and watch them charm their admirers, show off a few tricks, and then go home and chill out with a food puzzle.

Havanese

It’s not just their diminutive size and long, silken coat that makes Havanese popular. Native to Cuba, they are also known for being outgoing and adaptable companions that are happiest when they are the center of attention. They also happen to be one of the low energy small dog breeds out there.

Don’t be afraid to grab the leash and take your Havanese out on the town, but remember: they might need to be carried if the route is too long. And be prepared to regularly groom their long coats so they look their best when out and about.

Pug

Their rotund bodies, round heads, wrinkled skin, and bulging eyes make Pugs among the most recognizable dog breeds. These cute, curious dogs are also among the best low energy dog breeds.

“Pugs are charming and generally very social dogs with stable temperaments,” Farah says. “They’ve remained very popular despite a myriad of health issues, and that might be because meeting a Pug is often like having an instant friend.”

It’s essential to provide Pugs with regular exercise — even short bursts of activity — to keep them from becoming overweight and suffering from health issues. Just remember that Pugs are also prone to overheating, so try to avoid hotter temperatures, if possible.

Shih Tzu

Hailed as affectionate, outgoing and adaptable, the Shih Tzu was developed in Tibet and was once a fixture in palaces throughout Asia and England. Now, these low energy dogs are equally beloved in cities and rural areas where their adorable appearances always turn heads. 

Since they were bred to provide companionship to kings and queens, Shih Tzus expect the royal treatment at home. After a short walk, invite them onto your lap and brush their silken coats while telling them how pretty they are.

Low Energy Doesn’t Mean No Exercise

According to Farah, it’s a misconception that low energy dog breeds don’t require any exercise.

“Generally when we talk about ‘low energy breeds,’ we mean dogs who, relative to other dog breeds, require less daily physical exercise,” she says. “There is no dog breed that, when young and healthy, requires no exercise at all, [and] all dogs should be provided with the opportunity to explore the environment, take sniff walks at their own pace, and engage in mentally stimulating games and activities every day.”

Some low energy dog breeds are content with a walk around the block every morning, while others prefer interactive games like fetch or low-impact activities like swimming. Then there are those that like lots of mental stimulation from puzzle toys to challenge their minds. Whatever category they fall into, let your dog take the lead when it comes to the best exercise options, and be sure to watch for signs that they’ve had enough.

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What is Saddle Thrombus?

Saddle thrombus is also known as fatal aortic thromboembolism. That’s quite a mouthful, so let’s define some terms first:

• Thrombus. A thrombus is a large blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and gets stuck. 
• Embolism. An embolism is a small clot that breaks off from the thrombus, travels through the bloodstream, then gets lodged in another blood vessel elsewhere in the body.

With saddle thrombus, the thrombus forms in the left atrium (upper left chamber of the heart). The embolism that breaks off exits the heart through the aorta and eventually gets stuck at the base of the aorta. In some cases, the entire thrombus moves through the aorta.

The base of the aorta is located near the rear limbs, where it splits into the major arteries that supply the hind limbs and tail. This area looks like an upside-down ‘V,’ hence the name “saddle.”

The saddle thrombus causes inflammation where it gets stuck, decreasing circulation to the legs and setting off a sudden cascade of symptoms.

More common in cats than dogs, saddle thrombus is most seen in male adult cats aged 8 to 12 years. [1] The cat breeds at the highest risk of saddle thrombus include Abyssinians, Birmans, and Ragdolls. [1]

Causes of Saddle Thrombus in Cats

The most common cause of saddle thrombus in cats is heart disease, namely hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is an inward enlargement of the heart muscles, which causes the heart to pump poorly and increases the risk of thrombus formation.

Nearly 90 percent of cats with saddle thrombus have heart disease. [2] However, somewhat confusingly, many cats with heart disease never develop saddle thrombus. Currently, there is no way to predict whether a cat with heart disease will develop the condition.

Less common causes of saddle thrombus cats are cancer and sepsis (bacterial infection in the blood). For some cats, the cause of saddle thrombus remains unknown.

Signs of Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Saddle thrombus occurs suddenly; a cat may be fine one second and in excruciating pain the very next second.

Because it comes on without warning, detecting early signs of saddle thrombus in cats is nearly impossible. Here are the symptoms to look for:

• Loud vocalization
• Rear paw pads are blue
• Rear legs and paw pads feel cold
• Hyperventilation (rapid breathing)
• Paralysis and lameness in one or both rear limbs
• Behavioral changes (aggression, anxiety, frenzy)
• Vomiting

Saddle thrombus may be the first sign of heart disease in cats.

Diagnosing Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Saddle thrombus is a medical emergency, so a diagnosis must be made quickly and accurately to give a cat the best chance of survival.

A veterinarian will typically use the presence of telltale symptoms of saddle thrombus, particularly sudden rear limb paralysis, to diagnose the condition. They will also perform a physical exam and potentially conduct other testing to support the diagnosis.

During the physical exam, the veterinarian will search for a pulse in the rear limbs and determine if they feel cooler than the front limbs. No pulse in the rear limbs and cool-feeling rear limbs are key clues for saddle thrombus.

The veterinarian will listen closely to the heart for abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, that may indicate heart disease. They may also perform imaging tests like chest X-rays and an echocardiogram (heart ultrasound), which could demonstrate heart disease.

Blood work, which assesses a cat’s overall health, may be done as well. On the blood work, the veterinarian will look for indications of kidney disease, heart failure, and poor circulation.

Cats with saddle thrombus often need to be stabilized before all the diagnostic testing can be performed. 

Treatment for Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Cats with saddle thrombus must be hospitalized for treatment for at least several days. 

The main treatment goals are:

• Controlling pain
• Managing underlying heart disease
• Improving blood flow through the heart
• Reperfusion (restoring circulation) of the rear limbs

Pain medications are used to control pain, while other medications are given to improve heart function and blood flow.

Blood thinners are administered to prevent both the formation of future clots and the saddle thrombus from getting bigger. Sometimes, the blood clot will resorb on its own.

Intravenous fluid therapy helps improve and restore circulation but can lead to fluid overload in cats with heart disease because their hearts are not pumping well and they have poor circulation.

While it is one of the goals when treating saddle thrombus, reperfusion of the rear limbs is risky. When the saddle thrombus initially cuts off circulation to the rear limbs, cells die and release potassium. Reperfusion can cause a massive rush of potassium to the heart, which can be fatal because too much potassium in the blood can stop the heart.

In addition to these treatments, cats may be given supplemental oxygen and encouraged to eat. Cats that do not eat for several days are at high risk for fatal hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease).

For cats that survive treatment (many don’t), physical therapy helps them regain movement in their rear limbs after blood flow has been restored. Physical therapy could take anywhere from several days to several weeks.

After returning home from saddle thrombus treatment, cats require frequent monitoring, lifelong anti-clotting medication, and heart disease management.

Unfortunately, saddle thrombus treatment for cats is often difficult and unrewarding. 

Prognosis

The prognosis for feline saddle thrombus is usually very poor, with about half of affected cats not surviving treatment. [2]

Frequently, cats who survive saddle thrombus have permanent nervous system damage. Only about 20 percent of cats survive more than one year after their saddle thrombus. [3]

Euthanasia is often selected over treatment for several reasons:

• Extreme pain and discomfort
• Likelihood of saddle thrombus recurrence
• Long-term management of underlying heart disease

How to Prevent Saddle Thrombus in Cats

The best way to prevent saddle thrombus is to detect and start managing heart disease early.

A consultation with a veterinary cardiologist is the ideal way to diagnose heart disease. However, these consults are very expensive and may not be readily available, depending on where you live. Regular wellness exams can help your veterinarian detect heart disease early and begin your cat on a heart disease management plan.

References

1. Aherne, M. Dec. 23, 2020. Feline Arterial Thromboembolism. Today’s Veterinary Practice. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/cardiology/feline-arterial-thromboembolism/
2. Brooks, W. Feb. 27, 2012. Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE or Saddle Thrombus). Veterinary Partner. Retrieved from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102903&id=5307199
3. Borgeat, K et al. “Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012.” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine vol. 28,1 (2014): 102-8.

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Read on to learn the most common causes of runny noses in cats, how to treat your cat’s runny nose, when your cat should see the veterinarian, and how you can prevent your cat from developing a runny nose. 

What Does a Cat Runny Nose Look Like?

A runny nose in cats is fairly easy to spot. Usually, these cats will have clear discharge from one or both nostrils. Depending on the cause, the discharge can also be green or yellow, and less commonly, it can have a red tinge. 

Cats with a runny nose will often also be sneezing and may have audible nasal congestion, meaning that you can hear them breathing. Some cats may also experience discharge from their eyes at the same time, resulting in squinting, and others may have nasal swelling.

Since cats rely heavily on their sense of smell in order to taste, some cats with a heavily runny nose may have a loss of appetite. If the nasal discharge has been ongoing, this can result in weight loss of affected cats. 

My Cat Has a Runny Nose: 8 Common Causes

There are many causes of runny noses in cats. Usually, these are self-limiting, meaning they will resolve without treatment, but some causes of cat runny noses are more severe.

The most common causes of nasal discharge in cats include:

Upper Respiratory Infections

Upper respiratory infections, deemed URIs for short, are most often caused by feline viruses. Occasionally, URIs can be caused by bacterial infections, and some cats may even develop a secondary opportunistic bacterial infection due to their initial viral infection. Much less commonly, URIs are the result of a fungal infection. The most common viruses resulting in feline URIs are feline herpesvirus type-1 and feline calicivirus. These are common in cats adopted from a shelter setting or other crowded conditions where viruses are easily spread. 

Allergies

Just like humans can be left sniffling and sneezing after exposure to allergens, so can our feline friends. The most common cat allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold, perfumes, scented candles, kitty litter, and even animal dander. 

Dental Disease

The roots of the premolars and molars in cats are closely positioned to their sinuses and nasal cavity. Therefore, severely diseased teeth can result in inflammation and irritation to the nasal cavity followed by nasal discharge. Some cats can even develop painful draining tracts between the oral and nasal cavity if the dental disease is bad enough. 

Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are benign growths of tissue that develop within the nasal passage of cats. These growths occlude the nasal cavity and result in a runny nose and loud stertorous breathing. Many times, these cats can be misdiagnosed for having a URI which doesn’t respond to treatment. 

Foreign Bodies

Curious cats can occasionally wind up with something lodged in their nasal cavity that shouldn’t be there. Grass awns, pieces of food, small sticks/twigs, etc. can all accidentally make their way up a cat’s nostril. Cats lack the ability to remove these objects themselves, and the result is an irritated and inflamed nasal cavity and subsequent nasal discharge. 

Nasal Tumors

Cancerous growths can occur in and around the nasal cavity. These growths distort the nasal passages and/or surrounding structures and the first sign is typically nasal discharge from one or both nostrils, depending on the location of the lesion. 

Toxic Irritants

When a cat inhales something that can irritate the nasal passage, like toxins, the result is inflammation and a secondary runny nose. Common toxic irritants that result in a runny nose are household cleaners, certain house plants, and secondhand cigarette smoke.

Trauma

Any damage to a cat’s face and/or nose can result in nasal discharge. Facial trauma is seen in cats mostly after a fall, a tussle with another animal, or having their face shut in a door accidentally. However, any physical accident involving the head can result in secondary nasal discharge in addition to other symptoms like limping. 

Treating a Cat’s Runny Nose

Treatment of a cat’s runny nose depends on the cause. In very mild cases of nasal discharge when cats are acting like themselves otherwise (still eating, drinking, and playing normally), treatment usually isn’t necessary. 

However, medical intervention is recommended when nasal discharge is colored as opposed to clear; is accompanied by lethargy, anorexia, facial swelling, or weight loss; or the affected cat is pawing at their face, medical intervention is recommended.

Your veterinarian will likely initiate treatment based on a thorough history and physical exam. In some cases, especially those in which the discharge is only on one side or facial swelling is noted, your veterinarian may need radiographs (X-rays) to help determine the cause. Bloodwork may also be necessary to help guide your cat’s therapy.

Based on the underlying cause, your veterinarian will prescribe antivirals, antibiotics, and/or antifungal medications to help your cat’s stuffy nose. Many cats will benefit from anti-inflammatory therapy to help relieve the inflammation in the nasal cavity, and if allergies are suspected, your cat will be started on antihistamines. 

If your cat has dental disease, a thorough dental cleaning and extraction of the affected teeth is necessary. In the case of nasal polyps or foreign bodies, these can usually be removed under anesthesia in your veterinarian’s office. Nasal tumors will typically require a referral to a veterinary oncologist for treatment with surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. 

Cat Runny Nose Home Remedies

In addition to medications, cat parents can take steps at home to help alleviate their cat’s runny nose. 

Use a humidifier. Humidifiers help dilate the airways and relieve nasal congestion. Be sure to use purified water and do not add essential oils. Creating a steam room in the bathroom by closing the door and running a hot shower can have the same effect. Both of these techniques should be used with supervision. 

Wipe away mucus. Gently clearing away any dried mucus around the nasal passages can help cats breathe. 

Try a saline solution. For cats who will tolerate saline drops, these can be purchased over the counter and used to help flush out excess mucus. 

Please note that any home remedies for stuffy cat noses are not a replacement for veterinary care, and should only be used for mild cases in otherwise healthy cats, or if otherwise approved by your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Runny Noses in Cats

Preventing a runny nose in cats isn’t always possible. However, there are steps cat parents can take to help keep their cats disease free.

Keeping your cat up to date on their vaccinations will help reduce the chance they will develop certain viral diseases like feline herpesvirus or calicivirus. Cats which are kept indoors are less likely to encounter sick animals and therefore are less likely to be exposed to contagious diseases. These cats are also less likely to experience trauma or develop foreign bodies in their nasal cavity. 

Regularly cleaning your household to remove allergens from your cat’s environment, being mindful of any toxic substances you keep in the home, and never smoking cigarettes indoors around your cat are all additional simple ways to help prevent your cat from developing a runny nose.

Lastly, regular veterinary examinations and dental cleanings are helpful to prevent dental disease, or any other illness for that matter, which may leave your cat with a runny nose. 

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So why is it so critical that cats lose weight? And how can it be done? Here is everything you need to know about cat obesity.

What Is Obesity in Cats?

Obesity is defined as a cat who weighs 20 percent or more than they should. So a cat who should weigh 10 pounds would weigh 12 pounds or more if obese. While 2 extra pounds does not sound like much, it’s a lot for a cat! Cats who are overweight are 10-19 percent above their ideal weight. So if the same cat were overweight, they would weigh 11-11.9 pounds instead of 10 pounds.

Each cat is an individual, and their ideal weight will vary based on body size. Cats vary in ideal weight even within specific breeds. The way veterinarians and pet parents can tell if their cat is overweight is based on a body condition scale. This scale involves looking at a cat’s silhouette or body shape and feeling for their ribs and any large areas of fat. 

A cat who is at an ideal body weight has an hourglass figure with a natural narrowing of the waist just behind the rib cage seen by looking from the side or above. Their ribs would be easy to feel but not easy to see. Fat would be present on different areas of the body, but they would have no obvious large pads of fat, such as hanging down from the belly.

Causes of Obesity in Cats

In general, obesity can occur when a cat takes in too many calories over the amount of energy (calories) that they use. The risk of obesity can be further increased due to lifestyle and genetic differences in your cat’s metabolism, or the breakdown of energy in your cat’s body. Specific cat breeds have not reliably been shown to be more prone to obesity than mixed breed cats.

Other factors that play a role in cat obesity include:

• Age. Middle-aged cats (5-10 years old) and male cats are more likely to be obese.
• Spay/neuter status. Spaying or neutering cats removes many sex hormones, which can lead to a decrease in metabolism, increase in food intake, and decrease in activity.
• Feeding patterns. Free or frequent feeding or feeding primarily dry cat food can contribute to obesity.
• Lack of sufficient enrichment. Studies show that cats without access to the outdoors are more likely to be obese. Not all indoor cats are obese, however, and enrichment that promotes regular exercise is crucial.
• Metabolic disease. Metabolic disease such as acromegaly or insulin resistance can lead to weight gain in cats.
• Pet parent perception. Cat parents may view obese cats as having better quality of life, and they support their cat’s weight gain with excess food or treats.

Obese Cat Health Risks: 7 to Consider

There are several risks for your cat if they are obese, including:

Heart disease

Obesity may lead to heart disease, such as negatively affecting the ability of the heart to pump blood to the body. Weight loss has been shown to improve heart disease, such as decreasing the thickening of the left side of the heart [2]. 

Respiratory disease

Obesity decreases the ability of the lungs to inflate to their full size. Obesity also predisposes cats to tracheal collapse, which is when the windpipe collapses and causes difficulties breathing.

Insulin resistance

Obese cat patients have an increased amount of inflammatory proteins in the body due to an excess amount of fat. These inflammatory proteins cause cells in the body to resist insulin and its effects. While your cat is able to make insulin, their cells do not respond to it and cannot remove glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream. This can lead to high blood sugar over a long period of time, and eventually diabetes mellitus.

Musculoskeletal conditions

The increase in inflammatory proteins in the body contributes to inflammation of joints, leading to painful arthritis in cats. Arthritis can be worsened by having too much body weight to be supported by the joints. Obesity predisposes to cruciate ligament (aka ACL) tears, intervertebral disk disease (inflammation of the disks in between bones of the spine), and hip dysplasia (hip socket is inflamed and not aligned).

Urinary conditions

Inflammation in the kidneys and stones in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra are more likely in obese cats. Urinary tract infections can occur more frequently in female cats. This is because folds in the skin can cause urine to flow out and over a lot of skin around the vulva.

Gastrointestinal tract conditions

Compared to cats with a normal weight, the species of bacteria in the gut changes significantly in obese cats. In addition, liver disease and pancreatic disease (pancreatitis) can occur.

Shorter lifespan

Studies show that obese cats live shorter lives than cats of ideal weight. Obese cats are 30 percent less likely to make it to 12 years of age [3].

Obese Cat Symptoms

Cats who are obese gain fat in many areas of the body and they lose that hourglass shape. Their middle area is rounded outward instead of curving in to create a slight waist. Their ribs are not visible but also not easy to feel. Your cat will not only look different, but they may also have the following symptoms, which can be very mild and increase over time:

• Exercise intolerance. Your cat may tire quickly and be less active. Or when becoming active, they suddenly stop being active to sit or lie down and catch their breath.
• Lameness. You may notice a limp on one of your cat’s legs and that they are less likely to jump onto surfaces.
• Changes in breathing. Your cat may breathe faster or increase how much effort is given to breathing.
• Increased appetite
• Increased drinking
• Increased urination
• Skin changes. Cats who are obese cannot groom certain parts of their body well, so fur may be greasy or unkempt. An obese cat’s skin is often flaky with white flecks of skin or dandruff.

Diagnosing Cat Obesity

Veterinarians diagnose obesity by evaluating your cat’s body condition score. Evaluating past history for any weight gain or significant changes in health is useful in determining body condition score as well. 

Obese Cat Weight Loss Solutions 

There are multiple ways to help your cat lose weight. What every pet parent should know is that cats can lose weight too fast. Speaking with your veterinarian is essential to ensure that cat weight loss is safe. Veterinarians can calculate the amount of calories your cat should eat to lose weight at a healthy pace. A healthy goal is to lose 1 percent of body weight per week. For a 12-pound cat, this equates to 0.12 pounds or about 1/10 of a pound.

The two main strategies for cat weight loss include:

Diet

Feeding your feline cat food that is specially designed to promote weight loss is the best strategy for an obese or overweight cat. There are many different options to choose from, so always consult with your veterinarian before switching to a weight management formula.

Every cat is different in how they feel satiety, or full after eating. Some cats feel satiated with high-fiber diets while others need canned food due to its higher water content, which provides more volume of food for the same number of calories. Satiety is key to allowing your cat to lose weight without constantly begging for more food.

To ensure your cat is losing weight safely, ask your veterinarian for guidance. Depending on your cat’s weight, overall health, and how much they need to lose, your vet might recommend a prescription formula, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Cat Food, or a non-prescription formula, such as Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Cat Food.  

Discover more veterinarian-recommended weight management cat foods, along with the pros and cons of each formula, here. 

Physical Activity

Increasing your cat’s activity level is another solid strategy for helping them attain a healthy weight. However, just like most people, you may find some cats easier to motivate than others. So you may need to get creative with some proven exercise ideas for cat weight loss.   

To encourage more activity naturally, try to find toys or diversions that stimulate your cat’s playful (or predatory) side, such as a climbing tree or teaser wand. If your cat is food-motivated, a puzzle feeder may be a good option.

Just keep in mind that increased activity, while great for weight loss, may put extra strain on your overweight cat’s joints. Ask your veterinarian if your overweight or obese cat could benefit from joint supplements containing chondroitin and glucosamine, such as Dasuquin Advanced or Cosequin, to maintain joint health while losing weight.

How to Prevent Cat Obesity

There are many ways to help prevent cat obesity. These include:

• Avoid free feeding of food
• Decrease total amount fed after spay or neuter
• Limit cat treats to 2-3 per day, each approximately ¼-1/2 tsp in size
• Provide enrichment and opportunity for exercise
• Monitor your cat’s figure, and if it changes, seek veterinary advice on how to adjust diet and exercise

References

1. Chiang, Chih-Fan et al. “Prevalence, risk factors, and disease associations of overweight and obesity in cats that visited the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis from January 2006 to December 2015.” Topics in companion animal medicine vol. 47 (2022): 100620. doi:10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100620
2. Partington, C et al. “The effect of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiac structure and function in dogs.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 351. 20 Sep. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03449-4
3. Scarlett, J M, and S Donoghue. “Associations between body condition and disease in cats.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 212,11 (1998): 1725-31.

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However, cats can quickly become seriously ill and will need immediate veterinary care when their liver fails. That’s why it’s important to recognize the symptoms of cat liver failure. This will help you know what to do if your cat’s liver stops working.

Liver Failure Vs. Liver Disease in Cats

First, let’s explain the difference between liver failure and liver disease. 

Liver Disease

Liver disease in cats occurs when an insult to the liver, such as an infection, reduces its ability to function. Cats with liver disease can still function reasonably well because the liver can regenerate itself and continue carrying out most of its functions even when diseased.

Liver Failure

Liver failure occurs when at least 70 percent of the liver’s function is lost, indicating that the liver can withstand quite a bit of injury before liver failure sets in. This massive loss of function can happen suddenly, and a cat will look visibly ill when their liver starts failing.

Without prompt and aggressive treatment, a cat with liver failure is unlikely to survive. 

15 Cat Liver Failure Symptoms

The liver performs many essential functions that affect the entire body. Therefore, liver failure symptoms in cats occur throughout the body.

Since it’s easiest to think of liver failure symptoms according to the body system, that’s how we’ve broken them down.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

The liver performs many digestive functions like converting glucose to energy, producing and releasing bile to help digest food, and storing fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). With liver failure, a cat will experience various digestive issues:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Bloody poop
• Decreased or complete loss of appetite

Nervous System Symptoms

When the liver fails, a brain condition called hepatic encephalopathy develops because the liver can no longer rid the body of ammonia. This brain disease causes brain tissue to break down, leading to numerous nervous system symptoms:

• Tremors
• Staggering
• Depression
• Altered mental status
• Head pressing against a wall

Urinary Tract (Kidney) Symptoms

The liver plays a significant role in filtering out toxins. When failing, the liver cannot carry out this role. Toxins accumulate in the blood, resulting in more work for the kidneys to filter these toxins and rid the body of them through urine. This extra work eventually damages the kidneys, causing the symptoms listed below:

• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Increased urination

Hepatobiliary

“Hepatobiliary” is a fancy term for the combination of the liver and gallbladder. When the liver fails, certain symptoms indicate a loss of function of the of these two organs:

• Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucus membranes; one of the telltale signs of liver disease and liver failure)

Immune/Lymphatic/Hemic Symptoms

The liver plays an essential role in immune health and clotting ability. Liver failure causes delayed clotting.

What to Do If You Notice Symptoms of Liver Failure in Cats

If you notice any of the symptoms listed above, especially if they appeared suddenly, take your cat to your veterinarian as soon as possible.

It’s also important to understand that some of the symptoms, like vomiting and appetite loss, are not specific to liver failure. Your veterinarian will perform various diagnostic tests to definitively diagnose liver failure in your cat. Just be aware that diagnosing liver failure can be extensive and expensive.

First, your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam and ask you for a detailed history of the problem. They will ask you questions like these:

• What is your cat’s current diet?
• Has your cat recently ingested any poisons?
• What medications does your cat currently take?
• What symptoms have you noticed, and when did they start?

Your veterinarian will assess your cat’s body systems during the physical exam. As previously mentioned, the presence of jaundice in cats is a clear sign that something is wrong with the liver.

Your veterinarian will then perform various diagnostic tests to diagnose liver failure, including:

• Urinalysis
• Abdominal X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound
• Basic bloodwork: complete blood count, biochemical profile
• Specialized bloodwork, including clotting tests and bile acid measurements
• Exploratory surgery to visualize the liver and take a biopsy

Treatment for Cats with Liver Failure

Quick intervention is necessary for cats with liver failure to give them the best chance of survival and recovery. Your veterinarian will use the results of the physical exam and diagnostic tests to develop the best treatment plan for your cat. 

Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause and is geared toward relieving symptoms:

• Antibiotic therapy
• Oxygen supplementation
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Anti-nausea medications
• Medications to regulate blood clotting
• Hepatoprotectants to protect the liver
• Nutritional support with a feeding tube
• Diuretics to flush out excess fluid and prevent brain swelling

Cats with liver failure must be hospitalized for treatment and are monitored frequently. Restricted activity is necessary for the liver to regenerate and regain function.

Prognosis for Cats with Liver Failure

Without treatment, the majority of cats with liver failure will not survive. However, receiving treatment does not guarantee survival. The prognosis for a cat with liver failure also depends on the underlying cause and how much of the liver has been damaged before treatment begins.

Cats that survive the first few days of treatment typically have a good chance of recovery, with full recovery taking approximately three to six weeks. Early treatment and intervention greatly improve the chances of recovery.

The post 15 Cat Liver Failure Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you will learn why a dog’s back legs might begin giving out, and if that happens, what you can do to help your dog regain strength and stability, or at least stay as comfortable and pain-free as possible.

Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out: What It Looks Like

What does a dog’s back legs giving out look like? An obvious manifestation of this is when a dog is dragging their hindlimbs. Other signs a dog’s back legs are giving out include:

• Difficulty getting up (uses front legs to pull self up)
• Shaking back legs
• Stiff back legs
• Falling or tripping
• Wobbly hindlimb gait
• Dragging back toenails
• Avoiding stairs or jumping
• Increased irritability
• Limping
• Bunny hopping hind limbs 

Why Are My Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out? 19 Reasons 

A dog’s back legs give out due to several broad reasons: 

• Lack of strength
• Lack of function (inability to move muscles/bones)
• Instability in the legs
• Pain

More specifically, there are many diseases and conditions that can affect the back legs of a dog. Here’s a partial list, broken down into categories:

Joint Pain/Injury

• Osteoarthritis (OA) in hip, knee, ankle, toe, or spine (causes pain, lack of strength; seen in older dogs)
• Acute injury to muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, etc. anywhere on the back legs (causes pain, lack of function, instability; seen in any age)
• Excessive weight (causes joint pain from osteoarthritis; seen in any age)

Spinal Problems 

• Intervertebral spinal disc disease (causes pain, weakness, lack of function; seen in any age; common in long back breeds)
• Degenerative myelopathy (degenerative condition of the spinal cord; causes loss of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Lumbosacral stenosis (narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal pain; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Wobbler’s syndrome (narrowing of the cervical spinal canal that pinches nerves; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in any age)
• Spinal tumors (cause pain, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)

Neurological Issues

• Neuromuscular disease, like myasthenia gravis (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Seizures (neurological disease; causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Vestibular disease (causes loss of balance due to inner ear or brain problems, instability; seen in older dogs)

Other Conditions

• Heart disease (causes lack of strength; seen in any age)
• Debilitation from advanced age (causes lack of function and strength, pain)
• Exercise-induced collapse (causes lack of strength and collapse after hard exercise; seen mostly in Retrievers, any age)
• Hormonal conditions, including hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, and uncontrolled diabetes (impacts nerves and muscles; causes lack of strength and function; seen in older dogs)

External Factors

• Poisoning or bite/sting from a venomous animal (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Tick paralysis (from bites of infected ticks; causes paralysis, lack of function; seen in any age)
• Botulism (from food poisoning; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)
• Rabies (from a virus; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)

Treatment Options for Leg Weakness in Dogs

As you can see, there are many reasons why a dog’s back legs are weak, and it should make sense that treatment for this really depends on what is causing the problem. For example, you wouldn’t give pain medication to a dog whose legs are giving out as a result of heart disease or botulism because it wouldn’t help.

If you don’t know why your dog’s legs are giving out, you need the assistance of a veterinarian to give you a diagnosis, as treatment will depend on what’s causing the issue in the first place.

Once the cause of your dog’s legs giving out is determined, your veterinarian can walk you through treatment options. Sometimes, the treatment is to cure the underlying cause, which then cures the issue with the back legs. This can occur with several conditions, including:

• Injuries
• Intervertebral disc disease
• Poisoning and envenomation
• Tick paralysis
• Vestibular disease
• Spinal tumors
• Excessive weight

Sometimes the problem can be mitigated by managing the underlying cause, as in chronic hormonal conditions and heart disease that require medication. Other conditions, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative myelopathy, are slowly progressive diseases that cannot be cured. In these cases, the goal is managing pain and maintaining the best quality of life possible.

If your dog’s back legs are giving out because of osteoarthritis in their hips or knees, for example, then there are many options available to you to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of symptoms. 

These options can include:

• Weight loss (If your dog is overweight, it can help improve symptoms of OA in most dogs) [1]
• Anti-inflammatory pain medication
• Muscle relaxants
• Joint supplements that reduce inflammation and promote healthy joints
• Joint fusion surgeries
• Joint injections of anti-inflammatory medication
• Cold laser therapy (photobiomodulation)
• Massage
• Acupuncture
• Monoclonal antibody injection
• Doggie joint braces and wheelchairs

Physical Therapy 

Another important treatment for leg weakness can be low-impact cardio exercise, strength building, and physical therapy. Physical therapists will tell you motion is lotion for your joints — the same is true for dogs! Exercise also preserves and builds muscles, which are important for overall metabolism and support of bones and joints. Working with a veterinarian certified in canine rehabilitation is extremely helpful to learn the most beneficial exercises for your dog.

Conditions like osteoarthritis are best managed with a combination of therapies that veterinarians call “multimodal therapy.” The right combination of treatments varies with each dog, but when you work with a veterinarian, they can guide you on the most effective treatment combination so that your dog feels better faster and you waste less time and money. 

Comfort Measures and How to Help Your Dog Cope

If your dog is suffering from a condition that can only be managed not cured, take heart! There are also a number of easy things you can do at home to help your dog be more comfortable and get around more easily. These include:

• Getting your dog a high-quality orthopedic mattress
• Using non-slip tread on stairs and non-slip rugs or mats on slippery hard floor surfaces
• Using ramps or pet stairs for your dog to climb stairs, into cars, and onto furniture
• Giving your dog a high-quality CBD oil for pain [2]
• Giving your dog high-quality fish oil daily. (Ask your veterinarian for the right dosage)
• Walking your dog twice daily (after managing pain. Remember, motion is lotion!)
• Keeping your dog’s nails trimmed regularly
• Using baby gates to fence off stairs or slippery floors

Related Conditions

• Osteoarthritis
• Intervertebral spinal disc disease
• Degenerative Myelopathy
• Cushing’s Disease
• Obesity
• Heart Disease

References

1. Marshall W, Bockstahler B, Hulse D, Carmichael S. “A review of osteoarthritis and obesity: current understanding of the relationship and benefit of obesity treatment and prevention in the dog.” Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(5):339-45. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-08-08-0069. Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19750285. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750285/ 
2. “Cornell University Study Says Hemp Oil Works For Dogs.” Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine Retrieved from: https://www.ellevetsciences.com/news/cornell-university-study-says-hemp-oil-works-for-dogs-in-pain/

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Can dogs have muscle spasms? Yes, they can. Fortunately, painful muscle spasms do not seem to be very common in dogs. Still, on the off chance your pup suffers a muscle spasm, you’re going to want to know all about them…including what causes them and how you can help your dog cope with muscle spasms. 

What Are Dog Muscle Spasms?

In both humans and dogs, the term “muscle spasm” refers to a spontaneous, uncontrolled contraction of a muscle. 

Muscle contractions are a standard part of everyday life. Without them, your dog could not walk, run, or do almost anything. Usually, your dog is in control of their skeletal muscles, so the muscles work in normal, predictable ways. However, during a muscle spasm, powerful muscle contractions occur outside of your dog’s control.

And, just like the muscle spasms that plague people, muscle spasms in dogs can be very painful. Therefore, it’s worth taking canine muscle spasms seriously, because they can significantly impact your dog’s quality of life. 

Additionally, while muscle spasms themselves are rarely serious or fatal, the underlying conditions that cause them can be.  

What Causes Muscle Spasms in Dogs?

Muscle spasms have two potential causes. In some cases, a nerve fires abnormally, signaling the muscle to contract. In other cases, muscle spasms can be caused by abnormally excitable muscle cells. 

That means any condition that affects the nerves or the muscles can potentially cause muscle spasms. In dogs, that list of conditions includes: 

• Intervertebral disk disease or other diseases affecting the spine 
• Trauma that causes nerve irritation/entrapment
• Nerve tumor
• Neuromuscular disease
• Hypercalcemia 
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Dehydration
• Overexertion 
• Toxins
• Tetanus
• Canine distemper virus 
• Rabies 

Because muscle spasms have many different underlying causes, it’s difficult to predict an individual dog’s risk of experiencing a muscle spasm. Some causes of muscle spasms have an underlying genetic component and tend to affect certain breeds. Intervertebral disk disease, for example, is common in Dachshunds. Other underlying causes, like trauma, infectious diseases, and dehydration/overexertion, are relatively unpredictable and can affect any breed of dog. 

Dog Muscle Spasm Symptoms

Muscle spasms can affect any muscle in your dog’s body. However, they most commonly occur in the neck, legs, and muscles that run along both sides of a dog’s back. So symptoms are often concentrated in one or more of these areas.

Signs of muscle spasms include: 

• Pain
• Limping
• Visible muscle stiffness or trembling
• Reluctance to move the affected body part
• Irritability

It’s important to note that muscle spasms may be short-lived or they may persist for a longer period of time. Some symptoms may be obvious. For instance, if your dog is mid-spasm, you might notice obvious stiffness, pain, and trembling at the site of the muscle spasm.

However, some signs of a muscle spasm can be subtle and may persist long after the spasm has ended. For example, dogs with muscle spasms in their neck may only show a reluctance to eat from their food bowl, because the pain makes it more difficult to lower their heads.

Dog Muscle Spasms vs. Seizures

Pet parents should know that sometimes seizures in dogs can look a lot like muscle spasms. It’s important to know how to differentiate these conditions because seizures typically require more urgent treatment than muscle spasms. 

The difference between a muscle spasm and a generalized seizure is easier to recognize. That’s because, in addition to abnormal muscle movements, seizing dogs also tend to lose consciousness, lose control of their bladder and bowel, and act disoriented post-seizure. 

However, some dogs have partial seizures, which can be harder to recognize. During a partial seizure, a dog may remain conscious and only experience abnormal muscle movements in one part of their body. 

Distinguishing partial seizures from muscle spasms can be challenging, and will likely require the help of your veterinarian. So it’s best to consult your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your dog’s symptoms.

Diagnosing Dog Muscle Spasms

If you suspect your dog may be experiencing muscle spasms, a thorough veterinary exam is required to evaluate your dog’s symptoms and correctly diagnose the condition. An accurate diagnosis is the first step in determining the most effective treatment. 

Your veterinarian will begin by collecting your dog’s medical history. They will ask you questions about your dog’s overall health, as well as specific questions about your dog’s muscle spasms and symptoms. For example, when do the muscle spasms occur, how frequently, and have you noticed any factors that appear to trigger the muscle spasms? 

Be prepared to describe your dog’s muscle spasms and, if possible, to show your vet a video of the symptoms causing you concern.

Next, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam. Many muscle spasms are caused by an irritated nerve, and this irritation may be associated with an injury. Your veterinarian will carefully palpate your dog’s spine and the parts of their body where muscle spasms have occurred to identify abnormalities that may cause nerve damage. 

If the cause of your dog’s muscle spasm isn’t apparent upon exam, your veterinarian may recommend further diagnostics. Blood tests can identify hypercalcemia and electrolyte imbalances that may contribute to muscle spasms, while X-ray imaging can be used to look for injuries that may affect the spine. 

In some cases, your veterinarian may refer you to a specialist for further testing. For example, veterinary neurologists often perform an electromyogram (EMG) or nerve conduction study to better characterize neuromuscular disease.

Dog Muscle Spasms Treatment

Not all muscle spasms require treatment. If your dog has an isolated, one-time muscle spasm that resolves quickly and doesn’t recur, your veterinarian may forgo treatment. However, any dog with recurrent muscle spasms should receive veterinary care.

Natural Remedies for Muscle Spasms in Dogs

The only home treatment that may help some muscle spasms is rest. If your dog has a muscle spasm and it resolves on its own, it’s reasonable to monitor your dog at home. Limit your dog’s activity to allow time for any swelling or inflammation to resolve, then wait to see if the problem recurs. If your dog’s muscle spasms persist for more than a day, it’s time to seek veterinary care. 

Do not give any over-the-counter medications to your dog. Over-the-counter pain medications designed for humans can cause serious harm to dogs. 

Veterinary Treatments for Muscle Spasms in Dogs

The treatment of muscle spasms usually depends on their underlying cause. For example, if your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by intervertebral disk disease, your veterinarian will likely prescribe anti-inflammatory medication and strict rest to address the inflammation in your dog’s spine. If your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by hypercalcemia, your veterinarian will need to find and treat the underlying cause of the hypercalcemia. 

Muscle relaxants also play a role in the treatment of muscle spasms. Methocarbamol is a commonly used muscle relaxant in dogs. Methocarmabol is often combined with other treatments, which are intended to address the underlying cause of your dog’s muscle spasms. 

Your veterinarian may also prescribe pain medication to treat the pain that often accompanies muscle spasms. 

General Cost to Treat Dog Muscle Spasms 

The cost to treat muscle spasms will depend on their underlying cause. When muscle spasms are caused by an injury or inflammation, a physical exam and anti-inflammatory medication may cost just $100 – 200. If your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by hypercalcemia associated with malignant cancer, however, the cost of diagnostics and cancer treatment may reach several thousand dollars.

After performing a thorough physical exam, the veterinarian will give you an estimated cost for diagnosing and treating your dog’s muscle spasms. 

How to Prevent Muscle Spasms in Dogs

Most muscle spasms cannot be prevented. However, you can reduce your dog’s risk by ensuring that they eat a well-balanced diet. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to reduce their risk of injury, especially if your dog is a breed that is prone to intervertebral disk disease.

While there is no way to prevent all canine muscle spasms, prompt veterinary care can allow for the timely treatment of conditions that cause muscle spasms. 

Related Conditions

• Intervertebral disk disease
• Hypercalcemia
• Tetanus
• Canine distemper virus
• Rabies

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What is Cat Lung Cancer?

Cancer in cats occurs when cells of the body become abnormal, growing at a swift rate and causing damage to nearby tissue. Lung cancer is the development of tumors in the lungs. 

Cancer cells develop into tumors that invade normal, healthy lung tissue. The tumor then prevents the healthy tissue from doing its job, which is to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs. Sometimes, these tumors can be caused by exposure to toxins in the environment, but more often, there is no known cause of cat lung cancer. 

Males and females of all cat breeds are equally susceptible to lung cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 12 years.

Cancer that starts in the lung is called primary lung cancer, and it is rare for cats to develop this type of cancer. More often in cats, cancer from another part of the body metastasizes, or spreads, to the lung. If this happens in the lungs, it is called metastatic lung cancer. Some types of cancer are more likely to spread to the lungs than others, including cancers of the bone, mammary glands, blood vessels and mouth. Primary lung cancer can also spread from one area of the lungs to another.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer in Cats

Unfortunately, there are rarely early signs of cat lung cancer. Cats are notoriously good at hiding when they don’t feel well, so you may not notice any changes until the disease has progressed. 

Common signs of the condition include decreased appetite, weight loss, decreased energy, and labored breathing. These signs are not specific to lung cancer and can be seen due to various illnesses in cats. Cats with primary lung cancer can develop something called Lung-Digit Syndrome. This is when lung cancer has spread to the muscles or bones in the limbs, especially the toes. Cats may limp, or you may notice swelling or discharge from the foot.

Common Signs of Lung Cancer in Cats

• Decreased appetite (anorexia or inappetence)
• Weight loss
• Decreased energy (lethargy)
• Wheezing
• Coughing 
• Exercise intolerance
• Limping
• Vomiting/Regurgitation

Symptoms of other types of cancer in the chest cavity can mimic the signs of lung cancer.

Causes of Lung Cancer in Cats

Most of the time, there is no known cause of feline lung cancer. Sometimes, environmental exposures can cause lung cancer, such as second-hand smoke. Fortunately, primary lung cancer is uncommon in cats. 

Diagnosing Feline Lung Cancer

The first step in diagnosing lung cancer is a physical exam. The veterinarian will listen to the cat’s heart and lungs and examine the rest of their body. The next step in diagnosing lung cancer is taking X-rays of the chest cavity. Lung tumors are visible on X-ray as areas of abnormal lung tissue. While it is possible to assume a lung cancer diagnosis based on X-rays, a definitive diagnosis requires obtaining a sample of the tissue to examine microscopically for cancer cells. 

Once lung cancer is suspected or diagnosed, your veterinarian will recommend looking at other areas of the body for cancer to determine whether the lung cancer is primary or metastatic (has spread). Tests to look at the rest of the body may include abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan.

Is Cat Lung Cancer Treatable?

Primary cancer of the lung in cats is treatable by surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. If there is a single tumor, it can be removed surgically. The need for follow-up chemotherapy depends on if the tumor can be removed entirely or if there are cancer cells left behind. 

If the cancer is too large to remove or surgery is otherwise not an option, radiation can reduce the size of the tumor and give your cat more time. Chemotherapy is required as part of treatment if there is more than one tumor or if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy may include oral and injectable medications. Specific treatment protocols are determined by a veterinary oncologist who tailors a plan to your cat.

Metastatic lung cancer is not considered treatable because it means the cat has late-stage cancer originating in another area of the body. Palliative (comfort) care, including chemotherapy or other medications, is recommended. 

Unfortunately, even when treated, cats with lung cancer have a shortened life span and poor prognosis. On average, cats with primary lung cancer can live several months to a year after treatment. This is because the cancer is likely to grow back. A diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer is fatal within several months. 

The general cost to treat lung cancer in cats depends on what types of treatments are required, the overall health of your cat, and the stage of their cancer. 

Initial diagnostic testing, including CT and tissue sampling, will likely cost $2,000-$3,500. Removal of a lung tumor is typically performed only by specialist veterinary surgeons and costs between $4,000-$8,000. Depending on the protocol, chemotherapy with a veterinary oncologist may cost $3,500-$7,000. 

How to Prevent Feline Lung Cancer

There is no way to prevent cat lung cancer. You can reduce their risk by maintaining a smoke-free home. Regular veterinary visits are essential in keeping your cat healthy and detecting disease early when it is most treatable. If your cat’s behavior, appetite, or energy level changes, she should be seen by a veterinarian.

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There is no cure for arthritis in dogs, cats, or humans. Fortunately, pet parents can take proactive steps to help prevent or delay the development of osteoarthritis in dogs and cats. 

This article will review how dogs and cats get arthritis, whether or not you can prevent arthritis in dogs and cats, and other tips and advice for preventing dog and cat arthritis. 

How Do Dogs and Cats Get Arthritis?

Arthritis is a complex disease characterized by the progressive deterioration of a joint. While all parts of the joint can be affected, osteoarthritis typically occurs when the smooth cartilage becomes lost or damaged, leading to friction in the joint. This results in reduced mobility, instability, and joint pain. 

In humans, arthritis is considered a disease caused by persistent wear and tear. While wear and tear is also a cause of arthritis in dogs and cats, genetics plays a much more significant role. A strong relationship exists between certain growth-related genes and joint disease.[2] Additionally, some breeds, like Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds, are more likely to develop arthritis than others. 

Developmental issues, such as hip or elbow dysplasia, are another common cause of arthritis in dogs. Research has shown that roughly 25 percent of dogs older than 1 year of age will already be plagued by arthritis.[2] 

In both dogs and cats, musculoskeletal disorders that arise later in life, like luxating patellas and cranial cruciate ligament disease, are common culprits in the onset of osteoarthritis. Other common ways that dogs and cats get arthritis include orthopedic trauma, such as a hit-by-car incident, obesity, overuse, old age, and inappropriate diets.

Can You Prevent Arthritis in Dogs and Cats?

Even a dog or cat with a genetic risk of arthritis is not doomed to a life of pain and suffering if their owners intervene early. While it’s not possible to prevent arthritis entirely, dog and cat owners can take action against arthritis with preventative care using the following tactics:

Avoid Obesity

Obesity is an increasingly common cause of arthritis in dogs and cats. It is also arguably the easiest osteoarthritis risk factor to avoid. Carrying around excess body weight strains joints, making them vulnerable to injury and dysfunction. In overweight dogs and cats that already have joint disease or signs of arthritis, weight loss can help delay the progression of the disease. 

Maintain Muscle Mass

Muscles don’t just move joints; they protect them. Dogs and cats with solid muscles can better absorb the forces that impact their joints and protect them from the effects of daily use, like jumping off the couch, chasing squirrels in the backyard, or going up and down the stairs. In dogs and cats without adequate musculature, joints compensate to absorb the impact from movement but also fulfill the muscle’s job, leading to more jarring forces and damage inside the joint.

Provide Regular Low Impact Exercise

Daily activity burns calories to prevent obesity and helps dogs and cats build muscle. Additionally, it helps maintain joints’ normal range of motion to fend off joint stiffness. Swimming is the best form of exercise for pets and people, as it builds muscle and burns calories without wear and tear on the joints. Regular leash walks also provide excellent low-impact, controlled exercise for pets. 

Limit high-impact and repetitive exercise. Exercises like fetch, in which a dog quickly stops, jumps repeatedly, and turns abruptly, can be hard on a pet’s joints. Using a laser pointer for a cat presents a similar scenario. If these exercises are a favorite of your pet, they do not have to be given up completely. Keep sessions to an appropriate limit, and other types of exercise, like swimming or leash walks, should be prioritized. High-impact and intense exercise should always be avoided in young animals whose joints are still developing.

Address Issues Promptly

The sooner a joint abnormality is corrected, the less lasting damage will be done to the joint. Once cartilage is lost or worn down, it cannot be repaired or replaced. Pet owners should consider surgical correction as soon as a structural disorder is diagnosed. If a puppy or kitten isn’t as playful as expected or is reluctant to go on walks, use the stairs, etc., they should be evaluated and potentially treated for a developmental joint abnormality, like hip or elbow dysplasia, as soon as possible. 

Feed an Appropriate Diet

Feeding dogs or cats a complete and balanced diet appropriate for their lifestyle can help prevent obesity and joint instability. It is critical that puppies and kittens eat a diet specifically formulated to ensure they receive the correct proportions of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals to ensure optimal joint development. 

Some developmental issues like hip dysplasia can be the result of feeding an improper diet during growth stages. Adult pets should eat a diet formulated for adults unless directed by a veterinarian. Correctly measuring and portioning meals is critical to ensure pets aren’t overeating.

Add in Dietary Supplements

Many joint health supplements are safe and effective for dogs and cats and can be started as soon as a pet reaches adulthood as a preventative measure against osteoarthritis. The best dietary supplement for preventing arthritis is a high-quality fish oil supplement, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s are natural anti-inflammatory agents and powerful antioxidants. These compounds reduce joint inflammation to help prevent or delay arthritic changes. Another excellent supplement is glucosamine plus chondroitin and MSM, commonly combined into a single chew. These compounds may protect cartilage and reduce inflammation. 

Find a Reputable Breeder

For owners who wish to buy a pet rather than adopt, finding a reputable breeder is the only way to help limit the genetic risks of arthritis in dogs and cats. Responsible breeders will have their dogs or cats genetically tested for specific breed-related genetic risk factors, some of which can be related to the development of osteoarthritis or conformational disorders. 

Breeders of certain dogs, like Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds, should have their dogs screened by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals for hip and/or elbow dysplasia. While breeders taking these critical steps may charge more for their puppies and kittens, the extra money is worth the assurance that the animal will grow and develop properly. This saves pet owners money in the long run and prevents unnecessary pain and suffering in the animal itself. 

Dog and Cat Arthritis Prevention: Other Tips and Advice

In addition to taking proactive steps to prevent arthritis in dogs and cats, pet owners should never underestimate the value of keeping their pets in overall good health and free of preventable diseases. This helps reduce total body inflammation, which could upregulate joint inflammation and exacerbate arthritic changes. 

One of the best and easiest ways to ensure your pet remains happy, healthy and disease-free is to keep up with annual veterinary exams. Veterinarians can determine whether a pet is at their ideal body condition if they have any less obvious signs of early osteoarthritis, like asymmetrical musculature, and help prevent infectious diseases, like parasites and viruses. 

Osteoarthritis is a slow and progressive disease. It’s never too early to begin intervention, even if your dog or cat isn’t showing signs of arthritis yet. For dogs and cats already diagnosed with osteoarthritis, pet owners can take comfort in knowing that arthritis is a manageable disease. In addition to taking steps to delay the progression of the disease, many treatment options are available to keep pets happy and pain-free. 

References

1. Katharine L. Anderson, Dan G. O’Neill, David C. Brodbelt, David B. Church, Richard L. Meeson, David Sargan, Jennifer F. Summers, Helen Zulch, and Lisa M. Collins, (2018) “Prevalence, duration and risk factors for appendicular osteoarthritis in a UK dog population under primary veterinary care”
2. Katharine L. Anderson, Helen Zulch, Dan G. O’Neill, Richard L. Meeson, and Lisa M. Collins, (2020) “Risk Factors for Canine Osteoarthritis and Its Predisposing Arthropathies: A Systematic Review”

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Read on to understand how a torn ACL in dogs can happen, is diagnosed, and is treated.

Do Dogs Have An ACL?

First things first: is there a difference between an ACL and a CCL?

ACL stands for anterior cruciate ligament, and while in veterinary medicine, we typically use the term CCL (cranial cruciate ligament), the terms and function are similar. 

The cranial cruciate ligament is one of the ligaments (a fibrous piece of connective tissue) in a dog’s knee (stifle) that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia). Cranial means the front of the knee, and cruciate refers to the fact that it is one of two ligaments that forms a cross in the knee. The CCL acts to stabilize the knee joint by limiting forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur.

Causes of Cruciate Ligament Tears in Dogs

The cranial cruciate ligament is known to rupture due to sudden trauma or through degeneration over time. Owners who witness a sudden presentation of limping caused by a CCL tear usually report that their dog was running and jumping in the backyard or dog park, or perhaps they were playing frisbee or flyball. Any activity that causes a fast, twisting motion of the knee (including high-impact sport) could potentially result in a torn cruciate ligament. 

The most common dogs seen in the veterinary clinic with torn CCLs are young, active, large-breed dogs. Another risk factor includes being overweight, and it has also been shown that genetics plays a part in the strength of the cruciate ligament. Some breeds are more prone to tears, such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Newfoundlands, Rottweilers, and Staffordshire Terriers.

Symptoms of CCL Tears in Dogs

Pet parents may be concerned that their pet has a torn CCL if they see any of the following signs:

• Limping, including not wanting to put weight on the affected back leg
• Vocalizing, including crying or whining
• Trembling and sensitivity to touch of the leg
• Unwillingness to rise from a sitting position
• Difficulty climbing stairs
• Sitting with the affected limb out to the side of the body
• Decreased muscle mass of the bad leg
• Variable lameness with exercise that may resolve with rest
• Increased thickness of the joint capsule, especially on the inside of the leg

Diagnosing Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Dogs

Properly diagnosing a torn cruciate ligament in dogs requires a trip to your veterinarian, where they will: 

• Get a history of your pet’s lameness 
• Perform a physical exam
• Touch and feel (palpate) the leg for instability, pain, and abnormal popping of the joint. 

Your veterinarian will also perform one or two tests: a cranial drawer test or a tibial compression test. Both of these tests check for abnormal movement of the tibia forward in relation to the femur. It may be very difficult to perform this test on an animal who’s awake and in pain, so sedation may be necessary to adequately diagnose your pet’s lameness. 

Your veterinarian will also want to perform X-rays of both rear limbs. They’ll look for signs of swelling in the knee that is suggestive of a CCL tear. X-rays will also help to rule out other causes of lameness, including infection, cancer, arthritis, and patellar luxation (when the knee is not in the proper location). In some cases, your veterinary hospital may recommend an MRI or joint taps (collecting fluid from the joint).

How to Treat Torn Cruciate Ligaments in Dogs

Cruciate Ligament Surgery for Dogs

Surgery is generally recommended for your dog to regain optimal function of the knee. TPLO surgery is a common choice for this type of injury, but there are other surgical options as well. The best procedure for your pet depends on multiple factors, including the type of dog, the surgeon’s preference, and any compounding conditions (like a secondary meniscal tear). 

The purpose of the surgical correction is to recreate the function of the cranial cruciate ligament and to improve stability of the joint. Even though some arthritis will occur regardless of the treatment method, less arthritic changes will occur following surgical correction. All knee surgeries are done under general anesthesia, where your dog is asleep and given pain medication.

Surgery on the knee is more complicated than an average surgical procedure (like a spay or neuter) and needs to be performed by an experienced veterinary surgeon. Many veterinarians don’t feel comfortable performing this surgery in their practice due to the complexity and specialized equipment necessary. 

Non-Surgical Treatment for a CCL Tear

There are some non-surgical options out there, including pain medication and leg splints; however, they tend to be less successful than surgical intervention. This is because these treatments do not resolve the underlying instability present in the joint, and this instability causes more damage and arthritis over time. You may notice that lameness will initially improve, but the animal will never return to their pre-injury activity without recurring lameness.

Cost to Treat CCL Tears in Dogs

The cost of treatment can range anywhere from $2,000 all the way up to $8,000 or more. This number depends on the type of surgery performed, the size of the dog, the severity of the injury, and where the surgery is performed.

Dog CCL Tear Recovery

Recovery is just as crucial as the surgery itself. Your veterinary hospital will give you anti-inflammatory pain medication and strict post-operative instructions, including physical therapy and exercise restrictions that are necessary to improve future weight-bearing and usage of the limb. 

It’s very important to follow these exercise restrictions and to only allow your pet to go outside on a leash to prevent failure of the surgical correction and further injury. Typically recommended to start 24 to 48 hours post-op, physical rehab can range from icing and massage with passive range of motion exercises at home, to laser therapy and underwater treadmill. Post-op healing typically takes six to eight weeks before restrictions can be lifted.

How to Prevent Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Dogs

This is definitely a case where prevention is the best medicine. No one wants to put their beloved pet through this type of surgery and recovery, especially since research shows that approximately half of dogs with a cranial cruciate rupture end up experiencing a similar issue in the other knee. [1]

The best prevention for a cranial cruciate tear is to keep your pup at a healthy weight. If they are overweight, please speak with your veterinarian about ways to decrease their weight. Keeping your pet fit with regular walks and a nutritious diet is also important.

Reference

1. Harasen G. Latest research in orthopedics – more highlights from the 35th Annual meeting of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society. Can Vet J. 2009 Feb;50(2):194. PMID: 19412401; PMCID: PMC2629425.

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These contrasting views can make it challenging for pet parents to know how to feed their dogs. But there’s one thing most experts agree upon: you can generally keep dogs healthy as long as you ensure they get all the nutrients they require, and there are different ways to do so.

Read on for more information about canine nutrition and to see if we can officially answer the question: are dogs omnivores or carnivores?

Dog Nutritional Requirements: A Closer Look

What does a dog need to eat to stay healthy?

According to the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), an organization that stipulates nutritional standards for pet food, dogs need proteins and fats, as well as a range of minerals and vitamins, including potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin A, and various B vitamins.

Although many dog diets are high in carbohydrates, some debate exists about whether dogs need to eat carbs.

“While it can’t be denied that dogs have no biological need for carbohydrates, I would argue that they should still form part of their diet for the benefits they provide,” says Gerald Pepin, a canine nutritionist in the U.K. who professionally advises pet parents about how to keep their dogs healthy with homemade meals. Pepin also believes it’s better to feed homemade dog food rather than commercially produced food, which he says is full of “simple carbs rather than complex-carbohydrates.”

Veterinarians and veterinary nutritionists, however, often caution owners that home-cooked meals could be nutrient deficient if not prepared correctly. Commercial diets are specifically formulated to meet all of a dog’s nutritional needs.

Also, while most experts promote meat-based diets in dogs, some individuals say it is better to feed your dog a vegan or vegetarian diet.

To know what’s best for dogs, it helps to understand their evolutionary biology.

Are Dogs Omnivores?

Many experts would say yes. “Dogs are, without a doubt, omnivores,” says Pepin, explaining that this is because gray wolves (the dog’s ancestor) ate some plant material as part of their diet, usually from the stomach contents of their prey. “The biggest difference between the wolf and today’s domestic dog is that the dog has undergone genetic changes to allow it to benefit from a wider range of plant material than the wolf.”

Andrew Knight, a veterinary professor at Winchester University in the U.K., agrees that dogs are omnivores. He says that dogs’ omnivorous qualities fully developed when they began to live alongside humans about 30,000 years ago.

“Dogs certainly accompanied hunting parties and ate scraps of meat, but actually the primary diet that our ancestors survived on was cooked starchy root vegetables,” he says. “And the dogs that developed adaptations in order to get nutritional benefits from all of those food scraps were the ones that did better.” For instance, he notes how dogs have developed enzymes that allow them to digest starch — a trait that true carnivores lack.

Experts say that dogs can eat and digest plant-based foods and draw all of their nutritional needs from these foods. Some studies have even shown that dogs on vegan diets have increased longevity and fewer health problems. For instance, a study led by Knight himself compared conventional meat, raw meat, and vegan diets for dogs and found that vegan diets were the most “nutritiously sound” and “least hazardous” for dogs [1].

“Not only are [vegan dogs] living longer, but they’re actually living better,” Knight explains. “There are a couple of consistent benefits that come out across most of the studies … one is less itchy skin, ear canal problems, and gastrointestinal reactions. I think these could be related to a lack of dietary allergens that we know are in some meat-based sources like beef, lamb, chicken.” A second benefit is that dogs on a vegan diet are less obese and have fewer musculoskeletal problems and mobility problems, which Knight attributes to a lack of “overnutrition” that can occur when a dog is on a strictly meat-based diet.

Pepin agrees that plant-based diets are not only doable but healthy. “While many would disagree with allowing a dog to be vegan, it is not only possible, it can, in fact, be a healthier option for some dogs,” he elaborates. “It may surprise some people to learn that some of the longest-ever lived dogs have been fed a vegetarian diet.” However, he says a vegan diet requires “more careful management than if a dog is fed an animal-protein based diet.”

Are Dogs Carnivores?

With so much evidence that dogs can eat plant-based foods, does this definitely make dogs omnivorous? Or are they actually carnivores?

Guido Bosch, an assistant professor of animal nutrition at Wageningen University, the Netherlands, says the answer depends on how you look at it. “From a genetic point of view, dogs can still interbreed with wolves; they are actually a sub-species of the wolf,” he notes. “With domestication, the diet changed. A wolf is really a carnivore [2], but throughout domestication, the dog changed from a diet that is more animal-based to a more omnivore type of diet.”

While domesticated dogs have the genetic markers of an omnivorous diet, such as their ability to digest starch, Bosch says that dogs still share many traits with wolves that suggest that they are meant to eat meat. For instance, he explains that dogs will bury their food, a behavior wolves display when coping with periods of famine. Regarding biological characteristics, dogs have short intestinal tracts that allow them to process meat quickly and teeth designed for eating prey.

“They have flat molars like we have, but we can move our jaws sideways,” says Bosch. “Dogs cannot do that — they have more like a scissor-type jaw, so it’s used more for breaking large bones to get access to the marrow.”

Pepin mentions that while there is no denying that dogs’ teeth and digestive systems are designed to “eat meat as a first-choice option,” dogs have changed considerably, undergoing genetic shifts that have allowed them to benefit from the same diet as humans. “Dogs are, in fact, opportunist carnivores,” he elaborates. “That is to say, they will eat meat generally as a preference if given the choice. But if meat is not available, they will happily thrive on plant-based protein instead.”

“Don’t forget, in many parts of the world, animal proteins are scarce,” Pepin adds. “In particularly agrarian parts of the world, dogs and humans have always eaten, and continue to eat, a mainly plant-based diet. The Aztecs, for example, loved their dogs. But because they themselves ate a largely plant-based diet, so did their dogs. And just to prove a point, their beloved Chihuahua is still with us today, all these hundreds of years later!”

Are Dogs Omnivores or Carnivores? The Verdict

As it turns out, the answer to this question isn’t 100 percent clear cut.

Most domesticated dogs today eat omnivorous diets, and their bodies are designed to draw nutrition from plant-based foods. This suggests that dogs are omnivores. However, when we consider that dogs directly descended from carnivorous wolves, it makes us wonder if dogs are carnivores.

Bosch says he likes to avoid categorizing dogs as either omnivorous or carnivorous.

“I don’t really see the relevance of classifying dogs as an omnivore or a carnivore,” he notes. “Just make sure that you meet the nutrient requirements, and that’s the best thing that we can do at this moment.”

If you’re feeling confused about what to ultimately feed your dog, Pepin suggests speaking to an expert. “I would advise any pet parent to seek the advice of a dog nutritionist,” he recommends. “Most pet parents wait until their dog becomes ill before questioning the role of diet in its health. Diet is everything. It has been estimated that up to 80 percent of canine health problems could be cured purely with an improved diet. And this can only be achieved by a dog nutritionist, someone trained in the specifics of canine nutrition.”

Knight also warns against falling for fads like raw meat diets for dogs, which he says can lead to nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. Not only that, but research has shown that raw meat diets can contaminate both dogs and their pet parents with dangerous pathogens and bacteria [3].

Like Pepin, Knight’s advice is to consult an expert or seek out commercially produced foods proven to be nutritionally wholesome. In short, he says to do whatever you can to “ensure your dog’s diet is nutritionally sound.”

References

1. Knight, Andrew et al. “Vegan versus meat-based dog food: Guardian-reported indicators of health.” PloS one vol. 17,4 e0265662. 13 Apr. 2022, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265662
2. Bosch, Guido et al. “Dietary nutrient profiles of wild wolves: insights for optimal dog nutrition?.” The British journal of nutrition vol. 113 Suppl (2015): S40-54. doi:10.1017/S0007114514002311
3. Nüesch-Inderbinen, Magdalena & Treier, Andrea & Zurfluh, Katrin & Stephan, Roger. (2019). Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Royal Society Open Science. 6. 191170. 10.1098/rsos.191170.

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But have you ever wondered: why do dogs sniff butts? Read on for more details on dogs sniffing butts and what makes it so tempting for our canine companions.

Is It Normal When Dogs Sniff Butts?

Yes, dogs sniffing butts is absolutely normal. Christine Pazdalski, a certified animal behaviorist and professional dog trainer based outside of Philadelphia, equates dogs sniffing each other’s butts to humans shaking hands.

“This is their greeting. It’s not only normal, but it’s good social skills when you’re a dog. It’s sort of what you’re supposed to do,” she says.

Not all dogs like to engage in this behavior, however. That doesn’t mean that something is wrong with them, Pazdalski explains. They just haven’t been socialized in such a way that they understand the meaning behind it.

“This behavior is not something that needs to be taught to dogs, but if it’s interrupted by a human when they’re young, a puppy may learn to not do it,” she says. “If dogs don’t practice it in a positive way, [they] can also learn to not accept rear-end sniffing from dogs.”

Why Do Dogs Sniff Butts?

If you continue with the handshake analogy, that behavior in humans dates back to a time when an extended hand literally meant to show that you were not carrying a weapon. That’s not exactly what canines mean when they sniff and allow sniffing, but it is a way to show a strange, new dog that they have nothing to fear.

Why do dogs sniff each other’s butts?

Dr. Leslie Sinn, a board certified veterinary behaviorist who works in private practice outside of Washington, D.C., says, “Dogs have a lot of scent glands around their tail and anal area that convey a lot of information. We don’t even know how much dogs can learn from doing this, but it’s a lot and includes the dog’s age, social status, if [they’re] reproductively active, if [they’re] physically in their prime, and what kind of condition [they’re] in.”

In this way, Sinn says it’s a related behavior to marking trees, buildings, telephone poles, and other similar objects with urine (and the sniffing you’ve experienced a million times when your dog stops you during a walk).

Why do dogs sniff human butts?

For all of the same reasons, you might find your dog coming up behind you to see what new things they can learn about you! It’s harmless enough, but that doesn’t mean you always want your dog doing this, especially to guests or anyone for whom behavior like this could be physically imposing (children, older individuals, or anyone else who might not be too sure on their feet).

Pazdalski says one great way to redirect this behavior when it comes to interactions with humans is to put your hand at your side with your palm up. “Dogs can gather as much information via scent from your palm as [they] can from the other parts,” she says. “When [they stop] sniffing your rear end and start at your palm, reward the change.”

Dogs will also do this to cats who live in the house, and while felines are also very scent-oriented animals, they won’t necessarily take too kindly to a cold nose in their behind, Sinn says. “Cats are never quite sure what to do with that because it’s just not a cat behavior, and they don’t find it too pleasing.”

She adds that many cats will tolerate the greeting initially, as long as the dog doesn’t run them over and continue to press the snout up the back end. “If the dog is inappropriate for too long, the cat may, at that point, sit down and swat him on the nose and cut off the greeting,” she says.

What to Do When Your Dog Sniffs Butts

There is a specific cadence to a butt-sniffing interaction that most dogs will follow, Sinn says, and as long as both do, there’s really nothing you need to worry about. Just let them sniff away.

“The dogs should approach from an angle and then circle,” she says. “The circling puts them nose to tail. That’s the way to control the interaction and diffuse any tension.” Dogs that approach head on and with unblinking eye contact are committing a sort of “social gaffe,” she adds, and that interaction could very well end up with snarls, snaps, and other forms of more aggressive body language.

Knowing if your dog is likely to tolerate and engage with this behavior appropriately is important, Pazdalski says, and she also always recommends that you work with your dog on verbal cues that will easily diffuse a potentially unwanted interaction. “The surefire way to prevent a bad situation is to have great recall, redirect, and get your dog’s attention back on you.”

Dogs Sniffing Butts: Other Tips and Advice

Because the behavior is associated with acquiring certain information about the dog whose butt is being sniffed, you might be wondering if dogs sniff the butts of other dogs they know well. Pazdalski says most of the time, they do not, but in cases where one of the dogs in a household goes out for a few hours and the other does not, the dogs may sniff upon being reunited to see if they can find something out about where they’ve been.

Additionally, dog sniffing, while a totally normal behavior under most circumstances, can become compulsive or excessive. “If there’s a dog who, for every dog they come in contact with, they rush him and pursue him relentlessly, that’s not appropriate behavior,” Sinn says.

The behavior should be pretty diplomatic and contained, she adds, so if those words don’t describe the way your dog exhibits it, it’s important for you to try to identify why. “You should be concerned about the dog being anxious or frustrated or overwhelmed in that situation such that they can’t dial it back,” she says. “The dog that is inflicting himself on others should be removed from that situation and given the opportunity to try to interact more appropriately in a different, quieter situation, instead of a dog park or on a busy street.”

No matter the context, if every interaction your dog has is characterized by that over-the-top behavior, Sinn recommends that dog parents strongly consider an anxiety evaluation by a certified professional.

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While the experience can be jarring, petting aggression in cats is a common behavior, and rest assured, it doesn’t mean your kitty hates you or that you’ve failed as a pet parent.

So, what provokes these unexpected nips? Read on to uncover the hidden reasons behind petting aggression and learn practical tips to prevent those pesky bites.

What Is Petting Aggression in Cats?

Petting aggression (aka petting-induced aggression) is when a cat suddenly becomes aggressive or agitated while being pet.

Though biting is the hallmark sign of petting aggression, a cat may also display additional defensive postures or behaviors, such as flattened ears, a tucked head, turning away from you, quickly jumping off your lap, swatting at you, raised hackles, hissing, or crouching.

So, what causes your sweet little furball to seemingly go from Sleeping Beauty to Cujo at the drop of a hat?

According to Kate Luse, an IAABC Certified Cat Behavior Consultant and owner of Healthy Cattitude, “Petting-induced aggression occurs when a cat is pet when they don’t want to be, pet for longer than they want to be, or pet on parts of their body where they don’t want to be.”

In other words, for some reason, your petting session becomes unpleasant for your cat, and they bite, swat, or scratch to communicate that they want the interaction to end.

Why Do Cats Bite When You Pet Them?

Unlike dogs, most cats have a petting threshold and are easily overstimulated. “There is individual variation in how much and where on their bodies cats like to be pet,” says Luse.

Some cats will gladly accept an hour of petting, while another might only enjoy a few strokes. Most cats fall somewhere in the middle.

Sensitivities

Luse explains that cats who are more sensitive to touch and prefer less petting are more likely to display petting aggression because their humans will likely pet them more than they’re comfortable with, or on sensitive parts of their body. “That said, any cat who is pet more than they want, or on places they don’t like to be touched, can display petting-induced aggression.”

Stress

Laura Cassiday, an IAABC Certified Cat Behavior Consultant and owner of Pawsitive Vibes Cat Behavior & Training, adds that petting aggression is more likely to occur in cats who are stressed out. If a cat is already agitated, it won’t take much for the cup to spill over, she says.

Pain

Cats who are in pain or discomfort are also more likely to show petting aggression, says Cassiday. If your normally-mellow cat begins to display a low tolerance for petting or you notice that petting certain areas of their body stimulates petting aggression, take your cat to your veterinarian for a checkup to ensure nothing is medically amiss.

Boredom

Lastly, petting aggression can be caused by a lack of mental or physical stimulation and enrichment, says Cassiday. “Bored and frustrated cats generally don’t tolerate petting as well as others.”

The Difference Between Petting Aggression and Other Forms of Cat Biting

It’s important to understand the difference between petting aggression and “love bites.” Some cats demonstrate affection by giving a tender bite or nip while you’re petting them. You can recognize a love bite if your cat’s body language doesn’t display signs of fear or aggression, and they seem calm and content. Additionally, love bites tend to be more of a gentle, grasping bite rather than a forceful, aggressive one.

Petting aggression is also not the same as play biting. During playtime, cats often bite or nip as a form of playful interaction. This behavior is a natural part of a cat’s development and socialization, as it helps them practice and hone their hunting instincts, coordination, and communication skills. This type of biting can be avoided by always using cat toys, rather than your hands, during playtime.

Your cat may also give you a gentle nip if they’re “grooming” you. Cats may groom their littermates, mother, and even their human companions. This behavior is thought to be an expression of affection.

Signs That Petting Aggression May Happen

While pet parents often report that cat petting aggression seems to happen out of nowhere, this is not typically the case and points to a lack of understanding of and attention to feline body language.

Your cat may display several warning signs that signal impending petting aggression. “Body tensing up, tail twitching or thrashing, ears going back, pupils dilating, and my favorite — the look back at your hand. Sometimes it’s a full-on look, sometimes it’s just a side eye,” says Cassiday. Cat parents often miss these signs (or don’t understand them), especially when they’re absentmindedly petting their cats while watching TV, scrolling on their phones, or engaging in conversation.

How to Stop Petting Aggression in Cats

To minimize or eliminate petting aggression, consider these tips:

Do a consent test

Cassiday recommends doing a “consent test” to ask your cat if they want to receive pets. “Hold your hand out an inch or two away from your cat’s face. If they close the distance on their own, they’re saying yes, please pet me. After a few seconds, take your hand away and give them the chance to close the distance again. If they don’t move, or if they turn their head away, they’re done with petting,” she explains. “Cats who are given the chance to nicely say no and don’t have warning signs ignored are much less likely to bite or scratch.”

Keep it short and sweet

Luse recommends petting your cat for brief periods, frequently stopping to assess their body language and determine if they want more (or for you to stop).

Be mindful of petting location

When you pet your cat, focus on their head, the sides of their face, and the back of their neck. Avoid full-body petting, at least initially, as this may be overstimulating. Many cats are more sensitive near the base of their tails, on their legs, and on their bellies, so these areas are best avoided (unless you’ve already determined your cat likes pets in those areas). If your cat gives you signs that they don’t like a particular area of their body being pet, respect that and immediately stop.

Maintain a consistent play routine

Engaging in daily play sessions with your cat and providing plenty of enrichment opportunities can help calm your cat and make your feline companion more tolerant of petting. This is because playtime helps release built-up stress, tension, and energy from your cat’s system.

Consider training

For some cats, a desensitizing or counter-conditioning plan using clicker training may help them learn to tolerate and maybe even enjoy more petting, says Cassiday. This may be particularly helpful for cats with trauma or cats who weren’t properly socialized. Training, however, should only be done under the guidance of a cat behaviorist.

Never Punish Your Cat for Petting Aggression

Both Cassiday and Luse strongly advise against punishments like spraying your cat with water or giving them a bop on the head when they exhibit petting aggression.

“Cats should never be punished simply for communicating their needs,” says Cassiday. “Most cats will gradually go up the ladder of aggression and show many other signs of discomfort first before escalating to a swat or bite, and it’s up to people to learn to recognize those signs and stop petting sooner.”

Luse echoes this sentiment. “When a cat resorts to petting-induced aggression, it means we haven’t heard what they’ve tried to tell us about when and how they like to be pet,” she says. “The solution to petting-induced aggression isn’t punishment — it’s learning to read cat body language and respecting what our cats are telling us.”

On top of that, Luse explains that punishment will likely worsen the behavior. When a cat displays petting aggression, she’s in a heightened state of arousal, and punishment will likely escalate the issue and the likelihood of more aggressive behavior.

“Punishment also harms your relationship with your cat,” says Luse. “We may think we’re telling our cat that when they engage in petting-induced aggression with us, punishment will be the consequence. But more likely, the cat comes to simply associate us, not their own behavior, with the punishment. This erodes the cat’s bond with and trust in us.”

Our adorable, whiskered friends may occasionally display behaviors that challenge us, but with patience, understanding, and a little bit of feline finesse, we can make our homes a harmonious haven for both cats and humans. So, keep an eye on your kitty’s subtle cues, respect their boundaries, and shower them with love (on their terms, of course!).

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This article is intended to give you the information you need to know about the types of cat mouth cancer, what symptoms to look out for, the available treatment options, the prognosis, and how to reduce your cat’s likelihood of developing mouth cancer.

Types of Cat Mouth Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cat mouth cancer, accounting for 70-80% of all oral tumors in cats. SCC manifests as a tumor that develops in the mouth, usually in the tissues surrounding a tooth, on the roof of the mouth, or on the underside of the tongue. SCC can also manifest in tonsils and salivary glands as well.

Fibrosarcoma is another type of mouth cancer in cats that causes destruction of normal mouth tissues and can sometimes invade bone and muscle. Fibrosarcoma usually does not create tumors, and it is less common than squamous cell carcinoma.

Other cat mouth cancer types include melanoma, lymphoma, and osteosarcoma that spreads from other parts of the body, but these types of oral cancer are much less common in cats.

Signs of Mouth Cancer in Cats

While you or your veterinarian may actually see a tumor in a cat’s mouth, oftentimes the signs are more subtle and may mimic the signs of dental disease or gum disease. Sometimes there will be no signs at all. Additional signs of feline mouth cancer can include:

• Unexplained loss of an apparently healthy tooth (most common with SCC)
• Bleeding from the mouth, or bloody saliva
• Reduced appetite
• Chewing on only one side, dropping food when eating
• Refusing to eat kibble, will only eat soft food
• Weight loss
• Bad breath
• Drooling
• Head shy
• Facial swelling
• Difficulty swallowing

If you notice any of these signs, make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. If your cat does have mouth cancer, treatment is more successful and the prognosis is often better when the condition is caught early.

Causes of Cat Mouth Cancer

The cause of most oral cancers in cats is still undetermined, though SCC may have a viral component. Mouth cancer in cats is also believed by the scientific community (though not confirmed) to be a result of exposure to: 

• Environmental carcinogens (like secondhand cigarette smoke or other tobacco products)
• Consumption of canned foods containing tuna
• Chemicals in flea collars [2]

Studies showed that cats that wore flea collars had five times the risk of developing mouth cancer. In addition, any chronic inflammation or irritation in the mouth, including inflammation associated with periodontal disease, increases the risk of the development of oral tumors.

Diagnosing Oral Cancer in Cats

Diagnosis of cancer of the mouth in cats starts with a full physical examination by a veterinarian. To get an accurate diagnosis, your veterinarian will likely need to sedate your cat for a complete oral examination and radiographs (X-rays) of the mouth. They will also recommend bloodwork to assess the overall health of your cat and rule out other medical conditions. In some cases, they may recommend an MRI or CT scan, and in most cases, they will either submit a portion of any suspicious lesions or remove the tumor or for biopsy to determine the type.

Treating Cat Mouth Cancer

Treatment of mouth cancer in cats depends on the type of tumor, but it typically involves surgery and radiation. Sometimes chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies are utilized. In addition, cats with mouth cancer are also treated for pain and may need nutritional therapy, such as a feeding tube, to support them through their recovery.

Cost to Treat Cat Mouth Cancer

The cost to treat mouth cancer in cats typically ranges from $1,000-$7,000, depending on the tumor type, location, and degree of malignancy. 

Treatment expenses include:

• Cost of diagnosis
• Cost of surgery
• Costs of radiation and chemotherapy (if indicated)
• Follow-up costs

Prognosis for Cats With Mouth Cancer

A cat’s prognosis depends on tumor type, location, and if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are typically successfully treated with surgical removal and sometimes radiation, and in general, have a good prognosis. Malignant tumors are treated surgically with varying levels of success, depending on the type of tumor, where it is located, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. 

Unfortunately, by the time SCC is usually diagnosed, the tumors are too large and the cancer has often spread to the local lymph nodes. In these circumstances, prognosis is poor, and only palliative treatment is available.

How to Prevent Mouth Cancer in Cats

While there is no fool-proof way to protect your cat from mouth cancer, there are proactive steps you can take to lower your cat’s risk, such as:

• Reduce or eliminate your cat’s exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
• Talk to your veterinarian about flea collars.
• Talk to your veterinarian about the type of food you feed your cat, and avoid feeding tuna. (The EPA recommends no more than 1.5 ounces [45 grams] of canned tuna per week for adult cats.)
• Brush your cat’s teeth regularly, pay attention to their oral hygiene, and routinely examine your cat’s face (and inside of their mouth if they will let you) for anything suspicious.
• If your cat has dental disease, have it treated by a veterinarian.
• Have your cat’s mouth examined yearly by a veterinarian. (If your cat has a history of dental disease and is older than 7, schedule twice yearly oral examinations with your veterinarian.)
• Remember that cat mouth cancer carries a better prognosis if caught early. If you notice any of the signs listed in this article, talk to your veterinarian right away.

References

1. “Oral Cavity Tumors.” Cornell Feline Health Center. Retreived from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-c[…]/health-information/feline-health-topics/oral-cavity-tumors 
2. “A Review of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma” (2016, October) Today’s Veterinary Practice. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/oncology/feline-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/

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The Basics of Tear Production in Cats

Cats’ eyes water, or produce tears, to protect the cornea, or the front of the eye. The many small glands that produce tears – from the outer part of the eye toward the middle corner closest to the nose – is called the nasolacrimal system. 

Tears drain from upper and lower eyelids into a sac, then into a duct that flows to the bottom of the nasal cavity (the cavity behind the nose).

Production of tears in eyes is a natural function, but if your cat’s eyes appear very watery and extra tears spill out of the eye, there is likely an issue. Whether or not the issue requires medical attention depends on if your cat is uncomfortable.

Cat Eye Watering: What it Looks Like

The discharge that comes out of watery eyes in cats is thin and either clear, slightly white, or tinted brown. It can affect one eye or both. 

Other symptoms are common, and may include:

• Red eyes
• Squinting one or both eyes
• Sneezing and/or congestion
• Unusual shape of the eyelids or eyelids rolling inward
• Swelling of the eyes
• Cloudiness of the eyes
• Fur loss around the eye
• Irritation and redness just below the inside corner of the eye

Other eye discharges are possible such as bloody or mucoid discharge, which is thicker yellow to green discharge as opposed to watery discharge. The causes of different eye discharges can overlap significantly.

Why Are My Cat’s Eyes Watering? 6 Possible Causes 

Causes of watery eyes in cats include:

Feline herpesvirus-1

The most common cause, feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV), causes inflammation in the eyes (conjunctivitis) as well as in the nose, both of which would result in watery eyes.

Blockage of the Nasolacrimal Duct 

This can occur due to a tumor, infection that causes swelling in the face, or nasal congestion.

Bacterial Infection

Chlamydophilia felis is a bacterium that leads to infections and swelling in the eye, especially in young kittens.

Foreign Body

A particle such as plant material can become lodged into the tissue under the eyelid and cause significant watering and squinting.

Breed Predisposition

Brachycephalic cat breeds – breeds that have a “flat” face – have a duct that travels so sharply upward that it often gets “kinked” in a V-shaped pattern, resulting in watery eyes.

Congenital Issue

Cats can be born with an abnormal nasolacrimal system that prevents tears from draining normally.

Cat Watery Eye Treatment 

Not all watery eyes in cats need to be treated. If your cat’s eye is otherwise normal in appearance and your cat is not squinting, just wipe the discharge from near the eye daily with a clean damp cloth. 

Sometimes, chronic watering can lead to irritated skin. Your veterinarian can prescribe topical ointments that are safe to be placed near the eye to treat any irritation.

If your cat’s eyes begin watering suddenly, it is more likely there is inflammation from diseases such as FHV or Chlamydophila. These diseases can benefit from antibiotic eye ointment. This is true even for viral infections (like FHV), since they are often followed by bacterial infections that cause inflammation to worsen. In chronic cases of FHV, oral antiviral medication such as famciclovir can be prescribed. 

Rarely a foreign body is present in one of the eyes, and your veterinarian will need to numb your cat’s eye – and possibly sedate your cat – to look closely for what is causing the irritation.

If the nasolacrimal duct is blocked, your veterinarian may be able to flush the duct to allow it to flow. 

Surgery can be performed for certain conditions, including some congenital conditions like eyelid agenesis. Eyelid agenesis occurs when the eyelids do not fully form in kittens, and fur hangs down from the skin onto the eye creating chronic irritation.

Are There Home Remedies for Watery Eyes in Cats? 

There are no therapies available at home that are safe and effective for watery eyes in cats. Putting lubricating eye drops in the eye is not advised as it will not help most eye conditions.

How to Prevent Watery Eyes in Cats

FHV can be prevented by avoiding stress in your cat as much as possible. If your cat develops symptoms of FHV including nasal congestion or discharge, speak with your veterinarian about treatment early in the disease to prevent chronic inflammation, which could lead to scarring and permanent closure of the nasolacrimal duct.

Vaccinating your cat is very important to decrease the likelihood of serious illness caused by FHV. There is a vaccine for Chlamydophila as well, but that vaccine is not recommended unless a cattery or animal shelter demonstrates that Chlamydophila is producing disease in their facility and managing the spread of disease is difficult.

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Unless you’re a trained professional, however, it’s not easy to distinguish between a dog with hyperkinesis and a naturally hyperactive dog or one with anxiety. We asked veterinarians and behaviorists to help unpack this topic, and to offer recommendations that can help you help your canine companion cope. If your dog is exhibiting behavioral issues, it’s always best to start with a call to your veterinarian.

Can Dogs Have ADHD? What the Experts Say

ADHD in humans is marked by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractedness; these symptoms can vary and range from mild to severe. [1] While many of us may exhibit these behaviors at times (who hasn’t zoned out during a long lecture?), the brains of people with ADHD are structurally different — which impacts how they process information. Heredity plays a major role in ADHD, though external factors like brain injuries, being born with a low birth weight, or exposure to certain toxins can factor in. [2]

ADHD begins in childhood — it’s classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder — although it can continue into adulthood. It’s considered a common mental condition, with about 6 million children aged 3 to 17 currently diagnosed each year. [3]

But let’s get down to it: can a dog have ADHD?

Some dogs exhibit behavior resembling that of ADHD in humans. “I see a lot of impulsivity and inability to focus in my patients that are generally anxious,” says Dr. Liz Stelow, chief of service at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. “These dogs do not rest well and typically have too many fear (or sometimes aggression) triggers to count.”  

Does this mean ADHD in dogs is a valid veterinary diagnosis? The veterinary community admits that while dog ADHD is possible, they hesitate to assign a diagnosis — at least for now.

For one, there’s not nearly enough research on this topic yet available. Plus, dogs are a distinct species with a different brain structure, as well as different social needs and ways of processing information. “It’s very important to remember that although there may be many similar behaviors, it’s unlikely that the presentation of ADHD in humans is exactly like the presentation of similar behaviors and symptoms in dogs,” says Dr. Kristina Spaulding, a certified applied animal behaviorist, educator, and owner of Science Matters Academy of Animal Behavior LLC. “Saying ‘ADHD-like’ reminds us of this.”

Hyperactivity in dogs may in fact, be symptomatic of other conditions. One of these, says Dr. Spaulding, is anxiety. Additionally, “It can also happen in normal adolescent dogs that aren’t getting their exercise, enrichment, and/or social needs met.”

Dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), which affects older dogs and is linked to dementia, can appear anxious or more withdrawn; and those with canine compulsive disorder may start to excessively chase their tails. And don’t discount medical conditions, like pain or a seizure disorder, which can sometimes cause these symptoms.

Genetics play a role, too. Compare, for example, highly active dog breeds like the Australian Shepherd and Border Collie, with more docile dog breeds like the Bulldog or Greyhound. “Certain types or breeds of dogs have been selected for many generations for qualities that would make them excel in certain functions or capacities of work, be they guarding, herding, exterminating, hunting by scent or sight,” says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club.

However, as we mentioned before, there is a rare condition in dogs that comes closest to what we would call clinical ADHD. “We behaviorists speak of dogs that cannot settle and learn that respond well to stimulants like Ritalin. Is that ADHD? We call it hyperkinesis,” explains Dr. Stelow, who is a board-certified veterinary behaviorist.

Research About ADHD in Dogs

Several studies have noted similarities between ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behavior in dogs. [4] “Both humans and dogs have a gene variant related to a dopamine gene (DRD4) [5] that is associated with increased activity and impulsivity,” says Dr. Spaulding, who also serves as vice president of the IAABC Foundation. In another study, “Dogs rated high for impulsivity [6] show deficits in their ability to inhibit behavioral responses as well as intolerance to delayed reward,” adds Dr. Spaulding, who has a Ph.D. in behavioral neuroscience.

Another study published in the Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine found that the degree of play time, socialization, and exercise a dog received were linked to ADHD-like behavior. [7] Understanding this connection can ultimately help us be more proactive in how we care for dogs predisposed to these behaviors.

A Groundbreaking Study

A widely-cited 2021 study from the University of Helsinki went even further in challenging the premise that only humans can have ADHD. Based on data from more than 11,000 Finnish dogs, the researchers found striking similarities between ADHD symptoms in both humans and dogs. [8] 

Puppies and male dogs, for example, were found to be more prone to ADHD-like behavior than females and older dogs. This mirrors what scientists know about ADHD in humans — that it tends to occur mostly in young males.

Additionally, a genetic component in dog “ADHD” (which is also a key factor in human ADHD) was present in the University of Helsinki study. Breeds bred for work, like the German Shepherd and Jack Russell Terrier, most commonly exhibited hyperactivity and impulsivity; though they did have the ability to focus on the task at hand. Conversely, breeds like the Chihuahua and Miniature Poodle were generally calmer.

A dog’s environment was also found to be a risk factor. “Amazingly and not surprisingly, dogs that stay at home alone are often more at risk,” says Dr. Klein. Dogs who don’t get enough attention or enough exercise also show more behavioral changes, so pet parent habits can play a contributing role as well.

Dog ADHD Symptoms

There are nuances between hyperactivity and other conditions like CCD. “Canine Cognitive Dysfunction tends to be associated with aging in senior dogs. Whereas high-energy, impulsive behaviors are most common in adolescent dogs (about 6 months to about 18 months),” says Dr. Spaulding.

Additionally, Dr. Spaulding says, canine cognitive dysfunction tends to present differently. “However, sometimes anxiety can masquerade as hyperactive or impulsive behavior. Anxious dogs may jump up on their caregivers and mouth at them. This is a behavior that can also occur when dogs are playing, overly excited, or frustrated.”

Veterinarians have specific criteria when determining if a diagnosis of hyperkinesis (dog “ADHD”) is appropriate. “Patients that I have treated for this have clinical signs that have included high resting heart rate and respiratory rate, difficulty concentrating, or increased focus at [an] unexpected time,” says Dr. Valli Parthasarathy, a board-certified veterinary behaviorist with Synergy Behavior Solutions in Portland, Oregon.

Other signs Dr. Parthasarathy looks for in dogs before she makes a diagnosis include significant trouble relaxing (even in calm situations) and difficulty retaining previously learned skills. A dog’s age and behavioral history, and the ruling out of other medical conditions are also important criteria.

This is why seeking professional help if you suspect your dog has any behavioral issues is crucial. “In many cases, it takes a high level of experience and expertise to distinguish between the potential causes of these symptoms. A behavior professional can help sort out exactly what is driving the behavior and the best way to address it,” says Dr. Spaulding.

To recap, potential hyperkinesis or dog ADHD symptoms your veterinarian will look for include:

• High resting heart rate and respiratory rate
• Difficulty concentrating
• Increased focus at an unexpected time
• Trouble relaxing, even in calm situations
• Difficulty retaining previously learned skills

Managing ADHD Symptoms in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has hyperkinesis, starting with your veterinarian is always a safe bet. “If you are concerned about your pet’s behavior, the first step is to have them checked by your veterinarian,” advises Dr. Parthasarathy.

Your veterinarian might point you in the direction of a specialist, like a board-certified veterinary behaviorist, certified dog behavior consultant, or certified applied animal behaviorist. “This is really important, especially because there are several potential causes of these behaviors, and if the wrong cause is targeted, it’s unlikely the dog will improve,” says Dr. Spaulding.

The following techniques are often recommended for dogs with ADHD-like behaviors. Keep in mind that what works for one pup may not work for another.

Provide Adequate Exercise

A primary goal is to make sure your dog is getting enough exercise and enrichment, says Dr. Spaulding. “The needs will vary widely from dog to dog, but if the dog is not getting at least 30 minutes of play and/or walks or some other kind of physical exercise, then that would be a good place to start.”

Dogs like to do a job, adds Dr. Klein. “Extremely energetic dogs can easily become bored dogs, and bored dogs easily can become disruptive and destructive dogs. Finding proper outlets for dogs, especially young dogs or puppies, can be [time-consuming] and challenging but extremely worthwhile in saving the relationship with you and your dog.”

Create a Behavioral Plan for Dog ADHD Symptoms

Physical exercise by itself isn’t enough, though, says Dr. Spaulding. You’ll need to create a behavior plan for your pup, which Dr. Spaulding says focuses on four main components:

• Ensuring the dog’s needs are being met
• Creating an environment that minimizes or avoids exposure to overwhelming situations
• Using force-free training techniques to improve the dog’s impulse control and frustration tolerance
• Using positive reinforcement to train behaviors that aid with control and relaxation, such as settling on a mat

Provide Appropriate Levels of Stimulation

Focus on activities that can reduce general emotional arousal, says Dr. Parthasarathy. “For example, playing chase [or] tug, or running may make some dogs highly emotionally aroused and increase impulsive behavior.”

Providing calm is also essential, Dr. Parthasarathy adds. “Allowing calm exploratory walks (aka ‘Sniffaris’), more relaxed mental activities (such as licking frozen dog food out of a rubber toy), and teaching relaxation are all activities that can help. Teaching de-escalation and self-calming can help dogs learn to regulate their responses to emotional arousal as well.”

Manage Your Dog’s Home Environment

You may need to make some changes within your home to prevent discomforting behaviors. “This may mean better puppy-proofing of the home, always keeping the dog leashed while outdoors, and [watching] for signs of frustration,” says Dr. Stelow.

Your Veterinarian May Recommend Medication

As nonsensical as it may seem, a dog with true canine hyperkinesis (which is rare in dogs) will usually respond to stimulants. Drugs like methylphenidate, or Ritalin for dogs, can be beneficial in hyperkinesis, says Dr. Parthasarathy. “Often there are other emotional conditions contributing to the overall behavior, so some patients may benefit from a combination of treatments.”

Before giving your pup supplements or OTC remedies, check with your veterinarian first. Although some veterinarians recommend products like valerian and chamomile to relieve anxiety in dogs, hyperkinesis is not the same thing as anxiety.

ADHD in Dogs: The Bottom Line

While recent studies demonstrate that there are behavioral — and even physiological — similarities in ADHD and ADHD-like behavior in dogs, the question remains: can dogs have ADHD?

For now, while hyperkinesis comes closest to what we’d call clinical dog “ADHD,” the veterinary community is not ready to claim ADHD in dogs as a valid diagnosis, at least until more research is available. Additionally, dogs have brains that are structurally and chemically different than ours, so assigning a human diagnosis to another species isn’t always clear cut.

If you suspect your dog has hyperkinesis, it’s best to initiate a conversation with your veterinarian.

References

1. Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. (2019, June). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889
2. Moore, S., Paalanen, L. etal. (2022, March). The Association between ADHD and Environmental Chemicals—A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8910189/
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – Data and Statistics about ADHD. (2022, August). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html
4. Wright, H., Mills, D. (2012, February). Behavioural and physiological correlates of impulsivity in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Physiology & Behavior. In ScienceDirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938411004689
5. Wan, M., Hejjas, K. (2013, December). DRD4 and TH gene polymorphisms are associated with activity, impulsivity and inattention in Siberian Husky dogs. Animal Genetics. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23713429/
6. Bunford, N., Csibra, B., etal. (2019, May). Associations among behavioral inhibition and owner-rated attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and personality in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Journal of Comparative Psychology. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30394783/
7. Hoppe, N., Bininda-Emonds, O., etal. (2017, December). Correlates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-Like Behavior in Domestic Dogs: First Results from a Questionnaire-Based Study. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from https://openventio.org/wp-content/uploads/Correlates-of-Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity-Disorder-ADHD-Like-Behavior-in-Domestic-Dogs-First-Results-from-a-Questionnaire-Based-Study-VMOJ-2-122.pdf
8. Sulkama, S., Puurenen, J., etal. (2021, October). Canine hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention share similar demographic risk factors and behavioural comorbidities with human ADHD. Translational Psychiatry. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8486809/

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Read on to learn more about diagnosing and treating eye infections in dogs. 

What Is a Dog Eye Infection?

Eye infections are a common cause of conjunctivitis (pinkeye) in dogs. Infections cause inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane that covers the surface of the eye and the inside surface of the eyelids), leading to redness, squinting, and pain. Conjunctivitis can have a variety of other causes, however, such as allergies, physical or chemical irritation, eyelid abnormalities, and other conditions.

Eye infections can also affect other parts of the eye. The cornea (surface of the eye) can become infected if it has been weakened by a scratch or ulcer. The interior of the eye can also be affected by infections, leading to a condition known as uveitis.

What Causes Eye Infections in Dogs?

Bacteria

Eye infections are often caused by bacteria that live in the environment and on your dog’s skin. The bacteria are typically kept in check by your dog’s defenses, but these defenses can be overcome if the eye is damaged or diseased.

Some eye infections are associated with serious internal infections, like leptospirosis and brucellosis. These bacteria have systemic (body-wide) effects, including on the eye, and may be contracted from other dogs or from wildlife.

Viruses and Fungi

While viral eye infections are very common in humans, they are not quite as common in dogs. However, viruses like distemper virus, herpes virus, and canine influenza virus can lead to conjunctivitis. 

Fungal infections (like blastomycosis) are rare, but they can occur in some areas of the country. Fungal infections may be spread by inhaling fungal spores or contact with contaminated soil.

Dog Eye Infection Symptoms

The most common signs of eye infection include:

• Swelling
• Redness
• Squinting of one or both eyes
• Clear watery discharge (with viral infections)
• Thick green/yellow discharge (with bacterial infections)
• Frequent blinking
• Holding one or both eyes closed
• Sensitivity to light
• Pawing at and/or rubbing the eye on the carpet or furniture, as if they are uncomfortable or trying to remove something

However, it’s important to note that these signs are relatively non-specific indicators of eye inflammation and can be caused by a variety of eye conditions. Therefore, a thorough veterinary workup is needed to determine whether your dog’s eye issues are a result of an infection or another problem. 

Diagnosing Dog Eye Infections

If your dog shows signs of an eye problem, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. Injuries and infections of the eye can cause blindness if they are left untreated, so this isn’t a situation where you want to adopt a “wait and see” approach. 

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, paying special attention to your dog’s eyes. Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend diagnostic tests.

The most common tests used to assess the eyes include: 

• Fluorescein stain. This brightly-colored stain is used to diagnose defects in the cornea, including scratches and ulcers
• Schirmer tear test. This test measures your dog’s tear production and is used to rule out dry eye (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) 
• Tonometry. Measuring your dog’s intraocular pressure (eye pressure) can rule out glaucoma

Based on physical exam findings and the results of diagnostic tests, your veterinarian will be able to arrive at a diagnosis and determine the best treatment for your dog.

Dog Eye Infection Treatment

Treatment of an eye infection depends on the type of eye infection that is present, and the severity of the infection. 

Bacterial Eye Infection

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics for a dog eye infection are often given as drops or ointment, applied to the surface of your dog’s eye(s) every four to eight hours or as directed by your veterinarian.

Viral Eye Infection

Viral infections generally resolve on their own, as the dog’s immune system fights off the virus. However, your veterinarian may prescribe topical eye medication to soothe any inflammation and discomfort. Give these medications as directed.

Fungal Eye Infection

Fungal eye infections (and some serious internal bacterial infections) are treated with oral medications. Oral antifungal medications and oral antibiotics can be beneficial in the case of systemic infections.

Other Infections

Other causes of conjunctivitis, such as allergies and mechanical irritation, require different treatments. This is why it’s essential to have your dog’s eye condition diagnosed by a veterinarian, so you can ensure your dog receives the right treatment.  

Home remedies are not recommended for eye infections. Saline flush might be helpful if your dog has dust or dirt in their eye, but other human eye medications should be avoided in dogs. If your dog’s eye inflammation persists for more than a couple of hours, visit your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Dog Eye Infections

While there is no way to prevent all eye infections, these steps can help reduce the risk: 

Schedule consistent examinations. Have your dog examined by a veterinarian regularly. Early detection of eye abnormalities can reduce the risk that these abnormalities lead to an infection.

Stay on top of vaccines. Keep your dog up to date on recommended vaccines, which can help prevent viral infections of the eye. 

Keep an eye on your dog’s eyes. Check your dog’s eyes regularly at home, and contact your veterinarian at the first sign of a problem. A small scratch on the surface of your dog’s eye can easily become infected, leading to more serious problems. 

Don’t forget about grooming. If your dog has long hair, keep the hair on their face trimmed away from their eyes.

Stay away from dust and debris. Avoid letting your dog put their head out of the car window to reduce the risk of dust and other materials damaging their eyes. 

Related Conditions

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• Uveitis

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However, because cats are the masters of disguise, you may not even know that your cat has this condition until the pain and discomfort are too great to hide.

Let’s go over all you need to know about tooth resorption in cats, including what it is and how to treat it.

What Is Tooth Resorption in Cats?

Tooth resorption occurs when the body attacks healthy tooth tissue by destroying and resorbing it. This disease has gone by several other names:

• Cat caries
• Neck lesions
• Cervical line lesions
• Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions

It’s helpful to understand some basic tooth anatomy before explaining tooth resorption in detail:

• Enamel: Hard, white outer surface of the tooth
• Crown: Visible part of the tooth above the gumline
• Root: Part of the tooth below the gumline
• Root canal: Inside of the tooth that contains structures like blood vessels and nerves
• Dentin: Hard, bony substance that surrounds the root canal
• Periodontal ligament: Soft tissue that holds the tooth in place

Tooth resorption usually attacks the enamel first and then travels to the inner part of the tooth, causing irreversible damage along the way. What’s left is frequently a bump on the gum line where the affected tooth used to be.

In other cases, tooth resorption leaves a hole in the tooth’s center that resembles a cavity. However, tooth resorption and cavities are different. With tooth resorption, the body is attacking healthy tissue. Cavities occur when acid produced by bacteria in the mouth damages the enamel and dentin. Cats can get cavities, but only rarely.

Feline tooth resorption most commonly affects the lower premolars, the teeth between the canines and molars. It occurs in 20 to 60 percent of all cats and approximately 75 percent of cats over 5 years old (1).

Tooth resorption is categorized into two types, according to what the resorption looks like on a dental X-ray:

• Type 1: The crown is damaged but the root appears normal. The periodontal ligament can easily be seen.
• Type 2 (replacement resorption): The root is disintegrating and resembles bone. 

Causes of Tooth Resorption in Cats

There is no known cause of tooth resorption in cats; all breeds are susceptible. The incidence of tooth resorption often increases with age, with adult cats most affected.

Dental hygiene (or the lack thereof) does not play a role in tooth resorption. Although good oral care helps keep your cat’s mouth healthy, a lack of dental care will not lead to tooth resorption.

Typically, one tooth will be affected initially, and others will follow suit. When multiple teeth are affected, the resorption rate will differ between teeth: one tooth may have advanced resorption, while another may be in the beginning stages.

Cat Tooth Resorption Symptoms

Tooth resorption is extremely painful and uncomfortable, but your cat will do their best to hide it. Hiding pain stems from your cat’s wild ancestry: showing any sign of weakness or discomfort in the wild would make them an easy target.

Despite their best efforts, though, your cat may eventually have noticeable symptoms of tooth resorption. These symptoms are like those seen with other dental diseases when the teeth are unhealthy: 

Eating changes

• Refusal to eat
• Preferring soft food
• Dropping food from the mouth
• Not chewing before swallowing
• Jaw chattering when eating due to pain
• Favoring one side of the mouth when chewing

Other symptoms

• Oral bleeding along the gumline
• Running away from the food bowl at mealtime
• Muscular spasms or trembling in the jaw if the affected area is touched

Not all cats with tooth resorption will show signs of the disease.

Diagnosing Tooth Resorption in Cats

If you notice these symptoms, take your cat to your veterinarian for examination and diagnosis. 

Diagnosing tooth resorption begins with a basic physical exam and history. However, the extent of tooth resorption cannot be adequately assessed just by peering in the mouth during the physical exam. 

Your veterinarian will sedate your cat to take full-mouth dental X-rays and perform an oral exam. The X-rays and oral exam will help your vet rule out other oral health issues, such as periodontal disease, that could be causing your cat’s symptoms. 

The dental X-rays will also allow your veterinarian to determine whether your cat has type 1 or 2 tooth resorption. 

Tooth Resorption in Cats Treatment

Treatment for tooth resorption in cats depends on the type of tooth resorption. 

Type 1 is treated with tooth extraction, including the crown and root. Your veterinarian may refer you to a board-certified veterinary dentist for treatment if your cat’s tooth resorption is moderate to severe.

Type 2 is treated with crown amputation, in which the damaged portion of the tooth is removed while leaving the resorbing root intact.

Pain control is necessary before and after treatment. Before the procedure, your veterinarian (or veterinary dentist) will perform a local nerve block. For a local nerve block, an analgesic such as lidocaine is injected into the nerves near the surgical area to numb the area and relieve pain.

Your veterinarian will prescribe pain medication to reduce your cat’s pain while your  cat is recovering at home. This medication may be a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as meloxicam, but your veterinarian will decide which specific pain medication will be best for your cat.

Antibiotics may be given several days before the procedure and then afterward to prevent bacterial infection. However, because antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in veterinary medicine, antibiotics are not given for every dental procedure in pets. Your veterinarian will consider the severity of your cat’s tooth resorption and overall health to determine whether antibiotics would be necessary.

How Much Does It Cost To Treat Tooth Resorption in Cats?

Treatment for tooth resorption is pricey. The total cost of treatment depends on many factors:

• Oral exam
• Dental X-rays
• Preoperative blood work
• Anesthesia
• Medications
• Type of procedure (extraction or crown amputation)
• Number of teeth to be extracted
• Hospitalization
• Surgical supplies
• Need for a veterinary dentist
• Where you live

Generally, diagnosis, preoperative blood work, and anesthesia will cost several hundred dollars. Extractions can cost about $100 each. However, the total cost will vary from one cat to the next and could cost as much as several thousand dollars if you are referred to a veterinary dentist. 

With so many individual costs, request a detailed estimate when discussing treatment options with your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Tooth Resorption in Cats

Tooth resorption in cats is not preventable. However, good at-home and professional oral care goes a long way in keeping your cat’s mouth healthy. At-home care includes brushing your cat’s teeth once daily or every other day. 

Your veterinarian can recommend at-home feline dental products. You can also browse the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) website for VOHC-accepted products.

Annual wellness exams, dental X-rays, and dental cleanings will complement good at-home care to detect oral disease early and keep your cat’s mouth as healthy as possible.

References

1. “Tooth Resorption.” Cornell Feline Health Center. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/tooth-resorption

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The bottom line—choosing supplements for dogs with cancer shouldn’t be a guessing game. With some help from vet experts, we’ve picked the best supplements for dogs with cancer. Of course, your pup’s specific needs are based on their diagnosis and chemical profile. 

So, take a look at this round-up of cancer supplements for dogs, then ask your veterinarian if these supplements could support your dog’s health.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Mushroom Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: NOW Pets Immune Support Chewable Tablets
• Supplement for Dogs with Inflammation: Ayush Herbs Inflammation Support 
• Calming Aid for Dogs with Cancer: ThunderWunders Calming Chews
• Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Soft Gels for Pets
• Gut Health Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Rx Biotic Powder
• Liver Support Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Integrative Therapeutics Super Milk Thistle X

Benefits of Supplements for Dogs with Cancer

Supplements can be a great addition to your dog’s diet, but not all supplements belong in your pet’s dish. “In recent days, it seems almost every second owner has their pet on supplements, whether veterinarian-recommended or not,” says London-based locum veterinary surgeon Dr. Linda Simon, DVM. 

She notes that supplements aren’t always the answer—and they’re not always necessary. Typically, pets meet their nutritional needs when eating a complete and balanced dog food. “For most animals, supplements are only needed when they have a diagnosed medical issue, such as cancer,” she says.

When it comes to dog cancer patients, common symptoms include inflammation, nausea, anxiety, and decreased energy—symptoms that could benefit from the addition of supplements made for pets. Types of supplements to consider include:

• Omega 3 fatty acids and turmeric (curcumin) for decreasing inflammation. 
• Pre- and probiotics for improving gut health, boosting the immune system, and reducing inflammation of the digestive tract.   
• Medicinal mushrooms for anti-cancer activity, relief of chemotherapy side effects, and longevity [1]. 
• Milk thistle for protecting the liver and other organs from harmful toxins. 
• CBD, chamomile, and melatonin for calming pre-veterinary visit jitters. 

But grabbing supplements off the shelf based on a blanket cancer diagnosis might not provide the results you’re looking for. For a targeted approach, work with your veterinarian to select the best supplement(s).

6 Vet-Approved Supplements for Dogs with Cancer

There are many options available when it comes to choosing supplements for dogs with cancer. And the best treatment depends on the age, diagnosis, and needs of your dog. Here are a few to ask your vet about:

Mushroom Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: NOW Pets Immune Support Chewable Tablets

Your dog’s diagnosis and the target area will determine which mushroom provides the biggest benefit. Now Pets’ veterinarian-formulated mushroom supplement features a proprietary blend of eight mushrooms that benefit everything from liver and kidney function to the immune system. 

Mushrooms have two parts—the top which is the flowering body and the mycelium which is the root. The component giving your pet the biggest nutritional boost is a compound called beta-glucan, which is found in the top or fruiting body of the mushroom [2]. 

Other active ingredients include milk thistle extract, turmeric root extract, burdock root, licorice root, red clover, ashwagandha root extract, and selenium.

Highlights

• Veterinarian-formulated by Dr. Barbara Royal, DVM, CVA, founder of the Royal Treatment Veterinary Center
• Made with natural botanicals
• Improved flavor
• Carries the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) Quality Seal
• 90 chewable tablets per bottle

Things to Consider

Based on where the cancer is located, what treatment a dog is undergoing, and their medical history—there are potentially different mushroom supplements that you want to reach for. So, ask your veterinarian if this combination of medicinal mushrooms is the right one for your pup. 

The label says to use with caution in animals on steroids. Long-term use may cause or contribute to water retention, hypertension, and other cortisone-like side effects.

Supplement for Dogs with Inflammation

Our pick: Ayush Herbs Inflammation Support 

When it’s general inflammation you want to tackle, consider a turmeric supplement. This option from Ayush Herbs features 97 percent pure curcuminoids and is formulated to help support a healthy inflammatory and metabolic response (already within a normal range). The product has earned a quality and safety certification from Emerson Ecologic’s Emerson Quality Program (EQP), which means it meets or exceeds current Good Manufacturing Processes (cGMP). 

Highlights

• 97 percent pure curcuminoids
• Quality and safety certification from Emerson Ecologic’s Emerson Quality Program (EQP)
• Contains no milk, soy, egg, or wheat
• 90 tablets per bottle

Things to Consider

Turmeric supplements for dogs can be beneficial for general inflammation. However, gastrointestinal side effects may occur in some dogs. When targeting inflammation in a particular area, talk with your veterinarian about the right supplement for the job. 

Calming Aid for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: ThunderWunders Calming Chews

ThunderWunders calming chews for dogs can help promote rest and relaxation and alleviate stress. Made with naturally calming ingredients, including chamomile, melatonin, and L-tryptophan, your pup can feel at ease for the day ahead. These chews also contain ginger to help settle sensitive stomachs in stressful situations. 

Highlights

• Ingredients include chamomile, thiamine, passion flower, ginger, L-tryptophan, and melatonin
• Made in the USA
• 100 percent satisfaction guarantee
• For dogs 12 weeks of age and older 
• Comes in a 60-count bag

Things to Consider

Similar to some other supplements for pets, there haven’t been many studies of chamomile in animals. So, the evidence that it works is mostly anecdotal. L-tryptophan is an amino acid that increases serotonin levels in the brain. Before starting this supplement, ask your board-certified oncologist if your dog’s treatment works by creating free radicals and if this amino acid could interfere with treatment.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Soft Gels for Pets

The best source of omega-3 fatty acids is small, cold-water fish (such as sardines and anchovies) that are less likely to bioaccumulate harmful toxins [3]. Sustainably caught, cold-water sardine and anchovy oils are exactly what you’ll find in every soft gel capsule of Nordic Naturals omega-3 supplement for pets. Formulated especially for furry friends, this fish oil is 90 percent triglyceride molecular form, meaning better absorption and easier digestion than similar products. Plus, this brand excels when it comes to rigorous testing and quality standards. That means fresh ingredients that meet purity standards. 

Highlights

• 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acids in every capsule, including EPA and DHA
• Third-party tested and guaranteed purity
• Wild-caught ingredients
• Friend of the Sea certified
• GMO-free 
• 90 soft gels per bottle

Things to Consider

Some pups aren’t fans of the soft gel form. But pet parents say the capsules make correct dosing a breeze—even if that means puncturing and squeezing the contents onto food. 

Gut Health Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Rx Biotic Powder

Clinical research shows that the gut is its healthiest when pre- and probiotics work together [4]. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that normally live in your dog’s intestines, but stress, a bout of illness, or antibiotics can disrupt the balance of good and bad bacteria. Once established, the good bacteria will need something to consume so that they may continue thriving. That’s where prebiotics (fermentable fibers) come in. 

“Fermentable fibers are known to have health benefits across many species,” Dr. Sarah Machell, DVM, medical director of Vetster says. “Some of these identified benefits include better bowel movements, enhancement of gut bacterial flora, and an increased generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).” Dr. Machell notes that SCFAs are particularly important to gut health for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. 

Rx Biotic Powder for Dogs and Cats features four major probiotic bacterial strains and two prebiotics to help support healthy digestive and immune systems.

With almost 70 percent of a dog’s immune system tied to the gastrointestinal tract, the gut is an important aspect of overall health and well-being [5]. So, don’t miss chatting with your veterinarian about this powder supplement. 

Highlights

• Balanced probiotic and enzyme support supplement 
• Highly palatable, high potency, hypo-allergenic powder with no flavorings or additives
• Carries NASC Quality Seal
• Comes in a 60-gram or 35-gram bottle

Things to Consider

For therapeutic use, you may need to give 2-4 scoops daily with food. Refrigeration is recommended after opening. 

Some popular probiotics for dogs contain beta carotene or vitamin E. While these compounds are healthy antioxidants for most dogs, they could interfere with some cancer treatments. So, check labels carefully, then chat with your veterinarian before starting your dog on any probiotic and prebiotic—or any other supplement. 

Liver Support Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Integrative Therapeutics Super Milk Thistle X

Silymarin—a chemical found in milk thistle—is a powerful protectant that can reduce the toxic effects that chemotherapy and other treatments may have on the liver and kidneys. Integrative Therapeutics combines a highly absorbable form of milk thistle with other supportive herbs, including artichoke leaf, dandelion root, licorice root, and rhizome extracts, for this well-rounded liver support supplement.

Highlights

• No sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, or ingredients of animal origin
• No artificial coloring, flavoring, or preservatives
• Adheres to the highest manufacturing standards
• 120 capsules per bottle

Things to Consider

While milk thistle is generally safe for therapeutic use in dogs, this particular supplement is formulated for humans, so you’ll need to check with your veterinarian first to see if it’s appropriate for your individual pet. If your vet approves, use caution and follow their dosing recommendations and instructions. 

Supplements for Dogs with Cancer: Buyer’s Guide

The number of supplements to choose from can be overwhelming. To narrow down the best choices, it’s important to keep a few things in mind:

Your dog’s diagnosis and treatment plan. Dogs can develop different types of cancer with different symptoms. Just like in humans, cancer can affect different parts of the body and require varying treatment or management plans. That means that there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to supplements for canine cancer. 

Veterinary approval. Always consult your veterinarian, board-certified oncologist, or board-certified veterinary nutritionist before adding a new supplement to your dog’s diet. 

Supplement form. Supplements for dogs with cancer come in many forms, such as powders, capsules, chews, and liquid drops. Your dog could lose their appetite or sense of smell, making supplementing difficult. So, consider your individual dog’s preferences and temperament when choosing a form and prepare to be flexible as their treatment or management progresses. 

Active ingredients. Read the packaging to see the product’s active ingredients and potential health benefits. Some active ingredients could interfere with medications or other treatments. So, always discuss any changes to your dog’s diet with your pet’s medical team before starting a new supplement. 

Quality. Third-party testing, GMP-certified, NSF-certified, and a seal of the NASC all tell you that you’re buying a quality supplement. When requested, reputable companies can provide a certificate of analysis. 

Dog Cancer Supplements: Precautions and Tips

As a general rule, it’s always best to check with your veterinary team before adding any additional foods or supplements to your pet’s diet. It might surprise you to find that some minerals and nutrients could interfere with your dog’s cancer treatment. 

For example, avoiding antioxidants such as beta carotene and vitamin E is the safest bet for dogs receiving radiation treatment or chemotherapy that works by creating free radicals [6].  

Dr. Joseph Impellizeri, DVM, DACVIM, MRCVS, is a board-certified oncologist at URvet Care and heads the Barrymore Center for Advanced Cancer Therapeutics. He’s a proponent of using supplements for dogs with cancer but heeds one last and very important warning:

“Never let the use of supplements override the standard of care.” Supplements are complementary to conventional care and treatment, he says. “Nutrition is just one pillar of health stability.”

References

1. Vetvicka, Vaclav, et al. “Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression.” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 4, Mar. 2021, p. 250. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040250.
2. Vetvicka, Vaclav. Unrestricted Educational Grant from Nutramax Laboratories Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 2019, Effects & Benefits of Beta-Glucan, https://files.brief.vet/2019-02/CN_2019_Nutramax_March_F_SF%20(1).pdf. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
3. Bioaccumulative Persistent Chemicals. https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Folder2/Folder27/Folder1/Folder127/Bioaccumulative__Persistent_Chemicals_FINAL.pdf?rev=17c45be4398546268a90de04f50f25e4. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
4. Wortinger, Ann. “Prebiotics and Probiotics for Dogs and Cats.” Today’s Veterinary Nurse, 28 Feb. 2019, todaysveterinarynurse.com/nutrition/prebiotics-and-probiotics-for-dogs-and-cats/. 
5. “The Power of Probiotics.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/health-info/power-probiotics. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
6. Moss, Ralph W. “Do Antioxidants Interfere with Radiation Therapy for Cancer?” Antioxidants and Radiation Therapy, Cancer Communications, 2007, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1534735407305655. 

The post 6 Vet-Approved Supplements for Dogs with Cancer appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Urinary Dog Food?

When veterinarians recommend urinary food for dogs, they’re usually referring to diets that target bladder stones. Bladder stones are clumps of mineralized crystals that can form in the urinary tract, explains Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club. “Bladder stones cause irritation to the lining of the bladder [and] discomfort to the dog, and can lead to more serious medical problems such as urinary blockage.”

Urinary dog food is formulated to dissolve these stones and prevent their occurrence, says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. In part, this food is “formulated to control the urinary pH in an optimal range to prevent stone formulation.” (The goal is to achieve acidic urine.) It also restricts amounts of minerals like magnesium, phosphorus and calcium, says Dr. Klein, “which are the minerals most often associated [with contributing to] the formation of urinary crystals and stone formation.”

The nutritional profiles of urinary tract dog food diets vary; each is designed to target a specific stone. For example, diets targeting struvite stones (the most common in dogs) promote increased hydration to decrease crystal concentration while limiting protein and mineral levels. Urate stone diets are low in purine, a chemical compound that produces uric acid, which can lead to stones when levels are high.

According to Dr. Joe Bartges, professor of internal medicine, interventional radiology, and nutrition at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, dog food for urinary health is generally complete and balanced for adult dogs, as specified by the Association of Animal Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) guidelines. “The exception is a specific diet formulated to dissolve struvite stones in dogs,” he adds. “Therefore, while the nutrients are modified from adult dog foods, they usually still meet the requirements for adult dogs.”

Urinary Diets May Not Always Be the Answer

Urinary dog diets require precise levels of nutrients to dissolve and prevent bladder stones. They can be harmful to dogs without urinary issues, and in fact, “Not all dogs with urinary tract conditions need to be on a urinary diet,” says Dr. John P. Loftus, assistant professor of small animal internal medicine and nutrition at Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine. Because of these factors, veterinarians recommend urinary care dog food that’s only available with a prescription.

It’s also important to note that these diets can’t prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs). “Altering pH helps to manage stones, either to dissolve them or to prevent them from recurring. It does not help prevent urinary tract infections, which is a common misconception,” says Dr. Bartges, who is a board-certified veterinary nutritionist.

Preventing UTIs, however, can go a long way in preventing the occurrence of struvite stones. “Treat/prevent the UTI, and they won’t form struvite stones again regardless of diet,” explains Dr. Bartges. This is something your veterinarian can help with.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Wet Urinary Dog Food: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets UR Urinary Ox/St Canine Formula (Canned)
• Best Dry Urinary Dog Food: Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare Urinary Dry Dog Food
• Best Urinary Dog Food for Weight Management: Hill’s Prescription Diet Dog c/d Multicare + Metabolic, Urinary + Weight Care Dry Dog Food
• Best Small Breed Urinary Dog Food: Royal Canin Urinary SO Small Dog Dry Dog Food
• Best Urinary Dog Food for Senior Dogs: Royal Canin Urinary SO Aging Dry Dog Food
• Best Low Purine Urinary Dog Food: Royal Canin Urinary UC Low Purine Dry Dog Food

How We Made Our Selections

We started by asking veterinarians for their recommendations, as well as criteria that determine the best dog food for urinary health. “The urinary diets most prescribed by veterinarians are formulated by Royal Canin, Hill’s, and Purina,” says Dr. Klein. These are the brands we focused on in our list.

We also considered the following when making our selections:

Manufacturing practices. It’s imperative that the diets we recommend are from companies with good manufacturing practices. For example, they’re made in the United States, have dietary profiles backed by scientific studies, have passed AAFCO feeding trials when appropriate, and are formulated by veterinarians or board-certified nutritionists.

Prescription only. We opted for therapeutic diets, available only with a veterinarian’s prescription. “Several brands do have [over-the-counter] formulas to help control urinary pH but are not nearly as good as the prescription diets,” says Dr. Barnes.

Added benefits. Though the main function of these diets is to dissolve and prevent specific urinary stones, we called out the ones that offer other benefits like added antioxidants or formulations for weight management.

Ratings/reviews. Finally, we scoured customer reviews for insights, choosing diets that received more than four of five stars.

Best Urinary Dog Food of 2024

As you’ll see, most of the diets on our list help dissolve struvite stones and reduce the risk of both struvite stones and calcium oxalate stones (which result from factors like genetic conditions, liver disease, or nutritional imbalances). However, we also included an option to help with urate stones. Your veterinarian will recommend a urinary diet based on your dog’s stones and health history. Be sure to ask if any of the following diets are a good match for your pup.

Best Wet Urinary Dog Food

Our pick: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets UR Urinary Ox/St Canine Formula (Canned)

Purina urinary dog food is one of the most commonly prescribed diets for bladder stones. It contains reduced levels of calcium and phosphorus, plus added moisture to help dissolve struvite stones. Developed by veterinarians and nutritionists, this veterinary diet is made in United States Purina facilities.

Key Benefits

• Lower amounts of select minerals, plus added moisture help dissolve struvite stones
• Helps reduce the risk of struvite and calcium oxalate stones
• Developed by veterinarians and nutritionists
• Purina is a trusted name that’s been manufacturing pet food for more than 90 years

Best Dry Urinary Dog Food

Our pick: Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare Urinary Dry Dog Food

According to Dr. Barnes, “We like [Hill’s] as each line has different versions to assess other health needs, such as food allergies and weight management.” Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d is one of the diets her clinic prescribes. Reduced levels of calcium and sodium help dissolve struvite stones and reduce future occurrences of both struvite and calcium oxalate stones. It also contains fish oil, an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as antioxidants vitamin E and beta carotene.

Key Benefits

• One of the most prescribed urinary care dog food diets
• Nutrient profile is conducive to dissolving struvite stones, as well as preventing future occurrences of both struvite and calcium oxalate stones
• Contains omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants
• Hill’s is a trusted, long-standing brand that hires nutritionists and veterinarians to formulate their diets

Best Urinary Dog Food for Weight Management

Our pick: Hill’s Prescription Diet Dog c/d Multicare + Metabolic, Urinary + Weight Care Dry Dog Food

Obesity in dogs has been linked to the formation of calcium oxalate stones, so if your dog struggles in this area, this option from Hill’s may be a good choice. Ideal for promoting a healthy bladder and managing your pup’s weight, it pulls double duty with every meal. Not only does the dry food help dissolve and prevent stones, it also features a healthy and harmonious blend of ingredients to help kickstart your dog’s metabolism for proven weight loss within 60 days.

Key Benefits

• Supports urinary health and weight management
• Helps dissolve struvite stones and prevent struvite/calcium oxalate stones
• Made with a blend of ingredients to help with metabolism
• Formulated by Hill’s veterinarians and nutritionists

Best Small Breed Urinary Dog Food

Our pick: Royal Canin Urinary SO Small Dog Dry Dog Food

Royal Canin Urinary Dog Food SO is another diet Dr. Barnes recommends and veterinarians commonly prescribe. The smaller kibble size in this special diet makes it easier for smaller dogs to eat while promoting chewing, which can help reduce tartar buildup. Royal Canin is an established company that employs board-certified veterinary nutritionists to develop their therapeutic diets.

Key Benefits

• Royal Canin urinary dog food is commonly prescribed by veterinarians
• Helps dissolve struvite stones and prevent the occurrence of struvite and calcium oxalate stones
• Contains fish oil and vitamin E
• Formulated for small dogs and designed to promote chewing for tartar reduction
• Manufactured by Royal Canin, a trusted brand in the pet food industry

Best Urinary Dog Food for Senior Dogs

Our pick: Royal Canin Urinary SO Aging Dry Dog Food

In addition to helping to reduce the ion concentration in urine, this dry diet from Royal Canin also features a specific mix of nutrients and antioxidants to promote cognition in senior dogs. Additionally, the kibble is very palatable, helping to boost regular eating habits.

Key Benefits

• Created with relative supersaturation (RSS) methodology, which helps reduce ion concentration in urine
• Works to dissolve struvite stones and prevent both struvite and calcium oxalate stones
• Helps boost cognition/vitality in senior dogs
• Manufactured by Royal Canin

Best Low Purine Urinary Dog Food

Our pick: Royal Canin Urinary UC Low Purine Dry Dog Food

While most of the options on our list focus on struvite and calcium oxalate stones, this one is formulated with low purine proteins that can help with the prevention of urate stones. It also contains moderate levels of high-quality proteins, methionine, and cysteine to help lessen the possibility of cystine stones. Plus, added omega-3 fatty acids support skin and coat health.

Key Benefits

• Low purine option to help prevent urate stones
• Moderate quantities of high-quality proteins, methionine, and cysteine can help avoid cystine stones
• Contains omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, linoleic acid, zinc, and biotin for skin and coat
• Manufactured by Royal Canin

Urinary Dog Food Buyer’s Guide

Because choosing a urinary dog food is more involved than shopping for a standard dog diet, we’ve pulled together some additional veterinary advice. Here are a few things to consider.

Determine the cause of your dog’s bladder woes

First things first – you need to understand exactly why your dog is experiencing urinary issues. Urinary dog diets usually target specific bladder stones. “For example, a dog with struvite stones would benefit from a different diet than a dog with urate stones,” says Dr. Loftus, who is board-certified in veterinary internal medicine (small animal internal medicine and nutrition). “I think it all depends on exactly why a urinary diet is needed, so it really depends on the dog.” This is something that can only be determined by a veterinarian.

Opt for therapeutic urinary dog food

When it comes to urinary issues in dogs, veterinarians generally recommend therapeutic prescription diets because they contain a precise balance of nutrients that target specific urinary stones.

Though therapeutic diets are effective, the downside is that they’re more expensive than standard diets. Depending on how long your dog needs to be on a special diet, the cost can really add up, especially if you have a larger breed.

Ask your veterinarian or the food manufacturer about potential coupons, rebates, or special offers that can help you save money.

Decide between dry and canned foods

Urinary food for dogs is typically available in both dry and canned formulas. Your decision will, of course, depend on which formula your dog prefers to eat, as well as their typical water intake. “Increased moisture in the diet does also help with stones, so canned food is a good idea but may be cost prohibitive in larger dogs,” says Dr. Barnes. Another option is to add water to the dry food or offer your dog more drinking water.

Think about your dog’s special health needs

While the type of stone will help determine which food your veterinarian prescribes, some diets have added benefits. “For instance, if your dog is overweight, you will want to choose one of the diets that is also for weight loss,” offers Dr. Barnes.

Additionally, your dog may have other health issues that can complicate diet choices. “For example, higher dietary fat [for] a Miniature Schnauzer who has had pancreatitis would not be a good idea,” explains Dr. Bartges.

Consider your dog’s age

Urinary diets are designed for adult dogs. “Puppies don’t get stones like adults do, and due to their growth needs, urinary diets aren’t suitable for them,” says Dr. Barnes.

If you have a senior dog, you might want to ask your veterinarian if special urinary food designed for older pups (like the Royal Canin option for senior dogs on our list) might be a good fit.

Tips for Switching Your Dog to a Urinary Diet

Switching any dog to a new diet can be challenging. Here are a few tips to help your dog adjust.

Start slowly

Some dogs may experience an upset tummy, vomiting, and diarrhea when their diet changes abruptly. To help prevent this, Dr. Barnes recommends switching to the new diet over the course of a week. “I will typically start at 75 percent old food, 25 percent new food for a few days, then 50:50, etc.”

Stick to feeding your dog what the veterinarian prescribes

Once your dog is on a therapeutic diet, it’s essential to feed only what your veterinarian prescribes, says Dr. Klein. “This includes not feeding any additional food, table scraps, or treats as these could upset the desired balance needed to achieve the purpose of a urinary diet. Always consult with your veterinarian before offering any additional food or treats.”

Be prepared to monitor your dog’s progress

Once on the urinary dog diet, veterinary evaluations will become important, says Dr. Bartges. “I like to recheck a urine sample at two weeks after a full change, then at four weeks, and then every two to four months depending on the patient. Blood work might be checked as well to evaluate response and to identify any issues before they become big issues.”

Keep realistic expectations

Diet is only one part of managing urinary disease in dogs, and it’s not a panacea, says Dr. Bartges. Your veterinarian may also recommend surgery to remove the stones, as well as treatment for any underlying issues.

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What is Cat Eye Discharge?

Your cat’s eye is a delicate structure. To protect itself from drying out, the eye is regularly lubricated with tears, which are drained away. Cat eye discharge happens when this process goes wrong. It can be due to too many tears being produced, the drainage route being blocked, or a cat eye infection. 

Although common, eye discharge in cats indicates something isn’t happening correctly. All cats with eye discharge should have a check-up with a veterinarian. How quickly that check-up needs to happen depends on how long your cat has had watery eyes – if your cat’s eye discharge is new, they should go to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Kittens and new cats to the home with eye discharge should also head to a vet as soon as possible. If an adult cat has had the eye discharge for months or years, they should still go to the vet, but as long as there are no other symptoms, it can usually wait a week or two until a convenient time.

What Does Eye Discharge in Cats Look Like?

Cat eye discharge can vary in color and thickness. Watery eye discharge is usually caused by overproduction or overflow of tears. You might not see the tears themselves, but the fur on one or both sides of the nose will be wet and crusty when dry. If your cat has white fur, these “tear stains” may appear pink or red-brown due to pigments in their tears. 

Eye discharge from an infection is usually yellow or green and is usually thicker or sticky. Brown eye discharge can also be from a cat eye infection. It dries very crusty. You’ll see this collecting in the inner corner of your cat’s eye, spilling over and collecting alongside the nose.

A cat with bloody eye discharge or red eye discharge should visit the veterinarian urgently, as it’s likely they have an eye injury and are in some pain.

Because the fur and skin are constantly wet, if a cat has eye discharge, they often have sore or infected skin under their eyes. This can irritate, so you may see your cat rubbing their face with their paws or using furniture to itch the area. 

You may also see cat pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis. This is when your cat’s conjunctiva (the pink inside of the eyelids) becomes swollen and visible. Conjunctivitis isn’t a diagnosis, it’s a symptom – your vet will still have to find out the cause. 

Causes of Cat Eye Discharge

Feline Upper Respiratory Infections (‘Cat Flu’)

The most common cause of cat eye discharge is feline upper respiratory infection, commonly called cat flu. While several infectious diseases can cause cat flu, the most common is feline herpes virus. This virus causes other flu symptoms, too – cats frequently sneeze, have discharge from the nose, and are generally under the weather. Eighty percent of cats never get rid of the virus entirely – it comes back when they’re stressed or their immune system is weakened. In some cats, all the symptoms will return, but many will only get signs of conjunctivitis (sore, swollen eyes and eye discharge from one or both eyes). 

Cat sneezing and eye discharge are usually cat flu, but that doesn’t mean it should be taken lightly – feline herpes virus can cause blindness when severe.

Trauma and Injuries to the Cornea or Eye

Another common cause of eye discharge in cats is an injured cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye. Scratches to the cornea are very painful and cause the eye to water significantly, causing a watery eye discharge, although this can go yellow or green once infection sets in. Cats will often also hold their damaged eye closed in a squint. The damage is sometimes visible to the naked eye but often needs a special dye to diagnose correctly.

If your cat is squinting in one eye and has discharge, your cat will need urgent medical attention.

Foreign Body

Foreign bodies (such as another cat’s claw from a fight) are painful, no matter where they lodge. Cats with a foreign object in their eye are likely to be squinting, blinking a lot, and holding their eye closed, with plenty of watery discharge. If not treated, the discharge will become thicker and yellow as infection occurs. 

A foreign body in the eye often causes injury to the cornea, so your cat may have both conditions. Both need urgent treatment.

Blocked Tear Ducts

Another reason for cat eye discharge is a blocked tear duct. The tear duct is a small tube that drains the normal tears from the eye into the nose. If this tube is blocked due to an infection or inflammation, tears won’t drain properly and instead spill over, causing eye discharge. This type of discharge is usually thin and watery, as it’s just normal eye lubricant. 

Although blocked tear ducts in cats aren’t an emergency, the type of discharge is very similar to other more serious conditions, so you should always get a diagnosis from a veterinarian.

Allergies and Irritants

Just as our eyes water when we get hay fever, so will a cat’s. If your cat’s eyes only water at certain times of year, allergies may be involved. You may also see sneezing or asthma in these cases. Airborne irritants can also cause watery cat eyes – bleach, ammonia, and other strong scents can cause a cat’s eyes to water. 

Allergies and irritants aren’t usually emergencies, but it’s still best to see a veterinarian to rule out something else. Remember that some irritants may also be toxic – for instance, some essential oils often used in scented products are toxic to cats [1]. This could cause eye-watering but also cause other symptoms like drooling and vomiting – you should seek treatment urgently.

Uveitis

Uveitis happens when a particular eye part (the iris and ciliary body) becomes inflamed. It causes eye discharge in cats because it’s so painful – you’ll also see blinking and squinting in one or both eyes, and the discharge is usually clear. Uveitis is usually caused by an infection (viruses, bacteria, and fungi have all been implicated to varying degrees in different countries). Eye damage, eye tumors, diabetes, and high blood pressure are also sometimes at fault. Uveitis needs urgent medical attention because it’s extremely painful and can result in blindness if left untreated.

Eyelid Problems (Entropion)

Entropion is a condition where the eyelid rolls in, causing the eyelashes to rub the eyeball. It’s very irritating, and affected cats will have continually watery eyes. They’re also prone to eye infections, thickening the discharge and turning it yellow or green. Cats are usually born with this condition, although anything that changes the shape of the eyelid (such as a tumor or swelling) can cause entropion. A vet should assess possible entropion, which can cause corneal injury, recurrent infections, and blindness.

Face Shape (Conformation)

Eye discharge is common in some cat breeds, especially brachycephalic (short-nosed) breeds like the Persian. In one study, 83 percent of Persians and Exotic Shorthairs had eye discharge [2]. This is likely due to the shape of their face making eye injury more common, increased likelihood of entropion (which affected 32 percent of the cats in the study), or their squashed noses compressing their tear ducts. 

Even if you think your cat’s eye discharge is due to their breed, you should get them assessed by a vet to rule out entropion or other conditions making it worse.

Dental Disease

Because the tear duct runs from the corner of the eye down to the nose, it passes very close to several tooth roots, especially the upper canines. Severe dental disease, especially a tooth root abscess, can cause swelling in the upper jaw [3]. This compresses the tear duct and causes eye discharge in cats. 

A vet should assess eye discharge related to dental disease and treat it as it’s very painful.

Eye Discharge in Cats Treatment

Cat eye discharge treatment depends on the exact cause and varies from no treatment to surgery.

For eye discharge caused by face shape, no treatment is usually needed. Cat flu cases may also receive no treatment if the infection appears entirely viral, without evidence of a secondary bacterial infection.

In many cases, cat eye drops will be necessary. Depending on the exact medication used, these can provide pain relief, reduce inflammation, or help combat eye infections. Corneal injuries, secondary eye infections, and severe cat flu will usually be treated with antibiotic eye drops.

For some cases of eye discharge, surgery will be recommended. This is the case for eye discharge caused by dental disease, entropion, or foreign bodies in the eye. Blocked tear ducts can also be flushed under sedation, removing the blockage. 

Once your veterinarian has determined the cause of your cat’s eye discharge, they will discuss the treatment options. If you have cost concerns, please discuss these with your vet at the earliest opportunity – they will help you to find an affordable option.

Cat Eye Discharge Home Remedies

You should never use home remedies for cat eye discharge before speaking to a veterinarian. This is because some causes of cat eye discharge can result in blindness without proper treatment. 

Some cat eye conditions can be helped at home once your veterinarian has diagnosed the problem.

If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with eye discharge caused by cat flu, improving their diet to help their immune system cope may help to prevent flare-ups. 

If your cat has eye discharge caused by their face shape, you may not be able to improve the discharge, but you can help by keeping the skin clean to prevent infections. Cooled boiled water on a cotton pad can be used to clean the eye discharge. Your vet might also recommend a wipe or solution to help keep infections at bay. 

How to Prevent Eye Discharge in Cats

There are several things you can do to prevent cat eye discharge and protect your cat from developing this condition. 

The first is to know the risks. As mentioned, flat-faced cat breeds are prone to developing cat eye discharge. So if you just can’t resist those adorably squished faces, then be extra vigilant about care and prevention measures for these breeds. 

No matter what shape your cat’s face is, one key way to combat eye discharge in cats is to have your cat properly vaccinated. The FVRCP vaccine, a core vaccine for cats, can help protect against cat flu, one of the leading causes of eye discharge in cats. 

But bear in mind that there are many causes of cat flu, and they may already have caught it, so the vaccination won’t prevent every cat flu case.

You can also prevent dental disease by regularly brushing your cat’s teeth and inspecting their mouth for bad smells or tooth damage. This means the disease can be treated before it develops into an abscess that damages the tear ducts.

There isn’t much that can be done to prevent accidental damage, trauma, and foreign bodies. Not letting your cat out may help, but damage can still occur in the house. Airborne irritants are also more likely if your cat spends a lot of time indoors – if this is the case, check your cleaning materials carefully and avoid using anything too strong. 

Conclusion

Eye discharge in cats is very common, as it can occur for several reasons. You should never attempt home treatment before attending a veterinary clinic for a proper diagnosis, as delaying adequate treatment can result in blindness. It’s impossible to prevent all the causes of eye discharge, but ensuring your cat receives proper care throughout their life and keeping up with their vaccinations can help you reduce the risk of eye discharge in your cat.

References

1. Benson, Kia. “Essential Oils and Cats.” Pet Poison Helpline, 6 Mar. 2020, www.petpoisonhelpline.com/blog/essential-oils-cats/.
2. Anagrius, Kerstin L., et al. “Facial Conformation Characteristics in Persian and Exotic Shorthair Cats.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, vol. 23, no. 12, 2021, p. 1089–1097, https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X21997631.
3. Anthony, James M. G., et al. “Nasolacrimal Obstruction Caused by Root Abscess … – Wiley Online Library.” Wiley Online Library, 7 Mar. 2010, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00754.x.

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“Dogs evolved from wolves who figured out that humans have really good stuff,” says Dr. Julie Albright, DVM, a veterinary behaviorist and associate professor at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. “And 100,000 years later, we share a very strong mutual bond. Dogs want to be close to us, and because we often sit in elevated, cushy spaces, they want to follow us.”

But what happens when your dog stops jumping? Or struggles to jump? Here’s what you need to know about what these changes mean and when you should worry about a dog who can’t jump up.

Dog Jumping: What’s Normal?

When a dog jumps up, they rely heavily on their hind legs, says Amy Campbell, CPDT-KA, a certified professional dog trainer with Behave Atlanta. “When they jump down, they feel it in their arms, wrists, elbows, and shoulders.”

In general, if your dog has a lot of energy, they’ll probably jump a lot more than dogs who tend to be more sedate, Campbell adds. However, even more predictive may be your dog’s size. 

“Small breeds may jump on furniture or objects more frequently to gain access to people and things that larger breeds can access without jumping,” she says. Because all breeds (and many species) find it advantageous to have the higher ground, the behavior is fairly universal. 

Why Isn’t My Dog Jumping? 5 Potential Reasons

If you notice your dog has suddenly — or gradually — become reluctant to jump or seems to have difficulty jumping, it can be cause for concern. Here, we’ll delve into five potential factors that could be causing your dog’s less-jumpy less-jumpy behavior. Understanding these possibilities is crucial when it comes to providing the right care and support to our furry friends.

1. General pain

“It’s rare for a dog never to jump, unless it’s uncomfortable for their body,” says Campbell. For example, dogs with pain in their back, feet, or legs may be reluctant to jump. 

Sometimes, Campbell says, all a dog in pain needs is to rest for five to seven days. After that, if they feel better, they are likely to start jumping normally again. But if nothing changes after that period of rest, you may want to consult a veterinarian.

Pain-related changes in jumping behavior are often due to strains or sprains, which can usually be identified by a vet. But in situations where a physical exam, X-ray, or other tests don’t reveal an obvious cause, Campbell suggests working with a certified physical therapist (PT) who can assess the injury and help come up with a plan to heal or rehabilitate your pet.

“Whether surgery is needed or not, a good PT can aid your dog in rebuilding strength and mobility to go back to living life,” she adds.

2. Arthritis pain

Arthritis in dogs occurs when there’s inflammation in the joints. Just like it is in humans, the condition is more prevalent in older populations of pets. However, it can impact your dog’s willingness to jump up or down at any age. 

Veterinarians diagnose osteoarthritis in dogs the same way they would for other bone, muscle, and joint conditions: a physical exam, as well as an X-ray and potentially other tests if necessary.

3. Your dog is tired

Sometimes, the reason your dog may not jump when you expect them to can be simple: They’re just tired. This is why you don’t necessarily need to freak out if your dog’s non-jumping behavior is a rare or isolated incident. 

“If you just went hiking, or your dog had serious playtime the day before, they probably just need to rest,” Campbell says.

However, if the unusual behavior continues beyond a day or two, it’s worth a call or visit to your veterinarian to determine if something else could be causing your dog’s sudden behavior change. 

4. Excess weight

For dogs carrying extra pounds, the reason why they may stop jumping could be due to the discomfort and joint pain that often accompanies being overweight or obese. 

“We have an obesity problem in American pets, particularly large breed dogs,” says Albright. However, it’s easy to get so accustomed to how your dog looks, it may be difficult to tell if your dog is overweight.  

One way to combat that uncertainty is to gauge your dog’s body condition score, which is similar to the human body mass index (BMI). In dogs, the scores run from one to nine, with the higher numbers indicating the highest risk of obesity. 

Albright says the average American dog is probably around a seven, when they should ideally be around a five. If you suspect that’s your dog, Albright recommends you speak with your veterinarian about ways to help your dog lose a few extra pounds. 

And, in order to potentially prevent weight gain, one thing she cautions is to avoid relying too heavily on the recommendations on bags or cans of food when it comes to serving sizes for your pup. 

“The back of the bag is a recommendation, not an end all be all,” she says. “For your dog, it might be too much. It’s best to rely more on what the scale is telling you than what the bag says.”

5. Fear or anxiety

While many reasons your dog may stop jumping are physical, it’s also important to consider psychological reasons for the behavior change, as well. 

“Behaviorally, a change in jumping up into the car might indicate fear of car riding,” Campbell says. She notes that she sees this often, and it can stem from a dog’s fears about a particular destination that a trip in the car represents, like to the vet.

Additionally, if your dog only seems reluctant to jump in one particular area or setting, Campbell says it’s worth considering if the dog may have slipped or had a bad experience jumping in that spot. 

If medical issues have been ruled out and your dog is jumping without issue elsewhere, Campbell suggests, “You can work through this on your own or with a behaviorist or trainer to bring back confidence with jumping in that spot.”

What to Do About Dog Jumping Changes

Jumping is a normal part of a dog’s daily life. However, for that normal activity to occur, Campbell says your dog needs three things: confidence, good health, and stable surfaces.

If your dog isn’t jumping and nothing has changed in your environment that could explain it, Campbell recommends focusing on their health and confidence to determine the cause and get them back on track.

Observe your dog for a few days to gather intel on their jumping (or non-jumping) behavior. When does it happen? Does it come and go? Is it isolated to certain areas or activities? Do you notice any other signs that could be related, such as limping, whining, or decreased appetite?

Not only will this help you determine whether you need to consult your veterinarian (for physical issues) or a behaviorist (for training issues), but it will provide key details your provider can use to treat your pet.

Don’t wait too long to contact a professional, however. As Campbell noted earlier, if the behavior persists, no more than a week should pass before you talk to your vet or behaviorist about your dog not jumping.

If it is a health issue, be sure to ask your veterinarian about the best way to help manage any pain your dog may be feeling. Your vet may prescribe a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, such as Carprofen, Meloxidyl, or Galliprant. 

If excess pounds are the problem, a prescription diet for weight loss may be part of the longer-term plan to slim your dog back down to jumping weight. 

While observing or during treatment, if your dog is still struggling to jump normally, give them some help. “Older dogs, as well as small dogs, can be greatly aided by stairs or ramps to make going up and going down gentler on their bones, muscles, and joints,” Campbell says.

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What Is an Enlarged Liver in Dogs? 

An enlarged liver in dogs is often a sign of an underlying condition. In veterinary medicine, an enlarged liver is referred to as hepatomegaly.

The liver rests just behind the diaphragm, which is the thin muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. The bottom of the liver usually has sharp margins and doesn’t extend far past the ribs.

Most commonly, your veterinarian can monitor the size of your pet’s liver through abdominal palpation and X-rays of the abdomen. If the veterinarian sees that the margins of the liver appear rounded and that the bottom of the liver is extending into the abdomen past the edge of the ribs, they may determine the liver is enlarged.

Causes of Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Some causes of enlarged liver in dogs are harmless. Others may indicate a manageable underlying disorder. In some cases, hepatomegaly in dogs indicates a life-threatening condition.

Causes of liver enlargement in dogs include:

• Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
• Chronic hepatitis
• Nodular hyperplasia (a benign, age-related change)
• Breed-related or inherited conditions, such as inherited amyloidosis in the Chinese Shar-Pei or copper accumulation in the livers of some Bedlington Terriers
• Drugs or toxins, such as phenobarbital or blue-green algae, which cause liver damage in dogs
• Infectious diseases, such as leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus type 1), or histoplasmosis (fungal disease), which can cause liver failure in dogs
• Diabetes mellitus
• Right-sided heart failure
• Liver cancer

Symptoms Associated with Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most symptoms are actually related to the condition that is causing hepatomegaly rather than the enlarged liver itself. Symptoms may include:

• Abdominal distention or pot-bellied appearance
• Excessive urination and thirst (polyuria and polydipsia)
• Excessive panting
• Appetite and weight changes
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Changes to coat, such as loss of hair on sides
• Jaundice
• Lethargy
• Neurologic signs like pressing the head into the wall and acting mentally unaware (hepatic encephalopathy) 

Diagnosing Hepatomegaly in Dogs

Dogs with enlarged livers typically come to the veterinarian for other symptoms or for their routine wellness check.

Determining if the liver is enlarged is usually pretty simple. Some veterinarians may be able to tell if your pet has an enlarged liver by looking at them and palpating their abdomen, but if there’s doubt, an X-ray or ultrasound of the abdomen typically shows hepatomegaly. Mild cases may be more difficult to detect.

Determining the reason for liver enlargement in dogs is a bit more complicated. When your veterinarian is trying to figure out what’s causing the liver to enlarge, they’ll almost certainly perform routine bloodwork, an analysis of the pet’s urine, and imaging (X-rays and/or abdominal ultrasound).

Other tests may include:

• Confirmatory blood testing for Cushing’s disease
• Chest X-rays and echocardiogram (if heart disease is suspected)
• Testing bile acids to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Ammonia testing to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Assessment of abdominal fluid if present
• Coagulation testing to see how well the blood clots
• Hepatic cytology, in which liver cells are examined under a microscope
• Liver biopsy, in which a small section of liver is removed for examination under a microscope
• Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen (this may be recommended if cancer is known or suspected)

How to Treat an Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Treatment of liver enlargement is geared toward the underlying cause. In some cases, such as an infection, the liver may return to its normal size after treatment. In other cases, such as chronic hepatitis or liver cancer, the liver may not fully return to its normal size.

During routine wellness visits, the veterinarian palpates the abdomen and checks liver function with routine bloodwork. In younger dogs, these appointments should occur at least annually. In older dogs, usually at least every six months. If your dog has an active condition that’s impacting their liver, monitoring may initially be more frequent. Once your pet is stable, your veterinarian can help you decide how regularly to do check-ups.

Treatment for Specific Causes of Liver Enlargement

Liver Injury

In dogs who are experiencing liver injury that requires hospitalization, supportive care will be initiated. This can include:

• Intravenous fluids
• Anti-inflammatories
• Nutritional management
• Medications to prevent vomiting and treat nausea
• Blood transfusions or anticoagulants
• Pain medication

Infections

Antimicrobials are usually administered for infectious causes of liver enlargement, in addition to supportive care.

For bacterial infections, common antibiotics include:

• Penicillins
• Cephalexin
• Enrofloxacin
• Metronidazole 

Doxycycline is commonly used for leptospirosis, and for fungal infections, antifungals like itraconazole are recommended. Viral infections are managed with supportive care.

Inflammatory and Endocrine Disorders

For inflammatory disorders like chronic hepatitis, which often has an autoimmune component, treatment may include steroids and medications that suppress the immune system.

For endocrine disorders like Cushing’s disease or diabetes, medications are given to manage the hormonal disorder. For Cushing’s disease, this is typically trilostane, while diabetes is managed with insulin and dietary changes.

Liver protectants may also be recommended, including SAM-e (S-adenosylmethionine), silybin, and ursodiol. These typically come in the form of supplements.

Cancer

When cancer is suspected, treatment options depend on the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread. Treatment may include surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Liver Cirrhosis 

When liver disease in dogs is chronic or uncontrollable, it will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis, which can make the liver small and nodular and have devastating effects on liver function. This is not reversible and is the end stage for liver disease. 

How to Prevent Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most causes of liver enlargement can not be prevented. Discussion of your pet’s risk can help you determine the appropriate steps to reduce the risk of infectious diseases, such as vaccination against leptospirosis.

Although most causes aren’t necessarily preventable, paying close attention to your pet’s behavior and regular veterinary exams can help catch disorders that cause liver enlargement early.

The post Enlarged Liver in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

No pet parent wants to imagine such a scenario. But understanding the signs of heart failure in cats and the actions you should take can help you prepare for the worst…and even prevent it. In this article, you’ll learn how to recognize symptoms of feline heart failure and steps you can take if you’re concerned about your cat’s heart health.

What is Heart Failure in Cats?

Heart failure can be a scary diagnosis for any cat parent to hear. And what makes it even more frightening is that, in many cases, it may seem so sudden, as if the condition developed overnight.

That’s because cats often hide signs of illness, and heart conditions are no exception. As a result, heart issues in cats often go undiagnosed until the disease reaches an advanced stage. 

When operating properly, a cat’s heart tirelessly circulates blood through their body. The right side of the heart moves oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation, and the left side pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body’s organs and muscles. In addition, this vital, four-chambered muscle plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate and maintaining blood pressure.

In the simplest terms, heart failure in cats occurs when the amount of blood being pumped by the heart does not meet the demands of the body.  

Heart Failure vs. Congestive Heart Failure

If undetected and untreated, heart failure will eventually progress into Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). This is when the heart is pumping so poorly that fluid begins to build up in the lungs, abdomen, or limbs. This is a serious condition that requires immediate medical intervention.

What Causes Heart Failure in Cats?

The best way to protect your cat from heart failure is to prevent the conditions that cause it from developing in the first place. So let’s take a look at the conditions that can lead to heart failure in cats. 

The most common cause of feline heart failure is heart disease in cats, which can be either congenital (meaning your cat is born with a heart defect or abnormality), or acquired later in life, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which affects 10-15 percent of all cats. (1)

Cat heart failure can also be caused by diet, genetics, hypertension (high blood pressure), circulatory issues, infections, inflammation, or a combination of these factors. 

Identifying and treating these conditions early can help slow or prevent feline heart failure. But that is not always an option, especially if your cat is an expert at concealing their symptoms. That’s why it is so important for pet parents to be able to recognize the signs of heart failure in cats, so you can obtain vital veterinary support before it’s too late.

7 Signs of Heart Failure in Cats

Regardless of your cat’s heart health history, pet parents should always keep an eye out for these 7 signs of heart failure in cats:

1. Coughing and Labored Breathing – One of the most common signs of heart failure in cats is persistent coughing or labored breathing. This occurs as fluid accumulates in the lungs, making it harder for your cat to breathe. Related symptoms include wheezing, gagging, or having a raspy breath.
2. Weakness or Exercise Intolerance – Heart failure can deplete your cat’s energy reserves. If your typically active and playful cat becomes lethargic, sleeps more than usual, or is short of breath even when at rest, it could be a sign that their heart is struggling to pump blood effectively.   
3. Restlessness and Hiding – On the other extreme, some cats with heart failure may appear restless or anxious. They might hide in unusual places, as if seeking a quiet and safe spot, or experience restless sleep. These behavior changes can indicate discomfort or unease due to poor heart function.
4. Poor Appetite and Weight Loss – Reduced appetite and unexplained weight loss are signs of various health problems in cats, including heart failure. Cats with heart issues might eat less due to nausea, shortness of breath, or a reduced ability to taste their food.
5. Swollen Abdomen or Limbs – Fluid retention, known as edema, is a common consequence of heart failure. You might notice your cat’s abdomen or limbs becoming distended. This happens when the heart can no longer effectively move fluids throughout the body, so they pool in the extremities.
6. Pale or Bluish Gums and Tongue – Cats with heart issues may have poor circulation, leading to pale or bluish gums and tongue. Checking your cat’s gum color is a simple way to assess their overall health. If you notice a significant change, it’s time to consult your vet.
7. Fainting or Collapsing Episodes – In severe cases, cats with advanced heart failure might experience syncope, also known as fainting or collapsing episodes. These occur when the heart can’t supply enough oxygen-rich blood to the brain. If your cat loses consciousness, seek immediate veterinary care.

Cat Heart Failure Symptoms: Next Steps

Now that you know what signs to watch out for, here are some helpful tips for monitoring your cat and what to do if you notice symptoms of cat heart failure. 

Observing your cat for signs of heart failure is a good first step. However, sometimes, it’s hard to tell for sure whether you’re detecting a sign of cardiac failure or some other health issue. So it’s a good idea to keep a log of things like changes in weight, body condition score, activity level, or appetite.

It doesn’t have to be anything elaborate. Simply jotting down information on a calendar or in a notebook can help you identify patterns so you can discuss them with your veterinarian.

Of course, some signs, such as lethargy and swollen belly, can also accompany conditions like obesity or even aging. Still, when it comes to heart health, it’s always worth raising your concerns with your veterinarian. It’s much better to rule out serious conditions, rather than assume it’s not serious and turn out to be wrong.

Another easy way to monitor your cat for signs of heart failure is to measure your pet’s resting respiratory rate (RRR) at home. If your cat is healthy, they will normally take between 15 to 30 breaths per minute while at rest or sleeping. However, increased respiratory rate in cats can be an early indicator of heart issues. 

So the next time you are resting calmly on the couch with your cat, watch the rise and fall of their chest. (Note, your cat should not be purring, since that can impact their respiratory rate.) Each rise and fall equals one breath, so if you consistently count more than 30 breaths per minute, contact your veterinarian.

When to Contact Your Veterinarian

If you notice any signs that could indicate your cat might have compromised heart function, it’s smart to make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. They will do a full exam including checking your pet’s weight, listening to their heart and lung sounds, and examining the rest of their body for any signs of underlying illness or abnormalities. 

Your vet may also want to conduct diagnostic testing, which could include bloodwork, electrocardiogram (EKG), and/or radiographs (X-rays) to detect enlargement of the heart muscle or fluid around the heart.

Because heart failure in cats is a condition that often goes unnoticed until it’s in advanced stages, things can go downhill quickly. Watching out for signs of feline heart failure and raising your concerns with your veterinarian as early as possible could impact your cat’s prognosis and overall quality of life. So stay alert. Your furry friend’s health and longevity depend on it!

The post Signs of Heart Failure in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Not only are healthy gums essential to your cat’s dental health, but their appearance can also provide some important clues (and warning signs) about your feline’s overall health.

So here’s a helpful guide that’s all about healthy cat gums, what they should look like, and how you can use what you see to help keep your cat in good health.

Healthy Gums in Cats: What to Look for

When your veterinarian takes a peek inside your cat’s mouth during an exam, they can collect health data about your pet simply by examining your cat’s gums. From hydration, oxygenation, and red blood cell function to potential diseases, the appearance of your cat’s gums can reveal a lot.

Learning how to interpret what your cat’s gum condition is telling you could help you recognize signs of oral or overall health issues, so you can alert your veterinarian before they become bigger issues. 

Monitoring Your Cat’s Gum Health

For an otherwise healthy cat, pet parents should ideally take a quick peek at their cats’ gums every week to monitor for emerging abnormalities. If your cat is unwell, you might want to increase that to daily gum checks to monitor for changes. 

So what should you be looking for, when examining your cat’s gums?

If you gently press your cat’s gums or the inside of their lip, the surface should temporarily blanch (or pale) in color until blood returns to the tissue. This is known as capillary refill time (CRT) and it can provide key information about your pet’s blood flow and cardiovascular system. Normally, your cat’s gum color should return in under two seconds when pressed.

It’s worth noting that some cats have small black spots or splotches on their gums and the inside of their mouths. This discoloration is due to lentigo simplex, a benign condition (similar to freckles or age spots in humans) that requires no treatment.

Warnings Signs to Watch Out for

You should notify your veterinarian if your cat’s normally pink, moist gums exhibit any of the following changes:

• Color change: Gum discoloration, as discussed in further detail below, can indicate signs of systemic disease.
• Dryness: Moist gums indicate that your cat is likely well-hydrated. Dry gums are abnormal and could signal possible dehydration, which is cause for concern.
• Inflammation: Gums that become swollen or red, especially where the gumline meets the teeth, indicate dental disease. Inflamed gum tissue may also bleed easily and is definitely something you should report to your veterinarian. 
• Lesions: Also alert your veterinarian if you notice raised tissue, gum injuries, or unusual masses on your cat’s gums, which require veterinary care. 
• Overgrowth: Gums that look like they’re growing over teeth may indicate gingival hyperplasia (proliferative gum tissue), which can stem from dental disease and bacteria in the mouth. 

Cat Gum Color Chart

Gum color can tell you a lot about your cat’s health. Color changes can indicate underlying health problems, many of which could be deadly without prompt veterinary attention and treatment. 

Here’s a quick reference guide to cat gum color:

What Causes Unhealthy Cat Gums?

Many things can contribute to dental disease in cats. Here, we’ve outlined the most common causes of unhealthy gums in cats.

Dental disease

Poor dental hygiene and dental disease are the leading causes of unhealthy gum tissue in cats. Without proper care and cleaning, your cat’s mouth becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, which often leads to dental disease. 

Changes in your cat’s gums may be the first indication of dental disease since the impact of bacteria on soft tissue is more visible than changes to hard tooth enamel or the roots below the surface. 

Warning signs include inflammation of the gum line, known as gingivitis, receding gums, and excessive gum tissue growth. 

Genes

Due to various genetic factors, certain cat breeds may face an increased risk of developing gingivitis and other dental disease that can affect the gums. At-risk breeds include:

• Siamese
• Maine Coon
• British shorthair
• Abyssinian
• Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, such as Persians

Underlying illness

Some underlying systemic illnesses can increase the risk of dental disease and poor gum health in cats. These include: 

• Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
• Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
• Bartonellosis (the culprit behind cat scratch fever)
• Calicivirus

Dental disease can also be exacerbated in cats with concurrent kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and disorders that attack the immune system.

Though rare, the presence of oral tumors in cats is typically not a good sign, as many are, unfortunately, malignant. If you notice any raised masses in your cat’s mouth, or if your cat is suddenly drooling, dropping food, reluctant to eat, or experiencing halitosis (bad breath), schedule your kitty for a vet examination as soon as possible.

Why Healthy Cat Gums Matter

Healthy gums are essential for your cat’s well-being. Gingivitis, the inflammation of the gum line, is painful. As it progresses, it can lead to gum recession, exposing tooth roots and intensifying mouth pain and sensitivity. 

Identifying and treating gingivitis early is crucial to prevent dental disease from progressing to periodontal disease, which can cause decay, bone loss, and infection, sometimes requiring extractions.

Severe dental disease allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream, affecting organs like the brain, heart, liver, and more. Dental issues have also been linked to cognitive dysfunction in older cats. Furthermore, dental problems can lead to poor nutrition and weight loss, due to pain while eating.

What to Do If Your Cat Has Unhealthy Gums

While an oral exam is part of your cat’s annual checkup, there’s no need to wait for your vet to tell you there’s a potential problem when it’s so easy to detect changes to your cat’s gum condition, color, or appearance at home.

If you suspect that your cat has unhealthy gums, it’s crucial to consult your veterinarian as soon as you notice worrisome signs or changes. Avoid home treatment, especially if your cat shows signs of illness like lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, or labored breathing. And remember: Very pale, bright red, yellow, or blue gums require immediate veterinary care.

How to Maintain Healthy Cat Gums

Preventative care is the key to maintaining healthy gums in your cat. This includes regular veterinary exams and professional dental cleaning when recommended by your vet.

Consistent at-home care and dental hygiene can also play a role in helping prevent dental disease and gum issues. Here are some effective preventive measures veterinarians recommend:

1. Daily teeth brushing with pet-safe enzymatic toothpaste

2. Water additives approved by the VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council)

3. Dental treats

4. Dental wipes

5. Breath fresheners that also promote dental health 

6. Dental diets for cats

7. Prescription dental diets

But remember that preventing other health conditions can also play a role in promoting gum health. Ask your vet about routine bloodwork and urinalysis to help detect early signs of health issues like kidney or liver disease, which can impact gum health.

Healthy cat gums are a vital part of your feline friend’s health. By understanding what to look for and how to maintain gum health, you can ensure that your cat enjoys a happy, pain-free life. Don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your cat’s gum health. Your cat’s comfort and well-being are worth it.

The post Healthy Cat Gums: What Should They Look Like? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Remember to always check with your veterinarian before trying a new food, and/or if you suspect your dog has arthritis.

Our Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Overall Dog Food for Arthritis: Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care
• Best Dry Dog Food for Arthritis: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets JM Joint Mobility Dry Dog Food
• Best Canned Dog Food For Arthritis: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Adult Advanced Mobility Support Loaf in Sauce Wet Food
• Best Large Breed Dog Food for Arthritis: Hill’s Science Diet Healthy Mobility Large Breed
• Best Senior Dog Food for Arthritis: Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet W+M Weight Management + Mobility Support

Dog Arthritis and Diet: What’s the Connection?

Though dog arthritis generally can’t be prevented, good dietary and supplement choices may be able to help slow the progression of osteoarthritis, says Dr. Joseph Wakshlag, DVM, section chief of nutrition at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York. A lean body weight is central to this. “Obesity is an inflammatory disease that needs to be addressed through weight loss, which is the number one recommendation,” says Wakshlag, who is dual board-certified in veterinary internal medicine (nutrition) and veterinary sports medicine and rehabilitation.

Excess weight puts pressure on dog joints. The good news is that even modest weight loss can make a difference [1].

A complete and balanced diet — based on guidelines set by The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) — is adequate for most dogs, says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet, based in New York City. However, she adds, “Some might benefit from a diet specifically designed to help with arthritis, which would have some added ingredients or supplements to target joint health.”

One of the most widely used of these ingredients are omega-3 fatty acids, which veterinarians say help manage inflammation, a major contributor to osteoarthritis [2]. “The nutrients that have some evidence to support their use, including in ‘joint diets,’ are predominantly omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), specifically from marine sources like fish oil,” says Dr. Valerie Parker, clinical professor at the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Columbus.

Other ingredients commonly found in dog food for arthritis are antioxidants like vitamin E, turmeric, berries to help minimize damage caused from free radicals and prevent inflammation, and glucosamine to help maintain cartilage, the material that cushions dog joints.

5 Best Dog Foods for Arthritis According to Vets

Our list of vet-recommended dog foods for arthritis is intended as a guide, not as the final say. Your dog may have specific dietary needs that your veterinarian can best address.

Best Overall Dog Food for Arthritis

Our pick: Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care

Research shows that this prescription option is an excellent anti-inflammatory food for dogs. In a randomized, double-blind study, Hill’s Prescription Diet j/d Joint Care had the highest levels of omega-3 fatty acids (2 percent) of any therapeutic dog food for arthritis [3]. It’s also enriched with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate to support cartilage, as well as antioxidants like vitamins C and E to minimize free radical damage. Plus, it has added L-carnitine, which some studies show can help build healthy muscle.

Key Benefits

• Nutrient profile is backed by a double-blind study
• Formulated with a therapeutic amount of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as glucosamine, chondroitin, and antioxidants
• Contains L-carnitine to help build muscles
• Hills employs a team of nutritionists and veterinarians to formulate its pet diets

Best Dry Dog Food for Arthritis

Our pick: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets JM Joint Mobility Dry Dog Food

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of dogs who received ligament surgery, those who ate the JM Joint Mobility diet had a reduction in arthritis symptoms when compared to dogs who ate a commercial diet [4]. This diet profile consists of fatty acids (0.85 percent), glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vitamins C and E, and added L-carnitine.

Key Benefits

• Backed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
• Contains omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate
• Includes additional L-carnitine
• Purina relies on veterinarians, nutritionists, and researchers to formulate their diets

Best Canned Dog Food For Arthritis

Our pick: Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Adult Advanced Mobility Support Loaf in Sauce Wet Food

This diet is backed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study showing that dogs who received its combination of collagen, curcumin extract (in the form of turmeric extract) and green tea extract had a reduction in pain after three months [5]. This particular Royal Canin diet also contains 0.5 percent omega-3 fatty acids, as well as vitamins C and E. It’s formulated to promote a healthy body weight, which is important given the link between osteoarthritis and obesity.

Key Benefits

• Nutrient profile is backed by a double-blind study
• Contains ingredients known to help manage arthritis in dogs, including omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants
• Features turmeric extract, known for its anti-inflammatory properties
• Designed for weight control
• Royal Canin employs board-certified veterinary nutritionists to develop their therapeutic diets   

Best Large Breed Dog Food for Arthritis

Our pick: Hill’s Science Diet Healthy Mobility Large Breed

Large-breed dogs are more prone to developing osteoarthritis and suffering from more severe symptoms [1]. The Mobility Large Breed diet from Hill’s contains the correct ratio of minerals (like calcium and vitamin D) to promote strong bones in larger dog joints. It also includes 1 percent omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and vitamins C and E. And unlike Hill’s j/d Joint Care, this diet doesn’t require a prescription.

Key Benefits

• Contains a minimum of 1 percent omega-3 fatty acids, along with vitamin E, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate
• Has the correct ratio of minerals for larger dog joints
• Hills employs a team of nutritionists and veterinarians to formulate its pet diets
• No prescription required

Best Senior Dog Food for Arthritis

Our pick: Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet W+M Weight Management + Mobility Support

This diet has features known to benefit senior dogs, including reduced calories, increased fiber (which helps dogs feel full longer), and joint health supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin. The first ingredient is protein-rich salmon, providing a therapeutic amount (2 percent) of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins C and E, and added L-carnitine.

Key Benefits

• First ingredient is salmon
• Contains a minimum of 2 percent omega-3 fatty acids, as well as glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and vitamin E
• Added fiber helps dogs feel full longer
• Also available in canned form
• Blue Buffalo therapeutic diets are formulated by veterinarians and animal nutritionists.

Ingredients to Look for in Joint Care Dog Food

When it comes to joint care dog food, individual ingredients aren’t as important as the whole diet. “It’s more about how an individual dog’s body responds to a particular diet,” says Fadl. There are, however, certain ingredients that joint health dog food tends to include.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA)

Anti-inflammatory food for dogs should contain plenty of omega-3 fatty acids because of their ability to help fight the inflammation that contributes to dog joint pain. The evidence is stronger than for other ingredients, says Parker, who is board-certified in veterinary internal medicine (nutrition). “The best evidence for nutrition for joint disease in dogs is the inclusion of fish oil.”

The diet has to contain an adequate amount to be effective, though. You would likely be looking for “a 1 percent inclusion of EPA and DHA in the food, which, based on the typical 20 kg dog eating 200 grams of food, would be around 2 grams of EPA and DHA. This results in about 100 mg/kg body weight, which is a solid dose of these fatty acids,” says Wakshlag.

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Diets with glucosamine can help dog joints, says Dr. Astrith Puentes, a partner doctor with Heart + Paw – Ballston Quarter, in Arlington, Virginia. Glucosamine (found primarily in shellfish) and chondroitin (derived from sources like shark cartilage and pork byproducts) serve as the foundation of joint cartilage [6]. In combination, they can help protect and maintain damaged joint cartilage. Though studies are mixed, this combio may be helpful in easing symptoms of arthritis in some dogs.

Something else to consider: “Glucosamine and chondroitin are often in joint diets, but the reality is that the amounts of glucosamine and chondroitin are often far lower in diets than what you would find in a concentrated glucosamine supplement,” says Parker.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants help reduce the effects of free radical damage. Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing inflammation. Antioxidants are especially important to consider when caring for a senior dog. Examples of antioxidants found in diets for dog joint pain include added vitamin E and C, turmeric, and green tea extract. Antioxidants are also found in foods like cranberries, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin.

L-Carnitine

Some dog food manufacturers formulate their diets with added L-carnitine, an amino acid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. One study showed that it improved performance in working dogs [7].

Probiotics

Certain diets contain strains of probiotics, which “might be helpful for some dogs with arthritis,” says Fadl. One study found that poor gut health (which occurs when “bad” bacteria outnumber “good” bacteria) may contribute to inflammation that causes joint and bone deterioration [8].

Other Ingredients for Dog Joint Pain

There’s increasing evidence that ingredients like green tea, curcumin, avocado, collagen II, and the Boswellia plant may be useful in slowing progression of arthritis, says Wakshlag, “However, the success of these products for long-term use have limited evidence on prognosis long term.”

What About CBD Oil?

Though cannabidiol (CBD) has the potential to reduce pain and improve mobility in dogs with arthritis, it’s not widely available as an ingredient in pet foods. However, you can find CBD in certain supplements and treats for dogs. Be sure to talk to your veterinarian before giving your dog CBD in any form.

Dog Food for Arthritis: Ingredients to Avoid

Generally, veterinarians recommend focusing on a dog’s weight and overall nutritional content of a given diet. Additionally, dietary needs vary by individual dog, says Fadl.

For example, “Some have allergies or sensitivities to perfectly healthy ingredients, while others do exceptionally well on a diet that might cause issues in another dog” Fadl continues. “It’s very individual and might require some trial and error initially. In other words, there’s not necessarily a ‘bad’ ingredient, it’s more about how an individual dog’s body responds to a particular diet.”

Dog Food for Arthritis Buying Guide

We’ve gathered a few vet-recommended tips to help you choose the best dog food for arthritis.

Buy for Your Dog’s Individual Needs

“If a diet or a supplement worked for your neighbor’s pet, [that] doesn’t mean that it will work on yours,” says Puentes. “Keep in mind every animal is different and has individual needs. Have a direct conversation with your veterinarian and ask questions.”

Consider Therapeutic Diets

Therapeutic diets may be pricier than commercial diets, but Fadl says that veterinarians frequently recommend them because of the quality control and ingredient reliability. “They’re also a great place to start since they’re the most specialized type of diet for a specific health problem. However, the right diet can vary from dog to dog.”

Look for Correct Amounts of Ingredients

Choosing an anti-inflammatory food for dogs that contains ingredients like omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants is important, but so is knowing the correct amount that should be in the food. “A reputable company will provide the amount of the EPA and DHA in the diet, or the amount of glucosamine and chondroitin in a diet, that will allow someone to calculate how much of that nutrient the animal is getting. That is one of the best ways to compare all these diets,” says Parker.

The amount of omega-3 fatty acids should be 1 percent or higher to help reduce the chronic inflammatory process, says Wakshlag. If the label doesn’t list the amount, “It’s worth a phone call to the manufacturer to find out the levels of these fatty acids,” he adds.

For questions about dosing, check with your veterinarian.

Buy Dog Food from a Reputable Company

Look for companies that manufacture their foods in the United States and follow AAFCO guidelines. This means the diet is complete and balanced (containing essential ingredients in the correct amounts) for a dog’s specific life stage.

Also, buy from companies that have board-certified veterinarians and nutritionists on their staff and are current on research. “Animal food companies have different prices. Most of the time I recommend not going for the cheapest one or the most expensive one. I always recommend companies that invest in research,” says Puentes.

References

1. Johnson, K., Lee, A., etal. (2020, June). “Nutrition and nutraceuticals in the changing management of osteoarthritis for dogs and cats.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/256/12/javma.256.12.1335.xml
2. Anthony, E. (n.d.) “The Role of Nutrition in Managing Canine Osteoarthritis.” Veterinary Technician. In VetFolio. Retrieved from https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/the-role-of-nutrition-in-managing-canine-osteoarthritis
3. Clinical Evidence Report – Canine j/d Clinical Studies. Veterinary Consultation Service. Retrieved from https://protrain.hs.llnwd.net/e1/sitefiles/642/Documents/Clinical%20Evidence%20report.pdf
4. Dr Wendy Baltzer – “The Effects of an Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Rich Diet with Rehabilitation on Recovery, Activity, and Osteoarthritis in Dogs Following Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Surgery for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease.” (n.d). American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.akcchf.org/educational-resources/2017-health-conference-videos/dr-wendy-baltzer-omega-3.html
5. Comblain, F.,Barthelemy, N., etal. (2017, December). “A randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of a diet supplemented with curcuminoids extract, hydrolyzed collagen and green tea extract in owner’s dogs with osteoarthritis.” BMC Veterinary Research. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262825/
6. “Improving Dogs Arthritis Pain With Diet” (2018, February). Tufts Your Dog. Retrieved from https://www.tuftsyourdog.com/dogfoodandnutrition/improving-dogs-arthritis-pain-with-diet/
7. Varney, Jessica L. – “Utilisation of supplemented L-carnitine for fuel efficiency, as an antioxidant, and for muscle recovery in Labrador retrievers.” Cambridge University Press. Journal of Nutritional Science. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/utilisation-of-supplemented-lcarnitine-for-fuel-efficiency-as-an-antioxidant-and-for-muscle-recovery-in-labrador-retrievers/8E51E0F6E396F449DA8532797183EA90
8. Cintio, M., Scarsella, E., etal. (2020, July). “Gut Microbiome of Healthy and Arthritic Dogs.” Veterinary Sciences. In National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7558702/

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To spare you and your dog the suffering, here are the best tips for preventing dog fleas, based on expert advice and science.

Dog Flea Prevention: Why It’s Important

There are several reasons why you should take measures to prevent fleas on your dog.

Fleas Can Cause Allergies and Disease

Fleas can cause flea allergy dermatitis in some pets. That’s when a dog has an allergic reaction from the proteins found in flea saliva, making them scratch at itchy skin. Flea allergies in dogs can result in a lot of discomfort for your canine companion. Severe scratching can also cause permanent hair loss.

“Fleas are a common cause of allergies that can lead to major skin issues, but also can transmit diseases to pets and their owners,” says Dr. Beth Towning, co-owner of Lakeside Animal Hospital in Plantation, Florida.

Although fleas don’t live on humans, they can bite us, causing itchy skin. In rare cases, they can even cause diseases like the plague, bartonellosis, and murine typhus.

If fleas consume too much of a dog’s blood, it could cause a more serious condition in dogs called flea anemia. Puppies and small dogs are very susceptible to this condition [1].

It’s wise to get your dog treated for fleas as soon as possible if you suspect they have them.

Fleas Can Infest Your Home

Another big reason why preventing dog fleas is important is because they can be a huge pain to remove from your home.

“Once there is a flea infestation in someone’s house, it can be very difficult to resolve because most products only kill adult fleas,” says California-based veterinarian, Dr. Gary Richter, author of The Ultimate Pet Health Guide. “The eggs and larvae survive in carpets, furniture, bedding, and fabrics, and become adults and the cycle starts again. It can take months to work through all the life cycles and kill them as they become adults.”

Preventing Dog Fleas: 5 Methods to Try

When it comes to preventing dog fleas, there’s a lot you can do, both at home and while out with your pup, to help minimize flea exposure.

Keep Your Dog Clean

Routinely bathing your dog with soap and warm water, in addition to a prescription flea control regimen, can help keep fleas at bay. Sometimes dogs scratch because they’re dirty and itchy, which can look like scratching due to fleas. Bathing your dog every few weeks (depending on their breed) or when they’re very dirty can also give you an excuse to closely check their coat for fleas or ticks.

Clean Their Bedding

You probably have a regular cleaning schedule for your linens and bedding, and the same should go for your pup. Wash their bedding in hot water every two to three weeks to reduce the chances of fleas and other critters using it for rent-free living.

Avoid Known Flea Hangouts

Keep your dog away from places where they might be more likely to get fleas, like high-grass areas and the woods. Maintaining your lawn can help, too. “Sometimes treating the yard or house in addition to monthly prevention is necessary if there is a large flea burden,” notes Dr. Towning.

Prepare Before Exposure to Other Furry Friends

Make sure your dog has a flea preventative (more on that below) before you take them to places where they’ll be close to other dogs who might have fleas, like a dog park, doggy daycare, or on a dog playdate with a friend. Ask any boarding or daycare institutions what they require from dogs who are staying there —like flea and tick prevention and vaccinations — and inquire about their policies for sick dogs.

Maintain a Tidy Home

One of the best ways to help prevent pests from infesting your home is to clean regularly. Make sure you’re vacuuming (including the furniture) and sweeping, washing fabrics, and doing your best to keep uninvited pests at bay. Pro tip: don’t forget to empty the vacuum outside in case you sucked up any flea eggs!

Flea Preventatives for Dogs: 5 Options to Consider

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

There are hundreds of flea prevention products available to protect your dog from flea bites [2] — ranging from oral pills and chews to collars, sprays, dips, powders, shampoos, and “spot-on” products you squeeze onto your pet’s skin between their shoulder blades. Some of these require a prescription from your veterinarian, while others can be purchased over the counter.

“I recommend monthly products that target all the stages of the flea life cycle,” says Dr. Towning. “Speak with your veterinarian about your pet’s and the family’s lifestyle and which prevention may be right for your pet.”

Oral Preventatives

Oral flea preventives are available from your veterinarian in the form of pills, tablets, or chews. These products are a simple way to help keep flea problems away, as long as you remember to give this medication to your dog on the brand-recommended schedule. Remember to choose pills that target the entire flea life cycle. Some options protect against fleas and common species of ticks. If you’re looking for a combination parasite protection product that covers both external and internal parasites, ask your vet about a monthly chew like NexGard PLUS.

Topical Treatments

Your veterinarian might recommend flea drops for dogs to prevent flea infestations. These drops are typically applied to your dog’s skin once a month. Topical flea solutions, such as Revolution, may offer protection against other parasites, such as heartworms, the American dog tick, ear mites, and canine sarcoptic mange.

Flea Sprays

There are varying forms of dog flea sprays out there. Some are meant to be applied to your pet, while others are designed to be used in the home or yard.

Essential Oil Products

If you’re looking to avoid chemicals, certain essential oils are reported to act as natural flea repellents. However, it’s important to note that essential oils won’t actually kill fleas. Options include essential oils like peppermint, rosemary, citronella, and eucalyptus, properly diluted and sprayed onto your dog’s coat. Be sure to ask your veterinarian before using essential oils on or around your pup, as some can be toxic to dogs.

Flea Collars

Since you only had to change them every few months, flea collars used to be a popular option for preventing dog fleas. They contain active ingredients that spread across the surface of your pet’s skin in low concentrations over the course of a few months. However, some flea collars that contain carbaryl, tetrachlorvinphos, and propoxur are being phased out of production due to concerns about the health threat to pets and humans. Tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) in particular is a chemical found in flea prevention products that may be hazardous to pets and humans, particularly pregnant women and children. [3]

Seresto collars, which are popular among many pet owners for flea and tick prevention, made headlines in 2021 due to reports of potential adverse reactions. However, both the EPA and most veterinary experts agree with proper use, these collars are safe for pets. Since they can be very effective and were deemed safe, your veterinarian may recommend a Seresto flea collar (or something similar) as an easy dog flea preventative. The collar contains two active ingredients — imidacloprid to control flea infestations and flumethrin to repel and kill ticks — that are slowly released over eight months.

Flea Preventatives: Safety and Things to Consider

Here are some safety factors to keep in mind before using a dog flea prevention product on your pet [2] [4]:

• Talk to your veterinarian before administering any flea preventative
• Make sure you’re using EPA-registered pesticides or FDA-approved medicines
• Always administer products according to the package directions
• Wear gloves and/or wash your hands after applying a product
• Speak with your veterinarian about safe preventatives if your pet is very young, old, pregnant, nursing, or on medication
• Use medications and products before their expiration date
• Make sure you’re using dog flea prevention products that are specifically designated for your pet’s weight/size
• Save the packaging and materials to reference later
• Watch your dog for any adverse reactions including dizziness, poor appetite, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, or excess saliva. Even if a product is deemed safe, every dog is different. Discuss any symptoms and side effects with your veterinarian

What to Do if You Find a Flea On Your Dog

If you find a flea on your dog, “don’t freak out!” advises Dr. Towning. “Visit your veterinarian to purchase a preventative, and discuss further with your veterinarian if in-home treatment or yard treatment is recommended.”

With this in mind, remember that controlling fleas involves making sure they are removed from your dog and your home. Consider an effective flea control option immediately before an infestation gets established at home, suggests Dr. Richter.

Some recommendations the veterinarian might have for addressing dog fleas (many of which are similar to the ways in which you can prevent fleas) include [2]:

• Give your dog topical or oral flea medicine
• Use a flea comb to remove fleas and flea eggs
• Bathe your dog with a flea shampoo
• Clean your house to prevent fleas from laying eggs
• Wash your dog’s bedding, your bedding, and any fabrics the dog lays on
• Use a “flea bomb” or “flea fogger” that will kill fleas in the home while humans and pets vacate the premises

The good news is that there are so many dog flea prevention options out there, so one of them is likely to be a good fit for your family. Always talk to your veterinarian about your dog’s health, medications they’re on, and your family’s concerns surrounding dog flea prevention products. They can help you choose the option that suits your needs best.

References

1. “Flea Infestation.” ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/flea-infestation
2. “Safe use of flea and tick products in pets.” FDA. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/safe-use-flea-and-tick-products-pets
3. “CONSUMER ALERT: Flea and Tick Prevention Pet Products Containing Dangerous TCVP.” Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia https://oag.dc.gov/release/consumer-alert-flea-and-tick-prevention-pet
4. “Safe use of flea and tick prevention.” AVMA.org. https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/safe-use-flea-and-tick-preventive-products

The post Preventing Dog Fleas: Methods, Tips, and Product Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

You aren’t alone. Arthritis is extremely common in senior cats, with some studies suggesting there’s X-ray evidence of it in over 90 percent of older cats, even if they’re doing a great job of hiding their symptoms [1].

Although feline osteoarthritis is a progressive disease that will continue to worsen, cats with arthritis can live for a long time as long as their pain is managed. Let’s take a closer look at just how long this might be, as well as some of the treatment options open to your feline family member.

How Long Can a Cat Live with Arthritis?

Arthritis is not a life-limiting disease in itself, but it is painful. When we can manage their pain, cats with arthritis can live a normal life. But at some point, the pain becomes too much for the medications, and we need to consider euthanasia to protect their welfare. This is called a quality-of-life decision, and it’s something that every pet owner needs to be prepared to do. 

It’s very hard to predict how long a cat can live with arthritis, as it depends on individual factors like how well they tolerate being given medication, whether they have other diseases, and how old they are when they start showing signs of arthritis. 

According to a recent study in the U.S., cat life expectancy at birth is around 12 years, with some cats living into their 20s [2]. Since the chance of getting arthritis increases with age (and peaks at around 10 years), it’s quite likely that your cat is coming toward the end of their life when they’re diagnosed with arthritis anyway [3]. At that point, the chance of them getting other diseases – like kidney disease or some types of cancer – is higher too. 

Young cats with severe arthritis may only live for a year or two. Older cats with mild signs of arthritis might live for several years, unless they get another condition that complicates treatment or causes them more problems than the arthritis itself.

Cat Arthritis Treatment Options

The most important aspect of care for an arthritic cat is pain relief. Arthritis is known to be painful, and it’s usually this pain that results in cats with arthritis being euthanized. That means that the better the pain relief, and the better your cat tolerates it, the longer they’re likely to live. 

Since every cat’s arthritis is different, and every cat has a unique personality, the treatment options vary. Some treatments can have adverse effects, and while these should be monitored, they shouldn’t be a reason not to give the medication, as pain relief is so important when dealing with cat arthritis. Your veterinarian will help you determine which arthritis treatment for cats is the best for your kitty.

These are some of the most common cat arthritis medicines you might be offered:

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the mainstay of therapy for cat arthritis. They are usually well tolerated, with liquid and tablet forms available for daily dosing at home and several different drug options if your cat dislikes one. 

Your veterinarian may recommend against these drugs if your cat’s kidneys aren’t working properly, as using these drugs may cause further kidney problems and decrease life expectancy further. However, they may also recommend you cautiously continue, especially if there aren’t many other arthritis treatment options available to your cat. Vets will often say “quality of life over quantity of life” in these circumstances. In other words, the NSAIDs may reduce the life expectancy in these cats, but at least they’ll be pain-free.

Gabapentin

Gabapentin is well tolerated in cats and can be chosen for its pain-relieving properties. It’s not usually the first medication veterinarians will reach for, but it’s often used as an adjunct when NSAIDs are no longer sufficient on their own.

Opioids

Opioids are difficult to give long-term to cats, as they don’t often come in oral forms and are expensive. Your veterinarian may recommend a short course of opioids as very strong pain relief while waiting for other drugs to take effect. They may also be used in late stages to keep very arthritic cats comfortable.

Frunevetmab

While not widely available yet, this brand-new drug has changed how vets treat arthritis in cats. Given by injection, Frunevetmab is a monoclonal antibody, which means it’s actually a modified part of the immune system. Instead of attacking foreign objects or viruses, Frunevetmab blocks pain receptors to help cats with arthritis feel more comfortable, which has been life-changing in many cases.

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and have proven benefits for pets with arthritis. EFAs can slow the progression of arthritis and should be used as soon as it’s suspected to get the full benefit. As they are not a drug, they can safely be given to most pets, with gastrointestinal upset being the most common side effect. EFAs are often found in cat joint supplements, or included in special “arthritis diets.”

How to Help Cats with Arthritis

There are also lots of things you can do at home to help a cat with arthritis live as comfortably as possible for as long as possible. 

Physical Therapy

It’s unlikely that your cat will be happy traveling to a physiotherapist on a regular basis, but learning some skills to keep their muscles in tip-top condition at home can help provide more comfort for a cat with arthritis. You can train your cat to do exercises at home using treats or food, which can help strengthen their muscles. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation for a cat physiotherapist.

Environmental Changes

You can also change some things at home to make your cat’s life more comfortable. Keep food and water easily accessible, so your kitty doesn’t have to jump to get there. If they have a favorite high-up spot, try giving them steps or a ramp to reach it, rather than forcing them to jump. You might want to invest in a litter tray with lower sides, or a low access area, so your cat doesn’t have to move so much to get in. A warm bed will be especially welcome, as will any extra padding you can give them. 

Handling

When it comes to how to carry a cat with arthritis, it’s important to be gentle. As you’re handling, petting, or carrying them, be mindful that they may be sore. Try not to move joints if you can help it, and be careful where you squeeze. Cats with painful osteoarthritis can be grumpy, which means they may be more likely to lash out than usual.

Weight Loss

If your cat is overweight, helping them get to a more comfortable weight can be beneficial. Not only will this reduce the dose of drugs they need, it will also reduce the pressure on their joints and may mean they can (temporarily) come off drugs altogether. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s ideal weight and how to reach it safely.

Monitoring

You also need to keep a close eye on your cat’s symptoms and response to treatment. Best sure to do this regularly and frequently, as well as whenever there has been a change in medication. While you can just observe your cat, sometimes it’s hard to be objective about how they’re doing, especially since cats hide signs of pain so well. Questionnaires like the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index can be a good way to make sure you’re assessing your cat properly and in the same manner each time.

Understanding the Stages of Cat Arthritis

Although vets don’t tend to formally ‘stage’ cat arthritis by giving it a grade like they might for a heart murmur, feline arthritis can be thought of in a few stages:

• At risk
• Preclinical
• Clinical

At Risk

“At risk” cats are those who have had a previous joint injury or are overweight – these cats are very likely to have joint problems and owners might want to start joint supplements at an early age. This stage of arthritis doesn’t have any major impact on life expectancy.

Preclinical

“Preclinical” cats are those who have evidence of arthritis on their X-rays, but that don’t have obvious symptoms. This is the majority of cats, as they’re masters at hiding signs of pain. Unfortunately, it’s not possible at this stage to tell how much pain cats are in and how quickly they will become worse.

Clinical

Cats with “clinical” arthritis are showing signs of pain; this suggests severe arthritis, and it’s time to start treatment or consider euthanasia. Cats showing signs of pain have a limited life expectancy – they’ll need to start daily medications, and you’ll have to regularly assess their quality of life. The real telling point will be once they’ve started medication. If they drastically improve, they’re likely to cope for longer than if the drugs make little difference.

Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s arthritis as soon as you notice signs, such as your elderly cat struggling to walk or jump. Cats are excellent at hiding signs of pain, which means that cats with symptoms usually have bad arthritis. This doesn’t mean it isn’t manageable, though! Some cat parents may worry that the vet will tell them to euthanize their pet, but that’s not going to happen unless you’ve tried all of the treatment options and they aren’t working, or you refuse to treat your cat.

Cat Euthanasia: How to Tell When it’s Time 

Most arthritic cats will be euthanized due to another disease process, or due to the pain being too severe for the treatments available. Once your cat is showing signs of arthritis, you need to watch their quality of life and be prepared to make a decision when they appear to be suffering.

It’s often hard to tell whether cats are in pain, and this can make it difficult to know when to euthanize a cat with arthritis. Your veterinarian will be able to talk through your cat’s symptoms at any stage of your arthritis journey and help you assess whether your cat still has quality of life. They might suggest you think about:

• Whether your cat can still do things they enjoy
• Whether your cat is limping, yowling, or showing other signs of severe pain
• Whether there are more good days than bad days

Remember, your veterinarian won’t force you to euthanize your cat, and they won’t automatically recommend euthanasia just because your cat is old. The sooner you reach out to them, the more help they can give you to make your cat comfortable until you know it’s time.

Feline arthritis is incredibly common, but most cats hide the signs of pain until it’s severe. Talking to your vet at the earliest opportunity can help reduce your cat’s pain and slow down the progression of arthritis, allowing them to live a happy life for longer.

References

1. Lascelles, B Duncan X et al. “Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of radiographic degenerative joint disease in domesticated cats.” Veterinary surgery : VS vol. 39,5 (2010): 535-44. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2010.00708.x
2. Montoya, Mathieu et al. “Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data.” Frontiers in veterinary science vol. 10 1082102. 21 Feb. 2023, doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102
3. Clarke, S P et al. “Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats.” The Veterinary record vol. 157,25 (2005): 793-9. doi:10.1136/vr.157.25.793

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Cyclosporine for cats is one of the front-line treatments veterinarians use to combat non-flea, non-food allergies in cats. This condition, called atopic dermatitis or atopy, is very common in cats. In fact, one study reported that 12.5% of cats have the condition. (1) 

Cats with atopy have very itchy skin that can result in hair loss, wounds, crusts, and sores. Luckily for them, cyclosporine for cats is often an effective treatment. 

What Is Cyclosporine for Cats?

Cyclosporine for cats is a medication given by mouth that reduces the symptoms of allergic skin disease by suppressing the immune system. It is sold under the brand name Atopica, which was the first nonsteroid medication approved by the FDA to treat allergic skin disease in cats. A generic version of cyclosporine has been approved by the FDA and may become available soon. Some compounding pharmacies can compound cyclosporine for cats, as well.

Is Cyclosporine Safe for Cats? 

Most cats tolerate cyclosporine very well without side effects. Cyclosporine prescribed as a treatment for dermatitis in cats can usually be tapered to less than once daily. However, it is likely to be a long-term and potentially lifelong treatment. 

Cyclosporine is available throughout the United States. You can typically buy it directly from your prescribing veterinarian; and veterinary dermatologists often carry cyclosporine for cats, as well. 

If your finicky feline doesn’t love the flavor of Atopica for cats, ask your veterinarian if a compounded form of cyclosporine in a flavored liquid or another form could help with the administration of the drug. Compounded cyclosporine is considered safe for cats, but should only be used if the cat does not do well with the FDA-approved product.

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended for cats with a history of cancer, cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), or cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Use with caution in cats who have liver or kidney disease. In some cases, your veterinarian may need to weigh risk versus benefit, which is a conversation you should have together.

What Does Cyclosporine for Cats Look Like?

Cyclosporine oral solution for cats comes as a clear liquid in a small bottle. The dose is pulled up from the bottle using a syringe.

Cyclosporine capsules for cats are not FDA-approved, but capsules could be compounded. Use of the capsules intended for dogs or human medications is off-label. The appearance of capsules may vary based on the compounding pharmacy.

While learning about cyclosporine for cats, you may come across cyclosporine eye drops. Cyclosporine eye drops are used to treat dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) in dogs and aren’t routinely used in cats. These eye drops will not help with your cat’s allergic dermatitis.

How Does Cyclosporine Work?

Cat cyclosporine reduces the symptoms of allergic dermatitis in cats by acting on the cells of the immune system that regulate allergic reactions. While cyclosporine doesn’t cure allergies, it reduces the inflammation (redness/swelling) and itchiness that come with the allergies.

The medication may need to be given once daily for four to six weeks before you can evaluate whether the drug is working. If symptoms are stabilized, the drug can be tapered according to veterinary instructions.

What Is Cyclosporine Used for in Cats?

In cats, liquid cyclosporine is FDA-approved for controlling feline allergic skin disease (allergic dermatitis or atopy).

Cyclosporine can also be used off-label for several conditions, usually autoimmune conditions. Examples of cat diseases that can be treated with cyclosporine off-label include:

• Chronic stomatitis (inflammation in mouth)
• Feline acquired alopecia (a hair loss condition)
• Pemphigus (autoimmune skin condition)
• Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (autoimmune destruction of platelets)
• Inflammatory bowel disease

How to Give Cyclosporine to Cats

Most cats prescribed cyclosporine receive the liquid form. The dose is calculated according to the cat’s weight. Initially, the cat will take one dose per day for several weeks. After symptoms have stabilized, the dose may be tapered to every other day or twice weekly. 

Cyclosporine for cats should be administered either with a small amount of food or right after feeding. We recommend that the medication be given at a consistent time each day. If you miss a dose, give the missed dose as soon as you realize it, as long as you do not exceed more than one dose per day.

Some cats may not like the taste of cyclosporine. It can help to give it with food or to follow it with a treat. If your cat won’t take the medication in their food, you can slide the tip of the dropper into the cheek pouch at the corner of their lips and dispense the medication directly into their mouth.

Cyclosporine for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of cyclosporine in cats is vomiting, which occurred in around one-third of the cats used in the clinical safety field study. However, the study also showed that cats tend to adjust to the medication and stop vomiting with continued use. (2)

Other cyclosporine side effects in cats include:

• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Drooling
• Weight loss
• Development of behavioral disorders
• Increased hair growth
• Excessive salivation
• Upper respiratory infection symptoms like sneezing and ocular discharge

Because cyclosporine works by suppressing the immune response, cats on cyclosporine may be more likely to develop infections or tumors. The development of cancer as a side effect of cyclosporine is possible, but rare. As a result, cyclosporine should not be used in cats with a history of cancer or in cats who are already immunosuppressed, such as those with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV).  

An overdose of cyclosporine is most likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite. Some cats may have short-lived damage to their kidneys or liver after overdose. If you suspect an overdose of cyclosporine, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cyclosporine can react with other drugs and medications. Some medications increase the levels of cyclosporine in the blood, which could potentially increase the risk of side effects or impact how much cyclosporine a cat needs. Examples of such medications include:

• Antifungal medications like ketoconazole
• Some antibiotics such as metronidazole or enrofloxacin
• Amlodipine, a blood pressure medication

Cyclosporine should be used with caution when used in conjunction with other medications that impact the immune system, such as steroids like prednisolone.

You should review the medications your cat takes with your veterinarian to ensure there will not be drug interactions.

Cyclosporine Dose for Cats 

The cyclosporine dosage for cats is based on their weight. Atopica usually comes with a syringe that shows the dosage to give to your cat based on their weight. Pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations for dosing their cat.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Cyclosporine?

If you forgot your cat’s cyclosporine dose or couldn’t give it on time, you can still give the medication later but should not give it more than once daily. 

Although we recommend that you try to give the medication around the same time each day that you administer, your cat will be alright if the medication is a few hours late. If you completely missed the medication for the day, don’t double up the next day. Simply continue with your normal schedule. 

Cost of Cyclosporine for Cats

The cost of cyclosporine will vary based on your cat’s size. Larger cats will use more per dose, so you will need to purchase the medication more frequently than someone who has a smaller cat. You may also spend more on cyclosporine early in treatment when your cat is receiving it daily. If you can successfully taper your cat’s dosage, you may spend less because the cat will only need it every other day or a few times per week.

The larger bottle is usually more cost-effective, costing less per milliliter than the smaller bottle. The larger, 17-mL bottle of Atopica is usually around $100-150. The bottle may last one to two months, depending on dosage.

Cyclosporine Storage Instructions

Cyclosporine for cats should be kept at room temperature, out of reach of children or other pets. Don’t store cyclosporine in the refrigerator. Once opened, the medication should be used within two months to twelve weeks. According to the manufacturers, cyclosporine should be stored in its original container. 

Resources

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819051/
2. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=47f70173-a1d9-4156-9a7f-0f296e5dd64b&type=display

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But how do you know the difference between healthy dog gums vs. unhealthy gums? What do healthy dog gums look like? 

In this article you will learn what healthy dog gums look like and how to recognize warning signs that could indicate problems.

Healthy Dog Gums: What to Look For

In order to make sure that your dog’s gums are healthy, you first have to know what normal dog gums look like. If your dog is comfortable with you touching their mouth and in a relaxed, happy mood, then go ahead and lift their lips and take a look. 

Make sure to look on both sides of the mouth, top and bottom. Normal dog gums should be pink or pale pink, moist, with no bleeding or sensitive areas. If your dog is very excited, hot, or was just exercising, their gums will be darker pink. 

If you see black spots on a dog’s gums, don’t panic! Many dogs have black pigmentation on their gums and tongue. However, dogs can get melanoma on their gums, so if the black spot is new to you, be sure to have your veterinarian take a look to make sure it is nothing to worry about. 

It is best to check your dog’s gums at least once a week.

Warning Signs to Watch Out For

Signs of gum disease in dogs include:

• Red gums
• Bleeding gums
• Foul breath
• White buildup and brown staining on teeth (plaque and tartar)
• Abnormal growths or swollen gums
• Mobile teeth and tooth loss
• Gum sensitivity
• Trouble chewing, drooling, or dropping food
• Gums that look like they are growing over teeth

Dog Gum Color Chart 

When checking your dog’s gums, it’s important to know what to keep an eye out for. The following chart can identify potential problems, so that you can discuss gum changes with your veterinarian.

What Causes Unhealthy Dog Gums?

Dog gum health is mostly a function of oral hygiene, but genetics also play a role. While small and toy breed dogs have more problems with gingivitis and poor gum health than large breed dogs, any dog can develop gum disease. 

In general, gum disease in dogs is usually due to poor oral hygiene leading to plaque and tartar build up on the teeth. Bacteria multiply on the surface of the teeth and eat away at gums and bone, causing gum recession, loose teeth, pain, and tooth loss. 

The Importance of Healthy Dog Gums

Gum disease not only creates bad breath and leads to bone and tooth loss, it is also painful and can negatively impact internal organ function. Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream through inflamed gums. This bacteria circulates throughout the body, landing in the liver, heart, and kidneys and causing extra wear and tear in these internal organs. 

What to Do If Your Dog Has Unhealthy Gums

If your dog has unhealthy gums, then it is time to get a veterinarian involved. Do not try to brush your dog’s teeth if they have evidence of gum disease because it will hurt and may make the problem worse. 

If your dog’s gums are an odd color that you know isn’t normal, then you need to get your dog to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Many times, abnormal gum color can indicate a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care. 

If you are noticing the signs of inflamed gums due to gum disease, then veterinary intervention is also required. While this isn’t a life-threatening emergency, it is uncomfortable, can lead to tooth loss, and is causing stress on your dog’s body, so it is best to get it addressed as soon as you can. Schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian. 

During the appointment, your vet will take your dog’s vitals and conduct a full physical examination, including examining the teeth and gums. If your vet notices gum disease, they will likely recommend a full dental cleaning, x-rays, and full dental evaluation under anesthesia. Your dog will need to come back for this procedure and stay at the hospital during the day to have the procedure and recover. 

During the procedure, if your vet notices any diseased teeth that need to be removed or other issues, they will need your approval to remove those teeth. Always be available by phone when your dog is undergoing a veterinary dental cleaning. 

How to Maintain Healthy Dog Gums

The best way to maintain healthy dog gums at home is to brush your dog’s teeth regularly. Brushing every 2-3 days is best because it takes approximately 72 hours for plaque (white, soft build up that can be brushed away) to harden into tartar (must be scaled or scraped off). 

In addition to brushing, the following products can be helpful for some dogs:

• Wiping the teeth with dental wipes
• Long-lasting dental chews (keep your dog chewing for 10-15 minutes)
• Water additives that reduce plaque build up
• Therapeutic dental dog foods formulated to reduce plaque build up

Look for products that have the Veterinary Oral Health Council seal of approval on them. 

It is also important to have your dog’s teeth checked once a year by your local veterinarian. Your vet can tell you if your dog needs professional dental cleaning and give you more advice on how to keep your dog’s teeth and gums healthy. Even though a dental procedure is pricey, consider it an investment in your dog’s overall health, longevity, and quality of life. You can offset the cost of veterinary dental care with pet insurance, wellness plans, pet care credit cards, or payment plans offered by your vet.

While gum disease is common in dogs, with increased awareness and proactive measures, you can help your dog have a healthy mouth. You may also save your dog’s life or the life of another dog by understanding how gum color reveals health problems, so share this article with other dog lovers in your life!

References:

1. Wallis, C. and Holcombe, L.J. (2020), A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 61: 529-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13218 

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Let’s discuss what a normal cat blood pressure should be (hint: it’s the same for humans) and what it means if a cat’s blood pressure is high or low. 

What’s a Normal Cat Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the force that propels blood through the vascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. It’s a measurement that can tell us a lot about a pet’s overall health. When blood pressure becomes high or low it is very dangerous and can mean there is a serious health problem that needs to be addressed. 

There are two components to blood pressure: systolic and diastolic. Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure during a heartbeat. Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure and occurs between heart beats. 

A normal blood pressure reading in cats is 120 mmHg systolic over 80 mmHg diastolic – often represented as 120/80. Kittens have lower normal blood pressure. Veterinarians generally diagnose high or low blood pressure based on a cat’s systolic readings. 

A systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHg is considered high (hypertension) while a systolic pressure below 90 is low (hypotension). 

Because blood pressure is measured at the vet clinic and many cats are stressed or excited there, your veterinarian will not diagnose your cat with high blood pressure until the systolic reading is greater than 180. 

Causes of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

High blood pressure in cats can be caused by many different factors but is always due to an underlying disease. These include:

Kidney Disease

Up to 65 percent of cats with high blood pressure have kidney disease [1]. The relationship is through a complex set of hormone systems and is the reason many cats with kidney disease take blood pressure medication.

Heart Disease

The body may constrict blood vessels to compensate for a heart that is unable to adequately pump blood. Unfortunately this worsens heart disease in a vicious cycle.

Hyperthyroid Disease

An overactive thyroid can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate, and many other dangerous changes in body function. Hyperthyroid disease is common in middle aged to older cats.

Tumors or Cancer

Some types of cancers or non-cancerous tumors can secrete hormones that lead to hypertension while others create hypertension due to their size or location. 

Pain

Severe pain or an injury – such as a broken leg – can cause temporary hypertension. Adequate pain control quickly settles blood pressure to the normal range.

Trauma

Trauma can alter the normal mechanisms that control blood pressure, causing hypertension.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

Symptoms of high systemic blood pressure in cats are typically seen in association with symptoms of their primary disease. The most common sign of high blood pressure in cats is blindness. 

Other signs may include:

• Decreased energy
• Exercise intolerance
• Behavior changes
• Vision problems or blindness
• Seizure or collapse

Other symptoms of feline high blood pressure are evident to your veterinarian upon physical exam including a new or worsening heart murmur and changes to the eye including detachment of the retina.  

Consequences of Hypertension in Cats

Untreated hypertension can cause severe illness including blindness, brain damage, seizures, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke. 

Treatment for Cat Hypertension

Treatment for hypertension in cats is two-fold. When possible, treatment plans are focused on addressing or managing the underlying cause of hypertension such as kidney disease, heart disease, or thyroid disease. 

Oral medications can reduce blood pressure and are very useful as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Treatment plans may also include diet changes such as low sodium or prescription diets for management of the primary disease.

What Causes Low Blood Pressure in Cats? 

Low blood pressure in cats, also known as hypotension, is caused by severe illness, injury, or trauma. It is very abnormal and always an emergency. 

Cats only become hypotensive when their body cannot adequately respond. It can be caused by blood loss, low protein, or infection of the blood as well as any other causes of severe illness such as heart failure or neurologic dysfunction. 

Heart failure leads to hypotension when the heart can no longer contract well enough to generate adequate pressure to send the blood through all the vessels of the major organs. Neurologic dysfunction leads to hypotension when the brain cannot send appropriate regulatory signs to the cardiovascular system.

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure in Cats

Symptoms of hypotension in cats include:

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Collapse
• Very low body temperature
• Sudden death

Treatment for Cat Hypotension

Treatment for hypotension is always an emergency. Cats diagnosed with low blood pressure require immediate in-hospital treatments such as IV fluid therapy, blood transfusions, and fast-acting injectable medications. Only once the cat is stabilized can the primary disease or injury be addressed. 

How to Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure

There are two common methods for measuring a cat’s blood pressure in a veterinary clinic – Doppler and Oscillometric. 

Doppler Method

Doppler is equivalent to a healthcare provider manually taking a person’s blood pressure with a cuff and stethoscope. It is more accurate than the oscillometric method and is generally preferred by veterinarians. 

The cat is laid on his side and a cuff is placed around the upper arm or leg. A Doppler crystal is placed on an area of shaved skin usually on the underside of the foot just above the paw pad. The Doppler crystal allows the veterinarian to listen to the pulse of the artery. The cuff is pressurized until the pulse is no longer audible and then relaxed until the sound returns. The pressure at which the pulse sound returns is the systolic blood pressure. 

This process is repeated 3-5 times and the results are averaged to determine a cat’s systolic blood pressure. The Doppler crystal is very sensitive to movement making this method difficult in awake, healthy cats.

Oscillometric Method

The other method is Oscillometric. This method involves a machine with internal algorithms that translate changes in volume into pressure. A cuff attached to the machine is placed on the cat’s upper arm or leg. The cuff is pressurized and the machine determines the volume of the body part in the cuff at both its peak (systole) and valley (diastole).

The machine takes at least 5 readings and averages the middle three before performing calculations to translate the volume into blood pressure. This method is less prone to user error but is more likely to be inaccurate. 

Can You Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure at Home?

While blood pressure is a useful measurement in assessing your cat’s overall health, it is not generally recommended that you try to take it at home. It is far more useful to monitor your cat for more easily recognized symptoms such as lethargy, vision loss, and changes in behavior. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about your cat’s blood pressure she will likely ask you to have it rechecked in the clinic as needed. This allows for consistency in the procedure as well as less stress for you over inaccurate high and low readings. If your cat is behaving normally and not exhibiting any signs of illness then his blood pressure is likely to be within the normal range.

If your cat has been diagnosed with high blood pressure the best thing you can do at home is administer her prescribed medications on schedule. If giving your cat a pill is difficult ask your veterinarian about different formulations such as liquids or chewable tablets. Report changes in behavior to your veterinarian who will make recommendations for assessment.

How to Support Healthy Cat Blood Pressure

The best things you can do for your pet’s overall health will also support healthy blood pressure. These include maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular exercise, eating a nutritious commercially formulated cat food, and developing a relationship with your veterinarian through routine healthy visits. 

References:

1. Lawson JS, Jepson RE. Feline comorbidities: The intermingled relationship between chronic kidney disease and hypertension. J Feline Med Surg. 2021 Sep;23(9):812-822.

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When the kidneys become damaged, dogs can become very sick. Once diagnosed, dogs with kidney disease must be closely monitored and managed with an appropriate treatment plan. 

Treating Kidney Disease in Dogs: Overview

It can be overwhelming for pet parents to learn that their dog has been diagnosed with kidney disease. Navigating initial treatments and long-term management of this condition may be daunting at first, but with the help of a veterinarian, pet parents can become educated and better equipped to care for their canine companions.  

Treatment for kidney disease in dogs will depend on the type and severity of disease. There are two main types of canine kidney disease:

• Acute kidney disease
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Acute kidney disease typically develops rapidly and can occur in dogs of any age. It is most commonly due to the ingestion of some type of toxin, and it usually requires hospitalization and intensive treatment. Chronic kidney disease is a common condition among older dogs, and it is considered an irreversible, progressive condition. It can be present for an extended period of time without noticeable symptoms

Dogs with acute kidney disease usually need to receive treatment specific to the underlying cause of the condition. If a toxin was ingested, an appropriate treatment plan would be developed to counteract the toxin and provide supportive care. Typically, this treatment is only needed in the short-term, but it is possible for acute kidney disease to become chronic in some dogs, which would require additional treatment.  

Dogs who have chronic kidney disease require long-term management through medications, fluid therapy, and a prescription diet. These dogs will need to see a veterinarian on a regular basis. Veterinary visits are at least every six months but may be more frequent depending on the severity of the disease and how the dog is responding to treatment. 

Kidney Disease Dog Diet: What to Feed

Veterinarians typically recommend switching to a prescription diet specially formulated for kidney disease. These diets have lower amounts of protein, phosphorus, and sodium. Many contain antioxidants to support kidney function as well. 

Since dogs with kidney disease have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, some diets are also formulated to promote bladder health. 

Homemade dog food is not recommended for dogs with kidney disease because it is difficult to regulate the amounts of ingredients within them and ensure proper support for the kidneys. 

Dogs with kidney disease typically pass large amounts of dilute urine so they must have access to fresh, clean water at all times to compensate for this. Dehydration can exacerbate kidney disease, so it is important to keep these dogs well-hydrated at all times. 

Pet parents must also be cautious about the type of dog treat they are giving their dogs. Many treats contain ingredients that may not support optimal kidney function. Fortunately, there are several prescription treat options available.

Below are some vet-recommended prescription dog foods to help kidney function:

Dog Kidney Disease Medications

Various medications can be given to help dogs with kidney disease. Some common medications prescribed by your veterinarian may include the following: 

Phosphate Binders

Dogs with kidney disease are prone to developing high levels of phosphorus in the blood. High levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream can also increase calcium levels, which can have serious side effects. Phosphate binders are given by mouth, and they bind phosphorus in the intestines. This blocks phosphorus absorption, helping to control phosphorus levels in the blood.

Popular phosphate binders for dogs include:

ACE Inhibitors

Because hypertension can be a consequence of kidney disease, these medications are used to reduce high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can negatively impact various other organs, such as the brain and eyes, so it is important to manage this condition. In turn, these medications also reduce the amount of protein found in the urine. They are given orally. 

Common ACE inhibitors prescribed for dog kidney disease include benezepril and enalapril. Buy them from your veterinarian here:

Antibiotics

These medications are given to treat bacterial infections. They are only given if a concurrent infection, such as a UTI, is present in a dog with kidney disease to eliminate the bacteria. They are most commonly given orally, but some antibiotics may be given intravenously at the veterinary clinic if needed.

Common antibiotics used to treat infections associated with kidney disease in dogs include clavamox, amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, and cephalexin. These medications can be purchased from your veterinarian.

Proton Pump Inhibitors or H2 Antagonists

These medications are given to reduce acid within the stomach. Dogs with kidney disease often have increased acid production which can lead to stomach ulcers and mouth sores. Too much acid can also cause nausea, which can further decrease appetite. Pet parents usually give these medications orally, but H2 antagonists may also be administered via injection by a veterinarian.

Medications in this category include omeprazole and famotidine.

Appetite Stimulants

Many dogs with kidney disease have poor appetites because they feel nauseous and unwell. Providing an appetite stimulant by mouth can help increase their desire to eat and give them more energy. Some common veterinary-prescribed appetite stimulants include Entyce and Mirtazapine.

Fluid Therapy

Dogs with kidney disease benefit from additional fluid intake to ensure adequate hydration and perfusion of the kidneys. Fluid therapy can also treat electrolyte imbalance. Fluid therapy can be administered into a vein at the veterinary office, or trained pet parents can administer the fluids underneath the pet’s skin at home.

Erythropoietin

Because kidneys play a role in red blood cell production, dogs with kidneys that do not function well are at risk for anemia. If this occurs, this medication may be used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and counteract anemia. It is given via injection underneath the skin. 

Additional medications may be prescribed by the veterinarian depending on the unique needs of the patient, including any concurrent health conditions that are present and the underlying cause for the kidney disease. 

Tips for Managing Kidney Disease Pain in Dogs 

Many dogs with kidney disease experience pain as a result of their condition. This pain can be alleviated using certain oral pain medications or through a holistic approach. 

An oral pain medication that can be used in dogs with kidney disease is acetaminophen, which is non-acidic and better tolerated than other types of NSAIDs. The frequency and dose of this medication is dependent on the pet’s condition [1]. Acetominophen should only be given under the guidance of your dog’s veterinarian.

Holistic treatment for kidney disease in dogs may include acupuncture and various types of herbal supplements to reduce pain and support the kidneys.

Kidney Disease in Dogs Treatment: Additional Tips and Advice 

Treating kidney disease in dogs often requires lifelong management, but many dogs with kidney disease can live long, happy lives with proper treatment and care. 

Monthly costs will vary, but pet parents can expect to spend $75 or more on veterinary visits, medications, supportive care, and a prescription diet. 

Once a dog’s kidney disease is well-managed, some of the first signs pet parents notice are reduced thirst and urination. Most dogs have more energy and are more playful once they feel better too. They may also start to have better appetites and as a result, gain a little weight. 

If a dog becomes lethargic or starts drinking and urinating more frequently while kidney disease is being managed, you should contact your veterinarian for guidance. This could indicate an underlying issue and may require a medication adjustment or additional treatment. 

References

1. Lascelles, D., & Epstein, M. (2016). Canine and feline pain management: expert insight into practitioners’ top questions. Today’s Veterinary Practice, 6(6), 36-40. 

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IBD in dogs is often confused with IBS. However, that doesn’t mean IBS in dogs isn’t a thing! 

What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Dogs?

Irritable bowel syndrome or IBS in dogs is generally caused by stress and anxiety rather than an actual intestinal condition. When psychological activity causes physical ailments, we call those ailments “psychosomatic.” 

Think of how stressful situations can cause intestinal problems in people. Similarly, chronic anxiety in dogs can lead to chronic diarrhea. This is sometimes referred to as “irritable bowel syndrome” in dogs.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs, on the other hand, is an actual disease of the intestines. With IBD, white blood cells infiltrate the lining of the intestines and affect the intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in chronic and severe diarrhea.

IBS doesn’t lead to IBD. In fact, they’re completely different conditions.

No specific breeds are considered predisposed to IBS. However, dogs with anxiety are at a greater risk for experiencing IBS.

What Causes IBS in Dogs?

IBS in dogs is generally caused by chronic anxiety. Anxiety affects how the muscles of the intestines contract, resulting in diarrhea and constipation. The intestines themselves are not generally diseased in dogs with IBS.

IBS in Dogs Symptoms

The main symptoms of IBS in dogs include:

• Bouts of watery diarrhea, often with mucus in the diarrhea
• Straining to poop
• Urgency to poop, which may result in accidents
• Occasional constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting

Although blood is common in the diarrhea of dogs who have conditions of their large intestine causing diarrhea, blood isn’t common in the diarrhea of dogs with IBS. 

Diagnosing Dogs with IBS

The first step in diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome in dogs is to get a physical examination with a veterinarian. 

The veterinarian will want to ensure your pet isn’t losing excessive amounts of weight. They’ll also press on the dog’s abdomen to see if they can feel any abnormalities. Pressing on the abdomen will also key the veterinarian into your pet’s pain level. 

Another important part of the physical examination is a rectal examination. The veterinarian will ensure there aren’t any obvious masses in the anal region that are contributing to straining and urgency to defecate.

Assuming no obvious explanation for your dog’s clinical signs is found on the physical examination, your veterinarian will move on to diagnostics. Diagnosing dogs with IBS involves ruling out other causes. Common testing would include:

• Routine bloodwork and urinalysis: The veterinarian performs these tests to check on your pet’s overall systemic health, including major organ function. 
• X-rays or ultrasound of the abdomen: Imaging of the abdomen may help detect abnormalities, such as a mass, an intestinal blockage, or thickening of intestinal lining.
• Fecal testing: Testing to rule out parasites and other infectious causes of diarrhea should be performed in dogs with diarrhea.
• Dietary trials: Diarrhea also occurs in dogs with food allergies. Your veterinarian may recommend switching your dog to a diet with novel proteins or proteins that have been altered to make them more tolerable. 
• Intestinal biopsy: Intestinal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing IBD. Because IBD is an important rule-out for a dog with IBS, the veterinarian may recommend biopsies. These can be obtained surgically through a midline incision or via a colonoscopy. Colonoscopies are usually performed at a specialty center. In dogs with IBS, intestinal biopsies will usually be normal.

Treatment for IBS in Dogs

To manage loose stools, veterinarians recommend increasing the fiber in your pet’s diet. Options for increasing the fiber in your dog’s diet include:

• Dog food for IBS, usually a prescription high fiber diet
• Commercial fiber supplements
• Adding fibrous foods, such as canned pumpkin, to your pet’s diet

Prior to making changes to your pet’s diet, speak with your veterinarian. 

Some veterinarians may use anti-diarrheal medications, such as loperamide, when there is an IBS flare. If the diarrhea is severe during a flare, your pet may also need to be given fluids. Often, IBS isn’t severe enough to require hospitalization with intravenous fluids, so your veterinarian will give the fluids subcutaneously (under the skin).

The most important aspect of managing IBS is reducing stress and anxiety. If you identify a trigger for your pet’s anxiety and diarrhea, such as long car rides, avoiding those triggers when possible may reduce the incidence of IBS flare-ups. Some dogs will benefit from the addition of more physical activity, such as going for a daily walk, to reduce anxiety.

The veterinarian may prescribe anti-anxiety medications. For dogs with chronic anxiety, daily medications such as fluoxetine or clomipramine will be considered. For dogs who have specific triggers that set off their anxiety, the veterinarian may prescribe a more situational medication to be given before the incident, such as trazodone.

Shop Dog Anxiety Medications:

Over-the-counter supplements for anxiety can be purchased without a prescription. Examples of supplements that may be used for dogs with IBS include cannabidiol (CBD) or L-theanine. Speak with your veterinarian before adding supplements to your pet’s diet.

Initial diagnostics to rule out other conditions will likely be the most expensive part of managing your pet’s condition. Because this may take several visits to rule out anything more nefarious, you can expect this part to cost anywhere from $500 to over $1,000, especially if intestinal biopsies are pursued. 

Once you have a set routine, the cost will depend on what treatment options you choose and how often your pet has flare-ups of IBS. However, this will generally be more affordable.

How to Prevent IBS in Dogs

Not all dogs with chronic anxiety develop IBS. Minimize the stress your pet experiences to decrease the likelihood of IBS developing. If you’re noticing anxious behaviors in your pet, such as destructiveness, repetitive vocalization, self-injury, or house-soiling, speak with your veterinarian.

Related Conditions 

• Anxiety
• House-soiling
• Diarrhea in dogs

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Just as with humans, our feline friends are vulnerable to diseases of the teeth and gums. In fact, studies report that between 50 and 90 percent of cats older than 4 years old experience some form of dental disease (1).

Fortunately, proper dental hygiene can go a long way in preventing the most common forms of these diseases. But it’s up to us as pet parents to ensure it gets done, and it can be tricky to understand exactly how to brush a cat’s teeth.

If the thought of sticking a toothbrush into your kitty’s fanged mouth sounds like a daunting task, you’re not alone. It certainly can be, especially if they aren’t used to mouth handling or tooth-brushing procedures. The good news? With the right approach, most cats will eventually allow you to brush their chompers without much fuss.

Keep reading to learn how to safely, easily, and effectively brush your cat’s teeth at home.   

Benefits of Brushing a Cat’s Teeth

Before we get into how to brush a cat’s teeth, let’s review why cat teeth cleaning is so important. As with human teeth, cat teeth need brushing to keep them clean and healthy.

“Brushing teeth removes plaque, an invisible, thin layer of bacteria and other material,” says Dr. Patrik Holmboe, head veterinarian at Cooper Pet Care. “Left untouched, plaque eventually calcifies into tartar, a rock-hard, brown material that sticks to the teeth and is much harder to remove.”

Dr. Holmboe explains that tartar not only looks unsightly, but it’s also chock-full of bacteria — and if not removed, it can greatly increase the likelihood of more advanced dental diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis. Once your cat reaches the stage of periodontitis, they face a high risk of bacterial infection in the tooth roots and bone surrounding the teeth, opening the door to loose or lost teeth, gum disease, difficulty eating, pain, and infection that spreads elsewhere in the body.

Although tartar build-up on your cat’s teeth requires removal by a veterinarian under general anesthesia, regular dental cleaning at home can remove plaque. Removing this plaque before it hardens into tartar is an essential part of home dental care.

Added bonuses of regular brushing include helping your cat get accustomed to being handled and keeping their breath smelling fresh (or at least fresher!).

How to Brush a Cat’s Teeth: Preparation and Training 

Attempting to immediately brush your cat’s teeth without acclimating them to the process is a surefire recipe for failure (and likely a few scratches). To increase your chances of success, it’s crucial to get your cat comfortable with the idea. Here are a few ways to prep your feline friend for brushing:

Start by getting your cat used to being touched around the mouth. When petting your cat throughout the day, as you normally do, work your way over to their mouth and gently rub your finger around their teeth, gums, and jawline. Give them lots of praise during and after.

Next, introduce your cat to the sensation of brushing with a tantalizing treat: tuna water. While it doesn’t provide any dental benefits, most cats love the taste of tuna water, which helps create a positive association. Before busting out the toothpaste, Covetrus recommends dipping your finger in tuna water and offering it to your cat. Once you’re done, praise your kitty and reward them with a treat.

Then, graduate to warm-up lessons with actual cat toothpaste. Choose a time when your cat is relaxed and let them sniff and lick some cat toothpaste off your finger. Unlike human toothpaste, which is typically mint flavored, cat toothpaste has a beef, fish, or poultry flavor, so it’s usually enticing. As they lick the paste, begin to rub your finger lightly along their teeth to simulate brushing. To make them feel more comfortable, give them some gentle scratches around their head and under their jaw as you go.  

To ensure your cat is at ease with the process, it may be necessary to practice this warm-up lesson multiple times before progressing to the main event. 

Supplies for Brushing Your Cat’s Teeth  

Once you feel your cat is comfortable with the idea of brushing, it’s time to transition to the real deal.

Here are the supplies you’ll need:

• A specially formulated cat toothpaste. Ensure the toothpaste you choose is labeled as safe for feline use. Cat toothpaste is safe for cats to swallow and contains enzymes that clean their teeth. Do not use human toothpaste, as it contains ingredients (like fluoride and artificial sweeteners) that can be harmful to cats. In a pinch, Dr. Amanda Skinner, DVM, at Sunset Vet Clinic says that even just taking a dry toothbrush to your cat’s teeth can be beneficial.

• A cat-specific toothbrush. A cat toothbrush has special features designed for brushing their teeth, including a small size and an angled handle. Finger toothbrushes, which fit over the tip of your finger, are another option. For some cats, using a very soft toothbrush designed for human babies is acceptable.

Steps for Brushing a Cat’s Teeth 

Now that you understand the “why” behind cat tooth brushing and know what supplies you’ll need, let’s review the steps for how to effectively clean your cat’s teeth.

1. Squeeze a small amount of toothpaste onto a cat-friendly toothbrush and place it aside.
2. Kneel down and position your cat between your legs, with their head facing away from you. This will prevent them from backing away.
3. Tilt your cat’s head upward at a slight angle and raise their lip.
4. Gently move the toothbrush or finger brush in circles across the teeth near the gumline. Work front to back on one side. This should take about 30 seconds. Talk to your cat in a soft voice while brushing to reassure them.  
5. Switch sides and repeat.

If you can’t brush your cat’s teeth for the full minute on the first attempt, don’t worry. Just brush as long as you can before they really let you know they want to be done. This might only be five seconds to start, but that’s better than nothing, and you can gradually increase the time each day as they get used to it.

A daily brushing session is ideal for most cats, though brushing even just once or twice a week may offer some benefit. “Less than this, and the actual effectiveness of the brushing is probably pretty low,” says Dr. Holmboe. 

Tips for Successful Tooth Brushing and Dental Health in Cats 

Here are some tips to help ensure cat tooth brushing success:

Start when they are young

Dr. Holmboe suggests starting your brushing sessions when your cat is 6 to 12 months old. “At 6 months, usually all the permanent teeth have erupted,” he says. “And this is a good age period where a young cat is still very accepting of new things.” 

Select a specific time

Cats respond well to routine, so be consistent with the time you brush their teeth every day. Pick a time of day that is generally quiet.

Use a toothpaste they like

Cat toothpaste comes in different flavors, so find one your cat approves of. You can test it by putting a little on your finger and seeing if they lick it off.

Find a quiet area

In order to help your cat feel relaxed and comfortable, find a peaceful place away from the hustle and bustle for your brushing sessions.  

Create positive associations

After brushing, immediately give your cat their favorite treat and lots of love for a job well done. This will help them associate brushing with good things, thereby increasing their willingness to participate in future sessions.

Be mindful of your demeanor

Your cat will sense if you’re anxious and respond accordingly. To increase the chances of keeping them calm, try to maintain a relaxed, positive attitude and demeanor during the sessions.

Be patient

It’s important not to force brushing sessions, as this will create a negative association, so pay attention to your cat’s cues. If they are really fussy and struggling to get away, stop and try again the next day.

Supplement with dental care products

Dental health products, such as dental treats and water additives, can be helpful, but Dr. Holmboe warns that they’re not a replacement for tooth brushing. The exception, he says, is scientifically-formulated dental kibble, which can be an effective long-term tooth-brushing replacement.

Watch for warning signs

Even with regular brushing, it’s still possible for dental problems to develop. That’s why it’s important to be on the lookout for signs of dental disease in your cat, especially if they are older. 

Common signs include dropping food while eating, vocalizing while eating, drooling, blood in the mouth, or changes in eating behavior, says Dr. Holmboe. “Even more serious signs might include weight loss and lethargy.” If you notice any of these signs, a visit to your veterinarian is in order. 

Get regular checkups

Regardless of how meticulous you are with brushing, Dr. Skinner says it’s important to get your cat’s teeth checked every six months to one year by your veterinarian. They can assess if your kitty needs a professional dental cleaning. 

By making dental care a part of your cat’s routine and giving their pearly whites some regular TLC, you can help ensure they have healthy teeth and gums for years to come. 

References

1. Cornell Feline Health Center. “Feline Dental Disease.” Updated June 2017. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease

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In humans, a hernia often refers to an abnormal body wall opening in the abdomen or groin. This opening allows tissues to protrude from the abdomen and rest under the skin. 

You may be wondering, can dogs get hernias too? Read on to learn more about dog hernias, including types, causes, signs, and treatment.

Can Dogs Get Hernias?

Yes, dogs can get hernias. In fact, hernias in dogs are relatively common. They’re often diagnosed in young puppies. 

The most common form of dog hernia is an umbilical hernia, which allows fat and/or abdominal organs to protrude through the umbilicus (belly button) on a puppy’s belly. Small umbilical hernias may close on their own, but veterinary care is often required.

Canine hernias are similar to human hernias, although their causes may differ.

What Does a Hernia Look Like in a Dog?

Many dog hernias can be seen and/or felt. Hernias often take the form of a soft to slightly-firm bulge, protruding from your dog’s belly, groin, or hind end. In older dogs, a hernia may be mistaken for a soft, fatty lump under the skin.  

However, some hernias occur internally. These hernias involve the diaphragm instead of the external body wall, which means they cannot be seen or felt. Internal hernias require x-rays or other veterinary tests for diagnosis. 

Types of Hernias in Dogs

There are several types of hernias in dogs, each with a unique cause and clinical appearance. 

Umbilical hernia: Umbilical hernias in dogs occur at the umbilicus (belly button). This is the most common type of dog hernia. Many umbilical hernias are small and they may close on their own, as a puppy grows and matures. Large umbilical hernias and hernias that do not close over time, however, can cause problems and require treatment. 

Inguinal hernia: Inguinal hernias affect the groin, where the inner leg meets the belly. 

Perineal hernia: These hernias, which often occur in unneutered, older males, may affect one or both sides of a dog’s hind end (adjacent to the rectum).

Diaphragmatic hernia: A diaphragmatic hernia affects the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. A diaphragmatic hernia can interfere with a dog’s ability to breathe. Emergency treatment is often required. 

Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia is a small hereditary defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of a dog’s stomach to protrude into the chest.  

Spay incision hernia: When an abdominal incision does not heal properly, a hernia may occur. These hernias usually become apparent in the days or weeks immediately after surgery.

How Do Dogs Get Hernias?

Most hernias are caused by genetic or hereditary factors. These hernias are present at birth. Umbilical and hiatal hernias both fall into this category, with umbilical hernias being far more common. Umbilical hernias can occur in any breed, while hiatal hernias are most common in Bulldogs and Shar Pei dogs. 

Perineal and inguinal hernias tend to occur in older dogs. Perineal hernias primarily affect intact males; they are associated with excessive straining due to an enlarged prostate gland. Age-related inguinal hernias can be associated with pregnancy, trauma, obesity, or other factors.  

Diaphragmatic hernias are usually caused by blunt force trauma. Potential causes include being hit by a car, falling from a high surface, or being kicked in the abdomen. Excessive force on the abdomen leads to a tear in the diaphragm, causing significant breathing difficulties.

Incisional hernias, such as a dog spay incision hernia, form after abdominal surgery, when an incision fails to heal normally and dehisces (opens). Some incisional hernias are caused by underlying conditions that interfere with healing, while others may be associated with returning to activity too quickly. 

Dog Hernia Symptoms

Hernia symptoms vary, based upon the type of hernia. 

Umbilical, inguinal, and perineal hernias cause swelling at the affected area. In most cases, these swellings are soft and nonpainful. Sometimes, however, organs may become trapped or strangulated in a hernia. This causes pain, swelling, and inflammation, requiring emergency treatment.

Signs of hernias include: 

• Soft, nonpainful swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum
• Painful or red swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum (with strangulation)
• Vomiting (with strangulation)
• Lethargy (with strangulation) 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are not externally visible. While both of these hernias involve tissues moving into the chest, diaphragmatic hernias are typically associated with breathing difficulties and hiatal hernias are associated with gastrointestinal signs. 

Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia in dogs include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory rate
• Increased respiratory effort
• Blue gums
• Lethargy
• History of blunt force trauma

Signs of a hiatal hernia in dogs include: 

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Regurgitation
• Excessive salivation
• Breathing problems

Diagnosing Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical, perineal, and inguinal hernias can often be diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination. Your veterinarian may also recommend x-rays to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether important organs (such as intestines are bladder) are present within the hernia. 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are typically diagnosed using chest x-rays. In some cases, other forms of imaging may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. 

Dog Hernia Treatment

Most canine hernias are treated with surgery. Some mild hiatal hernias can be managed medically, with treatments aimed at controlling the gastrointestinal signs associated with this condition, but most other hernias should be closed surgically. There are no home remedies for dog hernias.

Surgical repair of umbilical hernias is typically a relatively straightforward procedure. Surgery will likely be performed by your regular veterinarian, and is often performed at the time of a dog’s spay or neuter. 

Surgery to repair a perineal or inguinal hernia in a dog can vary significantly in complexity. Simple repairs may be performed by your regular veterinarian, while complex hernia repair surgery may require referral to a veterinary surgeon. 

Diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias typically require referral to a veterinary surgeon. These are complex surgical procedures with heightened anesthetic risks. 

Dog Hernia Surgery Cost

The cost of surgery can vary significantly, depending on the type of hernia and surgical complexity.

Adding an umbilical hernia repair to a dog’s spay or neuter surgery is often relatively inexpensive, because your dog will already be anesthetized and undergoing surgery. You can expect to pay an additional $200-$400 to have an umbilical hernia repaired at the time of your dog’s spay or neuter. 

Diaphragmatic hernia repair, in contrast, requires a veterinary surgeon and can be significantly more expensive. You can expect to spend $4,000-$8,000 for your dog’s diaphragmatic hernia repair. 

Dog Hernia After Surgery