But what shots do puppies need and how much do puppy shots cost? Fortunately, options like pet insurance and the CareCredit credit card can help pet parents feel more financially prepared to manage the cost of their puppy’s wellness care. 

Here’s what you need to know about puppy vaccinations.

How Many Shots Do Puppies Need?

Puppies may receive both core and non-core vaccines. Core vaccines for puppies are recommended for all dogs to protect them from deadly diseases, while non-core vaccines are specifically recommended for at-risk puppies. Let’s discuss these in detail and why they are important for your puppy’s health. 

Core Vaccines for Puppies

Based on the guidelines provided by the American Animal Hospital Association, the following are core vaccines for puppies [1]:

Distemper: Distemper vaccines (sometimes abbreviated DHPP, DAPP or DA2PP) are a type of core vaccine that protects against multiple viruses: distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, and parainfluenza. Distemper and parvovirus can be fatal for puppies, while adenovirus can affect several organs in a dog’s body. Parainfluenza causes the highly contagious kennel cough disease in dogs. This vaccine should start soon after you take your puppy home, but 6 weeks old at the earliest. Your puppy will need multiple vaccines to stay healthy and keep their immunity until they reach 16 weeks of age.

Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis vaccines have been newly classified as core vaccines and should be given to all dogs, starting at 12 weeks of age. The vaccine protects against a bacterial infection that dogs pick up from infected urine of wildlife or other dogs. Leptospirosis can cause significant liver and kidney disease. 

Rabies: Rabies vaccines are another type of core vaccine given to all dogs to prevent the deadly disease called rabies. It is spread through a bite from an infected animal and transmitted through that animal’s saliva into the wound. This vaccine is required by law in most places, and is given when a puppy is between 12-16 weeks old.

Non-core Vaccines for Puppies

There are also three non-core vaccines offered for dogs:

Lyme: Lyme vaccines are considered a non-core vaccine and recommended for dogs who spend time hiking or walking in wooded areas or those with tall grass and weeds where ticks are commonly found. Lyme disease is spread through tick bites and causes painful, swollen joints and fevers in dogs. 

Bordetella: Bordetella vaccines are classified as non-core and protect against a highly contagious respiratory disease called kennel cough. Kennel cough vaccines for puppies are given to dogs who frequently interact with other dogs in settings such as boarding facilities, grooming offices, or dog parks. 

Influenza: Influenza vaccines are non-core vaccines given to dogs with frequent contact with each other. Influenza is a respiratory disease that quickly spreads in boarding and daycare facilities and shelters. 

Vaccine Schedule for Puppies

How Much Do Puppy Shots Cost?

While the price for puppy vaccinations varies widely depending on the geographic location of your veterinarian, pet parents can expect to spend between $300 to $400 on the puppy vaccination series, including boosters. In general, each vaccine your puppy receives will cost around the following: 

• Distemper vaccine: $40-$50
• Leptospirosis vaccine: $30-$50
• Rabies vaccine: $30-$60
• Lyme vaccine: $30-$50
• Bordetella vaccine: $20-$40
• Influenza vaccine: $30-$50

Pet insurance may help offset the costs of vaccinations, if you purchase the policy prior to your puppy’s veterinary visit. If you have a CareCredit credit card, you can use it to pay for puppy vaccinations and other pet care costs, at any provider in the CareCredit network.* It allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options. By being financially prepared, you can ensure your puppy receives the protection they need to stay healthy. 

Additionally, community organizations and shelters may host vaccination clinics to offer low-cost puppy vaccinations for qualifying families. These are generally advertised in local newspapers or through online advertisements.  

Once your pet is no longer a puppy, you can expect to pay annually or every three years for vaccinations, depending on the type of vaccination needed.   

Puppy Shots: Other Tips and Advice

When it comes to the puppy vaccination series, pet parents often have questions about what to expect. Let’s cover some of the most common questions pet parents ask veterinarians: 

Can unvaccinated puppies be around vaccinated dogs?

Unvaccinated puppies are at risk for contracting potentially deadly diseases that are spread between dogs or from contaminated surfaces in the environment. Unvaccinated puppies do not have the immunity that vaccines provide. Pet parents should exercise caution when socializing unvaccinated puppies and only allow them around dogs who are up-to-date with all vaccines. 

Can my puppy meet other dogs after first vaccination?

Puppies are not considered fully vaccinated until they receive all initial vaccines and boosters recommended by their veterinarian. Therefore, pet parents should be cautious about who their puppies are around until they have full protection. 

Can puppies have reactions to vaccines?

Puppies can have reactions to vaccines, but these are generally mild, such as soreness at the injection site, lethargy, or decreased appetite. Serious reactions are rare. 

References

1. 2022 AAHA Core and Noncore Vaccines for Dogs. American Animal Hospital Association. Retrieved from https://www.aaha.org/resources/2022-aaha-canine-vaccination-guidelines/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post How Much Do Puppy Shots Cost? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Here, we’ll fill you in on what you need to know about Asian longhorned ticks, and most importantly, how to protect your pup.

What Is the Asian Longhorned Tick?

The Asian longhorned tick (scientific name: Haemaphysalis longicornis) is an invasive parasite that feeds on human and animal blood for its survival. Like other tick species, they tend to inhabit tall grass and wooded areas, waiting to attach themselves to unsuspecting humans and animals [1].

The Asian longhorned tick size is that of a sesame seed when unfed, but it can become pea-sized when filled with the blood of its host [1]. It’s a light brown tick that doesn’t have distinct markings found in other species, including the common brown dog tick. To tell the difference, “…look for the presence of ‘eyes’ on the sides of its body, near the second row of legs, which is present on the brown dog tick,” advises Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer at the American Kennel Club. “These ‘eyes’ are missing from Asian longhorned ticks.” 

Asian longhorned ticks are a hearty species that can reproduce without having to mate, making males a rarity [1]. Since they can lay up to 2,500 eggs during their breeding season (occurring late spring and early summer), one female can cause an Asian longhorned tick infestation [2]. What’s even more frustrating is that lower temps don’t impact them as much. “The Asian longhorned tick is not killed off by the cold like other tick species,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor with Heart + Paw at their Callowhill location in Philadelphia. 

How did the Asian longhorned tick get to America?

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA confirms that in the U.S., the first Asian longhorned tick was reported in New Jersey in 2017, though they think it arrived prior to that. Scientists hypothesize that this species came here by hitching a ride with imported animals or humans returning from abroad [1].

To date, Asian longhorned ticks have been confined to the Midwest and eastern portions of the country, and Dr. Karwacki says they’re not expected to become widespread. 

The impacted states include [3]:

• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Indiana
• Kentucky
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Missouri
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• West Virginia 

Are Asian Longhorned Ticks a Danger to Dogs?

There are still a lot of unknowns about Asian longhorned ticks, with most insights derived from their countries of origin or via laboratory replications. 

For now, the danger to dogs in the U.S. is not critical, Dr. Klein notes, “But there is potential for [the] spread of a multitude of tick-borne diseases via this type of tick, as has been reported in other countries due to this tick’s invasiveness.”

What scientists do know is that these ticks can be infected with both bacteria and viruses that cause diseases. 

Asian Longhorned Tick Diseases: Bacterial

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rickettsiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Theileriosis
• Babesiosis
• Lyme disease (4)

Asian Longhorned Tick Diseases: Viral

• Powassan Virus
• Heartland Virus (not currently known to affect dogs)
• Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

Asian Longhorned Tick Symptoms in Dogs

Although veterinarians are still learning about how these ticks impact dogs, they say Asian longhorned tick diseases tend to share similar symptoms with other tick-borne maladies.

“The tick bite itself will not cause symptoms other than irritation at the site of the bite,” Dr. Kawacki explains. “If a disease was transmitted during the bite, the symptoms can vary depending on the disease. Some of the common symptoms can be lethargy, joint and muscle pain, and GI upset.” Other potential Asian longhorned tick symptoms to watch for include:

• Poor appetite
• Fever
• Lameness
• Swollen lymph nodes

A dog who gets bitten by a tick and develops any of these symptoms should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible, Dr. Klein says. 

Asian Longhorned Tick on Dog: Next Steps

If you do discover an Asian longhorned tick bite or tick on your pup, don’t panic. There are things you can do to prevent illness and discomfort. 

Remove the Tick Right Away

Remove the Asian longhorned tick promptly (within 12 hours) to prevent the occurrence of tick-borne illnesses, Dr. Klein advises. “The sooner a tick is removed, the lower the chance of the bacteria carried by a tick transferring into the blood of a dog or person.” If you can’t promptly remove the tick, Dr. Klein recommends taking your dog to your veterinarian as soon as possible.  

If you need step-by-step instructions on how to remove a tick from a dog or guidance on the most effective tick removal tools to use, we have you covered.  

Contact Your Veterinarian if Needed

Once you’ve removed the tick, it’s not necessary to bring the dog to a veterinarian, Dr. Klein says, “But a dog that has been bitten by a tick should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as [they display] any symptoms that could be caused by a tick bite.”

Snap a Photo if You Can

Try taking a photo of the dead tick with your phone, Dr. Klein says. He recommends placing it in a small, sealed plastic bag with isopropyl alcohol, then in the freezer for two days to be sure it’s dead. “You can then dispose of the dead tick, or the closed bag can then be taken to your veterinarian,” he says.  

How to Protect Your Dog from Asian Longhorned Ticks

For now, the precautions for protecting your dog from Asian longhorned ticks are similar to that for other tick species.

Invest in Trusted Tick Protection

“The best protection is monthly flea and tick prevention, which should be given year-round,” Dr. Karwacki says. Because Asian Longhorned ticks are not killed off by cold temperatures like other tick species, the year-round part is especially important.

Some flea and tick control products on the market provide coverage against the Asian longhorned tick, among other parasites. In January 2025, the FDA approved new label indications for Simparica Trio and Simparica Chewables to include the treatment and control of infestations with Asian longhorned ticks. Other products that protect against this species include NexGard Plus and Bravecto Chews. Work with your veterinarian to determine the best option for your pup.

Check Your Dog for Ticks After Being Outdoors

Checking for ticks is especially important for dogs who’ve been in environments where ticks may reside, like grassy or wooded areas, Dr. Klein says. “Carefully also check the bottom of the paws, including between the paw pads, under their ears, around the eyes and nose, and the underside of their tail near the rectum,” he adds.

Dr. Klein also advises that you check your own clothes and body for ticks after coming indoors. “Ticks should be removed immediately because they can carry diseases that affect human health.”

Protect Your Outdoor Area

Spending time outside with your dog can put you and your dog at increased risk of making contact with the Asian longhorned tick. Veterinarians recommend keeping lawn grass cut low. “Owners can also make sure that brush is cleared from the yard and have a 9-foot space between the yard and wooded areas to help prevent exposure to ticks,” Dr. Karwacki says.

References

1. The Asian Longhorned Tick: What You Need to Know Story Map. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA). 2024 July. Retrieved from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/ticks/asian-longhorned/asian-longhorned-tick-what-you-need-know
2. Asian Longhorned Tick. University of Maryland Extension. 2024 October. Retrieved from https://extension.umd.edu/resource/asian-longhorned-tick/
3. Where Ticks Live. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024 July. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/about/where-ticks-live.html
4. Asian Longhorned Tick. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/integration/vector-management/ticks/asian-longhorned-tick.html

The post Asian Longhorned Tick: Dangers for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Sound familiar to you? If the answer is yes, don’t worry, we’ve got you covered.

You may have heard of CoQ10 for humans, as it’s used to help us with a range of chronic conditions, from heart disease and diabetes to migraines. [1] But how does this relate to dogs?

According to Sehaj Grewal, DVM, medical director at The Melrose Vet in Los Angeles, “Pet owners often seek proactive ways to support their dog’s health, mimicking trends in human health care.”

The number of pet parents who purchased supplements for their dogs increased from 34 percent in 2018 to 50 percent in 2024. [2] Dr. Grewal attributes the growth to “heightened awareness about pet wellness, more accessible information on the benefits of supplements, and the growing humanization of pets.” 

So with all this in mind, let’s get into it. Read on for everything you need to know about CoQ10 and dogs.

What Is CoQ10?

CoQ10 (or coenzyme Q10) is a natural substance that all dogs (and other animals, including humans) produce. It helps cells create and manage energy. 

CoQ10, also sometimes called ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect cells from damage. Although it’s found in all cells and most tissues, the highest concentrations of CoQ10 are found in the heart, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. [3]

The enzyme is also found in certain foods, including organ meats, poultry, fish, nuts, dairy products, eggs, and soybean oil. Dr. Grewal notes that CoQ10 levels can decrease with age or due to certain medical conditions. 

Some diseases and medications can reduce CoQ10 levels. Dr. Grewal points to heart disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease as conditions that can deplete CoQ10 levels in dogs’ bodies. Medications, such as statins, which are used to lower cholesterol, can inhibit CoQ10 production. 

CoQ10 supplements come in the form of capsules and liquids. They can help boost levels of the enzyme, as well as overall health, so veterinarians often recommend them for dogs with chronic health issues.

“CoQ10 is popular because of its antioxidant properties and its ability to support heart health, cellular energy production, and overall vitality,” Dr. Grewal explains. 

Benefits of CoQ10 for Dogs

Let’s go over some of the conditions and scenarios for which CoQ10 can be beneficial.

Heart disease

Dogs with heart disease could benefit from a CoQ10 supplement because the antioxidant supports energy production in heart muscle cells, helping the heart pump more efficiently, Dr. Grewal notes. CoQ10 also has antioxidant properties that protect the heart tissue from oxidative damage, which is often increased in conditions like congestive heart failure or dilated cardiomyopathy, he adds.

Research found that dogs with mitral valve disease, including congestive heart failure, who were given 100 mg of CoQ10 twice per day for three months had lower levels of inflammation compared to dogs who received a placebo (sugar pill). [4]

A separate study found that the concentration of CoQ10 found in the bloodstream of dogs with mitral valve disease was “significantly higher” after just four hours when dogs were given supplements with 200 milligrams of CoQ10. [5] 

Cancer

Antioxidants can prevent cell damage, helping protect against cancer, and it’s believed that CoQ10 has anticancer properties. [6] In humans, CoQ10 has been linked to reduced risk of breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. 

“CoQ10 may be recommended as part of a multimodal approach to managing cancer in dogs, particularly for its potential to reduce oxidative stress and improve overall cellular health,” Dr. Grewal says. “It’s not a cure or primary treatment, but it may support energy production and immune function.”

It’s important to note that because CoQ10 shouldn’t be given to dogs with certain cancers or administered with certain cancer treatments, you should always talk to a veterinarian first.

Diabetes

CoQ10 could help regulate blood sugar. Although there are a lack of studies testing the supplement in dogs with diabetes, research in humans and rats has found that CoQ10 increased insulin sensitivity and lowered fasting blood glucose. [7, 8]

A CoQ10 supplement has also been shown to reduce inflammation and help control blood sugar and improve blood flow in humans with type 2 diabetes. [9] Dr. Grewal points to its potential to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress as a reason that it may be beneficial to dogs.

Cognitive support

Senior dogs may have lower concentrations of CoQ10 in their parietal cortex (the part of the brain responsible for learning). [10] With that in mind, CoQ10 supplements, which have been shown to protect against cognitive decline in humans, could also benefit dogs.

Kidney disease

Because levels of CoQ10 are often lower in humans with chronic kidney disease, supplements can improve kidney function. In dogs with kidney disease, Dr. Grewal explains that CoQ10 could protect kidney cells from oxidative damage, which is a significant factor in worsening the disease. 

“It may also improve energy production in kidney cells, supporting their function and slowing disease progression,” he adds.

Liver disease

The liver metabolizes CoQ10, and liver disease can lower the production of the enzyme. [11] This not only takes a toll on the liver, but it can also increase the risk of heart disease. A supplement could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress that causes cell damage. In fact, animal studies have shown that CoQ10 can protect the liver after exposure to toxins like chemicals or parasites. 

Dental health

Up to 90 percent of dogs over the age of 3 have dental disease. [12] Thanks to its ability to reduce inflammation, CoQ10 could help. Some patients with dental disease have CoQ10 deficiencies, and supplements can reduce inflammation and protect gum tissue from bacteria. [13]

CoQ10 for Dogs Side Effects

CoQ10 is believed to be safe for dogs, but Dr. Grewal notes that potential side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. [14]  If your dog gets an upset stomach, he suggests giving them CoQ10 with food rather than on an empty stomach.

Safe or not, it’s essential to talk to your veterinarian to make sure CoQ10 won’t interfere with other supplements or medications. Dogs who are taking blood pressure medications or blood thinners should not take CoQ10, according to Dr. Grewal.

CoQ10 can also affect liver metabolism, so dogs with severe liver disease should only take supplements with veterinary supervision, he adds.

Choosing a CoQ10 Supplement for Dogs

Natural pet stores, big box retailers, and online sites often stock CoQ10 for dogs, but it can be hard to know which brand to choose. Look for brands like Rx Vitamins for Pets, Integrative Therapeutics, Pure Encapsulations, and VetriScience, as they were formulated for pets.

“Supplements made for dogs are specifically formulated for their unique metabolism and dosages, reducing the risk of toxicity or underdosing,” Dr. Grewal says. “Human supplements may contain additives, flavorings, or dosages that are not safe or appropriate for dogs.”

CoQ10 for Dogs: The Verdict

CoQ10 is a powerful antioxidant, and research points to potential benefits for dogs with diseases ranging from heart disease to diabetes to kidney disease. While some dogs can benefit from a CoQ10 supplement that was formulated for pets, Dr. Grewal stresses the importance of consulting with a veterinarian before giving your dog CoQ10.

“CoQ10 is not a standalone treatment for any condition but can be a valuable part of a comprehensive care plan when recommended by a veterinarian,” he says. “It’s important to consult with a vet to ensure proper dosing, address any potential interactions, and monitor the pet’s response to the supplement.”

References

1. Testai L, Martelli A, Flori L, Cicero AFG, Colletti A. “Coenzyme Q10: Clinical Applications beyond Cardiovascular Diseases.” Nutrients. 2021 May 17;13(5):1697. doi: 10.3390/nu13051697. PMID: 34067632; PMCID: PMC8156424.
2. “The American Pet Products Association (APPA) Releases 2024 Dog and Cat Owner Insight Report.” 2024 August. https://americanpetproducts.org/news/the-american-pet-products-association-appa-releases-2024-dog-and-cat-owner-insight-report#:~:text=Vitamin%20and%20supplement%20use%20has,%25%20and%2020%25%2C%20respectively.
3. “Coenzyme Q10.” Updated 2019 January. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/coenzyme-q10 
4. Druzhaeva N, Nemec Svete A, Tavčar-Kalcher G, Babič J, Ihan A, Pohar K, Krapež U, Domanjko Petrič A. “Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers, Inflammatory Markers, Lymphocyte Subpopulations, and Clinical Status in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease.” Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Jul 22;11(8):1427. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081427. PMID: 35892628; PMCID: PMC9394267. 
5. Druzhaeva, N., Petrič, A. D., Tavčar-Kalcher, G., Babič, J., & Nemec Svete, A. “Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.” American Journal of Veterinary Research, 82(4), 280-285, 2021. Retrieved 2024 December, from https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.82.4.280
6. Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Mahtab Mohammad-Zamani, Atieh Karimi Shervedani, Farnaz Bahrami-Samani, Kiyan Heshmat-Ghahdarijani. “The role of coenzyme Q10 as a preventive and therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers.” Current Problems in Cancer, Volume 48, 2024,101063,ISSN 0147-0272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101063 
7. Zhang, Shi-ying, Yang, Kai-lin, Zeng, Liu-ting, Wu, Xiao-he, Huang, Hui-yong. “Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Endocrinology, 2018, 6484839, 11 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6484839
8. Jbrael YJ, Hamad BK. “Ameliorating impact of coenzyme Q10 on the profile of adipokines, cardiomyopathy, and hematological markers correlated with the glucotoxicity sequelae in diabetic rats.” PLOS ONE 19(1): e0296775, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296775
9. Mantle, D, “Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for diabetes and its complications: an overview.” The British Journal of Diabetes. Vol 17, No. 4. 2017. https://doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2017.149
10. Martin SB, Cenini G, Barone E, Dowling AL, Mancuso C, Butterfield DA, Murphy MP, Head E. “Coenzyme Q10 and cognition in atorvastatin treated dogs.” Neurosci Lett. 2011 Aug 26;501(2):92-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.054. Epub 2011 Jul 8. PMID: 21763754; PMCID: PMC3174091.
11. Mantle D, Hargreaves I. Coenzyme Q10 and Degenerative Disorders Affecting Longevity: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Feb 16;8(2):44. doi: 10.3390/antiox8020044. PMID: 30781472; PMCID: PMC6406788.
12. “Periodontal Disease.” Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/periodontal-disease#:~:text=Even%20if%20your%20dog’s%20teeth,is%20at%20an%20advanced%20stage 
13. Prakash S, Sunitha J, Hans M. “Role of coenzyme Q(10) as an antioxidant and bioenergizer in periodontal diseases.” Indian J Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;42(6):334-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.71884. PMID: 21189900; PMCID: PMC2991687.
14. Gollakner, Rania. “Coenzyme Q-10.” VCA Animal Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/coenzyme-q-10#:~:text=Are%20there%20any%20potential%20side,side%20effects%20 have%20been%20 reported

The post What Is CoQ10 for Dogs? All About This Powerful Antioxidant appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pheromones are natural chemicals that send signals to your dog’s brain, influencing how they may behave or communicate with other dogs. For instance, dogs may emit pheromones through urine when they’re marking territory. Mother dogs also release a calming pheromone while nursing their puppies. This second type is known as a “dog appeasing pheromone.”

“I’m always super fascinated by the idea that animals perceive the world in ways that are completely foreign to us,” says Dr. David Haworth, a veterinarian and executive vice president at Embark Veterinary, a canine genomics and biotechnology company based in Boston. “And pheromones … are a huge area that our pets ‘see’ that we are just blind to.”

So, how do dog pheromone collars work? Let’s get into it.

What is a Pheromone Collar for Dogs?

Ideal for pups of any age or size, pheromone collars work by releasing a synthetic version of the dog-appeasing pheromone. Dogs detect this pheromone through their vomeronasal organ, or Jacobsen’s organ, which is located in their nasal cavity. 

“In terms of the pheromone collars, they are using pheromones that release oxytocin and give more of a calming [effect] to dogs,” Dr. Haworth says.

In addition to collars, pheromone sprays and diffusers can be equally as effective, according to Dr. Haworth. “If you can spray or use collars for pheromones to help calm them down, then hopefully you have a better experience for that animal.” However, he adds, the pheromone collar has the added benefit of “going with the animal.”

Dog Pheromone Collar: Uses and Benefits

What are the potential benefits of using a pheromone collar for dogs? One clear advantage is that it can help calm a dog with anxiety. 

Dr. Haworth says there is “strong evidence” showing that dogs who use pheromone collars exhibit reduced signs of anxiety, including lower heart rates and fewer anxiety-related behaviors. For instance, one study found that pheromone collars successfully reduced sound-induced fear and anxiety in Beagles. [1] 

A dog collar with pheromones may also help lessen other behaviors like barking, chewing, or urine marking, but Dr. Haworth says it depends on the root cause of the behavior.

“If a dog is barking because [they’re] hardwired to bark, like a Beagle … you’re not going to get rid of that by making them a little calmer,” he explains. “On the other hand, if [they’re] barking because [they’re] reactive and…in a heightened state of anxiety, then sure, the collar could potentially help.”

Dr. Haworth says pheromone collars can be part of a long-term solution to helping dogs with anxiety. However, the collars may “lose their effect over time.”

Pet parents can also look for other solutions to help dogs with anxiety, such as playing classical music, putting them in ThunderShirts, and making their environment more secure and comforting.

“If I’m really concerned about my animal, then of course I’m going to try a bunch of things and see what works,” Dr. Haworth notes. 

There are many different pheromone collars on the market, ranging in cost from about $17-$40. Here are a few examples: 

• NurtureCalm 24/7 Pheromone Collar
• ZENIDOG Pheromone Collar for Dogs
• ThunderEase (Powered by Adaptil) Calming Collar

Are Pheromone Collars Safe for Dogs?

According to Dr. Haworth, pheromone collars don’t have any side effects and are extremely safe for dogs. “They’re not pharmaceutical,” he explains. “It’s not like we’re giving them anxiolytic drugs. Essentially, we’re creating an artificial situation to tell them that others of their species have been in this situation, or [are] currently in that situation, and they’re fine.”

However, he adds that one potential downside to pheromone collars is that pet parents might use them as a “crutch” rather than address the reason behind a dog’s anxiety or other behavioral issue. 

Not only that, but the collars aren’t going to work in every situation. “A dog may be mildly concerned around fireworks or thunderstorms, and you give [them] a pheromone collar and they’re fine, except for New Year’s Eve when fireworks are going off in the next door neighbor’s yard,” Dr. Haworth says. 

He also suggests checking to make sure your dog won’t experience irritation or have a bad reaction to the pheromone collar before putting it on them. That said, adverse reactions to the pheromones themselves are pretty rare — it’s more likely that the structure of the collar itself may cause irritation. 

Additionally, Dr. Haworth recommends always keeping an eye on your dog to make sure they’re not eating the collar. This can cause mild gastrointestinal upset including vomiting and diarrhea. 

Do Dog Pheromone Collars Work? The Verdict

In short, yes, dog pheromone collars work. In fact, they can be a life-changing solution for anxious dogs, providing them with consistent calming comfort.

If you have any questions about pheromone collars and whether they’re the right fit for your dog, be sure to speak with your veterinarian. 

Reference:

1. Landsberg GM, Beck A, Lopez A, Deniaud M, Araujo JA, Milgram NW. “Dog-appeasing pheromone collars reduce sound-induced fear and anxiety in beagle dogs: a placebo-controlled study.” Vet Rec. 2015 Sep 12;177(10):260. doi: 10.1136/vr.103172. Epub 2015 Aug 26.

The post Pheromone Collars for Dogs: Do They Work? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So, how exactly do water additives work and what should you look for in a quality water additive for cats? We spoke with two veterinarians to get the inside scoop. 

Water Additive for Cats: What Is It?

Water additives are liquid solutions added to your cat’s drinking water, designed to help support their dental health. 

Though they provide useful benefits, water additives are not a substitute for regular brushing, which remains the most effective way to remove plaque from your cat’s teeth. Think of water additives as an extra layer of defense against issues like bad breath and plaque buildup.

Compared to other dental care products like gels, powders, or wipes, water additives stand out for their ease of use. Unlike gels or powders that need to be applied directly to your cat’s teeth, or wipes that require some handling, water additives are more passive, working as your cat hydrates throughout the day.

Should You Consider a Water Additive for Cats?

“Water additives are primarily preventive,” says veterinarian Dr. Penny Coder. “They help slow down or prevent plaque and tartar buildup, but they can’t cure or reverse existing dental issues like gingivitis, resorptive lesions, or advanced periodontal disease.” 

For cats with existing oral health problems, Dr. Coder says a veterinary visit is necessary for more intensive treatment, such as professional cleanings or extractions.

Benefits of a Dental Water Additive for Cats

While water additives for cats aren’t a magic cure-all, incorporating one into your cat’s routine can be a simple and effective way to support their oral health. Below are some of the key benefits:

Makes dental care less stressful

Brushing a cat’s teeth can be a feat, and some pet parents aren’t able to do it as much as they’d like (if ever). Water additives offer a stress-free approach to dental care, allowing your cat to drink as usual while receiving dental care benefits, says Dr. Gabre Denton, a veterinarian at TeachMe.To.

If brushing isn’t an option, a daily water additive is a helpful alternative. However, it’s still important to schedule professional dental cleanings with your vet once a year or every couple of years, he advises.

Fights plaque

Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that naturally forms on your cat’s teeth after eating. If it’s not removed, plaque can harden into tartar, which is much more difficult to eliminate and can only be removed by a vet during a professional cleaning. 

Plaque buildup is a leading cause of dental issues in cats, including gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and periodontal disease, which is a more advanced stage of gum disease. When left unchecked, plaque and tartar can cause painful inflammation, infection, and even tooth loss.

“Water additives often contain prebiotics, enzymes, or antibacterial agents that help break down plaque and prevent tartar formation,” Dr. Coder says.

Reaches areas toothbrushes can’t

Even with regular brushing, it’s difficult to reach every nook and cranny in your cat’s mouth. Water additives get to those hard-to-reach areas, reducing the risk of plaque accumulation in less accessible spots.

Freshens breath

A cat’s breath will never smell like roses, but really bad breath is often a sign of underlying dental problems. Water additives are formulated to combat bad breath by targeting the bacteria responsible for it, helping keep your cat’s breath fresh, according to Dr. Denton. 

Things to Consider When Using Water Additives

While they can be a helpful part of your cat’s dental care routine, there are a few things pet parents should keep in mind about water additives:

They can’t cure or reverse oral health problems

“Water additives are great for preventing dental issues by reducing plaque and freshening breath, but they won’t cure or reverse existing problems like dental calculus, tooth resorption, or bone loss due to dental and gum disease,” Dr. Denton says. If your cat already has dental problems, a visit to the vet is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment.

They can’t replace brushing, checkups, and professional care

“While water additives can be a supplementary tool, brushing is still the gold standard for removing plaque, reversing early periodontal disease, and maintaining optimal dental health,” explains Dr. Coder. “Additionally, regular dental exams are important for detecting issues early, as many dental diseases in cats can be hidden without obvious signs until they become severe.”

They may cause some cats to avoid drinking water

While many water additives for cats are flavorless, some have a taste or smell. Some cats might be sensitive to these changes, which could cause them to drink less water. It’s important to monitor your cat’s water intake when introducing an additive to ensure they aren’t avoiding their water.

They may not work with cat water fountains

The filter in cat water fountains may remove key ingredients in the water additive, or the ingredients might interfere with the pump. Check if the product is safe to use with fountains before adding it to your cat’s water.

They may cause side effects in some cats

While water additives are formulated to be safe, some cats may experience side effects like digestive upset or allergic reactions. If you notice any changes in your cat’s behavior, appetite, or bathroom habits after introducing a water additive, discontinue use and check in with your veterinarian.

How to Choose the Best Water Additive for Cats’ Teeth

Not all water additives are created equal. Here’s how to find a safe, effective option that gets your cat’s stamp of approval:

Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation

Your vet is your best resource when it comes to your cat’s health. They can recommend safe and effective products based on your cat’s individual needs. 

Look for VOHC approved products for cats

The Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) evaluates dental products for pets, and their seal of approval means the product has met certain standards for effectiveness and safety. Choosing a VOHC approved water additive can give you peace of mind that you’re using a trusted option.

Test a few to see which your cat prefers

Since some cats can be picky about changes in their water, you may need to try a few different additives to see which one your cat accepts best. Some products are flavorless, while others have a mild taste—so monitor your cat’s reaction to make sure they’re still drinking enough water.

Ensure compatibility

Consider whether the additive is compatible with your cat’s current water setup, particularly if you use a water fountain. 

Water Additives to Consider

While cat additives can be purchased from local pet stores or various online retailers, there are significant benefits to buying directly from your veterinarian or their online pharmacy.

Buying through your vet’s pharmacy ensures that you’re receiving a genuine, high-quality product. It eliminates the risk of counterfeit or low-grade additives that may be found on less regulated online platforms.

Additionally, since your veterinarian has a thorough understanding of your cat’s medical history, they can recommend water additives that work best for your pet’s specific oral health concerns. 

So, which water additives should you consider? Here are some pet parent favorites: 

Vetradent Water Additive for Dogs & Cats

This water additive, designed to fight plaque and tartar, is formulated using cutting-edge research on bacterial biofilms. Its active ingredients bind to magnesium, calcium, and iron found in dental biofilm, effectively removing the food source of harmful bacteria. 

Virbac C.E.T. AQUADENT FR3SH Dental Solution

This water additive contains pomegranate extract, a natural antioxidant that helps reduce plaque and bacteria, as well as inulin, a prebiotic that promotes bacterial balance to fight bad breath. It has a mint scent, which some cats may enjoy, while others might not.

Oxyfresh Premium Pet Care Solution Cat & Dog Dental Water Additive

This water additive features a blend of Oxygene and zinc to eliminate bad breath, reduce plaque buildup, and protect your cat’s gums. It’s completely tasteless and odorless, so your cat won’t notice any change to their water.

Oratene Enzymatic Brushless Water Additive

This flavorless water additive contains enzymes that work together to inhibit odor-causing bacteria and reduce plaque formation. It does so by making plaque water-soluble, preventing it from binding to the teeth.

Dental Fresh Advanced Plaque & Tartar Dog & Cat Dental Water Additive

Is your cat already dealing with dental problems? This water additive is designed to help protect against the progression of moderate to severe periodontal issues when used as part of a daily oral care routine.

Water Additives for Cats: Tips and Tricks for Success

Here are some tips to help your cat accept the water additive and get the most benefit from it:

Introduce gradually

Some cats may be sensitive to changes in their water, so introduce water additives gradually. Start by adding a small portion of the recommended dose to their water dish and slowly increase as tolerated. This can help your cat adjust to any changes in taste or smell without becoming discouraged from drinking water.

Replace water daily

Water containing an additive should be dumped out and replaced daily. This helps keep the additive fresh (and most effective) and the water clean.

Ask your vet about interactions and safety

If your cat is on medication or has a health condition, check with your veterinarian to ensure the water additive won’t interfere. 

The Bottom Line on Water Additives for Cats

Let’s wrap up with a reminder from one of our veterinary experts: “Water additives are a nice boost for your cat’s dental health, but they can’t replace daily brushing or regular vet checkups,” notes Dr. Denton. “Brushing is still the best way to remove plaque, and checkups help catch any issues early, so think of the additives as a helpful extra in your cat’s dental routine.” 

Reference

1. Cornell Feline Health Center. “Feline Dental Disease.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4 Oct. 2017, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease.

‌

The post Water Additive for Cats: Benefits and Uses appeared first on Great Pet Care.

It’s completely normal for dogs to want to chase a toad, says Dr. Anna Kaufman, a veterinarian at Bond Vet in New York. “Dogs are naturally curious, especially with small, jumpy critters like toads,” she says. “Their instinct to chase can be pretty strong — after all, a bouncing toad is like a real-life squeaky toy!”

While your dog’s instincts are natural, it’s best to supervise your dog’s outdoor activities closely, Dr. Kaufman says, especially if you know you’re in an area where toads are common. This is because many toads are poisonous and can cause your dog to get sick. In some cases, biting or ingesting a toad can threaten your dog’s life.

To keep your dog safe, here’s what pet parents should know about toads and what to do if your dog grabs one.

Are Toads Poisonous to Dogs?

Yes, many toads are poisonous to dogs, Dr. Kaufman says. However, some toads are more dangerous to dogs than others. If your dog does come into contact with a particularly poisonous species, their life may be at risk.

Other toads won’t threaten your dog’s life, but the toads may still have “toxins in their skin that are dangerous if ingested,” Dr. Kaufman says.

The extent to which a toad can harm your dog can also depend on the amount of exposure. “Oral exposure to toads can be very serious, even fatal in some cases, depending on the type of toad and how much contact your dog had,” Dr. Kaufman says. “For highly toxic toads, even a lick can cause severe symptoms. With less toxic toads, it might cause some irritation but usually isn’t life-threatening.”

Toads Poisonous to Dogs

So, which toads should pet parents be on the lookout for? Two of the most dangerous toads to dogs are the cane toad and the Colorado River toad. “These toads have powerful toxins that can be life-threatening to dogs if ingested, so it’s essential to keep your pup away from them,” Dr. Kaufman says.

The cane toad — also known as the marine toad, giant toad or bufo toad — is a large toad with warty and brown mottled skin. This toad is native to South America, but it is also found in south or central Florida in the U.S. The toad was also introduced to Australia in the 1930s in an attempt to control beetles on sugar cane fields, but the toads spread across Australia and it is now considered an invasive species. 

The Colorado River toad — also known as the Sonoran Desert toad — is a large toad with greenish-grey coloring on its topside and white on its underside. Its native range is through a small part of northern Mexico, as well as part of New Mexico, Arizona, and California in the United States.

Other types of toads may cause a condition called toad poisoning in dogs, but they are generally not a threat to dogs’ lives. 

Toad Poisoning in Dogs Symptoms

When a dog bites or ingests a toad, they can experience a condition known as toad poisoning or toxicosis. However, this condition is only serious or life-threatening if it involves a species like the cane toad or the Colorado River toad.

According to Dr. Kaufman, common signs of toad poisoning in dogs may include: 

• Drooling
• Vomiting
• Pawing at the mouth
• Foaming at the mouth

More serious symptoms may include:  

• Weakness
• Tremors
• Difficulty breathing
• Seizures

Toad Poisoning in Dogs Treatment

If you see your dog with a toad or notice any signs of toad poisoning, rinse out your dog’s mouth in a careful manner, making sure they don’t inhale water containing the toad toxin, Dr. Kaufman says. You should also contact your vet or an emergency clinic immediately. “Acting fast can make a huge difference,” she says.

For potentially toxic toad exposures, a trip to the emergency vet is wise, Dr. Kaufman says, and quick treatment is key to preventing severe symptoms or complications. 

At the clinic, your veterinarian will assess your dog and try to help them recover from toad poisoning.

“Your vet will likely flush out any remaining toxins and monitor your dog’s heart and neurological signs,” Dr. Kaufman says. “Depending on the severity, they may administer medications and supportive care to manage symptoms. Recovery varies but can take a few hours to a few days, and most dogs do well with prompt treatment.”

Prevention

“The best prevention is to supervise your dog outdoors, especially at dawn and dusk when toads are most active,” Dr. Kaufman says. “If toads are common in your area, consider leash-walking your dog to keep them close and out of trouble.”

While your dog’s health and safety is the most important thing, it’s also helpful for dogs to leave toads alone to help maintain local ecosystems, Dr. Kaufman says.

“Toads are beneficial to the environment, helping control insect populations,” Dr. Kaufman says, “so let’s give them space and keep our pups safe at the same time!”.

The post Are Toads Poisonous to Dogs? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dog Skin Allergies: Understanding the Basics

Dog skin allergies are similar to allergies that affect people. When a dog is exposed to an allergen, their body reacts by releasing proteins called cytokines. This results in an inflammatory reaction causing itchy skin. Skin allergies in dogs are most commonly due to the following:

• Flea allergy dermatitis: When a flea bites a dog, its saliva triggers a hypersensitivity reaction, leading to itchy, red skin. This most commonly affects the tail base, under the chin, and in the groin. 
• Environmental allergens: Substances, such as grass and pollen, can result in itchy, inflamed skin in dogs. The most commonly affected areas include the belly and paws. 
• Food: When dogs are allergic to a specific ingredient in their food (usually protein), they can experience itchy skin, watery eyes, and sometimes gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting. Dogs with food allergies typically have itchiness in the ears and around the tail base. 

Certain breeds are more prone to skin allergies, including Bulldogs, Golden Retrievers, Boxers, and Boston Terriers, just to name a few. 

Skin allergies can negatively impact a dog’s quality of life due to the discomfort and itchiness they cause. Symptoms can be managed with medications, such as Elanco’s new treatment option called Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets), to help dogs feel better and improve their overall well-being. In some cases, dietary changes are necessary to improve symptoms as well. 

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

8 Dog Skin Allergy Signs to Watch For

Signs of skin allergies in dogs may include the following: 

Excessive itching, licking, scratching

Allergens cause irritation of the skin, so dogs commonly scratch, chew, and lick themselves. The most commonly affected areas include the ears, belly, and paws. 

Skin odor

Because dogs with allergies often get secondary bacteria or yeast infections on their skin, they can start to smell musty. 

Hair loss

When dogs repeatedly chew or scratch their skin, it causes trauma to the hair follicles, leading to bald patches throughout their fur. 

Thick, leathery skin

Repeated trauma to the skin and underlying skin infections can result in thickened skin that looks similar to that of an elephant. 

Redness, bumps, scabs

If a dog has skin allergies, they may develop superficial pyoderma, which is a skin infection that results in tiny bumps and scabs throughout their coat. 

Ear discharge

Dogs with skin allergies commonly have concurrent ear infections. Their ears contain dark-colored discharge, have an odor, and are itchy. 

Eye discharge

Similar to people, when dogs have allergies, their eyes can water and become red. 

Nose discharge, sneezing

Dogs may sneeze and have thin, watery nose discharge if exposed to an allergen. 

What to Do If You Suspect Your Dog Has Skin Allergies

If you suspect your dog has skin allergy symptoms, it’s important to see a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis. Allergies will progressively worsen and cause significant discomfort for your dog if left untreated. 

It can be helpful for pet parents to keep a journal noting when their dog’s symptoms are most prevalent and if they are correlated to exposures to certain household or environmental allergens. 

Since allergies can appear similar to other skin conditions, such as mange, the veterinarian will want to perform testing to first rule out other causes for the dog’s symptoms. Pet parents can expect their veterinarian to do any of the following tests: 

• Flea comb: A fine-toothed comb is used to brush the dog’s coat to identify live fleas or flea dirt (feces). 
• Skin scrape: A dull blade is used to gently scrape an affected area of skin onto a glass slide containing a drop of oil. It is viewed under the microscope to identify live mites. 
• Tape prep: A clear piece of tape is pressed against the affected area of skin, stained with dye, and viewed under the microscope to detect bacteria and yeast, which cause infection. 
• Bloodwork: A sample of blood is collected from the dog to check for antibodies against specific allergens.
• Intradermal skin testing: Small samples of allergens are injected just underneath the dog’s skin while they are sedated. If the area swells up, it indicates an allergy. 

Dog skin allergies treatment can be difficult, and pet parents should understand it may take several tries to find the best option for their dog. In my experience, antihistamines do not work well for dog allergies (like they do in people), but several other medications are highly effective at improving a dog’s comfort and quality of life while restoring their skin and fur back to normal. 

A new oral medication called Zenrelia was recently FDA approved to treat allergic and atopic dermatitis in dogs. It is given once daily by mouth to control itching related to allergies, and studies have shown promising results. If you have a dog with skin allergies, ask your veterinarian if Zenrelia may be a good fit for your pet. 

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Additionally, regular bathing and wiping a dog’s paws after going outside can remove a large source of allergens from their skin and coat that could trigger a flare-up. Keeping your dog on year-round flea and tick medication can prevent parasites from wreaking havoc on your dog’s skin which can lead to uncomfortable allergies. 

The earlier allergies are identified and treated, the better quality of life for your dog. If you suspect your dog has skin allergies, schedule a veterinary appointment promptly for a proper diagnosis. 

The post 8 Common Dog Skin Allergy Signs to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we will discuss types of anesthesia, their uses, and associated risks, as well as what pet parents can expect if their dog needs a procedure involving anesthesia.

What Is Anesthesia for Dogs?

Anesthesia is used in veterinary medicine to temporarily block pain and awareness during various medical procedures, including surgeries, biopsies, and dental cleanings. 

Anesthesia works by interfering with nerve signals that travel from the procedure area to the brain. Without these signals, the dog is unable to feel pain and other sensations, like heat, while under anesthesia.

Anesthesia can affect a dog’s entire body or certain regions, such as a leg, depending on the type of medication used and the procedure performed.

Types of Anesthesia

Three main types of anesthesia for dogs include general, local, and sedation. There are various differences between these, which include the following:

General anesthesia: When dogs undergo general anesthesia, they are temporarily unconscious. They are unable to feel pain, cannot move, and are not able to remember anything from the medical procedure. This type of anesthesia is used for surgeries and dental cleanings. It is given through a vein, via face mask, or through a tracheal tube. 

Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia uses specific nerve blocks to prevent the dog from feeling pain in localized areas of the body, such as a leg or arm. The dog is still conscious overall but the procedure area has no sensations. This type of anesthesia is commonly done for biopsies and tooth extractions and may be used in conjunction with general anesthesia to improve patient comfort. Local anesthetics are applied topically or injected using a needle. 

Sedation: This type of anesthesia is used to relax and calm dogs during minor procedures. Dogs can still breathe on their own but may or may not be conscious depending on the medications used. This lighter form of anesthesia is commonly used for taking radiographs (x-rays) and for cleaning and stitching up wounds. It can be injected into the muscle or vein. 

Why Do Dogs Need Anesthesia?

There are various reasons a dog may need anesthesia. Veterinarians may recommend light sedation for highly energetic or reactive dogs who need simple procedures, such as vaccines or nail trims. Deeper sedation and general anesthesia are generally reserved for more complex surgical procedures.

Common procedures that anesthesia is used for include the following:

• Spays and neuters
• Dental cleanings
• Skin mass removals
• Laceration or wound repairs
• Cesarean section
• All major surgeries
• Radiographs (x-rays)
• Advanced imaging, such as CT scans or MRIs
• Endoscopy 

Benefits and Risks

Overall, anesthesia is a safe intervention. The mortality rate for dogs undergoing anesthesia is less than 1 percent (1). Anesthesia is beneficial because it allows dogs to undergo procedures necessary for good health and quality of life.  

Potential complications of anesthesia can include slowed breathing, slowed heart rate, decreased body temperature, low oxygenation, and low blood pressure. Although rare, death can occur. Dogs with underlying health conditions, such as heart disease or obesity, are at an increased risk for anesthetic complications. 

Senior dogs can be more sensitive to the effects of anesthesia, so veterinarians will carefully consider the type of medication and monitoring that is done for these patients. 

Other less common complications include an allergic reaction to the anesthetic medications or aspiration pneumonia, which can occur if a dog is not fasted prior to surgery. 

Pet parents should speak with their veterinarian about any concerns they may have about their pet undergoing anesthesia. Together, they can weigh anesthesia benefits and risks and come to an educated decision. 

Dog Anesthesia Cost

Anesthesia costs can vary greatly depending on the geographic location of the veterinarian as well as the type of anesthesia being used. Local blocks are the least expensive option and cost between $50-$100, while general anesthesia is the most expensive option that generally ranges from $150-$300. Lengthy procedures can cost slightly more.

Before and During Dog Anesthesia: What to Expect

Before anesthesia is given to a dog, the veterinarian completes a pre-operative check of the dog’s overall health. This is done with a thorough physical exam, bloodwork, and urinalysis to identify any concerns that may increase anesthesia risks, such as underlying health conditions. Pet parents should let the veterinarian know about any medications or supplements their dog is currently taking. 

Night Prior to Procedure: Once anesthesia is deemed necessary, the veterinarian will provide the pet parent with specific instructions for the night prior to the procedure, which includes fasting the dog. Fasting generally lasts around eight hours but may vary based on the size of the dog, their overall health, and the veterinarian’s recommendations.

Day of Procedure: On the day of the anesthetic procedure, dogs are given a light sedative and pain medication to relax them. This may cause vomiting and diarrhea. The top of the dog’s leg is lightly shaved and cleaned prior to an IV catheter being placed. The IV catheter allows fluids to be given to the dog during the procedure and access to a vein in the case of an emergency. Dogs may be offered supplemental oxygen through their nose. 

Start of Procedure: Once the veterinarian is ready to start the procedure, an anesthetic medication is injected into the vein and an endotracheal tube is placed into the throat so the dog can receive gas anesthesia and oxygen during the procedure. Dogs under anesthesia are closely monitored to ensure their vitals, such as blood pressure and heart and respiratory rates, stay as close to normal as possible. 

After Procedure: After the procedure is done, the gas anesthesia is turned off, the tube is taken out of the dog’s throat, and the dog is monitored until they recover. Some anesthetic medications can be reversed by giving the dog an injection into the muscle to promote a faster recovery.  

Dog After Anesthesia: Tips and Advice

Recovery from anesthesia differs for each individual dog and the type of anesthesia used. Anesthesia generally wears off and dogs return to normal within 12-24 hours. Senior dogs and those with underlying liver disease may recover more slowly. 

Side effects of anesthesia in dogs may include:

• Howling
• Whimpering 
• Crying
• Trembling or shivers
• Tiredness
• Nervousness 
• Decreased appetite 
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting

Most dogs will go home and sleep for the rest of the night following an anesthetic procedure. It is not unusual for dogs to eat less or refuse their dinner that night. 

Pet parents should closely monitor their dogs at home after the procedure. If a dog is extremely lethargic or has pale gums following surgery, contact an emergency veterinarian.  

Reference:

1. Redondo, José I et al. “Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment.” The Veterinary record vol. 195,1 (2024): e3604. doi:10.1002/vetr.3604

The post Dog Anesthesia: What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To find out the answer to “Can dogs get seasonal depression,” we talked to two veterinarians, Sandra Faeh, DVM, president of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and Karen Fine, DVM in Central Massachusetts, for the science behind behavior changes.

Can Dogs Get Seasonal Depression?

Seasonal affective disorder in dogs isn’t a known medical problem, at least not in the way humans experience it, according to our experts. That being said, your dog can experience mood fluctuations — particularly during times of the year when their humans’ schedules change.

Perhaps you had a young adult home for the summer who then moved back to college at the start of the school year. Or, if your kids were home all summer or other family members spent a lot of time with your dog and then they returned to school or work, your dog might be moping around a bit. This could lead you to ask, can dogs get winter blues?

Some dogs are very routine-oriented, from their feeding times to even putting themselves to bed, says Dr. Fine, author of The New York Times bestseller The Other Family Doctor: A Veterinarian Explores What Animals Can Teach Us about Love, Life, and Mortality. For these dogs, a disruption like a person moving out or another pet dying might have more of an impact than it would on another dog.

Signs of Seasonal Depression in Dogs

There are some physical or behavioral signs you might notice that could indicate your dog isn’t feeling like themselves. Again, while this isn’t technically referred to as seasonal depression, it’s still possible for a dog to act depressed during the wintertime. 

Signs your dog has the winter blues or is generally feeling down may include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Sleeping in unusual locations
• Loss of interest in playing or engaging with family
• Unexpected weight loss
• Self-soothing via licking or chewing 
• Vocalizing, such as howling or whimpering
• Sad facial expressions, such as pinning ears back or droopy eyes
• Staying close to family members

If your dog is exhibiting any of these signs, reach out to your veterinarian.

“One of the first things a veterinarian will ask when they do a checkup on your dog will be something like, ‘Have there been any changes in the household or routine?’” Dr. Fine says. 

Consider whether your dog is getting less attention than normal, for instance, and if that could be playing a part in your dog’s sadness or boredom.

How to Help a Dog Beat the Winter Blues

“Can reducing physical activity or mental stimulation during the colder months impact a dog’s mental health? Absolutely,” Dr. Fine says.

Here’s how to keep your dog active and happy as the seasons change:

Stick to your walking commitment. Daily exercise is good for your dog, Dr. Fine says. Make sure you’re taking your dog on a walk each day and change up the route as well. “Not only is the exercise good for them and their behavior but the sights, smells, and sounds help with mental stimulation,” Dr. Faeh adds.

Stimulate their minds. Change up your dog’s toys and add in some treat puzzles to fire up their brain. There are a lot of brain games that can keep your dog occupied.

Give them extra attention. If your dog’s favorite person in the house just left for college, they might need a little more TLC from you. They don’t understand what happened or when their person will be back. Play with your pup before or after work and make an effort to give them pets and snuggles as often as possible. 

Drop them off at a doggy daycare. Taking your dog to a doggy daycare-type of setting where they are getting a lot of attention, exercise, and stimulation can be a great option for busy pet parents.

Add a dog walker to their routine. You could also recruit a local neighbor, friend, or relative or hire a professional dog walker who can take your dog out in the middle of the day. This can be especially helpful if you have a work commute and it’s dark when you leave in the morning and/or dark as you arrive home, making it more challenging to walk your dog.

Avoid rearranging or moving stuff around. While dogs don’t necessarily get depressed in the winter more so than other times of year, they do sometimes act a little differently around the holidays. This is especially true if you put up a lot of decorations and furniture or other items get moved around the home. “I had a client whose small dog would use dog pee pads in the house and he didn’t want to go on the pee pads all of a sudden,” Dr. Fine says. “So I made a house call and saw the client moved things around to accommodate Christmas decorations and the dog’s pee pads were in a new place. We moved them back to where they previously were and the dog urinated on them right away.”

Take a class with your dog. Sign up for a learning or enrichment class with your dog when the weather changes. “You can have them work on tricks or obedience, and it’s very stimulating for your dog as well as a great way to bond with your dog,” Dr. Fine says.

Will Vitamin D Supplements Help?

You might be wondering if dogs should take vitamin D supplements if they’re experiencing the blues or seem to be depressed or anxious.

“Unlike people, dogs are unable to synthesize vitamin D (more specifically, vitamin D3) through exposure of their skin to sunlight, and they don’t experience seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D or seasonal affective disorder as people do,” Dr. Faeh says. 

Dogs get most of their vitamin D needs met through their diet. “This means it’s important to ensure they’re getting enough vitamin D through their food,” Dr. Faeh says. Feed your dog a high-quality diet that meets standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) to ensure they’re hitting their daily quotas, she advises.

“While it’s true that too little dietary vitamin D may cause depression—and other health problems—so can too much vitamin D, which may happen when a dog accidentally gets into vitamin D supplements that someone in their household is taking,” Dr. Faeh adds. In fact, too much vitamin D can cause vitamin D poisoning, which can be fatal if left untreated. Always check with your veterinarian first before trying supplements.

Currently, there isn’t evidence that light therapy is a tool to help dogs with depression in the winter months. 

Be a Good Friend to Your Dog

“When it comes to changing seasons, some dogs may be affected by shorter days or colder temperatures, as this can mean changes to their routine, including fewer opportunities for exercise and mental stimulation,” Dr. Faeh says. 

Any time you notice significant changes in your dog’s behavior, it’s a good idea to consult your veterinarian, who can work with you to determine the cause and develop a solution tailored to your dog’s (and your) needs, she suggests.

If your dog is otherwise healthy, do the best you can to keep them active, give them attention and cuddles, and stay positive and calm yourself. Dogs can tell when you’re stressed and upset and may feed off of that energy, Dr. Faeh notes. 

The post Can Dogs Get Seasonal Depression? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

For both dogs and cats, fleas can be a nuisance and even a health hazard. And once your pet is infested with fleas, it can be tricky to get rid of them. So it pays to know a thing or two about these tiny, blood-sucking insects, and how to prevent them from latching on to your pets — and infiltrating your home — in the first place. 

“Understanding the flea life cycle is crucial for effectively dealing with an infestation,” says Dr. Lisa Lippman, director of virtual medicine at BondVet. “Knowing each stage helps in targeting treatments and preventing future outbreaks.”

4 Stages of the Flea Life Cycle

Flea Egg

After feasting on a host’s blood — that is, your pet’s blood — adult female fleas will mate and begin laying eggs. These tiny, white-ish eggs are small, rarely growing more than 0.5 mm (1/50-inch). That’s about the size of a speck of sand.

Fleas reproduce quickly. It’s estimated that a female flea can lay about 40 eggs each day. This helps explain how a few fleas can quickly cause an infestation. These eggs can develop anywhere from 2-12 days, depending on environmental conditions, Dr. Lippman explains. Flea eggs tend to hatch more quickly when it’s warmer and more humid. 

Flea eggs represent about 50 percent of the entire flea population in an infested home — and they can be found just about any place where your pet goes in the house. “Flea eggs are typically found in pet bedding, carpets, and furniture,” Dr. Lippman says. 

To get rid of flea eggs fully, pet parents need to treat their pet for fleas, and also thoroughly clear their house by vacuuming, and putting linens, upholstery, and bedding into the laundry. 

Flea Larvae

Once flea eggs develop, they become larvae. These worm-like organisms measure about ¼ of an inch. The larval stage is the second part of the flea life cycle. These larvae develop over several weeks after consuming a truly gross concoction: digested blood that adult fleas poop out, known as flea dirt. 

Flea larvae make up about 35 percent of the flea population living in an infested house. 

Flea Pupae

After hatching from eggs, flea larvae begin spinning cocoons around themselves in about 5-20 days. This is the third part of the flea life cycle known as the pupal stage. 

“Developing fleas can remain in a cocoon (pupal stage) for several days to weeks, and up to several months if conditions are unfavorable,” Dr. Lippman says. “Cocoons are found in carpets, under furniture, and in crevices.”

What entices an adult flea to eventually emerge? According to Dr. Lippman, “vibrations, carbon dioxide, and body heat from a potential host” will lure adult fleas to emerge from their cocoons.  

Flea pupae comprise about 10 percent of the entire flea population in an infested home.

Adult Fleas

The last part of the flea life cycle is the adult stage. Adult fleas are small, dark brown and flat-bodied, and they have an amazing ability to jump from the ground onto moving targets.

Once flea pupae emerge from their cocoons as adult fleas, they almost immediately begin to feed, mate, and lay eggs. 

“Adult fleas begin to feed within minutes of finding a host and can start laying eggs within 24-48 hours,” Dr. Lippman says. 

Adult fleas can live on their hosts for several weeks. Amazingly, they only represent about 5 percent of the flea population in an infested home.

How to Break the Flea Life Cycle

Wondering how to break the flea life cycle and get rid of fleas once and for all?

“Breaking the flea cycle involves consistent treatment of pets with flea preventatives, thorough cleaning of the home, and possibly professional pest control,” Dr. Lippman says. “It can take several weeks to months to fully eradicate fleas. Consulting with a pest professional can be beneficial for severe infestations.”

There are many different flea treatments for pets, including topical treatments, oral medications, and even flea collars. Some of these treatments also target other parasites like ticks. According to Dr. Lippman, it’s “important to use products recommended by veterinarians to ensure safety and effectiveness.” If in doubt, consult your veterinarian.

Besides treatment, pet parents can follow best practices to help keep their pets — and by extension, their homes — flea-free. “Regular grooming and bathing of pets, frequent washing of pet bedding, vacuuming carpets and furniture, and maintaining a clean environment can help keep pets flea-free,” Dr. Lippman says. “Additionally, treating the yard and outdoor areas where pets play can prevent fleas from entering the home.”

The post The Flea Life Cycle: How to Protect Your Pet at Every Stage appeared first on Great Pet Care.

There are three types of omega 3 fatty acids: ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). ALA is found in plants, while DHA and EPA are derived from many types of fish, including sardines, salmon, and anchovies. 

Let’s take a closer look at the benefits of omega 3 for cats and the types of supplements available on the market.

Omega 3 Benefits for Cats

Omega 3 fatty acid supplements for cats become integrated into various parts of the body upon ingestion. There, they interfere with the production of inflammatory cells, fats (lipids), and blood-clotting substances. In doing so, omega 3 fatty acids may help reduce overall inflammation, prevent abnormal clotting within the blood, and positively affect many other body processes, such as heart rhythms (1). 

Potential benefits of omega 3 supplements for cats may include (2):

• Reduce inflammation in the body
• Lower blood pressure
• Decrease cholesterol
• Promote brain and eye health
• Improve cognitive function
• Lower risk of heart disease
• Support healthy skin and coat
• Promote joint health
• Support healthy immune system

Why Your Vet Might Recommend Omega 3 Supplements for Cats

Many veterinarians recommend omega 3 fish oil for cats to support overall health and well-being. Pet parents who want to take a holistic approach to their cat’s veterinary care may prefer omega 3 fatty acid supplements as opposed to other prescription medications. Many veterinarians also recommend omega 3 supplements in combination with other medications to improve symptoms and long-term health for various conditions, such as arthritis. 

Omega 3 fatty acid supplements can be used short or long-term, depending on the needs of the cat. For best results, you can incorporate this supplement into your cat’s daily diet. 

Omega 3 for Cats: 5 Supplements to Consider

You should speak with a veterinarian before starting your pet on any supplements. It’s important to look for a high-quality, reputable omega 3 fatty acid supplement when choosing a product for your cat.

Here are some omega 3 supplements for cats to consider, in consultation with your veterinarian:

VetriScience Omega 3-6-9 Capsules

These gel capsules are given to cats once every other day to promote skin, heart, and brain health.

• Contains EPA, DHA, and ALA (three types of omega-3 fatty acids)
• Contains omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids 
• Includes 10 IU vitamin E
• Does not contain any artificial flavors, colors, or preservatives 

EicosaDerm Omega 3 Liquid

This liquid promotes healthy skin and is dosed based on a cat’s weight. It can be given directly by mouth or mixed with the cat’s food. 

• Each pump contains 600 mg omega-3 fatty acids (360 mg EPA and 240 mg DHA)
• Contains 10 IU vitamin E
• Available in two sizes 

NOW Pets Omega-3 Support

These soft gels are fish-flavored and given to cats once daily to support the immune system, joints, and brain. 

• Contains 1,000 mg of fish oil concentrate (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA)
• Flavored for ease of administration

Covetrus Omega-3 Fatty Acid Capsules

These capsules can be given by mouth or broken open to squeeze into a cat’s food. Dosing is based on weight, but in general, cats receive one capsule daily. 

• Contains at least 360 mg EPA and 240 mg DHA
• Contains omega-6 fatty acids
• Contains at least 4 IU vitamin E, 400 IU vitamin A, and 100 IU vitamin D3

Vetoquinol Triglyceride Omega

This product comes in a liquid pump for cats. One pump of liquid is mixed into the cat’s food once daily for easy administration. It contains fish oil and many essential nutrients needed to support bone, joint, muscle, heart, and eye health.

• Contains 1,000 mg of fish oil (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA)
• Contains 160 IU vitamin A, 40 IU vitamin D3, and 1.6 IU vitamin E

Omega 3 for Cats: Tips and Safety

Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions when giving omega-3 fatty acid supplements to your cat. It’s possible for cats to overdose on fish oil supplements, and giving them too much or too often may cause harm. 

These supplements are commonly given with other medications to manage specific health conditions and to promote overall health. Your veterinarian may also suggest a diet that has omega 3 fatty acids added to it instead of giving a separate supplement. Examples of diets that veterinarians may recommend include Royal Canin Feline Nutrition Hair & Skin Care dry food or Blue Buffalo True Solutions Perfect Skin & Coat natural salmon adult food. 

Omega 3 supplements are generally well-tolerated, but possible side effects in cats may include diarrhea, nausea, fishy odor of the breath or fur, or blood clotting issues. Side effects are more common at higher doses or with accidental overdose. Always consult a veterinarian when choosing an omega 3 supplement for your cat. Veterinarians can recommend a reputable product that has the correct ingredients in the desired amounts. 

Always store omega 3 fatty acid supplements safely out of reach of your cat, and keep the lid tightly secured. 

References:

1. Surette, Marc E. “The science behind dietary omega-3 fatty acids.” CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne vol. 178,2 (2008): 177-80. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071356
2. Magalhães, Tomás Rodrigues et al. “Therapeutic Effect of EPA/DHA Supplementation in Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Companion Animal Diseases: A Systematic Review.” In vivo (Athens, Greece) vol. 35,3 (2021): 1419-1436. doi:10.21873/invivo.12394

The post Omega 3 for Cats: Benefits and Supplements appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although any kind of cat vomit is less than ideal, when pet parents find it contains worms, it makes it even more unpleasant. 

Here we will discuss why cats vomit worms and what pet parents can do about it. 

Cat Vomiting Worms: Immediate Steps

Cleaning up cat vomit is no fun, but there are steps pet parents can take to ensure it is done quickly and safely. 

Pet parents should start by gathering a few supplies, which include: 

• Camera
• Disposable gloves
• Paper towels
• Disposable bag
• Enzymatic pet stain and odor remover

First, snap a quick picture of the worms present in the vomit so that you can show your veterinarian at your cat’s appointment. This will help identify the type of worms and the most appropriate treatment. 

Next, put on a pair of gloves and gather a bunch of paper towels. Carefully clean up as much of the vomit as you can and put the soiled paper towels into a disposable bag. 

Use an enzymatic cleaner to remove any residual vomit while also removing any stains and smell that may be present. This is especially important if your cat vomited on a rug or carpet. Making sure this area is thoroughly cleaned will prevent your cat from wanting to re-soil it. Be sure to follow the directions on the back of the cleaning bottle. These products work best when spraying and letting them sit on the soiled area for a certain amount of time so it can combat the stain and the odor effectively.

Remove your gloves and throw them away with the bag of soiled paper towels. Be sure to wash your hands thoroughly. 

Types of Worms in Cat Vomit 

Cats with intestinal worms commonly vomit as a result. Two types of worms are large enough to be seen by the naked eye if found in cat vomit:

Roundworms

These spaghetti-like worms are long and white and are easily spread when cats accidentally ingest feces or soil contaminated with roundworm eggs. They are also spread from a mother to her kittens during nursing. 

Tapeworms

These long, white flat worms are picked up by cats most commonly when they swallow fleas. Rarely, a cat may become infected with tapeworms after eating an infected dead animal. 

Treatment

If worms are present in your cat’s vomit, bring them to the veterinarian promptly for an accurate diagnosis. The veterinarian can determine a suitable treatment plan according to which type of worm is present. Possible treatment options for worms in cats are as follows: 

• Pyrantel pamoate
• Praziquantel 
• Fenbendazole
• Moxidectin
• Selamectin
• Milbemycin

After treatment, speak with your veterinarian about choosing a flea, tick and heartworm preventative medication, such as Bravecto PLUS, as a way to prevent recurrence of intestinal worms. 

My Take on Worms in Cat Vomit 

If I saw my cat vomiting worms, I would be pretty concerned and would want to determine what type of worms they were and how I could get rid of them. I’m sure most pet parents would agree! As a veterinarian, even though a cat vomiting worms is unpleasant, I know the condition is highly treatable.

With the proper veterinary care, the worms can be eliminated and most cats feel better relatively quickly. If you see worms in your cat’s vomit, clean up the mess quickly and safely, then call your veterinarian for guidance. 

The post Cat Vomiting Worms: Here’s What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If this medical emergency occurs, pet parents don’t want to spend time worrying about associated costs and whether they will be able to afford them. Pet parents should be aware of payment options, such as the CareCredit credit card, that are available to pay for veterinary costs.*

Here we will discuss what a cat urinary blockage is, various costs associated with diagnosis and treatment, and ways pet parents can afford the necessary care if this veterinary emergency occurs. 

Cat Urinary Blockage: Is It an Emergency?

A urinary blockage occurs when something blocks the urethra, which is the small tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. A urethral plug or urinary stone is the most common cause for obstruction. This obstruction prevents the cat from urinating to remove toxins from the body. 

Male cats are at an increased risk of urinary blockages. Young males and senior males are most commonly affected. 

When your cat is unable to pee, it is a medical emergency that should be addressed by a veterinarian immediately. Without prompt treatment, urinary blockages can lead to dangerously high potassium levels, kidney failure, and toxin buildup within the bloodstream. It may cause sudden death in severe cases. 

Urinary Blockage in Cats Treatment: How Much Is It?

Treating a urinary blockage in cats can be costly. The cost of hospitalization and surgery to remove a urinary obstruction can range from $1,500-$4,500.²

Although individual costs will vary based on veterinary hospital and geographic region, pet parents can expect to pay for the following necessary interventions: 

• Physical exam: A veterinarian will do a thorough physical exam, including checking the heart and lungs, hydration status, and alertness. Cost: $50-$150.
• Bloodwork: The veterinarian will check the cat’s overall health with a blood sample, paying close attention to kidney values, electrolytes, and pH. Cost: $175-$250.
• Sedation/anesthesia: To unblock the cat, sedation or general anesthesia is necessary. Cost: $100-$200.
• Catheterization: A veterinarian gently passes a urinary catheter through the urethra to relieve the obstruction and empty the bladder. This catheter stays in place for a few days and must be cleaned regularly. Cost: $50-$150.
• Urinalysis: Urine is examined to check for abnormalities, such as bacteria or crystals. Cost: $50-$100.
• Hospitalization: Cats with urinary blockages need to be hospitalized for several days to receive fluids and other supportive care. Cost: $1,500 and up.

Even after successful treatment, cats may re-obstruct in the future, causing additional unexpected costs to pet parents. 

Cat Urinary Blockage Cost: 9 Ways to Pay

Fortunately, pet parents have numerous ways to pay for their cat’s urinary blockage treatment or surgery. Here is a list of some options: 

Apply for a credit card

Credit cards can help pet parents to make budget-friendly monthly payments over time. The CareCredit pet and health care card credit card is a popular option to use for veterinary expenses. It can help you pay for the critical care your cat needs, at veterinary locations in the network.*

Proactively set up and contribute to an emergency fund

An emergency fund is helpful for all of life’s unexpected events, including veterinary emergencies. Cats who have recurrent urinary blockages can quickly accumulate expenses that must be covered. Having an emergency fund relieves some stress for pet parents.

Discuss payment plan options with a hospital manager

Some veterinary hospitals offer payment plans or installations for large medical bills. The hospital manager can educate pet parents on available options. 

Apply for a personal loan through a bank

Many banks offer personal loans to consumers for a variety of reasons. Pet parents may use this option, but it may come with high interest rates. 

Proactively get pet insurance and submit claims to offset costs

Most pet insurance plans do not cover pre-existing conditions, therefore it is critical to establish coverage as soon as possible. This will be especially helpful if cat urinary blockages become a recurring condition.

Ask friends and family for financial assistance

Pet parents can enlist the help of family and close friends who may be willing to provide a loan to cover veterinary bills. 

Borrow from a retirement account

Pet parents can choose to withdraw a sum of money early from a retirement account to offset unexpected costs. However, there are usually additional fees associated with withdrawing money early that pet parents should be aware of. 

Start a crowdfunding campaign

Many online platforms are available for pet parents to collect donations from the community for medical expenses. GoFundMe is an option to consider. 

Apply for a grant from a charitable organization

Some organizations keep funds specifically for animals experiencing emergencies. Pet parents can inquire about options from various local charities. 

In Conclusion

Pet parents shouldn’t have to worry about how they will pay for unexpected veterinary bills if their cat has a urinary blockage. Because these expenses can add up quickly, it is ideal for pet parents to have a plan in place ahead of time. Thankfully, a variety of payment options do exist to help pay for the costs associated with these emergency conditions. 

References: 

1. O’Hara, Kate. “Urethral Obstruction in Cats.” MSPSCA Angell. Retrieved from https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/urethral-obstruction-in-cats/
2. Bauhaus, Jean Marie. “Cat UTIs: Common Symptoms and Treatment Options.” CareCredit Well U. Feb. 2024. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/cat-uti/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post Cat Urinary Blockages: 9 Ways to Pay appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Let’s discuss the role of inflammation in canine osteoarthritis (also known as OA or simply arthritis), as well as medications to combat pain and inflammation in affected dogs.

Osteoarthritis in Dogs: What Role Does Inflammation Play?

Normal wear and tear of the joints causes a dog’s body to release certain enzymes that break down cartilage. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that protects the bones. As this cartilage wears down over time, the bones begin to rub against one another. This friction leads to joint changes, such as the development of bone spurs, as well as significant pain and inflammation. Fluid builds up within the joint, causing visible swelling. Inflammatory cells and other proteins are released to further damage the joint. Unfortunately, once the cartilage has broken down, it is difficult to repair. Therefore, osteoarthritis in dogs continues to progress in severity without appropriate treatment. 

So how important is inflammation in this process? Even though osteoarthritis in dogs is a degenerative disease, inflammation is likely a critical component. Inflammation has long been considered a symptom of osteoarthritis rather than a cause. However, once inflammation is present within the joint, degeneration quickly progresses. This has led to ongoing research as to whether inflammation plays a more prominent role in osteoarthritis than previously thought. 

Studies have shown that the fluid within the joints (synovial fluid) of dogs with osteoarthritis has significantly increased levels of several types of proteins called cytokines. The body makes cytokines in response to inflammation. These cytokines are considered pro-inflammatory, and they activate the dog’s immune system to produce more inflammatory cells. This results in further damage within the joints and progression of osteoarthritis. In turn, dogs with arthritis experience more pain and reduced range of motion in their affected limbs (1,2,3).

Similarly, prostaglandins are a type of lipid produced in response to inflammation. When high levels of prostaglandins are found in joints, the lining of the joint (synovium) becomes inflamed in a process known as synovitis. As a result, the cartilage breaks down, causing pain. This, in turn, leads to more prostaglandin production. The affected joint is essentially stuck in a vicious cycle of inflammation and progressive deterioration (4). 

Although these studies suggest that osteoarthritis may actually be an inflammatory disease, research is still ongoing to study the exact role inflammation plays and the various immune cells that are involved in osteoarthritis and its progression in dogs.

Osteoarthritis in Dogs Treatment: Controlling Pain and Inflammation

Controlling both pain and inflammation is the main goal of osteoarthritis in dogs treatment. Treating pain relieves discomfort for dogs, while treating inflammation slows the progression of the disease. Some medications for treating osteoarthritis in dogs simply mask pain and do not target inflammation at the source. Unfortunately, this form of treatment does nothing to prevent or slow continued deterioration of the joints. 

NSAIDs are the first-line dog arthritis medicine because they target inflammation while controlling pain. Most NSAIDs work by blocking enzymes that produce prostaglandins. By inhibiting prostaglandin production within joints, pain and inflammation are reduced. 

However, a unique NSAID known as Galliprant actually controls pain and inflammation in dogs with osteoarthritis by targeting one specific prostaglandin receptor (rather than the enzyme like other NSAIDs do). Galliprant effectively targets inflammation directly at the source and slows progression of joint damage while minimizing negative effects on the dog’s body. It is widely used among veterinarians and well-tolerated among most dogs. 

Although osteoarthritis in dogs is a painful and progressive condition, controlling inflammation has substantial positive effects on a dog’s comfort while also slowing disease progression. Beginning treatment early provides the best opportunity to promote joint health and mobility. If your dog has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, closely follow your veterinarian’s instructions for using prescription medications for the best prognosis. 

References

1. Carter, S D et al. “Canine rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory cytokines.” Veterinary immunology and immunopathology vol. 69,2-4 (1999): 201-14. doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00054-9
2. de Bakker, E et al. “Detection of osteoarthritis in dogs by metabolic, pro-inflammatory and degenerative synovial fluid biomarkers and traditional radiographic screening: A pilot study.” Veterinary immunology and immunopathology vol. 237 (2021): 110252. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110252
3. Alves, J C et al. “The influence of IL-1 and C-reactive protein levels in synovial fluid of companion dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis on various clinical disease parameters.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 83,11 1-10. 13 Sep. 2022, doi:10.2460/ajvr.22.05.0079
4. Yang, Dinglong et al. “Revisiting prostaglandin E2: A promising therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.” Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) vol. 260 (2024): 109904. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2024.109904

The post What Role Does Inflammation Play in Canine Osteoarthritis? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While it’s true that all species of ticks have a serious ick factor, different tick species can carry different diseases and risks for our canine companions. It can be a helpful skill to know which species you’re dealing with.

“Ticks are not only unsightly but also pass dangerous diseases to dogs,” says Michael Stone DVM, internal medicine veterinarian and associate clinical professor at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. “Some diseases are mild and some may be fatal. The spectrum of diseases that can be caught from tick bites is wide.”

Most people are familiar with blacklegged (deer) ticks and their ability to transmit Lyme disease. However, the lone star tick is an aggressive tick species that is becoming more common in the U.S. In a national survey of ticks on dogs and cats, more than 23 percent of dogs were infested with lone star ticks (1). 

Year-round tick and flea control can help guard your dog against tick-borne diseases. Credelio is a small, tasty chewable for dogs that is effective against four species of ticks, including the lone star tick.

Here is what you need to know about the lone star tick and potential dangers for dogs.

What Is a Lone Star Tick?

The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is known as an aggressive species that seeks out hosts, including dogs, for a blood meal (2). Lone star ticks used to be limited to the eastern, southeastern and south-central parts of the United States, but their range continues to expand. They have been found as far north as Maine and as far west as Oklahoma.

The size and appearance of lone star ticks varies depending on their sex and life stage. Adult females are the easiest to spot because of the white dot—the namesake “lone star” on the center of their backs, called a scutum (3). Their bodies range in color from white/cream to gold and bronze and grow from 4 millimeters to 16 millimeters (or larger) in diameter after a blood meal (4).

Adult males are smaller and have dark brown or red patches on their scutum and often have streaks of white pigment around the outer edges of their bodies.

Lone Star Tick vs Deer Tick

The lone star tick and deer tick (aka the blacklegged tick) have several distinguishing features (5). Like the lone star tick, female deer ticks are larger than males but their scutum is dark brown to black in color and has an overlay that is a shade of brownish-orange. 

Their geographic range is different, too. Deer ticks are found in the Northeast and their range spans west and south to include states in the Great Lakes region, Atlantic and Gulf Coast. 

One of the biggest differences between the species is their questing behavior, according to Andrea Egizi, Ph.D., research scientist at the Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory at the Monmouth County Division of Mosquito Control in New Jersey.

“Lone star ticks are more active questers,” Egizi explains. “Instead of waiting on a blade of grass for the host to brush against them, if [a lone star tick] senses CO2, they actually crawl toward a host…In contrast to other kinds of ticks that are more passive and they’ll wait for you to come to them.”

Are Lone Star Ticks Dangerous to Dogs? 4 Risks to Know

All ticks have the potential to transmit disease to pets and people, Dr. Stone notes. So, what diseases do lone star ticks carry? Here are some of the risks for dogs to know about:

Ehrlichiosis

Lone star ticks can transmit two different Ehrlichia bacteria: Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Dogs start showing symptoms, including fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, lameness, and anemia, within one to three weeks of being bitten by an infected tick (6). 

Your veterinarian will run blood tests to detect Ehrlichiosis antibodies; if it’s positive, ehrlichiosis is treated with a 28-day dose of antibiotics. Symptoms should improve within two to three days of starting treatment.

Tularemia

Although tularemia is uncommon in dogs, cases of the tick-borne disease have been reported. Illness is mild but symptoms can include fever, discharge from the eyes or nose, swollen lymph nodes, and loss of appetite (7).

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

As the name suggests, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most common in the Rocky Mountain states, but it’s also found in the southeast where lone star ticks are prevalent. 

Lone star ticks transmit the Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria, but Egizi notes, “In the eastern U.S., people have tested a lot of ticks and not found very much Rickettsia rickettsii; the lone star tick can carry it, but it’s very, very rare.”

Dogs with Rocky Mountain spotted fever can experience a wide variety of signs, such as fever, lack of energy, stiffness when walking, and neurological abnormalities. The symptoms appear suddenly and can cause severe illness that lasts weeks. It can be fatal, so immediate treatment is essential.

Tick Paralysis

Some species of female ticks secrete a neurotoxin in their saliva that can cause paralysis. It’s mostly an issue with American dog ticks and deer ticks, but other species can transmit the neurotoxins, too. 

“Tick paralysis is rare in dogs in the United States,” says Dr. Stone. “It’s more common in Australia.”

Symptoms like weakness, limb paralysis, facial drooping, and trouble chewing start around three to five days after a tick attaches. Removal of the infected tick is the primary method of treatment, and results in a rapid improvement in symptoms. Some dogs may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as IV fluids or, in more severe cases, mechanical ventilation. 

In humans, lone star ticks can also transmit Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), Heartland virus, and alpha-gal syndrome (red meat allergy). These conditions are not known to affect dogs. In cats, lone star ticks can transmit bobcat fever (cytauxzoonosis), which is rare but often fatal.

Lone Star Tick Bite Symptoms 

You might notice a tick attached to your dog before you notice any symptoms. In general, Dr. Stone notes that lack of energy or loss of appetite are the most common lone star tick dog symptoms. Dogs bitten by disease-carrying ticks may also experience:

• Fever
• Joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Lameness 
• Discharge from the eyes or nose
• Swollen lymph nodes 
• Stiff gait 
• Neurological abnormalities
• Sudden paralysis

Lone Star Tick on Dog: Next Steps

Lone star ticks can attach “basically anywhere,” according to Dr. Stone, but tend to favor the face, neck and ears, as well as dogs’ backs and between the toes. If you spot a tick on your dog, grab a tick removal tool and remove it immediately.

“Avoid folklore remedies such as ‘painting’ the tick with nail polish or petroleum jelly or using heat to make the tick detach from the skin,” Dr. Stone says. “Your goal is to remove the tick as quickly as possible—not waiting for it to detach.”

To dispose of the tick, you can put it in rubbing alcohol or in a sealed bag or flush it down the toilet. “Removal of the tick and monitoring for signs of illness are my typical recommendations,” Dr. Stone adds.

Lone Star Ticks and Dogs: How to Protect Your Pup

To protect your dog against lone star ticks and other tick species, talk to your veterinarian about flea and tick control. Options range from oral medications to topicals and collars. Credelio is a tasty chewable that kills ticks and fleas fast and lasts a full month. To provide your dog with 360-degree parasite protection, ask your veterinarian about Interceptor Plus, which covers heartworm disease and four other worms.

After spending time outside with your dog, always conduct a “tick check” and remove any ticks that have attached.

Even though ticks are less common in the colder months, Egizi believes keeping your dog on parasite control all year long is important. “There are species of ticks, like the blacklegged tick, that will come out to quest any time it’s even slightly warm during the winter.” 

References

1. Saleh, Meriam N et al. “Ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America: Biology, geographic distribution, and pathogen transmission.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 294 (2021): 109392. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109392
2. “Lone star tick a concern, but not for Lyme disease.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page last reviewed Nov. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/about/about-southern-tick-associated-rash-illness.html
3. “Lone Star Tick.” The University of Rhode Island. TickEncounter. Retrieved from https://web.uri.edu/tickencounter/species/lone-star-tick/
4. “Lone star tick.” Texas A&M AgriLife. The Tick App. Retrieved from https://tickapp.tamu.edu/home/tick-identification/lone-star-tick/
5. “Black-legged tick.” Texas A&M AgriLife. The Tick App. Retrieved from https://tickapp.tamu.edu/home/tick-identification/black-legged-tick/
6. “Ehrlichiosis in Dogs: Fast Facts for Veterinarians.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ehrlichiosis/pdfs/fs-ehrlichiosisvet-508.pdf
7. “Tularemia Facts.” American Veterinary Medical Association. June 2003. Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/tularemia-facts

The post Lone Star Tick: 4 Dangers for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Hunger in Cats: What’s Normal?

cats should be satisfied after finishing a meal as long as the proper amount of food has been offered. Constant vocalizing or scarfing down food when that is not the cat’s typical behavior could indicate a problem. 

Kittens are more likely to be hungry because they are in the growth phase, which means they need more calories to meet their bodies’ demands. Pet parents may also wonder “Why is my senior cat always hungry?” Senior cats may have increased appetites due to normal physiological changes that occur as cats age. 

There are no cat breeds that are hungrier than others. However, similar to people, cats are individuals with unique feeding habits. What is normal for one cat may be abnormal for another. What’s most important is knowing what is typical for your individual cat. If you have any concerns, promptly bring them to your veterinarian’s attention so that appropriate treatment can be given.

Do Cats Get Full?

Cats normally stop eating when they are full. Unlike most dogs who will eat until they are miserable, most cats are not necessarily obsessed with food. The majority of cats eat slowly and stop when they feel content.

Signs a Cat Is Always Hungry

Normally, cats vocalize when they are anticipating a meal. Pet parents may hear long, loud meows until the food bowl is filled, and then the cat sits calmly and eats. 

Polyphagia, or extreme hunger, in cats can cause abnormal behaviors. If a cat is excessively hungry, they may ravenously eat their food, and then promptly vocalize for more. They may also become aggressive when a pet parent or other household pet is near their food bowl. Some cats may seek out food by rummaging through garbage cans. A cat may be found directly eating out of the cat food bag if it is left within reach. Stealing food from a housemate’s bowl or even the dog’s food bowl may also indicate a problem.

Why Is My Cat Always Hungry? 9 Possible Reasons

There are various reasons for cats to appear constantly hungry, which range in severity from mild causes, such as boredom, to more serious concerns, such as underlying health issues. Let’s take a look at the nine most common causes of increased appetite in cats.

Poor Diet

If a cat is not receiving a nutritionally complete diet, they may be lacking in certain nutrients or protein. Some lower quality foods contain filler ingredients, such as corn or wheat, that may initially fill a cat up but leave them unsatisfied shortly after. To avoid this, pet parents should choose a diet that meets AAFCO standards and has protein listed as the first ingredient. (Unless the cat has special dietary needs, in which case pet parents should work with their veterinarian to choose the right diet.) Likewise, if a pet parent is not feeding enough food, a cat may appear constantly hungry because they are not getting enough calories. To avoid this, pet parents should look at the label on the back of the cat food and feed according to the cat’s weight.

Boredom

Cats may be seeking out food simply to give themselves something to do. Cats need mental stimulation throughout the day to prevent boredom and improve well-being. This can be achieved through play, climbing, socialization, training, and quality time with a pet parent.

Increased activity

Cats who are more active burn more calories and therefore need more food. If a cat is provided more vertical climbing space or a new cat is introduced into the home, for example, calorie needs will increase as play time increases. 

Age

Kittens are growing fast so they require more calories than adult cats and tend to eat more frequently. Likewise, as cats age, their metabolisms and body processes also change, which can result in increased appetites in seniors.

Hyperthyroidism

Senior cats are commonly diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, which is an endocrine disorder that causes high levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, which results in increased appetite for hyperthyroid cats.

Diabetes

Middle-aged and older cats may be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, a condition marked by insulin deficiency. Without enough insulin, cells in the cat’s body do not receive adequate glucose for energy. Since the cells are essentially starving, a cat feels excessive hunger. 

Cancer

Many types of cancers in cats can alter metabolism and increase hunger. For example, gastrointestinal lymphoma can prevent nutrient absorption and increase caloric needs thereby increasing appetite.

Intestinal parasites

These parasites may prevent nutrient absorption and lead to vomiting and diarrhea. A cat may feel increased hunger as the parasite feeds on what the cat eats. Tapeworms are a type of intestinal parasite that may cause increased hunger.

Medications

Certain medications can cause hunger as a side effect. Appetite stimulants, corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, and vitamin B are examples of medications that may make cats more hungry.

How to Deal With a Cat That Is Always Hungry

Having a cat who is always hungry can be concerning as well as a bit frustrating. If your cat suddenly seems like they can’t get enough food, it’s time to visit the veterinarian to determine the underlying cause of your cat’s hunger. A veterinarian can rule out medical conditions, such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and cancer that may be contributing to your cat’s increased appetite. To do so, blood work and urinalysis may be completed. Additional imaging tests, such as radiographs (X-rays) or ultrasound may also be necessary. If a medical condition is diagnosed, it can be treated with appropriate medication so that your cat’s appetite will return to normal. 

If medical conditions are ruled out, pet parents may benefit from discussing appropriate feeding guidelines with their veterinarian, including choosing a well-balanced diet and feeding the proper daily amounts at the right frequency. 

Additional measures that can be taken include ensuring your cat is getting enough mental stimulation and exercise throughout the day to stave off boredom.

The post 9 Reasons Your Cat Is Always Hungry appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pet parents have many choices when it comes to parasite protection for their feline friends. Highly effective at treating and preventing fleas and ticks, these products are either applied directly to the skin or given orally. Unfortunately, many cats are not kept up to date with this type of prevention. Some pet parents believe that indoor cats are not at risk of contracting these parasites, and approximately a quarter of pet parents think that fleas and ticks are only a threat during warm months. [1] Both of these thoughts are common misconceptions. All felines can benefit from flea and tick prevention year-round — such as Bravecto for cats — to keep them healthy and happy.

Here we’ll discuss both Bravecto and Bravecto Plus for cats, diving into why they’re great parasite prevention choices for your kitty. 

What Is Bravecto for Cats?

Fluralaner is an antiparasitic medication used to prevent and treat fleas and ticks. It’s sold under the brand names Bravecto and Bravecto Plus. Both products are readily available across the country via prescription through a primary care veterinarian.

What Does Bravecto Look Like?

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are topical spot-on solutions that are thin, oily liquids and clear in color. They both come in a squeezable, single-use applicator tube for easy administration. Bravecto for cats was approved by the FDA in July 2016 and is available in a three-month dose. Bravecto Plus was later approved in November 2019 and is only available in a two-month dose.

What Is Bravecto Used for in Cats?

Bravecto (fluralaner) is used to protect cats from fleas and ticks. This topical solution kills adult fleas and treats and prevents fleas infestations. It also treats and controls tick infestations (kills black-legged and Asian longhorned ticks for 12 weeks and American dog ticks for 8 weeks).

Bravecto Plus also contains a drug called moxidectin, which prevents heartworm disease and treats roundworms and hookworms. Bravecto products may also be used to treat ear mites, though this use is considered off-label. Since there is no treatment for heartworm disease in cats, Bravecto Plus is a great option for pet parents seeking protection for their feline companion.

Flea and tick control can help guard against many other diseases as well. For example, fleas can cause bartonellosis in cats, which is a serious condition. Cats with fleas are also at an increased risk of developing tapeworms and allergies. Diseases that ticks can transmit include Cytauxzoon felis, Lyme disease, anaplasma, ehrlichiosis, and tularemia. This is why pet parents should always ensure their feline friends are up to date on flea and tick preventatives.

How Does Bravecto Work? 

Bravecto works by negatively interfering with the nervous system of fleas and ticks. As a result, these organisms become paralyzed and eventually die. So how long does it take for Bravecto and Bravecto Plus to start working? These products are effective against fleas and ticks between two and 12 hours after application. Protection lasts for 12 weeks against fleas and eight to 12 weeks against ticks, depending on the species of tick. Additionally, Bravecto Plus provides protection against heartworm disease for two months. 

How to Apply Bravecto to Cats

Since Bravecto is only available in topical products for cats, it is typically easier for pet parents to administer compared to oral tablets. However, it’s still helpful to have an assistant (a friend or family member) to keep your cat relaxed while you apply the medication. It is also a good idea to wear gloves during application.

With your assistant holding your cat securely, gently part the fur between your cat’s shoulder blades until you see skin. Slowly administer the liquid directly onto the skin by squeezing the tube until it is empty. To prevent your cat from licking the medication off, make sure it’s not applied too far on his back. You should also ensure that other household cats and children do not contact this area of skin until the medication has dried completely. 

Bravecto topical solution for cats should be applied as a single dose. Doses should be repeated every two to three months, depending on whether your cat is receiving Bravecto or Bravecto Plus. 

For more tips, read How to Put Flea Medicine on a Cat.

Bravecto Reviews

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are great preventatives that are tolerated well by most cats. Since they are topical products, pet parents don’t need to worry about the difficulties that come with trying to administer a pill to their cats. Because Bravecto comes in a two-month and three-month dose, pet parents can apply it less frequently than other products that only have one-month options. Bravecto Plus’s extended coverage against heartworm disease and intestinal parasites is also beneficial. 

I have prescribed these products to many patients and have been happy with how effective they are as a preventative. Plus, pet parents appreciate that they don’t have to apply monthly but can still keep their cats protected. 

It can be overwhelming for pet parents to choose which preventative is best for their cats due to the wide variety of options on the market. While these decisions are best made during a discussion with a veterinarian, it’s helpful to note a few similarities and differences between options.

Bravecto vs NexGard Combo 

As mentioned, Bravecto products for cats are offered in two-month or three-month doses, whereas NexGard Combo for cats (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel) is only available as a monthly preventative. Both options are spot-on treatments for cats. However, NexGard Combo has added protection against tapeworms. 

Bravecto vs Frontline

Frontline Plus and Frontline Gold are topical products that work against fleas, ticks, and lice. They’re only available in one-month doses, so they offer less coverage time than Bravecto products for cats. Frontline products can be used in kittens as little as 1.5 pounds, which may be an option for kittens that do not meet the weight requirements of Bravecto (more on this below). 

Bravecto Side Effects in Cats

Overall, Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are well-tolerated in cats. However, pet parents should watch for side effects, including the following:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite 
• Hair loss
• Sore or itchy skin at application site

The FDA has issued a warning for pet parents using drugs in the isoxazoline class, including Bravecto for cats, as these products may cause neurological abnormalities, such as seizures or incoordination, in some cases. [2] 

Furthermore, if a cat accidentally licks off some of the applied Bravecto product, pet parents may notice excessive drooling, foaming, or retching by their cat. If this occurs, it is a good idea to contact your veterinarian for assistance. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus should not be used with any other flea and tick preventatives. Although Bravecto products are well-tolerated with many other medications used in veterinary medicine, pet parents should always discuss all medications and supplements with their veterinarian.

Bravecto Dosage for Cats

The dosages for Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are dependent on your cat’s weight. Bravecto is available in the following doses: 2.6-6.2 lbs, 6.2-13.8 lbs, and 13.8-27.5 lbs. Bravecto Plus is available in dosing options including 2.6-6.2 lbs, >6.2-13.8 lbs, and >13.8-27.5 lbs. Both products are approved for all kittens and cats 6 months or older, weighing at least 2.6 pounds. 

Bravecto Cost

The cost of Bravecto will vary slightly depending on the dosage size, but pet parents can expect to spend around $50 for a two-month dose or $65 for a three-month dose.  

Bravecto Storage Instructions

Store Bravecto at room temperature in its original packaging. Be sure to keep it in a secure location out of reach of children and pets. 

References: 

1. “New Study by Merck Animal Health Reveals Many Pet Parents Unprepared for the Dangers Posed by Fleas and Ticks.” Merck Animal Health. (2018 May). Retrieved from: https://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/newsroom/new-study-by-merck-animal-health-reveals-many-pet-parents-unprepared-for-the-dangers-posed-by-fleas-and-ticks
2. “Fact Sheet for Pet Owners and Veterinarians about Potential Adverse Events Associated with Isoxazoline Flea and Tick Products.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023 August). Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/fact-sheet-pet-owners-and-veterinarians-about-potential-adverse-events-associated-isoxazoline-flea

The post Bravecto for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Flea and tick prevention is an essential part of keeping dogs healthy and happy. However, only 66 percent of pet parents actually use these products for their pets. [1] A variety of affordable and effective options are available for pet parents to choose from in coordination with a veterinarian. In this article, we will discuss Bravecto for dogs, how it works, and what to expect when using this medication. 

What Is Bravecto for Dogs?

Fluralaner, the active ingredient in Bravecto, is an antiparasitic drug. Its main purpose is to protect dogs from fleas and ticks. 

Bravecto products kill fleas and prevent flea infestations. Bravecto chews also kill black-legged, American dog, brown dog, and Asian longhorned ticks for 12 weeks, and lone star ticks for 8 weeks. Bravecto topical solution kills black-legged, American dog, and brown dog ticks for 12 weeks, and lone star ticks for 8 weeks.

Fluralaner is also effective for treatment of sarcoptic and demodectic mange, though this use is considered “off-label.” 

Fluralaner is currently only sold under the brand name Bravecto and is available by prescription through a primary care veterinarian.

What Does Bravecto Look Like?

Bravecto for dogs is available in both oral and topical products. The oral product (Bravecto chews) was approved by the FDA in May 2014 and is available in a one-month and three-month dose. The topical product was approved in July 2016 and only available in a three-month dose. 

The oral medication is a round, brown chewable pill. Topical Bravecto for dogs comes in a single use applicator tube that dispenses a clear, thin liquid medication. 

What Is Bravecto Used for in Dogs?

As previously mentioned, while Bravecto is used as a flea and tick preventative and treatment option for dogs, it can also be used in certain cases of mange if recommended by your veterinarian. It’s given once every one to three months, depending on the type of product used.

Flea and tick control is recommended year-round to keep dogs healthy and disease free. These parasites make dogs itchy and uncomfortable. Hair loss and skin infections can occur with longstanding flea problems, and fleas are incredibly difficult to get rid of once they’re in your home.

Not only are fleas and ticks extremely uncomfortable for dogs, they can also transmit various diseases, such as:

• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Canine ehrlichiosis
• Canine babesiosis

These diseases can make dogs very sick and require expensive treatment. 

How Does Bravecto Work?

In simple terms, Bravecto interferes with the normal functioning of the nervous systems of fleas and ticks. It does so by blocking specific receptors within the brain, nerves, and spinal cord that are responsible for regulating chloride. As a result, the fleas and ticks become paralyzed and die.  

How to Give Bravecto to Dogs

Bravecto chews for dogs are given orally with a meal, either once monthly or every three months. Most dogs readily take this medication because it has a tasty meat flavor; however, some dogs may require you to hide it in a pill pocket or a meatball of wet food to disguise it. 

If you are still having trouble getting your dog to take this medication, talk with your veterinarian about other options, which may include the topical form. 

Topical Bravecto is applied every three months to the skin in between the dog’s shoulder blades, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. 

Bravecto Reviews

Bravecto is a highly effective flea and tick preventative recommended by veterinarians. Because it is available in multiple forms, pet parents can choose the option that best suits their needs. Oral Bravecto may be preferred because it has no lasting residue on the dog’s coat like the topical version. This residue may be accidentally touched by children in the home, rubbed off by the dog, or licked off by other household pets. 

I have personally used this medication on my own dog, as well as prescribed it to many pets. I prefer the one-month option because it coincides with monthly heartworm preventative options and is therefore easier for me to track. However, the three-month dosing provides extended protection for pet parents who may not want to give medication each month. 

Pet parents often wonder how to choose between products and what the best option may be for a specific pet. These decisions should always be made in collaboration with your veterinarian. However, there are some key similarities and differences between a few products on the market:

Bravecto vs Nexgard

These products work similarly because they are made from the same drug class (isoxazoline) and have similar side effects. They are both given orally and are highly effective against fleas and ticks. Nexgard (afoxolaner) chewables are only available in a one-month dose and cover five types of ticks. A newer monthly oral product, NexGard Plus (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel), guards against heartworm disease, hookworms, and roundworms, in addition to fleas and ticks.

Bravecto vs Simparica

These isoxazoline-class products also work similarly in dogs to prevent fleas and ticks. Simparica (sarolaner) chewables only come in a one-month dose and kill five types of ticks. Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel) monthly chewables also protect dogs against heartworm disease and intestinal parasites (roundworms and hookworms). It may be a good option for pet parents looking for additional coverage beyond fleas and ticks. 

Bravecto vs Frontline

Both of these topical options are effective against fleas and ticks. Frontline also kills chewing lice, but it is not as commonly used by veterinarians due to the availability of newer products. A version called Frontline Shield also repels ticks and mosquitoes. Frontline does not come in an oral form like Bravecto. 

Bravecto Side Effects in Dogs

Bravecto is typically well-tolerated in most dogs. However, in some cases, side effects may include the following: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Itchy skin

In rare cases, Bravecto may lead to incoordination, tremors, or seizures, especially in dogs with a history of seizures. 

Reactions with Other Pet Medications

Bravecto should not be given with other monthly flea and tick control products. Although Bravecto is generally OK when given with most other medications used in veterinary medicine, pet parents should always discuss any medications and supplements with their veterinarian before use. 

Bravecto Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Bravecto is based on the weight of the dog. Both the oral and topical forms come in several sizes to meet the needs of small and large dogs. Package dosage breakdown options include the following: 

• 4.4-9.9 lbs
• 9.9-22 lbs
• 22-44 lbs
• 44-88 lbs
• 88-123 lbs

Bravecto’s three-month oral product and topical product can be used in puppies starting at 6 months of age, while the one-month dose can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks of age. All puppies and dogs receiving Bravecto should weigh at least 4.4 pounds.  

Your veterinarian will prescribe the correct product based on the weight and age of your dog. Never administer more than the prescribed amount, and always follow your veterinarian’s instructions. 

Bravecto Cost

A one-month dose of oral Bravecto costs between $20-$25 per month, whereas the three-month dose of oral Bravecto costs around $70. Topical Bravecto is around $60 per dose. 

Sometimes veterinary hospitals offer incentives and reduced rates if pet parents buy during a promotional period or buy a certain amount at one time (such as a full year’s worth of protection). Companies may offer additional Bravecto rebates as well.

Bravecto Storage Instructions

Store Bravecto for dogs at room temperature in its original packaging. Keep it in a secure location out of reach of children and pets.

References: 

1. “New Study by Merck Animal Health Reveals Many Pet Parents Unprepared for the Dangers Posed by Fleas and Ticks.” Merck Animal Health. (2019 May). Retrieved from: https://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/newsroom/new-study-by-merck-animal-health-reveals-many-pet-parents-unprepared-for-the-dangers-posed-by-fleas-and-ticks

The post Bravecto for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The Midwest is home to the sprawling plains, the shores of the Great Lakes, and the foothills of the Ozark and Appalachian Mountains. It encompasses 12 states and all of them are home to fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. These parasites can cause discomfort and pass on dangerous diseases to your pet. 

Ultimately, the best way to protect your pet is by consistently administering parasite prevention year-round, regardless of your location or whether your pet ventures outdoors. 

Use this regional Midwestern guide to understand the danger that mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks pose to your pet in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 

Heartworm Disease in the Midwest

Heartworm disease is a growing concern in the Midwest due to warming weather and the movement of animals across state lines. 

Dogs and cats become infected if they are bitten by a mosquito carrying the Dirofilaria immitis parasite, known as heartworm. This parasitic worm multiplies in the pulmonary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs) of pets and causes heartworm disease. While dogs are more likely to get heartworm than cats, felines are also susceptible to the disease. 

Unfortunately, feline heartworm testing isn’t as effective as canine heartworm testing. This is because cats generally have low adult worm burdens. This means there may not be enough antigen produced by the heartworms to yield a positive test result. “So then our tests don’t show a positive result,” says Dr. Elizabeth Clyde, a small animal veterinarian in Illinois and a member of the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society (AHS). “But because our tests don’t work well in cats, people think, ‘Oh, cats can’t get heartworm,’ but they do.”

Increasing temperatures across the U.S. are contributing to more mosquito activity. According to Dr. Clyde, mosquitoes can start reproducing when temperatures hit 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Midwestern states have seen temperature increases between 1.5 – 3 degrees since the beginning of the 20th century [1]. This means that more days in the calendar year are hovering at or above temperatures where mosquitoes can reproduce. With larger mosquito populations, a pet’s risk of contracting heartworm disease increases. 

Additionally, heartworm disease continues to spread in the Midwest due to the transport of shelter animals from other areas of the country according to Dr. Roberto Cortiñas, a veterinary parasitology professor at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. He notes that states tend to see an increase in shelter pets coming from the South during and after major weather events (like Hurricane Katrina), contributing to the rise of heartworm cases in the region.

Heartworm hotspots vary in every state, given the expansive size of many Midwestern states and the differences in landscapes within state borders. “Just because you’re in one part of the state, you can’t assume that what’s happening at the other side is the same,” says Dr. Cortiñas. 

While many Midwestern states had historically lower incidences of heartworm-positive pets than other regions of the country, the numbers are changing, according to the most recent heartworm incidence map from the American Heartworm Society. In fact, states including Kansas and North Dakota saw the development of new heartworm hotspots and the urban areas of Boise and Bismark both saw significant heartworm increases.

The best defense against this dangerous disease is protecting your pet year-round with a veterinarian-prescribed heartworm preventative. 

Fleas in the Midwest

Fleas can transmit diseases – like murine typhus and the plague – and serve as vectors for tapeworms in both dogs and cats. Plus, let’s not forget all of the itching and discomfort caused by flea allergy dermatitis. 

Cat fleas are the most prevalent type of flea that bites dogs and cats across the Midwest. 

Dr. Jo Myers, a practicing small animal veterinarian and graduate of Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, predicts that Midwestern states will experience increased flea populations and activity as winters become shorter and warmer. When winters are mild, fleas may start emerging from outdoor areas as early as March [2].

Certain Midwestern states, like North Dakota, have a shorter flea season compared to other states in the region. However, once fleas make their way indoors, they can survive year-round, taking up residence in pet beds, mattresses, and carpets while feeding on you and your pet.

Dr. Myers also points out that as rural areas in the Midwest continue to develop, pets are more likely to come into contact with wildlife that carry fleas into residential areas. 

Treating your pet year-round with flea medication is the best method of keeping your family safe.

Ticks in the Midwest

The Midwest has high populations of deer, which unfortunately also means a thriving community of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The management of deer populations, changes in habitat, and the effects of climate change are all contributing to the rise in these parasites across the Midwest. 

The following ticks exist in Midwestern states and may transmit specific diseases to pets: 

• Lyme disease – deer tick/black-legged tick 
• Anaplasmosis – deer tick/black-legged tick, brown dog tick 
• Babesiosis – deer tick/black-legged tick, brown dog tick, Asian longhorned tick
• Ehrlichiosis – lone star tick, brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever – American dog tick, brown dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Tick paralysis – deer tick/black-legged tick, lone star tick, and American dog tick 

Here’s a closer, state-by-state look at tick trends in the Midwestern United States.

Ticks in Illinois 

Illinois has harsh, cold winters, partly due to its proximity to the Great Lakes. This is good news because it means the state doesn’t have quite as large or diverse tick populations as found in more southern states. Nonetheless, “the burden is still high enough that monthly prevention is absolutely necessary,” says Dr. Megan Cave, an emergency veterinarian at Veterinary Emergency Group located in Chicago, Illinois. 

Types of Ticks in Illinois Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Illinois 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Cytauxzoonosis
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Dr. Cave notes a growing trend among pet parents administering monthly parasite prevention, which has led to a decrease in the incidence of tick-borne diseases she sees in her practice.

Ticks in Indiana 

Ticks in Indiana are gaining attention from residents and public health officials as their numbers (and the diseases they bring) continue to increase, according to the Indiana University Environmental Resilience Institute. The University points to three main factors in their prevalence across the state: Rising temps, habitat fragmentation, and increasing populations of deer and mice. For instance, deer ticks are typically inactive when temperatures dip below freezing but now pose a year-round risk with peak activity during the spring and summer months.

Types of Ticks in Indiana Dangerous for Pets

As of 2023, the list of ticks in Indiana has expanded with the addition of the Asian longhorned tick, a non-native species to the United States. Since the first sighting of the Asian longhorned tick in Dubois County, Indiana, in April 2023, the state has become the 19th in the U.S. to spot the species [3].

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Gulf Coast tick
• Asian longhorned tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Indiana

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Indiana University reports a significant increase in human Lyme disease cases from 2013 to 2017, more than doubling during this period. Cases of ehrlichiosis also rose to over five times compared to the previous five years and Rocky Mountain spotted fever cases surged to more than 13 times [4]. Although Lyme disease cases peaked in 2022 and decreased slightly in 2023, they remain higher than in previous years [5].

Ticks in Iowa 

Generally, ticks are most active in Iowa from March through November [6]. While the Asian longhorned tick is not known to have made its way into Iowa to date, it’s been spotted as far north as Linn County, Missouri [7]. Deer ticks remain a concern as a vector for Lyme disease in Iowa, being especially abundant in the Northeastern and Eastern parts of the state. However, populations have been documented in almost every county. Experts warn to check yourself and your pets after enjoying outdoor activities.

Types of Ticks in Iowa Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

As of 2019, American dog ticks made up the highest population of ticks in Iowa (68%), followed by deer ticks (25%), and lone star ticks (7%) [8]. 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Iowa 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Cytauxzoonosis
• Tularemia

Tick-borne diseases are increasingly being detected in pets living in Iowa, says Dr. Myers. Lyme disease cases are on the rise, particularly in the Northeastern region of the state. However, Myers offers some reassurance, saying, “Iowa is not traditionally an area that sees a high number of anaplasmosis cases.”

Ticks in Kansas

In Kansas, ticks are most active from March through September, especially in grasslands and forested areas [9]. Deer ticks pose a significant concern as carriers of Lyme disease in Kansas, particularly in the eastern region where cases are increasing. American dog ticks are prevalent throughout the state, while lone star ticks have become common in the eastern half and have been found as far west as Mitchell County. 

As the only species capable of living indoors year-round, the brown dog tick is found in kennels and homes across Kansas. These ticks often crawl into ceilings or seek out cracks and crevices along floors where they molt and lay their eggs. 

Types of Ticks in Kansas Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Kansas 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia
• Cytauxzoonosis (most common in Riley, Pottawatomie, and Geary counties) [10]

Ticks in Michigan

Deer ticks remain a growing concern in Michigan, particularly in the western and northern counties of the state. American dog ticks are widespread in Michigan’s forests and grassy areas from early May to November, while lone star ticks are occasionally found in wooded and grassy regions. 

Types of Ticks in Michigan Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Michigan 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare in Michigan) 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Alpha-gal syndrome
• Tularemia

Ticks in Minnesota 

When it comes to ticks in Minnesota, deer ticks are the primary concern due to their spread of Lyme disease. They’re active basically any time snow isn’t on the ground or the temperature is above freezing. This is typically from March through October, with peak activity occurring in May [11].  

Types of Ticks in Minnesota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick (rare in Minnesota)
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Minnesota 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare in Minnesota) 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Montana  

The Rocky Mountain wood tick is the most abundant tick species in Montana, often found along stream corridors, grassy meadows, and south-facing sagebrush slopes. In eastern Montana, the American dog tick predominates, while the brown dog tick can make its way indoors across the state. To date, the deer tick has not been identified in Montana [12]. 

Types of Ticks in Montana Dangerous for Pets

• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Montana 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Nebraska

In the last 30 years, Nebraska has seen the arrival of new tick species, such as the lone star tick. It was first documented in Nebraska in 1990 and has progressively spread northward into areas where it was not previously found.

Types of Ticks in Nebraska Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American Dog Tick
• Gulf Coast tick (rare in Nebraska)

Tick-Borne Diseases in Nebraska 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Cytauxzoonosis 
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in North Dakota

The most common ticks in North Dakota are the American dog tick and the deer tick. The lone star tick is limited to isolated sightings, mostly in wooded areas with thick undergrowth and around animal resting areas. The Rocky Mountain wood tick is mostly found in the western edge of the state [13]. 

Types of Ticks in North Dakota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick 
• Deer tick (black-legged tick) 
• American dog tick 
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in North Dakota 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Colorado tick fever
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in South Dakota 

In South Dakota, ticks are active when temperatures are above freezing. Fortunately, Lyme-carrying deer ticks are not found throughout the state but rather isolated to the eastern third. American dog ticks have peak activity during the spring and summer months, spanning May to August, and are found across the entire state. The lone star tick is limited to isolated sightings in the southeast corner from April to late August. Meanwhile, the Rocky Mountain wood tick is prevalent in the western edge and is most active from late spring to early summer [14].

Types of Ticks in South Dakota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick 
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in South Dakota 

• Lyme Disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Ohio 

Since 2010, Ohio has experienced an upswing in deer ticks statewide. Adult ticks are active during spring, fall, and winter, while nymph deer ticks are most active in spring and summer. Both can transmit Lyme disease to humans and pets. American dog ticks are active from mid-April to mid-July. 

Where might you and your pets run into ticks in Ohio? Lone star ticks are mainly found in southern Ohio, but because they’re carried and dispersed by migratory birds, they’re found throughout the state [15]. Deer ticks are usually found in wooded areas and the American dog tick in grassy areas and road edges.

Types of Ticks in Ohio Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Asian longhorned tick (identified in July 2023 [3])

Tick-Borne Diseases in Ohio 

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia
• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in Wisconsin

Like other states in the Midwest, Wisconsin, is seeing a rise in winter temperatures. As a result, tick populations have expanded across the state with feeding and breeding seasons beginning earlier and lasting longer than in past years [16]. 

Types of Ticks in Wisconsin Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Wisconsin 

• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Tularemia
• Anaplasmosis

The most common tick-borne illness in Wisconsin is Lyme disease, with most cases occurring in the late spring, summer, or early fall when ticks are most active and people and their pets are enjoying the outdoors [16].

Living in the Midwest: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

Those living in the Midwest have seen big shifts in the weather over the past decade. These shifts in climate, combined with changes in landscapes and the movement of pets and humans, heighten the risk of pets encountering parasites throughout the year.

Dr. Cortiñas warns that the typical parasites in the Midwest may not be the only concern for long. New parasites are already emerging in areas they don’t typically live—such as the Asian longhorned tick. With new parasites come new diseases. Purchasing the most up-to-date preventatives for your pet can protect them against parasites and diseases. 

Dr. Cortiñas provides these tips for administering parasite preventatives:

• Never use expired medicine.
• Always give the dose as directed. Splitting doses will not effectively protect your pet.
• Give the medicine according to the proper schedule.
• Follow application directions closely, including applying topical medications directly to the skin rather than on top of the fur.
• If you’re unsure how to properly administer your pet’s medication or would like verification that you’re doing it correctly, ask your veterinarian for a demonstration.

Preventatives protect your pet from many parasites, including heartworms. However, Dr. Clyde suggests that if you’re venturing out with your pup when mosquitoes are abundant, you can consider using dog-safe bug repellent for extra protection. 

And don’t underestimate the importance of routine check-ups. Even if your pet seems healthy, preventive care is your best chance of catching issues early. 

Keep in mind, the parasites lurking outside shouldn’t keep you and your pet from enjoying the state you live in. With proper precautions, your cat or dog can remain safe and harm-free. 

References:

1. Kunkel, K.E., R. Frankson, J. Runkle, S.M. Champion, L.E. Stevens, D.R. Easterling, B.C. Stewart, A. McCarrick, and C.R. Lemery (Eds.), 2022: State Climate Summaries for the United States 2022. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 150. NOAA/NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD.
2. https://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/2017-03/fleasandticks31317.html 
3. Indiana Department of Health https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/vector-borne-diseases/tick-borne-diseases/haemaphysalis-longicornis/#Geographic_Distribution 
4. Indiana University https://eri.iu.edu/tools-and-resources/fact-sheets/tick-control-in-backyards-and-green-spaces.html 
5. Indiana Department of Health https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/lyme-disease/
6. Iowa State University https://www.extension.iastate.edu/smallfarms/identifying-ticks-first-step-preventing-lyme-disease 
7. U.S. Department of Agriculture https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/maps/animal-health/asian-longhorned-tick 
8. Guthrie County Hospital https://guthriecountyhospital.org/newsandevents/tick-borne-diseases-in-iowa/ 
9. Kansas State University https://www.douglas.k-state.edu/docs/lawnandgarden/ticks-in-kansas.pdf 
10. Kansas State University https://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun16/fleatickprevention62116.html 
11. Minnesota Department of Health https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tickborne/ticks.html 
12. Montana State University https://www.montana.edu/extension/judithbasin/crops-and-livestock/news-and-alerts/tick-season.html 
13. North Dakota Department of Health https://www.hhs.nd.gov/health/diseases-conditions-and-immunization/tickborne/tick-surveillance 
14. South Dakota State University https://extension.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2019-05/P-00100.pdf 
15. Ohio State University https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-2073 
16. Wisconsin Department of Health Services https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tick/wisconsin.htm 

The post Pet Parasites in the Midwest: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

A grumpy dog might let out a snarl or move away when you try to touch them. But don’t take it personally if your furry best friend acts this way toward you. When a dog experiences irritability, they usually have a good reason for their behavior. 

If you have a crabby canine companion, keep reading. Our experts share potential reasons for grumpiness in dogs, plus advice on how to help a prickly pooch.

Do Dogs Get Grumpy?

Yes, dogs can act grumpy, says Dr. Maggie O’Brian, a veterinary behaviorist at Southeast Animal Behavior and Training. However, “irritable” would be a more appropriate word, she says, since “grumpy” can have a negative connotation. 

“We can see irritability in dogs,” Dr. O’Brian says. “Typically that would be a dog that has a shorter fuse or a lower tolerance for certain triggers or interactions.”

How can you tell if your dog is feeling irritable? Dogs who feel this way may exhibit antisocial behaviors. “They may avoid certain interactions with people or be more likely to show aggression, such as growling or snapping,” Dr. O’Brian says. 

Dr. Leslie Sinn, a veterinary behaviorist at Behavior Solutions, says you can often tell that a dog is getting irritated through their body language. 

“You may see things like head ducking or showing the whites of their eyes,” Dr. Sinn says. “You may see things like lip licking as they start getting more and more uncomfortable. You can see worry wrinkles on their foreheads. You can see their ears get pinned back. Also, a crouched body posture, or leaning away from a person.”

It’s also essential to try and determine why a dog is acting grumpy, Dr. Sinn says, especially if they’re not always irritable. “Why is a dog not wanting to have that interaction?” she asks.

Experts say there is usually a medical reason for irritability in dogs — and one of the primary causes is pain or discomfort. But other factors like stress might also cause your dog to be grumpy. Let’s unpack some of the possibilities.

Why Is My Dog Grumpy? 5 Potential Reasons

Here are a few common reasons why dogs get grumpy:

Pain or Discomfort

“Irritability … is almost always pain related,” says Dr. Sinn. Musculoskeletal issues — that is, issues related to a dog’s muscles or bones — are a common cause of pain in dogs. 

Dogs can experience a variety of musculoskeletal issues, such as injuries like sprains and fractures, orthopedic conditions like hip dysplasia (abnormal formation of the hip joint), and joint pain associated with osteoarthritis. 

But any medical problem that causes pain or discomfort — gastrointestinal issues, headaches, glaucoma — can also lead your dog to be irritable. All of which is quite understandable, if you think about it. 

“It’s similar to how someone with a bad headache may be quicker to snap or be short with their words,” Dr. O’Brian says. 

Skin Problems

Another common reason for a dog being grumpy is skin problems, such as hot spots or flea allergy dermatitis.  

Itchy skin — or pruritus, as it’s known medically — can cause a dog to feel irritable, Dr. Sinn says. “If you’ve ever experienced a sunburn or [sun poisoning], or if you’re allergic to poison ivy … it does not increase your bandwidth in terms of being able to deal with day-to-day life,” she adds.

A recent study also found that dogs with atopic dermatitis, which can cause excessive itchiness, sometimes result in a dog displaying behaviors associated with anxiety, fear, or aggression [1].

Stress

A grumpy dog might also be a stressed-out dog. A dog’s irritability might be exceptionally high when they encounter several stressful events around the same time, which Dr. O’Brian calls “trigger stacking.”

“For instance, if a dog’s tail got stepped on in the morning, they were separated in their crate later that day because a maintenance worker comes to the house, and then in the evening the cat in the house tries to play roughly with them, that may result in aggression,” Dr. O’Brian says. “On a more typical day, the dog may have tolerated that interaction better.”

A Change in the Environment

If the environment isn’t quite right, your dog might not be quite right. Maybe you’ve recently switched jobs or welcomed a new pet to the family, and your dog’s normal routine has been disrupted.

“Environmental stressors in general can lead to irritability,” says Dr. O’Brian. “If there is a lot of noise, activity, or if another animal or person in the environment continues to pester or disrupt the dog, this may lead to irritability. Conditions such as underlying anxiety or fear may make a dog more prone towards getting irritable.”

Aging

While age itself doesn’t necessarily cause a dog to be irritable, senior dogs are more susceptible to medical issues that may cause grumpiness. 

“Aging dogs are at more risk of osteoarthritis, [cancer], sensory loss, and other disease processes,” Dr. O’Brian says. “This may lead them to not feel their best, which can then lead to more irritability. If a senior dog shows new or worsening irritability, particularly aggression, an underlying medical concern would be strongly suspected, assuming nothing else in the environment has changed.”

How to Help a Grumpy Dog

If your easy-going dog suddenly starts displaying grumpy behavior, the first thing you should do is take them to the veterinarian for a check-up. That’s because, in most cases, irritability in dogs indicates a medical problem that needs to be addressed. 

With senior dogs, try to avoid chalking up behavioral changes like grumpiness to old age. “Instead of just shrugging it off and saying the dog is getting old … the dog’s getting grumpy, I would really urge [pet parents] to look a little bit deeper,” Dr. Sinn says. Have your veterinarian investigate to see if there is an underlying physical cause for your pet’s behavior. 

If your veterinarian has ruled out a medical issue, there are other steps you can take to help your grumpy dog feel better. “If the environment is overwhelming, try to reduce the stimulation by providing a quiet, safe place,” Dr. O’Brian says. “This can have white noise, classical music and some food toys.”

How you respond when your dog is acting irritable is also key, Dr. O’Brian adds. “It’s important to never punish a dog for behaviors such as growling or snapping,” she says. “These are forms of communication, and dogs are asking us for space or to discontinue an interaction. 

“Punishing this behavior can further exacerbate the dog’s stress level or teach them not to use their warning signals in the future,” Dr. O’Brian continues. “Dogs that don’t give warning signals but still feel the same way are more dangerous and typically more stressed. We want to give them space and speak nicely to them and try to adjust the environment to help them feel more relaxed.”

References

1. McAuliffe, Lindsay R et al. “Associations Between Atopic Dermatitis and Anxiety, Aggression, and Fear-Based Behaviors in Dogs.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association vol. 58,4 (2022): 161-167. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7210

The post Grumpy Dog: 5 Reasons Your Dog Is Irritable appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So, is Simparica Trio safe for dogs? This medication may not be suitable for all dogs, but in consultation with your veterinarian, you can feel confident you’re using a safe and effective product for your canine companion. 

Let’s dive into what the studies show and what pet parents can expect when administering Simparia Trio for dogs. 

What Is Simparica Trio?

Simparica Trio for dogs is an FDA-approved preventative medication given once monthly to protect dogs against certain types of parasites. It is only available by prescription through your pet’s veterinarian. 

This flavored chewable tablet contains three active ingredients: sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. Sarolaner is effective against fleas and ticks, while moxidectin prevents heartworm disease. Pyrantel is a deworming medication that treats and controls two types of intestinal parasites, roundworms and hookworms. 

Simparica Vs. Simparica Trio

Regular Simparica is another oral chewable tablet for dogs. A benefit of both Simparica and Simparica Trio is that they both kill deer ticks (aka blacklegged ticks) and are therefore FDA-approved to prevent infections that may cause Lyme disease in dogs, a serious illness that can severely affect the joints and kidneys. 

However, regular Simparica is only effective against fleas and ticks and does not offer protection against heartworm disease or intestinal parasites. If you want to have this additional protection for your dog, Simparica Trio is a better option.

Is Simparica Trio Safe for Dogs?

When used as recommended, Simparica Trio is safe and effective for most dogs, including those who are heartworm-positive [1, 2, 3]. Dogs and puppies taking this medication should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 2.8 pounds.

There are several reasons Simparica Trio may be chosen over other available products. It was the first all-in-one product to hit the market that is given once monthly to protect against fleas, ticks, heartworm disease, and certain types of intestinal parasites. (A second all-in-one product, NexGard Plus, was introduced in July 2023.) Simparia Trio was also shown to be 100 percent effective at treating heartworm disease and effectively kills five different types of ticks compared to other brands [3, 4]. 

Before prescribing this medication, veterinarians will confirm your dog meets the weight and age requirements to ensure safety. Certain health conditions, such as a history of seizures, may increase the risk of side effects, so veterinarians will carefully consider the unique health status and needs of your dog prior to prescribing Simparica Trio. Simparica Trio has not been studied in pregnant or nursing dogs, so its safety is unknown in this group. 

Because Simparica Trio contains sarolaner, which is an isoxazoline drug, it should be used cautiously in dogs who are known to have had seizures in the past or who are currently being treated for seizure disorders. It should also be used with caution in dogs who have been diagnosed with a neurological condition. Simparica Trio can cause neurological side effects, such as incoordination, muscle tremors, and seizures even in dogs without a history of these conditions, but these instances are rare. 

Additionally, Collies and Australian Shepherds can have a certain gene mutation that makes them more sensitive to ivermectin, a medication that belongs to the same drug class as moxidectin in Simparica Trio. Because of this, Collies and Australian Shepherds may experience more adverse effects from Simparica Trio than other breeds. Your veterinarian may recommend using a different monthly preventative for these breeds after an examination and discussion during their veterinary visit. 

Some dogs may experience sensitivities to one or more of the active ingredients in Simparica Trio, which can cause neurological issues or other side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea. If adverse effects occur while your dog is taking this medication, always reach out to a veterinarian promptly. Your veterinarian may recommend you switch to another medication that is better tolerated. 

Simparica Trio for Dogs: Precautions to Consider

When administering Simparica Trio to your dog, it is important to monitor for side effects. Although this medication is usually well-tolerated in most dogs, common side effects from Simparica Trio that pet parents may see include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy

These side effects usually improve once the medication is discontinued. If you notice one of these side effects, it’s important to call your veterinarian for guidance. Your dog may be switched to another monthly preventative that is more suitable for them. 

Dogs need to be tested for existing heartworm infections prior to starting a preventative. Since Simparica Trio kills heartworm larvae, not adult heartworms, dogs diagnosed with heartworm disease would need to be treated with an adulticide to remove adult heartworms. In other words, if a dog is diagnosed with heartworm disease, they would need to be on both an adulticide and a monthly preventative.

There are no adverse reactions currently known for dogs taking Simparica Trio concurrently with various other medications, including vaccines, NSAIDs, steroids, antibiotics, and deworming medications. The medication can also be used safely in dogs undergoing anesthetic procedures, such as spaying, neutering, or dental procedures. Nevertheless, it is always important to have a discussion with your veterinarian about any medications or supplements your pet is taking before administering Simparica Trio. 

Pet parents should be aware that it is possible for dogs to overdose on Simparica Trio. Accidental overdose increases the risk for serious side effects, especially in breeds with sensitivities to the active ingredients in this medication. To prevent accidental overdose, pet parents should only give this medication as prescribed by their veterinarian and ensure that the medication is stored securely out of reach of pets at all times. 

References

1. Mathur, S., Malpas, P.B., Mahabir, S. et al. Safety of Simparica Trio® (sarolaner, pyrantel, moxidectin) in heartworm-infected dogs. Parasites Vectors 16, 119 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05700-9 
2. Kryda, K., Mahabir, S.P., Inskeep, T. et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel oral chewable combination tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against natural flea infestations in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasites Vectors 13, 98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3952-3
3. Kryda, Kristina et al. “Efficacy of a novel orally administered combination product containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced infestations of five common tick species infesting dogs in the USA.” Parasites & vectors vol. 13,1 77. 1 Mar. 2020, doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3945-2
4. Kryda, K., Six, R.H., Walsh, K.F. et al. Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs. Parasites Vectors 12, 445 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3702-6

The post Is Simparica Trio Safe for Dogs? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Pillow Foot in Cats?

Pillow foot (also known as plasma cell pododermatitis) refers to inflammation of the paw pads due the presence of high numbers of plasma cells. These inflammatory cells respond to various stimuli, such as allergens or bacteria, that a cat may come into contact with. Sometimes this response can be excessive and lead to swelling. Typically, more than one paw pad is affected, but in rare cases, pet parents may notice just one swollen pad. In the early stages, this swelling is non-painful, but the condition worsens over time, causing significant pain and discomfort. 

Pillow foot affects cats of all ages and breeds. Cats with underlying viral diseases, such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), are thought to be at a higher risk of developing the condition. 

Causes of Pillow Foot in Cats

The exact cause of cat pillow foot is unknown. The most commonly accepted reason this condition develops is due to an immune-mediated reaction. This means that the cat’s immune system overreacts and high numbers of plasma cells collect in the paw pads, which leads to swelling.  

The immune system can be stimulated by the following: 

• Environmental allergens
• Food sensitivities 
• Severe inflammation
• Infections

Signs of Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot causes a wide range of signs, with the most distinctive being red, swollen paw pads. It’s also important to note that there are many other conditions that cause swelling of the paw pads, so pet parents should always bring affected cats to a veterinarian to determine the underlying cause.

Other characteristic symptoms include the following: 

• Ulcerated and/or bleeding paw pads
• Thickened skin on paw pads
• Pain
• Limping
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Enlarged lymph nodes

Cats with pillow foot may also have signs of concurrent illnesses, such as kidney disease, which could include increased thirst and urination, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Mouth sores may also be present. 

Diagnosing Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot in cats is diagnosed using a combination of tests. First, a veterinarian performs a physical exam to identify abnormalities of the foot pad and collects information from the pet parent about their cat’s behaviors and when symptoms began. Blood is collected to check for high levels of inflammatory cells or evidence of underlying infection, such as FIV or FeLV. 

A sample of cells is taken from the affected paw pad(s) using a small needle and examined under the microscope. This procedure may cause mild discomfort for cats, but it is helpful for identifying high numbers of plasma cells to diagnose pillow foot. It is also useful to rule out other conditions that can look similar. A more accurate diagnosis can be made by taking a biopsy, which consists of surgically removing a small piece of paw pad. This generally requires sedation to ensure the cat remains still and free from discomfort. The sample is sent to a specialized laboratory for identification. 

Pillow Foot in Cats Treatment

Some cats with pillow foot improve on their own, particularly if they have only mild symptoms. However, in most cases, treatment is necessary and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both. 

Medications for Pillow Foot in Cats

Your veterinarian may prescribe a medication called doxycycline to treat pillow foot in your cat. Doxycycline is a type of antibiotic that treats infection and reduces inflammation associated with plasma cell pododermatitis. It is usually given by mouth twice daily. However, because this medication has been linked with esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus) in cats, pet parents should ensure their cats drink water after receiving it. Other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclosporine, can also be given orally to treat this condition. Injectable or oral steroids may also be helpful.

Your veterinarian can determine the best type of medication to meet your cat’s specific needs. Treatment may continue for several months. Always be sure to give the prescribed medications exactly as directed for the best treatment outcomes. 

It is important to follow up with your veterinarian while your cat is receiving treatment to identify any side effects of the medications and to determine when treatment can be stopped. In rare cases, some cats may have relapses throughout their lives, which require additional medications.  

Home Remedies for Pillow Foot in Cats

It is not recommended to try any home remedies for pillow foot in cats. Since this condition is likely due to an overactive immune system, specific prescription medications are needed for resolution. Trying home remedies before seeking veterinary guidance can delay appropriate treatment and cause worsening of symptoms.

Cost to Treat

Pet parents can expect to pay $20 to $40 per month for steroid treatment, while cyclosporine can range from $30 to $200 per month, depending on the brand. (Generic medications cost much less than brand name products.)

If your cat requires surgery and hospitalization, costs can range between $300 and $600 or more, depending on how many paw pads are affected and how your cat does during recovery. Most cats are sent home on medications, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, to reduce swelling and prevent infection. 

How to Prevent Pillow Foot in Cats

Because the exact cause of pillow foot in cats is unknown, it is difficult to determine what to do to prevent this condition. If it is truly immune-mediated, there is nothing pet parents can do to prevent it from developing in their cats. However, ensuring you are bringing your cat to the veterinarian for regular preventative care can help detect any problems early and keep them as healthy as possible. 

Related Conditions

Pillow foot is a unique disease, but other conditions may cause similar changes to the paw pads. These include the following: 

• Mast cell tumors
• Eosinophilic granuloma complex 
• Paw pad injuries

The post Pillow Foot in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

One such quirky behavior is licking the air, and while it might look funny and harmless, oftentimes it’s indicative of a medical problem that needs attention, says Dr. Leslie Sinn, a board certified veterinary behaviorist who works in private practice outside of Washington, D.C. 

So, what is air licking and why do dogs lick the air? “Air licking is what’s called a displacement behavior, which is something that is normal but is being applied in an abnormal context,” Dr. Sinn says. “Of course dogs lick things off the floor, lick when they’re cleaning themselves, lick others for social reasons, but licking air has no purpose to it.”

Keep reading to learn more about this behavior and what you should do if you notice your dog licking the air.

My Dog Is Licking the Air: Is This Normal?

A dog licking the air can be a sign of a few different problems. That means it’s not necessarily unusual, but like other displacement behaviors, it isn’t normal either.

When it comes to an unusual behavior like this, dog parents really should think about it more like a symptom, just like other signs we see in our pets, Dr. Sinn says. If your dog has diarrhea, for instance, you most likely take action right away, but that doesn’t necessarily happen with changes that are more behavioral than physical. If your dog starts doing something new and kind of strange, like licking the air, it’s important to pay close attention and hone in on a cause, Dr. Sinn explains.

Why Do Dogs Lick the Air?

There are several reasons why your dog may be licking the air. These may include:

Gastrointestinal problems

The most common reason for a dog to lick the air is an underlying gastrointestinal issue, according to Dr. Christine Calder, a veterinarian and diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists based in Portland, Maine.

“This behavior should be concerning to owners, and they should consult with their veterinarian if they see this behavior,” Dr. Calder says.

According to Dr. Sinn, the behavior is a reaction to a sensation that most closely resembles what humans deal with when they have intense acid reflux. “It almost feels like there’s something stuck in your throat. You swallow and swallow and swallow, but it doesn’t make the discomfort go away,” she says.

To that end, licking the air is often accompanied by dogs trying to swallow the air. Other times, dogs will only try to swallow or gulp air and won’t lick it at all, Dr. Sinn says. 

Additionally, she says, these behaviors may or may not be accompanied by other signs of gastrointestinal distress, including:

• Vomiting
• Flatulence
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Intermittent periods of loose stools, constipation, or both.

According to Dr. Calder, these are just some of the specific diagnoses your dog might receive from a veterinarian if this behavior and these symptoms are present: 

• Allergies
• Food intolerances
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Intestinal parasites
• Gastric ulcers
• Exocrine pancreatic disease
• Addison’s disease

Licking itself is not inherently more or less common in any particular breeds of dogs, Dr. Sinn adds. However, because it’s so frequently tied to gastrointestinal problems, dog breeds that experience those issues more frequently (including Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, Boxers, and Dachshunds, among others) may also lick the air more frequently than other breeds.

Additional reasons

Gastrointestinal issues are not the only reason dogs may lick the air, however. 

“In some contexts, it could be anxiety-driven,” Dr. Sinn says. “It’s something they do because they don’t know what else to do.”

There’s also a very serious and very rare condition called syringomyelia, which is most common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and occurs due to abnormal development of the brain and spinal cord, Dr. Sinn says. “Some of those dogs can do the air licking and gulping, but they usually have other neurologic signs that indicate things aren’t quite right.” 

In other cases, it could be unrelated to any serious problems. One example Dr. Sinn offers is if your dog has an itch that they can’t quite reach. “If you scratch it for them in exactly the right spot, they may lick the air reflexively — simply as a way of showing that they’re happy with what you’re doing.”

That particular case is very specific, she adds, so you and your veterinarian would need to rule out other, more serious and more common causes before associating the behavior with that situation.

Other behaviors that may accompany air licking

Some pet parents might notice their dogs licking the air around bedtime. Dr. Sinn says there’s not a specific reason why dogs do this, but some have routines they like to follow as they downshift for the night, which may include licking objects like their bed or your feet. It also may be associated with an expectation for food or a treat, if that’s part of your routine. Generally speaking, Dr. Sinn says that behavior may be attributable to anxiety, but it’s important to follow the steps outlined below to know for sure.

Another common behavior that can accompany licking the air is eating grass. That is very likely a gastrointestinal problem, Dr. Sinn says, especially if it’s a new behavior for your dog. 

What to Do If Your Dog Keeps Licking the Air

Seeking out quick treatment from your veterinarian for any underlying gastrointestinal issues should be your first step toward understanding the cause of air licking.

“The first step toward determining what type of GI issue is present is to put the dog on a limited-ingredient diet and to try to decrease the amount of acid present by introducing some kind of chemical barrier that will protect the stomach and intestine lining,” Dr. Sinn says.

If that treatment is making the behavior (as well as any other symptoms) improve or go away, that means it’s working. At that point, the next recommended step is a complete gastrointestinal workup, which will likely include biopsies with an endoscope, Dr. Sinn says. These will help determine if there’s an allergy issue at play or some other cause for inflammation.

It’s possible you may still notice your dog licking the air after treatment has resolved the underlying problem. With most behaviors, Dr. Sinn says the longer they go on, the harder they are to impact permanently. That’s the case with air licking, as well, and is just another reason why timely treatment is important. 

Additionally, if no GI issues are found and anxiety appears to be contributing to your dog licking the air, be sure to speak with your veterinarian to see how to manage the issue, whether with medication, enrichment, or other remedies.

The post Why Do Dogs Lick the Air? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your former speed-walking pup has shifted into low gear, you’re probably wondering, “Why is my dog walking slow?” Let’s explore some potential reasons why your dog is slowing down on walks lately.

Why Is My Dog Walking Slow? 5 Potential Reasons

A dog walking slowly might not be an immediate cause for concern: Some dogs simply like to explore at their own pace and take in their surroundings. 

“The pace that a dog walks varies: Some dogs tend to have more energy and walk at a faster pace while others prefer to move at a slower speed,” explains Kim DiMaio, VMD, veterinarian and owner of MainStreetVet.net in Perkiomenville, Pennsylvania. “Breed and individual temperament can play a role in each dog’s preferred pace and there is no one-size-fits-all [walking pace].”

But if you’re worried about your dog slowing down on walks, especially if the behavior seems unusual for them, consider the following factors:

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Age

Puppies have an almost boundless energy, which translates to walking at a brisk pace and zigzagging across the path to catch all of the smells. But dogs naturally slow down as they age, notes Danny Cox, DVM, chief veterinary medical officer of Petzey. Most senior dogs walk at a much slower pace than puppies.

“As dogs age, their muscles and joints may weaken or become less flexible,” Dr. Cox says. “This natural aging process can result in a slower pace due to reduced strength, endurance and joint mobility.”

Joint pain

Dogs with osteoarthritis tend to take shorter walks and walk at a slower pace (1). In addition to shorter, slower walks, dogs with arthritis or joint pain might experience stiffness, limping, loss of muscle mass, and low energy. If you notice your dog walking slow and stiff or your dog arching their back and walking slow, your dog is likely in some kind of pain.

Dr. DiMaio adds that dogs in pain might be reluctant to jump or use stairs. “Arthritis is a very common cause of dogs moving at a slower pace. Pain can cause a dog to slow down to try to avoid movement that worsens pain.”

If your dog is diagnosed with arthritis, your veterinarian can recommend an individualized treatment plan. This may include a combination of pain medications (NSAIDs), joint supplements (e.g., Dasuquin, Cosequin), weight loss, and appropriate exercise.

Excess weight

A brisk walk can be difficult for an overweight dog. According to a 2022 survey conducted by the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, 59 percent of dogs are considered overweight or obese (2). Dr. Cox notes that excess weight can strain a dog’s joints, muscles and cardiovascular system, making a walk more challenging. It might be one of the reasons a dog keeps stopping on walks or a dog keeps sitting on walks.

“As weight increases, it can become more challenging for a dog to keep an active pace,” Dr. DiMaio adds.

If your dog needs to lose weight, work with your veterinarian to come up with a weight management plan. This may include reducing the number of treats, eliminating table scraps, carefully measuring each meal, feeding a weight loss diet (e.g., Royal Canin Satiety Support, Hill’s Metabolic Weight Management, BLUE Natural Weight Management + Mobility Support) and appropriate low-impact exercises. 

Health issues

A number of medical conditions, such as heart disease, respiratory problems or neurological disorders, can impact a dog’s energy levels and ability to walk briskly, according to Dr. Cox.

“Just like in people, when a dog isn’t feeling 100 percent, their activity level can go down as they try to rest their body,” Dr. DiMaio adds. “Various health conditions can cause lethargy, and one visible sign of this can be a decrease in activity level.”

Look for other signs that a dog might be dealing with health issues, such as loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, being wobbly, circling, or increased respiratory rate while resting. If your dog is walking slowly with their head or tail down, looks weak, or shows other concerning symptoms, see your veterinarian.

Fear or anxiety

Unfamiliar surroundings, specific phobias, past trauma, and other factors can make dogs feel fearful or anxious, Dr. Cox notes. These feelings might cause dogs to walk at a slower pace because they’re on high alert and assessing their environment for potential threats.

Scared and anxious dogs might also look for opportunities to hide on a walk, slowing their pace to avoid potentially scary stimuli. 

“Dogs who are experiencing fear or anxiety often give other signs in their body language such as averting their gaze, holding their ears back, hiding, panting, or even growling or barking,” says Dr. DiMaio.

If your dog is stressed, talk to your veterinarian about calming aids or prescription medications that may help.

Dog Walking Slow: Next Steps

An occasional slow, sniffing walk is no big deal. However, if your dog was once at the front of the pack during walks but has started walking slower, keeps stopping or sitting on walks, or refuses to walk altogether, it’s cause for concern.

“Consider whether their pace or behavior is out of character,” Dr. DiMaio advises. “If you feel that something has changed with your dog’s behavior, schedule a visit with their primary care veterinarian to have them evaluated.”

While there is no harm in allowing a dog to stop and enjoy all the sights and scents on a walk, Dr. DiMaio notes that dogs who are walking slowly due to distractions, not underlying health issues, may benefit from harnesses and leashes that can help direct their attention ahead of them to make it easier for them to maintain a reasonable walking pace.

Dogs who are diagnosed with health conditions might benefit from veterinarian prescribed or recommended medications and supplements. Once their health conditions are well-managed, dogs may resume their normal walking speed.

But dogs who have chronic conditions like arthritis that may result in a slower walking speed should be allowed to move at their own pace.

“It’s important to allow a slow-walking dog to take their time, especially if the pace is due

to age, discomfort, or health issues,” Dr. Cox says. “Forcing a quicker pace can exacerbate underlying conditions or cause stress.”

Other Tips and Advice

Exercise is important for a dog’s physical and mental health. Snapping on a leash and going for a walk might be the easiest option, but there are other activities to introduce when dogs can no longer make it around the block or don’t show interest in walks.

Swimming: It’s an ideal exercise for overweight dogs or dogs with joint issues.

Scent games: Hide treats and let your dog sniff them out. It’ll get your dog moving and provide essential mental stimulation.

Training: Teach older dogs new tricks to get them working their bodies and their brains.

Remember, regular check-ups are crucial for monitoring your dog’s health and addressing potential health issues proactively, so they can continue to enjoy regular walks—even if they are at a slower pace.

References

1. Belshaw, Zoe et al. “Slower, shorter, sadder: a qualitative study exploring how dog walks change when the canine participant develops osteoarthritis.” BMC veterinary research vol. 16,1 85. 10 Mar. 2020, doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02293-8
2. 2022 Pet Obesity Prevalence Survey. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.petobesityprevention.org/2022

The post Why Is My Dog Walking Slow?  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

When the kidneys become damaged, dogs can become very sick. Once diagnosed, dogs with kidney disease must be closely monitored and managed with an appropriate treatment plan. 

Treating Kidney Disease in Dogs: Overview

It can be overwhelming for pet parents to learn that their dog has been diagnosed with kidney disease. Navigating initial treatments and long-term management of this condition may be daunting at first, but with the help of a veterinarian, pet parents can become educated and better equipped to care for their canine companions.  

Treatment for kidney disease in dogs will depend on the type and severity of disease. There are two main types of canine kidney disease:

• Acute kidney disease
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Acute kidney disease typically develops rapidly and can occur in dogs of any age. It is most commonly due to the ingestion of some type of toxin, and it usually requires hospitalization and intensive treatment. Chronic kidney disease is a common condition among older dogs, and it is considered an irreversible, progressive condition. It can be present for an extended period of time without noticeable symptoms

Dogs with acute kidney disease usually need to receive treatment specific to the underlying cause of the condition. If a toxin was ingested, an appropriate treatment plan would be developed to counteract the toxin and provide supportive care. Typically, this treatment is only needed in the short-term, but it is possible for acute kidney disease to become chronic in some dogs, which would require additional treatment.  

Dogs who have chronic kidney disease require long-term management through medications, fluid therapy, and a prescription diet. These dogs will need to see a veterinarian on a regular basis. Veterinary visits are at least every six months but may be more frequent depending on the severity of the disease and how the dog is responding to treatment. 

Kidney Disease Dog Diet: What to Feed

Veterinarians typically recommend switching to a prescription diet specially formulated for kidney disease. These diets have lower amounts of protein, phosphorus, and sodium. Many contain antioxidants to support kidney function as well. 

Since dogs with kidney disease have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, some diets are also formulated to promote bladder health. 

Homemade dog food is not recommended for dogs with kidney disease because it is difficult to regulate the amounts of ingredients within them and ensure proper support for the kidneys. 

Dogs with kidney disease typically pass large amounts of dilute urine so they must have access to fresh, clean water at all times to compensate for this. Dehydration can exacerbate kidney disease, so it is important to keep these dogs well-hydrated at all times. 

Pet parents must also be cautious about the type of dog treat they are giving their dogs. Many treats contain ingredients that may not support optimal kidney function. Fortunately, there are several prescription treat options available.

Below are some vet-recommended prescription dog foods to help kidney function:

Dog Kidney Disease Medications

Various medications can be given to help dogs with kidney disease. Some common medications prescribed by your veterinarian may include the following: 

Phosphate Binders

Dogs with kidney disease are prone to developing high levels of phosphorus in the blood. High levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream can also increase calcium levels, which can have serious side effects. Phosphate binders are given by mouth, and they bind phosphorus in the intestines. This blocks phosphorus absorption, helping to control phosphorus levels in the blood.

Popular phosphate binders for dogs include:

ACE Inhibitors

Because hypertension can be a consequence of kidney disease, these medications are used to reduce high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can negatively impact various other organs, such as the brain and eyes, so it is important to manage this condition. In turn, these medications also reduce the amount of protein found in the urine. They are given orally. 

Common ACE inhibitors prescribed for dog kidney disease include benezepril and enalapril. Buy them from your veterinarian here:

Antibiotics

These medications are given to treat bacterial infections. They are only given if a concurrent infection, such as a UTI, is present in a dog with kidney disease to eliminate the bacteria. They are most commonly given orally, but some antibiotics may be given intravenously at the veterinary clinic if needed.

Common antibiotics used to treat infections associated with kidney disease in dogs include clavamox, amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, and cephalexin. These medications can be purchased from your veterinarian.

Proton Pump Inhibitors or H2 Antagonists

These medications are given to reduce acid within the stomach. Dogs with kidney disease often have increased acid production which can lead to stomach ulcers and mouth sores. Too much acid can also cause nausea, which can further decrease appetite. Pet parents usually give these medications orally, but H2 antagonists may also be administered via injection by a veterinarian.

Medications in this category include omeprazole and famotidine.

Appetite Stimulants

Many dogs with kidney disease have poor appetites because they feel nauseous and unwell. Providing an appetite stimulant by mouth can help increase their desire to eat and give them more energy. Some common veterinary-prescribed appetite stimulants include Entyce and Mirtazapine.

Fluid Therapy

Dogs with kidney disease benefit from additional fluid intake to ensure adequate hydration and perfusion of the kidneys. Fluid therapy can also treat electrolyte imbalance. Fluid therapy can be administered into a vein at the veterinary office, or trained pet parents can administer the fluids underneath the pet’s skin at home.

Erythropoietin

Because kidneys play a role in red blood cell production, dogs with kidneys that do not function well are at risk for anemia. If this occurs, this medication may be used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and counteract anemia. It is given via injection underneath the skin. 

Additional medications may be prescribed by the veterinarian depending on the unique needs of the patient, including any concurrent health conditions that are present and the underlying cause for the kidney disease. 

Tips for Managing Kidney Disease Pain in Dogs 

Many dogs with kidney disease experience pain as a result of their condition. This pain can be alleviated using certain oral pain medications or through a holistic approach. 

An oral pain medication that can be used in dogs with kidney disease is acetaminophen, which is non-acidic and better tolerated than other types of NSAIDs. The frequency and dose of this medication is dependent on the pet’s condition [1]. Acetominophen should only be given under the guidance of your dog’s veterinarian.

Holistic treatment for kidney disease in dogs may include acupuncture and various types of herbal supplements to reduce pain and support the kidneys.

Kidney Disease in Dogs Treatment: Additional Tips and Advice 

Treating kidney disease in dogs often requires lifelong management, but many dogs with kidney disease can live long, happy lives with proper treatment and care. 

Monthly costs will vary, but pet parents can expect to spend $75 or more on veterinary visits, medications, supportive care, and a prescription diet. 

Once a dog’s kidney disease is well-managed, some of the first signs pet parents notice are reduced thirst and urination. Most dogs have more energy and are more playful once they feel better too. They may also start to have better appetites and as a result, gain a little weight. 

If a dog becomes lethargic or starts drinking and urinating more frequently while kidney disease is being managed, you should contact your veterinarian for guidance. This could indicate an underlying issue and may require a medication adjustment or additional treatment. 

References

1. Lascelles, D., & Epstein, M. (2016). Canine and feline pain management: expert insight into practitioners’ top questions. Today’s Veterinary Practice, 6(6), 36-40. 

The post Kidney Disease in Dogs Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Here’s a helpful overview covering everything pet parents need to know about body condition scores for cats, regardless of where your pet lands on the weight spectrum. Find out exactly what a cat body condition score is, how to measure it, and how it can help you manage your cat’s weight and overall health.

What is a Cat Body Condition Score?

Let’s start with the basics. Much like a Body Mass Index (BMI) score for humans, a Body Condition Score (BCS) offers an easy way of understanding whether an animal is underweight, ideal weight, overweight, or obese. 

The BCS technique was originally developed as a way to help farmers monitor the weight of their livestock. However, body condition scoring was later adapted for use in companion animals to raise awareness about pet obesity and its associated health risks.

For pets, this handy tool works by assessing a dog’s or cat’s body weight in relation to their size. That assessment then translates into a score on a numeric scale that shows how close (or far) they are from the ideal body condition for cats. 

Body condition scores for cats typically range from 1-9. 

• If your cat scores between 1-3, they are considered underweight
• Cats that score 4-5 are considered ideal weight
• Cats that score 6-7 are overweight
• Cats that score 8-9 are obese

Carrying a few extra pounds might not seem like a big deal. But cats who are overweight or obese face higher risks of various health issues, including diabetes mellitus, arthritis, kidney disease, heart disease, and others. And underweight cats are not in the clear, either. Weight loss or low weight can sometimes be a warning sign of serious health conditions in cats, such as hyperthyroidism. 

Keeping track of your cat’s BCS plays an important part in helping your cat maintain a healthy weight. It can also alert you to weight changes that could easily go unnoticed, so you can act quickly to address any underlying health concerns. 

Cat BCS vs. BMI

If you’re wondering what the difference is between BCS and BMI, and if one is more reliable than the other, here’s the scoop. While both a cat’s BCS and a human’s BMI are assessments of body weight, how and what we measure to determine these numbers differs significantly. 

To determine a cat’s BCS, we assess their body weight, body fat, and lean muscle mass by observing and palpating certain areas of their body. Then we compare what we see and feel to established body condition standards to obtain a number known as the BCS.

By contrast, physicians typically calculate BMI in humans by dividing a person’s weight by a square of their height to obtain a rough estimate of their body fat. However, this calculation does not differentiate between muscle and fat — a distinction that has a big impact on the type of diet or exercise a veterinarian might recommend to help a cat live a long, healthy life.

How to Measure Your Cat’s Body Condition Score

Every year, your veterinarian will evaluate your cat’s body condition score during their annual exam. But there’s no reason to wait until your pet’s checkup to learn whether their score has changed. 

Measuring your cat’s body condition score is easy to do at home, too. And while this should never replace yearly assessments conducted by a trained veterinary pro, checking your cat’s BCS regularly can help you stay on top of weight changes before they become bigger issues. 

Here’s how to measure your cat’s body condition score:

1. To guide your assessment, you may want to reference a Cat Body Condition Score Chart that shows you exactly what you’re looking for. 

2. You’ll need to observe and gently feel parts of your cat’s body. So it’s best to conduct your assessment when they’re feeling calm and cooperative.

3. Start by looking down at your cat from above to detect the shape of their silhouette.

• An underweight cat (BCS 1-3) will have a distinct hourglass shape, with noticeable narrowing at the waist. You might even be able to see their spine and ribs visible beneath their coat.
• A cat with an ideal shape (BCS 4-5) will have a well-proportioned hourglass silhouette with subtle indentations at the waist. 
• In an overweight cat (BCS 6-7), the waistline might be difficult to detect at all. 
• And in an obese cat (BCS 8-9), the waist bulges out instead of in.

4. Next, gently run your fingers from the front of your cat’s ribcage to the back, being careful not to apply too much pressure. Then run your fingers along their spine. Finally, palpate (gently press) the abdomen area.

• In an underweight cat (BCS 1-3), the ribcage, spine, and pelvic bones may jut out sharply. Not only will the bones be easy to feel under the skin, but they may even be highly visible from a distance.   
• In a cat with an ideal shape (BCS 4-5), you will still be able to feel the ribs and spine, but just beneath a thin cushion of body fat. The abdomen will feel taut, but not squishy.
• In an overweight cat (BCS 6-7), it will be difficult (but not impossible) to feel the ribs beneath the fat layer. The abdomen will hang down a bit, so it’s equal with the ribcage.  
• And in an obese cat (BCS 8-9), you will not be able to feel the ribs or spine at all. The abdomen will sag and may even sway noticeably. 

What to Do if Your Cat is Overweight

So now that you know how to measure your cat’s body condition, what should you do with this information? 

First, be sure to check your cat’s BCS score regularly, especially as your cat ages. Regular monitoring allows you to notice subtle changes in your cat’s body condition and take appropriate action.

If your cat scores over a 5 on the BCS scale, they’re among a growing majority. According to the most recent data from the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention (APOP), 61 percent of cats are classified as overweight or obese. 

What’s more, APOP reports that many parents of overweight or obese cats can’t recognize their cats’ true body condition. Nearly one-quarter of the cat parents surveyed rated their cats “normal” weight when veterinarians scored them either overweight or obese.

Knowing that your cat is carrying extra weight puts you in the best position to do something about it. If your cat’s BCS score is higher than ideal, there are many things you can do to help them lose weight, such as reducing portion sizes at mealtime, adding more exercise to their day, or switching to cat food that’s formulated for weight loss. 

However, it’s always a good idea to consult with your veterinarian before starting any weight management plan for your pet. Not only is your vet the best source for safe and effective weight loss tactics, but they can also provide a professional assessment and testing to look for potential health or medical reasons for the weight gain. 

What to Do if Your Cat is Underweight

While there is plenty of emphasis on pet obesity awareness, it’s worth noting that cats who slip below their ideal body composition face negative health consequences, too.

If your cat’s BCS is between 1-3, contacting your veterinarian should be your first step. While adding extra calories to their diet may be the answer, there are many underlying causes of weight loss in cats that your vet will want to rule out first, including dental issues, thyroid disease, diabetes, heart or kidney disease, and parasites like tapeworms or roundworms.

And even if an underlying condition isn’t what’s causing your cat’s low weight, boosting your cat’s calorie consumption isn’t just a numbers game. Malnourishment is a concern with underweight cats, so it’s important to choose a nutritionally balanced, calorie-dense food that supports healthy weight gain, rather than extra treats that could add more fat than lean muscle.

Remember, a healthy body condition is vital for your cat’s overall well-being. By actively monitoring your cat’s body condition and seeking professional guidance when needed, you contribute significantly to ensuring a long, happy, and healthy life for your feline companion.

The post Cat Body Condition Score: How to Measure It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If you’re concerned about your cat not eating, it’s important to see a veterinarian. They can check for any illnesses that might be affecting your cat’s appetite. Based on their findings, your vet might suggest appetite stimulants, medications that help increase hunger hormones and get your cat interested in food again.

Here’s a handy guide to help you understand appetite stimulants for cats and how they’re used. 

What Are Appetite Stimulants for Cats?

If your cat isn’t eating, appetite stimulants can be a great way to help them feel hungry again. “Appetite stimulants work by increasing the production of hormones that stimulate hunger,” explains Dr. Bethany Hsia, DVM, co-founder of CodaPet. “Some stimulants signal the brain to increase hunger. Others can also increase the release of dopamine that can make food more appealing to cats, encouraging them to eat.”

These medications come in different forms, such as oral tablets, liquids, and topical gels. Most of them need a prescription. So, you’ll need to see your veterinarian to get them.

You can also find over-the-counter appetite stimulants for cats that can help boost your kitty’s appetite. Unlike prescription options that target hunger hormones, these non-prescription alternatives attract cats with appealing smells and flavors, making them especially effective for picky eaters.

Why Your Cat Might Need an Appetite Stimulant

If your cat isn’t eating enough, the first step is to see your veterinarian. Dr. Hsia notes that cats can lose their appetite for various reasons, including stress, illness, or even excitement.

For cats experiencing stress, your vet may recommend changing their diet or trying other strategies to spark their appetite. Prescription appetite stimulants are more often suggested for sick cats. 

According to Dr. Kim DiMaio, VMD, owner of Main Street Vet, in Perkiomenville, Pennsylvania, “The most common use of appetite stimulants in cats is when they have a chronic illness that may decrease their desire to eat.” This is to avoid prolonged inappetence, which can lead to serious and even fatal health complications.

Best Cat Appetite Stimulants: Our Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Overall Appetite Stimulant for Cats: Cyproheptadine
• Best Tablet Appetite Stimulant for Cats: Mirtazapine
• Best Liquid Appetite Stimulant for Cats: Elura
• Best Topical Appetite Stimulant for Cats: Mirataz
• Best Over-the-Counter Appetite Stimulant for Cats: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Pet Supplement

5 Best Appetite Stimulants for Cats

Best Overall Appetite Stimulant for Cats

Our Pick: Cyproheptadine

Cyproheptadine is a prescription medication that your veterinarian may use to increase your cat’s hunger. “I typically recommend cyproheptadine for my patients because it is effective in stimulating appetite, has few side effects, and is relatively inexpensive compared to other prescription medications,” says Dr. Hsia.

This medication is actually an antihistamine that’s used to treat allergies, but it’s also effective as a way to increase appetite. Cyproheptadine comes in easy-to-administer tablets. There are also compounded options available, including liquid and powder forms, as well as transdermal pens. Talk to your veterinarian about what might work for your cat, like sugar-free liquid medication or flavoring options such as chicken or fish to make the medicine more appealing.

Highlights

• Prescription medication
• Minimal side effects
• Available in both liquid and tablet form
• Flavored for easier dosing

Things to Consider

• Could take a few days to reach full effect

Best Tablet Appetite Stimulant for Cats

Our Pick: Mirtazapine

If your cat is experiencing loss of appetite due to stomach disease or renal failure, your veterinarian may prescribe Mirtazapine, an appetite stimulant and anti-nausea medication. It works by blocking signals from the intestine and stomach to the brain, increasing your pet’s appetite.

Mirtazapine comes in tablet form, which is usually given to cats twice a week. The medication is also available in several compounded options, including capsules, mini-melt tablets, and liquid form. 

“The most common side effect of Mirtazapine is drowsiness, though hyperactivity can occur,” says Dr. DiMaio. “There can also be a transient drop in blood pressure.” Because the medication can cause hypotension, it’s not usually recommended for pets with cardiac or cerebrovascular disease. 

Highlights

• Prescription medication
• Helps to prevent nausea 
• Used for cats with stomach disease or renal failure
• Available in tablet form, or compounded liquid, mini-melt tablets, and capsules

Things to Consider

• Can cause drowsiness
• May not be suitable for cats with cardiac or cerebrovascular disease

Best Liquid Appetite Stimulant for Cats

Our Pick: Elura

Many felines are somewhat finicky about taking tablets or capsules, no matter how expertly you try to give your cat a pill. So if your tabby is known for spitting out tablets, a liquid formula like Elura could be just the perfect solution. “Elura is a liquid, which in some cases can be easier than a pill to administer,” explains Dr. DiMaio. This prescription medication is designed to help manage weight loss in cats with chronic kidney disease. In addition to increasing appetite, it can also stimulate weight gain. 

Elura is safe for long-term daily use, and it should be given to your cat on an empty stomach, generally 30 minutes before you feed them. However, this medication isn’t suitable for all cats: “It should not be used in diabetic cats because it can cause a transient increase in blood glucose,” says Dr. DiMaio.

Highlights

• Prescription medication
• Easy-to-administer liquid formula
• Safe for long-term daily use
• Often stimulates weight gain

Things to Consider

• Should be administered on an empty stomach
• Not suitable for diabetic cats

Best Topical Appetite Stimulant for Cats

Our Pick: Mirataz

If your cat puts up a fuss for medications in both tablet and liquid form, never fear. Mirataz is a topical prescription medication that can help increase their appetite. “For cats that will not take an oral medication, Mirataz gel can be applied to the skin of the ear and is absorbed transdermally,” says Dr. DiMaio.

Mirataz generally results in weight gain in as few as 14 days, but it shouldn’t be used for cats with kidney or hepatic disease. Additionally, you’ll want to wear disposable gloves when applying the gel to your cat’s ear to prevent accidental topical exposure. And you’ll need to avoid touching the cat for two hours after application.

Highlights

• Prescription medication 
• Topical application  
• Easy to administer
• Recommended to help stimulate weight gain

Things to Consider

• May not be suitable for cats with kidney or hepatic disease
• Disposable gloves should be worn for application

Best Over-the-Counter Appetite Stimulant for Cats

Our Pick: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Pet Supplement

For cats who don’t necessarily need a prescription medication, a product like the Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Pet Supplement is a tried-and-true over-the-counter option. “I often recommend omega-3 fatty acid supplements because they can help improve overall health and may also help stimulate appetite in some cats,” says Dr. Hsia.  

This liquid formula contains essential fatty acids EPA and DHA from wild-caught fish. The supplement is non-GMO and gluten- and dairy-free, and it doesn’t contain artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives. (Note: This means you will have to refrigerate the liquid after opening.) In addition to potentially increasing your cat’s appetite, the supplement may also promote skin, joint, heart, and coat health.

Highlights 

• Available over-the-counter
• Liquid formula is easy to administer 
• Benefits skin and fur health
• Third-party purity tested

Things to Consider

• May not be effective for all cats
• Requires refrigeration after opening 

Other Ways to Boost Your Cat’s Appetite

If you’ve confirmed that your cat isn’t eating due to illness, consider trying some non-medical ways to boost their appetite. These methods can also help sick cats but should only be used with your vet’s approval and alongside any prescribed medications.

“You can try to stimulate your cats’ appetite by offering a variety of foods with different textures,” recommends Dr. DiMaio. “Heating up wet or soft food for a few seconds in the microwave will boost the taste and smell. You can try adding toppers to the food, which can include low-sodium chicken broth or tuna juice,” she adds. 

Another option is to offer several small meals throughout the day to entice your cat. If your home is busy, make sure to provide a quiet, secure space without distractions so your cat can eat comfortably.

Dr. Hsia says you can also try playing with your cat for several minutes before feeding them, which can help them work up an appetite. 

Appetite Stimulants for Cats: Tips and Precautions

When giving your cat a medication to increase their appetite, it’s essential to follow your veterinarian’s directions, especially if it’s a prescription medication. 

“Pet parents should always follow their veterinarian’s instructions when giving an appetite stimulant to their cat,” says Dr. Hsia. “They should closely monitor their cat for any vomiting or diarrhea. Additionally, pet parents should never give more than the recommended dose of any medication or supplement without consulting their veterinarian first.”

By working with your veterinarian, you can find the best appetite stimulant for your cat’s health needs. This will help ensure your cat gets the nourishment they need, no matter why they’re not eating.

The post Appetite Stimulants for Cats: 5 Vet-Recommended Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Why Canine Heartworm Prevention is Important 

Heartworm disease is a threat to dogs in every state in the U.S. and prevention should not be overlooked. It has the potential to cause widespread damage to your dog’s heart and lungs as well as damage to other vital organs. Oftentimes, dogs lack clinical symptoms until the disease has already done significant damage. 

Dogs who test positive for heartworm have to undergo an extensive and expensive treatment regimen, and prognosis varies based on a dog’s symptoms, age, and medical history. Dogs undergoing heartworm treatment also have exercise and lifestyle restrictions that can be difficult for pet parents to manage. If the disease is advanced or if treatment is delayed, heartworm disease in dogs can be fatal.

Preventing heartworms in dogs with oral or topical medications such as Interceptor Plus, Trifexis, or Advantage Multi for Dogs is much easier and more affordable than treating the disease. But keep in mind that most preventatives must be administered monthly throughout the year to ensure continuous protection.

How Do Dogs Get Heartworms?

Dogs contract heartworms through the bite of a mosquito carrying infected larvae. 

Prior to this transmission of infection from mosquito to dog, the mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected dog (or coyote, fox, or wolf) and ingests immature heartworms, known as microfilaria. With the passing of about 14 days, the microfilaria reach the stage of being infective. At that point, they become transmissible to other dogs when that same mosquito transfers the larvae through their bite. 

After about 6 months of being in the ideal host, heartworms reproduce. They can grow to be about a foot in length and one dog can have anywhere from a few worms to hundreds depending on how advanced the infection is. Adult heartworms can live for several years inside a dog. 

Although dogs who spend a considerable amount of time outside are at an increased risk for heartworm disease, dogs who remain indoors are still susceptible since mosquitos can easily get inside. Male dogs have anecdotally been reported to test positive for heartworms more frequently than female dogs, but the direct reasoning for this is unknown. 

The biggest risk factor for heartworm in dogs is not routinely receiving veterinarian prescribed heartworm prevention.  

4 Ways to Prevent Heartworm in Dogs

Although the thought of your furry friend contracting heartworm disease is alarming, there are several things you can do as a vigilant pet parent to keep your dog safe and protected.

Administer Heartworm Preventatives 

There are several veterinary prescribed prevention options (see our picks below) depending on you and your dog’s needs. Many of these preventive medications also deworm your dog for gastrointestinal parasites such as hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, or tapeworms. There are also heartworm prevention medications that are combined with flea and/or tick prevention minimizing the number of monthly tablets or topicals you must administer.

Schedule Regular Veterinary Checkups and Heartworm Testing 

These are important for preventing heartworms in your dog to ensure the medication is working as intended. Heartworm preventatives for dogs work by eliminating presence of larval stages of heartworm circulating through the blood, and do not prevent the initial mosquito bite or transmission, nor do they eliminate the presence of adult worms. Although these methods are highly effective when used as directed, missed doses or other variables – such as the animal spitting it out unseen – can impact a product’s efficacy. Heartworm testing is done once per year unless there are known doses missed or other faults found in the preventive protocol.

Use a Dog Safe Mosquito Repellent

If the mosquito does not bite the dog, it cannot transmit heartworm to the dog. Ensure that whatever product being used is safe for your dog, nontoxic, and safe to use around your other species of pets if applicable.

Treat Your Home and Environment

Another great way to reduce your dog’s risk of contracting heartworm disease is by eliminating mosquitoes from your home environment as much as possible. This can include removing all types of standing water that are on your property and using pet-safe yard treatments to keep mosquitoes away.

Top Heartworm Prevention Products for Dogs

As previously mentioned, keeping your dog on a year-round heartworm preventative is the best way to protect your dog from infection and disease. Here are some of the top heartworm prevention medications recommended by vets. 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Interceptor Plus

This chicken-flavored chewable not only prevents heartworm, but it treats and controls adult hookworm, roundworm, whipworm and tapeworm infections in dogs. While Interceptor Plus isn’t a flea and tick preventative, it does offer more protection against intestinal worms than any other formula. Protection lasts for 30 days and this dog heartworm medication is available in four different sizes. It can be given to dogs who are at least 2 pounds and 6 weeks or older.

Complete 5-Worm Protection

Interceptor Plus for Dogs

• Single monthly chicken-flavored chew that's easy to give
• Protects against five common types of worms that infect dogs
• Available in four dosing sizes to accommodate dogs of different sizes*

Learn More

*Dogs and puppies 6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater

Simparica Trio for Dogs

If you are looking for an all-around medication that can prevent heartworm, fleas, ticks, and other types of intestinal worms, Simparica Trio is an ideal choice. This chewable dog heartworm preventative is easy to administer and protects against heartworms, fleas, five types of ticks, roundworms, and hookworms. It can be given to dogs 8 weeks and older and is administered once per month. Different doses cover dogs from 2.8 pounds all the way up to 132 pounds, making this a top choice of both pet parents and veterinarians. 

Heartgard Plus

Worms are no match for Heartgard Plus. This well-known brand of heartworm prevention has been around for over 30 years, and the Plus version offers protection against roundworms and hookworms in addition to heartworms. The active ingredient, ivermectin, kills developing heartworms before they turn into adults. This beef-flavored chew is gobbled up easily by most dogs and is administered once per month for year-round protection. Heartgard Plus is safe for dogs 6 weeks of age and older. 

Trifexis

If protecting against fleas in addition to heartworms is top of your priority list, then Trifexis is a great option. This monthly chewable tablet offers protection against heartworm, but it also starts killing fleas within 30 minutes. Additionally, Trifexis also protects dogs against hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. This dog heartworm preventative is available in five different sizes and should be given to dogs once per month for 30 days worth of protection. 

Advantage Multi

Advantage Multi is a 6-in-1 monthly topical solution that prevents heartworm disease, treats and controls sarcoptic mange and intestinal worms, and treats and prevents flea infestations. This prescription topical solution is easy to apply on the back of your dog and needs to be administered monthly. It can be given to dogs starting at seven weeks old. Dosing is determined by the weight of your dog, so be sure to select the correct dosage when purchasing through your veterinarian.

Steer Clear of Natural Heartworm Preventatives

It should be noted that natural heartworm preventatives are dangerous and ineffective. The only FDA-approved medications for heartworm prevention in canines are sold through veterinarians or pet pharmacies and require a prescription from your dog’s veterinarian. 

To qualify for the prescription,  your dog will need to have been examined by the veterinarian within the past 12 months as well as have up-to-date heartworm testing. There are no effective or approved over-the-counter preventatives nor treatments for heartworms in dogs. 

The post Preventing Heartworm in Dogs: 4 Ways to Protect Your Pet appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The best urinary cat foods are formulated to help resolve the nagging issues that cause your cat to pee more frequently and painfully, as well as stop blockages that can be potentially life-threatening. 

What Is Urinary Cat Food?

The goal of most urinary cat food formulas is to acidify urine. Dr. Victoria Guillen of Pleasant Ridge Pet Hospital and Cat Care Clinic in Cincinnati says, “Prescription diets used for cats by veterinarians are usually to help prevent urinary stone development, lower irritation to the bladder, and dissolve bladder stones.” In many cases, this goal is achieved through the production of acidified, dilute urine. However, urinary diets may also offer other benefits.

Dr. Byron De La Navarre, the chief of staff at Animal House of Chicago, says, “Urinary diets will also restrict some minerals like magnesium, potassium, and calcium, which can stop the development of an infection or more broad conditions that lead to feline urinary syndrome, or FUS.”

Cat food that touts urinary health benefits is available in both prescription and non-prescription form. De La Navarre recommends consulting with your veterinarian before deciding to put your cat on a urinary diet. Different foods are designed to help with different specific urinary problems.

Top Prescription Urinary Cat Food 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Overall: Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare Urinary Care Stress Dry Cat Food
• Best Wet Urinary Cat Food: Royal Canin Urinary SO Canned Cat Food
• Best for Management of Stones: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Cat UR Urinary St/Ox
• Best For Urinary Care and Joint Support: BLUE Natural Veterinary Diet K+M Kidney + Mobility Dry Cat Food
• Best For Urinary Care and Weight Management: Royal Canin Urinary SO Moderate Calorie Dry Cat Food

How We Made Our Selections

The following dietary advice, including specific product recommendations, is being offered after consultation with practicing veterinarians who see feline patients with urinary problems on a regular basis. 

General recommendations are also supported by scientific studies, which are cited where appropriate. 

Your veterinarian will determine the best diet for your individual cat, based on your cat’s individual risk factors.

Best Urinary Cat Food Diets

Best Overall Urinary Cat Food

Our Pick: Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare Urinary Care Stress Dry Cat Food

Hill’s offers a number of different urinary formulas to treat specific urinary problems, according to De La Navarre, including k/d (a kidney health diet) and s/d (a diet for cats with urinary stones). This formula, c/d, is more of a catch-all that acidifies urine, makes the urinary tract more hostile to unwanted bacteria, and helps dissolve stones and prevent their long-term formation. 

Additionally, the multicare formula touts stress-reducing benefits. Stress is known to cause urinary health problems, including cystitis, which is an inflammatory condition in the bladder. 

Key Benefits

• It helps a wide variety of urinary symptoms and conditions.
• It controls minerals that can lead to stone formation.
• Protein content is higher than most comparable products.
• Long-term stress reduction has added benefits, including preventing infections and maintaining a healthy weight [1].

Best Wet Urinary Cat Food

Our Pick: Royal Canin Urinary SO Canned Cat Food

This prescription wet food from Royal Canin Canin offers many of the same benefits as the Hill’s formula above but without the added stress-reducing benefits. It increases the amount of urine produced by your cat and lowers the ion concentration in the urine – both of which help prevent crystals and stones. 

Key Benefits

• It controls magnesium levels for stone dissolution and prevention.
• Parents suggest their cats absolutely love the taste.

Best for Management of Stones

Our Pick: Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Cat UR Urinary St/Ox

If your feline companion is prone to stones, this diet from Purina may be recommended by your veterinarian. In addition to diluting the urine, Purina Pro Plan UR Urinary St/Ox helps to dissolve struvite stones and can reduce the formation of both struvite and calcium oxalate stones. This formula is available in both dry and wet versions, so pet parents have a choice based on their cat’s preferences. 

Key Benefits

• Can help dissolve struvite stones.
• Prevents the formation of struvite and calcium oxalate stones.
• Purina Pro Plan diets are developed by nutritionists, researchers, and veterinarians.

Best for Urinary Care and Joint Support

Our Pick: BLUE Natural Veterinary Diet K+M Kidney + Mobility Dry Cat Food

In addition to urinary issues, many cats also suffer from arthritis and joint problems – especially as they age. This veterinary diet from Blue Buffalo helps control phosphorus and sodium levels to support kidney function and it’s formulated with glucosamine and chondroitin to protect your cat’s joints. 

Key Benefits

• Features glucosamine and chondroitin to help mobility.
• Grain-free food, which may be important to some pet owners.
• May be more affordable than other prescription urinary cat foods

Best for Urinary Care and Weight Management

Our Pick: Royal Canin Urinary SO Moderate Calorie Dry Cat Food

Royal Canin offers a standard dry formula that touts a variety of urinary health benefits, including increased urine production for flushing excess stone-creating minerals, but this tweaked version of the formula is ten percent less caloric. 

“Many urinary cat foods will pack in fat and calories in order to make them more appealing taste-wise, so it’s great when one actively tries to manage weight and urinary health at the same time,” Dr. De La Navarre says.

Key Benefits

• It controls magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus levels for robust stone and crystal prevention.
• Formulated with less calories than the regular Royal Canin Urinary SO formula.
• Can help manage and control weight in addition to providing urinary support.

Tips for Switching Your Cat to a Urinary Diet

Dr. Guillen says cats generally don’t need diets designed for urinary health unless their vet recommends it for treating a specific problem. If cat parents want to look out for their feline’s urinary health, adding more wet food to their regular diet may increase the amount of moisture their cat consumes on a daily basis. This, in turn, can dilute their urine and help flush out unwanted bacteria from the urinary tract and help prevent the formation of stones and crystals. 

That said, Dr. De La Navarre says dry food can still have a place in a cat’s diet. It’s generally less expensive than canned food, which will be a factor for some cat parents, but other cats just like to graze on dry food. “I think a mix of wet and dry is a good way to go for a lot of cats, but if the cat has urinary problems, and they really like dry food more, they should be on a urinary diet, which the cat’s vet can help with,” he says.

Another reason cat parents should speak with their vet before changing to a urinary diet for their cat is that urinary diets sometimes reduce the amount of certain nutrients. If your cat has any other underlying health problems, Dr. De La Navarre says, a sudden decrease in the amount of calcium or potassium they consume on a daily basis can be a problem for them. 

In any case, after switching to a urinary food, it’s important to monitor your cat for any unusual symptoms and contact your vet if you notice anything concerning.

References:

1. https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/240/5/javma.240.5.570.xml 

The post Urinary Cat Food: 5 Best Vet-Approved Formulas for 2024 appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we will take an in-depth look at what causes protein in dog urine, the symptoms of too much protein in a dog’s urine, and what veterinarians recommend for treatment.

Protein in Dog Urine: What is it?

Typically, a healthy dog’s urine should have very little to no protein in it. Protein is a precious resource in a healthy body and must be conserved. When blood is filtered through the kidneys, the kidneys resorb protein, vitamins, and minerals back into the bloodstream. At the same time, these vital organs excrete metabolic by-products, toxins, and excess water into urine, to be eliminated from the body. If the kidneys aren’t working correctly or there is bleeding or inflammation anywhere in the urinary or reproductive tract, that can be picked up on a urine test as protein in the urine, also known as proteinuria in dogs. 

A complete urinalysis is one of the most common laboratory tests run in veterinary hospitals. This is a dog urine test to check the health of the urinary system and other related body systems. A veterinarian may run this test during routine annual examinations or when a dog is sick. It is usually a paper strip dipped in urine and then evaluated for things like sugar in the urine, blood, infections, etc. The test also checks for protein in the urine. 

If proteinuria is detected on the screening test, your veterinarian will examine the urine under a microscope for evidence of red blood cells or a urinary tract infection, which can falsely elevate protein readings on urinalysis dipstick tests. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend a more specific test called a urine protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) to accurately determine how much protein is in your dog’s urine. Here is how UPC ratios are measured:

• UPC less than 0.2 is considered normal
• UPC between 0.2-0.5 is considered borderline proteinuria
• UPC greater than 0.5 in dogs indicates that your dog has an abnormal amount of protein in their urine 

These ratios can vary, and most veterinarians will repeat a UPC a few times over a few weeks to determine persistent proteinuria before moving on to more testing or treatment. 

Causes of Protein in Dog Urine

There are many causes of proteinuria in dogs, and it isn’t always kidney disease. Proteinuria is grouped into three main categories: pre-renal (caused before the kidneys), renal (kidney in origin), and post-renal (caused after the kidneys).

Pre-renal causes of proteinuria in dogs include:

• Hemolysis (widespread destruction of red blood cells)
• Severe muscle injury
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Fever
• Heat stroke
• Seizures
• Strenuous exercise

In all these conditions, the kidney is overwhelmed by protein and filters excessive protein from the blood into the urine.

Renal (kidney) causes of proteinuria in dogs include kidney disease of any kind. Kidney disease impairs the kidney glomeruli, which are the thousands of mini-filtration apparatus in the kidney that filter the blood and make urine. This damage may be reversible if caught early but often creates permanent scarring. If the glomeruli are damaged, microscopic holes are punched in the filter, which lets protein escape into the urine. 

Kidney disease in dogs can be caused by:

• Bacterial infections
• Parasitic infections, including heartworm
• Cancer
• Immune-mediated disease
• High blood pressure
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Pyometra
• Chronic inflammation of any kind, including obesity

Post-renal causes of proteinuria in dogs include:

• Lower urinary tract inflammation, such as is seen with urinary tract infections, cancer, or urinary stones

Inflammation in the lower urinary tract will be detected as protein on the urine test.

If your dog has proteinuria, it is considered abnormal, and it will be important to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and eliminate it if possible.

Symptoms of Proteinuria in Dogs

Moderate to severe proteinuria can cause the following symptoms: 

• Weight loss
• Decreased or increased appetite
• Lethargy
• Swollen paws or belly (edema)

Dogs that have proteinuria due to kidney disease often have the following symptoms:

• Peeing a lot
• Drinking a lot
• Weight loss
• Decreased appetite 

If you notice any of the symptoms in either of the above lists, make an appointment to have your dog seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Mild to moderate proteinuria does not usually cause clinical symptoms in dogs unless they have clinical signs associated with the underlying cause. For example, dogs with proteinuria due to a urinary tract infection may also have bloody urine, increased urge to urinate, and may be straining to urinate. These dogs need to be seen by a veterinarian.

Diagnosing the Cause of Excess Protein in Dog’s Urine

If your dog has had a confirmed diagnosis of elevated urine protein by multiple UPCs or if your dog is sick and has an elevated UPC, then it is time to run some additional tests to determine the cause of proteinuria. These tests can include:

• Blood tests (complete blood count, serum chemistry, thyroid, tests for Cushing’s if suspected)
• Imaging tests such as abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or abdominal ultrasound 
• Blood pressure monitoring
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Kidney biopsy if urine proteinuria is thought to be kidney in origin

Protein in Dog Urine Treatment 

Treatment of excess protein in dog urine varies depending on the underlying cause. For example, if the cause is pre-renal (fever, heat stroke, Cushing’s Syndrome, etc.), treatment focuses on fixing those issues. If the cause is post-renal (urinary tract inflammation), the treatment can be antibiotics for infections or surgery, or food therapy for urinary stones and crystals. Proteinuria should resolve once the underlying cause is identified and eliminated, and no further treatment should be necessary.

Proteinuria due to kidney disease has a range of treatments that may include:

• ACE inhibitor medication to reduce proteinuria
• Medication to lower blood pressure
• Omega 3 fatty acids from high-quality fish oil (ask your vet for a dose)
• Low-dose aspirin to prevent blood clots
• Low protein therapeutic food formulated for pets with kidney disease

The prognosis for dogs with kidney disease varies. While it is usually not cured by treatment, there are reports of spontaneous remission. If your dog is diagnosed with kidney disease, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian you trust, follow their recommendations, and give medications as prescribed.

How to Prevent Protein in Dog Urine

Because mild to moderate proteinuria often has no accompanying symptoms, it can be helpful to have your dog’s urine tested each year by your veterinarian, as most diseases associated with proteinuria have a better prognosis if caught early. 

Related Conditions:

• Kidney disease
• Urinary tract infection
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Edema
• Thromboembolism

The post Protein in Dog Urine: What Does It Mean? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“The best prevention and practice for owners is to always keep cats that are in their home on some type of flea prevention,” says Dr. Michelle Brauneis, an associate veterinarian at Crosswinds Animal Hospital in Greenville, South Carolina.

Luckily, there are plenty of medication options available. Dr. Leigh Sheridan, veterinarian at The Cat Clinic in Columbia, South Carolina says we live in the “golden age of feline medicine,” and explains that there are a number of routes that a cat parent may choose when it comes to flea prevention for cats. 

Top Vet-Approved Flea Medicine for Cats

• Best Flea Medication: Credelio
• Best Topical Flea Medication: NexGard COMBO
• Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication: Comfortis
• Best Flea Medication for Kittens: Capstar
• Best Cat Flea Medication Without a Prescription: Frontline Plus
• Best Flea Collar: Seresto

How We Chose the Featured Products

The products featured here were either specifically recommended by veterinarians or selected on the basis of general guidelines detailed by veterinarians. In all cases, reviews by consumers were also weighed, and factors such as apparent ease of use, effectiveness, and cost were considered.

Types of Cat Flea Medication

Flea medicine for cats is available in different forms including:

• Oral flea pills and chewables
• Topical treatments
• Flea collars

Topical preventatives ensure that cats get what they need out of a flea preventative, and they’re often the easiest option for everyone involved, says Dr. Brauneis. “We understand that it can be an inconvenience, since it does make their hair a little greasy and you can’t love on them until it’s dry,” she says, “so, we usually recommend applying it before bedtime, so that by morning, the area is dry.”

Many oral preventatives are excellent, adds Dr. Sheridan, but because they depend on the flea actually biting the cat in order to get the drug into the flea, they won’t be ideal for cats that have a flea allergy. “A topical application that kills the fleas before they bite is better for allergic cats,” she says.

Of the three types of flea preventatives, Dr. Sheridan finds flea collars to be the least effective because they can be uncomfortable for cats and depend on a fairly precise fit in order to work properly. But flea collars are better than nothing, and do offer a base level of protection. 

Ultimately, she says the plethora of preventatives out there means it’s relatively easy to find one that works best for your and your cat’s situation. “The best flea prevention is any brand that is safe for your cat, is easy to use, dependably kills the fleas for as long as it’s supposed to, and is affordable for you,” says Dr. Sheridan.

Best Flea Medicine for Cats: 5 Safe Vet Recommendations 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Best Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Credelio

This preventative is safe for cats 8 weeks and older, and it attacks the fleas’ central nervous system. Sheridan says it’s her go-to oral cat flea medication because in her experience “it seems to have the best efficacy and lowest incidence of side effects of the monthly oral preventatives.” 

She also says the chewable pill itself is pretty tiny and relatively easy to give your cat, which you only need to do once a month. 

Key Benefits

• Chewable tablet makes dosing easy
• Starts killing fleas within 6 hours
• Safe for kittens 8 weeks and older

Oral Flea and Tick Protection

Credelio CAT

• Tiny and tasty chewable tablet designed specifically for cats
• Fast-acting flea protection that lasts the entire month
• Kills blacklegged (deer) ticks, the most common species infesting cats*

Learn More

Best Topical Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: NexGard COMBO

For easy-to-administer, broad-spectrum parasite prevention, it’s hard to beat NexGard COMBO. It’s the first and only topical treatment for cats that not only kills fleas and ticks, but also protects against heartworm disease, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.

Best of all, there’s no need to persuade your cat to down a pill, tablet, or chew. Simply apply the topical solution to the back of your cat’s neck once a month for comprehensive parasite prevention. NexGard COMBO dries quickly and gets absorbed into the bloodstream quickly to offer full-body protection against fleas and other pesky parasites.

Key Benefits

• Combines the flea-fighting power of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel
• Kills black-legged and Lone Star ticks
• Treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms
• Prevents heartworm disease
• Can be used on kittens 8 weeks of age and older
• Safe for cats weighing 1.8 lbs or more

Best Fast-Acting Cat Flea Medication 

Our Pick: Comfortis

Comfortis starts to kill fleas in 30 minutes, which makes it a great option for fast relief. Dr. Sheridan says it kills fleas by attacking their muscles. Comfortis also has the added benefit of being chewable and only needing to be given once a month. 

This preventative should only be given to cats older than 14 weeks, and it should not be given to cats with a history of seizures. 

Key Benefits

• Easy to dose, chewable tablet
• Starts working quickly to kill fleas
• Protection lasts for a month

Best Flea Medication for Kittens

Our Pick: Capstar 

This flea-killing treatment for cats is one of the few that can be given to cats as young as 4 weeks old. It works by causing nerve damage to the fleas, says Dr. Sheridan. “[It’s] very fast-acting, causing flea death within about 30 minutes, but its effects only last for about a day,” she adds.

Giving your cat or kitten this pill as often as every 24 hours might be an inconvenience, but the immediate relief was widely noted by many cat parents who used the product. Many veterinarians recommend Capstar for a quick initial flea kill, then starting your cat on a longer-acting prevention. Your veterinarian can offer guidance on safely combining products in this manner.

Key Benefits

• Can be administered to kittens as young as 4 weeks old
• Kills fleas within 30 minutes
• Less messy than topical applications

Best Flea Medicine for Cats Without a Prescription

Our Pick: Frontline Plus

If you’re looking for a high-quality cat flea preventative without the need for a veterinary prescription, Frontline Plus is a great option. This topical application kills and eliminates fleas at different stages of the lifecycle and also protects cats from adult ticks and chewing lice. Protection lasts for 30 days and pet parents need to reapply this product monthly for continuous protection. It’s important that cats stay dry for 24 hours after application and is only recommended for cats and kittens 8 weeks and older. 

Key Benefits

• Available without a prescription
• Protection lasts up to 30 days
• Kills fleas at all stages of their lifecycle 
• Also protects against ticks and chewing lice

Best Flea Collar for Cats

Our Pick: Seresto 

While she prefers topical and oral preventatives to collars, Dr. Sheridan says this is the best flea collar on the market in 2024. Not only does it also kill ticks, but it kills both pests quickly (about 24 hours for fleas and 48 hours for ticks). 

And while one of Dr. Sheridan’s hang-ups with flea collars is how a perfect fit is essential for maximizing its efficacy, the Seresto flea collar is easily adjustable and has a quick-release feature for improved safety. 

Key Benefits

• One collar offers up to 8 months of protection
• Odorless and non-greasy
• Two-way release mechanism for safety
• No prescription is needed

Do Cats Really Need Flea Medicine?

If you have an indoor cat, it’s easy to assume that fleas won’t be a problem. Of course, cats who spend time outdoors are more likely to be infected with fleas than those who stay exclusively indoors, but that doesn’t mean the latter are out of the woods when it comes to these parasites.

“In homes that have both cats and dogs, dogs coming in and out of the house can bring fleas inside. If cats spend any time outside, even out on the screen porch, fleas have a chance to become an issue,” adds Dr. Michelle Brauneis. “Even with indoor-only cat homes, there is a chance we can track fleas into the house and onto our pets.” 

“Because cats groom themselves, they may remove fleas and signs of a flea problem to a large extent, so that it seems like dogs get fleas more frequently,” adds Dr. Sheridan. However, this doesn’t mean that fleas can’t pose a problem for cats.

The best way to protect your cat, your family, and your home from a flea infestation is to keep your cat on a year-round flea preventative. 

Cat Flea Medicine Buying Tips and Advice

If shopping for flea and tick medicine, it’s important to discuss possible options with your veterinarian. Additionally, here are some things to consider and keep in mind: 

Look at the active ingredients. All flea medications for cats feature different active ingredients to kill and prevent fleas, ticks, and other parasites. And some may be less effective than others. “Over-the-counter products that contain pyrethrin or permethrin are often ineffective because so many fleas have developed resistance to these drugs over the decades,” says Dr. Sheridan. “Even fipronil, which used to be the gold standard of flea prevention maybe 30 to 35 years ago, has issues with breakthrough infestations in some flea populations that have evolved to be fipronil-resistant.”

If you have any questions about the ingredients and their efficacy or possible side effects, have a conversation with your veterinarian. 

Consider the application method. Pet parents should also consider the product’s application method and whether or not it fits into their lifestyle. Topical applications and collars may not be a good fit for families with young children who might be easily exposed to the ingredients. Additionally, not all cats will readily swallow pills, and giving a cat an oral tablet or capsule can become a chore.

Understand the dosing schedule. Dosing frequency should also be thought through when purchasing flea medication for your cat. While most medications are given on a monthly basis, some products offer longer protection. In order to achieve effective protection, pet parents need to follow the proper dosing schedule. If remembering to give your cat flea medication is a challenge, set up medication reminders or opt for products with longer protection windows. 

Choose prescription products when possible. Lastly, Dr. Sheridan says prescription-strength products are more effective than over-the-counter alternatives, so it’s important to consult your veterinarian before starting a preventative. (You’ll also want to make sure the product you choose is safe for your cat and won’t interfere with any other medications they may be taking.)

*Little SE, Barrett AW, Nagamori Y, et al. Ticks from cats in the United States: Patterns of infestation and infection with pathogens. Vet Parasitol. 2018;257:15

The post Flea Medicine for Cats: Vet-Recommended Pills, Topicals, and Collars appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Ensuring your cat gets the right amount of calories is key for her growth as a kitten, keeping her energy up as an adult, and, most importantly, maintaining a healthy weight throughout her life. Over 60 percent of cats are classified as overweight or obese, according to 2022 survey results from the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. And, despite the viral appeal of chubby cat videos on TikTok, weight control problems in cats often lead to reduced lifespans and increased risk of expensive health problems like diabetes, mobility issues, and cancer. 

No matter your cat’s current weight, you can ensure she’s getting the calories she needs with a quick lesson in cat nutrition and some help from your veterinarian. Learn about how many calories cats generally need, how to figure out the best calorie goal for your pet, and what you can do if you suspect it’s time for a weight-loss plan. 

Calories in Cat Food: A Brief Overview

Calories measure the energy released when your body breaks down food. The calories in cat food are calculated the same way as calories in human food. The type of calories a cat eats matters, too. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they need lots of protein and fat from meat sources with only moderate amounts of carbohydrates. 

You can ensure your cat gets the nutrients she needs by checking the nutritional adequacy statement on her pet food for the phrase “complete and balanced nutrition,” a standard set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials. If you see that statement and follow the instructions on the label, you can rest assured that you’re giving her the calories, nutrients, and protein she needs to thrive. 

Different types of cat foods can have different calorie levels. And, sometimes, comparing nutrition labels can create more confusion than clarity. For example, canned cat food is generally lower in calories per volume than dry cat food — but that’s simply due to their higher water content. Limited research exists on raw cat food diets (which might pose health risks for cats and pet parents alike) so it’s unclear how calorie counts in raw cat foods compare to more traditional cat foods. As you may have guessed, kitten food has more calories than adult cat food.

Because a cat’s energy needs are so individualized, talk to your veterinarian if you’re concerned about how many calories your cat gets from her food. They can help direct you to the best choice for your cat’s unique needs and your budget. 

How Many Calories Should a Cat Eat?

“The ballpark calorie needs for an average 9- to 10-pound cat are around 200 calories, or about half a cup of food, per day,” says Dr. Nancy Welborn, an assistant professor of veterinary clinical sciences at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine in Baton Rouge. She says pet parents are often surprised when they hear such a small estimate, but cats typically need far fewer calories than many might assume. 

That said, this is a very rough estimate. Welborn says many factors can impact a cat’s energy needs, including age, size, activity level, and underlying health conditions. 

How Many Calories Do Kittens Need?

Life with a kitten looks like life with an adult cat — nap, play, eat, repeat — all on fast forward. 

“Kittens have a higher metabolism than adult and senior cats and are usually more active, so they will need more food per pound of body weight,” says Dr. Kelly Gehlhaus, managing clinic veterinarian at Animal Humane Society, a nonprofit organization with adoption and veterinary centers in the Twin Cities. 

For example, a 6-week-old kitten that weighs ⅔ of a pound may need ¼ cup of dry food for about 129 calories per day. By the time she’s 5 months old and weighs 5 ¾ pounds, she could be up to ¾ cup of dry food for about 386 calories per day.  That’s far more calories than her adult counterpart would need. 

Because kittens grow fast and their calorie needs can change drastically quickly, it’s important to give a kitten food specifically formulated for their age and follow pet food label feeding charts carefully to avoid under or overfeeding. 

How Many Calories Should Senior Cats Eat?

As they grow older, cats’ calorie needs change in interesting ways. Mature cats between the ages of 7 and 10 often gain weight and may need about 20 to 30 percent fewer calories due to age-related dips in their metabolism. Senior cats (11+) start having higher calorie needs because it’s harder to digest calories from proteins and fats as they age. 

Choosing the right cat food for a senior can be incredibly challenging because there’s no agreement on what counts as a “senior” label-wise, and calorie counts may be lower or higher depending on the age of the cat they’re intended for. Sometimes, there’s no difference in calorie counts between adult and senior foods. In other cases, foods for cats aged 7+ may be lower in calories. In contrast, those for cats aged 11+ may be higher in calories, according to a 2020 review of senior cat foods published in the Journal of Internal Veterinary Medicine. Moreover, Welborn says senior cats may also have health problems like chronic kidney disease, which requires a prescription veterinary diet. 

For these reasons, it’s best to choose a senior cat food and daily calorie goal based on your veterinarian’s recommendation rather than relying solely on generalized calorie counts and arbitrary marketing labels to guide your choice.

Calories for Cats Trying to Lose Weight

If your cat is overweight or obese and you want to help her get back to a healthy weight, step one is to know how much you’re feeding her now versus how much you should feed her with help from your veterinarian and a cat calorie calculator. 

“Cats should lose weight over a very long period—anywhere from six months to a year,” says Welborn. While you might be tempted to drastically reduce your cat’s kibble rations, doing so could lead to a life-threatening health problem called fatty liver syndrome (hepatic lipidosis). 

While it might also seem like you should start with a cat food specially formulated for weight loss, Welborn says veterinarians generally try to stick with the food your cat is already used to and gradually reduce her calorie intake. 

Gradually switching to a weight-loss cat food is another option. In many cases, weight-loss formulas are higher in fiber because this may help cats feel full and satisfied with fewer calories. You might also ask about metabolism-boosting cat foods like Hills Prescription Diet Metabolic, which may help your cat burn more calories with a revved-up metabolism. 

Besides slowly lowering her daily calorie intake, replacing your cat’s bowl full of food with new options that better imitate life in the wild can also help support weight loss. 

Welborn recommends feeding your cat multiple small meals with the help of automatic feeders or food-dispensing toys hidden throughout your home. As a bonus, your cat will get extra mental stimulation and exercise—a plus for maintaining that weight loss and boosting her overall health and wellness. 

The bottom line with cat weight loss and calorie counting is that it’s essential to do it under the guidance of a professionally trained veterinarian. With one call and a quick consultation, you can skip hours of label-reading, price comparisons, and complex calculations to get personalized advice based on your cat’s unique needs.

The post How Many Calories Should a Cat Eat? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Being a pet parent to a dog with diabetes is not passive. A diabetic dog treatment plan involves diet, exercise, and insulin administration. Management of diabetes requires constant monitoring, as blood sugar levels that are too high or too low can create real dangers. 

That, of course, can make mealtimes difficult to navigate. Not only is it important to feed the right type and amount of food, but you also need to properly time your dog’s meals. 

Naturally, you may be wondering whether your dog needs a diabetic dog food formula to help manage their condition or if you can keep feeding their regular food. Here is what you need to know.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Royal Canin Glycobalance Dry Dog Food
• Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d Multi-Benefit Dog Food

What to Feed a Diabetic Dog

For dogs with diabetes, diet and nutrition are an important part of their disease management and treatment plan. Feeding the wrong diet or giving dogs table scraps or high-calorie treats can have a negative impact on their health.

“If [your diabetic dog] eats food that is high in carbohydrates, then their blood sugar will be harder to control and often elevated, which can lead to diabetic complications,” explains Dr. Sarah Wooten, a veterinarian based in Colorado. 

These complications are numbered and can vary in scope, but can include “extreme weight loss, blindness from cataracts, dehydration, repeated skin or urinary tract infections, and liver disease,” says Dr. Wooten.

So can a diabetic dog eat regular food? The answer is yes, with some caveats. Many dogs diagnosed with diabetes can stay on their same diet—so long as they are working with a veterinarian for guidance and it’s a high-quality maintenance diet (without any high-carbohydrate treats!). Veterinarians mostly focus on regulation of a dog’s diabetes through insulin, portion control, and weight loss, if that’s an issue, Dr. Wooten says. 

Work with your veterinarian to ensure your dog’s current food is lower in carbohydrates and higher in both fiber and protein. That being said, the food should not have radically high levels of protein (it should not exceed 40 percent). 

If your dog’s current diet isn’t appropriate, your veterinarian may recommend switching to a prescription diabetic dog food.

What Is Diabetic Dog Food?

Diabetic dog food is specifically formulated for dogs diagnosed with diabetes, crafted with your pet’s blood sugar levels and nutritional needs in mind. 

“Diabetic dog foods have three goals in mind,” says Dr. Natalie Marks, a veterinarian at VCA Blum Animal Hospital. “They aim to lower the rise in blood sugar dogs get after eating by containing low glycemic index carbohydrates, they have extra sources of fiber to help dogs feel more satisfied and also maintain weight, and they are typically higher in protein and lower in fat for easier digestion.”

Diabetic dog foods offer numerous benefits and very few drawbacks, other than cost.

Best Diabetic Dog Foods

If you are looking for the best diabetic dog food, know that there are not that many prescription diets to choose from. Here is a closer look at two popular choices: 

Royal Canin Glycobalance Dry Dog Food

Royal Canin is one of the most widely respected dog food brands around, and they continue to be a go-to for veterinarians. The brand’s diabetic dry dog food, Glycobalance, is specially formulated to control glucose levels and help your dog maintain a healthy weight. This prescription food is also high in protein and contains 49 percent less starch than Royal Canin’s other adult food formulas. These factors all make it an ideal choice for diabetic dogs. 

Key Benefits

• Veterinary recommended and prescribed
• Specially formulated to help manage blood glucose levels
• High protein content that helps maintain weight and muscle mass
• Also available in a wet food option to fit your dog’s preferences

Hill’s Prescription Diet w/d Multi-Benefit Dog Food

Hill’s dog food formulas are a staple in most veterinary practices. The brand’s W/D Multi-Benefit Veterinary Diet features L-carnitine to aid in fat metabolism and soluble and insoluble fiber to help control glucose levels. Plus, this dog food offers other benefits to support digestive and urinary health and weight management. It’s a great option if your diabetic dog struggles with digestive and/or urinary issues. 

Key Benefits

• Trusted and recommended by veterinarians
• Helps manage multiple conditions, including digestive issues, urinary health, and weight along with diabetic-related glucose maintenance
• Features L-carnitine to aid in fat metabolism, helping dogs maintain weight

Non-Prescription Diabetic Dog Food

While prescription diets are Dr. Marks’ first choice, because they are “tested for optimum health of diabetic patients,” she does offer guidance for pet parents who prefer over-the-counter options. 

Non-prescription foods for diabetic dogs should meet the following criteria:

• Low carbohydrate index (dry matter of 25 percent)
• Low glycemic index carbs on the ingredient list, like soybeans, and avoid potatoes
• L-carnitine, which helps with fat metabolism
• Higher fiber content than regular dog foods. Fiber content should be 10-20 percent if your dog is an overweight diabetic or 5-15 percent if your dog is at a normal weight

If you find a non-prescription dog food that seems like a good fit for your diabetic dog, discuss it with your veterinarian. Your vet knows your dog’s history and will be able to guide you along the way. 

Diabetic Dog Food: Other Tips and Advice 

When switching dog food, introduce the new formula slowly and monitor your pet for any adverse reactions (as you would with any dietary change). You should also closely monitor your dog’s glucose levels on a new diet to ensure the food isn’t causing spikes. 

And, of course, you should never introduce a new diet without talking with your veterinarian first. “The most important first step is a conversation with your veterinarian and a physical exam and diabetes assessment for your pet to ensure the best diet for your pet’s medical history,” Dr. Marks says. 

Equally or perhaps more important than the type of food is the timing of your dog’s meals and portion control, Dr. Wooten reiterates. It is important to feed a diabetic dog at the same time every day and properly time their feeding around insulin injections for the best blood sugar control.

The post Diabetic Dog Food: What to Know appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has been diagnosed with congestive heart failure, chances are that your veterinarian has mentioned using a medication called furosemide as part of their treatment plan. Furosemide has been widely used in veterinary medicine for many years as a diuretic and comes in a variety of formulations to meet the needs of individual dogs. 

Here we will discuss furosemide in detail, including how it works, why it’s beneficial, and what side effects pet parents should be aware of.  Read on to learn more about this medication and how it may benefit your dog. 

What Is Furosemide? 

Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is commonly administered in veterinary emergency clinics and primary care hospitals to remove excess fluid from the body.

Furosemide has been used for decades in human medicine to treat fluid retention related to underlying health conditions, such as heart, liver and kidney diseases, but it was more recently approved by the FDA for use in dogs.  

It is sold under the brand names Salix, Lasix, and Disal for dogs but it is also available in a generic form. Most primary care veterinarians keep this medication stocked in their clinics. Pet parents may also receive it from a veterinary cardiologist. 

What Does Furosemide for Dogs Look Like?

Furosemide is most commonly found as a tablet that is round and white. Each tablet is stamped with letters and numbers that vary based on the manufacturer and dosage. 

Furosemide can also be compounded into a liquid, capsule, or chew. The appearance of these compounded formulations will vary based on the manufacturer. 

Injectable furosemide comes in a dark tinted bottle and is thin and clear in color. 

How Does Furosemide Work?

Furosemide is a loop diuretic whose main function is to remove excess water from the body. It does so by interfering with sodium, potassium and chloride channels and increasing blood flow through the kidneys. As a result, the body produces more urine to flush excess sodium and water out of the body.  

It starts working within just a couple hours of administration. You may notice that your dog needs more frequent potty breaks while taking this medication.  

What Is Furosemide Used for In Dogs?

Veterinarians normally prescribe furosemide to dogs when they have fluid retention within their bodies. Specifically, furosemide is most commonly used for dogs with heart failure because they develop fluid buildup within their lungs and abdomen. Other conditions that may benefit from furosemide treatment include the following:

• Edema
• Kidney disease
• High blood pressure 
• High blood potassium levels
• High blood calcium levels

Not every dog with these conditions can receive this medication safely. Your veterinarian can advise you if furosemide may be a safe option for your pet based on their overall health status. 

How to Give Furosemide to Dogs

Furosemide can be given orally to dogs every eight to 12 hours. Pet parents should give the medication with food to avoid an upset stomach. Capsules and tablets can be disguised in pill pockets or in a ball of wet food to entice your dog to take them. Medication can be compounded by special pharmacies into a flavored liquid or chew for easier administration if necessary. 

Injectable furosemide is given through the dog’s vein, into the muscle or underneath the skin. The frequency of dosing varies based on the underlying health issue being treated. The injectable form is only administered at a veterinarian’s office. 

Furosemide Side Effects for Dogs

Furosemide is a safe medication when given as prescribed. However, there are some side effects that may occur in dogs taking this medication that pet parents should be aware of. Side effects of furosemide may include:

• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Diarrhea

Less common, but serious side effects may include: 

• Loss of hearing
• Difficulty with balance
• Lack of or reduced urine production
• Irregular heart rhythms
• Weakness
• Vomiting
• Muscle spasms
• Lethargy
• Restlessness

Furosemide can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances in some instances. If left untreated, this can lead to collapse and formation of blood clots. Serious side effects are more common in dogs with pre-existing kidney or liver diseases and diabetes. 

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Furosemide should not be taken with any other type of diuretic as the combination can cause severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. 

The following medications have also been shown to interact with furosemide.

• Digoxin
• Prednisone
• Potassium supplements
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics
• Bromide 
• Insulin
• Succinylcholine
• Theophylline

Always discuss any medications or supplements your dog is taking with your veterinarian prior to giving furosemide.

Furosemide Dosage for Dogs

Furosemide is given according to the weight of the dog. Pet parents should always follow their veterinarian’s instructions closely when administering this medication. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Furosemide?

If you forget to give a furosemide dose on time, give the dose as soon as you remember and continue the medication as previously prescribed. However, never give two furosemide doses at one time. If you are ever in doubt about giving the medication to your dog, call your veterinarian for guidance. 

Furosemide for Dogs Cost

Furosemide is relatively inexpensive. The exact costs will depend on the specific dosage and duration of treatment but in general, pet parents can expect to pay $10 to $30 per month for furosemide tablets. Brand name medications tend to cost more than generic forms. Compounded medications, especially the oral furosemide chews, will be more expensive because they need to be prepared by a special pharmacy.

Furosemide Storage Instructions

Oral and injectable furosemide should be stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight. Injectable furosemide should be used within 28 days. Always keep this medication safely out of reach of children and other pets.

The post Furosemide for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pacing isn’t a particularly abnormal behavior for our four-legged friends, but if it starts to feel constant or compulsive, you may want to dig further into the reasons behind it. Read on for everything you need to know about dog pacing, including five reasons why they may be doing it.

Dog Pacing: Is It Normal?

Dog pacing is more common than it is normal. Plenty of dogs pace, and if it’s infrequent and for short periods of time, it’s most likely pretty harmless. But according to Christine Pazdalski, a certified animal behaviorist and professional dog trainer based outside of Philadelphia, pacing could be indicative of a problem — either emotionally or physically — with your dog.

If you can’t easily identify or rectify the pacing, there could be something more serious at play that may require veterinary attention, so if you notice the frequency of this behavior trending upward, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. They will be able to rule out any medical causes (such as neurological conditions), give you advice on how to help your dog, prescribe medications, and/or refer you to a canine behaviorist, if needed.

Why Is My Dog Pacing? 5 Reasons

Here are some potential causes of dog pacing:

Anxiety and stress

Very little behavior in dogs is meaningless, and many behaviors dogs engage in are known as displacement behaviors, says Pazdalski. This means the dog has an urge or anxiety that they’re suppressing by engaging in a specific other behavior that may seem odd out of context.

According to Pazdalski, anxiety and stress are the primary reasons why dogs pace. In fact, she says that most of the other reasons on this list can lead to pacing because they also cause dogs anxiety and stress.

The good news is that of all the reasons why dogs pace, anxiety and stress are perhaps the easiest to resolve on your own. But identifying the source of stress can still be tricky.

“There’s so much that could trigger a dog that we could be totally unaware of,” Pazdalski says. “They could smell a dead fox somewhere close by. It could be a low rumble or high pitch they’re hearing that we don’t. It could be so many things.” Things like fireworks or thunderstorms are common causes, says Amy Stone, DVM, Ph.D., a clinical associate professor at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. “If the pacing is related to stress or anxiety, you may also notice panting and/or vocalizing as well,” she adds. If you observe your dog pacing and panting at the same time, look around to see what might be triggering them.

Boredom

Dogs need stimulation. “Boredom and extra energy very quickly change to anxiety, and anxiety can turn into unusual or unwanted behaviors,” says Pazdalski.

If you’re not taking your dog on regular walks or doing some other physical activity every day, they may pace as a way to release pent up energy. But that’s not all. Mental enrichment is also an important way to prevent your dog from feeling bored. “I always encourage people to try nose work, or [have] their dog go and find treats instead of just sitting for them, which engages different parts of the brain,” Pazdalski says.

Pain

If your dog is pacing because of pain, there’s a decent chance it’ll be pretty obvious because the pacing itself won’t look quite right. “They may be limping on one leg, or you may be able to see a wound or injury,” Stone says.

But some causes of pain are not visible on the outside, Stone adds, such as abdominal pain. If your dog is pacing and also seems restless, is unable to get comfortable, and maybe vocalizes or is quieter than normal, they may have pain related to something you can’t see, and you should take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

Age

In the absence of any researched-back breed dispositions toward this behavior, it’s worth noting that older dogs may be more likely to engage in it as a form of displacement. Stone says that’s because older dogs are more prone to health issues and cognitive decline.

According to Pazdalski, health issues may lead to increased anxiety, and thus, more pacing. While not a direct cause of the behavior, age may exacerbate or bring about some of the other reasons for pacing.

It’s also worth noting that older dogs are typically less mobile than younger ones — sometimes significantly less mobile. If your dog is prone to pacing but appears to be exhibiting some other form of displacement behavior (like excessive licking) because of anxiety or some other reason, Pazdalski says it could be because they’re also suffering from arthritis or another similar condition. This is just another reason to always be on the lookout for noticeable changes in the way your dog behaves, especially as they age.

Neurologic conditions or other cognitive issues

Some of the medical conditions that can cause pacing in dogs may include brain tumors, vestibular syndrome (which affects a dog’s balance), or cognitive dysfunction (similar to dementia in humans).

Any trip to the veterinarian associated with pacing behavior will involve a thorough physical examination, which will, in turn, help dictate what other tests might be necessary, including those for neurologic problems. Stone says being wobbly or circling may accompany pacing behavior that’s related to neurologic problems, as can vomiting, repetitive movement of the eyes, seizures, or a tilt of the head to one side.

Dog Keeps Pacing: When to Worry

The most concerning reason why dogs pace is neurologic conditions, Stone says. If your dog is pacing and you observe any of the accompanying neurologic symptoms listed above, you should make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. If you notice that your dog is pacing every day or the pacing is getting worse, then it is also time to talk to a vet.

Pacing for any reason will become self-reinforcing the more a dog engages in the behavior.  “Anything that calms them down in the moment (including pacing) can become a habit, but when that happens, it can become easier for owners to ignore it,” Pazdalski says. Remember that pacing is a sign that something is ‘off’ with your dog, and it needs to be addressed.

What to Do if Your Dog Is Pacing

Redirection can be very helpful if your dog is pacing. Take your dog for a walk, engage in some training or brain work, give them a long-lasting chew, or get them involved in social activities with other dogs. Of course, you also want to try to identify the source of the pacing behavior, but Pazdalski says a dog could benefit from having an outlet for their energy or a way to take their mind off whatever stressor is affecting them.

When it comes to what NOT to do if your dog is pacing, crating is number one on Pazdalski’s list. “If dogs are in a crate, they can’t get away. If there’s a storm or fireworks, and you take away their ability to pace, you’re also taking away their ability to dissipate some of that anxiousness, and it can make anxiety worse.” In addition, never punish your dog for pacing, as that can also increase anxiety and create conflict in your relationship with your pet.

The post Dog Pacing: 5 Reasons They Do It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs: What to Expect

Treatment for Severe Cases of CHF in Dogs

In sudden, severe cases of CHF, your dog will need to be hospitalized. A dog in this scenario may be coughing, weak, fainting, and in respiratory distress. The treatment plan will be focused on reducing fluid build-up within the body, providing supplemental oxygen, and relieving anxiety. You can expect your pet to have an intravenous catheter, typically in one of their legs, and for them to be housed in an oxygen chamber in the hospital.

Your dog will be given a diuretic, usually furosemide. Furosemide increases fluid excretion, helping to remove fluid from the lungs and causing the dog to pee large quantities. Diuretics for dogs are the most important therapy for patients with pulmonary edema, secondary to CHF.

Other medications your pet receives will be aimed at improving the function of the heart, reducing the work the heart does to pump out blood to the rest of the body, and helping your pet to relax. Dogs who must be hospitalized for CHF are often in the hospital for one to four days.

Treatment for Milder Cases of CHF in Dogs

Some cases of CHF come on slowly and don’t present as dramatically. You may notice coughing, exercise intolerance, and faster breathing while sleeping. These dogs should be evaluated by a veterinarian but can often be managed on an outpatient basis.  

If your dog is developing CHF, the veterinarian will want to perform chest X-rays and an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), which is the best way to determine what is causing heart failure. You may be referred to a cardiologist for an echocardiogram and management of your pet’s disease. Drug dosages may change over time as your dog decompensates, and additional medications may be started at the discretion of your veterinarian or the cardiologist. Do not make changes to your pet’s medication without consulting a veterinarian.

Your veterinarian may recommend monitoring your pet’s breathing while they sleep. An increase in resting respiratory rate is one of the earliest clues that your dog is decompensating. To monitor resting respiratory rate, count how many breaths your dog takes over 1 minute while they’re sleeping. If you notice that your dog’s resting respiratory rate is consistently over 30 breaths in a minute, schedule a follow-up with your veterinarian. If your dog normally has a lower respiratory rate, like 15 breaths in a minute, and you’re noticing this increasing over time, you can also schedule an exam with your veterinarian rather than waiting for this number to hit 30.

Heart Medicine for Dogs

Whether the condition is acute or chronic, congestive heart failure treatment in dogs always involves heart medicine. While your dog may be given additional medications if hospitalized, these are the medications you can expect to continue at home:

• Furosemide. Diuretic given orally every 12 hours to reduce fluid build-up.
• Pimobendan. Given orally every 12 hours, usually on an empty stomach. Pimobendan for dogs helps the heart contract more effectively.
• Enalapril or benazepril. Given orally once or twice daily. These medications belong to a class called ACE inhibitors. They dilate blood vessels, which reduces how hard the heart must work to pump blood. These medications additionally decrease blood pressure, as well as sodium retention.
• Spironolactone. Usually given once daily by mouth. This is a mild diuretic that is often given as an add-on to furosemide.

Your dog may start additional medications over time, particularly if they’re not responding well to the typical medications. In dogs who have abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), additional medications (mexiletine, sotalol, digoxin, diltiazem) may be given.

Cost to Treat CHF in Dogs

The initial diagnosis of CHF, which typically includes chest X-rays, bloodwork, and an echocardiogram, will likely cost $1,000 to $1,500.

If your pet needs to be hospitalized, a cost estimate is $1,500 to $4,000. This includes:

• Initial stabilization, including catheter placement
• Oxygen therapy
• Injectable medications
• Around-the-clock monitoring

Oral medications for continued management at home can cost around $50-$200/month. This cost will be on the higher end if your dog is large. Pimobendan for dogs is often the most expensive of the at-home medications, but it should not be skipped if recommended by your veterinarian. 

How Long Can Dogs Live With Congestive Heart Failure?

While congestive heart failure in dogs can have a dramatic presentation, the good news is that dogs who stabilize typically do live for another six to 14 months with medications continued at home. On occasion, some patients live over three years. Dogs whose symptoms cannot be controlled or worsen despite hospitalization have a poor prognosis. 

Keeping Dogs With CHF Comfortable

In order to keep your dog comfortable after being diagnosed with CHF, your veterinarian should discuss any recommended lifestyle changes with you. 

Recommendations may include:

• Eliminating strenuous activities, such as ball-chasing or going for runs
• Discontinuing physical activity if your pet seems tired or sluggish
• Going for short, leashed walks
• Switching to a moderately sodium-restricted diet. There are prescription diets available that are designed for dogs with heart disease
• Using additional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, carnitine, and taurine. These may be beneficial and are unlikely to cause harm. However, they are not regulated by the FDA and should always be cleared with your veterinarian 

Congestive Heart Failure: When to Choose Euthanasia

This is a difficult decision that many pet parents will face. When the dog reaches Stage D or “end-stage” heart failure, they will typically have severe symptoms that do not respond to medications. If your dog is coughing up foam, has difficulty breathing, is unable to exercise or play, has a distended and uncomfortable abdomen, and is not responding to medications, it may be time to consider helping your dog pass peacefully. Your veterinarian is the best person to consult with on euthanasia decisions.

The post Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs Treatment Plan appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We know what you’re thinking: why do dogs roll in the grass? While every dog is different, it’s pretty common for them to plop down on the lawn and swivel their bodies about. Oftentimes for a dog, rolling around in grass is just plain fun. Or, the behavior might have to do with scent, body temperature regulation, or comfort.

Your dog’s grass-rolling tendencies are usually nothing to worry about, but there are some things you should look out for. Read on for what you need to know about why dogs roll in grass.

Dogs Rolling in Grass: Is It Normal?

According to Dr. Jeremy Kimmelstiel, the regional medical director at Bond Vet in New York City, grass rolling is considered “a normal behavior in dogs,” but the frequency and context of the behavior may vary.

“Some dogs may roll in the grass more frequently than others,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel, “and it can depend on factors such as their individual preferences, the environment they are in, and their overall level of comfort and contentment.”

Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with The Vets mobile veterinary service, says grass rolling is a typical behavior related to instinct. “However, if a dog excessively rolls or exhibits obsessive or compulsive behaviors associated with grass rolling, it may be a sign of underlying issues such as allergies, skin problems, or behavioral concerns,” she adds. “In such cases, consulting with a veterinarian or a professional dog behaviorist can help determine the cause and provide appropriate guidance.”

Why Do Dogs Roll in Grass?

So, why do dogs roll in the grass? According to Dr. Savageau, there could be several reasons for this behavior, the first having to do with scent. “Dogs have scent glands in various parts of their bodies, including their neck, shoulders, and back,” she says. “Rolling in the grass allows them to transfer their scent onto the grass, effectively marking their territory. This behavior communicates to other animals that the area has been claimed by the dog.”

Similarly, she says a dog rolling in grass may be trying to disguise their scent. “By rolling in different odors found in the grass, such as the scents of other animals or plants, dogs may try to camouflage their natural odor, potentially making it more difficult for predators to detect them or prey to recognize them.”

Dogs may also roll in the grass to cool down, especially in the warmer months. “Dogs regulate their body temperature primarily through panting, but rolling in the grass can also help them cool down on a hot day,” Dr. Savageau explains. “The grass can provide a cooler surface for them to lie on and potentially alleviate discomfort caused by heat.”

Additionally, a dog might roll in the turf to try and relieve discomfort from allergies, parasites, or skin conditions, says Dr. Savageau, adding, “It can provide them with temporary relief from discomfort by scratching their bodies against the grass.”

On the other hand, dogs may roll in the grass for no reason other than to enjoy it. “The texture of the grass against their fur, the sensation of the ground beneath them, and the freedom to roll around can provide sensory stimulation and a source of fun and relaxation for them,” says Dr. Savageau.

What to Do About a Dog Rolling in Grass

Dr. Kimmelstiel says grass rolling isn’t cause for concern in most cases. But there are some situations in which you should pay attention. Here are a few tips for handling a dog that revels in rolling.

Redirect and reward. If you want to discourage your dog from rolling in the grass, you can try and limit their access to the grass they tend to roll in, or redirect their attention to other activities or play areas, according to Dr. Savageau.

She adds that positive reinforcement techniques can also be helpful in these situations.

“When your dog is engaged in activities other than grass rolling, such as playing with toys or following commands, praise and reward them with treats or verbal cues. This helps to reinforce desired behaviors and shift their focus away from grass rolling.”

Consider outside training. According to Dr. Savageau, it might be worth enrolling your dog in training sessions to reinforce “basic obedience commands and impulse control.”

And keep it consistent. “Remember, consistency, patience, and positive reinforcement are key when trying to modify your dog’s behavior,” she adds. “It’s important to approach training with understanding and avoid using punishment or harsh methods, as these can have negative effects on your dog’s well-being and the bond you share with them.”

Contact a professional if needed. “If a dog excessively rolls in the grass, to the point of neglecting other activities or displaying signs of discomfort or distress, it could be a behavioral problem or indicate an underlying medical concern,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel. “It is always a good idea to observe your dog’s behavior and consult a veterinarian if you have any concerns.”

Other Tips and Advice

While a dog rolling around in grass is usually nothing to worry about, it can indicate an underlying medical or behavioral issue, as discussed above. But there’s something else you should be cautious about when your dog gets ready to roll: grass that’s been chemically treated.

“When it comes to dogs and grass, it’s generally a good idea to ensure that the grass your dog is rolling in is free of pesticides or harmful chemicals,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel. “Regularly check your dog for any signs of discomfort, such as itching or skin irritations, especially if they frequently roll in the grass.”

Dogs can also be allergic to grass pollens and other plants like humans, and Dr. Savageau says these allergies lead to various symptoms, including:

• Itching, particularly on their paws, bellies, or face
• Redness and inflammation that can result in hot spots, rashes, skin infections, or itchy, red eyes
• Sneezing and respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and nasal congestion

“If you suspect that your dog may have a grass allergy, it’s recommended to consult with a veterinarian,” says Dr. Savageau. “They can perform an examination, review your dog’s medical history, and conduct tests to determine the specific allergens causing the reaction. Treatment options may include allergy management strategies, such as avoiding exposure to grass allergens, medications to alleviate symptoms, or allergen-specific immunotherapy (allergy shots) to desensitize the dog’s immune system.”

According to Dr. Savageau, other things you can do to help dogs deal with allergens and irritants in grass include:

• Grooming them regularly
• Wiping them off with baby wipes or hypoallergenic wipes after they roll in grass
• Feeding an AAFCO approved complete and balanced diet
• Offering stimulating activities to help keep their focus away from grass

“Remember, every dog is unique, and what works for one may not work for another,” Dr. Savageau warns. “It’s important to observe your dog’s behavior, consult with your veterinarian when needed, and tailor your approach to suit their specific needs. Being a responsible and attentive pet parent can help ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for your dog when it comes to interacting with grass and the outdoors.”

The post Why Do Dogs Roll in Grass? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is a Dog Cyst?

A cyst is an enclosed pocket of tissue that forms within the skin and is filled with fluid or solid material.  Cysts are most commonly found by pet parents when they are petting or brushing their dogs.

Cysts and tumors can occur in various locations on a dog’s body. While they may look similar because they are round and protrude from the skin, several key differences exist. While cysts tend to develop slowly over time, the growth rate of tumors can vary. Cysts on dogs are generally soft (although some can feel slightly firm), while tumors are mostly solid and not easily moveable. Cysts are benign, while tumors can be cancerous. Treatment options for cysts and tumors are vastly different, so it is important to consult a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis. 

What Causes Dog Cysts?

Cysts can develop for various reasons, including inflammation, trauma, and excessive grooming. Sometimes, hair follicles and skin glands become clogged and lead to cyst formation. Cysts can occur in dogs of any age, and some breeds have a genetic predisposition for them. They are especially common in Cocker Spaniels, Boxers, Golden Retrievers, and Schnauzers.

Types of Cysts on Dogs

Many types of cysts can be found on dogs. Because many lumps and bumps look similar, a visit to the veterinarian is required to identify which type your dog may have.

True Cyst

True cysts are lumps containing accumulated fluid secreted by cells within their lining. These types of cysts on dogs can vary in size depending on how long they are present and are usually soft due to the accumulated fluid. True cysts are not harmful to dogs but can be bothersome depending on their location and size. If punctured, they can leak fluid, which may dry and form crusts on the surrounding fur.

Follicular Cyst

Follicular cysts arise from the hair follicles of dogs, and they can be found on many parts of the body, especially the muzzle. Follicular cysts are small, round lumps slightly firm to the touch. They are typically filled with a thick material known as keratin, which may ooze out if the cyst is punctured. They are usually not painful for dogs but can become itchy and infected.

Sebaceous Cyst

Sebaceous cysts arise from sebaceous glands that secrete a thick, oily sebum. When this substance builds up within the gland, cyst formation can occur. Sebaceous cysts can be found anywhere on the body, especially the head, neck and eyelids. They can vary in size and typically contain an oily fluid or a thick, white-to-yellow material. They are generally harmless but can become inflamed and irritated in some instances.

Interdigital Cyst

Interdigital cysts are found on a dog’s paw between their toes. These types of cysts on dogs are typically firm and not easily moveable. They are small to medium and can become irritated and inflamed because dogs frequently lick them. They may also bleed or ooze thin, clear-to-yellow fluid. They are benign but can be painful for dogs depending on the cyst’s size and location on the paw. These cysts also tend to be associated with infections.

Dermoid Cyst

A dermoid cyst is a congenital abnormality that occurs due to abnormal development. These cysts contain keratin, a thick material that usually makes up skin and hair. They can appear in groups or as a single cyst; many have hair follicles protruding from their center. Rhodesian Ridgebacks and Boxers are predisposed to having these cysts [1].

Diagnosing Types of Cysts on Dogs

To diagnose the type of cyst your dog has, a veterinarian will first complete a physical exam and note defining characteristics, such as size and location, of the lump. Then, the veterinarian will take a small sample using a needle. The sample is viewed under a microscope, and if the cells are characteristic of a cyst, the veterinarian can make a preliminary diagnosis and offer treatment options. 

Depending on the type of treatment recommended, bloodwork may be done to assess the dog’s overall health, and the sample can be sent to a pathologist for additional testing and review. An accurate diagnosis of any lumps or bumps on a dog’s skin is important to ensure the appropriate treatment option is offered.

Treating Cysts on Dogs

Some cysts may not require treatment at all. However, if a cyst warrants treatment, possible options include topical or oral medications, draining of fluid, and surgery. Medications may include antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications, particularly if a bacterial infection occurs. For some cysts, draining the accumulated fluid or thick material using a syringe can provide relief, especially if the cyst is located in a high-pressure area or restricts movement. Unfortunately, simply draining the cyst is only a temporary solution, and the cyst will eventually refill.

Surgical removal is often recommended for cysts that are unresponsive to other treatment options or that continue to refill. During surgery, the outer layer and all enclosed material is removed. The surgery uses general anesthesia, so it may not be an option for all dogs, particularly those with underlying medical conditions. Dogs typically tolerate cyst removal surgery and recovery well. Pain medication is usually prescribed to be given at home, and in some instances, antibiotic therapy may also be started. A recheck appointment between 10-14 days following surgery is usually done to ensure the incision site is healing well and there are no new concerns with the area.

FAQs About Dog Cysts

Can a dog cyst burst?

Yes, cysts on dogs can rupture. Sometimes, this occurs from self-trauma due to the dog licking or itching the affected area. Other times, pressure from the fluid or material within the cyst becomes so high that it causes the skin to separate, forming a small opening where it can leak. Pet parents typically notice that a cyst on their dog has ruptured due to the dried crusts and matted fur that form in the surrounding area.

What should I do about a ruptured cyst on my dog?

If pet parents notice a cyst on their dog has ruptured, they should visit a veterinarian for treatment. The veterinarian can clean the cyst area to ensure an infection does not develop and provide pain management and topical medications to help keep the dog comfortable. A bandage may also be applied to keep the area clean and dry while it heals. This also allows the veterinarian and pet parent to discuss long-term treatment options, such as surgery, to resolve the condition fully. 

Are cysts on dogs benign?

Cysts on dogs are typically benign. While some types of cysts can grow quite large, they do not contain cancerous cells. However, cysts can look very similar to many types of tumors, so it is important to consult a veterinarian if pet parents notice any new lumps developing on their dog so that an accurate diagnosis can be made.

Are types of cysts on dogs painful?

Most cysts are not typically painful unless they restrict movement or are very large, in which case surgical removal can alleviate these symptoms. Some types of cysts can be uncomfortable or cause itching due to their location or skin stretching in the affected area. If a dog scratches the cyst and causes a wound, it can potentially become infected, which can result in pain.

Is it okay to squeeze a lump or bump I find on my dog?

Pet parents should never try to squeeze or pop any lumps or bumps found on their dogs, as this can cause inflammation and irritation. What may appear to be a small cyst could be something more serious, and popping it could result in an adverse reaction. Instead, pet parents should visit their veterinarian, who can provide appropriate treatment.

References

Tumors of the Skin in Dogs – Dog Owners – Merck Veterinary Manual (merckvetmanual.com)

The post Types of Cysts on Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

But what if your dog gained weight suddenly without a dietary change? We’ve got the first two steps down! We’ve noticed the weight gain, and we’ve reviewed the diet. But what comes next? 

There are medical reasons for sudden weight gain in dogs, and it’s important to rule those out, too.

Noticing Sudden Dog Weight Gain: Signs and Symptoms

Obviously, you might notice that your dog is looking a bit bigger or that the number on the scale at the veterinary office has increased. However, some medical causes of weight gain have other symptoms that accompany the dog’s changing weight. 

Other signs you may notice include:

• Change to appetite (increased or decreased, depending on the cause)
• Excessive panting
• Excessive drinking and urinating
• Hair loss or hair thinning on the trunk of the body and/or tail (“rat tail”)
• Chronic skin infections
• Dark-colored areas on the skin (hyperpigmentation)
• Mineralization in the skin (calcinosis cutis)
• Bloated or “pot-bellied” abdomen
• Lethargy or low activity level

If your dog is having weight gain due to overeating, they’re not usually going to have the additional symptoms listed above. 

However, some dogs who’ve gained weight without an underlying medical reason will pant more and engage less in physical activity. Obesity makes dogs prone to overheating and causes more stress on their joints when active.

7 Causes of Sudden Weight Gain in Dogs

Aside from excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, there are medical reasons and lifestyle changes that may cause your dog to gain weight quickly. 

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a hormonal condition that decreases your dog’s metabolic rate. As a result, you may notice your dog gaining weight despite no changes in their eating habits. It’s also possible to see an appetite decrease in the face of weight gain. Some pet parents notice that their hypothyroid dog is overweight but doesn’t eat much.

Cushing’s Disease

Hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease is a hormonal condition that increases your dog’s appetite. It can also cause enlargement of the liver, which contributes to the pot-bellied appearance to the abdomen. Pet parents of dogs with Cushing’s often notice that their dog is gaining weight and panting more, drinking more, peeing more, and eating more.

Orthopedic Conditions

Conditions like arthritis or a healing bone fracture may make it difficult for your dog to get around. As a result of decreased activity levels, your dog may gain weight.

Medication Use

Long-term use of steroids like prednisone can increase your dog’s appetite, leading to weight gain. The antiepileptic drug phenobarbital can also increase appetite.

Getting Spayed or Neutered

The surgery itself does not cause your dog to gain weight. However, your pet’s energy requirements decrease after they’re altered [1]. As a result, you should be adjusting their dietary intake. Your veterinarian can help you plan to avoid weight gain in your altered dog.

Pregnancy

Pregnant dogs should have a weight increase of 15-25 percent in the last month of pregnancy [2]. Speak with your veterinarian about how to feed a pregnant dog.

Aging

Sudden weight gain in older dogs may occur due to a decreased metabolic rate. Senior dogs generally have a lower energy requirement than their younger counterparts. If you haven’t adjusted your older dog’s food, you may notice them gaining weight.

Sudden Weight Gain Vs. Bloating in Dogs

There is a difference between looking bloated and actually gaining weight. Looking bloated means your pet’s abdomen appears stretched compared to normal. Your dog’s abdomen can look bloated without a change in their weight. Potential causes of bloating include:

• Binge eating: If your dog gets into the pantry and eats the whole bag of dog food, they may have a bloated appearance.

• Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV): GDV most commonly affects large, deep-chested dogs. The stomach fills with gas or food (gastric dilatation/bloat) and then twists on itself (volvulus). One of the most common symptoms is nonproductive retching. This is an emergency!

• Ascites: Fluid build-up within the abdomen (ascites) can cause your dog to appear bloated. Ascites has multiple potential causes, with heart failure or bleeding splenic masses among the more common causes in dogs.

• Tumors:: A growth within the abdomen may cause a bloated appearance.

What to Do if Your Dog Is Gaining Weight Rapidly

If your dog is gaining weight quickly, you should call your veterinarian for an appointment. Even if the issue is simply that you’re overfeeding your pet, your veterinarian can rule out underlying conditions and help you develop a healthy weight loss plan.

Information to provide your veterinarian includes:

• Exact amounts and types of foods and treats you’re feeding
• How long you’ve noticed the weight gain occurring
• If you’ve noticed changes to appetite, coat quality, skin health, urination, or water intake

Your veterinarian will perform a physical exam and likely recommend baseline blood work and urine testing. Based on these results, additional blood tests may be recommended to rule out conditions like Cushing’s disease or hypothyroidism.

If your veterinarian suspects an issue within the abdomen, such as binge-eating or fluid build-up, they may recommend an X-ray or an ultrasound of your dog’s abdomen. X-rays will be recommended if your veterinarian suspects an orthopedic condition like arthritis.

If your dog appears suddenly bloated and is vomiting, retching non productively, having difficulty breathing, coughing, is unable to stand, or you’re otherwise worried that they’re not acting like themselves, seek emergency care as quickly as possible.

Coming up With a Treatment Plan

Your veterinarian’s treatment plan for rapid weight gain in dogs will depend on the underlying cause.

If your dog’s rapid weight gain is due to overfeeding without an underlying medical cause, your veterinarian will focus on control of caloric intake and increasing physical activity. Dietary changes may involve feeding less of your dog’s current food, limiting treats, or a prescription weight loss diet. Other causes of sudden weight gain that require dietary management include getting altered (spay/neuter), pregnancy, and aging.

Some causes of sudden weight gain can be controlled with oral medications. For example, Cushing’s disease is usually controlled with the medication trilostane. Hypothyroidism is usually controlled with the medication levothyroxine.

For dogs gaining weight due to painful orthopedic conditions that limit their mobility, the focus will be on pain control. This may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like carprofen or grapiprant, joint supplements, or other medications.

An overweight dog lives anywhere from 5 months to over 2 years less than a lean dog, depending on their breed [3]. If you are concerned that your dog is suddenly gaining weight, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations to identify an underlying cause and get your dog back on the right track.

References:

1. https://www.aaha.org/globalassets/02-guidelines/2021-nutrition-and-weight-management/resourcepdfs/new-2021-aaha-nutrition-and-weight-management-guidelines-with-ref.pdf 
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169170/ 
3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.15367 

The post Sudden Dog Weight Gain: 7 Possible Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Our Top Picks for Arthritis Medication

• Galliprant
• Carprofen
• Meloxicam
• Deramaxx
• Previcox
• Gabapentin
• Amantadine
• Adequan
• Librela
• Synovectin

Importance of Arthritis Pain Relief for Dogs

Osteoarthritis (also known as canine degenerative joint disease) is the most common type of arthritis that affects dogs. This condition is painful and it worsens over time. This is why it’s paramount to address and treat arthritis in dogs as soon as possible. 

Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that dogs suffering from untreated osteoarthritis have a shortened lifespan by roughly 11 percent [2].

Dog Arthritis Medication Types

Since medicine is never “one size fits all”, several different pain medication types are available allowing veterinarians to tailor their arthritis treatment plan to each individual dog. 

The medications veterinarians prescribe most frequently to treat arthritis in dogs include:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) 
• Monoclonal antibody therapy

NSAIDs for Dog Arthritis Pain

The most common dog arthritis medication types are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This type of arthritis medication is highly effective for managing dog arthritis pain.

NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX). This results in a reduced output of chemical messengers in the body known as prostaglandins. Prostaglandins initiate processes for pain, inflammation, and fever. 

Unfortunately, prostaglandins play other important roles in the body, and without them, side effects can occur. Although uncommon, gastrointestinal ulcers and impaired kidney function are possible.

DMOADs for Arthritis Pain in Dogs

Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) are also excellent at relieving canine osteoarthritis pain. These drugs not only relieve pain and inflammation inside the joint, but they actively treat osteoarthritis by repairing damaged cartilage and restoring joint lubrication. 

The downside of DMOADs is that they must be injected in the veterinary clinic, requiring eight visits over four weeks. This can be problematic for less cooperative canine patients and stressful for their owners.

Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Canine Arthritis

Recently, monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis has become more readily available. Monoclonal antibody therapy works to relieve arthritis pain in dogs by stopping the activity of a protein called canine nerve growth factor, which is involved in regulating pain. This type of treatment is safer for dogs with pre-existing liver and/or kidney issues. Monoclonal antibody therapy requires an injection in the veterinary clinic but only needs to be given once a month. 

Other Medications and Steroids

Veterinarians may also reach for N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist drugs, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue drugs, and others to help complement the effectiveness of medications like NSAIDs and DMOADs. However, these drugs are not considered effective at managing dog arthritis pain when used by themselves. 

Lastly, veterinarians may suggest arthritis medications for dogs that are injected directly into the joint. These can be a combination of different medications, like steroids, or newer medications with fewer side effects, such as conversion electron therapy. 

10 Best Arthritis Medications for Dogs

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Galliprant

Galliprant is the name brand for grapiprant, an NSAID, and is arguably the best medication for dog arthritis. It is considered a non-COX inhibiting NSAID, which means it does not stop the production of prostaglandins. Instead, it blocks prostaglandins from interacting with specific receptors. Unlike other NSAIDs, Galliprant specifically targets the pathway responsible for arthritis pain.

Grapiprant targets dog arthritis pain at its source and therefore has a much lower potential for unwanted side effects [3, 4]. This makes Galliprant an excellent choice for controlling the pain and inflammation of canine osteoarthritis, especially in senior dogs or those with pre-existing health conditions. Galliprant is an oral medication given once daily with food and must be given for several weeks to reach its peak effect.

Managing Dog Joint Pain

Galliprant for Dogs

• Targets the source of canine osteoarthritis pain and inflammation*
• Flavored, chewable tablet that’s safe to use daily, as long as needed**
• Unique mode of action reduces the impact on your pet’s organ health**

Learn More

*Approved for use in dogs older than 9 months of age and greater than 8 pounds. 

**Monitoring is recommended if used long-term. 

Carprofen

Carprofen is the most commonly prescribed medicine for arthritis in dogs. Carprofen is marketed as Rimadyl, Vetprofen, Novox, Rovera, Carprieve, Norocarp, and more, but is also available in a generic form. This medication comes in both chewable tablets and unflavored tablets or capsules and is often dosed twice daily with food. 

Carprofen is also an NSAID and is highly effective at relieving dog arthritis pain. Carprofen is fast-acting for pain and inflammation relief and can help dogs feel better in as little as two hours. While this medication is generally safe, side effects are possible, and dogs prescribed carprofen should have bloodwork performed before starting this medication and annually if they receive it regularly.

Meloxicam

Meloxicam is another commonly prescribed NSAID for dogs suffering from arthritis pain. It is also available in liquid form as Meloxidyl or Metacam. 

The liquid version of meloxicam makes it easier to dose for small dogs. Additionally, liquid medication is easier to administer to dogs that are unwilling to consume oral capsules or tablets, as it can be mixed into food or syringed into the back of the mouth. Like dogs on other NSAIDs, bloodwork and careful monitoring are recommended as side effects are rare but possible.

Deramaxx

Deramaxx is the brand name for deracoxib. This medicine is also an NSAID, but unlike most NSAIDs, Deramaxx is selectively a canine COX-2 inhibitor. By sparing COX-1 inhibitors, Deramaxx is less likely to cause gastrointestinal issues like stomach ulcers. 

Deracoxib is as effective as carprofen and meloxicam for relieving arthritis pain in dogs and also takes effect quickly. This dog arthritis medicine is given orally once daily and should be given with a meal to prevent stomach upset. 

Previcox

This medication for dog arthritis is an NSAID and a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Previcox works quickly and effectively to relieve canine arthritis pain. This medication is dosed orally once daily and should be given with food. Veterinary research has not shown a significant difference in effectiveness or side effects between Previcox and Deramaxx. Like all NSAIDs, there is a risk of side effects for dogs taking this medication, but luckily, adverse effects are rare and usually not life-threatening.

Gabapentin

Gabapentin for dogs is an anticonvulsant drug that is believed to help reduce osteoarthritis pain by blocking neuropathic pain receptors. This medication should not be used as the sole pain-relieving agent for canine osteoarthritis. Instead, it should be given alongside another pain medication, like an NSAID. 

This dog arthritis medication should ideally be given every 8 hours, or three times daily. It comes as an oral tablet, capsule, or liquid, making it easy to dose. It can take several weeks to take effect. Gabapentin can cause sedation and makes some dogs quite drowsy. Other dogs experience ataxia, or incoordination while taking Gabapentin.

Amantadine

Amantadine is an NMDA receptor antagonist drug. The trade name for amantadine is Symmetrel, but generic forms are available. This medication works by preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. Amantadine is an oral medication that is given twice daily. It can take a few weeks to reach peak effects, but most dog parents report that improvements are noticed within a few days. 

This medication is great as an adjunctive treatment, meaning that it works better when given with another dog arthritis pain medication, like an NSAID. The most common side effect of amantadine is agitation. 

Adequan

Adequan is a DMOAD, and is an excellent medication for the relief of canine arthritis pain. Not only does Adequan relieve the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis, but it also helps repair joints by healing cartilage and improving joint mobility. Adequan is a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and is the only FDA-approved DMOAD for dogs. 

This medication is administered via intramuscular injection in the veterinary office. A dog is given a series of eight injections over four weeks, and the series can be repeated as needed when the pet’s clinical signs return or worsen. Owners of dogs receiving Adequan injections usually report improvement after the first injection. 

Adequan is a very safe medication and does not affect the liver and kidneys, making it a great choice for senior pets or dogs with pre-existing conditions. For best results, dogs should receive Adequan in addition to pain-relieving medications, like NSAIDs.

Librela

Librela is a monoclonal antibody therapy and is the first of its kind for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis pain. This dog arthritis medicine is a once-monthly injection that is specifically designed to relieve dog osteoarthritis pain. Like Adequan, Librela does not impact a dog’s liver and kidneys. This makes Librela another great choice for geriatric canines or those with pre-existing conditions. 

Librela takes roughly seven days to have an effect and reaches peak effectiveness within 30-60 days. Like Adequan, Librela makes a great addition to a multi-modal arthritis pain control plan for dogs and should be used along with pain medication if possible. 

Synovectin

Synovectin is technically a device and not a drug. It is a conversion electron therapy device and is currently only labeled for use in the elbow. Synovectin is injected directly into the joint and dogs can experience pain and inflammation relief for up to one year. Since Synovectin is a device and not a drug, there are no systemic adverse effects. The downside of Synovectin is that most dogs will require sedation so the veterinarian can administer the medication properly, and cost can be a deterrent.

How to Choose Arthritis Medication for Dogs

Factors such as a dog’s age, medical history, recent blood work, and severity of osteoarthritis will help veterinarians and pet owners determine which arthritis medications for dogs to try. 

It’s important to remember that not every dog will respond to medication the same way. Sometimes, finding the right canine arthritis medication is a trial-and-error approach. Additionally, pain medications for dog arthritis work best as part of a multi-modal approach, meaning that other treatments and lifestyle changes should be implemented. 

With a little patience and willingness to adapt, dog owners can rest assured that their dog’s arthritis pain can be safely and effectively managed. 

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385129/
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884849/
3. Rausch-Derra LC, Huebner M, Rhodes L. Evaluation of the safety of long-term, daily oral administration of grapiprant, a novel drug for treatment of osteoarthritic pain and inflammation, in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(10):853-9.
4. Kirkby Shaw K, Rausch-Derra LC, Rhodes L. Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation. Vet Med Sci. 2016;2(1):3-9.

The post 10 Best Arthritis Medications for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Most pet parents will never have to experience what it is like to treat diabetes in cats, as it is diagnosed in approximately 1 percent of cats. Diabetes mellitus results in frequent trips to the veterinary office, testing, blood draws, and twice daily injections of insulin with strict rules on timing and accompanying diet.

For many pet parents, the management of their cat’s diabetes with insulin is too much to handle and they seek other treatment options. Fortunately, there is a new option on the market—a tablet that is given once per day. Unfortunately, not every cat with diabetes is able to take this medication. Read more to better understand if Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets) is right for your cat.

What Is Bexacat?

Bexacat is an alternative to providing injections of insulin, a hormone. It is indicated to improve glycemic control in otherwise healthy cats with diabetes mellitus not previously treated with insulin.

The active ingredient is bexagliflozin, a medication that stops a protein in the body from holding onto a lot of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) in the urine. Bexagliflozin belongs to a class of drugs called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Bexacat was approved by the U.S. FDA in December 2022 and is manufactured by Elanco. Because it is relatively new, not all veterinarians keep this in stock or regularly recommend it. However, veterinarians can order it. The product is not widely available online yet. There are no generics available at this time.

What Does Bexacat Look Like?

Bexacat tablets are in the shape of a pentagon (five-sided), 1 cm (~2/5 inch) wide, and tan to brown in color. It is chewable and flavored.

What Is Bexacat Used for in Cats?

Bexacat is used in cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having too high of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) due to either not enough insulin in the body or the body not using insulin that is there. Insulin allows cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream and convert glucose into energy. Glucose is a very important form of energy for all of the body’s cells. If glucose is not available, cells cannot function properly. Cats with diabetes mellitus require treatment in the way of medications as well as diet and exercise changes.

Diabetes mellitus has two types in people that are similar to cats. Type I diabetes means the body is not producing enough insulin. This is very rare in cats (approximately 5 percent of cases), and most often occurs due to pancreatitis that occurred for a long time or many different times. Type II diabetes means the body has plenty of insulin, but either the cells in the pancreas cannot properly release it or insulin was released but does not properly interact with cells, called insulin resistance.

Bexacat ideally would not be used in cats with Type I diabetes. Cats with Type I diabetes should receive insulin since their bodies cannot produce it. However, there is no accurate way of confirming whether a cat has Type I or Type II diabetes.

Bexacat decreases the levels of blood glucose, improving the health of your cat. Cats who can take Bexacat:

• Have not been previously treated with insulin
• Do not have any health complications from diabetes
• Do not currently have or have a history of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Have no evidence of kidney or liver disease
• Do not have diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening metabolic state when cats have not had enough insulin for a long time, and the body starts breaking down fat into ketones. Ketones build in the bloodstream and poison your cat

Many times, pet parents realize something is truly wrong with their cat when they become lethargic or aren’t eating well. In these cases, if the cats are diabetic, Bexacat could not be used, since the medication is for otherwise healthy cats.

How Does Bexacat Work?

Bexacat stops sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2), which is a protein that takes glucose from the tubules in the kidneys (i.e. from the urine) and puts it back into the bloodstream. SGLT2 is responsible for resorbing approximately 90 percent of the glucose in the urine. Because Bexacat stops this process from happening, the glucose passing through the kidneys goes out into the urine instead of staying in the body.

Bexacat does not work the same as insulin. Insulin comes from the pancreas and allows glucose to enter individual cells from the bloodstream, decreasing blood glucose. Bexacat decreases blood glucose by increasing the amount of glucose exiting the body in the urine.

How to Give Bexacat to Cats

Bexacat should be given once every 24 hours and can be given with or without food. Bexacat tablets are chewable, flavored tablets. Cats can eat it out of your hand like a treat, or it can be put into food. These tablets can be crushed and should taste good enough for most cats to eat. If the medication is crushed into food, feed your cat a small amount of food with the medication first to ensure they eat all of the medication in one sitting. 

Bexacat Reviews and Comparison

Avoiding insulin and injections twice daily is very appealing when managing cats with diabetes mellitus. Insulin must be given after your cat has eaten a meal, and thus cats must be fed two distinct meal times every day as opposed to free-feeding. If your cat doesn’t eat at mealtime, treatment gets really complicated. The fact that Bexacat is crushable and flavored will likely make the tablet easy to administer.

Bexacat is still a fairly new medication, so many veterinarians are not accustomed to recommending this product or the specific type of monitoring that should be done after starting the product. Cats who are prescribed this medication should be newly diagnosed diabetics without systemic symptoms like decreased activity or appetite. For this reason, many veterinary patients are not eligible to use the product.

Cats treated with Bexacat may be at an increased risk of a life-threatening disease known as diabetic ketoacidosis or a new clinical syndrome called euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Cats with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis can be in the dangerous health state of diabetic ketoacidosis, but instead of having very high blood glucose, glucose readings are in the normal range. Possible side effects like this make some veterinarians concerned about which patients they should offer the medication to.

There are studies looking at Bexacat and similar medications in cats that support the use of these medications. There is still much to be learned about how this medication can support feline patients.

Bexacat vs Insulin Comparison Chart

Bexacat Side Effects

There are side effects reported for Bexacat during clinical trials, but keep in mind that cats with diabetes mellitus are at risk for the same side effects. Side effects may include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity
• Severe versions of the above symptoms caused by diabetic ketoacidosis
• Weight loss
• Blood in the urine or changes in litter box habits due to urinary tract infections
• Ongoing increased urine and drinking (approximately 1/3 cats), which would normally stop or largely decrease once blood sugar was normalized

Monitoring your cat for the first two weeks of therapy with Bexacat is crucial to detecting diabetic ketoacidosis quickly, as the first two weeks are when your cat is most at-risk. Bexacat should be stopped immediately if while on medication your cat suddenly stops eating, is much less active, or has lost weight. Bloodwork and an examination is recommended at two weeks (or sooner if concerns), as well as four weeks and eight weeks after starting therapy. Blood glucose curves involving all-day hospital stays are necessary as well as other forms of bloodwork and urine testing at each visit. It is similar to the monitoring of cats receiving insulin, but additional blood work is recommended.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

No currently known food or drug reactions exist. However, since Bexacat is fairly new on the market, adverse reactions may be discovered later. As with all diabetic cats, veterinarians will avoid providing other prescriptions that may further dehydrate your cat, such as diuretics.

Bexacat Dosing

All cats who weigh at least 6.6 pounds will be given one tablet of 15 milligrams every 24 hours. Kittens can use the medication, but diabetes mellitus is rarely diagnosed in such young cats.

Bexacat Cost

Bexacat costs approximately $90 per 30-day supply. This cost is comparable, if not less, than traditional insulin treatment.

Bexacat Storage Instructions

Keep all tablets at room temperature (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), stored in the original container as much as possible.

The post Bexacat: Oral Treatment for Cats with Diabetes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Dogs with atopic dermatitis, also known as atopy, develop an allergic skin condition which worsens over time. Living with a chronically itchy dog can be frustrating for everyone involved. Luckily, there are targeted treatment options that can help.

Let’s take a closer look at what causes atopy in dogs, symptoms to watch for, and how to help your dog manage this pesky skin condition.

What Is Atopic Dermatitis?

Canine atopic dermatitis is a common type of chronic allergic skin disease. It is estimated to affect 10-15 percent of dogs [5].   

Specifically, it means that a dog has a genetic predisposition to developing red, pruritic (itchy) skin, most commonly due to environmental allergies [1]. A dog’s immune system responds to allergens that their skin is exposed to, that they inhale or, less commonly, that they ingest. Environmental allergens include pollen, dust mites, dander, and more.

Canine atopic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis based on classic symptoms of red, itchy skin with a specific distribution over the body, and after ruling out other potential causes. 

Causes of Atopy in Dogs

Any dog can develop atopic dermatitis, though some breeds seem to be more prone to it [1, 4]. These breeds include:

• Labrador and Golden Retrievers (including mixed breed Doodles)
• Pit Bull Terriers
• German Shepherds
• Dalmatians
• Boxers
• Shar-Pei
• Cocker Spaniels
• English Bulldogs
• French Bulldogs
• Pugs
• Many Terrier breeds, including Boston Terriers and West Highland White Terriers 

The typical age of onset in dogs is between 6 months and 3 years [2].

Dogs who suffer from atopic dermatitis most commonly experience their first symptoms (age of onset) between 6 months and 3 years of age [2]. Aside from genetics and breed predisposition, other causes of atopic dermatitis in dogs include allergens like pollens, molds, and dust mites, which can trigger an immune system reaction. Dogs with atopic dermatitis may have a skin barrier that is not functioning properly, allowing allergens to penetrate the barrier and cause skin inflammation [1].

Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms

Atopic dermatitis in dogs most commonly causes excessive itchiness, which often results in redness and hair loss. It commonly causes secondary skin infections, and over time can cause chronic discoloration to the skin and hair.

Common symptoms of atopic dermatitis in dogs include:

• Excessively itchy skin (pruritus)
• Scratching, licking/chewing, and/or rubbing the skin
• Red skin 
• Hair loss 
• Occasionally, raised red bumps (papules)
• Brown staining to the fur (from saliva)
• Thickened, leathery texture to the skin
• Skin that is darker from chronic inflammation and/or yeast

Common complications of atopic dermatitis include recurrent ear infections, skin infections, and hot spots. Dogs with ear infections may shake or scratch at their ears, have brown odorous wax, and redness. Dogs with skin infections may experience progressive redness, hair loss, crusting/discharge, skin odor, increased moisture, raised red bumps that look like pimples (pustules), and worsening itchy skin. 

Skin lesions commonly affect the paws (between the toes), face (around the lips/muzzle and eyes), ears, hairless regions (belly, armpits, groin), and legs (commonly on the front legs in front of the elbow) [1].

Dogs can have signs of atopic dermatitis seasonally or year-round, depending on what each dog is allergic to. Dogs with seasonal allergies may only have symptoms during certain months or seasons. A majority of dogs with seasonal atopic dermatitis will exhibit symptoms from spring through fall [2]. Many dogs with atopic dermatitis will progress to having year-round symptoms. 

Diagnosing Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough examination and take a detailed history to try to determine what is triggering your dog’s excessive itchiness and redness of the skin. 

There is not a definitive test for atopic dermatitis. Instead, diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes with similar signs, such as flea allergy dermatitis, food allergy, bacterial/yeast/fungal infection, and parasites like scabies or demodex. Your veterinarian will also check for secondary infections that can be caused by atopic dermatitis [1, 3]. 

Your veterinarian may conduct one or more of the following tests: 

Skin cytology: This involves looking at skin cells or skin discharge with a microscope to check for skin infection (bacteria or yeast) or skin parasites. Bacterial and/or yeast infections frequently occur in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This is because itching and licking damages the protective skin barrier. These infections cause worsening in symptoms, making dogs even more itchy.

Ear cytology: This involves swabbing your dog’s ears and evaluating it under a microscope to check for ear infection (bacteria or yeast) or ear mites.

Skin scraping: This test checks for mites, also known as mange (demodex or scabies). The veterinarian gently scrapes the skin to collect a small sample so that deeper cells can be evaluated under a microscope. 

Flea comb: A flea comb is used to check for fleas, which often cause itching along the back and base of the tail. Not seeing fleas doesn’t mean they aren’t there in small numbers, as they hide well in the fur. In fact, seeing fleas often doesn’t happen until there is a flea infestation. 

Less common tests that your veterinarian may conduct include fungal culture, skin culture, or skin biopsy. 

A fungal culture is used if a ringworm infection is suspected. If humans or other pets in the household have skin lesions too, this may increase the suspicion for ringworm. 

A skin culture is sometimes needed for bacterial infections to help identify the specific type of bacteria and the appropriate antibiotic to use. This is important when bacterial resistance to antibiotics is suspected and in animals that have been on antibiotics already without resolution of skin infection. 

Less common skin diseases that can appear similarly to atopic dermatitis may require a small piece of skin to be collected and sent to a laboratory for testing (skin biopsy). This test may be needed in cases that aren’t responding to treatment for atopic dermatitis. 

How to Treat Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs

Treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs is aimed at controlling the symptoms of excessive itchiness and treating secondary complications like infection. 

It is important to recognize that atopic dermatitis is a lifelong condition. While there is no cure, there are many different treatment options that can help to minimize a dog’s symptoms. This can significantly improve the quality of life of dogs with this condition. 

Some newer treatments directly target the parts of the immune system (i.e., Apoquel, Cytopoint) and skin barrier (certain topical treatments) that are responsible for atopic dermatitis. As a result, they can be quite effective at managing atopic dermatitis while avoiding some of the long-term side effects that can be seen with other treatments like steroids. Some dogs may undergo additional testing to determine which specific allergens are triggering their allergies. These dogs may be able to undergo immunotherapy (allergy shots), which may reduce symptoms over time. Working closely with a veterinarian or veterinary dermatologist, and often combining multiple treatment types, is the key to successful management of atopic dermatitis. 

Medications for Atopic Dermatitis and Other Treatments

Common prescription medications and other treatment options for atopic dermatitis in dogs may include: 

Steroids: Steroids such as prednisone can quickly improve itchy, inflamed skin and discomfort, but they are not usually recommended for long-term use due to side effects. 

Apoquel or Zenrelia: Oral medication that targets/suppresses the immune system directly by blocking substances that cause inflammation and itching.

Cytopoint: An injection that neutralizes a specific protein that causes dogs with atopic dermatitis to become itchy. One injection lasts for 1-2 months. 

Cyclosporine: An immunomodulating medication given orally to dogs to reduce the immune system’s reaction to allergens.

Allergy-specific immunotherapy: Intradermal skin testing or blood (serum) testing will be done to determine what a dog is specifically allergic to in the environment. The results are used to make a customized allergy medication (injectable or oral). Also called allergy shots, ASIT, or allergy vaccination, this treatment is designed to teach or “desensitize” a dog’s immune system to become less allergic to specific things over time. This is done by exposing them to increasing amounts of these allergens gradually so that their body won’t react to them in the future. 

Dermatology diet: Some prescription diets are specially formulated to help manage skin problems and environmental allergies in dogs. For example, Royal Canin Skintopic is a veterinary-exclusive formula that provides itch relief and helps reinforce the skin barrier and promote a strong immune system.  

Antihistamines: Over-the-counter antihistamines like Benadryl, Zyrtec, and Claritin may help with mild cases of atopic dermatitis. However, they are usually not effective as the sole treatment. They work better if given before an active flare of atopic dermatitis [6]. NOTE: Some formulations have an added ingredient that is toxic for dogs (i.e., pseudoephedrine in non-drowsy formulations is NOT safe). Only use medications recommended by a veterinarian. 

Topicals: Topical treatment can decrease the amount of allergen on the skin, improve the skin barrier, and target any additional inflammation and/or secondary infections directly. This may include bathing with specialized shampoo or using wipes, sprays or mousse for localized treatments.

Supplements: Your veterinarian may recommend giving your dog fish oil supplements, which contain essential fatty acids to support skin and coat health.

Antibiotics or antifungal medications: Used to control secondary infections. 

Managing Other Conditions

Your dog’s treatment plan may also include managing conditions that can contribute to excessive itchiness and exacerbate atopic dermatitis.

Skin infections: If your dog has an active skin infection, oral and/or topical therapies may be recommended, depending on the specific type of infection observed. Importantly, each new infection should be checked to determine the best treatment. 

Ear infections: Secondary ear infections (otitis externa) can be treated and managed with antibiotics or antifungals for the ear, as well as ear cleaners.

Fleas: Dogs with atopic dermatitis should stay on a year-round, high quality, flea preventative unless otherwise instructed by a veterinarian [6]. Allergies to flea saliva (flea allergy dermatitis) are very common and can exacerbate symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Any flea exposure can be problematic for dogs with allergies. Furthermore, the frequent bathing that many dogs with atopic dermatitis need can decrease the efficacy of some topical flea products. 

Some flea and tick preventatives have the added benefit of treating mites like scabies and demodex. This can be useful in helping to rule those out as potential causes for itching and skin lesions.  

Food allergies: Not all dogs with atopic dermatitis have additional food allergies or sensitivities. However, if food allergies are suspected, an elimination diet trial may be recommended, especially if a dog has year-round symptoms or additional gastrointestinal symptoms [4]. 

How to Prevent Atopy in Dogs

Since there is a genetic predisposition to atopic dermatitis, is it best not to breed dogs who are diagnosed with this condition. Once a puppy is born, there is not a way to specifically prevent them from developing atopic dermatitis. 

To help avoid flare-ups of atopic dermatitis and its associated symptoms, limit your dog’s exposure to allergens they are known to be allergic to. This may include:

• Removing specific plants from the yard; however, wind can still carry pollen long distances
• Keeping your dog inside after grass has been freshly mowed
• Limiting dust in the house with frequent cleaning and vacuuming, ideally when your dog is not in the room
• Changing air filters and washing bedding more frequently
• Covering dog beds with impermeable covers so they can be cleaned easier
• Using year-round, prescription flea control
• Feeding a prescription novel protein or hydrolyzed diet, if your veterinarian suspects a food allergy or sensitivity

References

1. Miller, W. H., Griffin, C. E., Campbell, K. L., Muller, G. H., & Scott, D. W. (2013). Hypersensitivity Disorders. In Muller & Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology (7th ed., pp. 364–388). essay, Elsevier. 
2. Griffin CE, DeBoer DJ. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XIV): clinical manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001;81:255-269.
3. Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, et al. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:23-31.
4. Hensel P, Santoro D, Favrot C, et al. Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Veterinary Research 2015;11:196. 
5. Hillier A, Griffin CE. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (I): incidence and prevalence. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;81(3–4):147–51.
6. Olivry T, DeBoer D, Favrot C, et al. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2015 updated guidelines from the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). BMC Veterinary Research 2015;11:210.

The post Atopic Dermatitis (Atopy) in Dogs  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While the idea of a dog in a football helmet is pretty darn adorable, most of them don’t tolerate such large head gear. In this article, we’ll go over what dog concussions look like, and what preventative measures we take to keep our canine companions safe. 

What Is a Concussion?

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that can be caused in two ways. The first cause, which most of us are familiar with, is a direct bump or blow to the head. The second is when the body experiences a sudden jolting or jostling movement that results in the brain colliding with the inside of the skull. 

Can Dogs Get Concussions?

Yes, dogs can get concussions. Concussions are harder to diagnose in dogs than they are in humans because dogs can’t tell us what happened or how they’re feeling. This is especially true if the concussion is very mild or if the traumatic event wasn’t witnessed by a human. 

Just like in humans, a dog concussion can range from mild to severe. While we presume head trauma in dogs is very similar to humans, we can’t say for sure if dogs experience all the same symptoms as people, such as headaches, memory loss, and ringing in the ears. 

Symptoms of Concussions in Dogs

Because it’s harder to recognize dog concussion symptoms, if you’re noticing them, it’s likely the injury is significant enough that they should have medical attention. If you see symptoms of a concussion in your dog, get them to a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Signs of concussion in dogs include:

• Acting mentally inappropriate or confused
• Loss of consciousness
• Different sized pupils (anisocoria), or pupils that don’t respond to light
• Rapid eye movements
• Difficulty walking, standing, and balancing
• Disinterest in food and activity
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Blood in the eyes or coming from the nose or ear

Because a lot of concussions in dogs are caused by traumatic injuries, such as being hit by a car, it’s not uncommon for dogs to have other injuries concurrently with a concussion, like a broken leg. 

Causes of Dog Concussions

Most cases of head trauma in dogs are related to accidents, especially car accidents. 

Other common causes of dog concussions include:

• Falls from heights, especially in small dogs
• Roughhousing or fights between dogs, especially when a small dog is interacting with a larger dog
• Collisions with other dogs, trees, fences, and other hard surfaces
• Getting kicked by livestock or horses
• Accidental blunt force trauma, like a falling branch
• Abuse in the home 

Treating Dog Concussions

A mild concussion may not require hospitalization and might improve on its own, but the pet should still be evaluated by a veterinarian to ensure it’s not more severe than you think.

Treatment for Mild Concussions

If your veterinarian thinks the head injury is mild, they may simply recommend that you monitor your dog at home and return if symptoms worsen or don’t improve. At-home monitoring and treatment is more likely in cases where the head bump was less significant, such as the pet running into a table, colliding with another dog, or experiencing a small fall. 

Your veterinarian will likely recommend that your dog rest for at least a couple days and may prescribe medications to reduce pain and anxiety during the recovery period. They may also recommend that your pet’s head stay elevated 15-25 degrees from the ground when resting. If your veterinarian does recommend this head position, they can show you the best way to achieve it. Make sure your pup is not sleeping with their neck kinked, as this can affect blood flow.

Treatment for Severe Concussions

More severe head trauma in dogs, such as concussion from a car accident, falls from significant heights, or getting struck by a baseball bat usually require hospitalization.

If your pet is having significant signs of concussion, the veterinarian may want to perform imaging to assess the damage. This may include radiographs of the head to look for skull fractures, a computed tomography (CT) scan to look for skull fractures and hemorrhage, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the brain itself.

In cases requiring hospitalization, treatment will be focused on maintaining good blood flow to the brain and decreasing the pressure in the skull. Your veterinarian should assess your pet’s overall neurologic status to help you determine if they’re likely to improve with treatment. Determining the severity of brain injury is important for making quality of life decisions before pursuing treatment. Severely injured pets have a lower chance of recovering. Those that do survive may have a long rehabilitation road ahead of them.

Treatments for hospitalized patients could include:

• Intravenous fluids that help decrease pressure in the skull by pulling fluid into the blood vessels
• Oxygen delivered via a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen cage
• Elevation of the head
• Pain and anxiety medications
• Assisted feeding or use of feeding tubes
• Range-of-motion exercises and physical rehabilitation
• Surgeries to address skull fractures or other injuries

How to Prevent Concussions in Dogs

Not all cases of concussion can be prevented, and accidents do happen to the best of pet parents. However, there are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of concussion, such as:

• Having a fenced-in yard or only taking your dog outside on a leash
• Using a leash on walks
• Using a dog seatbelt for car rides
• Restricting your pet’s access to large farm animals
• Blocking access to fall risks, such as putting netting along the handrails on a high porch
• Keeping your dog inside or separate when your family is playing with baseball bats or balls in the backyard
• Separating small dogs from rambunctious or aggressive large dogs

Keep in mind that if your pet is showing symptoms of concussion, they should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible, even if you’re not sure that they actually have one. There are other conditions, such as meningitis, that may present similar symptoms, and anything that causes signs of concussion warrants an evaluation by a veterinarian.

The post Can Dogs Get Concussions? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

According to Banfield’s 2018 State of Pet Health Report, allergies in dogs are on the rise. In fact, over a 10-year period, environmental allergy cases in dogs increased by 30.7 percent. One of the common triggers for environmental allergies is pet dander — the dead skin cells that dogs and cats shed on a daily basis. 

In this article, we’ll explore the symptoms of cat allergies in dogs, plus how your veterinarian might diagnose this for sure. Allergies can be extremely uncomfortable for your dog, so we’ve also included some expert advice about what treatments your dog may be offered to soothe that itch.

Can Dogs Be Allergic to Cats?

“Yes, dogs can be allergic to cats,” says Dr. Laura Rodriguez Sandlin, veterinary spokesperson for SpiritDog Training. “They can also commonly be allergic to house dust, mold, pollen, dust mites, and other types of animal dander,” she adds. While a cat allergy may not be as prevalent as some of these other types, it does happen. 

Just like pet allergies in people, it’s the dander from your cat that most commonly causes an allergic reaction. A cat’s saliva and urine can also contain allergens. 

Now that we know that dogs can be allergic to cats — can dogs be allergic to cat litter, too? It’s unlikely that dogs are allergic to the cat litter itself, or allergic to cat poop, but the dander and urine in your cat’s litter box could trigger a reaction. 

The next question that may come to mind is, can dogs be allergic to cat food? Food allergies are pretty rare in dogs and are estimated to affect only 0.2 percent of them. For these dogs with food allergies, chicken, beef, corn, eggs, wheat, milk, and soy are common triggers. If your dog does have a food allergy, they may have a reaction if they eat cat food that contains these ingredients.      

When it comes to just how many dogs out there are allergic to cats, Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin suggests that it’s difficult to put a number on this, simply because we often don’t know which environmental allergens are triggering a reaction. While allergy testing in dogs is possible, it’s not only expensive, but also requires a significant commitment from pet parents.     

If a dog does have allergies, most pet parents start to see signs when their pup is between 6 months to 3 years old. “We often see allergies in Labrador and Golden Retrievers, West Highland Terriers, Boston Terriers, Pugs, Shih Tzus,  Bulldogs, and mixed breed dogs,” says Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin.   

Dog Allergic to Cat? Symptoms to Look For

Wondering how to tell if your dog is allergic to cats? Their symptoms will be pretty similar to any other type of allergy with an environmental trigger. Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin suggests looking for the following signs:

• Itchiness: Also known as pruritus, this is the major symptom to watch out for. Areas with less fur, like your dog’s stomach and paws, may be itchier. Your dog might lick their feet, scratch more often than normal, have itchy ears, scoot their rear end on the ground, or shake their head.
• Skin changes: Frequent scratching and licking can irritate your dog’s skin, so keep an eye out for red patches and dry areas.  
• Secondary infections: Sometimes dogs with allergies can develop a secondary bacterial or yeast infection, which may cause them to smell strange. 
• Respiratory issues: Some dogs may cough and sneeze, or have watery eyes and a running nose. 

These symptoms can indicate any type of allergy, so you may have to do a little detective work to figure out whether your dog really is allergic to your cat or if something else is the trigger. Paying attention to when and where your dog shows symptoms can help narrow things down.  

“The frequency of environmental allergies in dogs can vary depending on a wide range of factors, including things like your location and the time of year,” explains Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. “Some regions have very long allergy seasons, others, shorter ones.” If your dog’s symptoms coincide with seasonal variations like a high pollen count, or mold due to dampness, that’s a good clue that cats might not be the issue.  

“Of course, if your dog is kept indoors most of the time with the windows closed, allergy symptoms may be due to something in the house,” says Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. This could be your cat’s dander, dust, or even the cleaning products you use. 

Diagnosing Cat Allergies in Dogs

If you suspect your dog may be allergic to your cat, it’s best to speak to your veterinarian, who will examine your dog and may recommend allergy testing. 

“First, your veterinarian will likely check for external parasites and infections before assuming they’re suffering from allergies to a cat,” explains Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. They’ll look for things like fleas, Cheyletiella (a small skin parasite), mites, bacterial infections, and fungal infections (yeast or ringworm).  

If no evidence of these is found, the next step will be dog allergy testing. Your veterinarian may perform a blood allergy test, also known as serum testing. However, it’s important to note that “this is not the gold standard for accuracy, because the test results reflect exposure to the allergens rather than the allergy itself,” Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin explains. This means false positives can occur. 

Your veterinarian may also offer a skin allergy test, also known as intradermal allergy testing. “During this test, your dog will be sedated, the skin on the side of their body will be shaved, and small amounts of allergens are injected into their skin in a grid pattern,” Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin describes. Any reaction will be noted, and your veterinarian will interpret the results based on your dog’s medical history and exposure to specific allergens.  

At-home allergy test kits are available, but accuracy is low and many veterinarians don’t recommend these as an effective way to identify your dog’s allergies. 

Treatment for Dogs Allergic to Cats

Once your dog’s allergy tests are complete, your veterinarian will develop a treatment plan. “During your dog’s treatment, relief might be rapid, or it may take a year or longer,” Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin says.  

Cat Allergy Medicine for Dogs

When prescribing allergy relief for dogs, your veterinarian is likely to recommend one or more of the following treatments: 

• Antihistamines
• Immunomodulators
• Allergy shots (immunotherapy)
• Corticosteroids

Antihistamines 

“Antihistamines may alleviate your dog’s symptoms, but often they aren’t that effective,” says Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. “They are worth a try, though.”   

Immunomodulators

Apoquel is an oral medication for allergic itch in dogs that is available as a tablet or chewable. “Apoquel also helps break the itch cycle, but it can be expensive, especially in larger dogs,” Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. 

Allergy shots

Allergy shots can help manage your dog’s allergies. While injectable steroids were traditionally used, it’s more likely your veterinarian will now recommend allergy shots like Cytopoint.    

“Cytopoint is a monthly injection that works very quickly to relieve itchiness,” explains Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. Research has shown Cytopoint (which is also an immunomodulator) is effective in around 88 percent of cases. “It can be expensive, and the cost increases with the size of the dog, but it is effective and very safe,” she adds. 

Your veterinarian may also recommend allergen-specific immunotherapy or ASIT injections. 

Corticosteroids

Dogs on immunotherapy often still need oral medications to help control their itchiness. “There are prescription medications, like corticosteroids, that can help, but long-term use should be avoided if possible, due to side effects,” Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin explains. 

Home Remedies for Dogs Allergic to Cats

If you’re looking to soothe your dog’s symptoms between veterinarian visits, bathing them can help. “This will remove allergens like cat dander or pollen from the skin, and may offer some temporary relief,” says Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. Just be sure to never roughly towel dry or blow dry a dog with allergies, as both of these things can exacerbate itchy skin. Simply use a towel to gently pat them dry.

You might hear other pet parents recommend giving your dog Benadryl, an over-the-counter antihistamine medication designed for humans. While it’s safe for dogs, it’s not FDA-approved for animals. “If you want to try giving your dog Benadryl, always call your veterinarian first,” says Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin. “In addition to antihistamines not being that effective, your dog’s symptoms could be due to something other than allergies, so they are better off seeing their veterinarian.” 

Preventing Cat Allergies in Dogs

If you’re looking for ways to prevent your dog’s allergic reaction, Dr. Rodriguez Sandlin notes that allergies are often genetic, so you might not be able to prevent them from developing.

However, there are some steps you can take to minimize your dog’s allergies to cat dander and hair, including:

• Using a HEPA air filter to reduce cat dander 
• Regular baths
• Reducing your dog’s access to areas where your cat spends a lot of time
• Regularly vacuuming or steam cleaning your soft furnishings
• Washing your cat’s bedding 
• Grooming your cat to remove as much dander as possible 
• Choosing hard floors instead of carpet, which makes it easier to remove dander 

Cat dander is very pervasive, and is pretty much impossible to remove completely. But by speaking to your veterinarian to develop a treatment plan, and doing what you can to minimize dander in your house, your cat and dog can live relatively comfortably alongside each other — but probably not as best friends sharing the same bed!   

The post Can Dogs Be Allergic to Cats? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you will learn how to induce vomiting in dogs safely and effectively, as well as when to do it and when NOT to do it. You will also learn any potential risks involved and when to get a veterinarian involved.

Inducing Vomiting in Dogs: When Should You Do It?

Dogs are known as indiscriminate eaters — they can and do eat things they shouldn’t. With some caveats (see ‘When NOT to make a dog throw up’), inducing vomiting is the treatment of choice when a dog eats a toxic or dangerous item. This may include:

• Toxic human foods such as grapes, garlic, onions, chocolate, or sugar-free items that contain xylitol
• Human and pet prescription medication (sometimes they also eat the bottle!)
• Over-the-counter supplements
• Recreational drugs, including edible cannabis products
• Toys, socks, and various other non-food items
• Toxic chemicals, such as antifreeze
• Rat poison that causes bleeding
• Alcohol
• Toxic plants

When NOT to make a dog throw up

There are plenty of situations where you should NOT make a dog throw up, including: 

• If more than an hour has passed since your dog has eaten the offending item. In this case, it has probably passed through the stomach, so vomiting likely won’t remove the substance or item. Inducing vomiting in a dog only helps if the item is still in the stomach and hasn’t been digested and absorbed into the dog’s bloodstream
• The ingested item/substance is going to cause more problems coming up than going down. Examples include caustic substances like bleach (can cause ulcers in the esophagus), sharp items, or petroleum jelly or mineral oil (which can be accidentally inhaled)
• The dog is already vomiting
• The dog has an underlying health condition that can make inducing vomiting unsafe
• The dog is already showing signs of poisoning (seizures, drooling, lethargy, hyperactivity, etc.)
• The dog is very old or debilitated
• The dog has laryngeal paralysis, megaesophagus, or difficulty swallowing. (They would be at risk for accidentally inhaling vomited material, which can cause aspiration pneumonia)
• The dog is brachycephalic. (Smush-face dogs, like Pugs, are also at risk for accidentally inhaling vomited material)
• The dog has a recent history of surgery
• The dog is already on medication that may have a negative interaction with hydrogen peroxide (we’ll get deeper into why this matters in a minute)

How to Make a Dog Throw Up: Step-by-Step Instructions

If you do end up having to induce vomiting in a dog, there are a couple things you should do first:

Talk to a professional. Call your veterinarian, local emergency clinic, or the pet poison hotline before making your dog throw up. Even if you are planning on making your dog vomit at home, do your best to get information from pet health experts beforehand. They can tell you if doing so is an appropriate treatment for your dog and their specific situation. When you call, have all pertinent information on hand, including what your dog ate, how much they ate, when they ate it, their weight, and any health issues they already have. 

Feed your dog a small amount of food. Give your dog a couple of bites of food if they haven’t eaten in the past couple of hours. This will make them more likely to throw up.

Using hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting in dogs

The easiest and safest way to make a dog vomit at home is to give them 3% hydrogen peroxide by mouth. It’s important that you ONLY use 3% hydrogen peroxide, as higher concentrations are considered toxic to dogs and can burn the gastrointestinal tract. 

To get your dog to throw up using 3% hydrogen peroxide, follow these three steps:

Step 1: Get some assistance. Since administering 3% hydrogen peroxide is often easier with two people, enlist a second pair of hands if you can.

Step 2: Calculate how much 3% hydrogen peroxide you need. The standard recommended amount is 1 teaspoon per 5 pounds of body weight with a maximum amount of 3 tablespoons. 

Step 3: Administer 3% hydrogen peroxide. Use a syringe or baster to squirt the liquid into the corner of a dog’s mouth (into the pouch formed at the corner of the mouth between the lips and gums). You don’t even have to open their mouth — just squirt into the corner of the mouth, and then gently massage their throat with a downward motion to encourage them to swallow. Dogs will usually lick their lips after they swallow.

The 3% hydrogen peroxide will foam in the stomach and make your pup feel nauseous enough to vomit. 

In severe cases, dogs may still require treatment (such as medications or intravenous fluids) after inducing vomiting for added support, to treat toxicity symptoms, or to remove any absorbed toxins.

If you are unable to make your dog vomit, then get them to a veterinarian as soon as possible. Your veterinarian may administer a stronger emetic (medication that induces vomiting), provide other supportive care, or run testing if clinically indicated.

Avoid alternative methods

If you’ve wondered how to make a dog throw up with your fingers or salt, wonder no more: don’t use either method. 

Using your fingers to make a dog vomit is dangerous and puts you at risk for an accidental dog bite injury. Using salt to make a dog vomit is not recommended because it puts your dog at risk for life-threatening electrolyte imbalances.

What to Do After Making a Dog Throw Up

Monitor your dog closely after giving 3% hydrogen peroxide and collect everything they vomit — your veterinarian may want to see it and you want to make sure your dog doesn’t eat it. If your dog doesn’t vomit within 15-20 minutes of giving 3% hydrogen peroxide, readminister a single dose. If your dog still doesn’t vomit, call your veterinarian or take your dog to them immediately.

Watch your dog after vomiting for several hours, and take them to the vet if they exhibit any of the following signs:

• Vomiting for more than 1 hour after administering 3% hydrogen peroxide
• Diarrhea
• Extreme tiredness
• Swollen abdomen or abdominal pain
• Bloody vomit or feces
• Tarry feces
• Fever
• Any signs of toxicity (seizures, bleeding, abnormal behavior, etc.)
• Refusing to eat the day after administration of 3% hydrogen peroxide

Precautions and Risks

The main risks with making your dog throw up at home include:

• Not removing all the toxic material from your dog’s system
• Accidental inhalation of vomitus or hydrogen peroxide
• Accidental overdosage of hydrogen peroxide

By following the precautions and instructions included in this article and enlisting the help of your local veterinarian or pet poison hotline, you can avoid problems associated with making your dog throw up and quickly get them back on the road to health.

The post How to Make a Dog Throw Up: Inducing Vomiting in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

This peculiar display sparks a multitude of questions: Why do cats chase their tails? Is it a simple form of play, or is there a more complex or serious explanation? Let’s unravel the reasons behind cat tail chasing and whether or not it’s a cause for concern. 

Do Cats Chase Their Tails? 

While tail chasing is more commonly associated with dogs, canines aren’t the only ones who indulge in these antics. Cats also engage in this curious behavior, although less frequently than dogs.

Tail chasing is particularly prevalent among kittens — adult cats typically outgrow this behavior as they mature. If you notice that your adult cat is frequently or obsessively chasing their tail, it could indicate an underlying health or behavioral issue that requires treatment. 

Why Do Cats Chase Their Tails? 

The reasons behind tail chasing range from simple playfulness to potential health concerns. As a cat parent, it’s important to try to understand why your cat is chasing their tail and ensure they receive the necessary support they need. Let’s explore some of the most common factors driving our feline friends to engage in this behavior.

#1: Play and Exploration

According to Heather Alvey, a certified cat behavior consultant and founder of Felidae Behavior Consulting, tail chasing is a normal kitten behavior. Young cats are naturally curious and playful creatures and may chase their tails as a form of self-entertainment and exploration. As cats grow older, this behavior typically fades away, but may persist in some.

#2: Predatory Instincts 

Cats are natural-born hunters, and their instincts drive them to stalk, pounce, and capture prey. “It’s not unusual to see a kitten, young cat, or even an older cat who has a strong prey drive chasing their tails,” says Dr. Rachel Geller, Ed.D., a certified cat behaviorist and founder of All Cats All the Time. Kittens, in particular, will chase pretty much anything that moves, she says.

These prey instincts may become especially prevalent when there’s a lack of stimulation or opportunities to engage in hunting activities, which brings us to our next potential cause. 

#3: Boredom or Stress Relief 

In some cases, tail chasing may be a manifestation of boredom or stress in cats. Inactive, understimulated, or stressed felines might resort to tail chasing to self-soothe, pass the time, or entertain themselves. “Boredom and lack of stimulation can also turn innocent tail chasing into a compulsive behavior,” says Geller.  

#4: Medical Concerns

While tail chasing can be attributed to play or boredom, it’s essential to be aware of potential health concerns that might be causing this behavior. If your cat seems obsessed with their tail or is biting it, they could be experiencing discomfort or pain. Some potential health issues that may result in tail chasing include:

• Injury or infection. A cat’s tail is susceptible to various injuries, including bite wounds, abrasions, fractures, and inflammation. When cats sustain an injury, their instinct is to clean the wound or alleviate pain by grooming the affected area. Consequently, you may observe your cat chasing their tail in an attempt to reach the tender spot.
• Allergies. Just like humans, cats can suffer from allergies. Allergic reactions to environmental elements, food, or flea bites can cause itching and irritation on the skin, including the skin on the tail. As a result, cats may chase and bite their tails to alleviate the itchiness or discomfort.
• Feline hyperesthesia syndrome. Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (aka rolling skin syndrome) is a neurological disorder that can cause cats to exhibit unusual behaviors, including tail chasing. Cats with this condition may experience episodes of agitation, sensitivity to touch, and skin twitching. This condition is most commonly seen in Siamese cats between the ages of 1 and 5, says Geller. 
• Stud tail. Stud tail (aka supracaudal gland hyperplasia) is a condition that affects the sebaceous glands located near the base of an animal’s tail. This condition can cause excessive oil production, inflammation, and even infection. Cats with stud tail may chase, lick, or bite their tail due to the discomfort and irritation caused by the condition.
• Anal sac issues. Cats have anal glands on either side of their rectum. These glands produce a scented material that is stored in the anal sacs. The anal sacs are normally emptied when a cat has a bowel movement, but they can become impacted (blocked) or infected. Anal sac issues can cause cats to bite or chew at the underside of their tail. 

How to Reduce or Stop Tail Chasing in Cats

Occasional tail chasing, especially in kittens, is usually harmless. However, if you notice that your cat is engaging in this behavior frequently or obsessively, it’s essential to determine the root cause and provide them with the necessary assistance. Here are some suggestions for cat parents to curb excessive tail chasing in cats: 

1. Rule Out Medical Issues 

First and foremost, consult with a veterinarian to rule out any underlying health problems that might be causing your cat to chase their tail. Addressing medical concerns promptly can prevent further complications and ensure your cat’s wellbeing.

2. Provide Mental and Physical Stimulation

Because boredom and a lack of stimulation can contribute to tail chasing, keeping your cat engaged and entertained is imperative. Some ways to achieve this include: 

• Engage your kitty in 1-2 play sessions daily (20-30 minutes each). The best way to satisfy cats’ instinctive need to hunt is through interactive play with a wand toy that lets them complete the prey sequence, says Alvey. “If they’re not getting that need met, they’re going to be drawn to whatever small movements they detect.” Cats with a higher prey drive may need more interactive play to prevent tail chasing or other compulsive behaviors, adds Alvey. Regular playtime also helps your cat expend energy and alleviate boredom. 
• Offer a variety of toys. Providing your cat with self-play toys can help them stay engaged and active even when you’re not around. For tech-savvy felines, consider electronic toys that stimulate their hunting instincts and provide an interactive experience. Try to switch up your cat’s toys every couple of weeks to keep things interesting. 
• Supply scratching posts, cat trees, and tunnels. These accessories cater to cats’ natural instincts and preferences, allowing them to scratch, climb, and find solace in secure spaces. 
• Provide puzzle feeders. Excellent for mental stimulation, these interactive feeders require cats to work for treats, encouraging them to use their paws, noses, and brains to access the food hidden inside. 

3. Create a Calm Environment 

Since stress can be a contributing factor to tail chasing in cats, creating a calm, predictable environment — with designated safe spaces for your cat to retreat — can help alleviate stress and anxiety. To promote relaxation, you can also consider using cat pheromone diffusers, such as the Feliway Classic Calming Diffuser.

4. Redirect Your Cat’s Behavior  

If your cat’s tail chasing is deemed to be a behavioral issue (rather than a medical issue), Geller recommends distracting, disrupting, and redirecting your cat away from compulsive tail chasing and toward a positive activity — such as interactive play with a wand toy, as mentioned above.

After a play session with a wand toy, reward your cat with food, as cats expect to be able to eat what they caught and “killed,” recommends Geller. “The food at the end is a natural and instinctual signal to the cat that the hunt is over — they’ve been successful and it’s time to relax or nap.” Consistent redirection and positive reinforcement can help your cat establish new habits and decrease the frequency of tail chasing.  

5. Consult a Cat Behaviorist 

If you’ve ruled out medical issues, taken steps to provide an engaging environment for your cat, and tried to redirect their behavior to no avail, consider enlisting the help of a professional cat behaviorist. “A professional will be able to determine the underlying cause of the behavior and work with the pet parent on a behavior modification plan,” says Alvey. 

Putting an End to Excessive Tail Chasing

Although occasional tail chasing is likely not a cause for concern, persistent tail chasing may signal an underlying issue. By addressing potential medical problems, providing mental and physical stimulation, and creating a calm, engaging environment, you can help your beloved kitty overcome excessive tail chasing and enjoy a happier, healthier life.

The post Why Do Cats Chase Their Tails? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In humans, a hernia often refers to an abnormal body wall opening in the abdomen or groin. This opening allows tissues to protrude from the abdomen and rest under the skin. 

You may be wondering, can dogs get hernias too? Read on to learn more about dog hernias, including types, causes, signs, and treatment.

Can Dogs Get Hernias?

Yes, dogs can get hernias. In fact, hernias in dogs are relatively common. They’re often diagnosed in young puppies. 

The most common form of dog hernia is an umbilical hernia, which allows fat and/or abdominal organs to protrude through the umbilicus (belly button) on a puppy’s belly. Small umbilical hernias may close on their own, but veterinary care is often required.

Canine hernias are similar to human hernias, although their causes may differ.

What Does a Hernia Look Like in a Dog?

Many dog hernias can be seen and/or felt. Hernias often take the form of a soft to slightly-firm bulge, protruding from your dog’s belly, groin, or hind end. In older dogs, a hernia may be mistaken for a soft, fatty lump under the skin.  

However, some hernias occur internally. These hernias involve the diaphragm instead of the external body wall, which means they cannot be seen or felt. Internal hernias require x-rays or other veterinary tests for diagnosis. 

Types of Hernias in Dogs

There are several types of hernias in dogs, each with a unique cause and clinical appearance. 

Umbilical hernia: Umbilical hernias in dogs occur at the umbilicus (belly button). This is the most common type of dog hernia. Many umbilical hernias are small and they may close on their own, as a puppy grows and matures. Large umbilical hernias and hernias that do not close over time, however, can cause problems and require treatment. 

Inguinal hernia: Inguinal hernias affect the groin, where the inner leg meets the belly. 

Perineal hernia: These hernias, which often occur in unneutered, older males, may affect one or both sides of a dog’s hind end (adjacent to the rectum).

Diaphragmatic hernia: A diaphragmatic hernia affects the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. A diaphragmatic hernia can interfere with a dog’s ability to breathe. Emergency treatment is often required. 

Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia is a small hereditary defect in the diaphragm that allows a portion of a dog’s stomach to protrude into the chest.  

Spay incision hernia: When an abdominal incision does not heal properly, a hernia may occur. These hernias usually become apparent in the days or weeks immediately after surgery.

How Do Dogs Get Hernias?

Most hernias are caused by genetic or hereditary factors. These hernias are present at birth. Umbilical and hiatal hernias both fall into this category, with umbilical hernias being far more common. Umbilical hernias can occur in any breed, while hiatal hernias are most common in Bulldogs and Shar Pei dogs. 

Perineal and inguinal hernias tend to occur in older dogs. Perineal hernias primarily affect intact males; they are associated with excessive straining due to an enlarged prostate gland. Age-related inguinal hernias can be associated with pregnancy, trauma, obesity, or other factors.  

Diaphragmatic hernias are usually caused by blunt force trauma. Potential causes include being hit by a car, falling from a high surface, or being kicked in the abdomen. Excessive force on the abdomen leads to a tear in the diaphragm, causing significant breathing difficulties.

Incisional hernias, such as a dog spay incision hernia, form after abdominal surgery, when an incision fails to heal normally and dehisces (opens). Some incisional hernias are caused by underlying conditions that interfere with healing, while others may be associated with returning to activity too quickly. 

Dog Hernia Symptoms

Hernia symptoms vary, based upon the type of hernia. 

Umbilical, inguinal, and perineal hernias cause swelling at the affected area. In most cases, these swellings are soft and nonpainful. Sometimes, however, organs may become trapped or strangulated in a hernia. This causes pain, swelling, and inflammation, requiring emergency treatment.

Signs of hernias include: 

• Soft, nonpainful swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum
• Painful or red swelling on the belly, in the groin, or near the rectum (with strangulation)
• Vomiting (with strangulation)
• Lethargy (with strangulation) 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are not externally visible. While both of these hernias involve tissues moving into the chest, diaphragmatic hernias are typically associated with breathing difficulties and hiatal hernias are associated with gastrointestinal signs. 

Signs of a diaphragmatic hernia in dogs include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Increased respiratory rate
• Increased respiratory effort
• Blue gums
• Lethargy
• History of blunt force trauma

Signs of a hiatal hernia in dogs include: 

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Regurgitation
• Excessive salivation
• Breathing problems

Diagnosing Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical, perineal, and inguinal hernias can often be diagnosed on the basis of a physical examination. Your veterinarian may also recommend x-rays to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether important organs (such as intestines are bladder) are present within the hernia. 

Diaphragmatic and hiatal hernias are typically diagnosed using chest x-rays. In some cases, other forms of imaging may be needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. 

Dog Hernia Treatment

Most canine hernias are treated with surgery. Some mild hiatal hernias can be managed medically, with treatments aimed at controlling the gastrointestinal signs associated with this condition, but most other hernias should be closed surgically. There are no home remedies for dog hernias.

Surgical repair of umbilical hernias is typically a relatively straightforward procedure. Surgery will likely be performed by your regular veterinarian, and is often performed at the time of a dog’s spay or neuter. 

Surgery to repair a perineal or inguinal hernia in a dog can vary significantly in complexity. Simple repairs may be performed by your regular veterinarian, while complex hernia repair surgery may require referral to a veterinary surgeon. 

Diaphragmatic hernias and hiatal hernias typically require referral to a veterinary surgeon. These are complex surgical procedures with heightened anesthetic risks. 

Dog Hernia Surgery Cost

The cost of surgery can vary significantly, depending on the type of hernia and surgical complexity.

Adding an umbilical hernia repair to a dog’s spay or neuter surgery is often relatively inexpensive, because your dog will already be anesthetized and undergoing surgery. You can expect to pay an additional $200-$400 to have an umbilical hernia repaired at the time of your dog’s spay or neuter. 

Diaphragmatic hernia repair, in contrast, requires a veterinary surgeon and can be significantly more expensive. You can expect to spend $4,000-$8,000 for your dog’s diaphragmatic hernia repair. 

Dog Hernia After Surgery

Some dog hernias occur after abdominal surgery, when the body wall incision fails. Post-surgical hernias can have many causes, including delayed wound healing and high post-surgical activity levels. 

You can reduce the chances of a post-surgical hernia by following your veterinarian’s instructions and limiting your dog’s activity after surgery. Limit your dog’s exercise to short leash walks only, avoiding running, jumping, and other activities. If instructed to use an e-collar (cone) to keep your dog from licking their incision, be sure to do so as directed by your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Hernias in Dogs

The majority of canine hernias are caused by genetic factors. The best way to prevent these hernias is to avoid breeding dogs with hernias and/or avoid breeding pairs that have produced puppies with hernias in the past. 

If you have a male dog, you can reduce the risk of perineal hernias by having your dog neutered before middle age. You can reduce the risk of diaphragmatic hernia by keeping your dog indoors or in a fenced yard, which can reduce the risk of being hit by a car or sustaining other serious trauma. 

The post Dog Hernia: Types, Symptoms and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

It’s crucial for pet parents to recognize the signs of hip pain in dogs in order to provide timely care. In this article, you will learn what causes hip pain in dogs, signs of hip pain to recognize, when to seek help from your veterinarian, and how you can help your dog with hip pain at home. 

Causes of Hip Pain in Dogs

While there are many possible causes of hip pain in dogs, the most common cause is due to hip dysplasia. Hip dysplasia is found in up to 75 percent of certain breeds of dogs, such as the English Bulldog, but is also present in a wide variety of dog breeds (1). 

Hip dysplasia is a developmental disorder characterized by an abnormal ball and socket hip joint, in which the head of the femur (ball) slips out of the acetabulum of the pelvis (socket). This creates significant pain and instability of the hip and will eventually lead to hip osteoarthritis—commonly referred to as arthritis—later in life. Hip arthritis is a chronic condition caused by the gradual deterioration of the cartilage in the joint leading to bone-on-bone contact, scarring of the joint, joint pain, and loss of range of motion in the hip joint. 

While hip dysplasia is the most common cause of hip arthritis in dogs, hip arthritis can also be caused by previous injuries to the joint, joint infections, and being overweight or obese. Dogs who are overweight or obese have excess forces applied to their joints and, over long periods of time, this can cause increased wear and tear on joint cartilage and increased joint inflammation, leading to the development of arthritis. 

Whether hip pain is acute or chronic can give a clue as to its cause. Hip dysplasia and hip arthritis will typically cause chronic hip pain, which comes on gradually and does not go away. Meanwhile, acute hip pain is often more severe, comes on suddenly, and will often resolve if the underlying cause is treated. Causes of acute hip pain include muscle strains affecting the iliopsoas muscle (a hip flexor), pelvic or femoral fractures, and hip luxations (dislocations). 

7 Signs of Hip Pain in Dogs

Here are some possible signs of hip pain in dogs to watch for:

Limping

Dogs with hip pain will often limp in one of their back legs. The limp may come and go and may become more pronounced after strenuous exercise or after lying down for long periods of time. 

Difficulty or slowness to stand up or lie down 

Because the hips have to significantly extend to allow a dog to stand up and have to flex to allow them to lie down, dogs with hip pain often have a hard time or are reluctant to stand and lie down. You will also likely notice that dogs with hip pain rely more on their front legs to pull themselves up from lying down and they may go straight from standing to lying down instead of sitting in between the movements. 

Bunny hopping in the back legs

Dogs who have pain in both of their hips will often have a bunny hop when they are running. Instead of their rear legs leaving the ground at different times, dogs with hip pain will lift up both rear legs and put them back on the ground at the same time—like a bunny. 

Walking with a hip sway

Hip pain will often cause dogs to walk with their hips swaying from side to side, as they use more motion in their lower back to help advance their rear feet forward in order to allow the hips to move less. 

Thigh muscle atrophy

With chronic hip pain, one or both thigh muscles begin to shrink as a consequence of the dog shifting weight off of the painful limb(s). 

Difficulty climbing up stairs or jumping into the car 

A reluctance or difficulty to use the rear legs to climb up the stairs or an inability to jump up into a car is often an indication of hip pain. 

Changes in posture 

Dogs with hip pain often have an abnormal stance and posture caused by offloading weight from their rear legs and hips. You may notice a dog with hip pain standing with their rear legs tucked up under their body and most of their weight shifted forward on the front legs. Their lower back may also appear hunched. If only one hip is painful, the dog will often put the non-painful rear leg under the body while the painful leg is splayed out to the side. 

When to See a Veterinarian

If your dog is showing severe signs of hip pain or if signs of hip pain haven’t resolved after about two weeks of rest, it’s time to take your dog to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will start by asking you questions about your dog’s symptoms and then perform a thorough exam. Ideally, X-rays of the hips should be performed if hip pain is present, especially if it isn’t resolved with rest and pain medication. While chronic hip pain is usually due to arthritis and/or hip dysplasia, other less common causes of hip pain, such as bone cancer, can be missed without performing X-rays. 

It is important that signs of hip pain be addressed promptly, as early treatment of arthritis can slow down the disease’s progression. If your dog is diagnosed with early arthritis or if hip dysplasia is diagnosed before arthritis develops, your veterinarian may recommend omega-3 supplements, joint support supplements containing cartilage-protecting compounds, such as glucosamine-chondroitin and MSM, and may also recommend Adequan injections—another product that helps to protect the cartilage in joints. 

Dog Hip Pain: How to Help 

While professional veterinary care is essential for managing hip pain in dogs, there are also several ways pet parents can help alleviate their dog’s discomfort. These include:

• Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for reducing the strain on your dog’s hips. Consult your veterinarian to determine the ideal weight for your dog and establish a proper diet and exercise plan.
• Provide a comfortable environment: Make adjustments to your home to accommodate your dog’s mobility needs. Cover up slick tile and wood flooring with rugs or simple yoga mats to help your dog gain traction when walking. Use ramps or stairs to help them navigate elevated surfaces and minimize the need for jumping. Consider using orthopedic or heated dog beds to provide additional comfort and support. 
• Low-impact exercise: Engage your dog in low-impact exercises that promote muscle strength and joint mobility without placing excessive stress on the hips. Controlled walks, swimming, and physical therapy exercises can be beneficial.
• Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Ask your veterinarian about physical rehabilitation programs tailored to your dog’s specific needs. These can help improve joint function, strengthen muscles, and reduce pain.
• Alternative therapies: Acupuncture, massage, or cold laser therapy may provide additional pain relief for dogs with hip pain. In addition to tried-and-true hip pain treatments, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) made for dogs, CBD supplements may also help to reduce hip pain due to arthritis (2). Discuss these options with your veterinarian to determine if they may be suitable for your dog’s condition.

While there are some home remedies and alternative treatments that may offer temporary relief for hip pain, it’s crucial to consult a veterinarian before trying any new approaches. Additionally, you should never give any over-the-counter pain relievers made for humans to your dog, as they can cause serious side effects. 

References

1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jor.24178
2. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00165/full?_ga=2.240870016.204596874.1641217632-31046772.1640096551

The post Dog Hip Pain: Signs and How to Help  appeared first on Great Pet Care.

That’s great news for dog lovers — more time to spend with our favorite canines. However, it does raise important questions about how to keep senior dogs healthy so they can enjoy their longer lives. And questions about senior dog nutrition are often at the top of the list.

Senior Dog Nutrition: Why It’s Important

As dogs age, it’s normal for their bodies to undergo a variety of changes. These can range from gradual changes in appearance and mobility to developing certain age-related health conditions or diseases, like dental disease and arthritis.

However, just because these changes are typical in senior dogs doesn’t always mean that there’s nothing you can do about it. In many cases, nutrition plays a key role in addressing your aging canine’s changing needs. Sometimes, it can even help treat or prevent certain health issues common in senior dogs.

This is why it’s so important to re-evaluate your senior dog’s diet as they start getting up in years. However, knowing when and how to change your dog’s diet isn’t always obvious.

Should You Change Your Senior Dog’s Diet?

Does your dog still act like a puppy at heart? Is their muzzle looking a lot whiter than it used to? Unfortunately, if you’re looking for a sure sign that your dog is ready for a senior diet, casual observations won’t cut it. Just like humans, some dogs look and act older or younger than their years.

Even going by your pup’s exact age may be somewhat confusing. While most dogs are considered senior after the age of 7, smaller breed dogs may not show signs of aging until they are 8-10 years old. And large or giant breed dogs may start to show signs as early as 5 years old.

All dogs can age differently, even dogs of the same breed. That’s why it’s best to talk to your veterinarian about your pup’s changing nutritional needs and whether it’s time to consider switching to a senior dog food. 

Depending on your dog’s overall health, your veterinarian might tell you to stick with the food you’ve been feeding your pet for years…no matter how many birthdays your dog has racked up. 

“There is no true reason to feed a senior diet to our aging dog unless there are noted problems, such as lean body wasting, arthritis or obesity,” says veterinarian Dr. Joseph J. Wakshlag, DVM, PhD.  

“These conditions all require different approaches to nutrition,” Wakshlag adds. “There is no one-size-fits-all for senior dogs, making this something to discuss with your veterinarian. It can be complex.”

Talking to Your Vet About Senior Dog Nutrition

Though the topic of nutrition for aging dogs can feel overwhelming, talking with your veterinarian about it can make it a lot easier. 

In most cases, your veterinarian will suggest a change to your senior dog’s diet during a regular checkup, if they determine it’s time. That decision is based on a variety of factors, including your dog’s age, overall health, and any diagnosed conditions. 

But there’s no need to wait for your vet to start the conversation. Certain changes in the health or behavior of an aging dog could signal it’s time to consider a senior diet. These include:

• Changes in appetite
• Loss of muscle mass
• Weight fluctuations
• Dry, dull skin and coat
• Stool changes, such as diarrhea or constipation
• Reduced mobility

These could also be signs of other health concerning age-related health conditions. If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian to determine the cause and ask whether a change in nutrition could be in order.

What to Feed Your Senior Dog

When a veterinarian agrees that it’s time for a dog to switch to a senior diet, some well-intentioned pet parents may think any diet labeled “senior dog food” will do. However, this is primarily a marketing term that doesn’t consider a dog’s individual nutritional needs. 

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), which sets nutritional standards for all pet foods, does not provide a different set of nutritional standards for senior dogs. So any adult dog food could be labeled “senior dog food” with no indication of how it’s different or better for elderly canines.

It’s always a good idea to consult your veterinarian before switching dog foods, but it’s especially important when it comes to choosing a diet for your aging dog. A veterinarian can point you in the right direction, based on what nutrition will best address your senior dog’s specific health conditions or concerns.

Depending on your dog’s overall health and needs, here’s what your veterinarian might recommend.

Prescription Diets

If your senior dog has been diagnosed with certain conditions, your veterinarian may recommend a prescription diet. Also called therapeutic diets, these specialized formulas are carefully calibrated to address the unique dietary needs associated with certain health issues and diseases. 

For example, dogs with renal disease require a diet that has limited phosphorus, protein, and sodium. Dogs with arthritis can benefit from a diet fortified with added omega-3 fatty acids and glucosamine. 

Prescription diets may be an essential part of a larger treatment plan, or they may simply help manage certain symptoms. For example, a senior dog on a prescription diet for arthritis might not have to rely as heavily on NSAID medications to manage pain, which could reduce the risk of liver and kidney damage.

Prescription diets require authorization from your veterinarian before you can purchase them. 

Commercial Diets

If your veterinarian does not recommend a prescription diet, there are countless commercial dog food options to consider for your senior dog. So many, it might feel overwhelming. 

To help narrow down your choices, it’s worth asking your veterinarian whether there are certain things you should look for in dog food to ensure it fits any existing health or nutritional needs your dog may have. For example:

• Reduced calorie formulas help combat obesity or compensate for decreased activity levels and slower metabolism in older dogs.
• Protein-rich formulas promote healthy muscles and help elderly dogs maintain mobility.
• High-fiber formulas can help alleviate age-related gastrointestinal issues, such as constipation and diarrhea.
• Highly palatable formulas made with higher fat content may help encourage senior dogs who are sick or have reduced appetite to stay well-nourished and strong. 
• Wet or moist formulas that contain more water can help older dogs stay hydrated, they may also be more enticing to dogs with reduced appetite and easier for dogs with dental disease to chew. 

In addition to addressing your older dog’s unique health needs, all senior dog nutrition diets should:

• Meet AAFCO nutrient profile standards for all life stages or adult dog maintenance. This ensures the diet provides the complete and balanced nutrition adult (and senior) dogs need to thrive. 
• Feature quality ingredients rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and nutrients over inexpensive fillers designed to add calories and bulk.

Supplements

In some cases, your veterinarian may also recommend adding a supplement to your senior dog’s regimen. Nutritional supplements are designed to provide additional nutritional support above and beyond a dog’s existing diet. 

For dogs in good health who eat a complete and balanced diet, supplements are not a necessity. However, supplements can play an important role in helping address some senior dog nutrition needs. 

Two in particular vets often recommend for senior dogs are: 

• Glucosamine supplements help fortify cartilage, the spongy material that acts as a cushion between healthy joints. As pets age, they produce less glucosamine, which can cause cartilage to break down. Glucosamine supplements can help prevent or slow that breakdown and reduce the risk of joint pain, inflammation, and arthritis.
• Omega 3 supplements leverage the powers of omega 3 fatty acids or the “good fats” found in ingredients like fish oil and flax seeds. These help boost your aging dog’s immune system and reduce inflammation, so they’re good for achy joints. They also promote healthy skin and coat, plus brain, heart, and cardiac function.

All supplements have the potential for side effects and possible interactions with medications. So be sure to work with your veterinarian to determine which supplements might benefit your senior dog and how much they need before adding supplements to your dog’s diet.

Questions to Ask About Senior Dog Nutrition

Remember, determining your senior dog’s nutritional needs and ideal diet may not be a one-time conversation. As your dog ages, you will likely need to discuss the topic regularly with your veterinarian to ensure you are feeding your elderly dog what they need to thrive.

Here are some additional questions you can ask to stay on the right track:

What Is My Dog’s Ideal Weight?

Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important in your dog’s golden years, as it can reduce the risk of certain age-related conditions, such as diabetes, and alleviate joint pain associated with arthritis. 

Talk to your veterinarian to determine your dog’s ideal weight, as well as the amount of calories they should consume daily to achieve it or maintain it. This may change throughout your dog’s senior years, as metabolism decreases with age. 

It’s a good idea to weigh your dog regularly to detect weight fluctuations before they lead to health issues. Consider signing up for a GreatPetCare account, to access helpful health management tools, including a handy pet weight tracker. 

Can Testing Show What Diet Could Benefit My Senior Dog?

Having your dog’s bloodwork evaluated yearly is critical for monitoring their health as they age. Changes in certain blood values can reveal underlying issues that can often be managed by changing diets. Issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, pancreatitis, and protein-losing enteropathy can all be managed with nutrition.

Certain minerals and electrolytes should be monitored as well. Potassium and phosphorous can be abnormal because of renal disease. These are treated and managed with nutritional intervention. Excess levels of calcium can even be secondary to certain cancers in pets and should be investigated. 

Senior Dog Nutrition: Other Tips and Advice

• When beginning your dog on a new food, it will likely take 4-5 days to completely transition them over to the new food. You’ll want to mix their new food in with their old, with the new being 20% of the meal the first day and slowly increase it to the full amount by day 4 or 5. 
• Free feeding, or leaving food out all day for your dog, is not a good idea. It’s difficult to know how much they are eating when this is done and often leads to overeating. It’s recommended to feed your dog twice daily. 
• Treats can be given to your dog as long as they make up no more than 10% of their daily calories. Treats such as green beans, carrots, and apples are ideal for any dog and don’t add much to the daily calories. 
• To encourage your senior dog to eat, try adding water to their kibble or warming it up. By warming it up, the smell is enhanced and can be detected by their diminished sense of smell. 

Whether your dog is approaching seniorhood or already well into their golden years, caring for them can be both challenging and rewarding. Work with your veterinarian to understand which diet is the best for your pet. With the proper guidance, choosing the right food to fulfill your dog’s changing nutritional needs can make their final years happy, healthy, and enjoyable for you both. 

The post Senior Dog Nutrition: How to Feed Your Senior appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Read on to learn what jaundice is, what it looks like in cats, what causes it, and whether jaundice can be reversed if the cause is treated appropriately.

What Is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the general term for yellow discoloration of body tissues. Jaundice is also known as icterus. Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of a yellow-brown compound called bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bodily fluid that is created by the breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is a major part of bile, which is a digestive fluid that is removed from the bloodstream by the liver. If the liver is damaged or if so many red blood cells are breaking down or being destroyed that it overwhelms the liver’s capabilities, bilirubin will leak into the bloodstream. When bilirubin leaks into the bloodstream, it stains body tissues and urine yellow.

What Does Jaundice Look Like in Cats?

Jaundice causes yellow staining of bodily tissues, including eyes and skin. It can be difficult to notice if your cat is jaundiced, as much of their skin is covered in fur. Coat color doesn’t affect how easy jaundice is to recognize. The most likely places that you will notice jaundice is the hairless skin of the ears, the skin right above the eyes, and the whites of the eyes. Cats with yellow eyes are often the first thing that people notice. 

Causes of Jaundice in Cats

Veterinarians will put jaundice into one of three categories, depending on the cause of jaundice.

Pre-liver jaundice caused by destruction of red blood cells due to:

• Auto-immune disease (IMHA)
• Infectious diseases (FeLV, heartworm, tick-borne diseases, FIV, Mycoplasma haemofelis)
• Toxicity (onions, propylene glycol, certain antibiotics (TMS), zinc)

Liver-related jaundice caused by:

• Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
• Adverse drug reactions that injure the liver
• Cholangiohepatitis (liver and gallbladder inflammation)
• Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease)
• Infectious liver disease 
• Bacterial sepsis
• Liver cancer
• Hyperthyroidism
• Copper toxicity

Post-liver jaundice caused by:

• Obstruction of the bile duct with gallstones or sludged bile
• Pancreatitis
• Cancer of the pancreas, intestines, or bile ducts
• Liver flukes (parasites)
• Inflammation of the bile duct

Many of the conditions that cause jaundice in cats are considered life-threatening. Therefore, if you notice your cat is jaundiced, please make sure to take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

Other Symptoms Associated with Jaundice in Cats

A jaundiced cat will usually have other symptoms that relate to the underlying cause of jaundice. If a cat has jaundice due to destruction of their red blood cells, they will likely act more tired than usual. If a cat has jaundice due to liver disease, they will likely not want to eat, have vomiting and/or diarrhea, and may exhibit strange behaviors associated with liver disease, such as head pressing, drooling, and seizures.

Diagnosing the Cause of Jaundice in Cats

If your cat is jaundiced, your veterinarian will want to conduct a physical exam and laboratory tests on blood and urine to determine the cause. Blood work will be important to check internal organ function (including the liver), electrolytes, and red blood cell health. Initial lab tests include serum chemistry, complete blood count, and urinalysis. If jaundice is related to red blood cell destruction, then anemia may be noted on blood work. If jaundice is related to liver failure in cats, then elevated liver enzymes will be noted on blood work. 

Depending on what initial labs show, your veterinarian may recommend additional testing, which may include:

• Bile acids test
• Bilirubin assay
• Imaging studies, including ultrasound and/or radiographs (x-ray)
• Auto-agglutination and coagulation studies to determine if it is an issue with autoimmune destruction of red blood cells
• Liver biopsy

Jaundice in Cats Treatment

It is important to note that jaundice itself is not life-threatening, but the underlying disorder that is causing it might be, and must be treated. Jaundice in cats treatment is aimed at resolving the underlying cause of jaundice. If your cat has a blood disorder, that will be treated. If your cat has liver disease, that will be treated. If your cat has bile or gall bladder disease, that will be treated. Depending on the cause, surgery and/or hospitalization may be needed. If the underlying disorder is treatable, then jaundice is 100 percent reversible.

Prognosis for Cats with Jaundice

The prognosis for cats with jaundice depends on the underlying cause and whether it can be resolved, or not. In many cases, cats with jaundice can make a full recovery if properly treated. Your veterinarian will assess your cat and determine your cat’s prognosis. 

How to Prevent Jaundice in Cats

While you may not be able to prevent all causes of jaundice, there are things you can do at home to minimize your cat’s risk. These include:

• Having your cat examined yearly by a veterinarian and having any recommended lab tests performed
• Work with your veterinarian to keep your cat vaccinated appropriately for their lifestyle 
• Feed your cat food that is AAFCO certified to be complete and balanced 
• Keep your cat indoors, supervise outdoors activity by keeping them on a leash or keeping them in an outdoor enclosure
• If your cat doesn’t eat for more than two days, take your cat to the vet
• If your cat is vomiting, have them checked by a veterinarian

While jaundice can seem scary, there are often treatments available that can help your cat recover fully. Most causes of jaundice in cats can be successfully treated with early intervention — the survival rate of cats with jaundice is moderate to high. If you notice your cat is jaundiced, please take your cat to the veterinarian as soon as possible — by working with a veterinarian you trust you are more likely to help your cat recover quickly and without long lasting health complications.

The post Jaundice in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fortunately, we’ve got answers to those questions and many more, including some that might surprise you. Diet plays an important role in the health and happiness of senior felines. With this helpful guide, you’ll learn everything you need to know about selecting a senior cat food that fits your feline family member’s specific tastes and needs.

Senior Cat Nutrition: Why It’s Important

Senior cats experience many changes in their golden years, and nutrition impacts how they tolerate those changes. 

Appropriate senior cat nutrition may prevent some health concerns in older cats. For other cats who go on to develop various conditions, their diet may alleviate symptoms. For all senior cats, we want their nutrition to promote overall wellness.

To understand the importance of senior cat nutrition, it’s helpful to know how your cat’s health and needs may change in the years ahead, as well as the role diet can play in managing those changes. 

Here are some of the most common challenges cats face as they age:

• Increased energy needs: While most adult cats are prone to obesity and may require calorie restriction, senior cats tend to face the opposite problem. Many aging cats have trouble keeping weight on. This is because their digestive system becomes less efficient, meaning they don’t absorb as much energy from their food. As a result, they have a higher energy requirement. 
• Weakened immune system: The immune system of a senior cat may not be quite as effective as a younger cat’s at fighting off infections. Senior cats also have an increased risk of chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system.
• Increased likelihood of chronic health conditions: Several diseases, such as chronic kidney disease or hyperthyroidism, are more common in senior cats. Some of these conditions require specific diets as part of their treatment.
• Dental disease: Senior cats are more likely to have dental disease, often leading to tooth extraction or loss. In fact, some senior cats don’t have any teeth left, which can impact their desire and ability to eat.
• Increased need for water intake: Many senior cats will have changes to their kidney function that predispose them to dehydration. 
• Decreased appetite: Senior cats commonly have a lower appetite than their younger counterparts. In some cases, this may occur because their abilities to smell and taste aren’t as good as they once were. For others, this can occur because of an underlying disease that affects their appetite, such as chronic kidney disease.

Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

The answer to this question isn’t as simple as you might think. Here’s why.

While kitten food and adult cat food formulas generally adhere to nutritional standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), no standardized AAFCO guidelines exist for senior cat diets.

This means that pet food manufacturers can create their own formulas to market as senior cat food. So it’s not as if any old cat food with the word “senior” on the packaging will suffice once your cat hits a certain age.

There’s no guarantee that formula will provide what your cat needs in their senior years. Your best bet is to work with your veterinarian to pick an appropriate diet for your aging cat.

When Should You Change Your Senior Cat’s Diet? 

Another myth in need of busting is that your aging cat’s nutritional needs change once they celebrate a specific birthday. Despite what you’ll see on pet food bags, there isn’t a particular age at which your cat should switch to a senior cat diet. 

If you look closely, you’ll notice that not all commercial senior cat diets use the same age cutoff for when a pet is senior. Some say 7+, others say 11+, and some won’t have a specific age listed at all. 

Instead of basing dietary changes for senior cats off the age listed on the food bag or cans, you should work with your veterinarian to determine if and when a dietary change is necessary. Issues that may indicate you need to change your cat’s diet include:

• Appetite changes
• Weight loss or gain
• Loss of muscle mass
• Vomiting
• Changes to stools, such as diarrhea, loose stools, or constipation
• Excessive drinking or urination

These warning signs could indicate it’s time to switch to a diet better suited to your cat’s needs. Or, they could point to a wide range of other health issues. So, it’s best to have your veterinarian conduct a thorough exam to ensure you know precisely what your aging cat needs. 

What to Feed Your Senior Cat

Since we now know that you can’t just pick any formula with “senior cat food” on the label, exactly what should you consider when deciding how to nourish your senior kitty?

If your senior cat isn’t showing any signs of slowing down or other age-related health issues, you may be fine feeding them any cat food formulated for adult cats. However, the symptoms of age-related health conditions in cats can be subtle and easy to miss. So, it’s a good idea to talk with your veterinarian before you decide on any dietary changes.

Questions to ask your veterinarian include:

• Does your cat have any special nutritional needs due to a specific health condition?
• Does your cat’s dental health affect the kind of food they should eat?
• How can you increase your cat’s water intake?
• How can you make food more appealing for a cat who won’t eat?

Depending on your cat’s unique needs, here are a few options your veterinarian may recommend.  

Prescription diets

For cats diagnosed with certain health conditions or nutritional needs, veterinarians may recommend a prescription diet that’s specially formulated to help them thrive. These options, also known as veterinarian-authorized or therapeutic diets, can only be purchased with special approval from a veterinarian.

Examples of common senior health conditions that may have dietary therapies available include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Diabetes
• Dental disease
• Hyperthyroidism 
• Obesity

If your veterinarian prescribes a therapeutic diet for your senior cat, your best bet is to go with the formula they recommend. However, a variety of brands offer prescription diets. So, if your cat won’t eat their new food, it is worth asking your vet if the prescription diet is available from another brand and whether it would be appropriate to switch. 

You may also want to ask your veterinarian how long your senior cat should be on a prescription diet. For some conditions, feeding a therapeutic diet is part of a long-term treatment plan. For other conditions, such as obesity, it may be a temporary fix until your cat achieves a healthy weight and can switch to a diet designed to help maintain that weight.

Commercial diets

If your veterinarian does not recommend a prescription diet for your senior cat, then there are plenty of viable cat food options available to sustain your elderly feline in their golden years. 

However, not all formulas are created equal, and some may be better for senior cats than others. Here are some important considerations to remember when choosing a diet that will help your elderly cat thrive.

• Meets AAFCO standards: Any diet you choose should have an AAFCO statement near the nutrient label which says the food is approved for adult maintenance.
• Protein-rich: Your senior cat is an obligate carnivore, which means they need animal products in their diet to get all their essential nutrients. Look for options with meat or fish as the number one ingredient and check the percentage of protein content listed on the label. According to the American Animal Hospital Association, most senior cats should eat a diet with a minimum protein allowance of 30–45% dry matter. Avoid plant-based (vegetarian or vegan) diets, which are inappropriate for cats of any age.  
• Kibble vs. canned: While both kibble and canned food can provide senior cats with the nutrition they need, canned food may be a better pick for some older cats. The extra moisture in wet cat food helps combat dehydration in senior cats, and the softer texture is easier on senior cats with dental pain or fewer teeth. 
• Portion sizes: A cat’s weight can be challenging to manage in their senior years, so working with your veterinarian to develop a weight management plan is a great idea. If your cat is obese, consider reducing their amount of food by 10 percent and reweighing them every two weeks for a month. But what if they’re underweight?

If your cat is underweight, you should determine if they have any underlying health conditions. Assuming all is well, you have several options to consider:

• Increase their food amount by 10 percent and reweigh every two weeks for a month to ensure they are gaining weight. If there’s no progress, try increasing it by another 10 percent. 
• Try switching to a food with more calories in the same amount (higher caloric density), so they’re getting more energy from their food even though they’re eating the same amount.
• Switch to a canned food to see if this is more enticing.
• Heat the food to increase aroma and appeal.
• Add a small amount of canned food to their kibble as a topper.

If you are working to manage your cat’s weight, consider signing up for a GreatPetCare account, which has access to health management tools such as a pet weight tracker. 

Supplements

While it’s not necessary to supplement your senior cat’s diet if they are eating food that meets appropriate AAFCO standards, some nutritional supplements may help address age-related health issues. For example, joint supplements that contain extra glucosamine and chondroitin may help improve mobility in some cats with joint pain.

However, nutritional supplements do not replace appropriate veterinary treatment. If you’re considering supplements for your senior kitty, speak with your veterinarian before starting your cat on them. 

Hydration

Senior cats are often more susceptible to dehydration. This may be due to reduced sensitivity to thirst, disease, or mobility issues that make it harder to get to the water bowl. 

If your cat is a kibble-eater, consider switching to canned food to help keep them well hydrated. You can also coax your cat into drinking more by introducing water fountains and placing multiple water bowls on the levels of your home. 

Senior Cat Nutrition: Other Tips and Advice

Once you and your veterinarian decide what your senior cat should eat, there’s still the matter of ensuring they’re eating properly. Here are some expert tips to ensure your cat gets the nutrition they need to help keep them happy and healthy.

• When changing your senior cat’s diet, make that change slowly over several days. Changing the diet too rapidly can lead to stomach upset, which could result in diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite changes. To make the switch successful, follow the schedule below:
  • Day 1: 25% new food, 75% old food
  • Day 2: 50% new food, 50% old food
  • Day 3: 75% new food, 25% old food
  • Day 4: 100% new food

• If your cat is not finishing their meals, consider feeding smaller meals more frequently.
• If your senior cat is losing weight and is getting pickier, consider leaving kibble available at all times. This may not be feasible if you have other pets in the home who like to steal from their senior friends.
• Treats are safe for you to give your senior cat but should make up under 10% of their diet. If your pet is on a prescription diet, check with your veterinarian before feeding treats to ensure they do not pose any danger to your cat’s health. 
• Safe human foods that could be given to your cat as a treat include thoroughly cooked lean meats and fish, cooked eggs, cucumber, carrots, peas, and more. Always ensure that food is safe before offering it to your pet. 
• If your cat has multiple health conditions that complicate your dietary options, consider asking your veterinarian for a referral to a veterinary nutritionist. 
• If you are interested in a homecooked diet for your senior cat, you must work with a veterinary nutritionist to develop a nutritionally balanced diet.

Feeding your senior cat does require a slightly different approach than many pet parents may be used to, but it doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Now that you know how your aging cat’s nutritional needs may change and how that impacts their health, you can have thoughtful conversations with your veterinarian about the best diet for your senior cat’s overall health and wellness. 

The post Senior Cat Nutrition: How to Feed Your Senior appeared first on Great Pet Care.

So when is drooling normal, and when is it not? In this article, you will learn some of the potential medical causes of excessive drooling in dogs, what to do if you notice your dog drooling more than usual, and when it’s a problem. We’ll even share tips for how to deal with health issues that stem from standard, everyday drooling in dogs who tend to slobber!

Dog Drooling: What Is Normal?

Dogs constantly produce saliva from their salivary glands. Normally, most dogs swallow their saliva. Certain large and giant breed dogs, like those mentioned above, have very droopy lips that can accumulate excessive saliva that will then drip out as drool. Other breeds that are known for their drool include:

• Bloodhounds
• Newfoundlands
• Mastiffs
• Bernese Mountain Dogs
• Great Danes
• Boxers
• Bulldogs

Certain environmental factors can also cause dogs to drool more than usual but these are still considered normal, including:

• Dogs that are overheated and cooling themselves by panting
• Dogs that are anticipating eating something yummy
• Dogs that have been given a bitter or yucky-tasting oral medication
• Dogs that have been given eye drops or nose drops

Characterizing Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Excessive drooling, also known as ptyalism, is a condition that occurs when something abnormal is happening in a dog’s body that generates excessive saliva. 

Depending on the underlying cause, dogs with ptyalism may or may not act sick but may have one or more of the following symptoms in addition to excessive drooling:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting or regurgitation
• Lip smacking
• Excessive swallowing
• Suddenly head shy (doesn’t want to be touched around the head)
• Changes in eating behavior, such as dropping food, chewing only on one side, refusing to eat hard food, etc.
• Increased irritability or reclusive behavior, especially if the dog is in pain
• Other abnormal behavior such as excessively tired or loss of interest in regular activities
• Pawing at the face or muzzle
• Chin acne
• Anxiety

If your dog is acting normal other than suddenly drooling a lot, it is still a good idea to call your veterinarian for advice, as you could be missing subtle signs of sickness. 

Medical Causes of Excessive Drooling in Dogs

Drooling is impacted by a dog’s mouth, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and abnormalities in any of those systems can result in excessive drooling.

The following is a partial list of medical conditions that can cause excessive drooling in dogs:

• Diseases of the mouth: periodontal disease, oral trauma, mouth cancer, infections, chewing on an electrical cord, swallowing problems
• Salivary gland diseases: infections, tumors, trauma, inflammation
• Esophageal diseases: megaesophagus, inflammation (esophagitis), gastric reflux, parasites, foreign body, hiatal hernia
• Stomach diseases: gastric inflammation, gastric ulcers, gastric parasites, twisted stomach (gastric dilation volvulus)
• Neurological diseases: motion sickness, botulism, tetanus, facial nerve palsy, seizures, brain inflammation or cancer, vestibular disease, anxiety
• Drugs and toxins: swallowing caustic substances like bleach, chewing on house or yard plants, licking insecticides or herbicides, ingesting recreational or prescription drugs, spider or snake bites, licking toads, caffeine, drugs used in anesthesia
• Liver and kidney disease (nausea)

What to Do if Your Dog is Drooling Excessively

Suppose your dog is drooling excessively but acting fine in every other way (their behavior, appetite and energy level are all normal and they are not vomiting). In that case, calling your veterinarian or emergency clinic for advice is likely fine as a first step. Your veterinarian may still recommend that you bring your dog in for an examination, or they may instruct you to monitor your dog at home; in either case, follow their recommendations.

If you notice that your dog is excessively drooling and acting sick in any way, or you know that they chewed on or swallowed something toxic or dangerous, take your dog to a veterinarian for evaluation as soon as possible. Some causes of excessive drooling, such as gastric dilation volvulus, are imminently life-threatening without veterinary care, so it is always better to be safe than sorry.

Treatment of excessive drooling in dogs varies widely and depends on the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will need to conduct a physical examination, ask you some questions and may need to run some tests.

If your dog needs treatment, the following are some common treatments for excessive drooling in dogs, according to the cause:

• Dental disease: sedation, x-rays (radiographs), removal of diseased teeth, cleaning of the teeth, antibiotics, etc.
• Salivary gland problems: surgery, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories
• Esophageal problems: medications, feeding modifications, surgery
• Stomach problems: medication, surgery, food therapy
• Neurological problems: medication, surgery
• Motion sickness: anti-nausea medication
• Drugs and toxins: supportive care, removal of drugs and toxins from systems

Some cases of excessive drooling are easy to cure and manage. If your dog is drooling due to motion sickness, medication can help them feel better. If they are drooling due to dental disease or drug toxicity, they will stop as soon as the underlying problem is eliminated.

If a dog is drooling excessively due to megaesophagus, liver disease, kidney disease or seizures from epilepsy, their symptoms can be managed with food therapy and medications. Ensuring these dogs do not develop dehydration from chronic drooling is also important. Working with a veterinarian you trust is critical to eliminating the underlying cause of excessive drooling in your dog.

If your dog’s drool is considered “normal” for their breed, but they are still getting chronic skin infections around their chin and muzzle due to constant wetness, try the following:

• Clean affected skin (or skin folds) every 12 hours with an over-the-counter medicated wipe (either pet or human) designed for acne to dry the area and reduce the number of bacteria on the skin’s surface. Wipes with astringents (witch hazel) can also be helpful, but be sure to avoid causing problems with over-dryness.
• Apply petroleum jelly to cleaned areas to protect the skin
• Use stainless steel food and water bowls and wash them in the dishwasher every couple of days

Related conditions

• Periodontal disease
• Megaesophagus
• Motion sickness
• Vestibular disease
• Seizures
• Gastric ulcers
• Gastric dilation volvulus
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease

The post Excessive Drooling in Dogs: 7 Medical Causes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Most senior cats end up in shelters through no fault of their own. They may find themselves homeless when their guardian passes away or is no longer able to care for them due to their own health issues. Aging cats are often surrendered due to the family’s lack of financial resources to properly diagnose and treat chronic diseases, or deal with behavioral changes associated with old age and related ailments.

While there are several benefits to bringing home a senior cat, there are also some considerations to keep in mind. Keep reading to find out what it takes to be a senior cat parent before making your decision.

When Does an Adult Cat Become a Senior Cat? 

Cats over the age of 10 are considered seniors. Because a well-cared-for indoor cat can live to be more than 15 years old, chances are you have many years with your senior kitty, depending on when you adopt them.  

Your furry friend’s lifespan may also depend on the breed, but there is no definitive study proving this. Dr. Kelly Diehl, senior director of science communication at Morris Animal Foundation, refers to a recent study looking at insurance data that suggested that purebred cats have more disease-related problems than mixed breed cats (1). Morris Animal Foundation, based in Denver, is a nonprofit animal health research organization advancing the health of animals. 

According to Dr. Amber Carter, owner and veterinarian at the cat-only Cat Care Clinic in Ormond Beach, Florida, mixed breed or domestic short/medium/long haired cats tend to live longer. However, when it comes to purebreds, “some believe that Siamese and Burmese live longer.”  

Benefits of Senior Cat Adoption

If you are willing to open your heart and home to a senior cat, there are many rewards to reap. 

Choosing a senior cat means you will be giving a cat who is often overlooked at the shelter a chance at a happy life and a comfortable home during the last phase of their life. 

“Many people who’ve adopted older cats (and my mom recently joined this category) get a lot of satisfaction from the feeling of providing a good home for the remaining years of an older cat’s life,” Diehl says. In turn, the furry feline will provide you with plenty of purrs and snuggles. 

Unlike kittens, senior cats typically come trained to use the litter box and know how to use scratching posts and/or cat trees. The biggest benefit is that they tend not to scratch up your furniture. With an older cat, you’re also more likely to know whether they get along with dogs and kids before bringing the cat home. 

Senior cats tend to be more relaxed than energetic kittens who need a lot of attention and stimulation. Mature cats are also “less likely to eat things they are not supposed to,” Carter says. 

This, of course, doesn’t mean aging cats don’t require basic care. “Senior cats still need attention and human interaction to keep mentally and physically stimulated,” Carter says. 

9 Things You Should Know Before Adopting a Senior Cat

As loving and cuddly as senior cats can be, there are some things to consider before adopting one. Keep reading to find out if you and your family are ready for the responsibility of an aging feline. 

More Mellow

If you are seeking a lively kitty who is up to some antics, a senior cat is not the right choice. Older cats tend to be less playful and active than younger cats. “A senior may not be the best fit if you are looking for an energetic cat that you can play with all day long,” Carter says. 

Additionally, since mature cats are calmer, a house full of young kids or barking dogs may not be the right environment. “This may be stressful for a senior cat, depending on their background,” Carter adds. 

Appreciate a Routine 

If you’ve ever tried switching your cat’s diet, you already know the difficulty of that task. Senior cats may be set in their ways. They may prefer a certain type of food and litter. Carter says this is not necessarily an indication that they will never change. It just takes more time and patience. 

Evolving Health Care Needs

As pets age, they tend to face medical problems. Pet parents need to be prepared—financially, emotionally, and practically—for any potential health issues, Diehl says. “The sad fact is that many older cats are relinquished to shelters because they have a chronic illness,” she adds. In some cases, underlying health conditions may not come to light until after adoption. 

According to Diehl, aging cats are more likely to suffer from diabetes, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, or arthritis. The two most common problems in cats over the age of 10 are arthritis and cognitive decline, which are manageable but not curable. Another common health issue is dental disease, which can cause them pain and trouble chewing their food.  

Although many shelters and rescue groups identify any health issues (known to them) before adoption, there is still no way of knowing what your new pet may encounter in the years to come. The future doesn’t have to be bleak though, says Diehl, as many of these conditions are treatable or manageable. However, pet parents should anticipate that they may need to give their senior cat daily medications or feed them more expensive prescription diets.

More Frequent Vet Visits 

It’s important to take your senior cat to have a physical exam at least twice a year; this involves blood work, checking blood pressure, and testing related to health conditions, Carter says. If your veterinarian uncovers underlying health conditions, your cat may need more frequent veterinary care.

Help with Grooming

Your senior cat may not be grooming themselves as much as they get older, which means they need regular brushing and nail trims to prevent ingrown and long (painful) nails. Regular brushing will avoid hair matting, hairballs, and skin odor and will help your cat have a shiny, healthy coat.

Change in Bathroom Habits 

While one of the benefits of adopting a senior cat is the fact that they come housetrained, they may have trouble controlling their bathroom habits as they get older, especially if they are diabetic or have arthritis. They may also have difficulty finding the litter box because of cognitive dysfunction. 

Mobility Issues 

One of the most common issues older cats face is degenerative joint disease or arthritis. Signs of arthritis include hesitating before jumping or being unable to jump up to high perches they once reached with ease, Carter says. They may even have trouble getting in and out of the litter box. 

Luckily, arthritis is manageable. “We have many options, everything from oral pain medication to monthly monoclonal antibody injections (such as Solensia by Zoetis) to joint supplements in the form of treats,” Carter says. While there’s no cure for arthritis, treatment can help these cats maintain a good quality of life. 

Value Their Own Space 

If you have other cats or dogs, don’t let that deter you from adopting a senior cat. The key to successfully integrating your new pet into the household is slowly introducing them to the current residents. But first, Carter recommends you’ll need to ensure that the senior cat has their own room or space, with access to food, water, and a litter box, away from the other pets. 

In an ideal world, they will all come to get along and love one another, but be prepared to give your senior pet a space of their own if the other pets aren’t so welcoming of your new addition. Keep your senior cat away from kittens who may want to play all the time. 

Less Time to Spend Together

When bringing home an elderly cat, it’s important to recognize that you may not have as much time with them as you would like. While some seniors can live for many more years, there is a chance your cat may have a shortened life span, depending on any underlying conditions. Additionally, you may not know your cat’s exact age, unless the previous owner disclosed this information. Pet parents of older cats also need to be mentally and financially prepared to make end-of-life decisions for the pet. 

Where to Find Senior Cats for Adoption

If you have decided to welcome a senior cat into your home, there are several ways to find one. First, check with your local shelter or a rescue. There are sure to be cats waiting for loving homes. Most likely, these pets will also be listed on adoption sites like Petfinder.com. Be sure to pay a visit to your local shelter to meet any potential adoptees in person to get to know them, but know that they may be shy or skittish at first. 

Secondly, seek out senior-focused cat rescue groups or any groups that specialize in rehoming senior pets in your area. For example, North Shore Animal League on Long Island, New York, offers a Seniors for Seniors option, helping place older pets with senior citizens. 

Lastly, if you would like to adopt a senior cat, but potential future vet bills are stopping you from doing so, consider joining a shelter’s Fospice Program, a foster hospice program that lets elderly cats live out their last days in the comfort of the home. When bringing in a cat under the fospice program, the rescue will pay for any medical needs. 

“The purpose of the fospice program is to place senior animals or animals that might not have long to live in homes where they can live the rest of their days being loved and cared for instead of in a cage,” says Rena Sherman, cat adoption counselor at Posh Pets Rescue in Long Beach, New York. “Qualified homes for senior or medical pets sometimes is a senior home, but it can be anyone willing to open their home to an animal with special needs (medical, age, etc.) for the remainder of their lives.”

How to Prepare Your Home for a Senior Cat

Once you’ve found the perfect senior cat for your family, it’s time to prepare your home for a warm welcome. Here are some tips for having a smooth transition and providing a comfortable spot for your new fluffy friend. 

• Quiet and safe space to call their own: Carter recommends designating a quiet space for your cat “with all of their needs set up prior to arrival.” This includes food and water (away from the litter box). “Don’t force them to interact, but let them get to know you and their new environment on their own time,” Carter says.
  
• Keep mobility issues in mind: If your kitty is higher up in age, they may suffer from joint pain. To help alleviate any mobility-related issues, consider a litter box that is low-sided. “Litter pans with high sides are not good choices for older cats and can lead to bathroom accidents,” Diehl warns. If the cat has access to the entire house, and you have more than one level, consider having litter boxes on each floor to make it easy for your furry friend to go to the bathroom.
  
• Provide creature comforts: Cats prefer to sleep on a comfortable bed. Orthopedic or heated cat beds can help provide the needed comfort for arthritic joints. If you have slick wood floors or stairs, add area rugs and anti-slip rug pads to prevent your cat from slipping and falling. Add carpeted ramps near your bed and couch so your pet can climb up and cuddle next to you.
  
• Prioritize play time: Playing provides stimulation for cats of all ages. “It has been shown to help slow cognitive decline, so keep playing with your cat and providing new toys,” Diehl says. “Older cats may be less mobile, but they still need activities to keep them happy!” 

References

1. Hadar, Barr N et al. “Morbidity of insured Swedish cats between 2011 and 2016: Comparing disease risk in domestic crosses and purebreds.” The Veterinary record vol. 192,12 (2023): e2778. doi:10.1002/vetr.2778

The post Adopting a Senior Cat: 9 Things You Need to Know appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although most dogs can get by without their teeth, in some cases veterinarians may recommend dental implants (doggie dentures aren’t a thing). We’ve broken down what to know about this topic, though only your veterinarian can ultimately decide if dog dental implants are a good fit.

Can Dogs Get Dentures?

Humans wear dentures (AKA false teeth) to replace a partial or full mouth of missing teeth. Well-fitting dentures facilitate more effective chewing, and thus optimal nutrition. They also allow the wearer to feel more confident while smiling and talking. Typically made of a resin or metal base with porcelain or plastic teeth, dentures get removed for cleaning or when they’re not being used.  

But can dogs get dentures like humans? Maybe you’ve seen pet food ads of dogs with exaggerated dentures or images of dogs “wearing” dentures they’ve snatched from their owners. However, legitimate images of dentures for dogs don’t exist because they’re not something veterinarians offer. For one, dogs are unable to use dentures in the same way as humans do. 

“Dogs’ jaws and oral structures differ significantly from humans, making it difficult to create and fit functional dentures for them,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet, based in New York City. 

Dentures also need to be properly cleaned, cared for, and adjusted when needed, Dr. Fadl adds, “which is challenging for dogs and their owners to manage effectively.”

Dog dentures, if they were to exist, could also pose a potential safety hazard. “They would easily fall out, break, get lost, maybe even ingested,” says Denise S. Rollings, a certified veterinary technician, veterinary technician specialist (dentistry), and founder of Pet Dental Education.

Can Dogs Get Dental Implants?

Although dog dentures aren’t an option, some veterinary dentists do offer dental implants for dogs, which are permanent structures. “Dental implants are surgically placed into the jawbone, providing a stable foundation for prosthetic teeth,” says Dr. Fadl. The screw used to anchor the tooth is made of titanium, a strong and durable, yet lightweight metal; and the implanted tooth is ceramic or porcelain (1). After the screw has been placed, it takes between two and six months for it to fuse with the bone.

An impression is made and then sent to a dental lab for production of the prosthetic tooth (2).

Dental Implants for Dogs: How Common Are They?

While dog dental implants may be available, veterinarians don’t routinely offer this procedure. “In dogs it is a cosmetic procedure, not a medically necessary one. Dogs do not have the same emotional attachment to their teeth as people do, nor do they have social pressures to look a certain way,” says Rollings.

Getting dog dental implants is also an involved, multi-procedural process, each segment requiring anesthesia (1). Aside from the tooth extraction and placement of the screw into the jawbone, the process involves getting impressions of the tooth that needs replacement, taking radiographs, performing any requisite blood tests, and installing the new tooth. This doesn’t include any visits that may arise due to complications.

“There is no need to put a dog through this procedure,” says Rollings.

In a piece published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Association (JAVMA), a group of veterinary dentists maintain that there is not enough evidence yet to justify its widespread use in dogs (2). For now, the veterinary community generally believes that the potential risks of dog dental implants outweigh any health or quality-of-life benefits. 

Dog Teeth Implants: Are They Even Needed?

Dogs can learn to adapt reasonably well without all their teeth, especially if the missing teeth are primarily molars and not critical front teeth, says Dr. Fadl. “Dogs have different types of teeth for various functions, such as tearing, cutting, and grinding, so losing some teeth might affect their ability to chew certain foods. However, they can still manage to eat a balanced diet with softer foods or smaller kibbles.”

One class of dogs more likely to be fitted with dog dental implants are military and police dogs. Because of the activities these working dogs are engaged in (like grabbing, holding, and gnawing), their teeth have a propensity toward breakage. And without a full mouth of functional teeth, they would need to be retired early. 

Pros and Cons of Dog Dental Implants 

If you’re considering dog teeth implants for your dog, ask your veterinarian to refer you to a veterinary dentist. Only a veterinary dentist can ultimately determine if implants are a good fit for your dog. “The decision depends on the individual dog’s health, age, and other factors,” says Dr. Fadl. 

Potential Pros

• Improved chewing ability. Having a full set of teeth can, in theory, lead to improved chewing for the dog and thus better nutritional absorption. Veterinarians say, however, that most dogs can adapt to eating without all of their teeth. 
• Preservation of the jawbone. Dental implants can help preserve the jawbone after a tooth extraction. The degree of jawbone loss in dogs, however, is not as extreme as seen in humans, veterinarians say (2). And while facial structural changes are a concern in humans, dogs aren’t particular about how they look.
• Maintained teeth alignment. Another purported benefit of dental implants is that they can help maintain the position of neighboring teeth after extraction. Due to the size and shape of the dog’s dentition, though, their teeth don’t shift like ours do following extraction (2).
• Helpful for working dogs. Police and military dogs rely on their teeth more than pet dogs do, and they’re more prone to losing them while working. Titanium dog teeth implants can prevent working dogs from having to retire early.

Potential Cons

• There’s not enough data. While dental implants are considered safe and beneficial for humans, peer-reviewed studies demonstrating their use in dogs are lacking. Since dogs can generally do well without a full set of teeth, veterinarians may be hard-pressed to take unnecessary risks.
• It’s a complex procedure. Getting a dog fitted with dental implants is a drawn-out process that involves multiple procedures, each requiring anesthesia. Aside from any necessary teeth extraction, this process involves taking an impression of the teeth to be replaced, placement of the new teeth, and a possible bone graft (1). Performing a bone graft may be an issue if the affected teeth are in the front lower portion of the mouth — this is an area that veterinarians are unable to successfully graft.
• There are risks associated with surgical procedures. All procedures associated with dog dental implants require the use of anesthetics. While anesthesia is generally considered safe, it’s not without its risks. And because multiple procedures are involved, the risks are statistically greater. Complications like swelling, pain, and infection can also arise after dental procedures, says Dr. Fadl.
• There are no guarantees. There’s a possibility that the procedure might not be successful. “Implants might fail to integrate with the bone, leading to additional procedures or a need for alternative solutions,” says Dr. Fadl. 
• They are pricey. Aside from the cost to replace the tooth, other expenses associated with dog dental implants include the tooth extraction, anesthesia, office visits, radiographs, blood work, bone grafting, and medications.  

Cost of Dog Teeth Implants

Since veterinary dentists don’t commonly perform dog dental implant procedures, it’s difficult to find specifics on pricing. Generally, however, the cost starts at about $2,000 for just one tooth. 

This may not include other charges, like tooth extraction, anesthesia, bone grafts, follow-up visits, blood work for dogs with certain health conditions, x-rays, and any necessary pain medications or antibiotics. 

While pet insurance companies may cover some dental procedures, they typically don’t cover cosmetic procedures, which dog dental implants are categorized as.

Dog Missing Teeth: Other Ways to Help

Diet is key to helping a dog with no teeth. “Ensuring a soft or smaller kibble diet that is easier to chew” can help, says Dr. Fadl. Though it goes without saying, she adds that it’s essential to monitor your dog’s eating habits and provide adequate veterinary care to ensure the dog’s health.

The best way to prevent missing teeth in dogs is to adhere to a good oral hygiene routine. “The body’s response to bacterial plaque in the mouth is what causes periodontal disease (ultimately tooth loss). The gold standard is teeth brushing to mechanically remove bacterial plaque,” says Rollings. 

Choosing an appropriate toothbrush can help facilitate successful brushing sessions. The toothpaste you use on your dog must be formulated specifically for use in pets, as human toothpaste can be toxic for them. 

Dr. Fadl also recommends offering your dog dental chews or toys designed to reduce plaque and tartar buildup. Veterinarians say oral rinses and dental wipes are also an option.

Keeping regular veterinary appointments to address issues before they can worsen and having your dog’s teeth professionally cleaned on an annual basis is also important.

If you do opt for dog dental implants, Rollings says the work should be performed by a veterinarian trained in oral surgery with designated trained staff to monitor anesthesia. 

References

1. Dear Doctor: Dental Implants for Dogs. (2022, February). Your Dog. Tufts University – Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.tuftsyourdog.com/doghealthandmedicine/dear-doctor-dental-implants-for-dogs/
2. Tannenbaum, J., Arzi, B., etal. (2013, December). The case against the use of dental implants in dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/243/12/javma.243.12.1680.xml

The post Can Dogs Get Dentures? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Though it’s the cheapest option by far (other than having a family member look after your fur baby), dog boarding is not without some risks. Many facilities offer a getaway for your pet, where they can play with other dogs, get exercise, and have downtime in their own personal space. But the very nature of this setup means your four-legged friend will face certain risks, such as getting sick or injured during their stay or experiencing stress and anxiety in new surroundings.

When you leave your dog at a boarding facility, you are putting their life in someone else’s hands. This is why it’s so important to do your research, find the right facility for your individual dog, and be well-prepared for their stay. This involves getting recommendations, reading reviews, arranging a site visit, and making sure your dog is up-to-date on vaccines and accustomed to being away from home. 

Keep reading to learn about common dog boarding risks and steps you can take to ensure your pet has a safe and enjoyable stay. 

Boarding Your Dog: 6 Risks to Consider

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Infectious diseases 

Dogs seem resilient, but they are susceptible to contagious diseases like kennel cough and parasitic infections that spread in group settings like boarding facilities. “Anywhere dogs from multiple households co-mingle, there are some associated health risks,” warns Amanda Farah, national behavior and training coordinator at Best Friends Animal Society, based in Utah.

“Fleas, ticks, parasitic worms, or protozoa [single-celled parasites] like Giardia often spread in groups of dogs.” Giardia is an intestinal parasite that causes diarrhea and could be fatal to puppies. Respiratory illnesses like kennel cough and canine influenza (dog flu) can also spread when dogs are in close contact. 

The good news is it’s common practice for boarding places to require proof of vaccination for dogs staying in their facilities. These vaccines include DHPP (which protects against viral illnesses like distemper and parvo), rabies, Bordetella (protects against the most common cause of kennel cough), leptospirosis, and sometimes dog flu. While requiring vaccines doesn’t completely eliminate the risk of infectious disease, they can dramatically reduce that risk.

Some boarding kennels require proof that dogs are receiving heartworm prevention. While heartworm disease is not contagious among dogs, heartworm preventatives also prevent many common intestinal worms. Ensuring that all dogs in their care receive heartworm prevention reduces intestinal worm contamination in the kennel environment. Even if your boarding kennel doesn’t require heartworm prevention, ensuring that your dog is up-to-date can reduce your dog’s risk of acquiring intestinal worms. NexGard PLUS is a monthly beef-flavored soft chew that prevents heartworm disease and treats and controls roundworms and hookworms—two of the most common intestinal parasites in dogs. It also provides flea and tick protection for dogs for a full month.

See important safety information for NexGard PLUS below.

When choosing a boarding service, make sure they require proof of vaccination and heartworm prevention. This will ensure the animals your pet comes into contact with are protected against these harmful infectious diseases. 

Fleas and ticks

Fleas and ticks aren’t just a nuisance, they can cause discomfort and lead to health problems. Fleas can pass from one pup to another, and when left unchecked, a flea infestation could cause skin irritation and hot spots. Dogs can also contract tapeworm from ingesting an infected flea, which could result in weight loss and diarrhea. 

Whether in the backyard or on a hike, ticks seem to be everywhere, and they love latching onto a dog’s fur and skin. Some ticks can carry dangerous diseases, such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

Even if your boarding facility takes precautions to keep the environment clean and free of pests, there’s no way of knowing if the other companion animals have fleas or ticks. It’s easier to protect against fleas and ticks than to get rid of them. Make sure your dog is protected against these pests by using regular flea and tick prevention, such as orals, topicals, or flea collars. In many boarding kennels, flea and tick prevention is required for all boarding pets. NexGard PLUS soft chews treat and prevent flea infestations, kill adult fleas fast, and treat and control four common tick species for one month.

See important safety information for NexGard PLUS below.

Separation anxiety and stress

“Pets can have added separation anxiety and stress due to changes in their environment at home, but even more when they are exposed to new places, new smells, protocols, and pheromones,” says Krista Miller, DVM at Fuzzy Healthcare. This stress could lead to a decrease in appetite and/or water consumption, diarrhea, and even fear-related aggression, Dr. Miller warns. 

Hiring a dog trainer for a few sessions could help alleviate your dog’s separation anxiety. In some cases, however, your pet may benefit from a prescribed anti-anxiety medication. Talk to your veterinarian if you are concerned that your pet may experience stress or separation anxiety while boarding. 

Inappropriate exercise

When seeking a boarding facility that’s right for your pet’s health and habits, it’s key to find one that can accommodate their physical needs. Whether you have an elderly dog with arthritis or a young pup with a lot of energy, you’ll want to find out what types of activities your pup might participate in during their stay. Be sure to ask how often your dog will be walked, how long they will be let out to play with other dogs, and how long they will spend time alone in the kennel. 

“If a dog who barely walks around the block on a daily basis is suddenly in a playgroup for several hours a day, we could see the same sorts of aches, pains, or injuries we might see in a sedentary person who woke up one day and decided to run a marathon,” says Farah. Similarly, if you have a dog that is used to running a few miles a day, it’d be frustrating for them to be left alone in a small kennel for a week without play. 

Change in routine

Sudden changes in your dog’s regular routine can cause physical or mental distress, says Farah. Our pets know exactly when they get their breakfast, when walk time arrives, and when to go to bed. Staying at a kennel disrupts their regular daily schedule, which, in some cases, could cause your dog to experience stress and anxiety.  

Farah recommends getting your pet used to the kennel by helping them learn to relax and be comfortable in a confined space. This involves crate training ahead of time and making sure the dog finds this to be a safe space. Additionally, she recommends sending your dog with their own bed and bowls (if allowed) to create a more comfortable and relaxing space. You may even want to leave a piece of your clothing and some of your pet’s favorite toys to remind them of home. 

Dr. Miller recommends taking your dog to the facility beforehand to learn about the new surroundings. “This could be daycare, playdates, or the like to help them adjust to the sounds and smells in advance.” Positive associations, created by those involved with the care of your pet at the facility, will also help foster a welcoming environment for your dog. 

Injury 

The very nature of a boarding facility means interacting with unfamiliar people and dogs. No matter how diligent the staff are, there could be times where your dog might end up getting hurt during rough play or when around a larger breed dog. In some cases, neglect could also cause injury. 

Dr. Miller suggests always asking questions about pet interactions and exposure. Will your dog be let out to play with other dogs? If so, are those dogs screened to reduce the risk of dog aggression? Additionally, if you find that your pet has been neglected or ill-treated, she recommends addressing that as soon as possible after your boarding experience. Contact your veterinarian for a physical examination, and they can help you determine whether your pet requires follow-up care.  

How to Ensure a Safe Dog Boarding Experience

Below are some things to do to keep your dog safe and healthy at a boarding facility:

Stay up to date on vaccinations and parasite control. Make sure your pup is up to date on all the necessary vaccines and on monthly flea, tick, and heartworm prevention. “It may be tempting to try to find a facility that doesn’t require these things, but remember that if they aren’t required for your dog, any other dog there could be carrying diseases,” Farah warns. “It’s more expensive to treat any diseases than the vaccine and preventatives might be.”

Research and tour different facilities. Research and read reviews of the staff and the facilities before selecting the right one for your dog. You can also request a tour of the facility before booking your dog’s stay. “There is no better way to find a good boarding facility than firsthand accounts from people who’ve used them,” Farah says. She recommends asking on neighborhood social media sites or groups if you don’t know anyone personally. “Your vet, trainer, or groomer might also have recommendations.”

Make a checklist of questions to ask. When visiting the facility, ask a lot of questions, Farah recommends. Make sure you are fine with the responses to questions like: 

• What will happen if my dog is too afraid to leave the kennel?
• What will you do if my dog isn’t eating?
• What is the facility’s protocol for emergencies?
• How much communication can I expect?
• How does the staff handle dogs who are behaving inappropriately?

Do a trial run. Prepare your dog for the visit ahead of time with crate training. Farah suggests trying a night or two at the selected boarding facility before a long or far away trip to ease your mind. This can also help identify any trouble areas so you can work on them before you go away. 

Consider alternatives. Ask yourself if a boarding facility is even right for your pet. If the answer is no, seek out alternatives. If you have a social, confident dog, they are likely to do fine at a boarding facility, Farah says. On the other hand, an anxious, fearful, less social dog—perhaps one that’s in less-than-optimal health or older—could have trouble with staying at a dog boarding kennel, she says.

In these situations, Farah recommends asking a friend or neighbor to see if they are willing to care for your dog. “You can also find someone to stay in your home or someone who will board your dog in their home through one of the many sites dedicated to those services.” If you are looking for an in-house pet sitter, make sure they are bonded and carry insurance.  

NexGard PLUS Important Safety Information

NexGard® PLUS (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) is safe for puppies at 8 weeks, weighing 4 pounds or more. The most frequently reported adverse reactions include diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and itching. Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders. Dogs should be tested for existing heartworm infection prior to starting a preventive. For more information, click here for full prescribing information.

The post 6 Risks of Boarding Your Dog appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has ever experienced an upset stomach, it’s only natural to wonder “can dogs take omeprazole?” and “when should I give omeprazole to my dog?”

The truth is that dogs can take omeprazole, in some cases, but not all dogs benefit from this medication. Omeprazole should only be given under the guidance of a veterinarian who is familiar with your dog’s stomach issues and overall medical history. 

Read on to learn more about this medication. 

What Is Omeprazole?

Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) that decreases stomach acid production. This medication was initially developed in Sweden in 1979, and it became available in the United States in 1989. 

Omeprazole is often used in humans. It’s available in almost any human drugstore and can often be purchased over-the-counter. Although omeprazole is not labeled for use in dogs, veterinarians often recommend it for canine patients. Some veterinarians stock omeprazole in their practice, but most veterinarians instead direct clients to a human drugstore to purchase this medication.

What Does Omeprazole for Dogs Look Like?

Omeprazole is available in tablet or capsule form and it is often pink or purple in color.

If capsules or tablets are not an option for your pet, your veterinarian may prescribe omeprazole oral suspension (liquid). Compounded formulations of omeprazole (such as flavored chews) may also be available through a compounding pharmacy.  

Omeprazole is also available in an equine paste formulation in many livestock stores. This paste contains a high concentration of omeprazole, however, and it can be difficult to dose safely in dogs. Do not use horse medication in dogs unless you are instructed to do so by your veterinarian. 

How Does Omeprazole Work?

Omeprazole blocks acid production in the stomach. 

This medication is a proton pump inhibitor, which means it inhibits a specific enzyme pump inside the cells of the stomach lining. This enzyme pump produces stomach acid; blocking its activity halts acid production.

Omeprazole begins to decrease acid production in as little as one hour. However, it takes several days of continuous dosing to see the maximum benefits associated with this medication. Therefore, omeprazole is often given on a daily basis for an extended period of time, instead of being used on an as-needed basis.

What Is Omeprazole Used for in Dogs?

Omeprazole can be used to treat a variety of conditions.

Veterinarians often recommend omeprazole for dogs with known or suspected ulcers of the stomach or small intestine. Omeprazole can also be used to treat gastritis, a condition in which the lining of the stomach is inflamed and irritated. Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) may also benefit from omeprazole treatment, especially when that esophagitis is caused by gastric reflux. 

Some common medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can predispose dogs to developing ulcers in their stomach and intestines. If your dog needs long-term NSAID treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe concurrent omeprazole to reduce the risk of ulcers.

Finally, omeprazole can decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. For this reason, it may be recommended to treat some brain disorders, such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia.

Indications for omeprazole:

• Stomach ulcers
• Small intestinal ulcers
• Gastritis
• Esophagitis 
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Long-term use of NSAIDs
• Hydrocephalus 
• Syringomyelia

How to Give Omeprazole for Dogs

Omeprazole is typically given once daily. It works best when given on an empty stomach, before your dog’s first meal of the day. In some situations, your veterinarian may recommend dosing omeprazole twice daily to provide more continuous control of acid production. 

If you have difficulty giving this medication to your dog, you can try hiding it in a small amount of cheese or peanut butter. (Avoid sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain toxic xylitol.) Try to limit the amount of food used to administer omeprazole, however, because omeprazole works best when given on an empty stomach. 

Omeprazole Side Effects in Dogs

The most common side effects seen with omeprazole in dogs include diarrhea and/or constipation. Some dogs also experience vomiting, loss of appetite, and gas, although it can be difficult to determine whether these are medication side effects or caused by the underlying stomach condition. 

Potential side effects include: 

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gas 
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

Omeprazole should be used with caution in dogs who have kidney or liver disease. These dogs may be at higher risk of side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Omeprazole can interact with a number of other medications, including antibiotics, benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, etc.), antifungal agents, clopidogrel, phenytoin, digoxin, and levothyroxine. 

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications your dog is taking (prescription medications, over-the-counter, and vitamin supplements) before giving omeprazole. This will minimize the risk of harmful drug interactions. 

Omeprazole Dosage for Dogs

Omeprazole doses are based upon your dog’s body weight and the medical condition that requires treatment. Your veterinarian will calculate the best omeprazole dose for your dog, maximizing clinical benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Omeprazole?

If you miss a dose and you realize your error within a few hours, give the missed dose as soon as possible. 

If the missed dose will be given more than a few hours late, it’s best to skip the missed dose. Wait until the next scheduled dosing time to give your dog’s next dose of omeprazole. Do not give two doses at once or give extra doses of omeprazole.

If you have any questions about missed doses or your dog’s dosing schedule, contact your veterinarian. 

Omeprazole for Dogs Cost

Omeprazole is a relatively inexpensive medication, depending on your dog’s dose and the duration of therapy. Generic forms are often available for less than $20/month. 

Omeprazole Storage Instructions

Omeprazole tablets and capsules should be stored at room temperature. Protect this medication from light and moisture by storing it in its original container. 

Liquid omeprazole or compounded omeprazole should be stored according to your veterinarian’s or pharmacist’s instructions. 

The post Omeprazole for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your older cat is showing behavioral changes like these, they may be experiencing the onset of cat dementia, a neurological disease marked by a progressive impairment of cognitive function. While there is currently no cure for cat dementia, there are steps you can take to help your cat stay comfortable and content.

Can Cats Get Dementia?

Can cats go senile? Yes, absolutely. Cat dementia—known officially as cognitive dysfunction syndrome or CDS—is very similar to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in humans. That’s because both cat dementia and human dementia “involve cognitive decline, memory issues, and behavioral changes,” says Dr. Gabrielle Fadl, director of primary care at Bond Vet in New York City. 

While CDS doesn’t appear in all senior cats, it’s relatively common in the feline world. One study found that 28 percent of cats between the ages of 11 and 14 showed behavioral changes consistent with CDS (1). For cats over 15 years old, 50 percent showed signs of this condition. 

Interestingly, dementia was only scientifically identified in cats in the early 2000s. Before that, cat dementia symptoms were dismissed as “old age.”

“It was identified in dogs much earlier, probably in the late ’80s and ’90s,” says Dr. Gary Landsberg, one of the clinical practitioners who first identified CDS in cats, who now works as a veterinary behaviorist at Fear Free Research and the veterinary scientific director at CanCog Inc. 

“One of the reasons that dogs probably became a focus of cognitive research was because they were also being looked at as models for the human brain, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease in people,” he adds. “Cats came along a little bit later.”

There is still plenty to learn about CDS in cats, but experts now understand that it is a very real condition that requires specialized care. 

What Causes Dementia in Cats?

The exact causes of cat dementia, or CDS, are unknown. However, researchers believe it can be triggered by degenerative changes in the brain, which can be brought on by old age, stress, or disease (2). 

Signs of Dementia in Cats

The acronym VISHDAAL refers to common behavioral changes in cats to watch for that could indicate cognitive dysfunction (2). This includes:

• Vocalization
• Alterations in interactions, such as increased affection
• Changes in sleep-wake cycles
• House-soiling
• Disorientation
• Changes in activity levels
• Anxiety
• Learning or memory deficits

“Disorientation might be not recognizing or not responding to stimuli the way they used to, going into rooms that they didn’t normally go to, or getting lost in the house,” Dr. Landsberg describes. “Whereas altered sleep-wake cycles could be waking more at night, sleeping more during the day, having restless or interrupted sleep, vocalizing at night.”

Diagnosing Dementia in Cats

Before giving a diagnosis of CDS, your veterinarian will first need to rule out the possibility of other medical conditions that could be causing behavioral changes in your cat, says Dr. Fadl. For instance, conditions such as hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, or brain tumors can present with symptoms similar to CDS, she says.

CDS is a “diagnosis of exclusion,” Dr. Landsberg describes. 

“[CDS] may be alone, but it’s often compounded by other medical problems,” he says. “In diagnosis, sometimes we even do what’s known as ‘response to therapy.’ So if your cat is vocalizing and moving slowly, and we think it might be painful … we might put it on pain medication to see how many of those signs clear up or improve. And whether they do or don’t can indicate whether those cognitive signs are pain-related signs.”

According to Dr. Landsberg, it is important to rule out medical issues related to:

• Arthritis
• Sensory issues
• Endocrine disorders
• Gastrointestinal issues
• Metabolic (renal, hepatic) problems
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Urinary problems
• Drug effects  

It is also important to exclude the possibility of behavioral changes due to stressors in a cat’s environment, such as moving to a new house or a change in their routine, Dr. Landsberg adds.

Cat Dementia Treatment

There are currently no FDA-approved drugs for cats with dementia. However, according to Dr. Landsberg, there are several approved medications for dogs, including selegiline, which has sometimes been used off-label in cats. There are also behavioral drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin that can treat cat dementia symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and altered sleep. 

There is evidence that certain supplements can help control signs of cognitive dysfunction in cats (2). “Special diets rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial,” says Dr. Fadl. “Supplements like SAMe and Coenzyme Q10 are also used to support brain health.”

Managing Cat Dementia

In addition to providing mental and physical stimulation for your cat, there are modifications you can make at home to help manage their condition. 

Jane Ehrlich, a feline behaviorist based in Arizona and owner of Cattitude Feline Behavior, says one of the simplest things you can do is to install night lights around your house to help cats orient themselves.

“It’s not because of any ocular changes,” Ehrlich says. “It’s because the atmosphere has become a little more threatening because they can’t maneuver as well as they used to. My biggest thing is for them to feel more comfortable in the world.”

You can also try putting litter boxes in more places around the house to make them more accessible.

It is also helpful to maintain structure and to help your cat remain familiar with their world, says Ehrlich. “There’s nothing like familiarity to bust stress.”

Ehrlich suggests capturing the cat’s scent by rubbing a cloth on the pheromones around their face and then rubbing the fabric on new or moved objects in the house or new rooms the cat is now exploring.

“Some people find this odd, but it often works,” says Ehrlich. “When you move the chair, or you move anything a little bit, re-anoint the chair with the cat’s smell. If there’s a room that she goes into where she hasn’t before, rub the walls with her smell as high up as a cat can stretch.”

Ehrlich also suggests feeding your cat more frequent but smaller meals throughout the day to give them something to look forward to. You can also use food puzzles and try to play with your cat in a stimulating way, she says.

You shouldn’t necessarily introduce a new cat to the household when your cat has been diagnosed with CDS. According to Ehrlich, this can be stressful and disruptive to them. 

Feline Dementia and Euthanasia

There are very few cases in which a pet parent would need to humanely euthanize their pet due to CDS, Dr. Landsberg says. The more likely reason for euthanasia would be other medical conditions such as kidney disease or cancer, he says.

“It’s unlikely, especially with proper support with the early diagnosis, and with combining cognitive dysfunction treatment with other medical treatments, that cognitive dysfunction will solely be the cause of having to euthanize,” he says. “You’re trying to improve their quality of life while they deal with other age-related problems.”

Feline dementia itself does not normally cause physical pain, Dr. Fadl adds. “Euthanasia decisions should be made in consultation with a veterinarian when a cat’s quality of life is significantly compromised, and the pet is experiencing distress.”

Preventing Cat Dementia

Cat dementia can be challenging to entirely prevent, especially when the exact causes are unknown. It’s also impossible to stop your cat from aging. However, Dr. Landsberg says there are things you can do to help slow your cat’s cognitive decline.

“There is evidence that brain enrichment, physical activity, and social interactions can help to keep the brain healthy and slow decline,” says Dr. Landsberg. “Obviously, you’re not going to have cats doing Sudoku and computer games, so you do what cats do and keep them physically, socially, and mentally active. And reducing stress is another one because stress can contribute to disease, cognitive decline, and other welfare issues for cats.”

To help your cat, you can engage them in play, give them affection, and keep them busy with games and food puzzles, Dr. Landsberg says.

Besides mental stimulation, Dr. Fadl says you can delay the onset of dementia by giving your cat a balanced diet and taking them to the veterinary clinic for regular check-ups.  

“Regular veterinary check-ups for senior cats are crucial for early detection and management of cognitive dysfunction,” Dr. Fadl says. “Early intervention can often improve the cat’s quality of life.”

References

1. Landsberg GM, Denenberg S, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: A Syndrome we Used to Dismiss as ‘Old Age.’ Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(11):837-848. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.004
2. Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: Update on Neuropathological and Behavioural Changes Plus Clinical Management. Vet Rec. 2021 Jan;188(1):e3. doi: 10.1002/vetr.3. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 34651755.

The post Cat Dementia: Signs, Causes and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. However, not all cats are candidates for oral treatment for diabetes, and insulin therapy is still considered the mainstay of diabetes treatment in cats. Potential candidates are cats who meet the following criteria:

• They have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
• They are otherwise healthy and do not have any health complications from diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in cats, especially overweight and obese cats, and is due to insulin resistance. While cats with type 2 diabetes are making enough insulin, their bodies do not respond appropriately to the insulin, causing blood sugar to remain high. 

In contrast, type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body does not make enough insulin. Cats with type 1 diabetes are dependent upon insulin to control their blood sugar and cannot receive oral treatment. In general, cats who require insulin to control diabetes include:

• Cats with type 1 diabetes
• Cats who are sick
• Cats who have been treated with insulin injections in the past 
• Cats with liver or kidney disease

These cats are considered poor candidates for oral treatment without insulin, as they are at increased risk for a potentially dangerous medical complication called diabetic ketoacidosis. These cats should regularly receive insulin injections to lower their blood sugar. 

How to Treat Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin

Apart from receiving oral medication to control their blood sugar instead of insulin, much of a cat’s basic treatment plan will remain the same as a diabetic cat who receives insulin injections to control their diabetes. This treatment plan includes:

• Daily medication
• Feeding an appropriate amount of food at the same time every day. The best food for diabetic cats is low carbohydrate, moderate- to high-quality protein, moderate fiber, and moderate fat. Most people elect to feed their cat a therapeutic food that is specifically designed to control blood sugar in cats with diabetes
• Weight loss, if indicated
• Constant access to fresh, clean water
• Moderate daily exercise that is at the same time each day, if possible
• Monitoring your cat’s blood or urine sugar or ketones at home, depending on what your vet recommends
• Monitoring for diabetic complications, and calling your vet if you see increased urination, drinking, vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in energy levels or appetite
• Maintaining or improving your cat’s dental health
• Taking your cat to the vet a couple of times a year for examinations and lab work

Treating a diabetic cat without insulin requires administering a daily medication by mouth that is designed to keep blood sugar normal. Medication options that are currently available for treating a cat without insulin include:

• SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Bexacat daily oral tablet
• Glipizide

Treating Diabetes in Cats with Bexacat

Bexacat is the brand name for bexagliflozin, a drug that is known as a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. SGLT2 inhibitors have been used in humans since 2013. Currently, Bexacat is the only SGLT2 inhibitor on the market that is approved by the FDA for use in cats. However, additional FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors are on the horizon. 

This type of medication increases urine excretion of sugar (glucose) by inhibiting SGLT2, a membrane protein in the kidney. Normally, SGLT2 reabsorbs most of the sugar from the blood that is filtered through the kidney. SGLT2 inhibitors, like Bexacat, prevent reabsorption of sugar from the blood as it is filtered through the kidney. The cat then pees out excess sugar in their urine, and their blood sugar is lowered to a normal level.

Bexacat is given as a once-daily flavored 15 mg tablet, and should be given at the same time each day. Bexacat costs about $70 for 30 tablets. 

Pros

• Once-daily flavored chewable tablet increases ease of administration, reduces owner confusion if multiple people are caring for the same cat, and improves the quality of life of people who care for diabetic cats
• Can be given with or without food
• Adverse side effects are generally mild and self-limiting in most cats
• The dose is the same for all cats who weigh more than 6.6 pounds 
• Very low risk for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

Things to Consider

• Can only be used in cats with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes who have never received insulin and are otherwise healthy
• Cannot be given to cats who are dehydrated, have liver or kidney disease, have or have had pancreatitis, or cats with elevated cholesterol or blood triglycerides
• Cannot be given to cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds
• Common adverse side effects include dehydration, urinary tract infections, vomiting, and loose stools or diarrhea
• Requires ketone monitoring, as some cats are at risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis, a rare but serious adverse reaction
• Long-term use may alter blood calcium levels or increase the risk of urinary tract infections or certain cancers
• Cats may still drink, eat, and urinate more than usual on this medication even though their blood sugar is normal
• Some cats may gain excess weight

Treating Diabetes with Glipizide for Cats

Glipizide (brand name Glucotrol) is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in humans. In cats with type 2 diabetes, glipizide is often prescribed to lower blood sugar levels. Glipizide lowers blood sugar by increasing the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas and by making the tissues of the body more sensitive to insulin. Most cats start with half a 5 mg tablet twice daily and increase to one tablet twice daily if needed.

Pros

• 100 tablets cost about $15, making glipizide relatively inexpensive
• Can be formulated into a tasty liquid, chewable tablet, or transdermal lotion
• Can be used in cats who weigh less than 6.6 pounds

Things to Consider

• There is some concern that glipizide can contribute to progression of diabetes mellitus in cats, leading to a need for insulin injections 
• Glipizide tablets must be given twice daily with food
• Transdermal lotion has variable absorption and is not considered reliable
• Use of glipizide in cats is considered ‘off label’ usage by the FDA
• Cats need to be screened regularly for liver toxicity while on this drug
• Not all cats will benefit from glipizide, with benefits reported in around 40 percent of cats

How to Give a Cat a Tablet

Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin: Tips and Advice

Once your cat starts treatment for diabetes, you can expect their clinical signs to lessen once their blood sugar is controlled. This can look like:

• Normalized appetite
• Maintaining body weight or gaining some weight (note that weight gain should not be encouraged in cats with obesity)
• Normalized drinking and urination
• Normalized energy and activity levels

These are all signs that the medication is effective. With oral treatment for diabetes, it can take 6-8 weeks to see improvement in some cats. For newly diagnosed diabetic cats, you can expect to visit the veterinarian several times after starting the medication for physical examinations and lab work to ensure that the medication is helping your cat.

In contrast, if the medication is not controlling their blood sugar or if your cat has other health complications, then you will not notice any improvement or your cat may get worse. It is very important to monitor diabetic cats daily for adverse reactions, especially when they are starting a new medication. If you notice any of the following signs while your cat is receiving oral medication for diabetes, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian immediately:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Excessive tiredness
• Increased drinking and urination

If oral medication is not working for your cat, then your veterinarian will endeavor to discover why and eliminate the problem. Dental disease or urinary tract infections, for example, can interfere with blood sugar control. If your cat has high blood sugar but doesn’t have any conditions that interfere with blood sugar levels, then they will likely need to switch to insulin injections to control their blood sugar. 

Cats who have type 2 diabetes due to obesity may achieve diabetic remission once they have lost the excess weight, and may not continue to require medication to control their blood sugar. Many of these cats can be maintained in diabetic remission with a strict diet alone. This is one of many reasons that if you have a diabetic cat, it is important to work closely with a veterinarian to monitor your cat’s clinical signs and blood sugar. With the right tools, knowledge, and veterinary care, diabetic cats can live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. 

The post Treating Diabetes in Cats Without Insulin appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Black Cat Poop: Color, Consistency, and Other Characteristics

If your cat’s poop looks black, observe the poop to see if the color is uniform and if any red tint exists in any part of the stool. In addition to color, here are other characteristics you should pay attention to:

Consistency. One of the most important pieces of information is the consistency of the poop. The poop could be anywhere from very dry and hard to liquid with no shape whatsoever. 

Amount. Pay attention to the amount as well—a couple droplets of runny poop is different than a large pile. 

Frequency/Duration. Be sure to keep note of how often this type of stool has occurred, how frequent your cat poops, and for how long you have noticed this type of stool.

Contents. Look for unusual things inside the stool; for example, any parasites, mucus (gel-like material), or foreign bodies like string or pieces of toys. 

Noting your cat’s poop’s color, consistency, amount, frequency, duration, and any foreign material are all very specific clues that will help your veterinarian narrow down the search for a cause. For example, specific characteristics such as consistency and frequency can determine if the issue is likely in the small intestine or large intestine. Your veterinarian will recommend different treatments and tests depending on this information.

Why Is My Cat’s Poop Black?

There are multiple reasons a cat’s poop could be black, including:

Old poop. Poop outside of the body that has dried out for a couple days will appear black in color. However, when broken open, the inside may appear browner in coloration since only the exterior of the poop would have dried out. This depends on how old the poop is.

Change in diet. Cats eating a raw diet or experiencing a change in their diet can have color change in their poop due to digestion of different nutrients, byproducts created based on current diet, or artificial colors. The poop could be formed or liquid.

Constipation. Cats who are constipated and have stool inside of their guts for an extended period of time will have very dry hard stool that may look black simply because it is dry.

Bleeding. Bleeding in the small intestines, or upper part of the guts, causes black stool because the body digests the blood leaving byproducts of blood in the poop. To see black stool due to this (it’s called melena) is a result of a significant amount of blood and requires veterinary care right away. Many times, the poop is runny and unformed if bleeding is causing the black coloration. 

Examples of reasons for bleeding include:

• Ulcers in the stomach or intestines
• Inability to clot (e.g., exposure to rodenticide, a poison)
• Cancer in the gastrointestinal (GI) system
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Endoparasitism (e.g., hookworms)

Issues with bile excretion. In cats who have a blockage from the gallbladder to the intestines, bile—made of byproducts from blood—may be intermittently excreted into the intestines, creating an excessive amount of black color. Formed stool or runny stool can occur. A few different conditions could cause this, including:

• Pancreatic disease
• Stones in the gallbladder or tract leading out of the gallbladder
• Intestinal disease

What to Do if Your Cat’s Poop Is Black

If your cat has been experiencing any changes in behavior, decrease in activity, or decrease in appetite, all pet parents should be concerned. While the black stool may not be directly linked to the cause, your cat is not feeling well and should have a veterinary appointment right away.

If the stool is black and hard or dry, contact your veterinarian for guidance. Think back to whether your cat ate new food or treats, as that can affect the color. Keep your cat on their usual diet without any treats or diet changes. If the consistency is unformed or your cat has any behavior changes, schedule a veterinary appointment promptly to see if treatment is warranted.

If your cat does not consistently poop daily or inside the litter box, they are likely demonstrating to you that something is chronically wrong, and a veterinary appointment is warranted in the near future.

If your cat has liquid or runny diarrhea that is black, even if behavior changes are not occurring, you should call your veterinarian right away. Your cat will become dehydrated very quickly, and it is best to treat this type of diarrhea swiftly. If the stool is black and liquid due to melena, your cat will experience behavior changes and other symptoms shortly after the stool begins.

The post Black Cat Poop: What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs?

Inflammatory bowel disease in dogs is an intestinal disease that causes gastrointestinal signs (especially diarrhea), doesn’t have a known origin, and has lasted at least three weeks. With IBD, inflammatory cells are infiltrating the innermost lining of the intestines.

IBD in dogs can also be more specifically named based on what type of inflammatory cell is infiltrating the intestinal lining and what part of the intestinal tract is being infiltrated.

For example, if two types of white blood cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells are infiltrating the small intestine, we call this lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. If a white blood cell type called a macrophage infiltrates the lining of the large intestine, we would call this granulomatous colitis. Other variations exist, but again, it depends on cell type and whether the small intestine and/or large intestine is infected.

The true prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. One study estimated the prevalence to be approximately 0.35 percent, or 35 out of 1,000 dogs (1).

Causes of IBD in Dogs

The exact cause of IBD is not known, but it’s thought to result from abnormal interactions between the microscopic organisms in the intestines and the dog’s own immune system, ultimately resulting in an uncontrolled immune response. Inflammation of the intestinal lining and subsequent poor absorption result in gastrointestinal signs.

Genetics likely play a role in the development of IBD in dogs, but information is limited. IBD can affect dogs of all ages, but older dogs are more likely to have severe forms.

Dog breeds that may be more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease include (2):

• Weimaraners
• Rottweilers
• German Shepherd Dogs
• Border Collies
• Boxers

A specific form of IBD called granulomatous colitis more commonly affects Boxers and French Bulldogs.

In some dogs, infiltration of the intestines by inflammatory cells can be so severe that the absorption of proteins is impaired. In this case, it is called protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).

Breeds more likely to develop PLE include:

• Yorkshire Terriers
• Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers
• Rottweilers
• Shar-Peis
• German Shepherds
• Norwegian Lundehunds
• Basenjis

Dog IBD Symptoms

Chronic diarrhea in dogs is one of the hallmark symptoms of IBD in dogs. While mild IBD may cause intermittent clinical signs, severe IBD will cause progressive clinical signs.

When the small intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have what is called small bowel diarrhea. Because the small intestine is the location where most nutrient absorption occurs, the pet is more likely to have systemic signs like weight loss. Symptoms will include:

• Diarrhea which is often loose to watery, increased in volume, and occurs two to four times per day
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Poor haircoat
• Dehydration
• Pain or discomfort in abdomen
• Fluid build-up in abdomen, around lungs, and in limbs with PLE

When the large intestine is affected by IBD, the dog will have large bowel diarrhea. Dogs with large bowel diarrhea do not typically lose weight. Symptoms include:

• Diarrhea which is loose to semisolid, normal to decreased in volume, and occurs over four times per day
• Mucoid and/or bloody stool
• Occasionally vomiting
• Decreased appetite
• Abdominal pain

IBD can affect both the small and large intestine simultaneously (enterocolitis). In this scenario, the dog will have a mixed bowel diarrhea, meaning they will have signs of both small bowel and large bowel diarrheas.

Diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves ruling out other conditions.

Your veterinarian will likely want to perform fecal examinations to rule out parasites. Even if they do not find parasites, they may wish to treat with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug to remove any doubt that parasites could be contributing to the pet’s condition.

X-rays and ultrasound of the abdomen allow the veterinarian to look for abnormalities in the abdomen. Some veterinarians may be able to detect changes in the intestinal wall or enlarged lymph nodes that may increase the suspicion that the pet has inflammatory bowel disease.

The veterinarian will likely also perform blood work and urinalysis to look at the pet’s overall health. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) can cause chronic diarrhea and weight loss, so it’s a good idea for the veterinarian to rule out Addison’s disease. This is done with a blood test.

If no obvious cause is noted after these tests, the veterinarian may recommend a dietary trial using either a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet.

In most cases, dietary intolerances are related to the protein in the dog’s diet. A novel protein diet aims to provide a protein that your dog is less likely to have been exposed to before, such as rabbit, venison, or alligator. With hydrolyzed protein diets, the proteins are broken down into smaller nutrients that may be more tolerable.

Diet trials are usually continued for at least eight weeks. Importantly, you must control everything that enters your dog’s mouth. They should not have table scraps, treats, oral preventions or medications that contain flavoring (consult with a veterinarian before stopping any medications), or access to trash.

Definitive diagnosis would require biopsy of the intestines. This can be done endoscopically or through an abdominal surgery. A pathologist will look at the intestinal biopsies and can determine if inflammatory cells are infiltrating the intestines.

How to Treat IBD in Dogs

Treatment for IBD can range from a simple dietary change to long-term daily management.

Treatment includes:

• Deworming
• Novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, which are often successful as the only necessary treatment in mild cases
• Antibiotics
• Probiotics
• Supplemental vitamin B12 (dog can become deficient with chronic diarrhea)
• Fluid therapy
• Antinausea medications
• Steroids or immunosuppressants

In severe cases, immune suppression with steroids (prednisone) may be necessary. If steroid immunosuppression is still not working, you can consider other medications that affect the immune system, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. You will want to work with your veterinarian to find the lowest effective dose.

If your pet also has PLE, they may need additional medications like clopidogrel or aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots. These medications should not be given without consulting your veterinarian.

At-home treatments are unlikely to completely control your dog’s IBD. However, some pets may respond very well to a home-cooked diet. You should work with your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist to formulate a home-cooked diet that is well-balanced and eliminates food items that your dog may be reacting to.

Dogs with large bowel diarrhea may benefit from the addition of soluble fiber, like psyllium. If you are interested in giving psyllium, check with your veterinarian.

Dogs that respond well to an elimination diet are expected to do well long-term. Dogs with

low albumin (protein level), low B12 levels, and severe intestinal lesions noted on endoscopy or during surgery are unlikely to achieve full control of their symptoms. Dogs with IBD who develop protein-losing enteropathy typically have a more guarded prognosis, and their disease can be very difficult to manage. 

How to Prevent IBD in Dogs

IBD is not considered a preventable disease. However, regular monitoring of your pet’s bowel movements, appetite, and general behavior can help you catch chronic gastrointestinal conditions earlier for treatment.

References

1. Wiles, Bonnie & Llewellyn-Zaidi, Aimée & Evans, Katy & O’Neill, Dan & Lewis, Tom. (2017). Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 4. 10.1186/s40575-017-0047-3. 
2. Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec. 2011 Dec 10;169(24):635. doi: 10.1136/vr.d5380. Epub 2011 Sep 6. PMID: 21896567.

The post IBD in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we’ll answer the question, “Why is my cat’s poop green?” We’ll also share steps pet parents can take to determine the cause of green cat poop and help their feline friend feel better.  

Green Cat Poop: Color, Consistency and Other Characteristics 

Normal cat poop is light brown, soft, and well-formed. If you notice your cat is pooping green, that’s a sign something is amiss. Pet parents may notice different shades of green cat poop, which can range from light to dark green. Various consistencies including hard, soft, runny, or slimy cat poop may also be seen. Green cat poop can be well-formed or consistent with diarrhea and may contain mucus. 

Pet parents should note specific characteristics of their cats’ poop so they are able to accurately describe them to the veterinarian. If you can, snap a picture or bring a sample of the poop with you to show your veterinarian because these can support an accurate diagnosis.

Why Is My Cat’s Poop Green?

Green poop in cats has many causes, ranging from underlying diseases to toxin ingestion to parasites and more. We will discuss some of the most common causes and why this alarming color change occurs. 

Underlying Disease

Gallbladder and liver disease can result in green discoloration of a cat’s poop. The liver produces bile, which is a thin yellow-green liquid that is stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, the gallbladder releases bile into the intestines to aid in digestion. If there is a problem with bile production or storage, too much bile can be released. This typically results in loose stools that are green. Other symptoms that may indicate a problem with the liver or gallbladder include lethargy, jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes), decreased appetite, vomiting, weight loss, and increased thirst and urination.

Toxin Ingestion

Some rodenticides contain a blue-green pigment. If a cat accidentally ingests one, their poop may turn green due to the dye in these products. Accidental ingestion of rodenticide is a medical emergency and should be treated by a veterinarian immediately. Cats who have ingested rodenticide will also have severe symptoms that may include abnormal bleeding, seizures, and labored breathing, among others. 

Intestinal Parasites

Green and smelly cat poop can be a sign of intestinal parasites. Cats can become infected with several types of parasites, such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and giardia. They cause inflammation within the intestines and interfere with the normal transit time of stool. When stool moves through the intestines quicker than it should, it can be green and runny. 

Intestinal Inflammation

Cats who have inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal cancer, or a bacterial infection have higher levels of inflammation within their intestines. This can result in stool moving too quickly through the intestines, resulting in green discoloration. There may also be streaks of mucus present in the cat’s poop. Other symptoms cats may experience include weight loss, decreased appetite, and vomiting. 

Dietary Indiscretion

If a cat eats something unusual, they may develop green poop as a result. There could be complete discoloration of the poop or specks of green throughout brown stool. For example, when cats ingest a lot of grass, their poop is likely to turn green. Similarly, this may occur with any foods containing a large amount of green pigment. 

Diet Change

Abruptly changing a cat’s diet can result in food intolerance and green discoloration of the cat’s poop. Typically, once the cat adjusts to the new diet, the stool returns to normal. Some diets contain green dye as an additive, which can also have the same effect. 

What To Do If Your Cat Has Green Poop 

If you notice discolored poop inside your cat’s litter box, it’s important to know what steps to take. Sometimes it is OK to take a wait-and-see approach while other times it is important to get to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Let’s discuss the most appropriate actions for each situation. Of course, if you are ever in doubt about your cat’s well-being, seeing a veterinarian promptly is always the best option.  

Let’s start with dietary indiscretion. If you know your cat has ingested some grass and you are seeing a few grass strands in your cat’s poop but your cat is acting perfectly fine otherwise, it will probably resolve itself once all of the grass has passed. However, if during this time your cat begins vomiting or stops eating, they should be brought to the veterinarian for evaluation. 

Likewise, if you think the green cat poop is related to a recent diet change, try a bland diet for a couple days consisting of boiled chicken and cooked white rice and see if the stool returns to normal. Your veterinarian can also recommend a prescription diet that is easy on the intestines. If a bland diet does not resolve the issue, it’s time to see a veterinarian.  

If you notice that your cat’s poop has changed in color or consistency without an identifiable cause or that your cat is just not acting like themselves, bring them to the veterinarian for evaluation. Take note of when you started noticing the stool changes and other concerning symptoms. Depending on the suspected underlying cause, your veterinarian can check a stool sample to rule out inflammation and intestinal parasites. Bloodwork may also be performed to identify signs of underlying illness or toxin ingestion. 

Your veterinarian can develop the best treatment plan based on the individual cat’s health and history. This may include hospitalization for intravenous fluids and other supportive care. Medications, such as antibiotics, dewormers, and probiotics may also be recommended depending on the diagnosis. 

The post Green Cat Poop: Causes and What It Means appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Why Understanding a Cat’s Heart Rate Matters

Measuring your cat’s heart rate on a regular basis gives you an idea of your cat’s baseline. Significant changes from normal can alert you and your veterinarian to potential changes in your cat’s health. Some conditions, like hyperthyroidism or a heart arrhythmia, can cause a change in heart rate. You’re also likely to see an increase in heart rate when your cat is experiencing fear or pain. Determining what is causing the change in heart rate helps your veterinarian decide if treatment is necessary and what the treatment plan should be.

What Is a Normal Cat Heart Rate?

When we’re talking about a “normal” cat heart rate, we must consider whether we’re looking at an adult cat or a kitten. A normal cat heart rate for an adult cat is 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm). Kittens usually have a significantly higher heart rate at rest than a mature cat, and it’s not abnormal for a kitten to be closer to 300 bpm.

Heart rates will also be higher in the veterinary clinic than at home because cats are often anxious and stressed in the clinic despite the veterinarian’s best efforts to be gentle and fear-free.

Physical activity also increases a cat’s heart rate. A cat lounging in a sunny window seat at home will usually have a lower heart rate than a cat with the zoomies or one who is vaulting cat trees.

We have created a cat heart rate chart to help you understand what’s normal, low, and high in an adult cat. You may find variation in what is listed as a normal heart rate for cats. When in doubt, we recommend you discuss concerns with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you determine what is normal for your cat and if you should be concerned about your cat’s heart rate.

Adult Cat Heart Rate Chart

Keep in mind that each cat is an individual, so what’s normal for one cat may not be normal for another. If your cat’s heart rate is normally 150 bpm at rest, but you’re noticing that it’s consistently 210 bpm, then you may contact a veterinarian even though they’re still in the “normal” range.

If you feel your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, you need to determine if this can wait for a normal appointment or if it’s an emergency. If your cat is acting otherwise normal, you can likely just contact your veterinarian. If your cat is fainting, acting disoriented, repeatedly vomiting, or yowling in pain, these are signs you should see an emergency veterinarian.

Low heart rates are quite uncommon in cats. Once your cat falls below 100 beats per minute, they’re likely to experience fainting or loss of consciousness. This warrants a trip to the emergency veterinarian.

Abnormal Heart Rates in Cats

When listening to your cat’s heart rate, your veterinarian isn’t just taking a heart rate. They’re also listening for abnormal heart sounds, such as heart murmurs, or abnormalities in how the heart beats, called an arrhythmia. There is some interplay between heart murmurs, arrhythmias, and heart rate. While you as a pet owner may not be able to specifically recognize heart murmurs and arrhythmias, if you’re familiar with what’s normal for your cat, you may be able to pick up on changes.

If your cat’s heart beats with a normal rhythm but is faster than normal, this is called sinus tachycardia. Your cat may have a physiologic elevation in their heart rate. This means the heart rate is increased due to a normal stimulus. Normal situations in which your cat’s heart rate may increase include:

• Excitement
• Exercise
• Stress or anxiety
• Painful stimuli

Heart rate can also increase due to illness and disease. Pathologic causes of a high heart rate in cats could include:

• Anemia or blood loss
• Congestive heart failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infections
• Blood clots
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

If your cat’s heart beats at a normal rhythm but is slower than normal, this is called sinus bradycardia. Causes of decreased heart rates in cats include:

• Unconsciousness
• Sedatives
• Anesthesia
• Seizures
• Abnormal electrical activity within the heart or arrhythmias

How to Check a Cat’s Heart Rate

Usually, it’s best to leave heart rate monitoring in cats to a veterinarian. If your cat has a significant change in their heart rate that requires medical attention, they typically have other signs that will alert you that they should see a veterinarian. Measuring your cat’s heart rate on your own can easily lead to a lot of anxiety for you. Keep in mind that veterinarians are trained not only to detect an abnormal heart rate but also abnormal heart sounds and rhythms.

If you are wanting to monitor your cat’s heart rate at home, there are two easy ways. In a lot of cats, particularly those who aren’t overweight, you can gently apply pressure with your hand on the underside of their chest between the two front legs and feel the heartbeat. You can also purchase a cheap stethoscope online that will allow you to listen to your cat’s heart. Cat hearts are easiest to hear on the left side of the chest behind and below the left armpit or in the middle of the chest between the two front legs.

Once you can feel or hear the heart, count how many times the heart beats over 15 seconds and multiply by four. This gives you the number of beats per minute.

Abnormal Cat Heart Rate: Next Steps

If you suspect that your cat’s heart rate is abnormal, but your cat is otherwise acting like their usual self, you are usually safe just to call your veterinarian. They may recommend an appointment, or they’ll simply discuss your findings with you and determine if there is a cause for concern. If you notice your cat’s heart rate seems off and they’re not acting normal, consider seeking emergency attention for your cat.

If your veterinarian detects an abnormal heart rate, there are a few tests they may recommend running.

• Chest X-rays: Chest X-rays allow your veterinarian to see the overall size of the heart and assess if the lungs look normal.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG involves sticking electrodes on your pet. This will create a waveform that allows the veterinarian to see if your pet’s heart has normal electrical activity. ECGs help determine if an arrhythmia is present, which can affect heart rate.
• Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. This test allows the veterinarian to see the individual chambers and walls of the heart. The veterinarian can see if blood is flowing normally through the heart and rule out tumors of the heart.
• Blood work: Your veterinarian may want to run routine blood work. This can detect conditions like hyperthyroidism or infections that may affect heart rate. There are also blood tests that can detect damage to heart muscle, which your veterinarian may recommend.

If your cat has an underlying condition that is causing a change to the heart rate, such as hyperthyroidism or an infection, then treating the underlying condition should improve the change in the heart rate.

If the heart rate is abnormal due to a change in electrical activity within the heart (arrhythmia), then specific medications designed to improve arrhythmias may be recommended. Examples of medications that can be given to cats with arrhythmias include propranolol, atenolol, sotalol, and diltiazem, but it depends on your veterinarian’s specific findings. In severe cases, some medications may be given intravenously in the clinic. Rarely, a pacemaker may be recommended for a cat with an arrhythmia.

Your veterinarian is best suited to advise you on what’s normal for your cat. While it’s good to be knowledgeable about your cat’s heart health, we wouldn’t want you to get caught up in repeatedly checking your cat’s heart rate! Make sure you’re paying attention to other indicators of your cat’s health, such as their activity level, appetite, bathroom habits, and grooming behaviors. Pet parents will often notice changes in behavior that help the veterinarian figure out what’s going on and how to help our feline family members.

The post Normal Cat Heart Rate: What Should It Be? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Feline heart disease affects about 15 percent of cats. It is often called the “silent disease,” only making itself known when advanced.

With few exceptions, heart disease in cats is not curable. But, with careful monitoring and management, cats with heart disease can enjoy a good quality of life. 

Here’s everything you need to know about cat heart disease.

Cat Heart Anatomy

Understanding the basics of cat heart anatomy and function is a good first step to learning about cat heart disease.

Like the human heart, the cat heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria on top and the left and right ventricles on the bottom. A thick wall of muscle called the septa separates the ventricles. A thin, double-walled protective sac called the pericardium encloses the heart.

Heart valves ensure proper blood flow through the heart and then out to the rest of the body. This blood flow is tightly controlled by electrical signals that regulate when the heart contracts (squeezes) and relaxes.

The heart is vital to a cat’s overall health. It must work with perfect efficiency to pump oxygen-rich blood to the brain, lungs, and other organs.  

Types of Cat Heart Disease

Heart disease is defined as any disease process that affects normal heart function. The types of cat heart disease are broadly categorized as congenital or acquired.

Congenital Heart Disease in Cats

Congenital heart disease is a heart defect that develops during fetal development. Although some congenital heart diseases are apparent at birth, others may not cause symptoms until later in a cat’s life.

The most common types of congenital heart disease in cats are heart valve malformations, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

• Heart valve malformations: Heart valve malformations disrupt the normal blood flow through the heart. The most common heart valve malformation in cats involves the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD): VSD occurs when a hole develops in the septa, leading to abnormal blood flow through the heart.
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): PDA occurs when a blood vessel (ductus arteriosus) that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal development remains open instead of closing soon after birth. PDA causes an overflow of blood from the heart to the lungs in newborn kittens.

Acquired Heart Disease in Cats

Acquired heart disease occurs later in a cat’s life, typically in adulthood. The most common type of acquired heart disease in cats is cardiomyopathy, a broad term that describes abnormal heart muscle. Three main cardiomyopathies affect cats:

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): HCM in cats occurs when the ventricle’s muscle wall becomes too thick. It is a genetic disease and the most common form of feline cardiomyopathy.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when the ventricle’s inner lining becomes scarred, making it hard for the ventricle to contract and relax fully.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): DCM is rare in cats. It occurs when the ventricular muscle becomes thin and flaccid, preventing the ventricle from fully contracting and relaxing.

When heart disease becomes so advanced that the heart can no longer pump blood efficiently, congestive heart failure (CHF) develops. CHF is end-stage heart disease. It is life-threatening and requires intensive and potentially aggressive medical treatment.

Causes of Cat Heart Disease

The cause of many cases of heart disease in cats is not known. However, there are a few known causes of feline heart disease.

Congenital heart disease is caused by a heart defect during fetal development that may be genetic.

Underlying medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism, anemia, and high blood pressure, can cause acquired heart disease in cats.

In addition, a deficiency of the amino acid taurine can cause DCM. Taurine deficiencies in cats are uncommon, mainly because commercial cat diets are formulated to contain sufficient taurine for a cat’s dietary needs.

Some cat breeds are genetically predisposed to heart disease. For example, Maine Coon cats, American and British Shorthairs, and Persian cats have a high risk of developing HCM. Siamese cats are predisposed to developing PDA.

Symptoms of Heart Disease in Cats

With feline heart disease, symptoms are often absent until late in the disease process. Some of the symptoms we’ve listed below, such as lethargy and weakness, aren’t specific to heart disease but do signal that something is not quite right.

Sudden collapse and sudden hind limb paralysis warrant an immediate trip to your veterinarian or a veterinary emergency hospital.

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Pale gums
• Weight loss
• Stunted growth
• Sudden collapse
• Decreased appetite
• Difficult, rapid breathing
• Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)
• Sudden hind limb paralysis (indicates a blood clot)

Unlike dogs, cats with heart disease rarely cough.

Diagnosing Heart Disease in Cats

Diagnosing heart disease in cats involves a physical exam, imaging tests, and various laboratory tests.

On the physical exam, a veterinarian will pay close attention to the heart, listening for a heart murmur (abnormal heart rhythm). Heart murmurs do not always indicate heart disease but may be present with the disease.

Imaging tests include chest X-rays, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and an echocardiogram. Chest X-rays may reveal an enlarged heart, which strongly indicates heart disease. However, an X-ray will not provide information about the type of heart disease.

An ECG assesses the heart rate and rhythm. But, like the X-ray, an ECG does not help diagnose a specific type of heart disease.

An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. It is the most definitive way to diagnose heart disease. It provides a detailed picture of the heart’s dimensions and muscle wall thickness and measures how well the heart can contract.

Laboratory tests can help identify an underlying cause of the heart disease. For example, blood work may reveal hyperthyroidism or anemia.

A more specific blood test measures NT-proBNP, a protein whose presence in the blood indicates heart disease and the disease’s severity but not the type of heart disease.

Measuring blood pressure helps determine whether high blood pressure could be contributing to a cat’s heart disease.

Cat Heart Disease Treatment

Treatment for heart disease in cats depends on the type and severity of heart disease and its underlying cause.

Besides PDA, which can be treated surgically, treatment for congenital and acquired heart disease is with medication, if necessary. If a cat with heart disease has no symptoms or only mild symptoms, regular monitoring may be all that’s needed until symptoms appear or worsen.

Several types of medications are available to manage heart disease in cats. Here’s a list of those medications and how they work:

• Diuretic: Flushes out excess fluid from the lungs or abdomen
• ACE inhibitor: Relaxes blood vessels and reduces blood pressure
• Pimobendan: Improves heart function by improving contractility
• Beta blocker: Slows the heart rate, reduces blood pressure
• Calcium channel blocker: Slows the heart rate, helps the heart pump more efficiently, reduces blood pressure

Prognosis for Cats with Heart Disease

The prognosis for cats with heart disease will depend on the type and severity of heart disease. Kittens with severe congenital heart disease will have a poor prognosis. The prognosis is better with mild heart disease.

How to Prevent Heart Disease in Cats

Heart disease in cats cannot be prevented. However, regular wellness visits can help your veterinarian detect heart disease early and develop a management plan to slow disease progression and, as much as possible, maintain a good quality of life for your cat.

The post Cat Heart Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM for short, is a disease of heart muscles, specifically the ventricular muscles, which are responsible for pumping blood forward and through the blood. In DCM, the heart muscles weaken over time resulting in a big, weak, floppy heart. Dilated chambers in the heart have a reduced ability to contract and push blood through the body’s blood vessels. A heart affected by DCM becomes overloaded with blood, and can result in congestive heart failure.

Thirty years ago, DCM was one of the leading causes of heart failure in cats. It was theorized that DCM in cats was due to a dietary deficiency of an essential amino acid called taurine. Most cat foods manufacturers began supplementing their foods with taurine, and now DCM is rarely seen in cats, and accounts for around 10 percent of heart disease seen in cats (1).

Causes of an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Before 1987, dilated cardiomyopathy was the most common type of heart disease diagnosed in cats. Thanks to dietary modifications in commercial cat foods, now DCM in cats is relatively rare. In the past, it was theorized that taurine deficiency was the main culprit of feline DCM. Today, the underlying cause in the majority of DCM in cats is unknown. In some families of cats, a genetic predisposition has been identified, just like in humans.

While dilated cardiomyopathy can affect any cat of any age, Asian breeds, including Persians, Burmese, Abyssinian, Siamese, seem to be disproportionately affected. DCM can also be the result of end-stage heart failure due to other heart disease in cats, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy, both of which are more common in cats than DCM.

Symptoms of DCM in Cats

The most common signs associated with any type of heart disease in cats are rapid breathing (sometimes open-mouth), decreased appetite, and decreased energy levels. Sometimes, cats with heart disease don’t show any signs. Other times, they may hide, not want to eat, or act non-specifically sick. Other more severe symptoms of heart disease in cats include:

• Pale or bluish tinge to gums
• Weakness
• Racing heart
• Collapse
• Sudden onset of inability to move hindlimb due to paralysis and/or severe hindlimb pain (caused by a blocked blood vessel called a thromboembolism)

If you notice any of these signs in your cat, make an appointment to see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Heart disease can progress quickly in cats and become life-threatening. Remember a cat’s instinct is to hide any signs of sickness, so if your cat is showing you that they are sick, then they need to see a vet ASAP to determine what is causing the problem.

Diagnosing Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Cats

A veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you and physical examination of the cat including taking vitals and listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. Depending what the veterinarian notices on physical exam, they will recommend diagnostic testing, which can include:

• Chest radiographs (X-rays)
• Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram)
• Electrocardiogram
• Blood work (CBC, Blood Chemistry, thyroid testing, taurine testing, heart biomarkers)

Treatment for an Enlarged Heart in Cats

Cats that are suffering from congestive heart failure due to DCM are usually very sick and require hospitalization to be stabilized. They may need to be put in an oxygen cage to make it easier for them to breathe.

DCM often causes fluid buildup around the lungs that can make it hard to breathe, and using a needle and syringe to remove that fluid (in a procedure called thoracocentesis) is used to help cats breathe. Veterinarians often submit the fluid for testing as well. Even on medication, some cats will require intermittent thoracocentesis to remove fluid from their chest.

Medications for Managing DCM in Cats

Heart medication is the long term treatment of choice for managing DCM in cats. Prescribed medications can include:

• Furosemide, a diuretic that removes excess fluid from the body
• Pimobendan, to strengthen the heart muscle and dilate blood vessels so the heart can pump blood more effectively, alternatively digoxin may be prescribed
• Blood vessel dilators to reduce the work the heart has to do to move blood through the body
• Anti-arrhythmia heart medication if clinically indicated
• Taurine supplementation if clinically indicated

Caring for a Cat with DCM

Cats with DCM should be kept indoors only in a low stress environment. These cats often have a poor appetite, so ask your veterinarian for food recommendations to tempt your cat to eat. Avoid foods that are high in salt; some cats may need a low sodium diet.

Recheck Appointments

If your cat has DCM, it is very important to work closely with your veterinarian and report how your cat responds to therapy and any symptoms as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will need to see your cat back for rechecks fairly frequently to check how they are responding to treatment. Some medications, such as furosemide, must be accurately dosed, as too much will cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and kidney issues, and too little will not be effective. During recheck appointments, your veterinarian will:

• Examine your cat
• Take their blood pressure
• Take blood samples to ensure that your cat is responding appropriately to medication and that there are no negative side effects

Prognosis for Cats with DCM

Unfortunately, DCM in cats that is not related to a taurine deficiency carries a poor prognosis, and survival even with treatment is usually weeks to months after initial diagnosis.

How to Prevent DCM in Cats

Ensure that your cat is eating a high quality cat food that contains animal protein to prevent a taurine deficiency. Do not feed cats a vegetarian or vegan diet. Have your cat’s health and heart checked by a veterinarian once a year to catch any problems early. 

Related conditions

• Congestive heart failure
• Thromboembolism
• Pleural effusion
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The post Enlarged Heart (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has ever been diagnosed with a fungal infection, chances are they may have received a medication called ketoconazole to treat their condition. 

Historically, ketoconazole has been widely used in veterinary medicine due to its effectiveness against a broad range of fungi. In recent years, its use has decreased due to other available antifungals with less side effects, but it is still a great option for many dogs. 

Read on to learn more about ketoconazole for dogs and how it may benefit your pet. 

What Is Ketoconazole?

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections in dogs. Although the medication is FDA-approved for use in humans, it is not yet approved in dogs. However, many veterinarians practice “extra-label” prescribing of ketoconazole to dogs. This simply means the medication is prescribed outside of its approved use according to the drug label. This is a common and acceptable practice in veterinary medicine for many types of medications. 

Ketoconazole is available in both generic and brand name forms by prescription only. It is readily available at most primary care veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. 

What Does Ketoconazole for Dogs Look Like?

Ketoconazole tablets for dogs vary in appearance depending on the manufacturer and dispensing pharmacy. However, they are typically round tablets that are white to tan in color. Many have score lines present for ease of dosing. The medication can be compounded into a capsule with an outer coating that is two-toned in color, a flavored liquid with an oily consistency, or an orange, chicken-flavored chew. 

Ketoconazole also comes in many topical forms. The liquid form, which is clear in color, can be added to ear wash, ointments, creams, and wipes.

How Does Ketoconazole Work?

Ketoconazole is part of the class of antifungals called azoles. Its main function is to prevent the fungal cell wall from forming and functioning properly. This interferes with the infectious potential of the fungus. 

Ketoconazole can also decrease testosterone production by binding to important receptors in the body, which can result in male infertility in dogs. It also reduces steroid hormone production by the adrenal glands, which are increased in dogs with Cushing’s disease. 

What Is Ketoconazole Used For in Dogs?

Ketoconazole is used to treat a variety of health conditions in dogs. It is primarily used to treat systemic and localized fungal infections. However, one of its side effects—to block cortisol production from the adrenal glands—is used to treat Cushing’s disease. Additional conditions that ketoconazole is effective against include the following: 

• Yeast dermatitis
• Yeast otitis (ear infection)
• Dermatophytosis 
• Coccidiomycosis 
• Aspergillosis 
• Histoplasmosis 
• Cryptococcus
• Blastomycosis 

How to Give Ketoconazole for Dogs

To treat systemic fungal infections, ketoconazole is administered orally. It is readily available in tablet form, but it can also be compounded into a liquid or capsule for easier administration by pet parents. Disguising the medication in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet food can help entice dogs to take the medication.

For skin and ear infections, ketoconazole is generally applied topically. Available products containing ketoconazole include ointments, creams, shampoos, wipes, sprays, and ear flush for dogs. In severe infections or those that do not respond to these treatments alone, topical products may need to be combined with oral medication for full resolution. 

Ketoconazole Side Effects in Dogs

Ketoconazole has several side effects pet parents should be aware of. Most are mild, but in rare instances, serious side effects can occur. Pet parents should watch for the following signs: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite 
• Reduced energy 

Long-term use of ketoconazole can result in liver damage. More severe side effects may include the following:  

• Yellowing of the skin, gums, and eyes
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Weight loss 
• Seizures 

All dogs receiving oral ketoconazole for an extended period of time should receive regular blood work to monitor their liver enzymes and blood cell counts. This medication should not be used in dogs with pre-existing liver disease or in pregnant or nursing dogs. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Ketoconazole does interact with many other medications used in dogs. A few examples of these medications include macrolide antibiotics, ivermectin, cyclosporine, and cisapride. Always let your dog’s veterinarian know all over-the-counter and prescription medications or supplements your dog is currently taking. Your veterinarian can advise you on whether or not ketoconazole would be a safe medication to take alongside your dog’s current regimen. 

Ketoconazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of ketoconazole varies based on a dog’s size. Treatment length depends on the underlying condition present and usually extends past the resolution of symptoms. Always follow your veterinarian’s recommendations and give the medication exactly as prescribed for the best outcome. Ketoconazole should always be administered with food. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Ketoconazole?

If your dog misses a dose of ketoconazole, do not double up. Give the next dose at the correct time and continue giving the medication as previously prescribed. If missing doses happens repeatedly, speak with your pet’s veterinarian to see if there are alternative treatment options that may be a better fit.                         

Ketoconazole for Dogs Cost

The cost of ketoconazole varies among veterinary practices in different parts of the country. Generic forms of the medication are much less expensive than name brands. Pet parents should anticipate spending between $30-$60 for a three-week course of oral tablets. Some fungal infections will resolve in this time frame while others require much longer treatment, which will further increase costs. Compounded liquid or capsules are more expensive than tablets because they must be prepared by a special pharmacy. Topical medications range from $15-$50. For dogs taking ketoconazole long-term, blood work monitoring can cost between $50-$100. 

Ketoconazole Storage Instructions 

Ketoconazole products should be stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight. Tablets, capsules, and liquid should be stored in a container that is tightly closed and protected from moisture. Sprays, wipes, creams, ointments, and shampoos should be kept closed when not in use. All products containing ketoconazole should be kept out of reach of children and other pets. 

The post Ketoconazole for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Itchy skin in cats (also called pruritus) is not only uncomfortable, it can lead to worse complications—like severe hair loss, infections, and pain—if it becomes severe enough and is left untreated. 

There are numerous causes of itchy skin in cats, and the degree of severity also varies. With the help of your veterinarian, the cause of your cat’s itchiness can be identified and managed before the condition worsens. 

If you’re wondering, how can I soothe my cat’s itchy skin, you’ve come to the right place. From prescription solutions like Atopica to calming balms and supplements, here’s what you need to know to ease your cat’s itch.

What Causes Itchy Skin in Cats?

Pruritus in cats can be triggered by so many things. Pinpointing the cause of your cat’s itchy skin is helpful, as treatments can vary depending on the underlying diagnosis.

Causes of itchy skin in cats include:

• Ectoparasites (fleas, mites, lice)
• Other insect bites (mosquitoes, chiggers)
• Ringworm
• Environmental allergies
• Food allergies
• Contact dermatitis
• Skin infections

The most common signs that point to itchy skin in cats include biting and scratching the skin, overgrooming, hair loss (especially on the rump, base of the tail, and back of the thighs), as well as scabs, sores, and ulcerations.

Seeking proper veterinary care at the first sign your cat is experiencing consistent itching is the key to prompt management. Your regular veterinarian can assist you in determining the cause of your cat’s itchy skin via diagnostic tests. However, if your cat’s condition is more severe and not responding to initial treatment, your vet may refer you to a board-certified veterinary dermatologist for advanced testing and treatment.

How Can I Soothe My Cat’s Itchy Skin?

Once the cause of your cat’s itchy skin is identified, your vet will recommend various treatments, depending on the culprit of your cat’s pruritus. This treatment plan may involve a lot of trial and error. This can involve tweaking medication doses or adding in additional meds systematically until the correct “cocktail” of therapies resolves your cat’s symptoms while trying to avoid possible side effects. Some medications may only be needed on a short-term or seasonal basis while others may require long-term use.

Cat Medicine for Itchy Skin

Ointments, sprays, pills—so many medication options exist for the management of itchy skin in cats and its various causes. Your vet can help you navigate which medication is right for your cat. In the vast majority of cases, prescriptions will be more effective and often safer than non-prescription options, so heed your vet’s advice.

Cat medicine for itchy skin may include:

• Monthly flea control
• Immunosuppressive drugs
• Antibiotics or antifungals
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots)
• Fluoxetine 
• Non-prescription topicals

Monthly flea control: The importance of flea prevention for cats cannot be stressed enough. Preventing fleas is far better than treating them, particularly in cats with a flea allergy. Nip fleas in the bud before they ever have a chance at biting your cat. Avoid over-the-counter flea preventions, since most are either ineffective and some can be very harmful. And never use flea prevention on a cat that was intended for a dog. 

Home remedies for fleas are typically not advised either. The best solution is consistent monthly use of a prescription flea prevention year-round for your cat’s lifespan, including in the winter months. Even indoor-only cats (and other pets) need flea prevention. Your veterinarian can discuss the various oral and topical prescription options to decide which is best for your kitty.

Immunosuppressive drugs: Immunosuppressive drugs are the primary treatment vets recommend for itchy skin caused by allergies, particularly atopic dermatitis. There are several different types of medications that fall under this group, each with its unique pros and cons:

• Steroids (e.g., oral prednisolone, dexamethasone injections, or topical creams and sprays, such as hydrocortisone) are typically an effective and affordable treatment for allergic causes of feline pruritus. However, chronic use, especially at high doses, can cause unpleasant side effects, such as an increased risk for infections and diabetes mellitus. They should not be used in cats with certain pre-existing conditions, such as heart disease.
• Atopica (cyclosporine) is the first FDA-approved nonsteroid medication designed to treat allergic skin disease in cats. It offers all the benefits of steroids in terms of effective itch relief, but without the associated risk of dangerous side effects.

• Apoquel (oclacitinib) is FDA-approved for use in dogs, but not cats. Some veterinarians may prescribe it for off-label use in cats. However, its efficacy varies; some cats respond to the treatment while others do not.

Steroids are typically an effective and affordable option for allergic causes of feline pruritus, but chronic use, especially at high doses, can cause unpleasant side effects, such as an increased risk for infections and diabetes mellitus. They should not be used in cats with certain preexisting conditions, such as heart disease.

Antibiotics or antifungals: Your vet will also treat any secondary infection with appropriate oral and/or topical antibiotics or antifungals.

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, including “allergy shots,” may be recommended by your veterinary dermatologist. Pet parents should note that lokivetmab (Cytopoint) injections are formulated for dogs and do not work in cats.

Fluoxetine: If other options have been exhausted, your vet may recommend fluoxetine (“kitty Prozac”). While this medication is typically prescribed for behavioral issues, it also harbors anti-itch properties to assist with uncontrolled pruritus.

Non-prescription topicals: Your vet may also recommend several non-prescription topical products, such as Vetericyn spray, Duoxo S3 Calm, and MiconaHex + Triz. Chat with your vet to ask if any of these options might be right for your cat.

Home Remedies for Itchy Skin in Cats

Most home remedies for itchy skin are not recommended for use in cats, as many have not been fully evaluated in scientific studies. The majority are either ineffective, and some can be harmful. The most inquired-about home remedies for itchy skin in cats include coconut oil, apple cider vinegar, and essential oils.

Coconut oil: Coconut oil contains plenty of essential fatty acids, which are excellent building blocks for the skin. While small amounts of coconut oil applied directly to the skin are typically not harmful and can even be hydrating, avoid using too much since it can cause GI upset if your kitty licks it off. For similar reasons, it’s also best to avoid oral supplementation to prevent diarrhea and weight gain. Only proceed with dietary use if instructed by your vet, though your vet may recommend other alternatives instead (such as salmon oil). For topical use, more effective topical supplements that deliver fatty acids exist and are discussed later.

Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar is typically not very effective at alleviating skin itchiness (even for fleas) and infection. It should not be used orally as a water additive. If used topically, it must be diluted with an equal volume of water for a 50:50 solution to avoid the vinegar from stinging the skin.

Essential oils: Essential oils have not been proven to be effective at preventing fleas or otherwise treating itchy skin in cats, and since some can be very toxic to kitties, it’s best to avoid using them and discuss safer products with your vet instead.

Additionally, avoid over-the-counter (OTC) products and human products unless specifically advised by your vet for your cat’s particular situation. For instance, diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and other OTC antihistamines are not typically effective on their own, though they may be recommended by your vet as ancillary support for itchy skin when paired with prescription medications. 

Prescription antihistamine options, such as chlorpheniramine, may be more potent, so ask your vet. Also consult with your vet before using triple antibiotic ointments (such as Neosporin) or topical steroid creams. They may be okay in some scenarios, but may otherwise be unnecessary or even harmful in certain settings. (For instance, some cats can have a bad reaction to the polymyxin in triple antibiotics.)

Cat Shampoo for Itchy Skin

Most cats can be difficult to bathe, resulting in stress to the cat and scratches to the pet parent. However, if your cat doesn’t mind a nice warm bath, a gentle and hydrating shampoo (such as a natural oatmeal formula) can help alleviate some itchiness while removing topical allergens that could otherwise worsen a skin flare-up. 

Flea shampoos for cats (such as Adams brand) are not typically recommended, as they can overly dry the skin and contain harmful chemicals such as pyrethrins. Avoid using flea shampoos and opt for a regular prescription flea prevention instead. 

If your cat has a skin infection or greasy skin (seborrhea), your vet may recommend a prescription shampoo with antimicrobial and antiseborrheic properties. Remember to never use a shampoo that contains tar (such as those formulated for human psoriasis), as these can be very toxic to cats.

Cat Food for Itchy Skin

A change in diet can help some pruritic cats, particularly those with an identified food allergy.

Formulas for food allergies tend to be prescription-only diets. They either contain a novel protein that your cat has never ingested (and thus has not yet had an opportunity to develop a food allergy to) or a hydrolyzed protein that is formulated so that your cat’s immune system does not recognize it as an allergen.

When trying to diagnose a food allergy, your cat should strictly eat the hypoallergenic diet for approximately 8 weeks without ingesting any additional foods, treats, or flavored medications or supplements. If your cat’s skin issues have resolved, your vet will re-introduce the old diet to see if your cat’s skin flares up. If so, a food allergy is diagnosed. Your kitty is then kept on the special diet long-term to prevent symptoms.

Always work closely with your veterinarian to select the best food to fit your cat’s needs and preferences. This may take some time, patience, and trial and error. Avoid raw food diets unless otherwise directed by your vet. Additionally, keep in mind that grains are not a common cause of food allergies in our pets, particularly not in cats, so there is typically no need to choose a grain-free cat food for the basis of managing itchy skin.

Even if your cat is not suspected to have a food allergy and does not require a prescription hypoallergenic diet, your vet may still recommend swapping your kitty’s food for a formula designed for sensitive skin. Though these commercial diets typically do not require a prescription, you still may be able to order them directly through your veterinarian. You can even set up convenient autoshipments, so you never run out of food that helps support the dermatologic health of cats who suffer from itchy skin.

Cat Supplements for Itchy Skin

To help itchiness further and support the overall health of your cat’s skin and coat, your vet may recommend additional supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s, found in high amounts in fish oils, help maintain the integrity of a healthy skin barrier. 

A good quality commercial cat food should contain proper amounts of fatty acids in the diet. While some vets may recommend an additional oral supplement (such as Free Form by Elanco or salmon oil), too much can cause GI upset. 

Topical supplements, such as Dermoscent Essential 6 Spot-On or the Douxo Calming line of topical products, can also help your cat’s skin by delivering hydrating essential fatty acids directly to the skin. These tend to work more potently than topical coconut oil. 

Cat Itchy Skin Treatment: Other Tips and Advice

Pet parents can be proactive in helping prevent their cat’s itchy skin flare-ups from worsening. This can be accomplished by identifying their cat’s early itchy skin warning signs and by taking preventive measures to promote overall healthy skin for their kitty. Monthly prescription flea prevention is the backbone of good skin health for any cat, particularly any itchy one. 

Recognizing that your cat is gradually becoming consistently itchier will enable you to seek vet care. That way, your cat’s skin issues can be addressed promptly with an appropriate veterinary-guided treatment. 

If you have a bit of a wait until you can get your cat seen by your vet, consider an E-collar (cone), cat-sized T-shirt, or Soft Paws nail guards to prevent self-trauma to the skin caused by your cat’s excessive scratching, biting, or grooming. 

You and your vet will work as a team to determine what treatments work best to prevent worsening skin damage and offer your cat much-needed relief from their itchy skin.

The post How Can I Soothe My Cat’s Itchy Skin? appeared first on Great Pet Care.