Navigating kitten illnesses is stressful, but being prepared can help. The worry, appointments, medical tests, medications, and mounting veterinary care costs can all take a toll. Options like pet insurance and a CareCredit credit card can help you manage vet expenses so you can focus on your pet’s health.* And learning about common kitten illnesses teaches you what sick cat symptoms to watch out for, so you can get your kitty the best care possible.

How to Tell Your Kitten Is Sick

Eat, sleep, play, repeat: This pretty much sums up the daily routine of most kittens (with some snuggles thrown in there, too). And that’s important because knowing what’s “normal” for your kitten can help you recognize when something is amiss.

Changes in health or behavior are often the first sign of illness in kittens, but they aren’t always obvious. Just like adult cats, kittens may hide or minimize symptoms of sickness. So it’s important to keep an eye out for signs of kitten illness, including:

• Kitten isn’t eating, refuses food, or shows signs of decreased appetite
• Low-energy or lethargic kitten
• Kitten is vomiting
• Kitten has diarrhea
• Kitten is sneezing a lot, has nasal discharge or congestion (kitty stuffy nose)
• Kitten has eye discharge or redness
• Kitten has a bloated belly

If you note any of these sick kitten symptoms, contact your veterinarian. Some new kitten parents may hesitate to reach out for fear of overreacting. However, it’s always best to leave that decision in the hands of your vet. 

6 Common Kitten Illnesses: Signs and Treatment

Kittens are resilient little creatures. However, their small size and immature immune systems make them especially vulnerable to certain illnesses and kitten diseases. Here are the most common kitten illnesses to watch out for in your kitten’s first year.

Upper Respiratory Infection

Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are quite common in kittens. They typically develop when highly contagious viruses, like feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus, overcome a kitten’s immune system.

In some cases, kittens may develop a bacterial infection due to respiratory pathogens such as Mycoplasma felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica secondary to a viral URI. This may cause more severe respiratory symptoms requiring additional treatment with antibiotics.

Symptoms of URI in kittens include:

• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion
• Nasal and eye discharge (ranges from clear to thick yellow/green)
• Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the tissues around the eyes)
• Coughing (in severe cases)

In most cases, feline URI is like a kitten cold, with mild symptoms lasting about 7-10 days. Providing supportive care at home can help your kitten feel more comfortable while recovering. 

Kittens with URIs who develop more severe respiratory symptoms, high fever, painful mouth sores, or serious eye issues like keratitis will need additional treatments.

Your veterinarian may recommend fluids for dehydration, appetite stimulants, anti-inflammatories, eye drops to treat infections, antivirals, and antibiotics if a bacterial infection is involved.

The FVRCP vaccine is a core combination vaccine that can help prevent or lessen the severity of feline URI. 

Fleas

These pesky parasites don’t care if your precious furball is only a baby. They’ll stop at nothing (except veterinary-approved flea preventatives, thank goodness!) to get a blood meal.

While cats of any age can get fleas, kittens are particularly vulnerable. Due to their small size, kittens can lose enough blood from flea bites to cause anemia. This can trigger weakness, hinder their growth, and may be fatal in severe cases. 

Flea bites can cause fur loss, skin irritation, and infection, especially if a kitten has a flea allergy. Itchy bites also make it difficult for kittens to get the vital sleep they need. Fleas can also transmit pathogens that can make cats sick or even be passed to people, like the plague.

Thankfully there are many options to treat and prevent fleas. However, some products shouldn’t be used on very young kittens. Be sure to consult your veterinarian for guidance on safe and effective flea prevention for your kitten and your home. 

Intestinal Parasites

Roundworm

Roundworms are the most common intestinal parasites in cats, especially kittens. Kittens can get roundworms from their environment, their mother’s milk, or by eating infected prey or insects. The larvae travel through the liver and lungs before settling in the intestines as adult worms.

Healthy adult cats often show no symptoms, but severe infections in kittens can lead to serious illness or even death.

Signs of roundworms in kittens include: 

• Lethargy
• Vomiting (occasionally includes vomited worms)
• Alternating diarrhea and constipation
• Bloated belly 
• Poor growth and thin body condition
• Dull coat
• Large worm burdens can cause intestinal obstruction

Deworming is a safe and effective way to treat roundworms. It’s often recommended as a preventative treatment for kittens, even if they don’t show obvious signs.

Hookworm

Hookworms are parasites that live in the small intestine where they feed on blood. Cats can get them by ingesting larvae from the environment, eating infected prey, or through skin contact with contaminated areas.

Healthy adult cats may not show symptoms, but hookworms can cause severe blood loss in kittens, which can be life-threatening.

Signs of hookworms in kittens include:

• Lethargy
• Poor growth and thin body condition
• Bloated belly
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dark and tarry feces (sign of bleeding in the GI tract)
• Anemia (signs include weakness, pale gums, and fast breathing)

Hookworms are treated with deworming medication. Severely anemic kittens may need additional treatment such as a blood transfusion.

Tapeworm

Tapeworms are ribbon-like parasites that attach to the intestine. Cats typically get them by swallowing infected fleas during grooming.

Pet parents may notice tapeworm segments resembling wriggling grains of rice around a kitten’s anus or in their poop. While tapeworms usually don’t cause serious illness, severe infections can lead to weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, or intestinal blockages in kittens.

Treatment is simple with a vet-prescribed dewormer, along with flea treatment to prevent re-infection.

Ear mites 

Feline ear mites are a real pain in the ear! The culprit is a tiny, contagious mite, called Otodectes cynotis. Infected mother cats easily transmit ear mites to their kittens.

Signs of ear mites include:

• Dark, coffee ground-like ear discharge
• Intense itching and scratching around ears and head
• Frequent head shaking
• Irritation, fur loss, sores, and scabs around ears and head

Other ear diseases can mimic these signs. So it’s always best for a veterinarian to examine your kitten to determine the cause and treatment.  

The treatment for ear mites is typically a topical prescription medication. Your veterinarian may gently clean excess ear debris with an ear-cleaning solution. Your kitten may also need ear drops to soothe inflammation and treat secondary bacterial infections. 

Feline Panleukopenia

Feline panleukopenia (sometimes called feline distemper) is a serious illness caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV). Thanks to widespread vaccination, feline panleukopenia is much less common than it used to be. However, outbreaks still occur. And kittens have a much higher risk of becoming extremely ill or dying from this disease.

FPV is highly contagious and spreads by contact between cats or contaminated surfaces. The virus attacks cells lining the intestine and within the bone marrow. It can cause severe GI symptoms and immune system suppression.  

Signs of illness include:

• Fever
• Appetite loss
• Lethargy
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea (often severe and sometimes bloody)
• Dehydration 
• Sudden death

Affected kittens require significant supportive care, such as fluids, medications for nausea and vomiting, nutritional support, and treatment of secondary infections. Even with veterinary care, the disease is often fatal in kittens.

Kittens exposed to FPV from their mother while still developing in the uterus or shortly after birth may develop cerebellar hypoplasia. This disorder affects the part of the brain responsible for coordination and fine motor movements.  

Thankfully, this terrible disease can be prevented with vaccination. It is usually administered as the FVRCP vaccine. (This is the vaccine that protects against viral URI as well. The P in the name stands for parvovirus.) 

Feline Leukemia Virus

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is common, with studies estimating a 3 percent prevalence in the U.S. and Canada [1]. FeLV is spread by close contact, so a mother cat with FeLV can infect her kittens during pregnancy or while nursing and grooming her young.

Not all cats with FeLV respond the same way. Some are able to eliminate the infection (abortive infection). Others carry the infection but aren’t contagious and are unlikely to become ill (regressive infection). Still others become contagious and ill (progressive infection).

Because of their immature immune systems, infected kittens are prone to progressive infections, which carry the poorest prognosis. 

Progressive FeLV infections in kittens are not always obvious. So a kitten may become an adult before showing signs of the illness. Progressive FeLV suppresses the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections (infections that a healthy immune system usually fights off). It can also cause anemia and lead to certain cancers, especially lymphoma. 

Sadly, there is no cure for FeLV. Diligent preventative care and managing FeLV-related illnesses can help cats with progressive FeLV live comfortably. However, these cats have significantly shortened lifespans. 

The FeLV vaccine is very effective and recommended for kittens due to their high susceptibility to progressive infections.

How to Help a Sick Kitten Feel Better

It’s natural to worry when you have a sick kitty. Your veterinarian will provide specific instructions depending on what’s ailing your kitten. But here are some tried-and-true ways to help your kitten while they’re under the weather:

• Ensure your kitten has a quiet, comfortable rest area. 
• Offer enticing food and water. Warmed wet food can stimulate appetite.
• Follow all care instructions and administer medications as directed by your veterinarian. 
• Monitor your kitten closely for worsening symptoms.

It’s important to pay extra attention to any changes in your kitten’s health, behavior, or appearance during illness. Your kitten’s condition can deteriorate quickly, so always contact your veterinarian if their health takes a turn for the worse. 

Tips for Keeping Your Kitten Healthy

Preventing common kitten illnesses is always better than treating them. And that goes for all illnesses and health risks your kitty will face. Here are tips for keeping your kitten healthy in their first year:

• Stick to the kitten vaccination schedule.
• Use vet-recommended parasite prevention that’s appropriate for the risks in your region and your kitten’s specific needs.
• Keep your kitten away from sick or unvaccinated cats.
• If you plan to let your kitten outside, wait until they’ve received all their vaccines, been microchipped, and are spayed or neutered.
• Feed a complete and balanced diet formulated for kittens. For more information, check out what kittens should eat. 
• Dental disease impacts overall health, so establishing an oral care routine as a kitten is an excellent way to keep your cat healthy.   
• Learn about common feline hazards such as toxic plants and flowers, medications, household products, foods, and objects that can cause GI obstructions, and keep these away from your kitten. 
• Most important of all, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations on all preventative pet health care.

Consistent preventative veterinary care is vital for your cat’s lifelong health and wellness. Just like preparing your home for a new kitten, preparing for these routine veterinary care costs is equally important.

Investing in pet insurance can help offset the costs of your kitten’s veterinary bills. However, coverage may vary depending on your plan. And unexpected kitten illnesses could leave you facing pricey vet bills.

That’s where having another option on hand, like a CareCredit credit card, can provide new pet parents with much-needed peace of mind. CareCredit is a dedicated pet health and wellness credit card you can use for routine visits, vaccines, emergency care, medications, and more.

CareCredit is accepted in more than 25,000 veterinary practice locations across the U.S. And it offers flexible financing options, so you can stay focused on the things that matter most, like your kitten’s health.*

Kittens bring endless joy and just as many responsibilities. However, learning about common kitten illnesses is the first step to helping prevent them so you can build a happy, healthy future with your furry friend.

References

1. Little, Susan, et al. “2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, vol. 22, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 5–30, https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612×19895940.

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

The post 6 Common Kitten Illnesses: Signs and Treatment appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Why does checking your cat’s gums matter? Believe it or not, the gums give clues about your cat’s hydration, circulation, oxygen levels, and the presence of certain diseases. Pale gums in cats are a sign of serious health issues requiring veterinary attention. In this article, we’ll discuss pale cat gums vs normal-looking cat gums, possible causes, and what to do if you encounter paleness in your kitty’s gums. 

Cat Gum Basics: What Color Should Your Cat’s Gums Be?

Healthy cat gums should be light pink, shiny, and moist, although some color variations are normal. Some cats (especially orange kitties) develop brown or black freckles on their gums, a harmless feature called lentigo (it usually appears on their eyelid margins, lips, and nose, too). Other cats may have more generalized dark pigmentation of their gums (especially black and gray cats).

Like our own gums, cat gums consist of a specialized tissue called a mucous membrane, which lines and protects many internal areas of the body. The gums act like a mirror of health, giving clues about several conditions. Some conditions may cause your cat’s gums to become inflamed or turn blue, purple, red, or yellow. (You can learn more about these here.)

Pink gums are an indication of good oxygen levels and blood flow. Conditions causing poor circulation (blood flow) or anemia (a reduction in red blood cells) will result in pale gums that may have a touch of pink or be completely white. Because adequate blood flow and oxygenation are so vital, problems with these can cause your cat to feel very unwell and are often life-threatening. 

Assessing cat gum color is a quick and simple way to gain important information about your cat’s health. Try checking your cat’s gums anywhere from once a week to once a month.

How Do You Check Your Cat’s Gums?

Having help makes things easier to check your cat’s gums, but doing it on your own is entirely possible. 

Choose a time when your cat is relaxed. Most cats love head, chin, and cheek rubs, so start with these to see if your kitty is up for being touched.  

I prefer to hold the cat from behind, with my arms gently cradling the sides of their body. I give plenty of praise and pets while gently working my way to their mouth. Finally, I place one hand on top of their head and use the thumb of that hand to raise their upper lip. 

A gentle and gradual approach is key to doing pretty much anything with cats. That said, not all cats will tolerate this, so if they put up a fuss, don’t push the issue. 

8 Causes of Pale Gums in Cats

When gums appear pale or white, it’s due to a problem with either poor circulation or anemia (sometimes both). 

Poor circulation occurs with conditions affecting blood flow. Sometimes only a select part of the body is affected (like frostbite on ear tips), whereas other times the entire circulatory system is compromised (such as with severe blood loss). Gums typically become pale when the entire circulatory system is affected. 

Anemia occurs when there is a reduced number of red blood cells in circulation, either due to loss (bleeding), a problem producing new red blood cells, or hemolysis, which is the destruction of red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia usually leads to yellow gums. 

Here are some of the most common causes of pale gums in cats:

1. Trauma

Getting hit by a car or attacked by a larger animal are common causes of trauma in cats. Severe bleeding (which can be internal, external, or both) is common with traumatic injuries. When this happens, the body tries to cope by prioritizing blood flow to vital organs. If there is more blood loss than the body can cope with, permanent organ damage or death may occur.

2. Parasites

Some of the most common parasites in cats are voracious bloodsuckers. Hookworms (an intestinal parasite), fleas, and ticks all feed on blood. If the infestation is large enough, blood loss can result in parasitic-induced anemia. Kittens and sick or debilitated cats have the highest risk of developing life-threatening anemia.

3. Infection

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) are viruses that suppress the immune system and can impair the bone marrow’s ability to create new red blood cells, leading to anemia.

4. Clotting Problem

A complex system of specialized blood proteins and cells (platelets) are responsible for clotting. They’re constantly at work, and without them, even the smallest bruise or cut would bleed uncontrollably.

One of the most notorious causes of clotting problems in cats is accidental poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticide (rat bait). Affected cats may have pale, bleeding gums, nose bleeds, trouble breathing, bloody vomit or urine, and weakness; however, signs vary greatly, depending on where the bleeding is happening in the body.

It’s rare, but some cats are born with a clotting disorder, the most common being Haemophilia A or B. Both conditions result in deficient levels of a clotting factor (specialized blood protein) essential for clotting. 

Liver failure and severe blood infections (sepsis) may also result in clotting problems in cats. 

5. Cancer

The effects of cancer are vast and varied, depending on the cancer type and area of the body that’s affected. Cats may become anemic from internal tumors that chronically bleed or suddenly rupture. (Internal tumor rupture is much less common in cats than dogs.) More common feline cancers, like lymphoma, can invade the bone marrow, interfering with the production of new red blood cells, while other cancers may trigger hemolytic anemia.

6. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common conditions affecting senior cats. Cats with CKD may experience weight loss, lethargy, poor appetite, and the need to drink and pee excessively.

Some cats with CKD are prone to anemia, which can reduce their lifespan and quality of life. Healthy kidneys produce a substance called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, but this process is impaired in cats with CKD.

Additionally, toxins that are normally eliminated by the kidneys can build up in the bloodstream and cause red blood cell fragility, meaning they don’t last as long in circulation. 

7. Heart Disease

The most common type of feline heart disease is called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition causing the walls of the heart muscle to thicken. As the disease advances, the heart cannot pump blood effectively through the body, leading to poor circulation and serious complications such as congestive heart failure or a saddle thrombus (large blood clot). 

8. Shock

Shock is a state where the body’s ability to cope with a disease or injury has been overwhelmed. There are a few types of shock, but it generally occurs when there is inadequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The risk of permanent organ damage or death is high. 

Many different conditions can lead to shock, such as severe dehydration, anaphylaxis (major allergic reaction), sepsis, hypothermia, certain toxins, and traumatic injuries. 

What to Do if Your Cat Has Pale Gums

If your cat’s gums are obviously pale or white, this is an emergency. Typically, other signs will be present, such as lethargy, weakness, and rapid breathing. The best thing you can do is keep them warm and get them to the veterinarian right away.  

If the cause is due to visible blood loss, apply pressure to the wound with a clean towel until you can get to your veterinarian. If possible, have someone help you tend to your cat and get you to the animal hospital.  

What if your cat has pale gums but is acting normal? Some conditions that cause pale gums, such as mild, slowly developing anemia, don’t present as dramatically, and cats may not show many signs that something is amiss. A slight pallor to the gums can be hard for even the most discerning pet parent to notice. Also, gum color may fluctuate slightly without your cat being seriously ill. If you are unsure about your cat’s gum color, contact your veterinarian for advice. 

How to treat pale gums in cats depends on the cause, and in most circumstances, the cause won’t be immediately clear. For pale cat gums, a veterinary assessment and diagnostic testing will be necessary in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. 

How to Prevent Pale Gums in Cats

Unfortunately, we can’t always prevent our cats from getting sick; however, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of conditions that cause pale gums.

Consider staying indoors. Whether to keep your cat inside or let them outdoors is a personal choice, but on average, we know indoor cats live longer, healthier lives than outdoor cats. Outdoor cats are much more likely to have a traumatic injury. They’re also more exposed to parasites and infections, and more at risk of hypothermia in cold climates.

Be aware of toxins. It’s important to learn about common toxins in cats and keep these away from your furry friend. 

Don’t forget checkups. Regular veterinary check-ups are a crucial part of keeping your cat healthy and identifying problems early. During a routine examination, your veterinarian can assess your cat’s overall health, identify possible concerns, and provide vaccines and parasite control that protect your cat. 

The post Pale Gums in Cats: 8 Reasons It Might Be Happening appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Wheezing is challenging to decipher and often gets confused with other types of noisy and labored breathing in cats. Snoring, gagging, coughing, sneezing, sniffling, regurgitating hairballs (more on this later), and wheezing — there’s a lot to keep straight. And when it comes to your cat’s breathing, there’s a lot at stake. If you notice your cat making weird breathing noises, it’s important to contact your veterinarian. 

Here, we’ll explain the ins and outs of wheezing, including what causes it, what it sounds like, and common treatments. 

Why Is My Cat Wheezing?

A cat’s respiratory tract includes their nasal passages, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe) that branch into smaller airways called bronchi and bronchioles before terminating into sac-like clusters called alveoli (where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged). 

In a healthy respiratory tract, air flows unobstructed through the airways, and while not completely silent, the process is normally quiet. If the airways become partially obstructed or narrowed, this changes how the air flows and can lead to noisy, high-pitched breathing called wheezing. 

If your cat is wheezing, this is abnormal, and depending on the cause and presence of other signs, can indicate an emergency. 

What Does Cat Wheezing Sound Like?

Cat wheezing is a high-pitched, sometimes whistle-like sound that happens while breathing. The high-pitched sound is key to differentiating it from other types of noisy breathing. 

A cat wheezing sound can be so quiet it’s only audible with a stethoscope or so loud it’s heard by anyone within earshot. Wheezing can occur continuously or as intermittent episodes and may happen during inhalation, exhalation, or with a cough. 

Wheezing during exhalation or coughing is typical in cats with lower airway conditions causing bronchitis, such as asthma or lungworm. Bronchitis is a general term used to describe inflammation from any cause in the lower airways.  

Wheezing that originates from narrowed upper airways (the upper trachea or voice box) is called stridor. It still has a high-pitched quality (but may sound harsher) and occurs during either inspiration, expiration, or both. Stridor is associated with several upper airway conditions including infections, foreign bodies, and tumors. 

On the other hand, cats with stertor typically have an obstruction or narrowing in the highest part of the respiratory tract (within the nose or throat). Stertor is a lower-pitched, loud snoring sound and is not considered wheezing. Stertor has many potential causes, including a stuffy or inflamed nose, nasopharyngeal polyps, or nasal foreign bodies or tumors, or may be due to the condensed anatomy of brachycephalic (flat-faced) cat breeds such as Persians.  

Stertor doesn’t always mean something is wrong. It’s normal for some cats to snore while sleeping or resting in a certain position. If you’re unsure if your cat is snoring or wheezing, check with your veterinarian.

5 Causes of Wheezing in Cats

Feline Asthma/Chronic Bronchitis 

Several terms are used interchangeably for feline asthma, so you may also see it called feline allergic bronchitis, feline bronchial asthma, or chronic bronchitis. 

Some veterinarians refer to chronic bronchitis as a closely related but separate entity from feline asthma, while others lump them together as the same condition. They likely have different underlying causes but can be impossible to tell apart and are generally treated the same. If you feel confused by the terminology, you’re not alone. It’s an area requiring more research. For this article, we’ll use the term feline asthma. 

Feline asthma is a lifelong condition and one of the most classic causes of wheezing in cats. Asthmatic cats have an exaggerated allergic response to environmental allergens such as dust, smoke, pollen, scented products (candles, essential oils, fabric sprays), and strong cleaners (bleach). 

In response, their lower airways spasm and become irritated, narrowed, and plugged with mucus. Affected cats may cough, wheeze, and have labored breathing and shortness of breath, especially after exertion. A characteristic wheezing sound happens when air is forced through the narrowed airways.

Signs of asthma tend to come and go but worsen without treatment and can lead to asthma attacks. 

Here are the signs of an asthma attack: 

1. Your cat stops what they’re doing and crouches low to the ground, with a flat back and their head and neck extended.
2. They have several forceful, harsh exhales (coughs) that may produce a high-pitched wheezing sound, with their mouth typically closed.
3. They may swallow several times but not expel anything from their mouth (an exception may be if they cough enough to trigger the gag reflex and subsequently vomit).
4. Cats may carry on as usual after an episode like this; however, those who don’t recover quickly or develop other signs of difficulty breathing need emergency veterinary care.

An episode like this is often confused with “coughing up a hairball,” but hairballs don’t cause cats to cough and wheeze. Hairballs come from the digestive tract and are vomited up. Cats will forcefully gag (open their mouth wide and stick out their tongue) and have strong abdominal contractions, like a rhythmic wave, before ultimately vomiting up a hairball. They usually don’t crouch down like they do when coughing and wheezing.

If you’re unsure if your cat is wheezing or bringing up a hairball, it’s extremely helpful to take a video to show your veterinarian. 

Parasitic Bronchitis

Several species of parasites, known as feline lungworms, can set up shop in a cat’s lungs and cause parasitic bronchitis (inflammation in the lower airways caused by parasites), which can lead to wheezing. One of the most common lungworms, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is carried by snails and slugs. Typically, cats become infected by eating an animal (mouse, bird, lizard, frog) that ate an infected snail or slug.  

Outdoor cats have the highest risk of lungworm. Once a cat ingests the parasite, it makes its way to the lungs, where adult female lungworms lay their eggs. From here, the eggs hatch into larvae, travel up the airways, are coughed up, swallowed into the digestive system, and finally, passed in the cat’s feces. 

If only a small number of worms are present, a cat may have very mild or no symptoms at all, but high numbers of worms can wreak havoc on a cat’s airways and lead to life-threatening complications. 

 Signs of lungworm include:

• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Labored breathing
• Sneezing
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Fever

Respiratory Infections

Any viral, bacterial, or fungal respiratory infection can potentially cause wheezing in cats.

Common viral upper respiratory infections, such as calicivirus and feline herpes, are notorious for causing cat wheezing and sneezing, especially among kittens and in shelter environments.

Affected cats may have stertor (that loud, snoring-like sound) from a stuffy nose, while an inflamed voice box or upper trachea may result in your cat wheezing and coughing. 

Common signs include:

• Sneezing
• A runny and congested nose 
• Eye discharge
• Coughing 
• Wheezing
• Fever
• Lethargy

Bacterial upper respiratory infections, such as Mycoplasma felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, may occur secondary to a viral infection. Typically, they cause similar but potentially more severe symptoms and can progress to pneumonia. 

Compared to viral and bacterial respiratory infections, fungal respiratory infections are relatively rare in cats (although more common in some geographical areas) and tend to affect either the nasal passages or deeper lung tissues.

Upper Airway Tumors

Some upper airway tumors cause wheezing in cats. This may happen if a tumor growing outside of the airway (such as in the front of the neck) puts pressure on the voice box, or if tumors inside the airway, such as laryngeal inflammatory polyps or lymphoma, obstruct it from within.

In these circumstances, wheezing typically occurs more predictably, such as every time a cat breathes or is in a certain position, and it tends to worsen over time. Other signs may or may not be present.  

A Foreign Body  

Occasionally, your cat may chow down on something that travels the wrong way and lodges itself in the respiratory tract. With complete upper airway obstructions, air can’t move around the obstruction, and no breathing noises can be heard. This is obviously a dire situation that is quickly fatal. Fortunately, this is rare in cats.  

However, partial airway obstructions happen on occasion. I recall a cat who was rushed in to see me as an emergency — she was wheezing loudly and gagging as if desperately trying to rid something from her throat. This all happened shortly after getting a delicious salmon treat. Can you guess what was stuck in her airway? Amazingly, she coughed out the offending fishbone and had a full recovery. Nine lives indeed!

How to Treat a Wheezing Cat

When it comes to how to help a wheezing cat, a consultation with your veterinarian is an essential first step. Wheezing is a sign of an underlying respiratory issue stemming from several different causes, so treatment and prognosis vary considerably. Once your veterinarian makes a diagnosis, they will start a treatment plan that may include medications, procedures, and addressing factors in the home environment. 

Feline asthma is a chronic condition managed with medications, including oral and inhaled (using an asthma inhaler) anti-inflammatories (steroids) and bronchodilators. At home, triggers such as smoke, dust, and strong cleaning and scented products must be avoided, and some veterinarians advocate using air purifiers with a HEPA filter. 

Most respiratory infections are treated with medication that fights the specific type of infection.

In cats, a typical viral upper respiratory infection generally doesn’t require treatment beyond supportive care (keeping their face and eyes clear of discharge, using a humidifier, warming up food to encourage appetite, etc.) — kind of like when we have the common cold. Occasionally, in more severe or challenging cases, veterinarians prescribe antiviral medications. 

If your veterinarian suspects a bacterial or fungal infection, they will treat using antibiotics or antifungal medications. 

Fortunately, lungworm is treatable with antiparasitic medication, such as fenbendazole. Mildly affected cats usually don’t need any other treatment, whereas more severely affected cats may require anti-inflammatories and additional supportive care. 

Some tumors affecting the airway can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of the three. The treatment will depend on the tumor type and location, the extent of its growth, and the general health of your cat.

Foreign bodies in the nose can sometimes be flushed out with saline or removed with a small grabbing tool. If visible, a foreign body in the throat may also be retrieved with a grabbing tool.  

However, foreign bodies in the windpipe or deeper airways require removal with a bronchoscopy procedure. This is where a tiny camera and special instruments are passed into the airway to retrieve the object. If this fails, surgery to remove the affected part of the lung may be performed. 

Medicine for Cat Wheezing

• Glucocorticoids (steroids) to decrease airway inflammation
• Bronchodilators to reduce airway spasms 

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antivirals for viral infections
• Antiparasitics for parasitic infections
• Antifungals for fungal infections
• Chemotherapy drugs for some types of cancers

When to Worry About Wheezing in Cats

If wheezing is accompanied by other signs of respiratory distress (i.e., your cat struggling to breathe) see a veterinarian immediately. These signs include:

• Open-mouth breathing

• Rapid breathing (>40 breaths per minute at rest)
• Labored breathing (shallow and/or exaggerated abdominal and chest movements)
• Pale or blue gums
• Changes in normal behaviors (not eating or drinking, lethargic)

If your cat is wheezing but otherwise seems okay (they have no other signs of distress, are exhibiting normal behaviors, eating and drinking, etc.) they may not need immediate emergency treatment. They should, however, be seen by a veterinarian soon. 

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Nausea is a common ailment in people, as well as in pets. In fact, cat nausea is one of the most common reasons pet parents bring cats to the veterinarian. Though it’s often because they notice other worrisome signs, like vomiting or loss of appetite.

While cats can’t tell us they’re sick (and probably wouldn’t, even if they could), there are some tell-tale clues to watch out for. To help you navigate the complexities of cat nausea, here’s an overview of signs to watch out for, possible causes, and how you can help a queasy cat.

9 Signs of Cat Nausea

Nausea in cats is not a disease but a symptom of various feline health issues. Just like nausea in humans, cats who are nauseous may feel uneasy, queasy, or “sick to their stomach.”

Cat nausea typically precedes cat vomiting…but not always. Cats can feel nauseous without vomiting. That makes nausea in cats hard to detect since cats are notorious for keeping signs of illness or distress under wraps.

Cats with low-level queasiness may seem just a little “off” or a bit picky with their food. Easy to overlook, right? Vomiting, however, is a more dramatic affair that quite clearly (and messily!) signifies your cat is not feeling well.

Though the signs of nausea in cats can be subtle, detecting them can help pet parents get help for a sick cat faster.

Common symptoms of nausea in cats include:

• Lethargy
• Hiding or not wanting to interact with others
• Licking lips and swallowing excessively 
• Drooling 
• Lack of appetite (may turn away or gag when presented with food)
• Restlessness or agitation
• Retching and gagging
• Vocalizing
• Vomiting

Other than vomiting, most of these signs are non-specific. That means they can occur due to nausea or a host of other, unrelated reasons. For example, loss of appetite can occur with stress, pain, or other health conditions.

But many cats develop their own, unique “tells” when it comes to cat nausea. With my cat, I know an upchuck is imminent when he suddenly seeks out a rug. (Why the hardwood floor won’t do is anyone’s guess.) He’ll also start licking his lips and vocalizing, which helps me recognize he’s not feeling well. 

Common Causes of Nausea in Cats

Recognizing the signs of cat nausea can be helpful. But once you spot them, most pet parents wonder: How worried should you be if your cat is nauseous?

Nausea is incredibly common in cats, so the short answer is: It depends. Many things can make a cat nauseous, ranging from benign (an occasional hairball) to life-threatening (an intestinal blockage or severe systemic illness).

Sometimes, it’s hard to determine the cause without a thorough veterinary exam. Other times, the answer may be staring you in the face.

For example, does the vomit on the floor contain bits of your favorite, non-toxic succulent plant? If you know for sure what caused the stomach upset, that it’s definitely not dangerous, and your cat recovers quickly, you can keep calm and carry on. (You might want to move the plant, though). 

However, if you’re unsure, it’s always best to check with your vet if your cat is displaying signs of nausea and you don’t know why.

Here are some common causes of nausea in cats:

• Dietary Indiscretion – While dogs are notorious for eating socks and raiding the garbage, cats aren’t without their vices. Cats may get into tummy trouble by ingesting things like plants, insects, ribbons, hair ties, and elastic bands.

Your feline may also be tempted by the alluring smells of human food — whether it’s coming from your dinner table or the garbage bin. I once had a feline patient who ingested almost an entire rotisserie chicken — bones and all. The X-ray of his tummy was impressive, to say the least. Thankfully, he recovered fully with supportive veterinary care.

• Poison – Most types of poison and substances toxic to cats can lead to nausea and vomiting. Other signs associated with poisoning include weakness, lethargy, breathing difficulties, or neurological signs like disorientation, tremors, or seizures.

According to the Pet Poison Helpline, some of the most commonly reported (and potentially deadly) toxins that cause nausea and vomiting in cats include lilies, chocolate, onions, garlic, and ibuprofen.

• Hairballs – You’ve probably encountered this one before, especially if you have a long-haired cat. Cats ingest a lot of fur during their extensive grooming routines, which passes mostly through their feces. Periodically, cats may vomit hairballs to reduce the load of fur in their gastrointestinal system.  
• Infections – Cats may become sick and develop nausea associated with viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections.
• Systemic Disease – Diseases affecting major organs such as the pancreas, liver, and kidneys commonly result in nausea, among other symptoms. 
• Endocrine Disease – Endocrine diseases develop due to hormonal imbalances. Hyperthyroidism, a common endocrine disease in senior cats, usually causes nausea and vomiting (despite this, cats with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism are ravenously hungry and thirsty). Diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of diabetes, can also cause nausea and vomiting. 
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Inflammatory bowel disease,  a chronic condition causing inflammation of the GI tract, can cause nausea, chronic vomiting and diarrhea, and weight loss.
• Food Allergy – Food allergies occur when a component of a cat’s food (often a specific protein), triggers an immune system response. This can result in gastrointestinal symptoms, like nausea and diarrhea, typically accompanied by itchy, inflamed skin and ears. 
• Other Food-Related Concerns – Food intolerances, a broad term encompassing many food-related concerns not involving the immune system (i.e., not a true food allergy), can cause cats to have an upset stomach. An example is milk (some cats tolerate small amounts better than others), but cats are lactose intolerant and have trouble digesting milk.

Contaminated, spoiled, or poor-quality food can all cause your cat to feel unwell. Abruptly changing your cat’s food may also lead to nausea. 

• Cancer – Cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, such as GI lymphoma, may cause nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea. 
• Side Effect of Medication – Any medication can potentially trigger nausea in cats, especially if it tastes bitter. Medications commonly known to cause nausea include some anesthetics, antibiotics, antifungals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and chemotherapy drugs. 
• Motion Sickness – It’s common for cats to feel queasy and vomit when traveling. 
• Intestinal Blockage – Intestinal blockages typically result from ingested foreign bodies or a gastrointestinal tumor that partially or totally blocks the digestive tract. A blockage is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate treatment.  

As you can see, many things can cause nausea in cats, some of which are deadly. And it’s often hard to determine the cause without a thorough veterinary exam and testing. So, if your cat is feeling nauseous and you don’t know why, always consult your vet for guidance.

Treatment for Cat Nausea

When your kitty feels queasy, naturally you want to do everything in your power to help them feel better. What that entails often depends on what’s causing the nausea and how severe it is.

In mild cases of nausea, it may be acceptable to monitor your cat at home. If your cat has a single, isolated episode of vomiting, with no other warning signs or symptoms, it’s also okay to take a wait-and-see approach. These situations often resolve on their own within 24 hours.

However, if the conditions persist, you’ll need to work with your veterinarian to determine the best cat nausea remedy. Nauseous cats (whether vomiting or not) will almost always go on hunger strike. And the longer they go without eating and drinking, the sicker they become. Nauseous cats can develop serious complications such as hepatic lipidosis and dehydration.

If nausea and vomiting become more severe or frequent, an assessment by your veterinarian is crucial. Your vet will come up with a cat nausea treatment plan based on many factors, such as the underlying cause, how severely your cat is affected, how long it’s been going on, and whether your cat has pre-existing health conditions.

Anti-Nausea Medications for Cats

Thankfully, veterinarians have a wide range of anti-nausea medications they can prescribe to ease your cat’s queasiness. Vets often use these to help provide relief in severe cases of cat nausea while they treat the underlying cause of illness.

Commonly medications prescribed for cat nausea relief include:

Maropitant – This generic medication comes in a variety of forms, from tablets to compounded soft chews and flavored liquid options). It’s also available under the brand name Cerenia. This anti-nausea for cats medication works by blocking specific receptors in the brain responsible for nausea and vomiting. Maropitant is a very effective treatment veterinarians often use when treating conditions that cause nausea and vomiting in cats.

Mirtazapine – Another generic medication, Mirtazapine is available in standard tablet form, as well as compounded capsules and mini-melt tablets. It works by acting upon neuroreceptors in the brain and GI tract to stimulate appetite and suppress nausea and vomiting. 

Ondansetron – Ondansetron helps prevent nausea and vomiting by blocking receptors responsible for triggering the vomiting reflex. It comes in both a standard tablet form and a compounded flavored liquid medication. Vets often use it for pets undergoing chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. While it’s generally considered an effective treatment for vomiting, it may not completely eliminate nausea. [1]

Metoclopramide – Some conditions slow the normal rhythmic movements of the GI tract, which can impair the passage of food and trigger nausea. Metoclopramide helps restore the functional movements of the GI tract, thus relieving nausea. It also blocks receptors in the brain that trigger nausea, although this effect may be more pronounced in dogs than cats. [1] 

When is Cat Nausea an Emergency?

In some cases, cats with persistent nausea, especially if accompanied by other concerning signs, may need emergency care.

Signs to seek immediate veterinary care:  

• Repeated vomiting
• Unproductive retching and gagging
• Abdominal pain
• Lethargy
• No interest in food or water for more than 12 hours
• Your cat’s skin or white part of their eyes appear yellow
• Vomiting blood
• You suspect ingestion of something harmful (if applicable, take a picture of what they ate or bring in the packaging)
• Your cat has a pre-existing health condition like cancer, FIV, FeLV, kidney disease, or diabetes
• Your cat is still a kitten or very old
• Other serious signs are present, including neurological signs (stumbling, tremors, seizures); trouble breathing (blue gums, open mouth breathing, panting, labored breathing); straining in the litter box; severe diarrhea; fever; or signs of pain or distress

How to Help Cat Nausea at Home

If you have already spoken with your veterinarian and have a care plan in place, here are additional ways to support your nauseous cat at home:

• Ensure they have a quiet, comfortable place, away from other pets or young children where they can rest.
• Provide fresh water and offer small amounts of their regular food or try something bland. In my experience, plain boiled chicken (no seasoning, skin, or bones) is a good, short-term option. However, always follow your veterinarian’s advice for feeding a cat with nausea.
• Don’t withhold food or water from your cat unless your veterinarian advises you to. 
• If your cat turns their head away or shows increasing signs of nausea, remove the food immediately and try again in a few hours. 
• Understandably, you want your kitty to eat, but don’t attempt to force-feed them. This used to be a more common practice, but newer guidelines in feline care discourage force-feeding as it’s stressful and linked to food aversions, which prolong inappetence. [2] [3]

References

1. Dowling, Patricia M. “Drugs Used to Control or Stimulate Vomiting in Monogastric Animals” The Merck Veterinary Manual. Whitehouse Station, NJ :Merck & Co., Inc. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-digestive-system/drugs-used-to-control-or-stimulate-vomiting-in-monogastric-animals
2. Taylor S, Chan DL, Villaverde C, et al. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on Management of the Inappetent Hospitalised Cat. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2022;24(7):614-640. doi:10.1177/1098612X221106353
3. Harvey, A. “Managing Anorexic Cats.” World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, Bangkok, Thailand, 2015. https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=7259319

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Believe it or not, there’s more to feline paws than adorable “cat toe beans.” Healthy cat paws are essential for a cat’s overall well-being and serve a variety of important functions.

To help keep cat paws healthy, it’s important to understand what’s normal, how to recognize problems, and what to do about them. So get ready to dig in and uncover what every cat parent needs to know about feline feet and cat paw care.

What Are Cat Paws Made of?

Just like human hands, cat paws are complex and highly capable. The musculoskeletal structure features a network of small bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Your cat’s paws also contain specialized skin, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and scent glands.

All this comes wrapped in a soft, furry exterior (unless you have a Sphynx or other hairless cat breed). Add claws and paw pads, and you have the cat paw.

These agile, sophisticated appendages enable cats to hunt, run, climb, jump, and land with ease. Cat paws also help cats groom and defend themselves, sense their environment, and communicate using pheromones. 

Cat Paw Anatomy

Cats are digitigrade animals, meaning they walk on their toes (also called digits). This setup helps cats move speedily and silently. 

Most cats have 18 digits — five on each front paw and four on each hind paw. Nearly all of these toes are weight-bearing and feature retractable claws used for hunting, self-defense, climbing, and traction.

However, two of these toes are not like the others. Cats have a special digit on the inside of both front paws called the dewclaw. This toe doesn’t contact the ground, so it doesn’t support a cat’s weight. It also has a non-retractable claw used for climbing and gripping prey.

Cat claws are hooked, translucent white, and made of keratin, the same protein comprising our nails. Protected by this hard outer layer is a small, sensitive pink structure, called the quick. It contains blood vessels and nerves to support healthy cat claws.

Your cat’s claws grow continuously and shed naturally with use. You may find a claw sheath or “husk” in your home from time to time. But don’t be alarmed; shedding the outer, older layer is a normal process for healthy claws.   

Paw pads, commonly dubbed “toe beans,” are a favorite feline feature for many cat lovers. But in addition to their adorable appearance, they also serve many vital functions. 

There are three main types of cat paw pads:

• Digital pads – These are the jellybean-shaped pads at the base of each toe (or digit).
• Central pads – These are the large, central pads just behind the digital pads. On the front paws, they’re called metacarpal pads, and on the hind paws, they’re called metatarsal pads.
• Carpal pads – These pea-shaped pads are located further back on your cat’s forelimbs, toward the outer side of the paw.

Your cat’s paw pads contain a complex array of blood vessels, nerve endings, fat, and connective tissue. A specialized layer of tough-but-sensitive, hairless skin protects them.

Together, these strong, soft, and sensitive pads work as a cushion to support a cat’s weight and absorb the shock of their acrobatic maneuvers. The pads also have pheromone glands to mark territory and communicate with other cats. 

Types of Cat Paws

Paw Pad Colors

Paw pads come in a variety of colors, including shades of pink, gray, lavender, and black. Cats can have multicolored or spotted paw pads. Much like hair and eye color in humans, coat color and paw color can be linked.

Paw Pad Shapes

The shape of the central paw pad has become somewhat of an internet sensation. However, the practice of kitty “pawmestry” (decoding a cat’s behavior based on their pad shape), isn’t real.

Sure, it can be fun to figure out whether your cat’s pad looks more like a heart, mountain, or rocket. But, keep in mind that reading your cat’s paw is an amusement, not an accurate predictor of anything.

Polydactyl Cat Paws

Sometimes called a doubled paw cat, polydactyl cats are born with extra digits. This genetic trait can occur in any cat breed, but it’s especially common in Maine Coons and Pixiebobs.  

Polydactyl cats typically fall into one of two categories based on the length and placement of their extra toes.

Mitten-paws are polydactyl cats with an extra digit that’s shorter than and separate from the rest of their toes.

Patty-feet are those whose extra digits are the same length as the rest of their toes. They’re typically grouped with the rest of the toes, rather than off on their own.

Extra digits are typically preaxial (found on the “thumb” side of the paw) or postaxial (found on the “pinky” side). Though it’s less common, they can also be mesoaxial (found in the middle). 

Usually, polydactyly doesn’t cause problems and can even enhance a cat’s grip and climbing abilities. However, the extra digits can be more prone to injury and ingrown claws. 

Healthy Cat Paws Vs. Unhealthy Cat Paws

It’s important to check your cat’s paws regularly to ensure they’re healthy and working properly. Start handling your cat’s paws when they’re young so you understand their normal appearance, size, texture, color, and temperature. Paws are sensitive, and some cats don’t like their feet touched, so be patient and gentle. 

Swelling, wounds, discharge, odor, redness, deep cracks, crusting, and fur loss are abnormal. Paws shouldn’t feel excessively hot (a potential sign of inflammation) or cold (a potential sign of poor circulation). Other than the dewclaw, your cat’s claws should retract when not in use. A claw that remains extended may indicate a problem.  

Cats are sometimes secretive when it comes to showing signs of pain. Look for subtle signs of cat paw pain and discomfort, such as:

• Limping
• Holding a paw up
• Excessive licking and chewing of paws 

Pet parents can often treat simple problems — like a scraped paw pad or something stuck in a cat’s paw fur — at home. However, many common paw problems require a trip to the veterinarian for a full exam, diagnosis, and treatment plan.   

Common Cat Paw Problems

1. Ingrown Claws

This is one of the most common cat paw problems. If a cat’s claw doesn’t shed naturally, it can grow into the paw pad. This can cause significant lameness, pain, and infection, requiring immediate veterinary care.

Any cat can develop an ingrown claw, however some may be more prone to the issue than others. Ingrown claws are common in older, less active cats; cats with mobility issues; polydactyl cats; and cats with other paw diseases. 

2. Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot)

Plasma Cell Pododermatitis, commonly called pillow foot in cats, is an autoimmune condition affecting cats’ paw pads. In autoimmune conditions, a cat’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal body cells instead of harmful invaders.

In cats with pillow foot, plasma cells (immune system cells) behave abnormally, creating significant paw pad inflammation. Affected cats develop characteristic swollen, pillowy paw pads, hence the name pillow foot. Paw pads may be painful, turn purple, develop scaly, white lines, and break into open sores. 

3. Pemphigus Foliaceus 

Pemphigus Foliaceus (PF) is another autoimmune condition, this time affecting the skin. In cats with PF, their immune system antibodies misbehave and attack the “glue” that helps maintain skin integrity.

Cats with PF develop scabs and sores mainly around their face and feet. In some cases, the paw pads and claw folds become crusty with thick pus draining from the claw folds. 

4. Cat Paw Injuries and Infections

Both indoors and outside, there are many environmental hazards that can injure cat paws.

Cats can suffer paw injuries ranging from broken bones and sprains to muscle strains. Though tough, their skin and paw pads can get cut and infected. Cat paws can also show signs of allergic reaction to environmental allergens.

Outside, curious paws can find their way into sticky situations. Outdoor hazards that could threaten cat paws include:

• insect and snake bites
• wounds from cat fights
• burns from hot pavement
• embedded foreign objects
• getting caught in animal traps
• frostbite

Indoor-only cats aren’t off the hook, either. Homefront hazards to cat paws include:

• broken glass
• stovetop or candle burns
• falling from balconies
• getting stepped on or crushed by people’s feet 

5. Cancer

Feline cancer can occur in any part of the body, including cat paws. In cats, cancer affecting the toes is much less common than it is in dogs, but it does occur. 

One of the most common cancers affecting cat paws is digital soft tissue sarcoma, which starts in the soft tissue of a cat’s toes. A condition unique to cats, called feline lung-digit syndrome, begins as a lung tumor and spreads to the toes. The toe tumors usually become visible before lung cancer signs are apparent. 

In the early stages, cancer in the paws may look subtle. So any persistent paw issues, especially those in older cats, should be investigated by your veterinarian.  

6. Post Declaw Pain Syndrome

Declawing cats is a major (and controversial) surgery that involves amputating the first bone of each toe. Cats require aggressive pain management, and even then, recovery can be painful.  

Declawed cats can develop painful complications such as:

• bony fragments and claw regrowth at the amputation sites
• osteoarthritis
• chronic neuropathic pain (similar to human amputees who experience phantom limb pain)

Because of the significant welfare issues associated with routine declawing, many professional veterinary associations discourage it. The practice is also banned in several countries. 

How to Groom and Clean Your Cat’s Paws

Cats are expert groomers, adept in keeping their hard-working paws in tip-top shape. However, cats can benefit from extra paw care.  

To get your cat used to paw handling, gently massage their paws regularly. Keep sessions short and positive, use treats and praise, and stop before your cat becomes annoyed. 

Ways to care for your cat’s paws:

• Some cats sport toe tufts (extra long hairs between their toes), which can accumulate debris and may be prone to matting. If this is a problem for your cat, you can trim their toe tufts to the level of the rest of their fur.
• Ticks like to burrow in between toes, so if your cat goes outside, check for these pesky pests. And even indoor cats are at risk for some species of ticks. So make sure your cat is on a year-long preventative medication.
• You may need to trim your cat’s claws every few weeks to prevent damage. To do so: Reveal each claw by gently pressing on the top of the toe. Use sharp cat claw trimmers and trim only the tips. Trimming too far back could cut the sensitive quick, causing pain and bleeding. If unsure, ask your veterinary team or experienced groomer to do it. 
• While your cat works hard to keep their feet clean, if they’ve gotten into something dirty, smelly, irritating, greasy, or sticky, they’ll need help.

For maintenance and minor clean-ups use a wet washcloth to gently wipe all around their feet, especially between their toes and paw pads.

For heavily soiled feet, a foot bath may be in order. Yes, I know, b-a-t-h is a four-letter word many cats abhor. However, I’ve found that many cats tolerate this easy method.

Add warm water and cat-safe shampoo to a disposable glove, then place the glove around your cat’s foot. Hold it secure with one hand and gently bathe your cat’s paw through the glove with the other. 

How to Protect Your Cat’s Paws Year Round

While cats seem to have endless superpowers, and their tootsies are tough, they are not immune to the elements.  

Frostbite can affect the extremities and pose a danger to cats. It’s best to keep outdoor cats inside, or provide a warm and dry shelter, when temperatures dip below freezing. 

During hot weather, outdoor cats usually find a shady, cool spot to rest; however, hot surfaces like pavement and sand can burn cat paws. If it’s too hot for your foot to touch comfortably, it’s too hot for cat paws. If you live in a hot climate, keep your cat inside during the hottest times of the day. 

If your cat is prone to dry paw pads, you can use a cat-safe paw balm or unrefined coconut oil as a moisturizer. Cats lick everything off their paws, and some ingredients may be toxic to cats. So ask your veterinarian to recommend an appropriate balm.

Remember, paw balm is intended for mild cases of paw dryness. Always consult your vet for guidance if your cat experiences extreme dryness or complex paw issues. 

Protective cat booties are another option to consider. However, since paws are so vital to a cat’s safety, stability, and well-being, they may do more harm than good.

Cat Paws FAQ

Why do Cats Lick Their Paws?

Cats lick their paws as part of their extensive grooming ritual. They may also lick if a substance is on their paw, or if they have paw discomfort.

Why do Cats Push Their Paws?

Kneading, or as some say, “making biscuits,” is a cat’s way of making themselves feel comfortable and relaxed. It’s an instinctual behavior left over from kittenhood, when kneading while nursing helped stimulate milk flow.

Cats usually knead soft blankets or bedding as they prepare for a snooze. Sometimes they’ll even knead a pet or person they’re partial to. (If so, lucky you!) 

What Causes Cracked Paws on Cats?

Cats’ feet are often exposed to temperature extremes, rough terrain, and irritants — especially outdoors. Cracked paws may be due to environmental conditions. Or they may indicate an underlying paw condition, such as pillow paw. 

Do Cats Sweat Through Their Paws?

Yes, cats sweat through sweat glands in their paw pads called eccrine glands. However, these don’t play much of a role in cooling. Rather, cats benefit from the cooling effect of saliva evaporating off their skin when grooming. 

Does my Cat Need a Scratching Pad?

Scratching is an important part of feline behavior and vital for claw health. Providing cats with places to scratch supports this essential instinct. It also gives cats an alternative to unwanted scratching, such as on furniture. Ideally, you should have at least one scratching pad for every cat in your home, even if your cats go outdoors. 

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The age at which a dog becomes a senior depends on their breed. Dogs enter seniorhood upon reaching the last quarter of the average lifespan for their breed. Most small-breed dogs live longer than large breeds whereas giant breeds live much shorter lives on average. 

So why does senior dog age matter? As senior dogs age, their needs change. It’s a time to cherish, but also a time your dog requires extra support and is more vulnerable to health issues. 

Knowing how to support your aging dog will keep them feeling their best and your bond strong as you journey together through this chapter of life. 

9 Ways to Help Your Senior Dog Age Gracefully

1. Veterinary Wellness Check-ups

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure; it’s a cliché for good reason. Veterinary wellness check-ups are vital in helping pets live longer, healthier lives.

While age is not a disease, senior dogs are more susceptible to age-related health conditions. Dogs age faster than humans, so a lot can change relatively quickly. Once your dog is a senior, a check-up is recommended every six months, or as directed by your veterinarian. Regular senior dog veterinary care is the best way to detect problems early and keep their health on track.

During a check-up, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam, discuss vaccines and parasite prevention according to your dog’s risk factors, recommend screening tests for senior dogs, and work with you to address any concerns.

2. Routine

Over the years, dogs develop habits and expectations for their day. Routines help them feel secure and at ease. Sudden changes can be particularly stressful for senior dogs, especially if they are visually impaired or have canine cognitive dysfunction — a condition similar to human dementia.

But life happens, and whether it’s a move, a new baby, or a pet parent becoming ill, something inevitably will disrupt their routine.

Here’s how to help your senior dog cope: 

• If needed, get help with important parts of your dog’s routine, like walks, so they aren’t missed. 
• Discuss anxiety-relieving supplements, medications, and pheromones with your veterinarian.
• Ensure your dog has a comfortable and quiet place to retreat to.
• Spend extra time comforting and reassuring your dog. 
• Even rearranging furniture can be stressful for some senior dogs. When possible, keep their environment consistent. 

3. Senior Dog Food

Feeding your dog high-quality food is vital for good health; however, the world of nutrition is confusing, complex, and full of strong opinions and marketing. So, in a sea of senior dog foods, which is the best for your dog?

Unlike puppy and adult foods, there are no official regulations defining “senior dog food,” so not all foods labeled as such are advantageous or appropriate for your senior dog. 

And, if your dog has been eating the same food for years and is doing well, it is not essential to change foods. 

However, as dogs age, their nutritional needs often change, and they may benefit from making a switch. With nutrition, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. The best choice for your dog will depend on their health and preferences. Your veterinarian is an excellent resource to help you choose a diet tailored to your senior dog’s needs. 

4. Hydration

Adequate hydration is critical to your dog’s health and well-being. For many reasons, senior dogs can become dehydrated more easily and are more susceptible to the effects of dehydration than their younger counterparts. 

Ways to support your senior dog’s hydration include:

• Ensure their water bowl is easily accessible, especially for dogs with osteoarthritis or mobility concerns. Raised bowls can make drinking more comfortable.
• Keep water bowls topped up and cleaned daily. 
• Add canned food to your dog’s diet.
• Have water available on outings, especially after activities and during warm weather.

Several health conditions can cause inadequate or excessive drinking, so discuss any changes in drinking habits with your veterinarian.

5. Sleep

Getting enough quality sleep is a tenet of good health. Most dogs sleep at least 12 out of 24 hours, although this varies with your dog’s age, breed, activity level, and health. 

Ways to support your senior dog’s sleep include:

• Consider an orthopedic bed for senior dogs.  
• Have a temperature-regulated, accessible, and quiet sleep area. 
• Help your dog burn off energy with exercise. 
• A radio or TV quietly in the background lulls some dogs to sleep.

Snoozing more is common as dogs age, but excessive sleep or changes to sleep patterns may be a sign of pain or disease and should be brought up with your veterinarian. 

6. Weather Protection

Older pets are more vulnerable to the elements, especially if they have a chronic health condition. Precautions will depend on your climate and the conditions for which your dog’s breed is best suited; a Malamute and an Italian Greyhound have different needs for weather protection. 

In cold weather:

• Older dogs, especially those with thin fur or small breeds, should wear a well-fitted coat when going out.  
• Winter booties protect feet from ice and salt while giving dogs with mobility concerns better traction on slippery surfaces.
• Your dog should always have access to warm, dry shelter.

In hot weather:

• Keep activities short and to cooler times of the day. 
• Always have water available.
• Provide ways to keep cool, such as an air-conditioned space, a fan, or a supervised kiddie pool. 
• Sand and pavement can become dangerously hot. If the surface is too hot for your hand, it could burn your dog’s paws.

7. Oral Health

Stinky dog breath isn’t a normal part of aging. It’s usually due to periodontal disease, one of the most common conditions affecting dogs. Over time, it causes bad breath, oral pain, tooth loss, and infections and has negative effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys.

In addition to professional veterinary dental cleanings, good oral care habits are important for your dog’s health. These include:

• Brushing your dog’s teeth daily with a dog-specific toothpaste. To learn how, read Brushing a Dog’s Teeth, or ask your veterinarian for a demonstration.
• Choose products approved by the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). VOHC-approved products have research supporting their oral health claims. They include dental diets, treats, chews, water additives, wipes, and toothpaste. When choosing dental chews for senior dogs, ensure they are an appropriate size and not too hard (you should be able to indent it with your fingernail).

8. Healthy Weight and Mobility

Obesity in dogs is linked to several health conditions, reduces quality of life, and can shorten your dog’s lifespan. Healthy weight and mobility go hand in hand. Osteoarthritis is painful and prevents dogs from engaging in exercise and play, making it hard to maintain muscle, flexibility, and a healthy body weight. Obesity worsens osteoarthritis, leading to a downward spiral of deconditioning and more pain, so it’s important to break this vicious cycle. 

The good news is with a solid plan and veterinary support, obesity is preventable and reversible, and osteoarthritis can be managed. 

• Ask your veterinarian to calculate your dog’s caloric needs and discuss diets for effective and safe weight loss. They may also investigate for underlying health issues, such as hypothyroidism, that cause weight gain. 
• Avoid overfeeding and table scraps. Measure out your dog’s meals and use low-calorie treats. 
• Ensure your senior dog gets an appropriate amount of exercise. 
• Work with your veterinarian to address chronic pain. Medications, nutraceuticals, senior dog supplements for joints containing omega 3 fatty acids, acupuncture, and other pain-relieving therapies can help your dog feel better. 
• Consider physical therapy with a qualified rehabilitation professional to improve comfort, function, and fitness.

9. Mental Stimulation

A dog’s never too old to learn new tricks (we started with a cliché, so we may as well end on one)! 

Providing mental stimulation not only keeps your dog happy and engaged but may also slow down the effects of canine cognitive dysfunction.

Ways to keep your dog mentally stimulated include:

• Rotate their toys.
• Play games they enjoy such as fetch and hide-and-seek.
• Try new training exercises.
• Set up playdates with a dog of similar age and energy level.
• Engage your pup with senior dog toys that provide interactive puzzles and play.

Keeping Their Best Paw Forward

It’s important to adapt to your dog’s changing needs throughout their lifetime, and these tips can help you do just that for your senior dog. Preparing for your dog’s senior years starts on the day you bring your pup home, long before that muzzle starts to gray. While it’s not a guarantee for smooth sailing, sound habits over a lifetime can help you get more quality time with your canine companion and help them enjoy their golden years with grace. 

The post 9 Ways to Help Your Senior Dog Age Gracefully appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Studies add to the mounting evidence that French Bulldogs, and other flat-faced breeds, are much less healthy than other dogs (2). The plight of flat-faced breeds has spurred veterinary associations and animal welfare groups worldwide to push for changes to how these breeds are promoted and bred (3, 4, 5, 6).

Despite health and welfare concerns, the beloved Frenchie has won their place in the hearts and homes of countless families, and their popularity continues to soar. Given the extent of French Bulldog health problems, pet parents need to be familiar with these issues and carefully consider whether a Frenchie is the right choice for a pet.

Common Health Problems for French Bulldogs

The term brachycephalic refers to dogs with flat faces. Breeding dogs for specific traits creates this appearance. For Frenchies, this includes a broad, rounded head with a drastically shortened snout. Other brachycephalic breeds include Pugs, English Bulldogs, and Boston Terriers.

While this wide-eyed, wrinkled, flat-faced appearance has fueled their popularity, these features come at a high cost and have led to disastrous health issues in French Bulldogs. Here are 12 common health problems for French Bulldogs you should know about:

1. Brachycephalic Obstructive Airways Syndrome (BOAS)

Have you ever noticed a Frenchie snort, gasp, or gurgle their way through their day? While sometimes viewed as “cute” or just a normal part of the breed, these noises are red flags for the most notorious Frenchie health problem: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) (7).

BOAS occurs due to the extremely shortened facial structure of brachycephalic breeds. Narrowed nostrils and an elongated soft palate partially block their airway, and in some cases, their entire windpipe is smaller than it should be—it’s as if their airway is boobie-trapped to keep air from flowing, leading to a lifelong struggle to breathe.

Dogs with BOAS may:

• Have noisy, labored breathing
• Snore and have disturbed sleep
• Tire easily
• Develop respiratory distress, a potentially fatal condition, if they get too hot, stressed, excited, or exert themselves

While common, BOAS doesn’t affect all Frenchies. Those affected are usually diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 4, and symptoms worsen with age. All brachycephalic dogs should be screened by a veterinarian for this condition.

Surgery is often needed to correct BOAS and can drastically improve quality of life; however, not every aspect of BOAS is treatable. To reduce the chance of passing on BOAS, affected dogs should not be bred.

2. Heat Stroke

Other than from their footpads, dogs don’t sweat. So, how do they keep cool? They pant. And when you’re a Frenchie with BOAS, panting enough to stay cool is an arduous task! Because of this, French Bulldogs are much more sensitive to the effects of heat and have an increased risk of heat stroke.  

Heat stroke occurs when the body’s temperature becomes dangerously high. Most people imagine this happening when a dog is left in a hot car; however, for a Frenchie, heat stroke can occur in much less extreme conditions—such as exercise on a moderately warm or humid day.

Dogs with heat stroke may have:

• Heavy panting or labored breathing
• Bright red tongue and gums
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Confusion
• Collapse

Dogs with heat stroke must be cooled safely and require immediate veterinary care. Even with treatment, heatstroke can be fatal, so prevention is paramount.

3. Corneal Ulcers

A corneal ulcer is a painful sore on the thin, clear surface of the eye, typically caused by an injury or irritation. Frenchies are very prone to corneal ulcers—yet another condition related to their head shape. Prominent, “bulgy” eyes, rolled-in eyelids (entropion), and nasal fold hairs that rub against the eye (trichiasis) all increase their risk of developing corneal ulcers.

Dogs with corneal ulcers may:

• Hold their eye closed
• Have a red eye
• Have tearing or discharge
• Develop a cloudy-looking cornea

Corneal ulcers are typically treated with eye drops to prevent infection and reduce pain. Uncomplicated ulcers usually heal quickly, whereas deep or infected ulcers require more advanced treatment and may lead to permanent vision loss.

4. Cherry Eye

Dogs have a third eyelid that provides an extra layer of eye protection. Quick as a blink, this special eyelid sweeps across the eye like a shield when needed. A tear gland is attached to this eyelid and is normally hidden from view. In cherry eye (known medically as prolapsed gland of the nictitans), this gland pops out of its normal position and rests on the eye’s surface. The gland looks like a pink, fleshy mass—hence the name cherry eye.

Over time, cherry eye can lead to chronic dry eye, eye infections, and corneal ulcers—all of which are painful and can threaten vision. Cherry eye usually occurs in dogs younger than 2 years old, and because it runs in some families, affected dogs should not be bred.

Dogs with cherry eye require surgery to secure the gland back into position.

5. Ear Infections

Ear infections, especially recurrent ones, can be frustrating for you and your pup! They are painful and can require many veterinary visits. Because of their skull shape, Frenchies have a narrower ear canal than non-brachycephalic dogs, which can predispose them to ear infections.

Dogs with ear infections may:

• Shake their head excessively
• Avoid having their head or ear touched
• Have a red, painful ear
• Have ear discharge and odor

Ear infections are treated with a combination of ear washes, topical, and sometimes oral medications that clear the infection and reduce pain and inflammation. Recurrent ear infections may indicate underlying skin allergies and require further investigation.

6. Skin Fold Dermatitis

For many, a French Bulldog’s skin folds and wrinkles are part of the breed’s allure; however, these skin folds are prone to painful inflammation and infections, a condition called skin fold dermatitis.

Skin fold dermatitis usually affects the face and tail areas, ranging from mild redness and odor to deep sores and infections. Dogs prone to skin fold dermatitis may require daily cleaning of problem areas.

Milder cases may be managed with topical medications and wipes, while more severe cases require additional oral medications to treat infections and decrease inflammation. If the problem persists, your veterinarian may recommend surgery to remove the excessive folds.

7. Atopic Dermatitis

French Bulldogs are prone to a common allergic skin condition called atopic dermatitis, which can significantly impact their quality of life.  

Dogs with atopic dermatitis may:

• Scratch, chew, and lick their skin excessively—they’re itchy!
• Lose fur
• Have rashes, scabs, and open sores
• Be prone to skin and ear infections
• Have an odor

It can take some detective work to determine the cause of the allergy. Food and flea allergies, hormonal conditions, and mites must be ruled out before a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis can be made—and sometimes, a combination of these allergens is at play. Many effective treatment options exist to manage allergy symptoms; however, treatment is usually lifelong and can become very costly. Atopic dermatitis is thought to be genetic, so affected dogs should not be bred.

8. Spinal Problems

A genetic mutation is responsible for French Bulldogs’ short corkscrew tail variations. This mutation also predisposes Frenchies to several spinal malformations, some of which are associated with Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD), a serious and painful neurological condition.

Intervertebral disks are cushion-like structures between the vertebrae that give the spine flexibility. In IVDD, these disks become unhealthy and pop out of their normal position, placing pressure on nerves and the spinal cord.

Signs of IVDD include:

• Pain
• Reluctance to jump or go down stairs
• Trouble walking
• Loss of bowel and bladder control
• Paralysis

IVDD can progress quickly, so immediate veterinary care is vital for the best outcome. Milder cases may respond to conservative treatment, including prolonged strict rest, supportive care, and medications for pain and muscle spasms. More severe cases may require surgery by a veterinary specialist.

9. Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is a well-known cause of pain and lameness in some larger dog breeds; however, it also affects the French Bulldog.

Like us, dogs have a ball and socket hip joint. The “ball” at the top of the thigh bone should fit snugly and glide fluidly within the socket (where the thigh bone joins the pelvis). With hip dysplasia, the ball and socket don’t grow at the same pace as a dog develops, resulting in excessively loose hip joints and arthritis over time.

Dogs with hip dysplasia may: 

• Have pain and lameness in the hind end
• Have a “bunny hop” gait
• Avoid exercise, playing, jumping, or stairs

Hip dysplasia is usually genetic, and lifestyle factors influence its progression. Fortunately, X-rays can detect this condition early, so affected dogs are not used for breeding and can receive proactive care.

Controlled exercise, physical therapy, weight management, pain medications, joint supplements, and other treatments targeting joint pain and inflammation are all used to manage hip dysplasia. In some cases, surgery provides the best chance for pain relief and return to function.

10. Luxating Patella

A luxating patella is a kneecap (patella) that pops in and out of its natural position. Small breeds, including the French Bulldog, are more prone to luxating patella(s), and one or both knees may be affected.

Often, the first sign pet parents notice is that their dog skips a few steps with a back leg while walking. Early on, the condition might not be painful; however, repeated dislocation leads to arthritis and can cause significant pain and lameness.

In milder cases, a weight management plan, joint supplements, pain-relieving therapies and medications are recommended as needed. In more severe cases, surgery is the treatment of choice.

11. Digestive System Issues

Flatulence, belching, and other digestive problems are common in French Bulldogs. Their struggles to breathe can cause them to swallow excessive air—and there are only two ways for this air to get out, giving Frenchies the reputation of having a gassy gut.

BOAS can also make Frenchies prone to acid reflux and hiatal hernias. A hiatal hernia is a condition in which the stomach partially slides up into the chest cavity, leading to chronic regurgitation and vomiting.

Symptoms of digestive issues—gas, regurgitation, vomiting, and diarrhea—have many different causes and treatments, so it’s always best to discuss these concerns with your veterinarian. In some cases, BOAS-related digestive issues improve after surgery for BOAS.

12. Dental Disease

Dental disease is one of the most common health conditions in pets. As plaque and tartar build, gingivitis and more advanced dental disease develop. Dental disease causes bad breath, pain, chronic infections, and difficulty eating, making it a significant health and welfare issue. Over time, it also negatively affects the heart, liver, and kidneys.

More unique to brachycephalic breeds—their teeth are crammed into a very condensed space, and many have an “undershot” jaw (the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw). The result can be a dental nightmare. Teeth may be misaligned, overcrowded, rotated, or fused and may not erupt from the gums fully. These abnormalities can lead to problems chewing food, jaw joint dysfunction, mouth sores, and early tooth loss.

Assessing and treating oral health problems is a routine part of veterinary care and is vital to a pet’s health and well-being. To learn more, read Dog Teeth Cleaning: Procedure, Costs, and What to Expect.

Tips for Keeping Your French Bulldog Healthy

While many French Bulldogs suffer from health issues, healthier versions of the breed are possible. Responsible breeding practices decrease the chance of passing on specific inherited health issues. If you are getting a Frenchie from a breeder, choose a reputable breeder that prioritizes animal health, welfare, and temperament.

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) offers screening for several health conditions, including a recently added screening test for BOAS. Always inquire about screening test results and OFA health certificates. For additional tips on finding a responsible breeder, see here.

Regular checkups with your veterinarian are essential for your Frenchie’s health. Veterinarians provide extensive preventative care, including vaccines, parasite control, weight management, and oral care plans tailored to your pup’s needs. They can monitor your pup’s growth and development and detect problems before they become serious.

Here are some more tips for caring for your Frenchie:

Appropriate Exercise

Exercise and play are vital for health and well-being; however, Frenchies require extra precautions. Activity in warm weather, or that is too strenuous, puts Frenchies at risk for respiratory distress and heat stroke. Keep activities short and use a body harness rather than a neck collar to avoid added pressure on the upper airway.

Healthy Weight

Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential! Even a little extra weight can exacerbate inherited conditions like BOAS, hip dysplasia, and skin fold dermatitis. Avoid overfeeding your Frenchie and ensure they get an appropriate amount of exercise. 

Hydration

Always have water available and keep your dog out of the heat—these tips may seem basic but are lifesavers for Frenchies! For more hot tips on keeping cool, check out How to Keep Dogs Cool in the Summer.   

Grooming

Wipe skin folds regularly and be vigilant for signs of skin fold dermatitis. To learn more about dog-safe wipes, see Can You Use Baby Wipes on Dogs?  

Feeding

If your pup gobbles their food, consider a slow-feeder bowl. These can reduce the amount of air your dog swallows while eating, which may minimize gassiness—just ensure it’s not too challenging or frustrating for your dog. 

Supplements

Speak with your veterinarian about supplements such as omega fatty acids that support skin and joint health.

Making an Informed Decision

With their colorful personalities, calming presence, and loyal companionship, pets enrich our lives in many ways. But having a pet is a two-way street, and as pet parents, we must understand our pets’ unique needs and protect their health and well-being.

Empowered with a clearer understanding of the French Bulldog’s complex health issues and care tips, you can decide if they are the right pet for you and know how to keep them as healthy and happy as possible.

References

1. Haid, Melanie. “The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2023.” American Kennel Club. Updated April 2024. Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2023/
2. O’Neill, Dan G et al. “French Bulldogs differ to other dogs in the UK in propensity for many common disorders: a VetCompass study.” Canine medicine and genetics vol. 8,1 13. 16 Dec. 2021, doi:10.1186/s40575-021-00112-3
3. “Extreme Conformations.” Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved from https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/policy-and-outreach/priority-areas/extreme-conformations/
4. “Breeding for extreme conformations: what is the problem?” Federation of Veterinarians of Europe. Jan 2020. Retrieved from https://fve.org/publications/breeding-for-extreme-conformations-what-is-the-problem/
5. “The Cost of Cuteness: Health and Welfare Issues Associated with Brachycephalic Dog Breeds.” Humane Society Veterinary Medical Alliance. Retrieved from https://www.hsvma.org/brachycephalic
6. “Brachycephalic dog breeding.” Australian Veterinary Association. July 2023. Retrieved from https://www.ava.com.au/policy-advocacy/policies/companion-animals-health/brachycephalic-dog-breeding/
7. “Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS).” Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/brachycephalic-obstructive-airway-syndrome-boas

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