By using heartworm prevention for cats, pet parents can protect their cats from potentially deadly heartworm infestations. Find out everything you need to know about cat heartworm prevention, as well as several vet-approved picks to consider.

Why Do Cats Need Heartworm Prevention?

Heartworm prevention for cats is the most effective method for protecting your cat from feline heartworm disease. The following are specific reasons that cats need year-round heartworm prevention:

Heartworms have been diagnosed in all 50 states, in all seasons of the year, and in indoor-only cats. 

Dogs, foxes, and coyotes are all important vectors for heartworms. The wind can blow mosquitoes for miles, easily carrying heartworms from an infected canine to your cat. It only takes one bite from an infected mosquito for your cat to contract heartworms. These mosquitoes can enter your home and infect indoor cats, too. In fact, the American Heartworm Society notes that one study found that 25 percent of cats with heartworms were considered indoor-only [2].

There is no approved treatment for adult heartworm infestations in cats. 

Thus far, no study has shown that any form of therapy that kills adult heartworms increases the survival rate in cats. Unfortunately, many cats with heartworms have to be managed symptomatically, usually taking steroids for lung disease. These cats have to stay on prevention to keep the worms from reproducing while waiting for the worms in their hearts to die, which can take years. During this wait, the worms can cause damage to the cat’s heart and lungs.

Heartworms have a relatively high fatality rate in cats. 

While around 80 percent of cats will manage to self-cure their heartworm infestation, around 10-20 percent will experience sudden death [3]. 

Types of Heartworm Prevention for Cats

Cat heartworm medicine comes in two basic forms—oral and topical. Oral heartworm prevention for cats can include tablets or pills. Topical heartworm medications for cats are usually applied to the skin at the base of the skull or back of the neck. Most cat heartworm prevention medicines are given once monthly.

Heartworm preventatives on the market belong to the macrocyclic lactone class of antiparasitic drugs and include drugs like: 

• Milbemycin oxime
• Moxidectin
• Selamectin

Most heartworm medication for cats also provides coverage against several intestinal worms. You may also notice combination products that extend coverage to fleas and/or ticks. 

Heartworm prevention for cats requires a prescription from a veterinarian. 

Best Heartworm Prevention for Cats: 5 Vet-Approved Picks

Your veterinarian will help you pick the best heartworm preventative for your cat. There are other great products that we have not included on this list, and your veterinarian may recommend a different product from the ones we’ve included in this review.

The following products are not listed in any specific order.

Revolution Plus

Revolution Plus is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs selamectin and sarolaner. This medication is applied monthly to the skin at the base of the neck in front of the shoulder blades.

Revolution Plus prevents heartworm disease; treats and controls roundworms, intestinal hookworms, and ear mites; and kills adult fleas. Because it can kill adult fleas, it helps to prevent tapeworm infestations in cats. Revolution Plus can also treat and control four species of tick infestations in cats. 

Cats taking Revolution Plus should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 2.8 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

Pet parents should also note that the drug sarolaner is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

There is also a topical product called Revolution, which contains only selamectin. This product protects against heartworms, fleas, roundworms, hookworms, and ear mites. Without sarolaner, the product does not protect against ticks.

Advantage Multi

Advantage Multi is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs moxidectin and imidacloprid. This medication is applied monthly to the skin at the base of the neck in front of the shoulder blades. 

Advantage Multi prevents heartworm disease; kills adult fleas; and can treat and control ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats.

Cats taking Advantage Multi should be at least 9 weeks old and weigh at least 2 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

NexGard Combo

NexGard Combo is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs eprinomectin, esafoxolaner, and praziquantel. This medication is applied monthly to the skin on the neck between the base of the skull and the shoulder blades.

NexGard Combo prevents heartworm disease in cats; treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms; kills adult fleas and prevents flea infestations; and treats and controls two species of tick infestations in cats.

Cats taking NexGard Combo should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 1.8 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

Like sarolaner in Revolution Plus, the esafoxolaner in NexGard Combo is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

Bravecto Plus

Bravecto Plus is a topical heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drugs moxidectin and fluralaner. This medication is applied every two months to the skin at the base of the skull.

Bravecto Plus prevents heartworm disease, treats roundworms and hookworms, kills adult fleas, prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls three species of ticks in cats. 

Cats taking Bravecto Plus should be at least 6 months old and weigh at least 2.6 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight. 

The fluralaner in Bravecto Plus is part of the isoxazoline drug class. Isoxazolines have rarely been associated with neurologic adverse effects, including tremors, an uncoordinated gait (i.e., ataxia), and seizures. This preventative should be used with caution in cats who have a history of seizures or other neurologic conditions.

Interceptor

Interceptor is an oral heartworm preventative for cats that includes the drug milbemycin oxime. The medication is given by mouth every month and is a chewable, beef-flavored tablet. This drug may be a good option for pet parents looking for heartworm pills for cats instead of topical preventatives.

Interceptor prevents heartworm disease and treats hookworm and roundworm infestations in cats. 

Cats taking Interceptor should be at least 6 weeks old and weigh at least 1.5 pounds. Dosing is based on the cat’s weight.

How to Choose a Heartworm Preventative for Cats

Your veterinarian will help you choose the best heartworm preventative for your cat. Considerations include:

• Your cat’s willingness to take an oral medication
• Whether your cat has had a reaction to preventatives in the past
• Any active parasite infestations your cat has 
• Your cat’s age and weight
• Your cat’s medical history, especially food allergies and neurologic conditions
• Other pets or children in the home who may come in contact with topical preventatives
• How often you want to give prevention (monthly vs. every two months)
• Financial restrictions

It may take a little experimenting to find which product your cat tolerates best. Make sure to let your veterinarian know if your cat develops any adverse effects after taking heartworm prevention.

Cat Heartworm Medicine FAQ

Can I buy heartworm medication for cats over the counter?

Heartworm medication for cats is not available over the counter. These medications require a veterinary prescription.

Do indoor cats need heartworm prevention?

Yes, indoor cats should be kept on heartworm prevention. Around one-fourth of heartworm infestations in cats are thought to occur in cats considered indoor cats.

Is a cat heartworm test necessary before starting a preventative?

Yes, heartworm testing is necessary before starting a preventative. If a cat is heartworm positive, giving preventatives can lead to a rare but possibly severe reaction.

How often do cats need heartworm medicine?

Cats should be kept on heartworm medicine year-round. Most heartworm medicines for cats are given monthly. Bravecto Plus needs to be given every two months.

References

1. Nelson, C Thomas, and Calvin M Johnson. “Evaluation of feline heartworm disease based on gross necropsy, serology, pulmonary histopathology, and radiographic evidence in adult shelter cats in northeastern Alabama.” Parasites & vectors vol. 17,1 161. 29 Mar. 2024, doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06178-9
2. “Current feline guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm infection in cats.” American Heartworm Society. 2014. Retrieved from https://heartwormsociety.org/images/pdf/2014-AHS-Feline-Guidelines.pdf
3. Brooks, Wendy. “Heartworm infection in cats.” VeterinaryPartner. Rev. April 20, 2023. Retrieved from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951471

The post Best Heartworm Prevention for Cats: 5 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Sound familiar to you? If the answer is yes, don’t worry, we’ve got you covered.

You may have heard of CoQ10 for humans, as it’s used to help us with a range of chronic conditions, from heart disease and diabetes to migraines. [1] But how does this relate to dogs?

According to Sehaj Grewal, DVM, medical director at The Melrose Vet in Los Angeles, “Pet owners often seek proactive ways to support their dog’s health, mimicking trends in human health care.”

The number of pet parents who purchased supplements for their dogs increased from 34 percent in 2018 to 50 percent in 2024. [2] Dr. Grewal attributes the growth to “heightened awareness about pet wellness, more accessible information on the benefits of supplements, and the growing humanization of pets.” 

So with all this in mind, let’s get into it. Read on for everything you need to know about CoQ10 and dogs.

What Is CoQ10?

CoQ10 (or coenzyme Q10) is a natural substance that all dogs (and other animals, including humans) produce. It helps cells create and manage energy. 

CoQ10, also sometimes called ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect cells from damage. Although it’s found in all cells and most tissues, the highest concentrations of CoQ10 are found in the heart, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. [3]

The enzyme is also found in certain foods, including organ meats, poultry, fish, nuts, dairy products, eggs, and soybean oil. Dr. Grewal notes that CoQ10 levels can decrease with age or due to certain medical conditions. 

Some diseases and medications can reduce CoQ10 levels. Dr. Grewal points to heart disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease as conditions that can deplete CoQ10 levels in dogs’ bodies. Medications, such as statins, which are used to lower cholesterol, can inhibit CoQ10 production. 

CoQ10 supplements come in the form of capsules and liquids. They can help boost levels of the enzyme, as well as overall health, so veterinarians often recommend them for dogs with chronic health issues.

“CoQ10 is popular because of its antioxidant properties and its ability to support heart health, cellular energy production, and overall vitality,” Dr. Grewal explains. 

Benefits of CoQ10 for Dogs

Let’s go over some of the conditions and scenarios for which CoQ10 can be beneficial.

Heart disease

Dogs with heart disease could benefit from a CoQ10 supplement because the antioxidant supports energy production in heart muscle cells, helping the heart pump more efficiently, Dr. Grewal notes. CoQ10 also has antioxidant properties that protect the heart tissue from oxidative damage, which is often increased in conditions like congestive heart failure or dilated cardiomyopathy, he adds.

Research found that dogs with mitral valve disease, including congestive heart failure, who were given 100 mg of CoQ10 twice per day for three months had lower levels of inflammation compared to dogs who received a placebo (sugar pill). [4]

A separate study found that the concentration of CoQ10 found in the bloodstream of dogs with mitral valve disease was “significantly higher” after just four hours when dogs were given supplements with 200 milligrams of CoQ10. [5] 

Cancer

Antioxidants can prevent cell damage, helping protect against cancer, and it’s believed that CoQ10 has anticancer properties. [6] In humans, CoQ10 has been linked to reduced risk of breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. 

“CoQ10 may be recommended as part of a multimodal approach to managing cancer in dogs, particularly for its potential to reduce oxidative stress and improve overall cellular health,” Dr. Grewal says. “It’s not a cure or primary treatment, but it may support energy production and immune function.”

It’s important to note that because CoQ10 shouldn’t be given to dogs with certain cancers or administered with certain cancer treatments, you should always talk to a veterinarian first.

Diabetes

CoQ10 could help regulate blood sugar. Although there are a lack of studies testing the supplement in dogs with diabetes, research in humans and rats has found that CoQ10 increased insulin sensitivity and lowered fasting blood glucose. [7, 8]

A CoQ10 supplement has also been shown to reduce inflammation and help control blood sugar and improve blood flow in humans with type 2 diabetes. [9] Dr. Grewal points to its potential to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress as a reason that it may be beneficial to dogs.

Cognitive support

Senior dogs may have lower concentrations of CoQ10 in their parietal cortex (the part of the brain responsible for learning). [10] With that in mind, CoQ10 supplements, which have been shown to protect against cognitive decline in humans, could also benefit dogs.

Kidney disease

Because levels of CoQ10 are often lower in humans with chronic kidney disease, supplements can improve kidney function. In dogs with kidney disease, Dr. Grewal explains that CoQ10 could protect kidney cells from oxidative damage, which is a significant factor in worsening the disease. 

“It may also improve energy production in kidney cells, supporting their function and slowing disease progression,” he adds.

Liver disease

The liver metabolizes CoQ10, and liver disease can lower the production of the enzyme. [11] This not only takes a toll on the liver, but it can also increase the risk of heart disease. A supplement could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress that causes cell damage. In fact, animal studies have shown that CoQ10 can protect the liver after exposure to toxins like chemicals or parasites. 

Dental health

Up to 90 percent of dogs over the age of 3 have dental disease. [12] Thanks to its ability to reduce inflammation, CoQ10 could help. Some patients with dental disease have CoQ10 deficiencies, and supplements can reduce inflammation and protect gum tissue from bacteria. [13]

CoQ10 for Dogs Side Effects

CoQ10 is believed to be safe for dogs, but Dr. Grewal notes that potential side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. [14]  If your dog gets an upset stomach, he suggests giving them CoQ10 with food rather than on an empty stomach.

Safe or not, it’s essential to talk to your veterinarian to make sure CoQ10 won’t interfere with other supplements or medications. Dogs who are taking blood pressure medications or blood thinners should not take CoQ10, according to Dr. Grewal.

CoQ10 can also affect liver metabolism, so dogs with severe liver disease should only take supplements with veterinary supervision, he adds.

Choosing a CoQ10 Supplement for Dogs

Natural pet stores, big box retailers, and online sites often stock CoQ10 for dogs, but it can be hard to know which brand to choose. Look for brands like Rx Vitamins for Pets, Integrative Therapeutics, Pure Encapsulations, and VetriScience, as they were formulated for pets.

“Supplements made for dogs are specifically formulated for their unique metabolism and dosages, reducing the risk of toxicity or underdosing,” Dr. Grewal says. “Human supplements may contain additives, flavorings, or dosages that are not safe or appropriate for dogs.”

CoQ10 for Dogs: The Verdict

CoQ10 is a powerful antioxidant, and research points to potential benefits for dogs with diseases ranging from heart disease to diabetes to kidney disease. While some dogs can benefit from a CoQ10 supplement that was formulated for pets, Dr. Grewal stresses the importance of consulting with a veterinarian before giving your dog CoQ10.

“CoQ10 is not a standalone treatment for any condition but can be a valuable part of a comprehensive care plan when recommended by a veterinarian,” he says. “It’s important to consult with a vet to ensure proper dosing, address any potential interactions, and monitor the pet’s response to the supplement.”

References

1. Testai L, Martelli A, Flori L, Cicero AFG, Colletti A. “Coenzyme Q10: Clinical Applications beyond Cardiovascular Diseases.” Nutrients. 2021 May 17;13(5):1697. doi: 10.3390/nu13051697. PMID: 34067632; PMCID: PMC8156424.
2. “The American Pet Products Association (APPA) Releases 2024 Dog and Cat Owner Insight Report.” 2024 August. https://americanpetproducts.org/news/the-american-pet-products-association-appa-releases-2024-dog-and-cat-owner-insight-report#:~:text=Vitamin%20and%20supplement%20use%20has,%25%20and%2020%25%2C%20respectively.
3. “Coenzyme Q10.” Updated 2019 January. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/coenzyme-q10 
4. Druzhaeva N, Nemec Svete A, Tavčar-Kalcher G, Babič J, Ihan A, Pohar K, Krapež U, Domanjko Petrič A. “Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers, Inflammatory Markers, Lymphocyte Subpopulations, and Clinical Status in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease.” Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Jul 22;11(8):1427. doi: 10.3390/antiox11081427. PMID: 35892628; PMCID: PMC9394267. 
5. Druzhaeva, N., Petrič, A. D., Tavčar-Kalcher, G., Babič, J., & Nemec Svete, A. “Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.” American Journal of Veterinary Research, 82(4), 280-285, 2021. Retrieved 2024 December, from https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.82.4.280
6. Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Mahtab Mohammad-Zamani, Atieh Karimi Shervedani, Farnaz Bahrami-Samani, Kiyan Heshmat-Ghahdarijani. “The role of coenzyme Q10 as a preventive and therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers.” Current Problems in Cancer, Volume 48, 2024,101063,ISSN 0147-0272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101063 
7. Zhang, Shi-ying, Yang, Kai-lin, Zeng, Liu-ting, Wu, Xiao-he, Huang, Hui-yong. “Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Endocrinology, 2018, 6484839, 11 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6484839
8. Jbrael YJ, Hamad BK. “Ameliorating impact of coenzyme Q10 on the profile of adipokines, cardiomyopathy, and hematological markers correlated with the glucotoxicity sequelae in diabetic rats.” PLOS ONE 19(1): e0296775, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296775
9. Mantle, D, “Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for diabetes and its complications: an overview.” The British Journal of Diabetes. Vol 17, No. 4. 2017. https://doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2017.149
10. Martin SB, Cenini G, Barone E, Dowling AL, Mancuso C, Butterfield DA, Murphy MP, Head E. “Coenzyme Q10 and cognition in atorvastatin treated dogs.” Neurosci Lett. 2011 Aug 26;501(2):92-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.054. Epub 2011 Jul 8. PMID: 21763754; PMCID: PMC3174091.
11. Mantle D, Hargreaves I. Coenzyme Q10 and Degenerative Disorders Affecting Longevity: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019 Feb 16;8(2):44. doi: 10.3390/antiox8020044. PMID: 30781472; PMCID: PMC6406788.
12. “Periodontal Disease.” Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/periodontal-disease#:~:text=Even%20if%20your%20dog’s%20teeth,is%20at%20an%20advanced%20stage 
13. Prakash S, Sunitha J, Hans M. “Role of coenzyme Q(10) as an antioxidant and bioenergizer in periodontal diseases.” Indian J Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;42(6):334-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.71884. PMID: 21189900; PMCID: PMC2991687.
14. Gollakner, Rania. “Coenzyme Q-10.” VCA Animal Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/coenzyme-q-10#:~:text=Are%20there%20any%20potential%20side,side%20effects%20 have%20been%20 reported

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In 2023, pet parents spent more than $2.7 billion on supplements for their four-legged friends. The most popular supplements for pets include those for joint and digestive health, cognition, and heart health—areas where SAMe could have a positive impact (1).

What Is SAMe?

SAMe is a modified version of the amino acid methionine, explains Dr. Primrose Moss, a U.K.-based veterinary surgeon. It’s important for the brain, heart, hormones, and other metabolic functions. Dogs naturally produce SAMe but it’s also available in supplement form. 

The role of SAMe is complex and Dr. Moss notes that the specific mechanism — or how it works — is unclear. But research shows that SAMe is an anti-inflammatory and has the potential to reduce pain and support cartilage production, making it a valuable supplement for dogs with conditions like liver disease, osteoarthritis, and cognitive decline.

SAMe for dogs is available as a tablet (pill) or liquid.

Benefits of SAMe for Dogs

Pet parents have tried SAMe for dogs to treat a range of conditions, and it may have benefits for these four health issues:

Liver issues

SAMe is often recommended for dogs with liver disease. It is known for having “hepatoprotective properties,” according to Dr. Sehaj Grewal, a veterinarian at The Melrose Vet in Los Angeles. 

“It can help protect liver cells from damage, enhance the regeneration of liver tissue, and support the liver detoxification process,” he explains. 

SAMe is metabolized in the liver and research shows that the supplement boosts glutathione, an important antioxidant in the liver, and may help reduce stress on the liver for dogs taking steroid medications (2, 3, 4). A case study showed that a dog who ingested the artificial sweetener xylitol was given SAMe to help support the liver; this dog survived and his liver values returned to normal within a month (5).

Dr. Grewal notes that these benefits make SAMe a common supplement for dogs with liver disease or those taking medications that may affect liver function. 

Cognitive decline

Canine dysfunction syndrome affects the brain, causing behavioral changes like getting lost in familiar places or stuck in corners, sleep changes, restlessness, and irritability (6). There is no cure for CDS but several treatments, including SAMe, could help.

Studies have found significant improvement in signs of cognitive decline in dogs with some research showing that dogs with cognitive decline who took the supplements became more active and aware and showed fewer signs of mental impairment (7). 

SAMe is believed to increase the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which can improve mood and cognitive performance, according to Dr. Grewal. But Dr. Moss adds, “The evidence isn’t conclusive yet, so if you’re concerned about cognitive decline, it’s best to discuss possible treatments with your vet.”

Osteoarthritis

Dogs with osteoarthritis may show symptoms like stiffness, limping, irritability, and restlessness, and might not want to go for walks or hop on and off the sofa due to joint pain.

“SAM-e…supports cartilage health by promoting the production of cartilage-building proteins, which can be beneficial for dogs suffering from arthritis,” Dr. Grewal says. “It is thought to have anti-inflammatory properties that can also help reduce joint inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.”

In humans with osteoarthritis, taking the supplement for three months was linked to less pain and better physical function (8), but there is limited research on the benefits of SAMe for dogs with arthritis. 
“That’s not to say it definitely won’t help,” Dr. Moss says. “But if your dog has arthritis, it’s best to prioritize supplements containing omega-3, which has been shown to support healthy joints and reduce the signs of arthritis.”

Allergies

Some pet parents have turned to SAMe to help their dogs deal with seasonal allergies. There is no scientific evidence to support the supplements to alleviate common allergy symptoms like itchiness, hair loss, and stomach upset, but Dr. Grewal believes SAMe could offer some benefits.

“While it is not a primary treatment for allergies, SAM-e’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may provide some relief for dogs with allergies,” he says. “By reducing inflammation, SAM-e could potentially alleviate some allergy symptoms.”

SAMe and Milk Thistle for Dogs

Milk thistle and SAMe are often used together to support liver health, and studies show that dogs with liver issues may benefit from taking both supplements (2).

“Milk thistle provides antioxidant protection and supports liver cell repair while SAMe aids in liver detoxification and regeneration,” Dr. Grewal says. “Working together, they can protect against liver damage and enhance liver function.”

There may also be some benefit to using SAMe and milk thistle together for cognitive decline in dogs. Silymarin, one of the active ingredients in milk thistle, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that have been linked to brain health benefits from improved learning to enhanced memory in animal studies. However, more research is needed to determine if it can help dogs with cognitive dysfunction (9).

SAMe for Dogs Side Effects

SAMe is considered safe and side effects are rare. Dr. Moss notes that most dogs “tolerate it well,” but it’s important to be on the lookout for nausea and stomach upset, which are the most common side effects of SAMe for dogs.

The supplement might interact with certain medications, including antidepressants, dextromethorphan, meperidine, pentazocine, and tramadol. Supplements may also interact with each other, so it’s important to talk to your vet before giving your dog SAMe. 

“SAMe alone can’t treat significant health issues,” Dr. Moss says, “and delaying the treatment of conditions like hepatitis could result in serious complications.” 

Choosing a SAMe Supplement for Dogs

There are multiple SAMe supplements on the market, such as VetriScience and Covetrus. Dr. Grewal advises pet parents to look for a pet-specific product with dosing instructions on the label. It’s also important to steer clear of SAMe supplements made for humans.

“The dosage for dogs differs from humans, and human supplements may contain certain ingredients that are not suitable for pets,” Dr. Grewal explains. 

SAMe for Dogs: The Verdict

SAMe is just one of a number of supplements marketed to dogs, but there is research showing its potential to help with health issues like liver problems, cognitive decline, and arthritis with few side effects. But that doesn’t mean SAMe is a safe choice or an effective choice for all dogs.

“SAMe may not be the best choice for your dog,” Dr. Moss says. “It’s best to speak to your vet about your concerns so you can agree on a tailored treatment plan, including any appropriate supplements.”

References

1. Finno, Carrie J. “Veterinary Pet Supplements and Nutraceuticals.” Nutrition today vol. 55,2 (2020): 97-101. doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000399
2. Marchegiani, Andrea et al. “Evidences on Molecules Most Frequently Included in Canine and Feline Complementary Feed to Support Liver Function.” Veterinary medicine international vol. 2020 9185759. 9 May. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/9185759
3. Webster, Cynthia R L et al. “ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 33,3 (2019): 1173-1200. doi:10.1111/jvim.15467
4. Center, Sharon A et al. “Evaluation of the influence of S-adenosylmethionine on systemic and hepatic effects of prednisolone in dogs.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 66,2 (2005): 330-41. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.330
5. Schmid, Renee D, and Lynn R Hovda. “Acute Hepatic Failure in a Dog after Xylitol Ingestion.” Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology vol. 12,2 (2016): 201-5. doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0531-7
6. “Cognitive dsyfunction syndrome.” Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome
7. Rème, C A et al. “Effect of S-adenosylmethionine tablets on the reduction of age-related mental decline in dogs: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.” Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine vol. 9,2 (2008): 69-82.
8. “S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for osteoarthritis.” Cochrane. Retrieved from: https://www.cochrane.org/CD007321/MUSKEL_s-adenosylmethionine-same-for-osteoarthritis
9. Ranjan, Shovit, and Akash Gautam. “Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight.” Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 17 1159806. 18 May. 2023, doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806

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Anxiety in cats, whether short- or long-term, can be debilitating and significantly reduce quality of life, so managing it effectively is essential.

Fortunately, there are many ways to manage cat anxiety, one of which is through medications. We’re going to walk you through cat anxiety medication options and give you some at-home tips to help lessen your cat’s anxiety.

Anxiety Relief for Cats: Why It’s Important

You may wonder why cats get anxious. Various experiences trigger anxiety in cats, including improper socialization as kittens, trauma, illness, pain, loud noises, and major life events (e.g., a new baby). Separation anxiety is another common form of anxiety in cats.

Symptoms of cat anxiety usually start to appear in young adulthood, between 1 and 3 years of age. They range from mild to severe and include those listed below:

• Hiding
• Staring
• Aggression
• Mood changes
• Dilated pupils
• Avoiding eye contact
• Increased breathing
• Increased vocalization
• Changes in appetite and weight

Left unmanaged, anxiety can wreak havoc on a cat’s quality of life and their interactions with you, making daily life difficult for you and your cat. Therefore, managing it is crucial to your cat living a full, happy, and healthy life.

Working with your veterinarian or a veterinary behaviorist can help you identify the exact cause of your cat’s anxiety and develop a personalized treatment plan to manage it effectively. 

We stress the word “manage” because eliminating your cat’s anxiety is not a practical goal. Managing and reducing anxiety is achievable and can vastly improve your cat’s quality of life.

What Can I Give My Cat for Anxiety?

Before delving into specific anti-anxiety medications for cats, let’s first discuss the general available options.

Prescription medications: Prescription anxiety medications for cats typically come in pill form and are available only with a veterinary prescription. However, there are no FDA-approved anxiety medications for cats. The prescription medications are approved for use in people and are used “off-label” in cats.

Supplements: Cat anxiety supplements are commonly available over the counter and are added to your cat’s diet to help ease anxiety. They come in several formulations, including powders, drops, and chewable tablets.

Natural calming aids: Natural calming aids, such as pheromones (chemicals produced by the body), are also available over the counter and are a gentle way to help your cat feel calmer and less anxious. 

Managing anxiety takes a multi-modal approach, using the options above and behavioral modification. With a thorough history of your cat’s anxiety and medical history, your veterinarian or veterinary behaviorist will develop the ideal anxiety management plan for your cat.

4 Anxiety-Reducing Supplements for Cats

Here are some supplements to manage cat anxiety. There are no reported side effects with those listed below. Consult your veterinarian before giving your cat one of these supplements.

VetriScience Composure Calming Supplement

This supplement is a chewable tablet formulated to help cats who get anxious in specific situations, including veterinary visits and thunderstorms. The chews contain reportedly calming ingredients, such as the amino acids tryptophan and L-theanine.

The short-acting supplement takes effect within 30 minutes and lasts about four hours. It does not cause drowsiness or undesirable behavior changes and can be given up to twice daily or as needed to reduce anxiety.

Rescue Remedy

Rescue Remedy comes in a dropper bottle and helps relieve stress in anxiety-inducing situations, such as fireworks and travel. These drops can also be given after a stressful event to help cats calm down.

It is a natural product that contains flower ingredients, including rock rose and cherry plum. Give your cat four drops by mouth, or add the drops to your cat’s water bowl, as needed. You can adjust the number of drops according to your cat’s stress and anxiety levels.

Anxitane

Anxitane is an L-theanine chewable tablet that helps cats who get anxious around unfamiliar people and pets, new smells, and other specific situations. It does not cause drowsiness.

Anxitane is not for cats with a history of separation anxiety, severe phobias, or aggression. It should be given as a half tablet twice daily or as needed.

Purina Calming Care

Purine Calming Care is a probiotic supplement for reducing cat anxiety. It contains a strain of probiotics (“good bacteria”) that reportedly promotes calmness. The supplement also promotes positive behaviors, such as playing.

Purina Calming Care is a powder. For cats, one packet should be given daily according to your veterinarian’s instructions. 

Cat Anxiety Medication: 5 Prescription Options

Prescription medications for cat anxiety fit under several classifications of human anti-anxiety medications. They are ideal for cats with high levels of anxiety, who need more than supplements and behavioral modification to get their anxiety under control.

Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions for these medications. Here are a few prescription cat anxiety medication options:

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines increase the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a brain chemical that promotes calmness. In cats, benzodiazepines are most useful when there’s a specific anxiety trigger, such as fireworks.

Alprazolam is short-acting and takes effect in about one to two hours. Side effects of alprazolam include drowsiness, increased appetite, and incoordination. It shouldn’t be used in cats with aggression because the medication could worsen the aggression.

Buspirone (Buspar)

Buspirone relieves anxiety in cats with urine-marking issues. It is an azapirone, a drug class that mimics the activity of serotonin, a “feel-good” chemical in the brain. Buspirone is given twice daily and can take up to eight weeks to take effect. Although buspirone increases loving behavior, it can cause nausea, dizziness, and decreased appetite.

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), a form of antidepressant medication that relieves generalized anxiety in cats. TCAs increase serotonin and dopamine levels to improve and stabilize a cat’s mood. They are for long-term anxiety management and take effect in several weeks. 

In addition to pill form, amitriptyline can be formulated as an oral liquid or lotion. It is given once or twice daily according to veterinarian instructions. Common side effects include drowsiness, appetite changes, and dry mouth.

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that increases serotonin levels and can take four to six weeks to take effect. It is given daily as a long-term medication to manage generalized anxiety. Side effects include appetite changes and digestive upset.

Paroxetine (Paxil)

Paroxetine is another SSRI. It can be used to treat moderate to severe generalized anxiety. Paroxetine takes about four to six weeks to take effect and is given once daily. This medication is less sedating than fluoxetine and stimulates appetite, potentially leading to weight gain. Other side effects include lethargy, infrequent grooming, and dry eye.

How to Help Cat Anxiety: Other Tips and Advice

Managing your cat’s anxiety requires patience, commitment, and consistency. The treatment plan may need to be adjusted according to how your cat responds.

In addition to cat anxiety medication and supplements, there are at-home strategies for effectively managing your cat’s anxiety:

Comfort your cat. Contrary to popular belief, comforting your cat when they’re anxious does not perpetuate their anxiety. Soothing your cat will help them feel safe and calm, reducing their anxiety.

Socialize your kitten early. The socialization window for kittens is 7 to 12 weeks of age. Exposing them to various situations, stimuli, and people will help them feel more comfortable and less anxious as they navigate their world. 

Provide environmental enrichment. Environmental enrichment provides mental stimulation and physical exercise, which can keep anxiety at bay. Examples of environmental enrichment include cat trees, scratching posts, and food puzzle toys.

Play calming music. If your cat has separation anxiety, playing calming music while you’re gone can soothe your cat’s nerves and help reduce their anxiety.

The post Cat Anxiety Medication: 9 Options to Consider appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you’ll learn why treating dog diarrhea is important and what medications can help get your dog’s poop back to normal. We’ll also offer vet-approved tips for treating this unpleasant digestive condition effectively.

Dog Diarrhea Relief: Why it’s Important

Diarrhea in dogs isn’t a diagnosis unto itself. Rather, it’s a symptom of an underlying problem. In dogs with diarrhea, food moves so quickly through the digestive tract that they can’t properly absorb water, nutrients, and electrolytes. As a result, dog poop becomes loose and watery instead of firm and formed. Sometimes, the diarrhea contains blood or mucus.

Diarrhea typically makes dogs feel pretty lousy. But it can also cause serious health consequences due to extreme fluid loss. Puppy diarrhea, for example, can be life-threatening because a puppy’s body isn’t robust enough to deal with dehydration. Diarrhea in senior dogs and dogs with weakened immune systems is also dangerous.

Because diarrhea can affect your dog’s overall health, diarrhea relief is essential to help “reset” the digestive system and restore normal function. 

For many dogs, at-home remedies like rest, rehydration, and fasting, may be enough to relieve diarrhea.  But in severe cases or when a specific pathogen is to blame, your vet may recommend anti-diarrhea medicine. 

Dog Diarrhea Medication Types

There are plenty of dog diarrhea medicine options on the market. However, not all are created equal, and some may even do your dog more harm than good 

To help you understand the differences, here’s a quick overview of over-the-counter (OTC) anti-diarrheal medicines, probiotics, and prescription drugs designed to treat diarrhea in dogs.

OTC anti-diarrheal medicines

You’ve probably seen OTC anti-diarrheal medicines like Imodium, Kaopectate, and Pepto Bismol on the shelves of your local grocery store or pharmacy. These medicines relieve diarrhea and other kinds of GI upset (stomachache, nausea, etc) in people. 

Imodium works by slowing down the movement of food through the digestive tract. Kaopectate and Pepto Bismol have active ingredients that coat and protect the intestinal lining. 

However, be aware that these human medicines could harm your dogs. For example, the active ingredients in Pepto Bismol and Kaopectate can be toxic to dogs. And Imodium carries a risk for potential side effects that could endanger your dog. 

Never use these medicines to treat your dog’s diarrhea without your veterinarian’s approval! If your vet recommends an OTC diarrhea medication for your pet, follow their dosing instructions carefully. And be sure to report any concerns or changes in your dog’s health promptly.

Probiotic supplements

A dog’s gut (like our own) contains billions of healthy bacteria. They help with digestion, promote a robust immune system, and prevent harmful bacteria from overwhelming the gut. Diarrhea depletes these good bacteria. 

Probiotic supplements can help relieve dog diarrhea by boosting beneficial gut bacteria. That re-establishes a healthy balance and promotes healthy digestion. 

There are many probiotic supplements on the market formulated for humans. While these won’t hurt your dog, a probiotic designed for dogs is a better choice. Humans and dogs have different intestinal flora. A species-specific probiotic will give your dog the best boost for your buck. 

Prescription anti-diarrheal medicines

Prescription dog diarrhea medications often treat a specific diarrhea-causing pathogen. For example, your veterinarian may prescribe an antibiotic like metronidazole for diarrhea caused by intestinal inflammation. But if intestinal parasites are causing your dog’s loose stools, a broad-spectrum dewormer like Panacur (fenbendazole) would be in order.  

Your vet may also prescribe dog-safe medications that work like OTC human solutions. For example, diphenoxylate is an anti-diarrheal medicine for dogs that works like Imodium to slow digestion.

Best Medicine for Dog Diarrhea: 6 Top Picks

Diarrhea is the body’s way of getting rid of something harmful. In some cases, your veterinarian may say it’s okay to allow dog diarrhea to run its course (no pun intended). But if there is an underlying health cause or the diarrhea is severe, your vet will likely treat it with an anti-diarrheal medication. 

Here are several diarrhea medications for dogs that vets typically recommend for dog diarrhea. and are worth considering:

Metronidazole

Metronidazole (known by the brand names Flagyl, Metizol, Protostat, and Metrogel) is a prescription antibiotic and antiprotozoal, which means it kills bacteria and parasites that cause diarrhea in dogs. It is usually given orally. Your vet will prescribe this if they have determined that a bacteria or protozoal parasite has caused your dog’s diarrhea.

Although rare, metronidazole for dogs can cross the blood-brain barrier (enter the brain from the bloodstream) and cause neurological symptoms. It can also cause side effects such as nausea, fatigue, and appetite loss.

Proviable DC Capsules

These capsules are a probiotic supplement that helps restore normal levels of healthy gut bacteria after the loss of these bacteria through diarrhea. The capsules contain seven species of live beneficial bacteria and are given once daily by mouth or as directed by your vet.

Proviable Forte Chewable Tablets

These chewable tablets are another probiotic supplement that promotes good gut health in dogs. They contain the same beneficial bacteria that are in the Proviable capsules and are given once daily by mouth or as directed by your vet.

Rx Clay Powder

This powder works in two ways to relieve diarrhea. First, it adsorbs toxins that are produced by harmful bacteria in the gut. Adsorption binds the toxins to the clay, which is then excreted from the body (carrying the harmful toxins along with it). Second, the clay promotes water reabsorption in the digestive tract, decreasing water loss through diarrhea.

Because the body does not absorb the clay, there is minimal risk of overdose. Give one scoop to your dog by mouth for every 10 pounds of body weight or as directed by your vet.

Endosorb Tabs

Endosorb tabs are chewable tablets that provide diarrhea relief by restoring normal stool consistency. One of its active ingredients is attapulgite, which coats and soothes the intestinal lining. 

The tablets are given by mouth every four hours according to body weight, as directed by your vet.

Nutrigest Capsules

These capsules help restore and maintain the balance of beneficial bacteria in the gut and repair the inflammation and irritation of the intestinal lining caused by diarrhea. Its active ingredients include probiotics and glutamine, an amino acid (building block of protein). Ingredients such as aloe soothe the intestinal lining.

The capsules are given two to three times daily according to body weight, as directed by your vet.

How to Choose Diarrhea Medication for Dogs

Always work with your veterinarian to determine the best way to treat your dog’s diarrhea. Your vet may want to examine your dog first and run a few diagnostic tests to decide the best treatment. 

They will consider several factors before recommending the proper treatment plan:

• Cause, severity, and duration of diarrhea
• Additional symptoms
• Age
• Overall health

Follow your vet’s treatment plan exactly. If your vet says your dog needs diarrhea medicine, they will recommend which prescription or OTC medicine to use.

As with treating any health condition, treating your dog’s diarrhea may involve some trial and error. Monitor your dog’s symptoms and update your vet regularly. Let them know if your dog’s diarrhea is improving, staying the same, or worsening. The treatment plan may need to be adjusted according to how your dog responds to the treatment.

Dog Diarrhea Medication Tips

Diarrhea isn’t pleasant for your dog or you, so we know that you will want your dog’s diarrhea resolved quickly and successfully. Here are a few tips to increase your chances of successfully treating your dog’s diarrhea:

• Do not wait to start treatment. Contact your vet when you notice that your dog has diarrhea. The quicker you respond to it, the sooner your dog can be on the road to recovery.
• Follow your vet’s instructions carefully. Whether your vet advises home remedies or medication, follow their instructions to ensure the best possible response to treatment. 
• Monitor your dog. Notify your vet immediately if the diarrhea is not improving and your dog’s health is getting worse.

Dog Diarrhea Medication FAQs

If your dog has diarrhea, you probably have questions about diarrhea in general and how to treat it.

How long is too long for a dog to have diarrhea? 

Most cases of diarrhea in dogs resolve themselves in 1 to 2 days. Contact your vet if the diarrhea has not resolved in a few days.

What should I give a dog with diarrhea and vomiting? 

Dogs with tummy issues don’t feel like eating much, or at all. Because diarrhea and vomiting can cause significant fluid loss, adequate hydration is essential.

Make sure your dog has free access to fresh, clean water. Contact your vet if you need help encouraging your dog to drink water.

Is it safe to give human medications to dogs with diarrhea? 

Human anti-diarrheal medications are an option, but their ingredients can be toxic to dogs. These medications can also interact with other medications. Do not give human anti-diarrheal medicines to your dog unless advised by your vet.

The post Diarrhea Medicine for Dogs: 6 Vet-Prescribed Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Is There an Alternative to Apoquel for Dogs?

Apoquel (oclacitinib) is approved by the FDA for use in dogs over 1 year of age to control itchiness associated with allergic skin disease (allergic dermatitis). A major benefit of Apoquel is that its quick action means it can be used as a short-term therapy for allergy flare-ups in addition to long-term management of atopic dermatitis. Apoquel starts to reduce itchiness within 4 hours, and by day 28, pet parents report around a 50 percent reduction in itchiness. [1]

Despite the effectiveness of Apoquel, there are quite a few reasons you might be interested in alternatives to Apoquel.

Cost: It could be as simple as looking for a cheaper alternative to Apoquel, which can cost several dollars per tablet, easily reaching over $100 per month. 

Age: Apoquel is only approved for dogs over 12 months of age. 

Pre-existing illness: Dogs with serious infections like pneumonia shouldn’t take Apoquel. Caution is also recommended in dogs with pre-existing cancer or who get recurrent urinary tract infections. 

Reproductive status: Apoquel isn’t recommended for pregnant or lactating dogs.

Side effects: The most common side effects are gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite) and short-lived. Rarely, some pets will have increased liver enzymes or seizures. At labeled doses of Apoquel, your dog may have an increased susceptibility to infection, mange (caused by demodex mites), or development or exacerbation of tumors. These potential long-term side effects of Apoquel in dogs can be enough for some pet parents to seek Apoquel alternatives for dogs. It’s important to note that current studies don’t indicate an increased risk of malignant cancer for dogs taking Apoquel when compared to dogs taking other atopic dermatitis medications.

Efficacy: Although Apoquel is a great option for many dogs, not all pet parents will see the reduction in itch they’d hoped for.

8 Apoquel Alternatives for Dogs: Prescription, OTC, and Natural Options

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets)

Zenrelia is a new FDA-approved oral medication poised to become a popular alternative to Apoquel among pet parents. Just like Apoquel, Zenrelia provides fast and effective relief for itchy dogs by disrupting the immune response that triggers allergic itch and inflammation. Both are daily medications that are safe to use in dogs at least 12 months and older. And both are designed to work quickly to ease itchy skin fast. 

However, Zenrelia also offers some additional benefits that Apoquel doesn’t. 

Lower cost: Zenrelia costs less per pill than Apoquel, making it an attractive option for pet parents seeking long-term itch treatment that’s both effective and more affordable. 

Convenience: Zenrelia works with easy, once-a-day dosing, while Apoquel requires twice-daily dosing for up to two weeks to start.

No rebound itch: In a randomized, double-blind study, dogs taking Zenrelia showed continuous improvement and itch remission, whereas dogs taking Apoquel experienced rebound itch when switching from twice-daily to once-daily dosing. [2] 

As with any medication, it’s important to keep an eye out for side effects when giving your dog Zenrelia. In clinical trials, some dogs experienced side effects similar to Apoquel, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in activity levels or appetite. 

Always talk to your veterinarian before starting any new medication, especially if your dog has a history of liver or kidney problems or is currently on other treatments. If you notice anything unusual, stop the medication and check in with your vet.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Cytopoint injections

Cytopoint (lokivetmab) injections for dogs with atopic dermatitis are injected under the skin (subcutaneously) every four to eight weeks. Cytopoint is a monoclonal antibody that works by disrupting the itch signal that’s activated in dogs with allergic skin disease. One injection can relieve symptoms for one to two months.

Most dogs who receive a Cytopoint injection will see a significant reduction in itchiness, with the majority seeing reductions of over 50 percent. Cytopoint might be a good option for dogs who aren’t responding adequately to Apoquel. Although Cytopoint hasn’t been tested in pregnant or lactating dogs, it may be used in breeding female dogs if the benefits to the mother outweigh any risks to the offspring.

No contraindications, precautions, or warnings are listed on the U.S. label for Cytopoint. Rarely, a dog could have a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to Cytopoint resulting in anaphylaxis, facial swelling, and hives.

Cytopoint can be used as a solo treatment or in conjunction with other medications for allergic dermatitis. A potential drawback of Cytopoint is its financial cost. A single injection can cost anywhere from $50–$200 depending on your dog’s weight, easily costing over $1,000 annually. For pet parents having difficulty affording Apoquel, Cytopoint is unlikely to be a more affordable alternative to Apoquel. 

Corticosteroids

Pet parents looking for an affordable Apoquel alternative for dogs may discuss corticosteroids like prednisone with their veterinarian. Corticosteroids act as anti-inflammatories to reduce the effects of allergens on the skin, reducing itchiness. Doses are usually given orally and may be tapered to the lowest effective dose.

Steroids aren’t typically recommended in dogs with active fungal infections, viral infections, Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism), gastrointestinal upset, or congestive heart failure. Use with caution in pets with liver or kidney disease. 

Steroids are very effective at reducing itchiness, so you’re likely to get the desired effect. Unfortunately, you’re also likely to see side effects, especially with long-term treatment. Excessive urination, drinking, and hunger are common, even with short-term administration. You can also see coat changes, weight gain, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver enzymes, pancreatitis, muscle wasting, and more. Prednisone should not be given to pregnant dogs.

Temaril-P is another option, which is a combination product that includes prednisolone and the antihistamine trimeprazine. Anecdotally, dogs taking Temaril-P may need lower doses of steroids and may see fewer side effects. Speak with your veterinarian about this option. 

If corticosteroids are discontinued, they should be tapered rather than suddenly stopped. Corticosteroids are usually recommended as short-term treatment for flare-ups or when waiting for longer-acting medications like cyclosporine to take effect.

Cyclosporine (Atopica or Cyclavance)

Cyclosporine is an oral immunosuppressant drug that is FDA-approved for use in dogs to control atopic dermatitis. The medication specifically affects cells that are involved in allergic reactions. Cyclosporine can take several weeks to take effect, so it’s used for long-term management of allergic skin disease instead of flare-ups. 

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended for dogs with cancer. Caution is recommended for dogs with diabetes mellitus or kidney disease. 

The most common side effects of cyclosporine include short-term vomiting, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. Other side effects include excessive growth of the gums (gingival hyperplasia), diabetes, excessive fur growth, and other skin changes. Because this medication is immunosuppressive, the dog may be susceptible to infections or cancer, though evidence that cyclosporine increases cancer risk is currently lacking.

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended in pregnant or lactating dogs. Dogs should be at least 6 months old and weigh over 4 pounds.

While waiting for cyclosporine to take effect, your veterinarian may recommend short-term treatment with Apoquel or steroids. Cyclosporine is a good option to try in dogs who haven’t responded adequately to Apoquel. Cyclosporine has generic forms and is usually more affordable than Apoquel. 

Antihistamines

Antihistamines like Zyrtec (cetirizine), Benadryl (diphenhydramine), or hydroxyzine may be recommended for dogs with mild skin allergies before moving to medications like Apoquel or Atopica. These oral medications work by reducing the body’s responsiveness to histamines that cause allergic symptoms. 

Many types of antihistamines are available over the counter, and they’re usually quite affordable for many pet parents. However, antihistamines very often have low efficacy for allergies in dogs. This means they’re rarely recommended as a sole therapy for dogs with chronic or severe skin allergies, though they may serve as an adjunctive treatment. Dosage is not the same in dogs as in people, so consult with your veterinarian before administering antihistamines to your dog.

Like almost all oral medications, you can see gastrointestinal side effects like vomiting or diarrhea. Antihistamines can also cause drowsiness. Some antihistamines may be an option for pregnant or lactating dogs, though you should always double-check with your veterinarian.

Allergy shots

Did you know that dogs can get allergy shots, too? Allergy shots (allergen-specific immunotherapy or ASIT) are often considered the most efficacious treatment for dogs with environmental allergies. The shot dose increases over time until reaching a maintenance level. Frequency of injections usually starts at two shots per week and then decreases to a shot every two weeks. Allergy shots are given under the skin, but there is an alternative form ASIT that is given under the tongue (sublingually). 

You will usually have to work with a veterinary dermatologist to get your dog allergy shots. They’ll run a test called intradermal allergy testing (IDAT) to find out what your pet is allergic to and then develop the allergy shots that will reduce your pet’s hypersensitivity to the allergens. 

Side effects are limited. Some dogs react painfully to injection sites. The site may be red for a short while after injection with a brief increase in itchiness.

Allergy shots are the only treatment that directly addresses the underlying cause of the disease rather than managing the symptoms. They’re a great option for pet parents who aren’t seeing the effect from Apoquel that they’d hoped for or who are concerned about Apoquel’s side effects. So, what are the negatives? Well, you’re looking at several thousand dollars early in the course of treatment for the dermatologist consult, IDAT, and allergy shots. It can also take months to a year to know if they’re working, so you’ll likely be treating your dog with other medications in the meantime.

Special dermatological diets

There are special diets for dogs with allergies. Some diets are intended for dogs with food allergies, such as novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diets, but prescription diets for dogs with itchy skin due to environmental allergies are also an option.

Examples of these diets include:

• Royal Canin Veterinary Skintopic
• Purina ProPlan Veterinary Diets DRM Dermatologic Management
• Hill’s Prescription Diet Derm Complete

These diets work by promoting a healthy skin barrier through a specific blend of nutrients.

Prescription dermatologic diets can be used in conjunction with other allergy treatments. The main drawbacks to dermatological diets are their cost—they are much more expensive than your usual dog kibble—and the fact that they require a veterinary prescription. For many dogs, a diet alone will not manage their symptoms. You also need to ensure that you’re feeding an age-appropriate diet by checking the AAFCO statement to see if the food is approved for growing puppies, adult dogs, or dogs who are pregnant or lactating. 

Supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids

Several natural alternatives to Apoquel exist, with supplements being a category that pet parents are often interested in exploring. One option to consider is omega-3 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids are important for cellular membranes, helping to keep the skin healthy. Although a healthy dog gets sufficient omega-3 fatty acids from a well-balanced diet, your allergic dog might benefit from supplementation in the form of gel capsules or oils added to their food.

Omega-3 fatty acids should be used with caution in dogs who have recurrent pancreatitis or diarrhea. This supplement can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Omega-3 fatty acids may affect platelet activity, resulting in increased bleeding risk. It’s possible to overdo omega-3 fatty acids, so make sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding an appropriate dose. These may be a good option for pregnant or lactating dogs.  

These items are unlikely to manage your pet’s itchy skin on their own but may be useful in mild cases and/or in conjunction with other treatments. Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the necessary dosage of cyclosporine needed for dogs with atopic dermatitis. There are other supplements, such as quercetin, which you could discuss with your veterinarian. Studies looking into the efficacy of supplements are always ongoing.

How to Help Allergic Itch in Dogs: Other Tips and Advice

Keep in mind that your itchy dog may do best with more than one medication or therapy. If your dog is showing an insufficient response to Apoquel, you may consider adjunctive therapies rather than completely switching to an alternative. Your veterinarian will also want to rule out flea allergies and food allergies before assuming that you’re dealing with environmental allergies. Lastly, if your dog has inflamed skin, pustules, hair loss, or other skin issues, make sure to ask your veterinarian about ruling out skin infections. You’re unlikely to see a good response if you’re working off the wrong diagnosis or aren’t managing co-occurring skin conditions!

References

1. Cosgrove, Sallie B et al. “A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitor oclacitinib (Apoquel®) in client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 24,6 (2013): 587-97, e141-2. doi:10.1111/vde.12088
2. Elanco Animal Health. Data on File.

The post 8 Apoquel Alternatives for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Pet parents have many choices when it comes to parasite protection for their feline friends. Highly effective at treating and preventing fleas and ticks, these products are either applied directly to the skin or given orally. Unfortunately, many cats are not kept up to date with this type of prevention. Some pet parents believe that indoor cats are not at risk of contracting these parasites, and approximately a quarter of pet parents think that fleas and ticks are only a threat during warm months. [1] Both of these thoughts are common misconceptions. All felines can benefit from flea and tick prevention year-round — such as Bravecto for cats — to keep them healthy and happy.

Here we’ll discuss both Bravecto and Bravecto Plus for cats, diving into why they’re great parasite prevention choices for your kitty. 

What Is Bravecto for Cats?

Fluralaner is an antiparasitic medication used to prevent and treat fleas and ticks. It’s sold under the brand names Bravecto and Bravecto Plus. Both products are readily available across the country via prescription through a primary care veterinarian.

What Does Bravecto Look Like?

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are topical spot-on solutions that are thin, oily liquids and clear in color. They both come in a squeezable, single-use applicator tube for easy administration. Bravecto for cats was approved by the FDA in July 2016 and is available in a three-month dose. Bravecto Plus was later approved in November 2019 and is only available in a two-month dose.

What Is Bravecto Used for in Cats?

Bravecto (fluralaner) is used to protect cats from fleas and ticks. This topical solution kills adult fleas and treats and prevents fleas infestations. It also treats and controls tick infestations (kills black-legged and Asian longhorned ticks for 12 weeks and American dog ticks for 8 weeks).

Bravecto Plus also contains a drug called moxidectin, which prevents heartworm disease and treats roundworms and hookworms. Bravecto products may also be used to treat ear mites, though this use is considered off-label. Since there is no treatment for heartworm disease in cats, Bravecto Plus is a great option for pet parents seeking protection for their feline companion.

Flea and tick control can help guard against many other diseases as well. For example, fleas can cause bartonellosis in cats, which is a serious condition. Cats with fleas are also at an increased risk of developing tapeworms and allergies. Diseases that ticks can transmit include Cytauxzoon felis, Lyme disease, anaplasma, ehrlichiosis, and tularemia. This is why pet parents should always ensure their feline friends are up to date on flea and tick preventatives.

How Does Bravecto Work? 

Bravecto works by negatively interfering with the nervous system of fleas and ticks. As a result, these organisms become paralyzed and eventually die. So how long does it take for Bravecto and Bravecto Plus to start working? These products are effective against fleas and ticks between two and 12 hours after application. Protection lasts for 12 weeks against fleas and eight to 12 weeks against ticks, depending on the species of tick. Additionally, Bravecto Plus provides protection against heartworm disease for two months. 

How to Apply Bravecto to Cats

Since Bravecto is only available in topical products for cats, it is typically easier for pet parents to administer compared to oral tablets. However, it’s still helpful to have an assistant (a friend or family member) to keep your cat relaxed while you apply the medication. It is also a good idea to wear gloves during application.

With your assistant holding your cat securely, gently part the fur between your cat’s shoulder blades until you see skin. Slowly administer the liquid directly onto the skin by squeezing the tube until it is empty. To prevent your cat from licking the medication off, make sure it’s not applied too far on his back. You should also ensure that other household cats and children do not contact this area of skin until the medication has dried completely. 

Bravecto topical solution for cats should be applied as a single dose. Doses should be repeated every two to three months, depending on whether your cat is receiving Bravecto or Bravecto Plus. 

For more tips, read How to Put Flea Medicine on a Cat.

Bravecto Reviews

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are great preventatives that are tolerated well by most cats. Since they are topical products, pet parents don’t need to worry about the difficulties that come with trying to administer a pill to their cats. Because Bravecto comes in a two-month and three-month dose, pet parents can apply it less frequently than other products that only have one-month options. Bravecto Plus’s extended coverage against heartworm disease and intestinal parasites is also beneficial. 

I have prescribed these products to many patients and have been happy with how effective they are as a preventative. Plus, pet parents appreciate that they don’t have to apply monthly but can still keep their cats protected. 

It can be overwhelming for pet parents to choose which preventative is best for their cats due to the wide variety of options on the market. While these decisions are best made during a discussion with a veterinarian, it’s helpful to note a few similarities and differences between options.

Bravecto vs NexGard Combo 

As mentioned, Bravecto products for cats are offered in two-month or three-month doses, whereas NexGard Combo for cats (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel) is only available as a monthly preventative. Both options are spot-on treatments for cats. However, NexGard Combo has added protection against tapeworms. 

Bravecto vs Frontline

Frontline Plus and Frontline Gold are topical products that work against fleas, ticks, and lice. They’re only available in one-month doses, so they offer less coverage time than Bravecto products for cats. Frontline products can be used in kittens as little as 1.5 pounds, which may be an option for kittens that do not meet the weight requirements of Bravecto (more on this below). 

Bravecto Side Effects in Cats

Overall, Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are well-tolerated in cats. However, pet parents should watch for side effects, including the following:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite 
• Hair loss
• Sore or itchy skin at application site

The FDA has issued a warning for pet parents using drugs in the isoxazoline class, including Bravecto for cats, as these products may cause neurological abnormalities, such as seizures or incoordination, in some cases. [2] 

Furthermore, if a cat accidentally licks off some of the applied Bravecto product, pet parents may notice excessive drooling, foaming, or retching by their cat. If this occurs, it is a good idea to contact your veterinarian for assistance. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Bravecto and Bravecto Plus should not be used with any other flea and tick preventatives. Although Bravecto products are well-tolerated with many other medications used in veterinary medicine, pet parents should always discuss all medications and supplements with their veterinarian.

Bravecto Dosage for Cats

The dosages for Bravecto and Bravecto Plus are dependent on your cat’s weight. Bravecto is available in the following doses: 2.6-6.2 lbs, 6.2-13.8 lbs, and 13.8-27.5 lbs. Bravecto Plus is available in dosing options including 2.6-6.2 lbs, >6.2-13.8 lbs, and >13.8-27.5 lbs. Both products are approved for all kittens and cats 6 months or older, weighing at least 2.6 pounds. 

Bravecto Cost

The cost of Bravecto will vary slightly depending on the dosage size, but pet parents can expect to spend around $50 for a two-month dose or $65 for a three-month dose.  

Bravecto Storage Instructions

Store Bravecto at room temperature in its original packaging. Be sure to keep it in a secure location out of reach of children and pets. 

References: 

1. “New Study by Merck Animal Health Reveals Many Pet Parents Unprepared for the Dangers Posed by Fleas and Ticks.” Merck Animal Health. (2018 May). Retrieved from: https://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/newsroom/new-study-by-merck-animal-health-reveals-many-pet-parents-unprepared-for-the-dangers-posed-by-fleas-and-ticks
2. “Fact Sheet for Pet Owners and Veterinarians about Potential Adverse Events Associated with Isoxazoline Flea and Tick Products.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023 August). Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/fact-sheet-pet-owners-and-veterinarians-about-potential-adverse-events-associated-isoxazoline-flea

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Flea and tick prevention is an essential part of keeping dogs healthy and happy. However, only 66 percent of pet parents actually use these products for their pets. [1] A variety of affordable and effective options are available for pet parents to choose from in coordination with a veterinarian. In this article, we will discuss Bravecto for dogs, how it works, and what to expect when using this medication. 

What Is Bravecto for Dogs?

Fluralaner, the active ingredient in Bravecto, is an antiparasitic drug. Its main purpose is to protect dogs from fleas and ticks. 

Bravecto products kill fleas and prevent flea infestations. Bravecto chews also kill black-legged, American dog, brown dog, and Asian longhorned ticks for 12 weeks, and lone star ticks for 8 weeks. Bravecto topical solution kills black-legged, American dog, and brown dog ticks for 12 weeks, and lone star ticks for 8 weeks.

Fluralaner is also effective for treatment of sarcoptic and demodectic mange, though this use is considered “off-label.” 

Fluralaner is currently only sold under the brand name Bravecto and is available by prescription through a primary care veterinarian.

What Does Bravecto Look Like?

Bravecto for dogs is available in both oral and topical products. The oral product (Bravecto chews) was approved by the FDA in May 2014 and is available in a one-month and three-month dose. The topical product was approved in July 2016 and only available in a three-month dose. 

The oral medication is a round, brown chewable pill. Topical Bravecto for dogs comes in a single use applicator tube that dispenses a clear, thin liquid medication. 

What Is Bravecto Used for in Dogs?

As previously mentioned, while Bravecto is used as a flea and tick preventative and treatment option for dogs, it can also be used in certain cases of mange if recommended by your veterinarian. It’s given once every one to three months, depending on the type of product used.

Flea and tick control is recommended year-round to keep dogs healthy and disease free. These parasites make dogs itchy and uncomfortable. Hair loss and skin infections can occur with longstanding flea problems, and fleas are incredibly difficult to get rid of once they’re in your home.

Not only are fleas and ticks extremely uncomfortable for dogs, they can also transmit various diseases, such as:

• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Canine ehrlichiosis
• Canine babesiosis

These diseases can make dogs very sick and require expensive treatment. 

How Does Bravecto Work?

In simple terms, Bravecto interferes with the normal functioning of the nervous systems of fleas and ticks. It does so by blocking specific receptors within the brain, nerves, and spinal cord that are responsible for regulating chloride. As a result, the fleas and ticks become paralyzed and die.  

How to Give Bravecto to Dogs

Bravecto chews for dogs are given orally with a meal, either once monthly or every three months. Most dogs readily take this medication because it has a tasty meat flavor; however, some dogs may require you to hide it in a pill pocket or a meatball of wet food to disguise it. 

If you are still having trouble getting your dog to take this medication, talk with your veterinarian about other options, which may include the topical form. 

Topical Bravecto is applied every three months to the skin in between the dog’s shoulder blades, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. 

Bravecto Reviews

Bravecto is a highly effective flea and tick preventative recommended by veterinarians. Because it is available in multiple forms, pet parents can choose the option that best suits their needs. Oral Bravecto may be preferred because it has no lasting residue on the dog’s coat like the topical version. This residue may be accidentally touched by children in the home, rubbed off by the dog, or licked off by other household pets. 

I have personally used this medication on my own dog, as well as prescribed it to many pets. I prefer the one-month option because it coincides with monthly heartworm preventative options and is therefore easier for me to track. However, the three-month dosing provides extended protection for pet parents who may not want to give medication each month. 

Pet parents often wonder how to choose between products and what the best option may be for a specific pet. These decisions should always be made in collaboration with your veterinarian. However, there are some key similarities and differences between a few products on the market:

Bravecto vs Nexgard

These products work similarly because they are made from the same drug class (isoxazoline) and have similar side effects. They are both given orally and are highly effective against fleas and ticks. Nexgard (afoxolaner) chewables are only available in a one-month dose and cover five types of ticks. A newer monthly oral product, NexGard Plus (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel), guards against heartworm disease, hookworms, and roundworms, in addition to fleas and ticks.

Bravecto vs Simparica

These isoxazoline-class products also work similarly in dogs to prevent fleas and ticks. Simparica (sarolaner) chewables only come in a one-month dose and kill five types of ticks. Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel) monthly chewables also protect dogs against heartworm disease and intestinal parasites (roundworms and hookworms). It may be a good option for pet parents looking for additional coverage beyond fleas and ticks. 

Bravecto vs Frontline

Both of these topical options are effective against fleas and ticks. Frontline also kills chewing lice, but it is not as commonly used by veterinarians due to the availability of newer products. A version called Frontline Shield also repels ticks and mosquitoes. Frontline does not come in an oral form like Bravecto. 

Bravecto Side Effects in Dogs

Bravecto is typically well-tolerated in most dogs. However, in some cases, side effects may include the following: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Itchy skin

In rare cases, Bravecto may lead to incoordination, tremors, or seizures, especially in dogs with a history of seizures. 

Reactions with Other Pet Medications

Bravecto should not be given with other monthly flea and tick control products. Although Bravecto is generally OK when given with most other medications used in veterinary medicine, pet parents should always discuss any medications and supplements with their veterinarian before use. 

Bravecto Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Bravecto is based on the weight of the dog. Both the oral and topical forms come in several sizes to meet the needs of small and large dogs. Package dosage breakdown options include the following: 

• 4.4-9.9 lbs
• 9.9-22 lbs
• 22-44 lbs
• 44-88 lbs
• 88-123 lbs

Bravecto’s three-month oral product and topical product can be used in puppies starting at 6 months of age, while the one-month dose can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks of age. All puppies and dogs receiving Bravecto should weigh at least 4.4 pounds.  

Your veterinarian will prescribe the correct product based on the weight and age of your dog. Never administer more than the prescribed amount, and always follow your veterinarian’s instructions. 

Bravecto Cost

A one-month dose of oral Bravecto costs between $20-$25 per month, whereas the three-month dose of oral Bravecto costs around $70. Topical Bravecto is around $60 per dose. 

Sometimes veterinary hospitals offer incentives and reduced rates if pet parents buy during a promotional period or buy a certain amount at one time (such as a full year’s worth of protection). Companies may offer additional Bravecto rebates as well.

Bravecto Storage Instructions

Store Bravecto for dogs at room temperature in its original packaging. Keep it in a secure location out of reach of children and pets.

References: 

1. “New Study by Merck Animal Health Reveals Many Pet Parents Unprepared for the Dangers Posed by Fleas and Ticks.” Merck Animal Health. (2019 May). Retrieved from: https://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/newsroom/new-study-by-merck-animal-health-reveals-many-pet-parents-unprepared-for-the-dangers-posed-by-fleas-and-ticks

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Read on for a full comparison of Trifexis vs. Simparica Trio so you can have informed conversations with your veterinarian about the best choice of parasite control medication for your dog. 

Simparica Trio vs. Trifexis: A Quick Comparison Guide

Key Differences When Comparing Trifexis and Simparica Trio

Both Trifexis and Simparica Trio for dogs are considered to be excellent choices for parasite protection, but there are a few important differences that may make one product better for your dog than the other.

• Simparica Trio kills five species of ticks, including Brown dog ticks, Gulf Coast ticks, deer ticks, American dog ticks, and Lone star ticks. Trifexis does not kill ticks or prevent ticks.
• Simparica Trio is FDA approved to prevent infections that may cause Lyme disease.
• Trifexis for dogs eliminates whipworm infections, Simparica Trio does not.
• While both products are labeled for puppies 8 weeks of age and older, Simparica Trio can be used in smaller puppies (2.8 pounds) than Trifexis (5 pounds).
• Simparica uses three ingredients (sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel), Trifexis uses two ingredients (spinosad and milbemycin oxime). 
• Trifexis starts killing fleas quickly within 30 minutes with 100 percent of fleas dead by 4 hours. Simparica Trio starts killing fleas within 4 hours with 100 percent of fleas dead by 12 hours.
• Simparica may be prescribed by veterinarians ‘off-label’ to treat mites, including sarcoptic mites, demodex, and ear mites. 
• While both of these medications are given once a month, Simparica Trio is a little more forgiving because it has a slightly longer window of efficacy than Trifexis. 

Pros and Cons: Trifexis Vs. Simparica Trio

While Trifexis and Simparica Trio have several overlapping benefits, there are some distinct pros and cons to each medication that can help you decide which product to use.

Comparing Side Effects of Simparica Trio vs. Trifexis

Both Trifexis and Simparica Trio are known to be safe and effective for most dogs, and are widely prescribed and used by pet parents and the veterinary community. However, Simparica Trio and other drugs in the isoxazoline class come with an FDA warning regarding the potential for neurological side effects, including tremors, incoordination, and seizures, in some pets being treated with these products. If your dog has a history of seizures or a neurological disorder, your veterinarian may err on the side of caution and recommend a flea and tick product that is not in the isoxazoline class.

In general, the incidence of both short-term and long-term side effects is low with both medications, but some dogs may experience gastrointestinal upset that can manifest as decreased appetite, decreased energy, vomiting, and/or diarrhea with either medication. If you notice any side effects in your dog, consult with your local veterinarian. 

Cost Comparison of Trifexis and Simparica Trio

Depending on where you shop, Simparica Trio is on average more expensive than Trifexis. This may be due to the fact that Simparica Trio also kills ticks and Trifexis does not. If you think that Trifexis is a cheaper alternative to Simparica Trio, remember: if your dog needs protection against ticks, you may still end up paying the same amount of money if you purchase Trifexis and a product to protect against ticks. 

Pet insurance may be able to help offset the cost of parasite control medication, but it depends on the policy. If you purchase a basic accident and illness policy, it likely will not cover flea, tick and heartworm medication. If you purchase an insurance policy that includes preventive care, then it likely will cover the cost of parasite control medication. Always read the fine print, and ask your veterinary care team for pet insurance recommendations that include flea, tick and heartworm medication. 

The Bottom Line: Trifexis Vs. Simparica Trio

Both of these medications are well tolerated by most dogs and offer effective, fast protection against fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. If your dog needs protection against ticks, then Simparica Trio is a better choice. If your dog needs additional protection against whipworms and does not need tick protection, then Trifexis is a better choice. Your veterinarian will be your best resource to ask about what parasite protection your dog needs, and they can also provide valuable advice on whether to use Trifexis, Simparica Trio, or another flea, tick or heartworm medication. 

The post Trifexis vs Simparica Trio: Comparing These Popular Dog Preventatives appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Like people, dogs can suffer from anxiety. If not well managed, this anxiety can negatively affect a dog’s emotional well-being and physical health.

Anxiety cannot be cured, but it can be managed with over-the-counter (OTC) anti-anxiety products, prescription medications, and behavioral modification, according to a veterinarian’s treatment recommendations.

Let’s take a closer look at why anxiety relief for dogs is so important and explore some OTC and prescription dog anxiety medication options to consider.

Anxiety Relief for Dogs: Why It’s Important

We all feel anxious occasionally, and our dogs are no different. A stressful situation or environment usually triggers that anxious feeling. Anxiety becomes a problem in our dogs when it is not well controlled and is allowed to grow unchecked. 

The most common root causes of anxiety in dogs include fear, separation, and aging.

Fear-related anxiety may be short-lived and is often triggered by loud noises, strange or unfamiliar environments, and unfamiliar animals. 

Dogs with separation anxiety become anxious and can’t calm themselves down when separated from their family members. Symptoms of separation anxiety include engaging in destructive behavior and having bathroom accidents in the home.

Senior dogs can become anxious and confused when they begin to lose their memory and awareness, signaling the onset of canine cognitive dysfunction. Canine cognitive dysfunction resembles human dementia. 

Other situations, such as pain and unfamiliar scents, can also trigger anxiety in dogs.

Anxiety symptoms may be obvious or subtle and vary in their intensity and frequency:

Obvious symptoms

• Pacing
• Panting
• Drooling
• Avoidance
• Trembling
• Aggression
• Restlessness
• Appetite loss
• Destructive behavior
• Bathroom accidents
• Whining and crying

Subtle symptoms

• Yawning
• Licking the lips 
• Ears pulled back

Left unchecked, anxiety in dogs can cause behavioral issues like aggression and self-injury. Chronic anxiety can take a toll on a dog’s physical health, increasing the risk of allergies and digestive problems like inflammatory bowel disease.

If you think your dog is anxious, take them to your veterinarian and provide a detailed history of your dog’s anxiety. Your vet can help you identify the trigger(s) and develop an individualized treatment plan, which may include dog anxiety medication.

What Can I Give My Dog for Anxiety?

Managing anxiety in dogs takes a multi-modal approach with medication and behavioral modification, which we’ll discuss later in the article. Even with many treatment options available, remember there are no quick fixes. Also, there is no ‘one size fits all’ management approach, and treatment may need to be tweaked over time.

OTC options to manage dog anxiety do not require a veterinary prescription. For example, aromatherapy with calming scents (e.g., lavender) and pheromone collars and diffusers can reduce dog anxiety. Pheromones are natural body chemicals that our pets release into the environment. 

Other non-prescription anti-anxiety medications for dogs are formulated as chews, tablets, and drops. CBD has become widely popular for reducing anxiety, especially in people. CBD chews are available for dogs, but research on CBD’s use and safety in dogs is still relatively new and ongoing.

Prescription dog anxiety medication is used for cases of severe anxiety but can also be used to relieve short-term anxiety, such as before a thunderstorm or fireworks. These are typically human medications that are used ‘off label’ (not the FDA-approved indication) in dogs.

Always consult your veterinarian before starting your dog on an anti-anxiety medication or product.

5 Supplements and OTC Anxiety Meds for Dogs

Several OTC medications and anxiety supplements for dogs are available to manage anxiety.

Solliquin

Solliquin is a daily chewable tablet containing two plant extracts — magnolia and phellodendron — to help calm anxious dogs. It also contains L-theanine, an amino acid that is safe for dogs and has been shown to relieve dog anxiety. 

Purina Pro Plan Calming Care Supplement

This powdered supplement is sprinkled onto food and given daily according to veterinarian instructions. It contains probiotics, which are good gut bacteria. The probiotic strain in this supplement, BL999, has been shown to reduce anxious behavior and help dogs maintain calm behavior in stressful situations.

VetriScience Composure Bite Size Chews for Dogs

These calming chews are intended for dogs whose anxiety is triggered by environmental stressors, such as moving or a veterinary visit. It contains three calming ingredients for dogs: L-theanine, thiamine (vitamin B1), and a proprietary protein mix. These chews can be given as needed or daily.

Rescue Remedy drops

Rescue Remedy drops are a popular choice for reducing anxiety in dogs. The drops, which contain a blend of floral extracts, can be given when a dog is in pressure- or anxiety-inducing environments, like loud noises or after a sudden fright. They can be added to food or water and repeated as needed to calm your dog in stressful situations.

ThunderWunders Calming Chews for Dogs

These calming chews are recommended to relieve dog anxiety triggered by thunder and fireworks, travel, vet and groomer visits, and separation anxiety. They contain ginger to settle anxiety-induced stomach upset, along with L-theanine and L-tryptophan (an amino acid) to reduce anxiety. Other ingredients include a flower extract and melatonin.

These chews can be given to dogs 12 weeks and older and should be given during or after a meal to prevent stomach upset. 

Dog Anxiety Medication: 7 Prescription Options

Prescription anti-anxiety medications for dogs may be given long-term or short-term for anxiety relief, depending on a dog’s type and severity of anxiety. They change levels of neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) that play a role in anxiety.

These prescription dog anxiety medications may interact with other medications and often have side effects that can be uncomfortable but are generally tolerable. Review your dog’s current medication list with your veterinarian before starting a dog anxiety medication.

Clomicalm

Clomicalm (generic name: clomipramine) comes in tablet form and treats separation anxiety in dogs. It is a tricyclic antidepressant, a class of drugs that is commonly used to treat depression with anxiety and other mental health conditions in people. 

When used with behavioral modification, Clomicalm helps reduce separation anxiety-related behaviors, including inappropriate elimination and destructive behavior. It is given with food and may cause side effects such as vomiting, lethargy, and diarrhea.

Reconcile

Reconcile (generic name: fluoxetine) is a chewable tablet. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), a drug class that blocks the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps manage anxiety. Increased serotonin levels in the brain help reduce anxiety.

Reconcile treats separation anxiety and is given once daily. Potential side effects include appetite loss, stomach upset, and depression.

Alprazolam

Alprazolam (brand name: Xanax) is a short-acting anti-anxiety medication. It is available as a tablet or liquid and should be given about 30 to 60 minutes before an anxiety-inducing event, such as fireworks.

Alprazolam can be given on an empty stomach but also with food to reduce stomach upset. Potential side effects include lethargy, increased appetite, and incoordination.

Buspirone

Buspirone (brand name: BuSpar) is another short-acting anti-anxiety medication. It comes in tablet form and, like alprazolam, can be given with or without food.

Buspirone’s effects usually take several weeks to become apparent. Side effects include sleepiness, decreased appetite, and stomach upset.

Diazepam

Diazepam (brand name: Valium) has many uses, one of which is reducing anxiety in dogs. It comes in liquid or tablet form and is given with or without food. 

Diazepam is short-acting and should be given about 1 hour before an anxiety-triggering event. It will take effect in about 1 to 2 hours. Side effects include incoordination, drooling, and increased appetite.

Trazodone

Trazodone (brand name: Desyrel) is an SSRI that treats separation anxiety in dogs and anxiety triggered by situations like fireworks, vet visits, and travel. It is a tablet that can be given with or without food, depending on how well your dog’s stomach tolerates it.

Trazodone can be given for short-term anxiety (1 to 2 hours) or long-term anxiety treatment. Side effects are generally mild and include lethargy, vomiting, and increased appetite.

Sileo

Sileo (generic name: dexmedetomidine) is an FDA-approved gel that treats noise aversion in dogs. It is the first product of its kind. Sileo produces a calming effect without causing sedation, helping dogs stay alert as their anxiety levels decrease.

The gel is administered in a dog’s cheek pouch about 30 to 60 minutes before an anxiety-inducing event. Additional doses can be given (up to five) at least two hours apart. After administration, a dog should not be fed for at least 15 minutes to ensure absorption.

Potential side effects include pale gums and a drop in blood pressure.

How to Help Dog Anxiety: Other Tips and Advice

Managing your dog’s anxiety is a process. Work closely with your veterinarian to monitor your dog’s response to treatment and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Rather than being used alone, medication for dogs with anxiety is used with behavioral modification. Behavioral modification strategies include counterconditioning (replacing anxious behavior with a desirable behavior, like sitting) and desensitization. Your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary behaviorist who will assess your dog’s anxiety and develop a customized treatment plan.

Several home strategies can also help reduce your dog’s anxiety, such as establishing and maintaining a routine and creating a safe space for your dog.

Be patient with your dog (and yourself) as you learn to manage your dog’s anxiety. In time, your dog’s anxiety will lessen, helping you and your dog breathe a welcome sigh of relief.

The post Dog Anxiety Medication: 12 Prescription and OTC Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What follows is everything you need to know about tick control products for dogs, plus a list of vet-approved options to consider.

Tick Prevention for Dogs: Why It Matters

Ticks aren’t just annoying external parasites—they could be dangerous for your dog! 

Ticks endanger your dog’s health in several ways:

• Ticks carry diseases, such as ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which can make your dog sick and possibly threaten their life. 
• Ticks also cause tick paralysis in dogs, a condition in which toxins in the tick’s saliva cause gradual paralysis, which does not resolve until after the tick is removed. This condition can become severe enough that hospitalization is required. 
• If your dog gets a lot of ticks, the ticks can drink enough blood to contribute to anemia. This is especially risky in puppies.
• Tick bites are sometimes itchy! Your dog may bite, scratch, and lick at the bite area, causing hair loss, wounds, or even infection.

Your dog can also carry ticks into the home, where the parasites can latch onto you, your family members, or other pets in the home. 

The ranges of specific tick species are expanding, which means the risk of contracting a tick-borne illness is going up in many areas. Although ticks are usually more active in the warmer months, exposure can occur year-round. Preventing ticks and fleas on dogs year-round is the best method for keeping your dog safe.

Types of Tick Control for Dogs

Tick control comes in multiple forms: topical solutions, oral medications, collars, and sprays. The products can be a single ingredient, which usually means they only manage ticks and fleas, or they can have multiple ingredients that allow the product to also cover heartworms and/or intestinal worms. 

Some of these products require a veterinary prescription. Any tick preventive that also covers heartworms will fall under that category.

The List

• Credelio Quattro
• NexGard Plus
• Credelio
• Simparica Trio
• ParaMonthly Plus
• Bravecto Chews and Bravecto Topical
• K9 Advantix II
• Seresto Collar

Best Tick Prevention for Dogs: 8 Vet-Prescribed Picks

Pet parents have many good tick prevention options to choose from, so determining which to use can be a daunting task. Read about eight of the best vet-prescribed tick preventives below. 

Keep in mind that your veterinarian is your go-to resource for selecting the best option for your dog. If you have any concerns about tick preventives, we recommend you speak with your veterinarian. 

Credelio Quattro

Credelio Quattro offers the broadest protection against parasites available in a monthly chewable tablet. Just one dose a month protects your dog against ticks, as well as fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. That broad-spectrum prevention comes from a combination of four powerful ingredients (lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel). The lotilaner in Credelio Quattro works quickly to kill fleas and ticks fast and helps treat and control infestations of four types of ticks:

• Lone star ticks
• American dog ticks
• Deer ticks (also known as black-legged ticks)
• Brown dog ticks Plus

By using a multi-protection preventative like Credelio Quattro, you can ensure your dog is protected against dangerous parasites, without the hassle of managing multiple medications. Plus, Credelio Quattro protects against several species of tapeworms, which many other broad-spectrum preventatives don’t.

Credelio Quattro requires a prescription from your veterinarians and comes in a tasty beef-flavored chewable tablet that’s safe to administer to puppies 8 weeks and older and dogs weighing 3.3 pounds or more. Side effects could include adverse neurological reactions, so use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

NexGard Plus

NexGard Plus is a once-monthly, beef-flavored oral chew that contains the active ingredients afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. 

The medication protects against heartworm disease, kills four types of ticks, kills fleas, and treats and controls both roundworms and hookworms. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks killed by NexGard Plus include:

• Deer ticks 
• American dog ticks 
• Lone star ticks 
• Brown dog ticks 

This medication can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks old and who weigh at least 4 pounds. You can give the chew with or without food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Like sarolaner in Simparica Trio, afoxolaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of NexGard Plus are vomiting and diarrhea. Dogs should be tested for heartworms before receiving NexGard Plus.  Safety is not established for breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs. 

A veterinary prescription is required before purchasing NexGard Plus. 

Credelio

Credelio is a beef-flavored, monthly chew that contains the active ingredient lotilaner. 

Credelio kills adult fleas, and it both treats and controls tick infestations. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks treated include:

• Lone star ticks
• American dog ticks
• Deer ticks
• Brown dog ticks 

This medication should only be used on dogs who are at least 8 weeks of age and weigh at least 4.4 pounds. This should be administered with food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Lotilaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. Safety in breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs hasn’t been established. The most common side effects include increased drinking, diarrhea, elevations in blood urea nitrogen, and weight loss, those these are uncommon. 

Credelio requires a prescription from a veterinarian.

Simparica Trio

Simparica Trio is a once-monthly, liver-flavored oral chew that contains the active ingredients sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. This is the first FDA-approved product that addresses fleas and ticks, heartworms, and intestinal worms all in one treatment. 

The medication protects against heartworm disease, kills five types of ticks, kills fleas before they can lay eggs, and treats and controls both roundworms and hookworms. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. The types of ticks killed by Simparica Trio include:

• Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum)
• Deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis), also called blacklegged ticks
• American dog ticks (Dermatocentor variabilis)
• Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum)
• Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

This medication can be given to puppies as young as 8 weeks old and who weigh at least 2.8 pounds. You can give the chew with or without food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. The drug sarolaner, which is a member of the isoxazoline class, has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of Simparica Trio are vomiting and diarrhea. Dogs should be tested for heartworms before receiving Simparica Trio. Safety is not established for breeding, pregnant, or lactating dogs. 

A veterinary prescription is required to purchase Simparica Trio.

ParaMonthly Plus

Covetrus ParaMonthly Plus is a monthly topical ointment that contains fipronil and (S)-methoprene (same active ingredients as Frontline Plus). The tick must attach for the medication to have effect.

This medication kills fleas, flea eggs, flea larvae, chewing lice, and four types of ticks. The four lice killed by ParaMonthly Plus include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Lone star ticks
• Brown dog ticks 

Puppies should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 5 pounds before taking ParaMonthly Plus.

To administer this product, part the fur between the shoulder blades and begin squeezing the tube. Move in a stripe down the back. The dog must stay dry for 48 hours after application.

The most common side effects include skin irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. Products containing fipronil are usually considered safe for pregnant and nursing dogs, but as always, we recommend you speak with your veterinarian fist.

This product is usually sold by veterinary clinics but does not require a prescription.

Bravecto

Bravecto is unique in that it has both topical and pork-flavored oral chew options, and the prevention has action for 12 weeks instead of four weeks, meaning you usually only need to give a dose around every three months. For puppies, there is the option to use 1-month chews instead of 3-month chews. The active ingredient for both the chew and the topical is fluralaner.

Bravecto kills fleas and ticks within hours of its administration. Ticks must bite for the preventive to have effect. Bravecto kills:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Asian longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis)
• Brown dog ticks 
• Lone star ticks (Bravecto only works on lone star ticks for eight weeks)

The 3-month chew and topical solution are intended for dogs 6 months of age or older who weigh at least 4.4 pounds. The 1-month chews, which can be given to puppies who are at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 4.4 pounds, are not effective against lone star ticks for puppies under 6 months old. 

When administering the topical, you need to part the fur and apply directly to the skin. Begin between the shoulder blades and apply in one or more spots moving down the dog’s back. Wait three days to bathe your dog or before allowing them to immerse in water. The oral forms should be given with food.

The medication should be used with caution in dogs who have a seizure history. Fluralaner is a member of the isoxazoline class and has been associated with neurologic side effects such as tremors and seizures. The most common side effects of the chews include itching, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and lethargy. The most common side effects for the topical solution include vomiting, hair loss, diarrhea, lethargy, decreased appetite, and a rash. Birth defects may occur in puppies if their mother receives the medication while pregnant.

A veterinary prescription is required for Bravecto.

K9 Advantix II

K9 Advantix II is a monthly topical preventive with the active ingredients imidacloprid, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen.

This preventive kills and repels fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes within 12 hours of administration. The ticks you can prevent with K9 Advantix II include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Brown dog ticks
• Lone star ticks

Dogs must be at least 7 weeks old and weigh 4 pounds or more before receiving K9 Advantix II. 

To administer K9 Advantix II, part the fur between the shoulder blades. Evenly apply the tube’s contents along the top of the dog’s back in several spots. Refer to the product label for more specifics. The dog must wait 24 hours after administration before immersing in water.

The most common side effects include skin irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea. You should consult with your veterinarian before using this product on pregnant or nursing dogs.

No prescription is needed to purchase K9 Advantix II. 

Seresto 

Seresto is a flea and tick collar that works for 8 months. The active ingredients in Seresto are flumethrin and imidacloprid. These ingredients are slowly released over the 8 months to provide continuous protection.

The collar kills and repels fleas and ticks through contact, which means the dog doesn’t have to get bitten for the collar to work. It can also aid in the treatment and control of chewing lice and sarcoptic mange. The ticks repelled and killed by this collar include:

• Deer ticks
• American dog ticks
• Brown dog ticks
• Lone star ticks

The fit of a Seresto collar is important for ensuring efficacy, so speak with your veterinarian if you’re not sure how to apply the collar. You will need to adjust the collar size in puppies as they grow to prevent the collar from getting too tight. These collars are water-resistant, so your dog can swim or bathe with the collar on. If your dog swims or bathes more than once a month, the collar is considered effective for five months for fleas and seven months for ticks. 

The most common reaction is a mild sensitivity causing itchiness and hair loss. If your dog develops skin irritation or wounds associated with the collar, remove the collar, and speak with your veterinarian. You should speak with your veterinarian before using this product on breeding, pregnant, or nursing dogs. If you are concerned about the safety of Seresto collars, please consult with your veterinarian. 

Seresto does not require a prescription. 

How to Choose Tick and Flea Medicine for Dogs

Selection of a tick and flea medicine for your dog comes down to several concerns:

• Your willingness to give a monthly parasiticide versus one that lasts longer
• Your preference for an all-in-one product versus administering more than one product
• The risk of other pets (especially cats) or children in the home touching or licking topical preventives
• Any side effects your pet experiences
• Your pet’s willingness to tolerate taking a pill or having the topical applied
• Your pet’s underlying health conditions, especially seizure history
• The product’s approved age and weight ranges
• Cost of the preventive

You may begin with one product and find through trial-and-error that you prefer something else. That’s okay! Your veterinarian can work with you to pick a good option for your pet that takes into consideration your individual concerns and lifestyle.

Dog Tick Prevention FAQ

What kills ticks on dogs instantly?

No preventive will kill ticks instantly. Most preventives will take at least half a day to be effective, sometimes over a day. If you remove a tick, you can put it in alcohol to kill it.

Do ticks lay eggs on dogs?

Ticks will mate on dogs, but the female usually falls to the ground to lay her thousands of eggs. 

Do dogs need flea and tick medicine every month?

Year-round flea and tick prevention is recommended. If the product you have is monthly, it should be given every month. There are options like Bravecto which can be given every 8–12 weeks depending on which tick species you are concerned about. Seresto collars should be changed every 8 months.

How long can a tick live on a dog?

Ticks usually feed for several days before becoming engorged and falling off. However, they can stay attached for over 10 days in some cases.

The post Best Tick Prevention for Dogs: 8 Vet-Prescribed Options appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“All you need are a couple of adult fleas to establish an infestation,” says Dr. Bruce Kornreich, DVM, Director of the Cornell Feline Health Center in Ithaca, New York. “They can come in on people, on other pets, or through walls and other entryways.”

Veterinarians often recommend oral flea medication as the most effective option to help protect pets from fleas.[1] However, if you find the prospect of persuading your feisty feline to comply with monthly flea pills a bit daunting, take heart. Here’s everything you need to know about the best oral flea medicine for cats, including picks you can discuss with your vet.

Flea Medicine for Cats: Why it’s Important

Just hearing the word “flea” is enough to start some pet parents scratching imaginary flea bites. While it’s true that these pesky parasites are best known (and feared) for their itchy bite, Dr. Kornreich says your cat’s itchy skin may be the least of your worries. 

The more serious threat is that some fleas carry diseases that they can pass along to your pet.  “Once your cat has been infected with a disease from a flea, these can be easily transferred to other cats or humans in the home,” Dr. Kornreich explains.

Some flea-borne diseases are transmitted when a flea bites a host, passing along bacteria like Bartonella henselae, which can cause cat scratch fever in humans. Other threats, like tapeworm larvae, can be transmitted when your cat ingests an infected flea — for example, while grooming. 

Additionally, Dr. Kornreich says cats can develop anemia from flea bites, as well as flea allergy dermatitis — an allergic reaction to flea saliva that makes it especially difficult and uncomfortable to deal with their presence. 

Flea medication for cats can help keep these health threats at bay, and there are plenty of options on the market to consider. That’s why it’s important to consult with your veterinarian to find the best cat flea medicine to fit your pet’s needs.  

Cat Flea Treatment: Topical vs. Oral Cat Flea Medicine 

First, it’s important to understand the differences between oral cat flea medications and other ways of administering flea medicine to cats — specifically topical treatments.

Dr. Kornreich says the primary difference is that topical flea medications can be easily applied to your cat’s skin, where they typically kill fleas on contact.  By contrast, oral medications work from the inside out — meaning fleas must bite your cat to be eradicated. 

While choosing the option that spares your cat more flea bites may seem to make the most sense, Dr. Kornreich says there are other factors to consider. 

For example, applying topicals may be easier, but it can also be messy and inexact. Also, Dr. Kornreich says topical flea medications can be hazardous if ingested, making them a poor choice for homes with small children or other pets who may touch or lick your cat’s fur. 

The best oral flea medications kill fleas faster and more efficiently than topicals can, some in as little as 30 minutes. And because these flea medications work internally, they don’t pose a risk to other pets or members of your family. Oral flea treatments are also a good choice for cats with flea allergy dermatitis, whose skin may get irritated by topical flea solutions. 

Then there are the stats: Research published in Veterinary Parasitology showed that oral flea treatments (spinosad) were 99.9 percent effective in a 90-day study of dogs, compared to topical treatments (fipronil/(S)-methoprene), which were only 88.4 percent effective.

Top Oral Flea Meds for Cats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Overall Oral Flea Medication for Cats: Credelio
• Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication for Cats: Comfortis
• Best Over-the-Counter Oral Flea Treatment for Cats: Capstar
• Best Value Oral Flea Treatment for Cats: CAPACTION

Best Flea Medicine for Cats: 4 Vet-Approved Picks

It’s important to work closely with your veterinarian to determine the best oral flea medicine for your cat’s needs. Your vet will consider factors such as the severity of the infestation, other parasite threats in your area, whether pills or chewables would work better for your cat, and your pet’s age and weight, as some products are not safe for kittens or very young adults.

Here’s some helpful info about the top vet-prescribed oral flea medications for cats, so you can have an informed conversation with your vet about the best option for your cat. 

Best Overall Oral Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Credelio

Credelio for cats ranks highest on the list because this monthly preventative offers pet parents everything you could ask for in an oral flea medication for your pet. (And then some!) It’s the first and only chewable tablet preventative that helps kill and control fleas and black legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) which can transmit Lyme disease. 

And it comes in a yummy vanilla-flavored tablet designed to please even the most finicky felines. Just administer the chewable tablet once a month and the medication begins killing fleas within six hours. According to the manufacturer, Credelio kills 98 percent of fleas within 12 hours and is 100 percent effective within 24 hours. 

Credelio chewable tablets for cats can be given to kittens as young as eight weeks and more than two pounds for effective flea treatment. One important thing to note is that Credelio contains a class of drug (isoxazoline), which is not recommended for pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders. So make sure to work closely with your vet to ensure this oral flea and tick chewable is right for your pet. 

Highlights: 

• First and only chewable flea and tick preventative for cats
• Fast-acting and highly effective
• Made with vanilla and yeast flavor to encourage easy dosing
• Also treats and controls deer ticks

Things to Consider: 

• Must be given monthly, preferably with food
• Provides flea protection for kittens 8 weeks and older, weighing 2 lbs or more
• Provides tick protection for kittens 6 months and older, weighing 2 lbs or more 
• Not recommended for cats with seizures

Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Comfortis

If your primary concern is fleas and you want them gone fast, then Comfortis is the flea preventative for you. 

Comfortis doesn’t come with all the bells and whistles of other multifunctional oral flea medications for cats. But it does have what many pet parents want most: speedy relief and effective protection against future flea infestations.

Comfortis is the first FDA-approved chewable flea preventative that starts killing fleas in 30 minutes. It comes in an appealing beef flavor for easy administration. Some pet parents report that it has a medicinal smell that their cats don’t especially enjoy, while others say their cats gobble it down without issue. Comfortis kills fleas before they can lay eggs and is effective for a full month. 

Highlights: 

• Starts killing adult fleas within 30 minutes
• Effective for 30 days 
• Beef-flavored chewable tablet is easy to administer 

Things to Consider: 

• Must be given monthly, preferably with food
• Provides flea protection for kittens 14 weeks and older, weighing 4.1 lbs or more
• Does not kill or control any other parasites
• Requires a veterinary prescription

Best Over-the-Counter Oral Flea Medication

Our Pick: Capstar

For pet parents who want a short-term, fast-acting treatment for an active flea infestation that doesn’t require a prescription, Capstar is the answer. This oral medication offers fast flea relief, killing adult fleas on your cat within 30 minutes. And it’s safe to use in kittens as young as 4 weeks old.

However, it’s important to note that Capstar is a flea treatment, not a flea preventative. Although powerful, its effects last 24-48 hours, meaning it’s really best for a quick burst of effectiveness in conjunction with a longer-lasting monthly preventative. 

Capstar tablets can be safely administered to your pet as often as once per day. However, if you’re not addressing the root cause of the infestation with a flea preventative, your pet will remain at risk. 

Capstar is also a tablet, not a chewable, which could make administering a little more difficult (though many pet parents reported crushing it and mixing it with food without much trouble).

Highlights: 

• Fast-acting flea treatment starts killing adult fleas within 30 minutes
• Safe for very young kittens 4 weeks and older, weighing over 2 lbs
• Kills 90 percent of fleas within six hours
• No prescription required

Things to Consider: 

• Effective as a flea-killing treatment, but will not prevent re-infestation
• Available only in non-chewable tablet

Best Value Oral Flea Treatment for Cats

Our Pick: CAPACTION

Made with nitenpyram, the same active ingredient as Capstar, CAPACTION delivers the same fast-acting, flea-killing benefits at a price point that’s easier on your budget. You don’t need a prescription for this oral flea treatment, which comes in a non-chewable tablet form that starts to kill fleas within 30 minutes.

However, like other short-term treatments, CAPACTION only works on active flea infestations. While it’s a great budget option for cats who need a quick-acting burst of flea protection, it’s best to follow up with a flea preventative to avoid re-infestations from any existing flea eggs and larvae on your cat or in your home. 

Highlights: 

• Fast-acting, short-term flea treatment at a budget-friendly price
• Safe for kittens 4 weeks and older, weighing over 2 lbs
• Kills 90 percent of fleas within six hours
• No prescription required

Things to Consider: 

• Effective as a flea-killing treatment, but will not prevent re-infestation
• Available only in tablet form, not as a chew

Cat Flea Medicine Buyer’s Guide

The safest and best way to ensure that you use the best cat flea medicine for your feline friend is simply working with your veterinarian. Your vet knows your cat’s medical history and the various pros and cons associated with each option available.

According to Dr. Kornreich, among the key factors your vet will consider are your cat’s age and weight and if they have a history of seizures or other health concerns. 

While over-the-counter options may be more convenient and appealing, keep in mind that short-term flea treatments are best when paired with longer-term flea preventatives.  

Oral Flea Meds for Cats: Tips for Success

Even the most compliant cats may not always be in the mood to take a monthly flea preventative. But ensuring your cat receives (and consumes!) the full dose of any oral flea medication is important. Otherwise, it’s all too easy for fleas to return with a vengeance. 

Always administer your cat’s oral flea medication per the manufacturer’s instructions. For example, Credelio chewable tablets should always be given with food or within 30 minutes after your cat eats. The presence of food ensures that the medication will be properly absorbed into your cat’s blood for peak efficacy. 

It’s important to remember, however, that most oral flea medicines can only kill adult fleas because those are the ones actively seeking blood meals, which is how they consume the compound that kills them, Dr. Kornreich says. 

“To truly get rid of fleas, you have to disrupt the life cycle, and that means dealing with the adults and the environment,” he says. In addition to killing the adult fleas on your pet, it’s important to rid your environment of eggs or larvae that have found a home but aren’t yet hungry adults. Even with this two-pronged approach, Dr. Kornreich says it may take time to truly get rid of the problem.

Additionally, giving your cat an oral flea medication may be challenging for a different reason: Many cats hate oral medications. If that describes your cat, consider options that come in a tasty chewable format. Or, try mixing the oral medication in with your cat’s food and give a very high-value reward afterward. 

But some cats just won’t do it, and you should discuss with your vet if a non-oral medication is right in those cases. The best flea preventative for your cat is the one you can administer safely and consistently!

REFERENCE:

Dryden, Michael  W., et al. “Assessment of Owner-Administered Monthly Treatments with Oral Spinosad or Topical Spot-on Fipronil/(s)-Methoprene in Controlling Fleas and Associated Pruritus in Dogs.” Veterinary Parasitology, Elsevier, 31 Jan. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.003

The post Oral Flea Medicine for Cats: 4 Vet-Prescribed Choices appeared first on Great Pet Care.

However, if your dog is diagnosed with urinary incontinence, there are some available drugs and supplements that may help. Here are some options to discuss with your veterinarian.   

Why Your Dog Might Need a Dog Incontinence Medication

Your veterinarian will prescribe incontinence medication both for your pet’s benefit and your benefit. Keep in mind that we are specifically talking about dogs who leak urine with no knowledge or control, not dogs who excessively urinate due to a condition like diabetes or who feel the urge to urinate repeatedly due to something like a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Your female dog leaking urine is more likely to get urine scalding around her vulva or to excessively lick at her vulva, which might result in a UTI. If you put a diaper on an incontinent dog (male or female), they’re more likely to get urine scalding, skin infections, and UTIs. Urinary incontinence medications for dogs can help prevent these health issues.

As much as we love our pets, we also don’t want small puddles of urine on the carpets and furniture. Controlling urinary incontinence will help keep your home cleaner (and smelling better, hopefully).

Types of Incontinence Medications for Dogs

Medications for urinary incontinence can help with incontinence that’s due to sphincter incompetence. However, canine incontinence medications are unlikely to help pets with urinary incontinence due to neurologic diseases (spinal injury or congenital malformations like ectopic ureters).

In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend more than one medication to maximize control of urinary incontinence. 

Hormonal Medications

Most cases of urinary incontinence in dogs occur in spayed females. There is a sphincter around the urethra (tube from bladder that takes urine out of the body) which keeps urine from leaking. In spayed dogs, this sphincter may become incompetent, meaning it doesn’t keep all the urine in.

For these dogs, hormonal therapies are recommended. These medications replace the action of estradiol, a natural estrogen that decreases in concentration after spaying.

In male dogs, testosterone injections may treat urinary incontinence. This is less effective than hormone therapy for female dogs, and it may result in undesirable behaviors (marking and humping). This is not routinely recommended by veterinarians.

Non-Hormonal Medications

The main class of non-hormonal medications for urinary incontinence is alpha-adrenergic agonists. These medications act on the receptors of the urethral sphincter in dogs to increase urethral tone. The tightening of the sphincter improves the ability of the bladder to hold urine.

The antidepressant medication imipramine may also help with urethral tone while potentially relaxing the bladder.

In some cases, anti-anxiety medications and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to help with bladder relaxation, especially in male dogs who are unresponsive to the usual therapies.

Supplements

Supplements are not routinely prescribed for urinary incontinence, but there are a couple options which may promote urinary tract health when used in conjunction with other medical therapies.

5 Dog Incontinence Medications and Supplements 

Incurin (Estriol)

Incurin is the brand name for the active ingredient estriol. Estriol is an estrogen that can treat estrogen-responsive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) in spayed females, the most common form of urinary incontinence seen in dogs. The FDA-approved medication enhances urethral sphincter tone.

An important note is that Incurin is not dosed by weight. All dogs will originally receive 2 mg by mouth once per day. If effective, the dose is systematically tapered to the lowest effective dose. You must follow your veterinarian’s instructions precisely to ensure you are tapering this medication correctly.

Incurin and its active ingredient estriol is only a treatment option in spayed female dogs who are over a year old. The most common side effects include gastrointestinal issues like vomiting or estrogen-related changes like a swollen vulva. Estrogens carry the risk of bone marrow toxicity, but this is uncommon when following your veterinarian’s dosing recommendations. Caution is recommended in dogs with liver disease or who are on steroids like prednisone.

Proin (Phenylpropanolamine HCl)

Proin is a dog incontinence medication made from the active ingredient phenylpropanolamine HCL. Phenylpropanolamine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist used to treat dogs with urinary incontinence due to decreased muscle tone in the urethral sphincter. By stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the urethral sphincter, the medication increases urethral sphincter tone, preventing leakage from the bladder.

There are multiple formulations available, so some dogs will receive phenylpropanolamine by mouth once daily and others will receive the medication twice daily. Some cases may require administration every 8 hours.

Phenylpropanolamine is an option both for female and male dogs. Caution is recommended in pets with heart disease, glaucoma, enlarged prostate, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Cushing’s disease, liver disease, kidney disease, and high blood pressure.

Negative side effects could include increased blood pressure, heart rhythm abnormalities, vomiting and loss of appetite, anxiety and irritability, diarrhea, and increased thirst. These are more likely at high doses or with overdose.

Proin is classified as a controlled substance in some states due to potential abuse as a precursor to methamphetamine. Extra verification of the prescription with your veterinarian may be required. If you live in a state where Proin is controlled, there may be special instructions for destruction of unused medication. Please check with your veterinarian.

Imipramine Hydrochloride

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that indirectly stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, increasing tone in the urethral sphincter. The medication may also help with bladder relaxation. In humans, this medication is commonly used to reduce bed-wetting in children.

Imipramine is given by mouth twice daily. Controlled studies regarding efficacy of imipramine for urinary incontinence in dogs are currently lacking.

This medication is an option for both male and female dogs. The medication should not be used in dogs who are on another form of antidepressant called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as selegiline. Caution is also recommended in dogs with seizure disorders, heart disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, liver disease, and glaucoma.

Negative side effects include constipation, hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea, and sedation.

VetriScience Bladder Strength Supplement

VetriScience Bladder Strength Supplement aims to improve bladder control, strengthen bladder muscles, improve bladder emptying, and prevent urinary tract infections. Active ingredients include pumpkin seed powder, Rehmannia glutinosa root powder, wild yam extract, soy protein extract, corn silk powder, saw palmetto extract, olive leaf extract, and vitamin B6.

The supplement is given by mouth either once or twice daily.

The supplement is mostly aimed towards spayed female dogs and senior dogs but is an option for both male and female pets. With any medication or supplement given by mouth, stomach upset that could result in vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite is possible.

In the United States, supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food, not as drugs. This means there is no regulatory guarantee regarding the quality or efficacy of ingredients. VetriScience products do have the quality seal of the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) which identifies products from companies committed to creating quality supplement products.

PRN Pharmacal CranMate Chew Tabs

CranMate is a supplement for supporting a healthy urinary tract. This supplement isn’t necessarily going to improve urinary incontinence but may support the urinary tract of dogs who are on long-term medications for incontinence, including those who are prone to urinary tract infections. CranMate is made with American Cranberry purified fruit extract. Other active ingredients include sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, whey powder, liver powder, soy protein concentrate, iron oxide, silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate.

The supplement is given by mouth once daily but may be given twice daily during UTI occurrence. 

The supplement is an option for both male and female dogs. With any medication or supplement given by mouth, stomach upset that could result in vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite is possible.

As previously mentioned with other dog urinary supplements, there is no regulatory guarantee regarding the quality or efficacy of ingredients. However, PRN Pharmacal follows Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) and standards. 

Other Medication Options for Urinary Leaking in Dogs

In some cases, especially for male dogs who aren’t responding to the usual medication treatments for urinary incontinence, your veterinarian may recommend medications geared towards incomplete bladder emptying. These dogs may actually have overflow incontinence rather than issues with their urethral sphincter. 

Medications that help with muscle relaxation – such as prazosin or methocarbamol – may be recommended in these cases. Anti-anxiety medications like diazepam may also be prescribed. 

If your pet is not responding to the usual medications, make sure to speak with your veterinarian about bladder-emptying disorders.

Dog Incontinence Medications: Tips and Safety

Make sure to discuss any pre-existing conditions with your veterinarian before starting a prescription incontinence medication, especially if your pet has heart, kidney, liver, thyroid, or eye issues.

If your dog experiences significant side effects, contact your veterinarian before continuing the medication.

Some of these medications, such as Proin, are designed to taste good to your pet. This means there is a risk that your dog might decide the medication is a nice treat and accidentally overdose if they get access to the bottle. Keep these medications out of reach of children and pets.

If your dog’s incontinence does not improve despite medications, it’s possible that they have another less common cause of urinary incontinence, so follow up with your veterinarian for additional diagnostics. Dogs under one year old with incontinence should have congenital defects of the urinary tract ruled out before starting medications.

References:

1. Forsee, Kara M., Garrett J. Davis, Emily E. Mouat, Katharine R. Salmeri, and Richard P. Bastian. “Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008)”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 242.7 (2013): 959-962. doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.7.959. Web. 12 Feb. 2024.
2. Pegram, C et al. “Associations between neutering and early-onset urinary incontinence in UK bitches under primary veterinary care.” The Journal of small animal practice vol. 60,12 (2019): 723-733. doi:10.1111/jsap.13072

The post 5 Dog Incontinence Medications That Could Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Heartgard and Heartgard Plus are two of the top vet-recommended heartworm disease preventives for dogs. But what are the active ingredients and is Heartgard safe for dogs? 

Here’s what you need to know regarding the safety of Heartgard and Heartgard Plus so that you can make informed decisions for your dog. 

What Is Heartgard for Dogs?

Heartgard is a medication that is used to prevent heartworm disease in dogs. Heartgard contains ivermectin and only prevents heartworm disease. Heartgard Plus contains both ivermectin and pyrantel, and is intended to prevent heartworm disease, as well as treat and control hookworms and roundworms. 

Dogs are infected with heartworm larvae from the bite of an infected mosquito. Ivermectin prevents heartworm disease by targeting and killing any immature heartworm larvae that may have been transmitted to your dog via mosquito bites. 

Pyrantel, the other active ingredient in Heartgard Plus, is an intestinal dewormer that kills hookworms and roundworms. Most pet parents and veterinarians prefer using Heartgard Plus vs. Heartgard because of the additional protection against intestinal parasites that are also contagious to humans.

Is Heartgard Safe for Dogs?

Heartgard, when appropriately prescribed through a veterinarian, is safe for most dogs. Your veterinarian will take several factors into account when prescribing heartworm prevention to your dog, including your dog’s breed, concurrent health conditions, and which parasites your dog needs protection from. If your veterinarian has any concerns about the safety of Heartgard in your dog, they may want to run some blood tests before prescribing it. Dogs with seizures and dogs with kidney disease must be evaluated by a veterinarian before they are prescribed any heartworm prevention, including Heartgard Plus. Your veterinarian is best suited to determine the ideal heartworm prevention for your dog. If your dog has liver disease, kidney disease, or a seizure disorder, talk with your veterinarian about options for heartworm prevention.

Heartgard Plus has shown to be very safe when the recommended dose is administered to most dogs, including pregnant dogs, breeding dogs, stud dogs, and puppies who are older than 6 weeks of age.

As mentioned earlier, ivermectin is one of two active ingredients in Heartgard Plus. Ivermectin is safe for most dogs when it is used at the correct dosage and under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. However, not all dogs can take ivermectin. Some herding dog breeds are more sensitive to ivermectin due to a mutation in their MDR1 gene. This can include:

• Collie
• Border Collie
• Australian Shepherd
• Mini Aussie
• Old English Sheepdog
• Sheltie
• Mixed breed with herding dog

In dogs who have the MDR1 mutation, ivermectin can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause severe brain damage that can be lethal. There is a simple genetic test available to check if dogs have the mutation that causes sensitivity to ivermectin. In general, the dosage of ivermectin contained in heartworm prevention is far below the toxic dose and considered safe even in sensitive breeds. However, if you have concerns, talk to your veterinarian. 

Heartgard for Dogs: Precautions to Consider

Heartgard Plus has been prescribed to millions of dogs and used safely without any side effects. The vast majority of dogs who receive Heartgard Plus do not experience side effects. 

Can Heartgard Plus cause diarrhea in dogs? Clinical trials testing the safety of Heartgard in dogs showed that about 1 percent of dogs experienced vomiting or diarrhea after administration [2]. Pet parents have reported some adverse effects after giving Heartgard Plus to their dog. Heartgard Plus for dogs side effects reported in some dogs include:

• Low energy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dilated pupils
• Incoordination
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Drooling

If you notice any side effects after giving Heartgard Plus to your dog, consult with your local veterinary, local emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline as soon as possible. Most side effects will resolve within a day or two, but some may require emergency treatment.

Heartgard should only be used in dogs who have tested negative for heartworm disease. Heartgard products are not effective against adult heartworms. Therefore, dogs who are infected must be treated to remove adult heartworms and microfilariae that are circulating in the blood before using Heartgard as monthly heartworm prevention [3]. 

The safety of Heartgard Plus has also been tested and shown to be safe in dogs when given at the same time as many treatments, including:

• Flea collars
• Medicated and unmedicated shampoos
• Antibiotics
• Vaccines
• Steroids 
• Parasite medication

The ingredients in Heartgard can, however, have negative interactions with certain medications and herbs, so be sure to tell your veterinarian about anything you are giving your dog before they are prescribed Heartgard, including vitamins, herbs, and supplements. 

Some dogs who gobble their treats whole can be at risk for choking on the chewable tablets. If this is the case for your dog, break up the tablet before administering it.

It is possible to overdose a dog on Heartgard Plus, so never double up doses to “catch up” or give your dog more than the prescribed amount. If your dog accidentally overdoses on Heartgard Plus, call your local veterinarian, the emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline immediately for support. If you miss a dose of Heartgard Plus and it is longer than 30 days since the last dose was given, call your veterinarian for advice.

In general, Heartgard Plus is safe and well tolerated by most dogs, and since its introduction has saved countless lives from heartworm disease. In addition, Heartgard Plus treats and controls intestinal parasites in dogs that are also public health concerns for humans. Heartgard Plus should not be used in all dogs, however, and should only be prescribed and administered under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. 

References

1. Heartworm Incidence Map. American Heartworm Society. 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources/incidence-maps
2. Heartgard Plus prescribing information. Retrieved from: https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/AH/HEARTGARD_Plus_PI.pdf
3. Heartworm Life Cycle illustration. American Heartworm Society. Retrieved from https://www.heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/practice-tools/heartworm-life-cycle

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Here is everything you need to know about heartworm prevention medicine for dogs, plus a list of vet-approved picks to consider.

Why Do Dogs Need Heartworm Medicine?

Heartworm prevention medicine for dogs is essential for protecting your pet from canine heartworms, which are parasitic worms that live in your dog’s heart. These worms can be over a foot in length, and one dog can have several hundred worms. Over time, these worms cause damage to the heart, eventually obstructing flow of blood within the heart, and leading to symptoms of heart and lung disease. Untreated, heartworm disease may be fatal.

It only takes the bite of one infected mosquito for your dog to contract heartworms. Each year, heartworm disease spreads to new areas, in part due to climate change and in part due to the transport of infected dogs between states. 

When a mosquito bites an infected dog, it can then spread the parasites to other dogs. Stray dogs, neglected dogs, coyotes, wolves, and foxes can all carry heartworms. The wind can blow mosquitoes for miles, so your dog may be at risk even if you’ve never seen the wildlife yourself. Keep in mind that heartworm-positive dogs in your neighborhood could also pose a risk to your pet. Rates of infections vary dramatically from year to year, so year-round prevention is best.

Types of Heartworm Medicine for Dogs

The dog heartworm medicines that we’re focused on are actually heartworm preventatives. 

Treatment for dogs diagnosed with heartworm disease is not the same as your usual monthly prevention. If your dog tests positive for heartworms, your veterinarian will discuss a heartworm treatment plan with you.

Heartworm preventive medications come in a variety of forms, such as chews, tablets, topicals, or injectables. Many of these products will protect your pet from other parasites, such as fleas, ticks, or intestinal worms, but you’ll notice there are differences in what the medications cover.  

All heartworm preventatives on the market belong to the macrocyclic lactone class of drugs—ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, or selamectin. These medications work by blocking the transmission of nerve cell signals in the parasites, effectively paralyzing and starving the worms. 

Heartworm prevention requires a prescription from a veterinarian.

The List

• Interceptor Plus
• NexGard Plus
• Simparica Trio
• Heartgard Plus
• Sentinel Spectrum
• Trifexis
• Advantage Multi
• Revolution
• ProHeart

Best Heartworm Medicine for Dogs: 9 Vet-Approved Picks 

There are quite a few heartworm medications for dogs on the market, and many of these are great options. If your veterinarian is recommending a different product from the ones we’ve included in this review, it doesn’t mean it’s not a good product. Work with your veterinarian to find the product that best suits you and your dog. 

Please note that these medications are not listed in any specific order.

Interceptor Plus

The active ingredients in Interceptor Plus are milbemycin oxime and praziquantel. This product is a monthly chicken-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, adult hookworms, roundworms, tapeworms, and whipworms. This product is not labeled as flea and tick prevention, so a separate product would be necessary.

It’s available in four dosing sizes (2-8 lbs., 8.1-25 lbs., 25.1-50 lbs., and 50.1-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds can still take this medication but will require a combination of chewables for appropriate dosing. Dogs must be at least 2 pounds in size and 6 weeks or older to take this prevention.

Nexgard Plus

The active ingredients in NexGard Plus are afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. The product is a monthly beef-flavored chewable tablet that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. The medication is not labeled for whipworms or tapeworms. 

It’s available in five dosing sizes (4-8 lbs., 8.1-17 lbs., 17.1-33 lbs., 33.1-66 lbs., 66.1-132 lbs.). Dogs over 132 pounds will require the appropriate combination of tablets to reach their dose. Dogs must be at least 4 pounds and 8 weeks old to take this heartworm medicine.

Simparica Trio

The active ingredients in Simparica Trio include sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. The product is a monthly pork-flavored chewable that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. It’s not labeled for whipworms or tapeworms.

Simparica Trio is available in six dosing sizes (2.8-5.5 lbs., 5.6-11.0 lbs., 11.1-22.0 lbs., 22.1-44.0 lbs., 44.1-88.0 lbs., and 88.1-132.0 lbs.). Dogs over 132 pounds will require the appropriate combination of chewables. Dogs must be at least 2.8 pounds and at least 8 weeks old for this heartworm prevention.

Heartgard Plus

The active ingredients in Heartgard Plus are ivermectin and pyrantel. The product is a monthly beef-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. This medication is not labeled for flea, tick, or tapeworm infestations.

It’s available in three dosing sizes (0-25 lbs., 26-50 lbs., and 51-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds will need to take the appropriate combination of chews to reach their weight. Dogs must be at least 6 weeks of age or older to take this medication. 

Tri-Heart Plus and Iverhart Plus are similar medications with the same active ingredients, which may be more cost-effective for some pet parents.

Sentinel Spectrum

The active ingredients in Sentinel Spectrum include milbemycin oxime, lufenuron, and praziquantel. The product is a monthly beef and bacon-flavored chew that protects against heartworms, fleas, tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. The medication isn’t labeled as preventing ticks.

It’s available in four dosing sizes (2-8 lbs., 8.1-25 lbs., 25.1-50 lbs., and 50.1-100 lbs.). Dogs over 100 pounds will require the appropriate combination of chews. Dogs must be at least 6 weeks old and 2 pounds to take Sentinel Spectrum.

Trifexis

The active ingredients in Trifexis include spinosad and milbemycin oxime. The product is a monthly beef-flavored tablet that protects against heartworms, fleas, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. The medication does not prevent ticks or tapeworms.

Trifexis is available in five dosing sizes (5-10 lbs., 10.1-20 lbs., 20.1-40 lbs., 40.1-60 lbs., 60.1-120 lbs.). Dogs over 120 pounds will require the appropriate combination of tablets. Dogs must be at least 8 weeks old and 5 pounds to take this drug.

Advantage Multi

The active ingredients in Advantage Multi include imidacloprid and moxidectin. The product is a monthly topical product that protects against heartworms, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, fleas, and sarcoptic mange (scabies). To apply Advantage Multi, the fur between the shoulder blades is parted, and the liquid in the tube is squeezed directly onto the skin. The medication does not prevent ticks or tapeworms.

It’s available in five dosing sizes (3-9 lbs., 9.1-20 lbs., 20.1-55 lbs., 55.1-88 lbs., and 88.1-110 lbs.). Dogs over 110 pounds will require the appropriate combination of topical tubes to reach their weight. Dogs must be at least 7 weeks old and weigh 3 pounds to take Advantage Multi.

Revolution

The active ingredient in Revolution is selamectin. The product is a monthly topical that protects against heartworms, fleas, American dog ticks, ear mites, and sarcoptic mites (scabies).  This medication is applied directly to the skin in the same manner as Advantage Multi. Revolution isn’t labeled as preventing intestinal worms in dogs.

It’s available in six dosing sizes (up to 5 lbs., 5.1-10 lbs., 10.1-20 lbs., 20.1-40 lbs., 40.1-85 lbs., and 85.1-130 lbs.). Dogs over 130 pounds will require the appropriate combination of topical tubes. Puppies must be at least 6 weeks old to take Revolution.

ProHeart

The active ingredient in ProHeart is moxidectin. This medication is injected under the skin and can only be administered by veterinary staff who have completed training and are certified to give ProHeart. ProHeart 6 is given every six months in the veterinary clinic while ProHeart 12 is given every 12 months in the veterinary clinic. 

The medication prevents heartworms and treats hookworms. The medication isn’t labeled as preventing roundworms, tapeworms, whipworms, fleas, or ticks.

Dogs receiving ProHeart 6 must be at least 6 months old. Dogs receiving ProHeart 12 must be at least 12 months old. 

How to Choose Heartworm Medicine for Dogs

Pet parents should work with their veterinarian to choose the best method for preventing heartworms in their pet. Things to consider include:

• How well your dog takes oral medications
• Any food allergies your dog has
• Other pets or children in the home who might touch topical products placed between the dog’s shoulder blades
• Your ability to remember to administer preventives on a regular basis
• Any reactions your pet has had to past preventives
• Your preference for having a combination product vs. administering separate heartworm and flea/tick prevention
• Your finances

In some cases, you’ll have to find the best option through trial and error. Some dogs take heartworm chews just as easily as they’d take any other treat. For these dogs, it’s a great option! Other dogs may not like the taste or get upset stomachs, so you may need to choose a different option. 

If your dog experiences any side effects from heartworm prevention, make sure to notify your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you look at different options for your pet.

Dog Heartworm Medicine FAQ

Can you buy heartworm medicine for dogs over the counter?

Heartworm medicine for dogs can only be purchased with a prescription from a veterinarian. 

Do dogs need heartworm medicine every month? Even in the winter?

The American Heartworm Society recommends that you “think 12.” Give heartworm prevention all 12 months of the year, even in the winter, and test your dog for heartworms every 12 months. 

Can I give my dog heartworm medicine without testing?

Dogs over 6 weeks old and under 7 months old can receive heartworm medicine without testing. It takes around 6 months for heartworms to reach adulthood, which is necessary for the dog to test positive. Thus, a test in a puppy will always be negative. Otherwise, dogs need to have a negative heartworm test to receive prevention. It’s recommended to test dogs six months after your initial veterinary visit, again six months later, and then annually thereafter.

Does heartworm medicine make dogs sleepy?

Some dogs may act sleepy or lethargic after taking heartworm medicine. 

What if I forgot to give my dog heartworm medicine?

If you are less than two weeks late, you can give the medication and continue as normal. If you’re over two weeks late, you should give your dog the next dose as soon as possible and speak with your veterinarian about retesting for heartworms in six months. If your dog goes over six weeks without prevention, they could be at risk for heartworms.

References

1. American Heartworm Society. 2022 Heartworm Incidence Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.heartwormsociety.org/resources/vet/infographics/839-ahs-incidence-survey-infographic

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So, is Simparica Trio safe for dogs? This medication may not be suitable for all dogs, but in consultation with your veterinarian, you can feel confident you’re using a safe and effective product for your canine companion. 

Let’s dive into what the studies show and what pet parents can expect when administering Simparia Trio for dogs. 

What Is Simparica Trio?

Simparica Trio for dogs is an FDA-approved preventative medication given once monthly to protect dogs against certain types of parasites. It is only available by prescription through your pet’s veterinarian. 

This flavored chewable tablet contains three active ingredients: sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. Sarolaner is effective against fleas and ticks, while moxidectin prevents heartworm disease. Pyrantel is a deworming medication that treats and controls two types of intestinal parasites, roundworms and hookworms. 

Simparica Vs. Simparica Trio

Regular Simparica is another oral chewable tablet for dogs. A benefit of both Simparica and Simparica Trio is that they both kill deer ticks (aka blacklegged ticks) and are therefore FDA-approved to prevent infections that may cause Lyme disease in dogs, a serious illness that can severely affect the joints and kidneys. 

However, regular Simparica is only effective against fleas and ticks and does not offer protection against heartworm disease or intestinal parasites. If you want to have this additional protection for your dog, Simparica Trio is a better option.

Is Simparica Trio Safe for Dogs?

When used as recommended, Simparica Trio is safe and effective for most dogs, including those who are heartworm-positive [1, 2, 3]. Dogs and puppies taking this medication should be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 2.8 pounds.

There are several reasons Simparica Trio may be chosen over other available products. It was the first all-in-one product to hit the market that is given once monthly to protect against fleas, ticks, heartworm disease, and certain types of intestinal parasites. (A second all-in-one product, NexGard Plus, was introduced in July 2023.) Simparia Trio was also shown to be 100 percent effective at treating heartworm disease and effectively kills five different types of ticks compared to other brands [3, 4]. 

Before prescribing this medication, veterinarians will confirm your dog meets the weight and age requirements to ensure safety. Certain health conditions, such as a history of seizures, may increase the risk of side effects, so veterinarians will carefully consider the unique health status and needs of your dog prior to prescribing Simparica Trio. Simparica Trio has not been studied in pregnant or nursing dogs, so its safety is unknown in this group. 

Because Simparica Trio contains sarolaner, which is an isoxazoline drug, it should be used cautiously in dogs who are known to have had seizures in the past or who are currently being treated for seizure disorders. It should also be used with caution in dogs who have been diagnosed with a neurological condition. Simparica Trio can cause neurological side effects, such as incoordination, muscle tremors, and seizures even in dogs without a history of these conditions, but these instances are rare. 

Additionally, Collies and Australian Shepherds can have a certain gene mutation that makes them more sensitive to ivermectin, a medication that belongs to the same drug class as moxidectin in Simparica Trio. Because of this, Collies and Australian Shepherds may experience more adverse effects from Simparica Trio than other breeds. Your veterinarian may recommend using a different monthly preventative for these breeds after an examination and discussion during their veterinary visit. 

Some dogs may experience sensitivities to one or more of the active ingredients in Simparica Trio, which can cause neurological issues or other side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea. If adverse effects occur while your dog is taking this medication, always reach out to a veterinarian promptly. Your veterinarian may recommend you switch to another medication that is better tolerated. 

Simparica Trio for Dogs: Precautions to Consider

When administering Simparica Trio to your dog, it is important to monitor for side effects. Although this medication is usually well-tolerated in most dogs, common side effects from Simparica Trio that pet parents may see include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy

These side effects usually improve once the medication is discontinued. If you notice one of these side effects, it’s important to call your veterinarian for guidance. Your dog may be switched to another monthly preventative that is more suitable for them. 

Dogs need to be tested for existing heartworm infections prior to starting a preventative. Since Simparica Trio kills heartworm larvae, not adult heartworms, dogs diagnosed with heartworm disease would need to be treated with an adulticide to remove adult heartworms. In other words, if a dog is diagnosed with heartworm disease, they would need to be on both an adulticide and a monthly preventative.

There are no adverse reactions currently known for dogs taking Simparica Trio concurrently with various other medications, including vaccines, NSAIDs, steroids, antibiotics, and deworming medications. The medication can also be used safely in dogs undergoing anesthetic procedures, such as spaying, neutering, or dental procedures. Nevertheless, it is always important to have a discussion with your veterinarian about any medications or supplements your pet is taking before administering Simparica Trio. 

Pet parents should be aware that it is possible for dogs to overdose on Simparica Trio. Accidental overdose increases the risk for serious side effects, especially in breeds with sensitivities to the active ingredients in this medication. To prevent accidental overdose, pet parents should only give this medication as prescribed by their veterinarian and ensure that the medication is stored securely out of reach of pets at all times. 

References

1. Mathur, S., Malpas, P.B., Mahabir, S. et al. Safety of Simparica Trio® (sarolaner, pyrantel, moxidectin) in heartworm-infected dogs. Parasites Vectors 16, 119 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05700-9 
2. Kryda, K., Mahabir, S.P., Inskeep, T. et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel oral chewable combination tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against natural flea infestations in client-owned dogs in the USA. Parasites Vectors 13, 98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-3952-3
3. Kryda, Kristina et al. “Efficacy of a novel orally administered combination product containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced infestations of five common tick species infesting dogs in the USA.” Parasites & vectors vol. 13,1 77. 1 Mar. 2020, doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3945-2
4. Kryda, K., Six, R.H., Walsh, K.F. et al. Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs. Parasites Vectors 12, 445 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3702-6

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However, factors like old age and exposure to toxins can take a toll on the liver.

Liver supplements for dogs help support the liver when it is not working as well as it used to. The market for these supplements continues to grow, giving dog parents a wide (and sometimes bewildering) variety of liver supplements from which to choose. 

We’re here to help you understand how liver supplements work, why your dog might need one, and what to consider when selecting a liver support supplement for your dog.

How Liver Support Supplements Help Dogs

Dog supplements for liver disease contain active ingredients, such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and milk thistle, that support the liver in the following functions:

• Detoxification
• Protein synthesis
• Digestion
• Antioxidant activity 

A normal-functioning liver produces antioxidants that scavenge free radicals, which are substances that damage cells and lead to disease. Liver supplements with antioxidant activity protect liver cells against this damage and promote cellular repair.

Liver supplements also support good overall nutrition by providing additional nutrients like vitamins and probiotics.

Like human supplements, dog supplements for the liver are not curative and do not reverse liver disease. Instead, they support the liver and can help manage the symptoms of liver disease.

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Dog Liver Supplement

Generally, a liver supplement is unnecessary for a healthy dog with no liver problems. However, veterinarians might recommend liver supplements for:

• Dogs with medical conditions like liver cancer, liver infection, and liver failure
• Dogs with digestion issues (the liver plays a key role in digestion)
• Dogs who eat a homemade diet, because they may lack or be deficient in nutrients necessary for proper liver functioning
• Senior dogs and dogs on medication

A liver supplement is typically given for long-term liver support, but your veterinarian can determine how long your dog would need to take the supplement.

Only your veterinarian can determine if a liver supplement is appropriate for your dog. 

5 Veterinarian-Prescribed Liver Supplements for Dogs

Searching for liver supplements for dogs online can be overwhelming. We’ve selected a few dog liver supplements to consider and discuss with your veterinarian.

Each of these supplements is taken by mouth and is available in multiple doses according to a dog’s weight.

Denamarin

Denmarin contains two active ingredients: SAMe and silybin. SAMe is produced naturally in the liver and gets converted into glutathione, a chemical that plays important roles in detoxification and antioxidant activity. A liver supplement helps increase SAMe levels that have been reduced because of liver disease. 

SAMe can also support brain health by improving cognition, which is especially important in senior dogs who may be experiencing cognitive decline.

Silybin is an extract of milk thistle, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. 

Highlights

• Contains two active ingredients to support liver health
• Reduces inflammation
• Promotes detoxification
• Antioxidant activity
• Supports brain health
• Available as a tablet or a chewable tablet
• Only available from your veterinarian

Note: There is also a formula called Denamarin Advanced with improved absorption, which means you don’t have to give your pet as many tablets per day compared to the original.

Denosyl

Denosyl contains SAMe as its active ingredient. Like Denamarin, Denosyl supports liver health in several ways, including detoxifying, protecting liver cells, and promoting cellular repair. Denosyl can also support healthy brain functioning.

Highlights

• SAMe is the active ingredient
• Helps with detoxification 
• Antioxidant activity 
• Supports cognitive function
• Only available through your veterinarian

Vetri SAMe Tablets

Vetri SAMe tablets combine SAMe and glutathione to promote detoxification and carry out antioxidant activity. They have a special coating (enteric coating) to protect them from stomach acid, ensuring that they make it to the small intestine and are fully absorbed.

Highlights

• Contains SAMe and glutathione as its active ingredients
• Promotes detoxification 
• Antioxidant effects
• Enteric coating to maximize absorption in the small intestine
• Has earned the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) seal of approval
• Ideal for dogs with sensitive stomachs
• Should be given on an empty stomach, about one hour before mealtime 

Vetri-Liver Support Soft Chew for Dogs

Vetri-Liver Support soft chews for dogs have an appealing chicken flavor and contain 15 ingredients, including glutathione and vitamin E, that work in two phases to support liver health. Phase 1 converts toxins into less dangerous substances, and phase 2 makes these substances water soluble so the body can easily eliminate them. These ingredients also support fat metabolism and antioxidant activity.

Highlights

• Contains 15 active ingredients that support liver health
• Helps with detoxification and fat metabolism
• Antioxidant effects 
• Has earned the NASC seal of approval

Rx Vitamins Hepato Support Capsules

Rx Vitamins Hepato Support capsules contain silymarin, which is extracted from the seeds of the milk thistle plant, plus B vitamins and alpha lipoic acid to help support normal liver function. Silymarin boosts glutathione levels and helps protect the liver from toxins. One capsule contains 100 milligrams of milk thistle extract. If you have trouble giving your dog pills, it is also available in liquid format.

Highlights

• Contains several active ingredients to support liver function
• Promotes detoxification
• Antioxidant activity
• Has earned the NASC seal of approval

Dog Liver Support Supplements: Tips and Safety

Here are some things to consider before giving your dog a liver supplement:

Talk with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will be your best source of information about liver supplements for dogs. They will be able to determine if your dog needs a liver supplement and advise you on which liver supplement would be best for your dog. 

Consider your dog’s current medications. Liver supplements may interact with other medications and potentially decrease a medication’s effect. Discuss your dog’s medication history with your veterinarian.

Consider cost. Liver supplements can be expensive, especially when given long-term. Your veterinarian can help you identify budget-friendly liver supplements and advise you on how long your dog may need the supplement.

Follow label instructions. The label contains key information on dosing and storage. Please read this information closely to ensure you give your dog the correct dose according to their weight and safely store the product away from pets and children. 

Identify the lot number. Make sure the supplement has a lot number on its label. The lot number indicates that the product has undergone strict quality control to ensure its safety. 

Research the manufacturer. Don’t believe the marketing hype. Research the manufacturer by reading through their website or contacting them by phone to determine whether they put their products through independent safety and efficacy testing.

Do not give human supplements to your dog. Human supplements may contain ingredients that are harmful to your dog. Also, the dose for humans could lead to an overdose in dogs.

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If you speak with your veterinarian, they will offer you a couple choices to treat your cat. Methimazole is a great treatment choice, and there are multiple options for giving your cat this medication. 

Read this article to decipher the differences between brand name tablets known as Felimazole vs. methimazole.

Felimazole Vs. Methimazole: A Quick Comparison Guide

Although the chart highlights Felimazole and methimazole, there are two other common names for the medication. Tapazole is a brand name for methimazole in human medicine. Thiamazole is another name for the active ingredient methimazole.

Key Differences in Felimazole and Methimazole for Cats

Methimazole and Felimazole are similar in that the active ingredient is the same in both medications. However, the inactive ingredients are the main difference. Inactive ingredients are the components that make the medication effective but aren’t the therapeutic ingredient itself. 

Felimazole contains several ingredients including sugar, coloring, and beeswax that form the outer coating of the tablets.

Methimazole comes in a variety of forms including tablets, liquid, and a transdermal gel (for putting on the underside of the ear). The liquid and transdermal gel need to be compounded, or made by pharmacies who specialize in taking the original main ingredient and changing it into other forms. Felimazole is only available in tablet form.

Methimazole tablets only come in 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg strengths (unless compounded). Felimazole comes in two sizes better suited for cats – 5 mg and 2.5 mg. Many cats start with a dose of 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg. In addition, the Felimazole tablets are smaller and have a sugar coating, making it easier to administer to some felines.

Felimazole and methimazole are FDA approved for treating hyperthyroidism in cats. However, Felimazole’s package has several warnings for people. Dechra, the company who makes Felimazole, felt that the warnings were necessary because if people get the medication on their hands and accidentally eat some of it, the medication will get into their systems. These warnings are not on generic methimazole because it is a medication formulated for people who need to take the medication for health reasons. 

However, whether you are giving your cat Felimazole or generic methimazole, you should take precautions when handling this medication. People should wash their hands with soap and water after giving their cat the medication, and wear gloves when cleaning urine, feces (poop), vomit, or litter from their cats. Gloves are also advised if a pill gets moist or broken. 

Despite these warnings, a recent study demonstrated that cat parents who gave their cats methimazole by mouth did not have traces of the medication in their urine samples following the study period [1].

Pros and Cons: Felimazole Vs. Methimazole

Effectiveness of Felimazole and Methimazole on Feline Hyperthyroidism

Overall, both Felimazole and methimazole are effective at treating hyperthyroidism in cats. Over 95 percent of cats will respond well to the medication [3], causing their thyroid levels to normalize and clinical signs of hyperthyroidism to go away. 

For oral methimazole, about 80 percent of cats will have normal thyroid levels in just two weeks [4]. For transdermal medication, it will likely take 4 weeks for your cat’s thyroid levels to normalize. 

Comparing Felimazole and Methimazole Side Effects

Both methimazole and Felimazole can cause very similar side effects in cats. Gastrointestinal issues, or side effects involving the stomach or intestines, can occur including vomiting, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. Lethargy, or decreased activity, may occur also. 

Older cats more frequently have underlying kidney disease, and the kidneys can worsen when taking methimazole or Felimazole. Less commonly, cats can develop liver disease and may even turn a yellow color on their skin and eyes. Severe itching of the face or issues with abnormal bleeding could occur as well.

If your cat takes this medication long-term, you may note side effects such as behaving withdrawn or depressed, weight loss, change in the fur coat, weakness, agitation, or diarrhea. Most of these side effects are transient, meaning they come and go.

The main difference between Felimazole and methimazole is if using transdermal methimazole, cat parents may notice redness or other changes in the skin of the ear where the medication is applied. Cats that receive transdermal methimazole are less likely to have gastrointestinal side effects than Felimazole or methimazole given by mouth.

Cost Comparison of Felimazole Vs. Methimazole

Felimazole is approximately twice the cost of methimazole tablets. Regardless, compared to the cost of other medications, Felimazole is relatively affordable at $15 to $20 per month. Methimazole transdermal or compounded liquid formulations can cost much more, approximately $50 per month.

Insurance may help with covering your cat’s medication, but most insurance companies do not cover pre-existing conditions. This means that if your cat was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism prior to purchasing insurance, the company may not cover the cost of the medication. The only way to know for sure is to call the insurance company you are interested in.

The Bottom Line

Overall, both Felimazole and generic methimazole are effective for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. Both can also cause a myriad of side effects. 

The major difference is that methimazole can be made into liquid or transdermal formulations for pet parents who need an alternative to tablets. While Felimazole is a more expensive tablet than generic methimazole, it has a soft sugar coating that prevents cats from tasting the bitter medication and comes in a smaller size that keeps pet parents from having to cut it for dosing. 

As long as you’re treating hyperthyroidism, you can’t go wrong with either of these medications.

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35471087/ 
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174499/ 
3. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1098612X16643252  
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26306818/ 

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What about cats, though? We know cats can trigger allergies in people, but can cats be allergic to substances in their own environment? And, if so, can cat allergy medicine treat these allergies? Read on to learn more.

Featured Cat Allergy Medications

• Vetadryl
• Atopica
• Cyclosporine
• Hydroxyzine
• Prednisone/Prednisolone
• Dexamethasone

Do Cats Get Allergies?

Just like humans, cats can suffer from allergies. However, feline allergies don’t always look like ours. While humans tend to develop sniffling, sneezing, and watery eyes, cats with allergies are more likely to stand out because of their hair loss and itchy, inflamed skin.

Allergies in cats often fall into one of three categories:

Flea allergies: While flea bites can be a nuisance for any animal, some cats are allergic to proteins that are found in a flea’s saliva. These cats may experience extreme itching and skin inflammation following just a single flea bite.

Food allergies: While less common than flea allergies, food allergies can play a role in some cases of feline skin disease. Cats may develop allergies to any protein source in their food, including beef, chicken, pork, eggs, dairy, or fish. These cats will experience skin inflammation when they eat food that contains this protein.

Environmental allergies: Dust, pollen, and other environmental allergens can cause allergies in cats, just like they do in their human counterparts. When these allergens are inhaled, an allergic response can lead to redness of the skin, itching, and hair loss.

The signs of flea allergies, environmental allergies, and food allergies can be nearly identical. Therefore, in most cases, a veterinary examination and further testing will be needed to determine the cause of your cat’s allergies.  

Why Your Vets Recommend Prescription Cat Allergy Medications

If your veterinarian is able to identify the cause of your cat’s allergies, you might be able to successfully avoid that allergen. Flea allergies can be managed through the appropriate and consistent use of prescription flea prevention, while food allergies can be managed through the use of a hypoallergenic diet.

In many cases, however, feline allergies are caused by environmental allergens. It is often unrealistic to avoid dust, pollen, mold, and other inhaled allergens for the rest of your cat’s life, just like it’s not always possible for humans to avoid these allergens. Therefore, veterinarians often recommend medicine for cats with allergies. These medications do not cure a cat’s allergies, but they can reduce the signs of allergies and help an allergic cat experience a better quality of life.

6 Prescription Cat Allergy Medications Trusted By Vets

While there are many medications that may benefit cats with allergies, veterinarians tend to reach for certain medications due to their proven track record of safety and efficacy.

The right cat allergy medicine for your feline will depend on the severity of your pet’s allergies and any other concurrent medical conditions that must be managed. In some cases, trial-and-error is required to determine the best allergy medicine for your cat.  

The following six medications are commonly used to treat allergies in cats.

Vetadryl

This allergy medicine for cats contains diphenhydramine, the same antihistamine that is found in Benadryl (a human medication). However, in this medication, diphenhydramine is contained in the small amounts that are needed for safe feline dosing. Diphenhydramine works by counteracting histamine, an inflammatory signal that is released by the body during an allergic reaction. By counteracting the effects of histamine, diphenhydramine can reduce the signs of allergies. The primary side effect associated with diphenhydramine is sedation.

Atopica for Cats

Atopica (cyclosporine) is a cat allergy treatment that was developed to give the benefits of corticosteroids, without the associated risks. In fact, it’s the first FDA-approved nonsteroid medication to treat allergic skin disease in cats. This medication targets the allergic response, without affecting a cat’s immune system. Atopica is often more effective than antihistamines, like Vetadryl, and it comes in an oral solution that may be easier to dose than pills or tablets. The most common side effects of Atopica for cats include vomiting and diarrhea.

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a generic equivalent to Atopica. It theoretically has the same benefits and side effects as Atopica, at a lower cost. Cyclosporine is usually available in the form of capsules, but it can be compounded into an oral solution if desired. Talk to your veterinarian to decide whether Atopica or generic cyclosporine is the right fit for your cat. 

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine, like diphenhydramine, is an antihistamine. Unlike diphenhydramine, however, hydroxyzine is available only with a veterinarian’s prescription. Hydroxyzine tends to have stronger effects than diphenhydramine. It may be more effective in the treatment of allergies than diphenhydramine, but it may also cause more sedation.

Prednisone/Prednisolone

Prednisone and prednisolone are closely related drugs, belonging to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. While antihistamines target histamine, corticosteroids reduce the body’s overall inflammatory/immune response. Corticosteroids are often much more effective than antihistamines for treating allergies, but they also carry a greater risk of side effects. Side effects of prednisone and prednisolone include increased thirst and urination, weight gain, restlessness, and a weakened immune system.  

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is another corticosteroid that may be used to treat allergies in cats. It is stronger than prednisone and prednisolone, which means that lower doses can be used. However, dexamethasone is associated with similar side effects, and it is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Your veterinarian will select the best corticosteroid for your cat, to control their signs of allergies while minimizing the risk of side effects.

Tips and Safety for Using Cat Allergy Medications

Talk to your veterinarian before giving any medication to your cat. Allergy pills for cats can have harmful effects when used incorrectly or when given at improper dosages. Your veterinarian will select the best allergy medication and the best dosage for your cat. Do not make any dosage changes without speaking to your veterinarian.  

Also, it is important not to combine medications without your veterinarian’s approval. Combining multiple immunosuppressive drugs (such as prednisone and cyclosporine) could increase your cat’s risk of infection. Combining multiple antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine) could cause serious sedation. Be sure that your veterinarian is familiar with any medications your cat is taking, including prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, and supplements.

Finally, realize that allergy medications can have variable efficacy in cats, just like they do in people. You and your veterinarian may need to experiment a bit, in order to find the best cat allergy medicine for your feline family member. If your cat’s signs cannot be controlled with medications, your veterinarian may recommend additional steps, such as allergy testing and hyposensitization treatments.

Allergies are managed, not cured and most cats will require lifelong treatment. Develop a good working relationship with your veterinarian and their staff, so you can work together to provide the best possible allergy relief for your cat.

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Maintaining a healthy gut in our furry friends is a cornerstone of their overall well-being, impacting everything from their immune system to their energy levels and mood. When it comes to ensuring optimum gut health in dogs, probiotics play a significant role. 

Nutramax’s Proviable products have been a go-to choice among veterinarians to support canine digestive health. Let’s dive into what makes Proviable a fantastic option for our beloved canine companions.

What is Proviable?

Proviable for dogs, manufactured by Nutramax Laboratories, is a supplement that combines potent probiotics and prebiotics. Its formulation is specifically targeted to support canine gut health using several strains of live, beneficial probiotic bacteria which help dogs maintain a healthy intestinal microbial population. 

Prebiotics, a food source for the beneficial bacteria, are included in the formula to help encourage the growth and colonization of the probiotics within a dog’s intestinal tract. 

By offering a tailored combination of both prebiotics and probiotics, Proviable delivers a high-quality supplement which supports the gut health of dogs of any size, age, or breed.

What is Proviable Used For in Dogs?

Veterinarians often recommend Proviable for gastrointestinal upset due to dietary changes, stress, a course of antibiotics, or other factors. Proviable aims to restore and maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in your dog’s gut. It’s especially beneficial after episodes of diarrhea or during times of stress for your dog, like boarding or travel.

In addition to short-term use, veterinarians will recommend Proviable long-term for dogs who suffer from gastrointestinal upset secondary to chronic anxiety or those that have any other type of gastrointestinal condition such as a sensitive stomach or inflammatory bowel disease. 

Proviable can also be used chronically for dogs predisposed to flatulence. Not only does it decrease the bloating and discomfort our dogs feel, but it saves our noses from some of their potent gas, as well.

Types of Proviable for Dogs

Proviable comes in different formulations to cater to various preferences and needs. The two primary product lines for dogs include:

• Proviable Forte
• Proviable DC

Proviable Forte is available in both chewable tablets and sprinkle capsules. It offers a higher concentration of probiotics (10 billion CFUs) than Proviable DC and is available through your veterinarian. 

Proviable DC is also available in sprinkle capsules and chewable tablets, but the capsules are more readily available at pet retailers. This version does tend to be more affordable than the Forte version.

Proviable Sprinkle Capsules Vs. Chewable Tablets

The sprinkle capsules are excellent for dogs who may not prefer chewable tablets or for pet parents who find it easier to mix the supplement with their dog’s food. 

The chewable tablets might be a preferred choice for dogs who readily accept them as treats or for pet parents seeking a mess-free option.

Proviable Kits for Dogs

Proviable Forte and Proviable DC for dogs are also available in a kit that features the brand’s KP paste in addition to the sprinkle capsules. The inclusion of the paste can help firm up your dog’s stools – working alongside the capsules for a comprehensive approach and a more rapid improvement in your dog’s gastrointestinal signs.

The Proviable KP paste that comes in the kits should only be used for 48-72 hours, or as otherwise directed by your veterinarian.

Side Effects of Proviable for Dogs

When used according to packaging instructions, Nutramax Proviable is generally well-tolerated by dogs. Reports suggest no known side effects associated with regular usage. 

However, extended use of the paste could lead to constipation in dogs, and probiotics should not be given to dogs that have a suppressed immune system or are critically ill, unless directed by your veterinarian. It’s best to adhere to the guidelines provided by your veterinarian to ensure the safety and well-being of your furry friend.

Where to Buy Proviable for Dogs

Proviable DC for dogs is available over the counter without a prescription, making it accessible for pet parents at various pet stores or online pharmacies. However, Proviable Forte and the Proviable Kit for dogs typically require an authorization from your veterinarian. These might be available at select pet stores or can be purchased directly through your vet or authorized online retailers.

Remember, before starting your dog on any new supplement, it’s crucial to discuss it with your veterinarian. They can provide tailored advice and dosage recommendations based on your dog’s specific needs, medical history, and current clinical signs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Proviable products for dogs offer a reliable option to support your dog’s digestive health. Always consult your veterinarian to determine the most suitable formulation and dosage for your furry companion’s individual needs. Here’s to keeping your pup’s tail wagging with good gut health!

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Featured Dog Heart Medications

*Check availability and shop your veterinarian’s online store. Prescription required.

• Vetmedin
• Furosemide
• Enalapril
• Benazepril
• Cardalis
• Sotalol
• Diltiazem
• Digoxin
• Mexiletine

Common Dog Heart Conditions

Heart disease is a general term for compromised heart function and there are many different types of heart disease in dogs. Some dogs are born with defects in their heart while other types of heart disease develop over time. 

Understanding what type of heart condition is impacting your pet will help your veterinarian prescribe the appropriate dog heart medicine. 

Some heart conditions that vets may treat with medication include:

• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Mitral Valve Disease (MVDD)
• Arrhythmias 
• Tachycardia
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Dog Heart Medication

Canine heart medications can slow the progression of heart disease and make your dog feel better. Most dogs with heart disease are prescribed a combination of medications in order to maximize heart function and minimize a weakened heart’s effects on the rest of the body. 

Some heart medications strengthen heartbeats while others change the rate of heartbeats. Each type of dog heart medication has a specific use. Choosing the wrong type of medication or wrong combination can actually make a dog’s heart disease worse.

In addition to medications, your veterinarian will recommend changes to your dog’s lifestyle. Strenuous activity is not appropriate for dogs with heart disease, but walks and low-impact exercises are important to keep up with until a dog develops late-stage disease. Heart-specific diets, which are low in salt and high in omega-3 fatty acids, also support heart function.

It is important to follow your veterinarian’s recommendations to give your dog the best, most comfortable life despite their weakened heart.

Types of Dog Heart Medications

Veterinarians may prescribe multiple types of heart medications as part of your dog’s treatment plan. The most common types of medications include:

Positive Inotropic Medications

Positive inotropic medications increase the strength of the muscle contractions in the heart, causing the heart to beat with more force. This helps to pump blood out of your dog’s heart and through the rest of their body.

Diuretics 

Diuretics draw fluid out of the body, including the fluid that collects in the lungs and causes the acute symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs. Inappropriate or long-term use may cause dangerous dehydration or kidney damage, so it’s important for your veterinarian to monitor your dog when on diuretic medicines. 

ACE Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors are often recommended as part of combination medical therapy for managing or slowing the progression of heart disease in dogs. They have been shown to prolong longevity in dogs with CHF [1]. However, there is no evidence that ACE inhibitors delay the onset of CHF and they are not effective in treating dog heart disease on their own. The most common side effects of ACE inhibitors are nausea and a loss of appetite.

Beta-Blockers

Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists – commonly called beta-blockers – slow down a dog’s heart rate. They are used in dogs with hearts that are beating too fast (tachycardia) or both fast and irregular (tachyarrhythmia). Beta-blockers are generally not prescribed to dogs with mitral valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, or conditions that cause slow heart rates.

Antiarrhythmics

These medications are used to treat heart arrhythmias in dogs. The choice of which medication to use is based on many subtle features of the arrhythmia. This is why your veterinarian will make a specific recommendation about which medication or medications are best for your dog and their specific type of heart disease.

9 Dog Heart Medications Prescribed By Vets

Here are medications that your veterinarian may prescribe if your dog has a form of heart disease or congestive heart failure. 

Vetmedin (Pimobendan)

Pimobendan, known under the brand name Vetmedin, is a positive inotropic medication that increases the ability of the heart muscles to contract so they can better squeeze blood out of the heart and through the body. This oral medication also reduces blood pressure which makes it easier for a weakened heart to pump blood effectively. 

Vetmedin beef-flavored tablets are chewable, making them easier to administer than traditional pills. However, the tablets are large and may be more difficult to give to smaller dogs. Pimobendan can be compounded into smaller tablets that are more manageable for little dogs. 

Both Vetmedin chewable tablets and generic forms of pimobendan are generally well tolerated with minimal side effects. However, this medication should not be given to dogs with aortic stenosis or those without diagnosed heart disease. 

Furosemide

Furosemide is a widely prescribed diuretic medication for dogs with symptomatic heart disease or congestive heart failure. It is used in both emergency situations to help a suffering dog breathe easier and as an at-home medication to prevent the build-up of lung fluid. 

When used appropriately furosemide is a life-saving drug. However, long-term use can lead to kidney damage, changes in electrolyte balance, and severe dehydration. Inappropriate use can cause low blood pressure, kidney failure, and worsen heart disease. This is why it is important that dogs on furosemide have regular check-ups and bloodwork with their veterinarian.

Enalapril and Benazepril

Enalapril and benazepril are two very similar ACE inhibitors that are often recommended as part of combination medical therapy for dogs with heart disease. ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and making it easier for the heart to pump blood. There is no data to prefer the use of one drug over the other. The choice is often based on ease of appropriate dosing, cost, and availability. The most common side effects of enalapril and benazepril are nausea and a loss of appetite.

Cardalis (Spironolactone, Benazepril)

Cardalis combines two medications: spironolactone, which is a mild diuretic, and benazepril, which is an ACE inhibitor. The benefit of a combination prescription is that it is one pill instead of two. The most recent guidelines for the treatment of heart disease in dogs recommends using both of the active ingredients in Cardalis for advanced (symptomatic) heart disease. So even if your veterinarian does not recommend this medicine initially, it may be added to your dog’s treatment plan later.

With Cardalis, your veterinarian cannot titrate each medication individually to best suit the needs of your dog. Furthermore, both of the agents in Cardalis are not considered effective in delaying the onset of congestive heart failure. 

Sotalol

Sotalol is the most commonly prescribed beta-blocker in veterinary medicine that is used to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms with a ventricular rate of 100) in pets. It slows the rate of electrical signaling in the heart muscle cells, helping keep the heart in a normal rhythm. Sotalol may be used in combination with other heart medications including pimobendan or mexiletine.

Diltiazem

Diltiazem is a commonly prescribed anti-arrhythmic medication for dogs. It is used to treat tachyarrhythmia – either alone or in combination with other medications on this list. Diltiazem is available as both an injection for use in emergency situations in veterinary clinics and as a capsule to give at home. Diltiazem should never be given with a beta-blocker. It interacts with many types of other prescription medications so it is important that your veterinary cardiologist knows about all of the medications your dog takes before prescribing this medication.                   

Digoxin        

Digoxin is another commonly used medication for treating heart arrhythmia in dogs. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that occurs naturally in the Foxglove flower. It causes the heart rate to slow while also increasing the heart muscle’s ability to contract. 

Side effects are mostly gastrointestinal upset such as nausea and diarrhea but dizziness or weakness can result as well. Dogs with kidney disease should not be prescribed digoxin or should be prescribed a lower dose. 

Dogs taking digoxin are closely monitored and it is important not to change your dog’s dose without instructions from your veterinarian. An overdose of digoxin could be lethal. 

Mexiletine

Mexiletine is a less commonly prescribed anti-arrhythmic medication. It is used to treat arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles of the heart. It is often prescribed with sotalol. Side effects may include nausea, lethargy, loss of appetite, and seizures. It used to be more easily available but it is no longer used in human medicine and so may be difficult to find at standard pharmacies.

Dog Heart Medications: Tips and Safety

With medications used to treat heart disease in dogs it is very important to follow your veterinarian’s recommendations closely. When used appropriately these drugs are effective and safe. However, that efficacy also means that altering the dose or frequency can be dangerous. 

If you accidentally skip a dose or accidentally double the dose of a medication, call your veterinarian or a local emergency veterinary clinic right away. Always ask your veterinarian about any other medications, supplements, or natural products you give your dog to make sure there are no harmful interactions.

When your dog is prescribed a heart medication, your veterinarian will recommend specific followup timelines and tests. These are important in determining if the medicine is working or if other medications may be more effective.  

Throughout treatment, you and your veterinarian will develop a close relationship that will allow you to ask questions and address issues as the disease progresses. If you’re worried about how your dog is responding to medication, make sure to discuss those concerns directly with your veterinarian.  

References:

1. Lefebvre, H P et al. “Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in veterinary medicine.” Current pharmaceutical design vol. 13,13 (2007): 1347-61. doi:10.2174/138161207780618830

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Cats who suffer from a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders may benefit from regular use of cisapride, a medication that can help your cat manage GI ailments such as chronic constipation or megacolon. If other treatment options have failed to fully improve your cat’s gut health, talk with your veterinarian about the use of cisapride.

What follows is everything you need to know about cisapride, including what it’s used for in cats, potential side effects, and how to give this medication.

What Is Cisapride?

Cisapride is a gastrointestinal promotility (or prokinetic) drug, which means it helps move ingested food (and later feces) in the right direction—downward through the GI tract.

Cisapride is a generic medication that can only be obtained via a prescription from your veterinarian. It was originally available for human usage but was withdrawn from the regular market in 2000 due to potentially fatal cardiac complications. In people, cisapride can prolong the QT interval in the heart, meaning electrical activity of the heart becomes irregular and can progress to abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias) that can cause fainting (syncope) and sudden death.

Fortunately, such cardiac issues from cisapride use appear to be extremely rare in dogs and cats and have not been documented by the veterinary community. However, since cisapride no longer has FDA approval, it is not commercially available in North America. It must be purchased solely from your regular vet or compounding pharmacy as a generic drug with “off-label” use in dogs and cats. 

Is Cisapride Safe for Cats?

Cisapride is considered an overall safe medication in the majority of cats when used at a proper dosage as recommended by a veterinarian.

What Does Cisapride for Cats Look Like?

Since cisapride is available only in compounded form, it may be formulated in a variety of ways. Cisapride is primarily available in oral form as a flavored or unflavored liquid, capsule, or tablet. Tablets may be regular, chewable, mini-tabs, or melt tabs. Some compounding pharmacies may also make cisapride in a transdermal gel that is applied topically. However, oral forms tend to be more effective, as they are more readily absorbed by the body.

How Does Cisapride Work?

Normally, smooth muscles automatically contract to push food downward through the digestive tract; this is referred to as peristalsis. However, some cats have disorders that slow the movement of gut activity, leading to impaired GI function. Cisapride acts directly on the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon) to speed the transit of ingested food through the GI tract and facilitates defecation. It also increases peristalsis in the lower esophagus to help prevent reflux.

In short, cisapride keeps the GI tract moving in the right direction, helping cats avoid issues like chronic constipation and fecal impaction. 

Cisapride is a relative of a medication called metoclopramide. However, cisapride is considered superior because it works on the colon, whereas metoclopramide has no colonic influence. Additionally, metoclopramide can cross over into the brain and cause hyperexcitability. Cisapride does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

What Is Cisapride Used for in Cats?

As discussed earlier, Cisapride’s primary use is to keep the gut moving at a normal speed in the right direction by enhancing smooth muscle function. Thus, it is useful for a variety of medical conditions in cats such as:

• Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)
• Primary gastric stasis disorders (e.g., delayed gastric emptying, intestinal ileus)
• Chronic constipation (difficulty passing stool) and bloating
• Megacolon
• Certain urinary retention disorders
• Occasionally for hairball issues

Read on for further explanation on how cisapride can help cats with these issues:

Esophagitis

Cisapride reduces esophageal reflux and risk of esophageal stricture formation.

Primary gastric stasis disorders

Examples of primary gastric stasis disorders in cats include delayed gastric emptying and intestinal ileus. 

Delayed gastric emptying: This condition occurs when the muscles and nerves of the stomach do not cause normal contractions to move ingested food out of the stomach and into the small intestine for further processing. Delayed gastric emptying can lead to chronic vomiting.

Intestinal ileus: This refers to a lack of motility primarily of the small intestine.

Though cisapride can help minimize vomiting from these disorders by preventing food from backing up in the stomach, pet parents should note that cisapride does not have further anti-nausea properties. It should not be used as an anti-emetic substitute for other instances that trigger nausea in cats.

Chronic constipation and bloating

If diet changes, stool softeners or laxatives, and bulking agents such as fiber supplements have failed to improve your cat’s constipation issues, your vet may add cisapride as a mode to further improve the ease of your cat’s bowel movements.

Megacolon

This disorder results from impairment of the muscles and nerves that control bowel function. Megacolon is secondary to damage from stretching of the colon due to chronic constipation or fecal obstruction (i.e. obstipation). Megacolon prevents the colon from emptying stool, which can lead to difficulty defecating and bowel obstruction.

Certain urinary retention disorders

Cisapride can help strengthen bladder muscle contraction to facilitate urine voiding.

Hairballs

Cisapride is also occasionally used for hairball issues in cats.

How to Give Cisapride to Cats

As mentioned, Cisparide is available in multiple formulas, such as soft chews, capsules, tablets, and liquids. Your cat may have a unique preference as to which medication formulation they will most easily tolerate. Some cats are easy to give tablets or capsules while others may more readily accept a syringe of liquid medication instead. Some cats may prefer a flavored medication, such as tuna. Ask your compounding pharmacy what varieties are available.

Cisapride is typically administered every 8-12 hours, depending on your vet’s instructions. Though cisapride can be given with or without food, it is best to give it 15-30 minutes prior to a meal, since absorption improves with food. Furthermore, food reduces the likelihood of GI upset as a potential side effect from this medication.

Cats will experience results within a few hours following dosing, and those effects will cease within 24 hours of discontinuation of this drug.

Cisapride for Cats Side Effects

Luckily, cisapride is generally well tolerated with minimal side effects in cats, including those with kidney disease. However, some kitties may experience mild GI symptoms such as:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal discomfort from cramping

Cisapride should be avoided if increased gastrointestinal motility can lead to harm of the GI tract due to preexisting conditions, which include:

• Intestinal or bowel obstruction: Using cisapride amid a GI blockage can lead to perforation, which can be deadly. Your vet will perform a physical exam and perhaps abdominal radiographs (X-rays) to ensure no blockage is present when cisapride is first prescribed.
• An existing GI perforation
• GI hemorrhage (bright red or dark stool)
• Severe hepatic insufficiency (liver disease): Your vet may recommend to reduce the dose of cisapride by half or avoid use altogether in cats with liver disorders.

Furthermore, cisapride should be used with caution in pregnant or nursing cats. Cisapride has the potential to cause loss of early pregnancy. This drug is also excreted in milk and could potentially cause issues in kittens. Cisapride should only be used in these scenarios if its benefit to the female cat outweighs any potential risk to her kittens.

Moreover, dangerous cardiac effects of cisapride have been established in humans. Though not observed in cats, cats using cisapride should still be monitored for any cardiac abnormalities as a precaution.

Symptoms of Too Much Cisapride in Cats

Toxicity in cats is rare and tends to only occur at extremely high doses of cisapride. Worrisome signs include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Uncoordinated, “drunken” movement of the limbs (ataxia)
• Drooling (hypersalivation)
• Muscle tremors (fasciculations)
• Agitation and abnormal behavior
• High body temperature (hyperthermia)
• Difficulty breathing
• Seizures

If you observe the above signs in your cat or suspect they may have been exposed to an overdose of cisapride, call your vet without delay or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435.

If poisoning has occurred, your vet may recommend to induce vomiting and administer activated charcoal as well as provide supportive care to manage symptoms.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Because of cisapride’s effect at speeding up the transit time through the gut, it can increase the absorption of other oral medications your cat may be taking. Always go over your cat’s full list of medications and supplements with your veterinarian prior to starting cisapride.

Cisapride can interact negatively with certain medications, such as those listed below. Therefore, concurrent use should be avoided and discussed with your vet:

• Anticholinergic agents, such as atropine
• Benzodiazepines, such as injectable diazepam or midazolam: can worsen sedation effects
• Certain antihistamines/antacids, such as famotidine, cimetidine, and ranitidine
• Anticoagulants
• Cyclosporine
• Furosemide
• Ondansetron
• Opioids
• Some fluoroquinolone antibiotics
• Silymarin (milk thistle)
• Antifungals, such as itraconazole or ketoconazole
• Chloramphenicol
• Some macrolide antibiotics, except azithromycin
• Some cardiac medications, such as amiodarone or sotalol
• Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline

Cisapride Dose for Cats

Only your vet should direct you as to the exact dose and frequency of cisapride your cat should receive. Each individual cat is different based on a variety of factors, such as the cat’s weight and exact GI disorder and its severity.

Your cat’s cisapride dose may need to be gradually increased or otherwise modified by your vet to optimize its effect. However, pet parents should never adjust their cat’s dose on their own without a vet’s guidance.

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Cisapride?

If your cat accidentally misses a dose of cisapride, simply wait and give it when the next dose is due and resume the prescribed protocol moving forward. Do not double up or give additional doses not prescribed by your vet.

Cost of Cisapride for Cats

The cost of cisapride varies widely depending on your cat’s dosage (milligrams needed as well as frequency), the formulation you choose from your compounding pharmacy, as well as your geographic location. On average, you can expect to pay $45-$80 for a 30-day supply of your cat’s cisapride based on the aforementioned variables.

Cisapride Storage Instructions

Cisapride should be protected from light and moisture in a tight, sealed container. Unless specified otherwise on your compounded product, this medication should be stored at room temperature.

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A Quick Comparison Guide

Galliprant is the brand name for the generic drug grapiprant. Gabapentin is a generic drug name. Galliprant and gabapentin are both medications which are used to manage pain in dogs, but they have different indications and side effects.

View the chart below for a quick comparison of gabapentin vs. Galliprant.

Differences in How These Dog Pain Medications Work

Galliprant works on a specific receptor that is more active in dogs with arthritis. By inhibiting this receptor, it decreases the inflammatory effects of arthritis, which translates to less pain for the dog.

The action of gabapentin isn’t fully understood, but it appears to inhibit the release of chemicals that cause anxiety and nerve pain.

Galliprant’s main use is to reduce chronic pain caused by arthritis. Gabapentin has multiple uses outside of pain, including anxiety reduction and seizure management.

When it comes to pain, gabapentin is most useful for nerve pain. Examples of diseases that could cause nerve pain in dogs include intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), phantom limb pain following amputation, or abnormalities in the shape or formation of vertebrae causing pressure on the spinal cord. However, the efficacy of gabapentin used alone for pain control isn’t supported by research studies at this time.

Pros and Cons: Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin

While we can give you a general idea of the benefits and risks of Galliprant and gabapentin, your veterinarian will know what is best for your pet’s specific situation

Effectiveness of Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin for Dog Pain

Galliprant has been shown to be safe for most dogs [1], as well as an effective treatment for osteoarthritis pain [2]. 

Two studies found that Galliprant wasn’t as successful at treating acute pain in patients with experimentally induced arthritis than carprofen or firocoxib, two other NSAIDs [3][4]. However, these studies didn’t look at long-term efficacy. Osteoarthritis is a long-term condition which requires long-term pain control. More studies comparing Galliprant to other NSAIDs for long-term pain control are still needed.

Gabapentin hasn’t been evaluated for efficacy in treating chronic pain in dogs [5]. In fact, gabapentin used alone for the management of pain in dogs lacks support from research studies. In most cases, gabapentin isn’t considered a first-tier option for treatment of pain. Instead, gabapentin is usually added as an adjunctive treatment to a pre-existing treatment regimen.

Comparing Side Effects

Any oral medication can cause vomiting, so you could see this side effect from giving both Galliprant and gabapentin to dogs. The main side effects of Galliprant are vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. The primary side effect of gabapentin is sedation.

Thus far, gabapentin isn’t known to cause long-term side effects in dogs. Galliprant, on the other hand, may increase liver enzymes. Despite this, studies show that long-term treatment with Galliprant is safe in most dogs [6]. Dogs with kidney disease or liver disease should not take Galliprant.

Cost Comparison of Galliprant Vs. Gabapentin

Galliprant costs quite a bit more on a monthly basis than gabapentin – usually over four times as much. Because they have slightly different uses, your veterinarian isn’t usually going to be asking you to pick one or the other.

If Galliprant is cost-prohibitive for you, there are other NSAIDs like carprofen which may be good options for your pet. However, other NSAIDs may have different safety concerns, so make sure to speak with your veterinarian about which options are safe for your dog.

If you have dog insurance, it may cover one or both medications. If your insurance isn’t covering one, speak with your veterinarian to see if there is a covered option.

Can I Give My Dog Galliprant and Gabapentin Together?

Yes, it’s okay to give dogs both Galliprant and gabapentin together as part of treating dog pain or dog arthritis.

If your veterinarian suspects nerve pain as a component of your dog’s arthritis, they may recommend both Galliprant and gabapentin together. This is especially likely in dogs with arthritis in their vertebral column (backbone) or dogs with arthritis from previous injuries like fractures.

Galliprant and gabapentin don’t have any known drug interactions that should cause you any concern using them together. You will want to be aware of their individual side effects and monitor for those.

The Bottom Line When Choosing Between Galliprant and Gabapentin

If you’re talking about dog arthritis medications, Galliprant alone or Galliprant and gabapentin together are usually better than gabapentin alone. If your dog has both arthritis and anxiety, gabapentin may be added to the treatment for its ability to treat both pain and anxiety. For chronic nerve pain, like phantom limb syndrome, gabapentin may be an effective option.

The bottom line when choosing between Galliprant and gabapentin is to rely on your veterinarian’s recommendation as to what’s best for your dog. They will work with you to determine whether one of these drugs, both drugs together, or a different option entirely is the best strategy for managing your pet’s pain.

References

1. Rausch-Derra, Lesley C et al. “Evaluation of the safety of long-term, daily oral administration of grapiprant, a novel drug for treatment of osteoarthritic pain and inflammation, in healthy dogs.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 76,10 (2015): 853-9. doi:10.2460/ajvr.76.10.853

2. Rausch-Derra, L et al. “A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist (PRA), in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 30,3 (2016): 756-63. doi:10.1111/jvim.13948

3. de Salazar Alcalá, Andrea García et al. “Correction to: Assessment of the efficacy of firocoxib (Previcox®) and grapiprant (Galliprant®) in an induced model of acute arthritis in dogs.” BMC veterinary research vol. 15,1 347. 17 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2116-1 

4. Budsberg, Steven C et al. “Comparison of two inhibitors of E-type prostanoid receptor four and carprofen in dogs with experimentally induced acute synovitis.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 80,11 (2019): 1001-1006. doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1001

5. Gruen, Margaret E et al. “2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association vol. 58,2 (2022): 55-76. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7292.

6. Sartini, I., & Giorgi, M. (2021). Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44, 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12983 

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Popular Allergy Medicines for Dogs

• Zenrelia
• Apoquel
• Atopica
• Cyclavance
• Prednisone
• Hydroxyzine
• Clemastine

Do Dogs Get Allergies?

Allergies are a relatively common problem in dogs, just like in humans. Dogs can be allergic to some of the same substances that trigger allergies in people. 

Where we differ, though, is in the effects of common allergies. While humans tend to get a runny nose and watery eyes when we’re experiencing allergies, our canine companions tend to develop itchy skin and ear infections.

There are three common triggers of skin allergies in dogs:

Environmental allergies: Like humans, dogs can become allergic to inhaled allergens, such as dust, dander, and the pollens produced by trees, weeds, and grasses. Allergies to inhaled environmental allergens, also known as atopic dermatitis, are estimated to affect 10-15 percent of dogs. Affected dogs often experience seasonal itching and inflammation of the skin.

Food allergies: An estimated 1-2 percent of dogs are affected by some form of food allergy. In these dogs, eating a particular food item will trigger an allergic reaction affecting the skin and ears. The most common food allergens in dogs include beef, chicken, eggs, and dairy.   

Flea allergy: Fleas are a nuisance to any dog, but some dogs are especially sensitive to proteins found in the flea’s saliva. In these dogs, just one or two flea bites may be enough to trigger a widespread skin reaction. Fortunately, signs of flea allergy dermatitis can be prevented through the regular use of flea prevention.

Each form of canine allergies requires a unique approach to diagnosis and treatment. After determining the underlying cause of your dog’s allergies, your veterinarian may prescribe dog allergy medications as a component of your dog’s short-term or long-term treatment.

Why Your Vet Might Recommend a Prescription Dog Allergy Medication

In a perfect world, we could prevent symptoms of allergies in our dogs by avoiding allergens. In reality, however, that isn’t always feasible. Food allergies and flea allergies may be preventable, but there’s no way to completely protect your dog from pollen, dust, cat dander, or even human dander, all of which can serve as potential environmental allergens. Therefore, allergy medication for dogs often plays a role in treatment.

Some dogs, with very mild allergies, can be managed with over-the-counter allergy medications like Benadryl or Zyrtec. Unfortunately, over-the-counter antihistamines are not very strong, and they are insufficient to provide significant relief for many dogs with allergies. Therefore, veterinarians often recommend prescription allergy pills for dogs to help manage their allergies and make them more comfortable.

7 Prescription Dog Allergies Medications 

Veterinarians use a variety of tools in the management of allergic dermatitis. Depending on your dog’s allergies, your treatment plan may include parasite preventives, prescription diets, injections, medicated dog shampoo for skin allergies, and other treatments. In many cases, prescription dog allergy medicine plays a role in the management of allergies. 

These seven allergy medications for dogs are commonly prescribed by veterinarians to manage allergy symptoms in dogs.

Zenrelia

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) is a new player in the canine dermatology market. Approved by the FDA in September 2024, Zenrelia is a once-daily medication for dogs with allergic and atopic dermatitis. It is a JAK inhibitor, which means it works by blocking the pathways that trigger allergic itch and inflammation.¹ In a head-to-head study, 77 percent of Zenrelia-treated dogs achieved clinical remission from itching (pruritus) compared to 53 percent of dogs treated with Apoquel (oclacitinib tablet), the competitive JAK inhibitor.²*

Highlights

• Fast and effective relief, with visible improvements in allergic itch¹
• Convenient once-daily dosing from the start (no tapering)
• Minimizes the risk of “rebound itch”²
• Cost effective; at label dose, the average price for a monthly supply of Zenrelia is less than Apoquel**

Things to Consider

• Dogs should not take Zenrelia for a time period before and after vaccination 
• Dogs should be at least 12 months of age

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Apoquel 

Introduced in 2014, Apoquel (oclacitinib) is a commonly-prescribed medication for dogs with allergies. Similar to Zenrelia, Apoquel works by blocking the production of cytokines, chemical signals that lead to itchy and inflamed skin. With Apoquel, dogs are typically started on a twice-daily dose (to calm the allergic reaction), and then are tapered to once-daily dosing for long-term maintenance.

This drug offers many of the benefits of other medications like prednisone/prednisolone and cyclosporine, with an even lower risk of side effects. In comparison to over-the-counter antihistamines like Zyrtec, Apoquel may be more effective at managing severe and chronic allergies in dogs.

Highlights

• Rapid onset
• Low risk of side effects
• Acts only on the skin – doesn’t suppress the immune system

Things to Consider

• Can be expensive, compared to other options
• No generic form available
• Does not work for every pet

Atopica

Atopica for dogs is available in capsule form. The active ingredient is cyclosporine, which was introduced as a treatment for dog allergies in 2003. This drug was intended to offer the benefits of prednisone/prednisolone, with a lower risk of short-term and long-term side effects. Some dogs experience gastrointestinal side effects with cyclosporine, while nearly all dogs experience some level of side effects with prednisone/prednisolone.

Higlights

• Fewer side effects than prednisone and prednisolone
• Available for dogs 4 pounds and over
• Available in 15-count, 30-count, 45-count, and 60-count packages

Things to Consider

• Slower onset of relief than prednisone and prednisolone
• May suppress the immune system, especially at higher doses
• Dogs may experience gastrointestinal side effects (vomiting, diarrhea) 

Cyclavance 

Cyclavance is another cyclosporine option for treating allergies in dogs. Unlike Atopica, Cyclavance is an oral solution that can be given to dogs with a syringe. This could make dosing easier for dogs that have problems taking pills. Cyclavance has the same benefits and side effects of Atopica, but it is a more affordable treatment option. 

Highlights

• Relatively inexpensive
• Liquid form may make dosing easier

Things to Consider

• Same cons (immune system suppression and GI side effects) as Atopica

Prednisone/Prednisolone

Prednisone and prednisolone have long been used to treat allergic reactions in a variety of species. These two closely related drugs (prednisone is metabolized to prednisolone in the body) suppress the immune system, effectively managing allergic reactions. 

While these medications are highly effective, they can have a number of side effects. Veterinarians may use them for short-term relief in extremely itchy dogs, but they are not typically recommended for long-term use.

Highlights

• Rapid onset of relief
• Effectively control itch and inflammation in almost every pet, especially at higher doses

Things to Consider

• Side effects are common: increased thirst/urination, panting, hunger, lethargy
• Suppress the immune system
• Long-term use associated with significant health issues, including skin disease, delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, urinary tract infections, fungal infections, diabetes, and Cushing’s disease

Hydroxyzine

Not every dog needs a strong medication like prednisone/prednisolone, cyclosporine, or Apoquel. In some cases, an antihistamine alone is sufficient to control itching. Antihistamines for dogs work by counteracting the activity of histamine, an inflammatory chemical released in allergic reactions. Hydroxyzine is a commonly-used, prescription-strength antihistamine in veterinary medicine. This drug is similar to Benadryl in its actions, but it can be more effective for many pets.

Highlights

• Rapid onset
• Low risk of side effects
• Inexpensive

Things to Consider

• Does not work for every pet
• Must be repeated every 6 – 8 hours
• May cause sedation

Clemastine

Like hydroxyzine, clemastine is a prescription-strength antihistamine. It’s more effective than Benadryl in many cases of canine allergies, but not as effective as more targeted medications. Still, many veterinarians recommend this medication in the case of mild skin allergies, due to its low cost and low risk of side effects.

Highlights

• Works quickly to reduce itching
• Low risk of side effects
• Inexpensive

Things to Consider

• Is not effective for every pet
• May cause sedation

There is no single best allergy medication for dogs. Instead, the best treatment for each individual dog will depend on factors specific to that pet. Trial and error of different dog allergy medications is often needed to find the best option.

Dog Allergy Medications: Tips and Safety

Do not give any allergy medications to your dog without first consulting your veterinarian. Although some over-the-counter human allergy medications are safe for dogs, your veterinarian is the best source of reliable information regarding dosing, side effects, and whether a given medication may be appropriate for your pet.

Talk to your veterinarian before combining medications. If your dog is taking over-the-counter medications or prescription medication obtained from another veterinarian, make sure that your veterinarian is aware of this before beginning a new prescription medication. Allergy medications can interact with each other, leading to an increased risk of side effects. Do not combine medications unless instructed to do so by your veterinarian.

Follow your veterinarian’s instructions requiring dosing. If a given medication is not effective, do not increase your dog’s dose without first contacting your veterinarian. Overdosing your dog on allergy medication can have serious impacts. If a given medication at a given dose is not effective, that may mean that your dog needs a different medication.

Finally, oral medication alone is not effective for every allergy case. In many cases, your veterinarian may recommend additional treatments, such as parasite prevention, medicated allergy shampoo for dogs, a hypoallergenic diet, allergy testing, or adjunct treatments (such as long-acting injections) either alone or in addition to an oral medication.

Allergies in dogs are managed, not cured. Your dog will likely need lifelong treatment, unless you are somehow able to prevent all exposure to their allergens. Therefore, it’s important to work closely with your veterinarian, collaborating to determine the most effective treatment protocol for your individual dog.

References

1 Forster S, Boegel A, Despa S, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of ilunocitinib and oclacitinib for the control of pruritus and associated skin lesions in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Veterinary Dermatology. 2025; 1–10.

2 Elanco Animal Health. Data on File.

*(P≤0.05).The primary study endpoint was non-inferiority at Day 28, with an optional continuation phase through Day 112. Additional endpoint P values are not adjusted for multiple testing; therefore, caution should be exercised in interpretation.

** Cost may vary depending on dog weight. [2024 Zoetis Petcare Products Veterinary Price List vs. 2024 Elanco Zenrelia Veterinary List Price]

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In this article, we’ll explore two popular allergy medications for dogs: Apoquel vs. Zyrtec. We’ll delve into their differences, benefits, and potential side effects to help you have the right conversation with your veterinarian and ensure your furry family member lives a more comfortable, allergy-controlled life. 

Apoquel Vs. Zyrtec: A Quick Comparison Guide

Differences in How These Dog Allergy Medications Work

Apoquel, also known by its generic name oclacitinib, is a relatively recent addition to the arsenal of allergy relief medications for dogs. It belongs to a class of drugs called Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and its unique mechanism of action sets it apart from traditional allergy treatments.  

This dog allergy medication works by inhibiting the activity of specific enzymes known as Janus kinases. These enzymes are involved in the signaling pathways responsible for inflammation and itching in dogs. By blocking these enzymes, Apoquel helps to alleviate the itching and inflammation associated with allergies directly at the source.

Zyrtec, known by its generic name cetirizine, falls under the category of antihistamines. Antihistamines are a well-established class of drugs used to manage allergies in both humans and dogs.  

Zyrtec works by blocking the effects of histamine, a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction. Histamine is responsible for many of the classic allergy symptoms in dogs, such as itching, sneezing, and watery eyes. By inhibiting histamine’s actions, Zyrtec can relieve common allergy symptoms. 

Pros and Cons: Apoquel Vs. Zyrtec

Now that we know how these medications provide itch relief for dogs, let’s discuss the major pros and cons of Apoquel vs. Zyrtec.

Effectiveness of Apoquel Vs. Zyrtec

When choosing to invest your time and finances in an allergy medicine for dogs, you want to know it’s going to work. Luckily, Apoquel is highly effective in providing rapid, reliable, and targeted relief from dog allergies, itchiness, and skin inflammation. Several studies demonstrated significant improvements in dog itchiness within hours of Apoquel administration  [2] [3].  

In contrast, while Zyrtec, an antihistamine, is effective in managing mild allergies and associated symptoms, research shows that it does not offer the same rapid and reliable relief for severe cases of itchiness and skin inflammation when compared to newer medications such as Apoquel [1]. While it doesn’t hurt to try Zyrtec for a few weeks before calling it a dud, it’s important to manage your expectations when trying this medication to control your pet’s allergies.  

Comparing Side Effects

Another important consideration when selecting Apoquel or Zyrtec for your dog is potential side effects. Generally, both medications are well tolerated in dogs and considered safe for both short and long term use. 

In the short term, Apoquel may lead to mild gastrointestinal upset, including stomach issues or diarrhea. Zyrtec can also cause vomiting, along with hypersalivation and drowsiness as short-term side effects.

When considering longer-term side effects, Apoquel may suppress the immune system, which could potentially make dogs more susceptible to infections. There are also reports of elevated liver enzymes and seizures. Therefore, your veterinarian will recommend annual blood tests for dogs receiving Apoquel long-term. 

In contrast, Zyrtec is considered safe for long-term use, with minimal long-term side effects reported. Annual blood tests and monitoring are generally not necessary for dogs taking Zyrtec chronically. 

It’s important to remember that individual dogs may react differently to medications, so close monitoring and regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for ensuring your dog’s wellbeing while on any medication.

Cost Comparison of Apoquel Vs. Zyrtec

The cost of managing dog allergies with Apoquel is typically more expensive compared to Zyrtec. Apoquel is a prescription medication and the cost is higher due to its specialized mechanism of action and rapid relief. 

While it may seem tempting to go with Zyrtec as the less expensive option, if your dog does not respond to treatment with antihistamines then there is no point spending money on that medication. Additionally, if your dog’s allergies are not managed, you may end up spending additional money treating secondary issues such as chronic skin and ear infections, making it more cost effective to simply pay for Apoquel.  

Can I Give My Dog Apoquel and Zyrtec Together?

Apoquel and Zyrtec can be used together, but this should only be done under the guidance and supervision of a veterinarian. Combining these medications may be necessary when a dog’s allergies are severe or not adequately controlled with one medication alone.

The Bottom Line 

In conclusion, choosing between Apoquel and Zyrtec depends on your dog’s specific allergy condition, the severity of symptoms, the chronicity of their allergies, and your budget.  

Both medications can be effective, but understanding how they work is crucial in determining which one is the best fit for your furry companion’s unique needs. Consulting with your veterinarian is essential to determine the best course of action for your dog’s well-being.

References

1. Hsiao, Yun-Hsia et al. “Effects of cetirizine in dogs with chronic atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.” Journal of veterinary science vol. 17,4 (2016): 549-553. doi:10.4142/jvs.2016.17.4.549 

2. Marsella, Rosanna et al. “Oclacitinib 10 years later: lessons learned and directions for the future.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 261,S1 S36-S47. 25 Mar. 2023, doi:10.2460/javma.22.12.0570 

3. Gadeyne, Caroline et al. “Efficacy of oclacitinib (Apoquel®) compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus and clinical signs associated with allergic dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Australia.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 25,6 (2014): 512-8, e86. doi:10.1111/vde.12166

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Cyclosporine for cats is one of the front-line treatments veterinarians use to combat non-flea, non-food allergies in cats. This condition, called atopic dermatitis or atopy, is very common in cats. In fact, one study reported that 12.5% of cats have the condition. (1) 

Cats with atopy have very itchy skin that can result in hair loss, wounds, crusts, and sores. Luckily for them, cyclosporine for cats is often an effective treatment. 

What Is Cyclosporine for Cats?

Cyclosporine for cats is a medication given by mouth that reduces the symptoms of allergic skin disease by suppressing the immune system. It is sold under the brand name Atopica, which was the first nonsteroid medication approved by the FDA to treat allergic skin disease in cats. A generic version of cyclosporine has been approved by the FDA and may become available soon. Some compounding pharmacies can compound cyclosporine for cats, as well.

Is Cyclosporine Safe for Cats? 

Most cats tolerate cyclosporine very well without side effects. Cyclosporine prescribed as a treatment for dermatitis in cats can usually be tapered to less than once daily. However, it is likely to be a long-term and potentially lifelong treatment. 

Cyclosporine is available throughout the United States. You can typically buy it directly from your prescribing veterinarian; and veterinary dermatologists often carry cyclosporine for cats, as well. 

If your finicky feline doesn’t love the flavor of Atopica for cats, ask your veterinarian if a compounded form of cyclosporine in a flavored liquid or another form could help with the administration of the drug. Compounded cyclosporine is considered safe for cats, but should only be used if the cat does not do well with the FDA-approved product.

Cyclosporine isn’t recommended for cats with a history of cancer, cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), or cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Use with caution in cats who have liver or kidney disease. In some cases, your veterinarian may need to weigh risk versus benefit, which is a conversation you should have together.

What Does Cyclosporine for Cats Look Like?

Cyclosporine oral solution for cats comes as a clear liquid in a small bottle. The dose is pulled up from the bottle using a syringe.

Cyclosporine capsules for cats are not FDA-approved, but capsules could be compounded. Use of the capsules intended for dogs or human medications is off-label. The appearance of capsules may vary based on the compounding pharmacy.

While learning about cyclosporine for cats, you may come across cyclosporine eye drops. Cyclosporine eye drops are used to treat dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) in dogs and aren’t routinely used in cats. These eye drops will not help with your cat’s allergic dermatitis.

How Does Cyclosporine Work?

Cat cyclosporine reduces the symptoms of allergic dermatitis in cats by acting on the cells of the immune system that regulate allergic reactions. While cyclosporine doesn’t cure allergies, it reduces the inflammation (redness/swelling) and itchiness that come with the allergies.

The medication may need to be given once daily for four to six weeks before you can evaluate whether the drug is working. If symptoms are stabilized, the drug can be tapered according to veterinary instructions.

What Is Cyclosporine Used for in Cats?

In cats, liquid cyclosporine is FDA-approved for controlling feline allergic skin disease (allergic dermatitis or atopy).

Cyclosporine can also be used off-label for several conditions, usually autoimmune conditions. Examples of cat diseases that can be treated with cyclosporine off-label include:

• Chronic stomatitis (inflammation in mouth)
• Feline acquired alopecia (a hair loss condition)
• Pemphigus (autoimmune skin condition)
• Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (autoimmune destruction of platelets)
• Inflammatory bowel disease

How to Give Cyclosporine to Cats

Most cats prescribed cyclosporine receive the liquid form. The dose is calculated according to the cat’s weight. Initially, the cat will take one dose per day for several weeks. After symptoms have stabilized, the dose may be tapered to every other day or twice weekly. 

Cyclosporine for cats should be administered either with a small amount of food or right after feeding. We recommend that the medication be given at a consistent time each day. If you miss a dose, give the missed dose as soon as you realize it, as long as you do not exceed more than one dose per day.

Some cats may not like the taste of cyclosporine. It can help to give it with food or to follow it with a treat. If your cat won’t take the medication in their food, you can slide the tip of the dropper into the cheek pouch at the corner of their lips and dispense the medication directly into their mouth.

Cyclosporine for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of cyclosporine in cats is vomiting, which occurred in around one-third of the cats used in the clinical safety field study. However, the study also showed that cats tend to adjust to the medication and stop vomiting with continued use. (2)

Other cyclosporine side effects in cats include:

• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Drooling
• Weight loss
• Development of behavioral disorders
• Increased hair growth
• Excessive salivation
• Upper respiratory infection symptoms like sneezing and ocular discharge

Because cyclosporine works by suppressing the immune response, cats on cyclosporine may be more likely to develop infections or tumors. The development of cancer as a side effect of cyclosporine is possible, but rare. As a result, cyclosporine should not be used in cats with a history of cancer or in cats who are already immunosuppressed, such as those with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV).  

An overdose of cyclosporine is most likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea, and poor appetite. Some cats may have short-lived damage to their kidneys or liver after overdose. If you suspect an overdose of cyclosporine, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cyclosporine can react with other drugs and medications. Some medications increase the levels of cyclosporine in the blood, which could potentially increase the risk of side effects or impact how much cyclosporine a cat needs. Examples of such medications include:

• Antifungal medications like ketoconazole
• Some antibiotics such as metronidazole or enrofloxacin
• Amlodipine, a blood pressure medication

Cyclosporine should be used with caution when used in conjunction with other medications that impact the immune system, such as steroids like prednisolone.

You should review the medications your cat takes with your veterinarian to ensure there will not be drug interactions.

Cyclosporine Dose for Cats 

The cyclosporine dosage for cats is based on their weight. Atopica usually comes with a syringe that shows the dosage to give to your cat based on their weight. Pet parents should follow their veterinarian’s recommendations for dosing their cat.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Cyclosporine?

If you forgot your cat’s cyclosporine dose or couldn’t give it on time, you can still give the medication later but should not give it more than once daily. 

Although we recommend that you try to give the medication around the same time each day that you administer, your cat will be alright if the medication is a few hours late. If you completely missed the medication for the day, don’t double up the next day. Simply continue with your normal schedule. 

Cost of Cyclosporine for Cats

The cost of cyclosporine will vary based on your cat’s size. Larger cats will use more per dose, so you will need to purchase the medication more frequently than someone who has a smaller cat. You may also spend more on cyclosporine early in treatment when your cat is receiving it daily. If you can successfully taper your cat’s dosage, you may spend less because the cat will only need it every other day or a few times per week.

The larger bottle is usually more cost-effective, costing less per milliliter than the smaller bottle. The larger, 17-mL bottle of Atopica is usually around $100-150. The bottle may last one to two months, depending on dosage.

Cyclosporine Storage Instructions

Cyclosporine for cats should be kept at room temperature, out of reach of children or other pets. Don’t store cyclosporine in the refrigerator. Once opened, the medication should be used within two months to twelve weeks. According to the manufacturers, cyclosporine should be stored in its original container. 

Resources

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819051/
2. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=47f70173-a1d9-4156-9a7f-0f296e5dd64b&type=display

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If your dog has been diagnosed with congestive heart failure, chances are that your veterinarian has mentioned using a medication called furosemide as part of their treatment plan. Furosemide has been widely used in veterinary medicine for many years as a diuretic and comes in a variety of formulations to meet the needs of individual dogs. 

Here we will discuss furosemide in detail, including how it works, why it’s beneficial, and what side effects pet parents should be aware of.  Read on to learn more about this medication and how it may benefit your dog. 

What Is Furosemide? 

Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is commonly administered in veterinary emergency clinics and primary care hospitals to remove excess fluid from the body.

Furosemide has been used for decades in human medicine to treat fluid retention related to underlying health conditions, such as heart, liver and kidney diseases, but it was more recently approved by the FDA for use in dogs.  

It is sold under the brand names Salix, Lasix, and Disal for dogs but it is also available in a generic form. Most primary care veterinarians keep this medication stocked in their clinics. Pet parents may also receive it from a veterinary cardiologist. 

What Does Furosemide for Dogs Look Like?

Furosemide is most commonly found as a tablet that is round and white. Each tablet is stamped with letters and numbers that vary based on the manufacturer and dosage. 

Furosemide can also be compounded into a liquid, capsule, or chew. The appearance of these compounded formulations will vary based on the manufacturer. 

Injectable furosemide comes in a dark tinted bottle and is thin and clear in color. 

How Does Furosemide Work?

Furosemide is a loop diuretic whose main function is to remove excess water from the body. It does so by interfering with sodium, potassium and chloride channels and increasing blood flow through the kidneys. As a result, the body produces more urine to flush excess sodium and water out of the body.  

It starts working within just a couple hours of administration. You may notice that your dog needs more frequent potty breaks while taking this medication.  

What Is Furosemide Used for In Dogs?

Veterinarians normally prescribe furosemide to dogs when they have fluid retention within their bodies. Specifically, furosemide is most commonly used for dogs with heart failure because they develop fluid buildup within their lungs and abdomen. Other conditions that may benefit from furosemide treatment include the following:

• Edema
• Kidney disease
• High blood pressure 
• High blood potassium levels
• High blood calcium levels

Not every dog with these conditions can receive this medication safely. Your veterinarian can advise you if furosemide may be a safe option for your pet based on their overall health status. 

How to Give Furosemide to Dogs

Furosemide can be given orally to dogs every eight to 12 hours. Pet parents should give the medication with food to avoid an upset stomach. Capsules and tablets can be disguised in pill pockets or in a ball of wet food to entice your dog to take them. Medication can be compounded by special pharmacies into a flavored liquid or chew for easier administration if necessary. 

Injectable furosemide is given through the dog’s vein, into the muscle or underneath the skin. The frequency of dosing varies based on the underlying health issue being treated. The injectable form is only administered at a veterinarian’s office. 

Furosemide Side Effects for Dogs

Furosemide is a safe medication when given as prescribed. However, there are some side effects that may occur in dogs taking this medication that pet parents should be aware of. Side effects of furosemide may include:

• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Diarrhea

Less common, but serious side effects may include: 

• Loss of hearing
• Difficulty with balance
• Lack of or reduced urine production
• Irregular heart rhythms
• Weakness
• Vomiting
• Muscle spasms
• Lethargy
• Restlessness

Furosemide can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances in some instances. If left untreated, this can lead to collapse and formation of blood clots. Serious side effects are more common in dogs with pre-existing kidney or liver diseases and diabetes. 

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Furosemide should not be taken with any other type of diuretic as the combination can cause severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. 

The following medications have also been shown to interact with furosemide.

• Digoxin
• Prednisone
• Potassium supplements
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics
• Bromide 
• Insulin
• Succinylcholine
• Theophylline

Always discuss any medications or supplements your dog is taking with your veterinarian prior to giving furosemide.

Furosemide Dosage for Dogs

Furosemide is given according to the weight of the dog. Pet parents should always follow their veterinarian’s instructions closely when administering this medication. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Furosemide?

If you forget to give a furosemide dose on time, give the dose as soon as you remember and continue the medication as previously prescribed. However, never give two furosemide doses at one time. If you are ever in doubt about giving the medication to your dog, call your veterinarian for guidance. 

Furosemide for Dogs Cost

Furosemide is relatively inexpensive. The exact costs will depend on the specific dosage and duration of treatment but in general, pet parents can expect to pay $10 to $30 per month for furosemide tablets. Brand name medications tend to cost more than generic forms. Compounded medications, especially the oral furosemide chews, will be more expensive because they need to be prepared by a special pharmacy.

Furosemide Storage Instructions

Oral and injectable furosemide should be stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight. Injectable furosemide should be used within 28 days. Always keep this medication safely out of reach of children and other pets.

The post Furosemide for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Our Top Picks for Arthritis Medication

• Galliprant
• Carprofen
• Meloxicam
• Deramaxx
• Previcox
• Gabapentin
• Amantadine
• Adequan
• Librela
• Synovectin

Importance of Arthritis Pain Relief for Dogs

Osteoarthritis (also known as canine degenerative joint disease) is the most common type of arthritis that affects dogs. This condition is painful and it worsens over time. This is why it’s paramount to address and treat arthritis in dogs as soon as possible. 

Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that dogs suffering from untreated osteoarthritis have a shortened lifespan by roughly 11 percent [2].

Dog Arthritis Medication Types

Since medicine is never “one size fits all”, several different pain medication types are available allowing veterinarians to tailor their arthritis treatment plan to each individual dog. 

The medications veterinarians prescribe most frequently to treat arthritis in dogs include:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) 
• Monoclonal antibody therapy

NSAIDs for Dog Arthritis Pain

The most common dog arthritis medication types are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This type of arthritis medication is highly effective for managing dog arthritis pain.

NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX). This results in a reduced output of chemical messengers in the body known as prostaglandins. Prostaglandins initiate processes for pain, inflammation, and fever. 

Unfortunately, prostaglandins play other important roles in the body, and without them, side effects can occur. Although uncommon, gastrointestinal ulcers and impaired kidney function are possible.

DMOADs for Arthritis Pain in Dogs

Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) are also excellent at relieving canine osteoarthritis pain. These drugs not only relieve pain and inflammation inside the joint, but they actively treat osteoarthritis by repairing damaged cartilage and restoring joint lubrication. 

The downside of DMOADs is that they must be injected in the veterinary clinic, requiring eight visits over four weeks. This can be problematic for less cooperative canine patients and stressful for their owners.

Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Canine Arthritis

Recently, monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis has become more readily available. Monoclonal antibody therapy works to relieve arthritis pain in dogs by stopping the activity of a protein called canine nerve growth factor, which is involved in regulating pain. This type of treatment is safer for dogs with pre-existing liver and/or kidney issues. Monoclonal antibody therapy requires an injection in the veterinary clinic but only needs to be given once a month. 

Other Medications and Steroids

Veterinarians may also reach for N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist drugs, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue drugs, and others to help complement the effectiveness of medications like NSAIDs and DMOADs. However, these drugs are not considered effective at managing dog arthritis pain when used by themselves. 

Lastly, veterinarians may suggest arthritis medications for dogs that are injected directly into the joint. These can be a combination of different medications, like steroids, or newer medications with fewer side effects, such as conversion electron therapy. 

10 Best Arthritis Medications for Dogs

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Galliprant

Galliprant is the name brand for grapiprant, an NSAID, and is arguably the best medication for dog arthritis. It is considered a non-COX inhibiting NSAID, which means it does not stop the production of prostaglandins. Instead, it blocks prostaglandins from interacting with specific receptors. Unlike other NSAIDs, Galliprant specifically targets the pathway responsible for arthritis pain.

Grapiprant targets dog arthritis pain at its source and therefore has a much lower potential for unwanted side effects [3, 4]. This makes Galliprant an excellent choice for controlling the pain and inflammation of canine osteoarthritis, especially in senior dogs or those with pre-existing health conditions. Galliprant is an oral medication given once daily with food and must be given for several weeks to reach its peak effect.

Managing Dog Joint Pain

Galliprant for Dogs

• Targets the source of canine osteoarthritis pain and inflammation*
• Flavored, chewable tablet that’s safe to use daily, as long as needed**
• Unique mode of action reduces the impact on your pet’s organ health**

Learn More

*Approved for use in dogs older than 9 months of age and greater than 8 pounds. 

**Monitoring is recommended if used long-term. 

Carprofen

Carprofen is the most commonly prescribed medicine for arthritis in dogs. Carprofen is marketed as Rimadyl, Vetprofen, Novox, Rovera, Carprieve, Norocarp, and more, but is also available in a generic form. This medication comes in both chewable tablets and unflavored tablets or capsules and is often dosed twice daily with food. 

Carprofen is also an NSAID and is highly effective at relieving dog arthritis pain. Carprofen is fast-acting for pain and inflammation relief and can help dogs feel better in as little as two hours. While this medication is generally safe, side effects are possible, and dogs prescribed carprofen should have bloodwork performed before starting this medication and annually if they receive it regularly.

Meloxicam

Meloxicam is another commonly prescribed NSAID for dogs suffering from arthritis pain. It is also available in liquid form as Meloxidyl or Metacam. 

The liquid version of meloxicam makes it easier to dose for small dogs. Additionally, liquid medication is easier to administer to dogs that are unwilling to consume oral capsules or tablets, as it can be mixed into food or syringed into the back of the mouth. Like dogs on other NSAIDs, bloodwork and careful monitoring are recommended as side effects are rare but possible.

Deramaxx

Deramaxx is the brand name for deracoxib. This medicine is also an NSAID, but unlike most NSAIDs, Deramaxx is selectively a canine COX-2 inhibitor. By sparing COX-1 inhibitors, Deramaxx is less likely to cause gastrointestinal issues like stomach ulcers. 

Deracoxib is as effective as carprofen and meloxicam for relieving arthritis pain in dogs and also takes effect quickly. This dog arthritis medicine is given orally once daily and should be given with a meal to prevent stomach upset. 

Previcox

This medication for dog arthritis is an NSAID and a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Previcox works quickly and effectively to relieve canine arthritis pain. This medication is dosed orally once daily and should be given with food. Veterinary research has not shown a significant difference in effectiveness or side effects between Previcox and Deramaxx. Like all NSAIDs, there is a risk of side effects for dogs taking this medication, but luckily, adverse effects are rare and usually not life-threatening.

Gabapentin

Gabapentin for dogs is an anticonvulsant drug that is believed to help reduce osteoarthritis pain by blocking neuropathic pain receptors. This medication should not be used as the sole pain-relieving agent for canine osteoarthritis. Instead, it should be given alongside another pain medication, like an NSAID. 

This dog arthritis medication should ideally be given every 8 hours, or three times daily. It comes as an oral tablet, capsule, or liquid, making it easy to dose. It can take several weeks to take effect. Gabapentin can cause sedation and makes some dogs quite drowsy. Other dogs experience ataxia, or incoordination while taking Gabapentin.

Amantadine

Amantadine is an NMDA receptor antagonist drug. The trade name for amantadine is Symmetrel, but generic forms are available. This medication works by preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. Amantadine is an oral medication that is given twice daily. It can take a few weeks to reach peak effects, but most dog parents report that improvements are noticed within a few days. 

This medication is great as an adjunctive treatment, meaning that it works better when given with another dog arthritis pain medication, like an NSAID. The most common side effect of amantadine is agitation. 

Adequan

Adequan is a DMOAD, and is an excellent medication for the relief of canine arthritis pain. Not only does Adequan relieve the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis, but it also helps repair joints by healing cartilage and improving joint mobility. Adequan is a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and is the only FDA-approved DMOAD for dogs. 

This medication is administered via intramuscular injection in the veterinary office. A dog is given a series of eight injections over four weeks, and the series can be repeated as needed when the pet’s clinical signs return or worsen. Owners of dogs receiving Adequan injections usually report improvement after the first injection. 

Adequan is a very safe medication and does not affect the liver and kidneys, making it a great choice for senior pets or dogs with pre-existing conditions. For best results, dogs should receive Adequan in addition to pain-relieving medications, like NSAIDs.

Librela

Librela is a monoclonal antibody therapy and is the first of its kind for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis pain. This dog arthritis medicine is a once-monthly injection that is specifically designed to relieve dog osteoarthritis pain. Like Adequan, Librela does not impact a dog’s liver and kidneys. This makes Librela another great choice for geriatric canines or those with pre-existing conditions. 

Librela takes roughly seven days to have an effect and reaches peak effectiveness within 30-60 days. Like Adequan, Librela makes a great addition to a multi-modal arthritis pain control plan for dogs and should be used along with pain medication if possible. 

Synovectin

Synovectin is technically a device and not a drug. It is a conversion electron therapy device and is currently only labeled for use in the elbow. Synovectin is injected directly into the joint and dogs can experience pain and inflammation relief for up to one year. Since Synovectin is a device and not a drug, there are no systemic adverse effects. The downside of Synovectin is that most dogs will require sedation so the veterinarian can administer the medication properly, and cost can be a deterrent.

How to Choose Arthritis Medication for Dogs

Factors such as a dog’s age, medical history, recent blood work, and severity of osteoarthritis will help veterinarians and pet owners determine which arthritis medications for dogs to try. 

It’s important to remember that not every dog will respond to medication the same way. Sometimes, finding the right canine arthritis medication is a trial-and-error approach. Additionally, pain medications for dog arthritis work best as part of a multi-modal approach, meaning that other treatments and lifestyle changes should be implemented. 

With a little patience and willingness to adapt, dog owners can rest assured that their dog’s arthritis pain can be safely and effectively managed. 

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35385129/
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884849/
3. Rausch-Derra LC, Huebner M, Rhodes L. Evaluation of the safety of long-term, daily oral administration of grapiprant, a novel drug for treatment of osteoarthritic pain and inflammation, in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(10):853-9.
4. Kirkby Shaw K, Rausch-Derra LC, Rhodes L. Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation. Vet Med Sci. 2016;2(1):3-9.

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Most pet parents will never have to experience what it is like to treat diabetes in cats, as it is diagnosed in approximately 1 percent of cats. Diabetes mellitus results in frequent trips to the veterinary office, testing, blood draws, and twice daily injections of insulin with strict rules on timing and accompanying diet.

For many pet parents, the management of their cat’s diabetes with insulin is too much to handle and they seek other treatment options. Fortunately, there is a new option on the market—a tablet that is given once per day. Unfortunately, not every cat with diabetes is able to take this medication. Read more to better understand if Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets) is right for your cat.

What Is Bexacat?

Bexacat is an alternative to providing injections of insulin, a hormone. It is indicated to improve glycemic control in otherwise healthy cats with diabetes mellitus not previously treated with insulin.

The active ingredient is bexagliflozin, a medication that stops a protein in the body from holding onto a lot of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) in the urine. Bexagliflozin belongs to a class of drugs called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Bexacat was approved by the U.S. FDA in December 2022 and is manufactured by Elanco. Because it is relatively new, not all veterinarians keep this in stock or regularly recommend it. However, veterinarians can order it. The product is not widely available online yet. There are no generics available at this time.

What Does Bexacat Look Like?

Bexacat tablets are in the shape of a pentagon (five-sided), 1 cm (~2/5 inch) wide, and tan to brown in color. It is chewable and flavored.

What Is Bexacat Used for in Cats?

Bexacat is used in cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having too high of blood glucose (i.e. blood sugar) due to either not enough insulin in the body or the body not using insulin that is there. Insulin allows cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream and convert glucose into energy. Glucose is a very important form of energy for all of the body’s cells. If glucose is not available, cells cannot function properly. Cats with diabetes mellitus require treatment in the way of medications as well as diet and exercise changes.

Diabetes mellitus has two types in people that are similar to cats. Type I diabetes means the body is not producing enough insulin. This is very rare in cats (approximately 5 percent of cases), and most often occurs due to pancreatitis that occurred for a long time or many different times. Type II diabetes means the body has plenty of insulin, but either the cells in the pancreas cannot properly release it or insulin was released but does not properly interact with cells, called insulin resistance.

Bexacat ideally would not be used in cats with Type I diabetes. Cats with Type I diabetes should receive insulin since their bodies cannot produce it. However, there is no accurate way of confirming whether a cat has Type I or Type II diabetes.

Bexacat decreases the levels of blood glucose, improving the health of your cat. Cats who can take Bexacat:

• Have not been previously treated with insulin
• Do not have any health complications from diabetes
• Do not currently have or have a history of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Have no evidence of kidney or liver disease
• Do not have diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening metabolic state when cats have not had enough insulin for a long time, and the body starts breaking down fat into ketones. Ketones build in the bloodstream and poison your cat

Many times, pet parents realize something is truly wrong with their cat when they become lethargic or aren’t eating well. In these cases, if the cats are diabetic, Bexacat could not be used, since the medication is for otherwise healthy cats.

How Does Bexacat Work?

Bexacat stops sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2), which is a protein that takes glucose from the tubules in the kidneys (i.e. from the urine) and puts it back into the bloodstream. SGLT2 is responsible for resorbing approximately 90 percent of the glucose in the urine. Because Bexacat stops this process from happening, the glucose passing through the kidneys goes out into the urine instead of staying in the body.

Bexacat does not work the same as insulin. Insulin comes from the pancreas and allows glucose to enter individual cells from the bloodstream, decreasing blood glucose. Bexacat decreases blood glucose by increasing the amount of glucose exiting the body in the urine.

How to Give Bexacat to Cats

Bexacat should be given once every 24 hours and can be given with or without food. Bexacat tablets are chewable, flavored tablets. Cats can eat it out of your hand like a treat, or it can be put into food. These tablets can be crushed and should taste good enough for most cats to eat. If the medication is crushed into food, feed your cat a small amount of food with the medication first to ensure they eat all of the medication in one sitting. 

Bexacat Reviews and Comparison

Avoiding insulin and injections twice daily is very appealing when managing cats with diabetes mellitus. Insulin must be given after your cat has eaten a meal, and thus cats must be fed two distinct meal times every day as opposed to free-feeding. If your cat doesn’t eat at mealtime, treatment gets really complicated. The fact that Bexacat is crushable and flavored will likely make the tablet easy to administer.

Bexacat is still a fairly new medication, so many veterinarians are not accustomed to recommending this product or the specific type of monitoring that should be done after starting the product. Cats who are prescribed this medication should be newly diagnosed diabetics without systemic symptoms like decreased activity or appetite. For this reason, many veterinary patients are not eligible to use the product.

Cats treated with Bexacat may be at an increased risk of a life-threatening disease known as diabetic ketoacidosis or a new clinical syndrome called euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Cats with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis can be in the dangerous health state of diabetic ketoacidosis, but instead of having very high blood glucose, glucose readings are in the normal range. Possible side effects like this make some veterinarians concerned about which patients they should offer the medication to.

There are studies looking at Bexacat and similar medications in cats that support the use of these medications. There is still much to be learned about how this medication can support feline patients.

Bexacat vs Insulin Comparison Chart

Bexacat Side Effects

There are side effects reported for Bexacat during clinical trials, but keep in mind that cats with diabetes mellitus are at risk for the same side effects. Side effects may include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Decreased activity
• Severe versions of the above symptoms caused by diabetic ketoacidosis
• Weight loss
• Blood in the urine or changes in litter box habits due to urinary tract infections
• Ongoing increased urine and drinking (approximately 1/3 cats), which would normally stop or largely decrease once blood sugar was normalized

Monitoring your cat for the first two weeks of therapy with Bexacat is crucial to detecting diabetic ketoacidosis quickly, as the first two weeks are when your cat is most at-risk. Bexacat should be stopped immediately if while on medication your cat suddenly stops eating, is much less active, or has lost weight. Bloodwork and an examination is recommended at two weeks (or sooner if concerns), as well as four weeks and eight weeks after starting therapy. Blood glucose curves involving all-day hospital stays are necessary as well as other forms of bloodwork and urine testing at each visit. It is similar to the monitoring of cats receiving insulin, but additional blood work is recommended.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

No currently known food or drug reactions exist. However, since Bexacat is fairly new on the market, adverse reactions may be discovered later. As with all diabetic cats, veterinarians will avoid providing other prescriptions that may further dehydrate your cat, such as diuretics.

Bexacat Dosing

All cats who weigh at least 6.6 pounds will be given one tablet of 15 milligrams every 24 hours. Kittens can use the medication, but diabetes mellitus is rarely diagnosed in such young cats.

Bexacat Cost

Bexacat costs approximately $90 per 30-day supply. This cost is comparable, if not less, than traditional insulin treatment.

Bexacat Storage Instructions

Keep all tablets at room temperature (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), stored in the original container as much as possible.

The post Bexacat: Oral Treatment for Cats with Diabetes appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has ever experienced an upset stomach, it’s only natural to wonder “can dogs take omeprazole?” and “when should I give omeprazole to my dog?”

The truth is that dogs can take omeprazole, in some cases, but not all dogs benefit from this medication. Omeprazole should only be given under the guidance of a veterinarian who is familiar with your dog’s stomach issues and overall medical history. 

Read on to learn more about this medication. 

What Is Omeprazole?

Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) that decreases stomach acid production. This medication was initially developed in Sweden in 1979, and it became available in the United States in 1989. 

Omeprazole is often used in humans. It’s available in almost any human drugstore and can often be purchased over-the-counter. Although omeprazole is not labeled for use in dogs, veterinarians often recommend it for canine patients. Some veterinarians stock omeprazole in their practice, but most veterinarians instead direct clients to a human drugstore to purchase this medication.

What Does Omeprazole for Dogs Look Like?

Omeprazole is available in tablet or capsule form and it is often pink or purple in color.

If capsules or tablets are not an option for your pet, your veterinarian may prescribe omeprazole oral suspension (liquid). Compounded formulations of omeprazole (such as flavored chews) may also be available through a compounding pharmacy.  

Omeprazole is also available in an equine paste formulation in many livestock stores. This paste contains a high concentration of omeprazole, however, and it can be difficult to dose safely in dogs. Do not use horse medication in dogs unless you are instructed to do so by your veterinarian. 

How Does Omeprazole Work?

Omeprazole blocks acid production in the stomach. 

This medication is a proton pump inhibitor, which means it inhibits a specific enzyme pump inside the cells of the stomach lining. This enzyme pump produces stomach acid; blocking its activity halts acid production.

Omeprazole begins to decrease acid production in as little as one hour. However, it takes several days of continuous dosing to see the maximum benefits associated with this medication. Therefore, omeprazole is often given on a daily basis for an extended period of time, instead of being used on an as-needed basis.

What Is Omeprazole Used for in Dogs?

Omeprazole can be used to treat a variety of conditions.

Veterinarians often recommend omeprazole for dogs with known or suspected ulcers of the stomach or small intestine. Omeprazole can also be used to treat gastritis, a condition in which the lining of the stomach is inflamed and irritated. Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) may also benefit from omeprazole treatment, especially when that esophagitis is caused by gastric reflux. 

Some common medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can predispose dogs to developing ulcers in their stomach and intestines. If your dog needs long-term NSAID treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe concurrent omeprazole to reduce the risk of ulcers.

Finally, omeprazole can decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. For this reason, it may be recommended to treat some brain disorders, such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia.

Indications for omeprazole:

• Stomach ulcers
• Small intestinal ulcers
• Gastritis
• Esophagitis 
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Long-term use of NSAIDs
• Hydrocephalus 
• Syringomyelia

How to Give Omeprazole for Dogs

Omeprazole is typically given once daily. It works best when given on an empty stomach, before your dog’s first meal of the day. In some situations, your veterinarian may recommend dosing omeprazole twice daily to provide more continuous control of acid production. 

If you have difficulty giving this medication to your dog, you can try hiding it in a small amount of cheese or peanut butter. (Avoid sugar-free peanut butter, which may contain toxic xylitol.) Try to limit the amount of food used to administer omeprazole, however, because omeprazole works best when given on an empty stomach. 

Omeprazole Side Effects in Dogs

The most common side effects seen with omeprazole in dogs include diarrhea and/or constipation. Some dogs also experience vomiting, loss of appetite, and gas, although it can be difficult to determine whether these are medication side effects or caused by the underlying stomach condition. 

Potential side effects include: 

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gas 
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

Omeprazole should be used with caution in dogs who have kidney or liver disease. These dogs may be at higher risk of side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Omeprazole can interact with a number of other medications, including antibiotics, benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, etc.), antifungal agents, clopidogrel, phenytoin, digoxin, and levothyroxine. 

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications your dog is taking (prescription medications, over-the-counter, and vitamin supplements) before giving omeprazole. This will minimize the risk of harmful drug interactions. 

Omeprazole Dosage for Dogs

Omeprazole doses are based upon your dog’s body weight and the medical condition that requires treatment. Your veterinarian will calculate the best omeprazole dose for your dog, maximizing clinical benefits while minimizing the risk of side effects. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Omeprazole?

If you miss a dose and you realize your error within a few hours, give the missed dose as soon as possible. 

If the missed dose will be given more than a few hours late, it’s best to skip the missed dose. Wait until the next scheduled dosing time to give your dog’s next dose of omeprazole. Do not give two doses at once or give extra doses of omeprazole.

If you have any questions about missed doses or your dog’s dosing schedule, contact your veterinarian. 

Omeprazole for Dogs Cost

Omeprazole is a relatively inexpensive medication, depending on your dog’s dose and the duration of therapy. Generic forms are often available for less than $20/month. 

Omeprazole Storage Instructions

Omeprazole tablets and capsules should be stored at room temperature. Protect this medication from light and moisture by storing it in its original container. 

Liquid omeprazole or compounded omeprazole should be stored according to your veterinarian’s or pharmacist’s instructions. 

The post Omeprazole for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has ever been diagnosed with a fungal infection, chances are they may have received a medication called ketoconazole to treat their condition. 

Historically, ketoconazole has been widely used in veterinary medicine due to its effectiveness against a broad range of fungi. In recent years, its use has decreased due to other available antifungals with less side effects, but it is still a great option for many dogs. 

Read on to learn more about ketoconazole for dogs and how it may benefit your pet. 

What Is Ketoconazole?

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections in dogs. Although the medication is FDA-approved for use in humans, it is not yet approved in dogs. However, many veterinarians practice “extra-label” prescribing of ketoconazole to dogs. This simply means the medication is prescribed outside of its approved use according to the drug label. This is a common and acceptable practice in veterinary medicine for many types of medications. 

Ketoconazole is available in both generic and brand name forms by prescription only. It is readily available at most primary care veterinary hospitals throughout the United States. 

What Does Ketoconazole for Dogs Look Like?

Ketoconazole tablets for dogs vary in appearance depending on the manufacturer and dispensing pharmacy. However, they are typically round tablets that are white to tan in color. Many have score lines present for ease of dosing. The medication can be compounded into a capsule with an outer coating that is two-toned in color, a flavored liquid with an oily consistency, or an orange, chicken-flavored chew. 

Ketoconazole also comes in many topical forms. The liquid form, which is clear in color, can be added to ear wash, ointments, creams, and wipes.

How Does Ketoconazole Work?

Ketoconazole is part of the class of antifungals called azoles. Its main function is to prevent the fungal cell wall from forming and functioning properly. This interferes with the infectious potential of the fungus. 

Ketoconazole can also decrease testosterone production by binding to important receptors in the body, which can result in male infertility in dogs. It also reduces steroid hormone production by the adrenal glands, which are increased in dogs with Cushing’s disease. 

What Is Ketoconazole Used For in Dogs?

Ketoconazole is used to treat a variety of health conditions in dogs. It is primarily used to treat systemic and localized fungal infections. However, one of its side effects—to block cortisol production from the adrenal glands—is used to treat Cushing’s disease. Additional conditions that ketoconazole is effective against include the following: 

• Yeast dermatitis
• Yeast otitis (ear infection)
• Dermatophytosis 
• Coccidiomycosis 
• Aspergillosis 
• Histoplasmosis 
• Cryptococcus
• Blastomycosis 

How to Give Ketoconazole for Dogs

To treat systemic fungal infections, ketoconazole is administered orally. It is readily available in tablet form, but it can also be compounded into a liquid or capsule for easier administration by pet parents. Disguising the medication in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet food can help entice dogs to take the medication.

For skin and ear infections, ketoconazole is generally applied topically. Available products containing ketoconazole include ointments, creams, shampoos, wipes, sprays, and ear flush for dogs. In severe infections or those that do not respond to these treatments alone, topical products may need to be combined with oral medication for full resolution. 

Ketoconazole Side Effects in Dogs

Ketoconazole has several side effects pet parents should be aware of. Most are mild, but in rare instances, serious side effects can occur. Pet parents should watch for the following signs: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite 
• Reduced energy 

Long-term use of ketoconazole can result in liver damage. More severe side effects may include the following:  

• Yellowing of the skin, gums, and eyes
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Weight loss 
• Seizures 

All dogs receiving oral ketoconazole for an extended period of time should receive regular blood work to monitor their liver enzymes and blood cell counts. This medication should not be used in dogs with pre-existing liver disease or in pregnant or nursing dogs. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Ketoconazole does interact with many other medications used in dogs. A few examples of these medications include macrolide antibiotics, ivermectin, cyclosporine, and cisapride. Always let your dog’s veterinarian know all over-the-counter and prescription medications or supplements your dog is currently taking. Your veterinarian can advise you on whether or not ketoconazole would be a safe medication to take alongside your dog’s current regimen. 

Ketoconazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of ketoconazole varies based on a dog’s size. Treatment length depends on the underlying condition present and usually extends past the resolution of symptoms. Always follow your veterinarian’s recommendations and give the medication exactly as prescribed for the best outcome. Ketoconazole should always be administered with food. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Ketoconazole?

If your dog misses a dose of ketoconazole, do not double up. Give the next dose at the correct time and continue giving the medication as previously prescribed. If missing doses happens repeatedly, speak with your pet’s veterinarian to see if there are alternative treatment options that may be a better fit.                         

Ketoconazole for Dogs Cost

The cost of ketoconazole varies among veterinary practices in different parts of the country. Generic forms of the medication are much less expensive than name brands. Pet parents should anticipate spending between $30-$60 for a three-week course of oral tablets. Some fungal infections will resolve in this time frame while others require much longer treatment, which will further increase costs. Compounded liquid or capsules are more expensive than tablets because they must be prepared by a special pharmacy. Topical medications range from $15-$50. For dogs taking ketoconazole long-term, blood work monitoring can cost between $50-$100. 

Ketoconazole Storage Instructions 

Ketoconazole products should be stored at room temperature out of direct sunlight. Tablets, capsules, and liquid should be stored in a container that is tightly closed and protected from moisture. Sprays, wipes, creams, ointments, and shampoos should be kept closed when not in use. All products containing ketoconazole should be kept out of reach of children and other pets. 

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Hyperthyroidism in cats is the most common endocrine disorder found in domestic cats, particularly older cats. It is most often diagnosed in senior felines ages 8 years and older.  

Feline hyperthyroidism is nearly always caused by a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the thyroid gland. While it can also be caused by cancerous thyroid tumors, thyroid carcinoma is far less common in cats. 

In both cases, veterinarians may recommend the medication methimazole to manage hyperthyroidism in cats, alone or as part of a broader treatment plan.

What is Methimazole?

Methimazole is an antithyroid thioamide that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones. It is used to treat hyperthyroidism in both humans and animals.

Methimazole is available in both brand name and generic formulations. Of the branded options, only the formulation that goes by the brand name Felimazole is FDA-approved to treat hyperthyroidism in cats. Felimazole was granted approval by the FDA in May, 2009. 

Generic formulations of methimazole are considered extra-label, meaning they can be used at the discretion of your veterinarian. 

Is Methimazole Safe for Cats? 

Yes, methimazole is safe for adult cats, as long as they are not pregnant or nursing.

Methimazole is available for use in cats only with a prescription from your veterinarian. You can fill the prescription at a pharmacy or check with your veterinary clinic, as many keep methimazole in stock.

Because methimazole is also used in humans, it is generally widely available and inexpensive. 

What Does Methimazole for Cats Look Like?

Methimazole comes in liquid and tablet format for oral administration, as well as a transdermal gel that can be applied to and absorbed by a cat’s skin. 

Generic methimazole tablets are small, round, and white. There may be imprinted letters on the tablet. If there is a number imprinted on the tablet, it indicates the strength of the pill. Felimazole brand tablets are coated in a hard, shiny shell, which may be pink or orange, depending on the dose. 

The transdermal formulation of methimazole is a viscous gel that may appear clear or translucent. It comes in a metered dispenser for more accurate dosing.

What Is Methimazole Used For in Cats?

Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats, which occurs when the thyroid gland is overactive and produces more thyroid hormones than a cat’s body needs. 

Thyroid hormones are responsible for managing a cat’s metabolism, which is akin to the “energy engine” of the feline body. When thyroid hormone levels are elevated, it causes a cat’s body to run in “overdrive.” This imbalance puts a huge strain on a cat’s body and organs, which can cause severe illness, such as heart disease, and even death.

The most common symptom of hyperthyroidism reported by cat parents is weight loss despite an increase in appetite. Other signs of hyperthyroidism in cats include vomiting, increased thirst and urination, and changes in behavior. Your veterinarian may also notice a heart murmur, increased blood pressure, and enlargement of the thyroid gland.

How Does Methimazole Work?

Hyperthyroidism in cats is a progressive disease that requires lifelong management. As an antithyroid drug, Methimazole works by preventing the formation of thyroid hormones — specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This action is dose-dependent, so it can be adjusted to keep a cat’s thyroid hormones at the optimum level. 

Unfortunately, over time, cats are likely to require more methimazole to manage their hyperthyroidism. Over many years, the medication may eventually become ineffective or require a dose so high that it causes unwanted side effects.

Although thyroid carcinoma is rare, cats treated for hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for developing the cancerous disease. 

How to Give Methimazole to Cats

There are two different ways to give methimazole: by mouth (orally) and on the skin (transdermally). 

• Tablets and liquids should be given by mouth every 12 hours. It is okay to hide the tablet in a small amount of food. Tablets should not be crushed because that can alter absorption. If your cat resists tablets and liquids, talk to your veterinarian about transdermal formulations. 

• Transdermal gel should be given according to package instructions. The medication is typically applied to a hairless surface of your cat’s skin, such as the inner surface of the ear pinna (ear flap). Wear gloves when applying the medication. Alternate ears each dose and clean the other ear pinna with warm water and gentle soap to prevent build-up. 

Methimazole for Cats: Side Effects

There are many possible side effects of methimazole that you may notice at home. These include:

• not eating (anorexia)
• vomiting
• weight loss
• weight gain
• itchiness (especially of the face)
• weakness
• lethargy

Cats are most likely to show signs of such side effects during the first month of treatment, and these often resolve over time. 

Cats with gastrointestinal upset as a result of methimazole may tolerate transdermal formulations without side effects. 

Changes to a cat’s organ function may also occur, including inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and decrease in kidney function. Although it is rare, some cats can develop blood abnormalities when taking methimazole, in which case the medication should be discontinued. 

Symptoms of Too Much Methimazole in Cats

It’s important to note that any side effects that may stem from giving your cat methimazole are not dose-dependent. That means that you cannot rely on symptoms of overdose to determine if your cat is taking too much of the drug.

Thyroid values should be monitored regularly by a veterinarian to make sure your cat’s dose is appropriate. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Administration of methimazole with phenobarbital or anticoagulant medications may decrease their efficacy. Some parasite preventatives should not be given with methimazole. Cats who are on some medications before starting methimazole may need to adjust their dose after their thyroid disease is controlled. These include theophylline, blood pressure medications, and certain heart medications. 

Methimazole Dosage for Cats 

Methimazole for cats is dosed based on individual response. Most cats are started on a low dose and increased slowly following serial blood testing of thyroid levels. The goal is to keep total thyroid hormone (T4) within the normal range. There is no defined maximum dose for methimazole in cats. However, if methimazole is not effective for your cat, your veterinarian may recommend alternative treatments.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Methimazole?

If your cat misses a dose of methimazole, give the next dose at the appropriate time. Do not double doses or give doses too close together to compensate for the missed dose. 

If your cat misses a dose within 1 week of a planned thyroid level testing, alert your veterinarian as the missed dose may alter results.

Alternatives to Methimazole for Cats

If your cat develops side effects from methimazole or their disorder does not respond to the medication, talk to your veterinarian about alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism. These include:

I-131 radiotherapy – Injection of radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland. This treatment is used in both humans and animals to cure hyperthyroidism.

Surgical thyroidectomy – Surgery to remove the enlarged thyroid gland, which eliminates the disease.

Iodine-free diet – Therapeutic diet for cats made without iodine and available by prescription only. This will not cure hyperthyroidism in cats, but can be used to manage the disease provided cats are restricted to a prescription, iodine-free diet only.

Cost of Methimazole for Cats

Generic methimazole tablets are inexpensive and can be purchased directly through your veterinarian or a prescription to a human pharmacy. A month of tablets will cost $5-50. 

Liquid and transdermal formulations may be more expensive at $40-75 per month.

Methimazole Storage Instructions

Methimazole should be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight, in a sealed container unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. 

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If your dog is suffering from congestive heart failure, your veterinarian may prescribe a medication called pimobendan to help your dog’s heart pump more efficiently. This medication is well-tolerated by most dogs and it can be safely combined with other cardiac medications, such as diuretics, digoxin, and enalapril.  

Read on to learn more about how pimobendan can help your dog, and how to safely use and store this medication at home.

What is Pimobendan?

Pimobendan is a prescription veterinary medication that is used in the management of congestive heart failure in dogs. It is an inodilator, which means it works by strengthening contractions of the heart muscle (contractility) and by dilating the blood vessels that take blood away from the heart. This combination helps the heart to pump more efficiently.  

Pimobendan is currently FDA approved for the management of signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Pimobendan is not FDA approved for use in cats, but is sometimes used off-label in this species.

Pet owners can get a prescription for pimobendan through their primary care veterinarian or through a specialist, such as a cardiologist or an internist.  

What Does Pimobendan for Dogs Look Like?

Pimobendan typically comes in the form of a chewable tablet, which is oblong, brown, and scored in the middle. Pimobendan is also available in the form of capsules. The exact appearance of pimobendan can vary depending on the manufacturer that makes the product. If you have trouble giving your dog tablets or capsules, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms, such as oral liquids and soft chews.

How Does Pimobendan Work?

Pimobendan is a positive inotrope, which means that it increases contractility of the heart. It also acts as a vasodilator, making small blood vessels called arterioles open, which decreases resistance to blood flow and reduces the heart’s workload.  

Uses of Pimobendan for Dogs

Pimobendan is used for dogs with the following conditions:

• Mitral valve disease
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Congestive heart failure

Pimobendan is used to manage heart failure in dogs. This medication prolongs survival in dogs in left heart failure due to mitral regurgitation. It is hypothesized that pimobendan also prolongs survival in dogs with heart failure due to DCM, but there is little data available on this subject to date. Pimobendan also prolongs the time to onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with advanced subclinical mitral valve disease.  

How to Give Pimobendan to Dogs

Pimobendan is administered by mouth in the form of a capsule or chewable tablet. (If you’re having trouble giving your dog a capsule or tablet, ask your veterinarian about alternative dose forms that may be available through a compounding pharmacy, and whether they are appropriate for your pet.) Pimobendan is best absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of food, and should be given on an empty stomach at least 60 minutes prior to feeding.  

Pimobendan for Dogs Side Effects

In most dogs, pimobendan is well-tolerated. Side effects that have been reported with pimobendan include:

• Poor appetite
• Lethargy
• Diarrhea
• Trouble breathing
• Weakness
• Pleural effusion
• Syncope

Reported side effects in patients may be related to pre-existing cardiac disease. If your dog experiences side effects while taking pimobendan, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs, such as calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, may diminish the effectiveness of pimobendan for dogs.  

Pimobendan Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of pimobendan for dogs varies depending on your dog’s size and the type and severity of your dog’s heart condition. Your veterinarian will determine the best dosage of pimobendan for your dog’s individual needs. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Pimobendan?

If your dog misses a dose of pimobendan, give the dose as soon as you remember. If it’s too close to the next dose, do not give two doses at the same time. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Never increase your dog’s dose of pimobendan unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Pimobendan for Dogs Cost

The cost of pimobendan varies depending on the size of the tablet or capsule your pet is prescribed. In general, you can expect to spend $50-$150 on a 50-count bottle of pimobendan tablets or capsules.

Pimobendan Storage Instructions

Pimobendan should be kept in its original container and stored in a dry place at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit.  

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If your feline friend becomes fearful or feisty at the veterinary clinic, you may be familiar with gabapentin for cats. Although this medication has other applications in human patients, its most common use in cats is to treat fear and anxiety associated with veterinary visits.

What is Gabapentin?

Gabapentin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of epilepsy in humans. In addition to preventing seizures, gabapentin was later approved to treat neuralgia (nerve pain) occurring after herpes infection in people. 

Over time, veterinarians began adopting the use of gabapentin to treat pain and seizures in cats. A 2017 study determined that gabapentin was highly effective in alleviating the stress associated with veterinary visits in cats. This led to a dramatic increase in the use of gabapentin as a cat anxiety medication. 

Although gabapentin is not labeled for use in feline patients, it is frequently used in an “off-label” manner. This means that the manufacturer has not submitted the testing and documentation that is requires for FDA approval, but there are published research studies to support its use and veterinarians have safely used this drug for years. 

Most veterinarians in the United States stock gabapentin capsules that are appropriately sized for dogs and cats. If your veterinarian does not stock this medication, they may provide you with a prescription to obtain this medication from a human or veterinary pharmacy. Gabapentin does not require a visit to a veterinary specialist. 

What Does Gabapentin for Cats Look Like?

Most veterinary hospitals provide gabapentin to cat owners as 100 mg or 300 mg capsules. The color of these capsules may vary, depending on the manufacturer. 

How Does Gabapentin Work?

Gabapentin binds to multiple receptors within the brain and spinal cord, influencing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical signals) that are circulating within the body. 

In the brain, gabapentin primarily acts to decrease the excitability of neurons. This slows the transmission of abnormal electrical signals, reducing the likelihood of seizures and exerting a calming effect. In the spinal cord, gabapentin limits the transmission of pain signals, reducing the sensation of pain.  

What Is Gabapentin Used For in Cats?

Gabapentin is primarily intended to control seizures and reduce neuropathic (nerve-associated) pain. 

However, this medication has also been shown to reduce stress associated with veterinary visits. Therefore, many veterinarians prescribe gabapentin for cats who become anxious or aggressive in the veterinary clinic.  

Common scenarios in which your veterinarian might prescribe your cat gabapentin include: 

• Anxiety with veterinary visits
• Anxiety in other short-lived situations
• Chronic pain
• Nerve pain
• Seizures
• Epilepsy

How to Give Gabapentin to Cats

Gabapentin is typically given by mouth. This medication can be given with or without food. 

You can also dissolve gabapentin in water for cats, but your cat might notice the taste of the medication and resist this method. Instead, consider mixing the contents of a capsule with wet cat food or another tasty treat. 

Gabapentin acts quickly and its effects are typically seen within one to two hours. The effects of gabapentin typically begin to wear off within approximately eight hours, though they may persist for 24 hours.  

Gabapentin for Cats Side Effects

The most common side effect of gabapentin is sedation or sleepiness. You might also notice that your cat cannot or will not walk after gabapentin, and they may appear extra-clumsy. Less commonly, gabapentin may cause vomiting. 

Fortunately, gabapentin side effects are often short-lived and resolve within 10-12 hours. 

Gabapentin side effects in cats may include:

• Drowsiness
• Sedation
• Inability to walk
• Reluctance to walk
• Clumsiness
• Vomiting 

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Gabapentin should be used with caution in cats taking any type of opioid (including buprenorphine and morphine). Combining gabapentin with an opioid may increase the amount of gabapentin that is present in the bloodstream, leading to an increased risk of side effects, as well as excessive sedation.

Caution should be used when combining gabapentin with drugs that depress the central nervous system. This includes, but is not limited to: valium and other benzodiazepines, CBD, phenobarbital, and most sedatives. The combination of gabapentin and any CNS depressant can cause an increased risk for sedation.

Antacids may decrease your cat’s ability to absorb gabapentin from the gastrointestinal tract. If your cat is taking antacids, your veterinarian may prescribe a higher dose of gabapentin to overcome this interaction.

Talk to your veterinarian about any medications, vitamins, supplements, or anxiety medications for cats that your pet is taking before starting treatment with gabapentin. 

Gabapentin Dosage for Cats

Your veterinarian calculates a gabapentin dosage for cats by weight, taking into account the medication’s intended purpose. 

Cats that are taking gabapentin for the control of seizures may require a relatively high dose of gabapentin, which may be given as often as every eight hours. In contrast, a gabapentin dose for cats with chronic pain is often relatively low and these cats may receive gabapentin just once daily. 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Gabapentin?

If your cat misses a dose of gabapentin, you should give the missed dose as soon as you remember. Adjust your cat’s dosing schedule and continue to give the rest of your cat’s doses at the recommended intervals. 

If it’s almost time for your cat’s next dose of gabapentin, you may want to wait and give the dose at the scheduled time. This will allow you to get your pet back on a regular dosing schedule. 

If your cat has a history of seizures, do not stop giving gabapentin abruptly. Cat gabapentin withdrawal could lead to a recurrence of your cat’s seizures. 

Cost of Gabapentin for Cats

Gabapentin is a relatively inexpensive medication and the generic form of medication is usually dispensed. In most cases, you will pay less than $1 per pill for gabapentin. 

A one-month supply of gabapentin for a cat that is taking this medication once daily will likely cost around $30. 

Keep in mind, however, that veterinary hospitals and pharmacies may charge a prescription dispensing fee to account for supplies and staff time spent labeling and dispensing medications. If you are purchasing a few gabapentin capsules to give before veterinary visits, you may spend approximately $15-$20 due to medication costs and dispensing fees. 

Gabapentin Storage Instructions

Gabapentin capsules can be stored at room temperature, in a cabinet, or on your kitchen counter. Liquid gabapentin may require refrigeration. Talk to your veterinarian or pharmacist if you have questions about appropriate gabapentin storage.

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Clavamox is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in dogs and cats. This broad-spectrum antibiotic can be used to treat a wide variety of bacteria, making it an effective choice for the treatment of many bacterial infections. 

If your veterinarian has prescribed a course of Clavamox for your dog, you may be wondering what it is and how it works. Let’s take a closer look at Clavamox for dogs, including potential uses and side effects.

What is Clavamox?

Clavamox is an FDA-approved antibiotic that is labeled for use in dogs and cats. If you have ever taken Augmentin to treat a sinus infection or other illness, you are familiar with Clavamox. Clavamox is the veterinary equivalent of Augmentin, and it contains the same active ingredients. 

Clavamox was initially developed in the 1980s. For the last 40 years, it has been widely used by veterinarians to treat many different types of bacterial infections. Clavamox is effective against a broad range of bacteria, including bacteria that may be resistant to other antibiotics. It’s also well-distributed in the body, which means it can be used to treat infections in numerous organs/tissues.

Almost every veterinarian keeps Clavamox (or its generic equivalent) in stock and uses it regularly, and you will not need to see a specialist to obtain this medication. Many dogs are treated with Clavamox at some point during their lives. 

What Does Clavamox for Dogs Look Like?

Clavamox for dogs is available in three different forms: tablets, chewable tablets, and liquid suspension.

Clavamox tablets and Clavamox chewables for dogs will degrade with prolonged air exposure, so both are supplied in a blister pack. Clavamox tablets are white, round pills, while Clavamox chewables are square, brown/tan tablets that are scored down the center. 

Liquid Clavamox is shipped as a white powder in a small bottle. Your veterinarian will add a carefully-measured amount of water to this powder, creating a white suspension. Clavamox drops are typically dosed using a small dropper, with lines on the dropper to indicate dosing quantities. 

How Does Clavamox Work?

Clavamox is a combination of two drugs: amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. 

You are probably familiar with amoxicillin, a commonly-used antibiotic. This antibiotic kills susceptible bacteria by blocking their ability to create functional cell walls. 

Unfortunately, some bacteria have developed the ability to evade amoxicillin’s action, through the use of an enzyme known as beta-lactamase. Clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase, overcoming this bacterial defense. 

Clavamox is capable of killing a far greater variety of bacteria than amoxicillin alone, thanks to the addition of clavulanic acid. 

What Is Clavamox Used for in Dogs?

Clavamox is one of the most widely-used antibiotics in veterinary medicine. It is effective against a broad range of bacteria and it reaches many different areas of the body. 

Common conditions in dogs that may be treated with Clavamox include: 

• Skin infections
• Wound infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Pneumonia
• Bone infections
• Infections of the mouth and teeth
• Infections of the inner ear (but not external ear infections) 

How to Give Clavamox to Dogs

Clavamox for dogs can be given with or without food. Giving Clavamox with a meal may help minimize the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea. 

When giving Clavamox tablets for dogs, you can hide the tablet in a small amount of canned food, peanut butter, or another soft treat. Crushing the pill is not recommended, because some dogs will taste the crushed pill and may be reluctant to take the medication. 

Clavamox chewable tablets are flavored to taste like pork. Most dogs will readily accept Clavamox chewable tablets, just as they would take a treat. If a dog is especially picky or stubborn, chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food. 

Clavamox drops for dogs can be squirted directly into your dog’s mouth, using the provided dropper. Shake well before using. Clavamox drops can also be mixed with food, but the smell of the medication may lead your dog to not eat the food or medication.  

Clavamox for Dogs Side Effects

Clavamox is well-tolerated in most dogs, but side effects can occur. The most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, which may result in decreased appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea. A small number of dogs may be allergic to Clavamox; fortunately, antibiotic allergies are relatively rare in dogs.

When giving Clavamox to dogs, watch for the following signs: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Skin rash or hives
• Facial swelling
• Elevated heart rate
• Fever

If your dog develops any side effects that may be associated with Clavamox, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. If your dog only has a mild decrease in appetite or slightly soft stools, you can continue giving Clavamox until you receive instructions from your veterinarian. However, if your dog is vomiting or showing signs of a potential allergic reaction, stop giving Clavamox immediately, and do not give any more doses until you are able to speak with your veterinarian. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Clavamox may interact with a number of other drugs, including several different antibiotics and immunosuppressants. Often times the interactions affect the efficacy or metabolism of either the Clavamox or the other drug, but can sometimes cause organ damage. 

Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications your dog is taking before starting your dog on Clavamox. 

Clavamox Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will select the best Clavamox dose for your dog, based upon your dog’s body weight and the condition to be treated. Clavamox tablets/chews are available in a variety of sizes, so most dogs (except very large dogs) can be treated with one appropriately-sized tablet twice daily. 

It is important for you to give all the medication as directed by your veterinarian. If you find yourself with leftover antibiotics, it is important to consult your veterinarian before giving them to your pet without direction. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to hard-to-treat resistant infections.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Clavamox?

If your dog misses a dose of Clavamox, give the missed dose as soon as possible and continue dosing your pet as directed.

If it’s already time for your dog’s next dose of Clavamox, skip the missed dose and resume dosing at the next scheduled dosing time. 

Clavamox for Dogs Cost

The cost of Clavamox for dogs varies, depending on your dog’s dosage and the drug formulation (tablet, chewable, or liquid). In general, you can expect to spend anywhere from $2-$10 per day for Clavamox treatment for dogs. 

Generic formulations are available and may be slightly less expensive. 

Clavamox Storage Instructions

Clavamox tablets for dogs and chewable tablets can be stored at room temperature. These tablets are sensitive to air, which is why they are supplied in a blister pack. Do not open each dose until you are ready to administer the dose to your pet. 

Clavamox drops for dogs should be stored in the refrigerator, once reconstituted to their liquid form. 

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Dogs with arthritis experience pain and inflammation within their joints, which can cause discomfort and trouble getting around. If your dog is experiencing arthritis pain, a veterinarian may prescribe a medication called Galliprant to provide some relief. While there are many options available to treat pain in dogs, Galliprant is an effective medication that is well-tolerated. Let’s learn more about Galliprant and why your dog’s veterinarian may recommend it. 

What Is Galliprant for Dogs?

Galliprant is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescribed by veterinarians to reduce pain and inflammation in dogs living with arthritis. It is manufactured by Elanco and was approved by the FDA for use in dogs in March 2016. It is a flavored, chewable tablet given by mouth once daily with less risk for side effects than other types of NSAIDs. Pet parents can get Galliprant from their dog’s primary care veterinarian, and it is readily available throughout the United States. This medication is also available in a generic form called grapiprant.

What Does Galliprant for Dogs Look Like?

Galliprant is an oval-shaped, light brown tablet that is imprinted with the letter “G.” The 20mg and 60mg tablets also have a score line where the pills can be split for easy dosing. 

What Is Galliprant Used For in Dogs?

Veterinarians prescribe Galliprant to reduce pain and inflammation in dogs with arthritis, which is a common condition that develops as pets age. Over time, the cartilage that cushions the joints begins to break down, and the bones within the joint start to rub against one another. As a result of this joint damage, the body begins producing substances called prostaglandins. The production of prostaglandins results in swelling and inflammation and is very painful for dogs. In order to alleviate this discomfort, veterinarians prescribe pain medications, such as Galliprant. This NSAID specifically targets the source of pain and inflammation by preventing prostaglandins from interacting with receptors that they use to function. As a result, pain and inflammation is reduced and dogs feel better. 

How Does Galliprant Work?

NSAIDs are a type of medication used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fevers in dogs. Traditional NSAIDs, such as meloxicam, carprofen, and deracoxib, work by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, which is responsible for producing prostaglandins. These prostaglandins increase pain and inflammation within the body. Therefore, by inhibiting this enzyme, pain and inflammation is reduced. However, traditional NSAIDs can also have negative effects on the kidneys, liver, platelets, stomach, and intestines. 

Galliprant is unique because it is considered a non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAID. While this medication does not prevent the production of prostaglandins, it effectively blocks prostaglandins from interacting with specific receptors. This results in arthritic dogs experiencing less pain and inflammation. Due to the way this medication works, it also has less risk for negative effects on the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract compared to traditional NSAIDs [1].

How to Give Galliprant to Dogs

Galliprant is given orally to dogs once daily. The tablets are pork-flavored, so the majority of dogs will eagerly take them. However, if your dog won’t readily take the medication, you can disguise it in wet food, a pill pocket, or a piece of cheese. If your dog still won’t take Galliprant using these tips, you can ask your pet’s veterinarian for further assistance. 

Galliprant Reviews

Galliprant is perceived well in the veterinary community as an effective medication for many dogs living with arthritis. I have personally prescribed Galliprant to many of my patients with good results. I like that it has less risk for side effects compared to other brands of NSAIDs currently available. Only having to give Galliprant once a day is also a great perk for many pet parents, especially if their dogs do not readily take medications. The downside to Galliprant is that it is quite expensive for large breed dogs.

Dogs who would benefit from Galliprant include those with arthritis who need an alternative to traditional NSAIDs, such as Rimadyl or Metacam, because of underlying health conditions like liver and kidney diseases. While a medication called gabapentin can also be used for pain relief in dogs, it is generally more effective for pain and inflammation of the spine, brain, and nervous system rather than the joints. It is also commonly prescribed to prevent seizures. For dogs experiencing arthritis, an NSAID is a better choice. Your pet’s veterinarian can recommend the best type of NSAID for your dog based on their particular needs and health history. 

Galliprant Side Effects

When giving Galliprant to your dog, you should watch for potential side effects that can occur, which include the following: 

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Reduced appetite
• Soft stool containing mucus or blood

While less common, some dogs may experience decreased energy and tiredness while taking this medication. If you notice any of these side effects or other abnormal behaviors while your dog is taking Galliprant, promptly contact your pet’s veterinarian for guidance.

Galliprant should not be taken with aspirin, any other types of NSAIDs, or corticosteroids. Giving these together can result in an increased risk for serious side effects, including ulcers of the stomach or intestines and loss of appetite. Be sure to let your pet’s veterinarian know about any medications and supplements your dog is taking prior to starting them on Galliprant. 

Galliprant Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Galliprant will vary based on your dog’s weight. It is important to note that dogs should be at least 9 months of age and should weigh at least 8 pounds for safe and accurate dosing of this medication [2]. Galliprant is available in 20mg, 60mg, and 100mg tablets. Your dog’s veterinarian will determine the proper dosage and will monitor their response while they are taking the medication. 

What Does Galliprant Cost?

The cost of Galliprant will vary based on your dog’s size and your location. Pet parents can expect to spend about $40-$50 per month for smaller dogs, while costs can increase to around $100 a month for large breed dogs. 

Galliprant Storage Instructions

This product may be kept at room temperature and should be stored in a secure location out of reach of pets and children.  

Where to Buy Galliprant for Dogs

If you’re interested in buying Galliprant for dogs, you can check to see if it is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

References:

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5645826/
2. https://www.elancolabels.com/us/galliprant-with-tear-off

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Does your cat have itchy ears? Whether your cat is scratching uncontrollably or shows more subtle signs of itchy ears, like cat head bobbing, a trip to the veterinarian is often needed to identify and resolve the issue. 

If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with an ear infection or ear mites, there’s a good chance you will leave with a prescription for a drug called Tresaderm to treat the problem. Tresaderm is also occasionally prescribed as a topical treatment for certain skin infections in cats. 

Let’s take a closer look at this commonly used medicine for cats and learn how it helps our furry feline friends feel better.

What is Tresaderm?

Tresaderm is a topical solution consisting of a steroid (dexamethasone) in combination with an antifungal (thiabendazole) and an antibiotic (neomycin). The name-brand drug is a registered trademark of Merial Limited and is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in both dogs and cats.

There is one FDA-approved generic form available, as well, which is manufactured by Putney, Inc. The generic form of Tresaderm is known as thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution, after its active ingredients.

Is Tresaderm Safe For Cats?

Tresaderm is safe for topical use in cats. It is widely prescribed for felines, with most cats experiencing few (if any) negative reactions or side effects. When these do occur, they are typically mild. 

Pet owners can get Tresaderm for cats through their veterinarian by prescription only.

What Does Tresaderm For Cats Look Like?

Brand-name Tresaderm is a topical solution that comes in a 7.5 mL or 15 mL white dropper bottle which must be kept in the refrigerator. The generic form of thiabendazole, dexamethasone, neomycin sulfate solution may come in different packaging. 

How Does Tresaderm Work?

Tresaderm contains three different medications, each with its own mechanism of action. 

• Dexamethasone is a steroid that suppresses inflammatory reactions and decreases itching. 
• Thiabendazole is an antiparasitic and antifungal medication that is effective against yeast infections and ear mites. 
• Neomycin is an antibiotic that kills many different types of bacteria, including some that infect the ear and skin. 

What Is Tresaderm Used for In Cats?

Tresaderm is FDA approved for the treatment of certain skin and ear infections in cats and dogs. Your veterinarian may prescribe Tresaderm for your cat to treat conditions including:

• Bacterial ear infections
• Yeast ear infections
• Ear mites
• Skin infections

How to Give Tresaderm to Cats

Instructions for administering Tresaderm vary according to what’s ailing your cat. Always follow your veterinarian’s guidance. And use these tips to ensure your cat gets the full benefit of the application.  

Tresaderm for cat ear infections

Administer Tresaderm topically in the ear canal. To do this, hold the bottle vertically, with the tip pointed down. Place the tip of the bottle into your cat’s ear canal, and gently squeeze the bottle to dispense the desired number of drops.

Remove the bottle and rub the base of your cat’s ear briefly to help work the medication into the ear canal. Then stand back, as your cat will likely want to shake their head — and it’s okay to allow them to do so! You can then repeat this process with the second ear if your veterinarian has instructed you to treat both ears.

Tresaderm for cat skin infections

Apply Tresaderm topically in a light layer to the affected area. Hold the bottle vertically with the tip down and gently squeeze the bottle to moisten the affected area (approximately 2-4 drops per square inch of affected skin). 

Do not allow your cat to lick the Tresaderm off of the area. You may need to use a protective collar, such as an e-collar (also known as an Elizabethan collar) or an alternative, to keep your cat from licking the area.

Tresaderm for Cats Side Effects

Tresaderm is generally safe for cats and has few side effects. Tresaderm is not absorbed systemically, so side effects are limited to local reactions at the site of application. 

Though side effects are rare, if you suspect your cat is experiencing side effects from the Tresaderm application, stop using the medication and contact your veterinarian immediately. 

Side effects from Tresaderm can include:

• Localized erythema (redness) lasting 24 to 48 hours in cats with hypersensitivity to neomycin
• Hearing loss if administered to cats with ruptured eardrums
• Temporary discomfort if the product is applied to compromised or irritated areas of skin, e.g., skin that is split (fissured) or exposed and unprotected due to hair loss (denuded). 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Tresaderm is only used topically and the drugs are not significantly absorbed systemically, it is unlikely to interact or interfere with other drugs the patient may be taking.

Tresaderm for Cats Dosage

The exact dosage of Tresaderm for your cat will vary depending on your cat’s size and the type and severity of the infection being treated. In general, ear infections and skin infections typically require drops administered twice daily according to your veterinarian’s instructions.

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosage instructions carefully, and be sure to complete the full course of medication. Even if your cat appears to feel better before the course of treatment is complete, it is important to administer all of the medication as prescribed to ensure that the infection is completely cleared.

What If My Cat Misses A Dose Of Tresaderm?

If your cat misses a dose of Tresaderm, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the dose or give two doses at the same time to make up for the missed dose. Simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. 

If your cat has missed multiple doses of Tresaderm, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. 

Cost of Tresaderm for Cats

The cost of Tresaderm for cat may vary significantly depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, pet parents can expect to pay approximately $25-50 for this product. The generic formulation, if available, may cost less than the brand-name product.

Tresaderm Storage Instructions

When not in use, Tresaderm must be refrigerated. Store in a refrigerator set to a temperature between 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit.

The post Tresaderm for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Just like their owners, every dog experiences an occasional itch on their skin. In some cases, however, that itching moves beyond the occasional itch, turning into a recurring issue. Chronic itching can have a number of different causes, the most common of which is allergic skin disease.

Canine allergies can be challenging to manage. Veterinarians and pet owners often turn to a wide variety of dog allergy medicines in an effort to provide relief, including antihistamines such as Zyrtec.

What is Zyrtec?

Zyrtec, also known by the generic name cetirizine, is a second-generation antihistamine. It was developed in the 1980’s, with the goal of treating allergy symptoms while minimizing some of the side effects associated with Benadryl (diphenhydramine) and other first-generation antihistamines.

Zyrtec is FDA-approved for use in humans only. However, it is frequently used “off-label” as an allergy medicine for dogs. Although the manufacturer of Zyrtec has not pursued the research and testing needed to receive FDA approval for its use in dogs, veterinarians have prescribed Zyrtec for canine patients for many years. Its use has been studied both in veterinary patients and in the laboratory environment.

Zyrtec can be purchased at any human drugstore, and the generic version may also be available directly from your veterinarian. Just be sure to talk to a veterinarian before using to get specific dosing recommendations for your dog.

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the author. However, Great Pet Care may make a small affiliate commission if you click through and make a purchase.

What Does Zyrtec Look Like?

Zyrtec for dog allergies is most commonly supplied as a white, uncoated tablet. You may also find it as a colorless to pale yellow liquid suspension. Most veterinarians recommend tablets for larger dogs and the liquid suspension for small-breed dogs.

Zyrtec is also available as a chewable children’s tablet. However, it’s best to avoid the chewable version of Zyrtec for dogs. Some flavors and formulations may contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

Liquid-filled capsules are also available, but these are larger than tablets and therefore less convenient for dogs.

Is Zyrtec Safe for Dogs?

Zyrtec, or cetirizine, is generally regarded as a safe medication for most dogs. In healthy dogs with no underlying medical conditions, and when given at appropriate doses, significant side effects are rare. When side effects do occur, they tend to be minimal.

However, not every dog is a good candidate for Zyrtec. Always talk to your veterinarian before giving your dog Zyrtec or any other over-the-counter medication. Your veterinarian is familiar with your dog’s medical history and risk factors. They can make the best medication recommendations for your individual dog.

Combination products containing Zyrtec can be highly toxic to dogs. For example, Zyrtec-D combines Zyrtec and a decongestant. Decongestants have a number of serious side effects in dogs and can even be fatal. Therefore, Zyrtec-D is NOT safe for dogs.

How Does It Work?

Zyrtec is an antihistamine. It works against histamine, a chemical substance produced during an allergic reaction. Histamine is responsible for many of the effects that we associate with allergies in dogs, such as itching and skin inflammation.

Zyrtec blocks the receptors on which histamine acts. This minimizes the impacts of histamine, reducing itching, inflammation, and other signs of allergies.  

What Is Zyrtec Used For in Dogs?

Zyrtec is an allergy medicine for dogs. It is frequently used to treat skin itching and inflammation associated with atopic dermatitis, a condition caused by a reaction to inhaled allergens. Zyrtec can also be used to treat other allergic reactions, including insect bites and stings and hives.

Common applications for Zyrtec in dogs include:

• Atopic dermatitis (atopy)
• Insect bites and stings
• Hives

Your veterinarian may also recommend Zyrtec to treat other allergic conditions. If Zyrtec doesn’t help or something else is needed, your veterinarian can recommend the appropriate treatments and testing.

Allergies in dogs manifest in many ways, including scratching and itching, sneezing, coughing, hives, skin infections, ear infections, and more. Pet insurance can help cover the costs associated with testing and treatment. Consider a plan with MetLife to help manage costs in diagnosing and treating your dog with allergies.

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How to Give This Medication to Dogs

Zyrtec is typically given as a flavorless tablet or a liquid medication. In its generic form, cetirizine may be available as compounded liquid medication in a variety of flavors from your veterinarian. Zyrtec is given once daily and can be given with or without food.

Side Effects of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is typically associated with minimal side effects in dogs. It’s less likely to cause sedation than other antihistamines, though drowsiness may occur at high doses. In contrast, some dogs become more excitable after taking Zyrtec.

Gastrointestinal effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea, may occur but are also relatively uncommon. You may also notice decreased appetite and increased salivation, both of which may indicate nausea.

Side effects to watch for with Zyrtec include:

• Drowsiness
• Hyperexcitability
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Diarrhea

If you see any of these side effects, stop giving Zyrtec and contact your veterinarian. Fortunately, any side effects associated with Zyrtec should wear off within approximately 24 hours.

Dogs with the following conditions may be at higher risk of side effects from Zyrtec:

• Seizure disorder
• Glaucoma
• Urinary issues
• Constipation
• Pregnancy
• Nursing mothers

If your dog has one of these conditions, avoid giving Zyrtec unless it is under the guidance of your veterinarian.

Avoid Zyrtec-D or any other formulations that may contain a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine, a common decongestant in human medications, is highly toxic to dogs.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Cetirizine can interact with a number of commonly-used veterinary drugs, including digoxin, selegiline, amitraz, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and azithromycin. Zyrtec can also worsen the drowsiness that may be caused by sedatives and anxiety medications.

Talk to your veterinarian before combining cetirizine with any other prescription or over-the-counter medications.

Zyrtec Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will determine the best dose for your dog, based on your dog’s body weight, the severity of your dog’s allergies, and your dog’s expected susceptibility to side effects.  

Zyrtec is typically given once daily.

Cost of Zyrtec for Dogs

Zyrtec is an inexpensive medication, especially when purchased in its generic version (cetirizine). In general, you can expect to spend less than $30 per month for your dog’s cetirizine.

Zyrtec Storage Instructions

Zyrtec tablets and liquid suspension do not require refrigeration.

Zyrtec can be stored at room temperature, on a counter or in a medicine cabinet.

The post Zyrtec for Dogs: Is It Safe? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has ever undergone an anesthetic procedure or suffered from a mild cough, he may have been prescribed a medication called butorphanol. Butorphanol is a very common opioid medication in both human and veterinary medicine. 

Read on to learn more about butorphanol for dogs and how to use it.

What Is Butorphanol?

Butorphanol is an opioid medication commonly used for sedation, pain control, and cough suppression. It is FDA approved for use as a pain reliever and cough suppressant in dogs. Butorphanol is most commonly given by injection in the veterinary clinic, where it is used as a sedative and anesthetic agent, but it can also be prescribed as tablets for use at home. Butorphanol is a controlled drug and is only available by prescription from your veterinarian.

What Does Butorphanol for Dogs Look Like?

Butorphanol is a generic medication, so its appearance varies widely depending on the manufacturer of the product. It may also go by the brand names Torbugesic, Torbutrol, or the human product Stadol.

How Does Butorphanol Work?

Butorphanol is a short-acting pain reliever (analgesic) with both opioid agonist and opioid antagonist activity. This means that butorphanol stimulates some opioid receptors while blocking others. Butorphanol stimulates kappa receptors, which provides mild pain relief. Butorphanol blocks mu receptors, which can reverse the effects of other opioid drugs that stimulate mu receptors. This is useful if a patient begins having negative effects due to excessive stimulation of mu receptors, such as excessive sedation or respiratory depression. Butorphanol can be used to reverse some of these effects while still maintaining some analgesic effects.

Butorphanol is also used as a cough suppressant (antitussive) medication. It is not known how the cough suppressant effects of butorphanol actually work. In dogs, butorphanol provides antitussive activity for about 4-10 hours, which is longer than the antitussive effects of codeine.

What Is Butorphanol Used For in Dogs?

Butorphanol is primarily used as a sedative for dogs and is given by injection in the veterinary clinic prior to anesthetic procedures. Butorphanol is also a mild antitussive and may be used to ease coughing due to conditions such as collapsing trachea, kennel cough, or chronic bronchitis. Butorphanol is in dogs is typically used for:

• Sedation
• Anesthesia
• Antitussive effects
• Reversal of mu-opioid agonist drugs
• Mild analgesia

How to Give Butorphanol to Dogs

When butorphanol is used for sedation or analgesia, it is often given by injection in the veterinary clinic by your veterinarian. In this case, you will not need to do anything at home except monitor your dog for side effects.

If your dog was prescribed butorphanol tablets, you will need to give the tablets to your dog by mouth according to your veterinarian’s instructions. To facilitate administration of the tablets, you can hide them in a treat such as a bit of peanut butter, cheese, or hot dog to tempt your dog to eat the tablet. 

If your dog is especially discerning and manages to pick the tablet out of even the best of treats, you may need to administer the tablet to your dog directly. For a step-by-step guide, check out How to Give a Dog a Pill.

Butorphanol for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect of butorphanol administration in dogs is sedation. Dogs with an MDR-1 (multidrug resistance) gene mutation may be predisposed to adverse events from butorphanol and pet parents should monitor closely for side effects in these patients. Other side effects from butorphanol can include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Transient weakness
• Transient pain at the injection site
• Constipation

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because butorphanol is an opioid agonist/antagonist, there is a potential for interaction with other opioid drugs, particularly for reversal of the analgesic effects of an opioid agonist. Butorphanol may partially reverse the effects of mu agonist opioids and should be used with caution with these drugs.

Butorphanol may also cause excessive sedation when combined with other tranquilizers, sedatives, and antidepressants and should be used with caution with these medications.

Opioid drugs such as butorphanol may increase the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants. They may also decrease the effects of diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure. Dosage adjustments may be necessary in these patients.

Butorphanol Dosage for Dogs

The dose of butorphanol for dogs varies depending on your dog’s body weight and the desired effect of the medication. For example, the dose for sedation may differ from the dose given for cough suppression. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Butorphanol?

If your dog misses a dose of butorphanol, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double your dog’s dose, as this may increase the risk for side effects. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and proceed with the next dose as usual. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Cost of Butorphanol for Dogs

Butorphanol is available as a generic medication, which makes it relatively inexpensive. Pet owners can expect to spend $25-$50 on a month’s supply of butorphanol for dogs, depending on their dog’s weight and dose.

Butorphanol Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored at room temperature, 59-86 degrees Fahrenheit, and protected from moisture.

The post Butorphanol for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Unfortunately, nearly every pet will experience diarrhea at some point in their lives. If your dog has diarrhea, your veterinarian may recommend a product called Endosorb to help. Endosorb is an absorbent, anti-diarrheal, and demulcent medication designed to soothe the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and stabilize stool consistency. It can help improve your dog’s diarrhea and its associated symptoms.

What is Endosorb?

Endosorb is activated attapulgite, also known as palygorskite. This mineral is a magnesium aluminum phyllosilicate, which occurs in a type of clay soil common to the southeastern United States. Activated attapulgite is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in both humans and animals. Endosorb is available over the counter and does not require a prescription from your veterinarian to purchase. 

What Does Endosorb for Dogs Look Like?

Endosorb is a round, brown-and-white speckled tablet that is scored down the center.

How Does Endosorb Work?

Endosorb absorbs fluid in the intestinal tract to stabilize stool consistency and soothe the gastrointestinal tract. Endosorb may also help by absorbing toxins and toxic material present in the gut of animals experiencing diarrhea and associated symptoms. Endosorb also contains citrus pectin, which coats the GI tract, and carob pulp and magnesium trisilicate, which act as antacids to soothe the stomach.

What is Endosorb Used for in Dogs?

Endosorb is used as an anti-diarrheal medication in dogs. It can help manage uncomplicated diarrhea, improve stool consistency, and relieve discomfort associated with diarrhea in dogs. 

How to Give Endosorb to Dogs

Endosorb is a tablet that is given to your dog by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a treat to get your dog to take it. To do this, start by giving your dog a treat without the tablet, then give a treat with the tablet inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the tablet. With any luck, your dog will be so focused on taking the treats that he won’t even notice that one of them had a pill inside of it.

If your dog won’t take the treat with the tablet inside of it, then you may need to “pill” your dog by giving the tablet directly. To do this, gently open your dog’s mouth and place the tablet as far back on your dog’s tongue as you can safely reach. Close your dog’s mouth and gently hold it closed until your dog swallows. You can encourage him to swallow by stroking his throat or gently blowing on his nose. Once he swallows, reward him with a treat. (For a step-by-step guide, check out our article on How to Give a Dog a Pill.)

Endosorb Dog Side Effects

There are no commonly reported side effects associated with Endosorb. However, if your dog’s diarrhea does not resolve within 24-48 hours, or if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, fever, pain, or other changes in health or behavior, you should see your veterinarian for further care.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because Endosorb is highly absorbent, it should be given separately from other drugs and medications to prevent it from binding to them and decreasing their absorption. Give your pet’s other medications at least one hour prior to giving Endosorb to ensure they are adequately absorbed.

Endosorb Dosage for Dogs

Although Endosorb is available over the counter, you should always talk to your veterinarian first before starting any medication for dog diarrhea. This is especially important if your dog exhibits other symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, or other changes in health and behavior. These can be signs of a more serious medical problem requiring veterinary intervention.

If your veterinarian gives the go-ahead to use Endosorb for your dog’s diarrhea, follow the instructions on the product label for dosing based on your pet’s weight. Follow the dosing schedule until your dog’s diarrhea resolves or until your veterinarian tells you it is okay to discontinue use of the product.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Endosorb

If your dog misses a dose of Endosorb, give the medication as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give two doses or double the dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of Endosorb, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Endosorb for Dogs

Endosorb is available over the counter at a cost of approximately $110 for a 500-count bottle. The cost may vary depending on your geographic location.

Endosorb Storage Instructions

Store Endosorb in a cool, dry place.

The post Endosorb for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your cat has been diagnosed with constipation or hepatic encephalopathy (a complication of severe liver disease), your veterinarian may prescribe cat lactulose for treatment. Lactulose has two very different effects on your cat’s intestinal tract, making it an effective option for treating either of these two serious medical conditions. 

Read on to learn more about lactulose for cats, and why your veterinarian might prescribe this medication to your feline companion. 

What is Lactulose?

Lactulose is a synthetic (man-made) sugar. It is made by combining two natural sugars: galactose (a component of lactose, the sugar found in milk) and fructose (a sugar found in fruits). When these two sugars are combined to create lactulose, they can be used to treat both constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.  

Lactulose was first developed in 1929. However, it was not considered for medicinal use until the 1960s, when it was found to be an effective treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose received FDA approval for use in human patients in 1977, and it is widely used off-label in veterinary patients. While the FDA has not formally studied or approved the use of lactulose in cats, this medication has been extensively researched and is widely used. 

Most veterinary practices keep lactulose in stock for their canine and feline patients. It may be administered to hospitalized pets in the veterinary hospital and it is often dispensed for clients to administer at home. If your veterinarian does not have this medication in stock when your pet needs it, they will write a prescription for it. This prescription will allow you to obtain lactulose from any human pharmacy. 

Lactulose should not be confused with Miralax. While both medications are laxatives and they work in a similar manner, lactulose and Miralax contain different chemical ingredients. Additionally, Miralax is available over-the-counter, while lactulose is available only with a prescription.

Lactulose is available in both generic and brand-name forms.

What Does Lactulose Look Like?

Lactulose is typically administered as an oral solution, which is clear yellow in color. A powdered or crystal form is also available, which can be added to your cat’s food. 

How Does Lactulose Work?

Lactulose is a synthetic sugar that cannot be digested or absorbed through the intestines. When your cat ingests lactulose, it passes unchanged through most of your cat’s gastrointestinal tract. 

When lactulose reaches your cat’s colon, the normal colonic bacteria metabolize the lactulose. This metabolism creates a number of acids, including lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. 

The acids that are formed in your cat’s colon play two roles: they pull water into the colon, and they pull ammonia into the colon. Additional water in your cat’s colon results in softer stools, allowing lactulose to effectively treat constipation. Additional ammonia in your cat’s colon means this ammonia is removed from the bloodstream, minimizing the impacts of hepatic encephalopathy associated with liver disease. 

What Is Lactulose Used For in Cats?

Lactulose is most commonly used to treat constipation in cats. It helps promote soft, frequent bowel movements, preventing fecal impactions. Feline constipation can have a number of underlying causes, including: 

• Megacolon (a colon motility disorder)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Colonic tumors
• Anal sac disease
• Arthritis pain
• Anxiety
• Overgrooming
• Dehydration
• Kidney disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus

Lactulose can also be used to remove ammonia from the blood. Cats with severe, end-stage liver disease do not clear ammonia from their blood effectively, and the accumulation of ammonia can lead to a neurologic condition known as hepatic encephalopathy. 

In most cases, cats that are started on lactulose for constipation or liver disease will remain on lactulose for cats long-term. 

The most common side effect associated with lactulose is diarrhea. However, cats may also experience a variety of other gastrointestinal signs. 

Lactulose for Cats Side Effects

Side effects associated with lactulose include: 

• Flatulence (gas)
• Bloating
• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration 

In general, side effects tend to be worse when a cat is first started on lactulose. As your cat acclimates to the medication, you can expect to see a decrease in bloating, gas, and abdominal cramping.

Diarrhea, however, may indicate that a change in lactulose dosing is needed. If your cat develops diarrhea while taking lactulose, ensure that they have access to plenty of water (to prevent dehydration) and contact your veterinarian for guidance.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Using lactulose with antibiotics could theoretically decrease its efficacy, by affecting the bacteria that metabolize lactulose in the colon. In practice, this does not appear to be problematic. However, it’s still best to talk to your veterinarian before combining lactulose with any antibiotics. 

Do not combine lactulose with other laxatives, unless directed to do so by your veterinarian. This could cause significant diarrhea. 

Finally, lactulose should not be combined with antacids in cats with hepatic encephalopathy. Combining these two drugs could reduce the efficacy of lactulose. 

Lactulose for Cats Dosage

Your veterinarian will determine an appropriate starting dose of lactulose for your cat. The lactulose dose for cats is calculated based on your cat’s weight and medical condition. This dose will initially be given every 8-12 hours. 

As you and your veterinarian assess your cat’s response to treatment, your cat’s dosage may be changed. Your veterinarian may increase or decrease your cat’s lactulose dosage, depending on how your cat’s medical issues respond to treatment. 

What If You Miss a Lactulose Dose for Cats?

If you miss a dose of your cat’s lactulose, give the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your cat’s next dose of lactulose, skip the missed dose and continue giving lactulose on your cat’s regular dosing schedule. Do not give your pet two doses of this medication at once.  

Cost of Lactulose for Cats

Both the generic and brand-name forms of lactulose are relatively inexpensive. The cost of treating your cat will depend on their medication dosing requirements, but most cat owners will spend less than $40 per month on lactulose. 

Lactulose Storage Instructions

This medication should be stored at room temperature, with the container tightly closed. Do not freeze this medication. Keep this medication out of the reach of children. 

The post Lactulose for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Antibiotics for cats fall into a number of different categories. We have come a long way since the initial discovery of penicillin!

As bacteria evolve new ways to evade our antibiotics, we must constantly develop new antibiotics that can give us the upper hand against infections. Baytril, or enrofloxacin, is one such antibiotic. It was developed to treat challenging bacterial infections and is now used to treat a variety of infections in cats, dogs, and other animal species.

What is Baytril?

Baytril is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, known by the generic name of enrofloxacin. It belongs to a class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones.

Baytril was developed in 1983. It became commercially available in 1988. Since then, it has been widely utilized to treat a variety of infections in cats. It is also used in dogs and other species, including cattle, rabbits, hamsters, birds, and reptiles.

Baytril is most commonly prescribed as an oral tablet. In the case of an external ear infection, however, your veterinarian may instead prescribe Baytril otic drops, which are designed to be instilled into the ear canal. Hospitalized cats may receive injectable Baytril, especially if they are not eating or drinking.

Is Enrofloxacin Safe for Cats?

Enrofloxacin is widely used in cats, with most cats experiencing few (if any) side effects. When side effects do occur, they are typically mild.

Most veterinary practices stock Baytril, so you can often obtain this medication from your regular veterinarian. A visit to a specialist is not needed for treatment with Baytril.

What Does It Look Like?

Baytril’s appearance may vary, depending on the formulation that is prescribed by your veterinarian.

In most cases, veterinarians prescribe oral Baytril pills for cats. These pills may be a tan/brown chewable tablet or a purple coated tablet.

In the case of a cat ear infection, your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril otic drops. These ear drops come in a white bottle with a purple label.

How Does Baytril Work?

Baytril kills sensitive bacteria by preventing the replication of bacterial DNA (genetic material).

Unlike some other cat antibiotics, Baytril reaches a wide variety of tissues within the body. This includes areas that may have poor circulation, such as abscesses. This characteristic makes Baytril a commonly-used antibiotic for certain types of infections.

What Is Baytril Used For in Cats?

Baytril is effective against a broad range of bacteria, and it can penetrate a wide variety of bodily tissues. While it may be a veterinarian’s first choice of antibiotics for a particular infection, it can also be used to treat infections where other antibiotics have proven ineffective.

Infections for which your veterinarian may prescribe Baytril include:

• Cat bite abscess
• Skin infection
• Ear infection
• Anal sac infection
• Pneumonia
• Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
• Urinary tract infection

How to Give Baytril to Cats

Baytril tablets are best given on an empty stomach. This increases the drug concentration in your cat’s body, maximizing its antibiotic effect. However, if your cat experiences vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal effects, you may choose to give Baytril with food. Giving Baytril with food can reduce the risk of an upset stomach.  

Baytril tablets come in two forms: chewable or enteric coated tablets. The chewable tablets can be crushed and mixed with a small amount of canned food or soft treats. The enteric-coated tablets, however, should not be crushed. Enteric coated tablets have a bitter taste once the coating has been removed. If your veterinarian prescribes enteric coated tablets, you will need to learn how to pill your cat.

Baytril otic drops are administered directly into your cat’s ear(s).

Enrofloxacin for Cats Side Effects

Baytril is typically well-tolerated by cats. However, like any other antibiotic for cats, Baytril can have side effects.

The most common side effects in cats include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy. These effects are more common if Baytril is given on an empty stomach. Giving your cat Baytril with food may reduce the risk of these side effects.

Rarely, cats experience seizures or retinal degeneration (blindness) when treated with high doses of Baytril. These effects are rare in healthy cats. If your cat falls into a group that places them at higher risk of severe side effects, your veterinarian will carefully balance the risks and benefits of Baytril.

Potential Baytril side effects in cats:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Retinal degeneration
• Blindness

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Baytril can interact with other medications. Be sure your veterinarian is aware of any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are giving your cat.

Sulcralfate (a medication used to treat stomach ulcers) and antacids can bind to Baytril in your cat’s stomach, preventing its absorption. If your cat takes antacids or sucralfate, separate these medications from Baytril by at least two hours.

Cats that are taking both theophylline (a cough medication) and Baytril may have higher-than-expected blood levels of theophylline, increasing the risk of side effects.

Baytril can also interact with other antibiotics, enhancing or inhibiting their effects.

Baytril Dosage for Cats

Your cat’s Baytril dose depends on a number of factors, including the infection requiring treatment and your cat’s size. Some infections respond to a relatively low dose of Baytril, while others require higher doses.

Baytril is typically administered once daily. In some cases, your veterinarian may divide your cat’s daily Baytril dose into two smaller doses.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Baytril?

If your cat misses a dose of Baytril, give the missed dose as soon as possible. Then, continue giving Baytril every 24 hours (or as directed by your veterinarian) until you finish giving the entire course of antibiotics. It’s important to wait the full prescribed time between doses, in order to minimize the risk of side effects.

Cost of Baytril for Cats

The cost of enrofloxacin for cats can vary significantly, depending on your cat’s dose and your location.

In general, a one-week course of Baytril tablets should cost approximately $30 (or less). You may be able to obtain a generic medication at a lower cost.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Baytril tablets can be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight.

Keep Baytril (especially chewable tablets) out of reach of children and pets, to prevent a potential overdosage.

The post Baytril (Enrofloxacin) for Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Parasite protection is an important part of preventative care in veterinary medicine. Various products are available to kill fleas and ticks, prevent heartworm disease, and treat and control intestinal parasite infections. 

In the United States, 34 percent of dogs are infected by intestinal parasites, such as roundworms and hookworms. For dogs in the southeastern U.S., this percentage is even higher [1]. Some internal parasites are zoonotic, which means they can make people sick too. External parasites like fleas and ticks are also very common in dogs and can transmit infectious diseases to pets and people.

Monthly parasite control products, such as Trifexis, can help protect your dog and your household against parasitic risks. Let’s take a closer look at what Trifexis for dogs is and how it works.

What Is Trifexis for Dogs?

Trifexis is an antiparasitic product for dogs that is used to protect against fleas, heartworm disease, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm. It is a chewable tablet given by mouth, so it is typically easy to administer and well-liked by dogs. Trifexis is manufactured by Elanco and contains the active ingredients spinosad and milbemycin oxime. It was approved by the FDA on Jan. 4, 2011 [4]. It is not currently available in a generic form and is only available by prescription from your primary care veterinarian. It is readily available throughout the United States.

What Does Trifexis for Dogs Look Like?

Trifexis is a light brown, circular tablet. It comes in boxes of 1, 3, or 6 tablets that are each color-coded according to the dosage and intended weight category. 

What Is Trifexis Used for in Dogs?

Veterinarians typically prescribe Trifexis to protect against parasitic infections in dogs. These include fleas, heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm in dogs. Trifexis is not effective against ticks.

Protection against heartworms is important to keep your dog’s heart and lungs healthy. If your dog gets heartworm disease, they will need to undergo expensive treatments and have activity restrictions until the heartworms have been eliminated. 

Likewise, intestinal parasites can be especially bothersome to dogs. They can result in poor appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stools, and vomiting. Once infected, it can take some time to fully eliminate these parasites from the dog and their environment. Another concerning factor is that two intestinal parasites—hookworms and roundworms—are zoonotic, which means they can be spread from animals to humans. Hookworm infections in people can cause a skin condition called cutaneous larva migrans, while roundworm infections in people can cause visceral larva migrans, which affects internal organs. Reducing the risk of zoonotic infection is just one important reason to keep your dog on monthly parasite protection. 

How Does Trifexis Work?

Spinosad is an active ingredient in Trifexis that is used to kill fleas and prevent infestations. It works by activating certain receptors in the fleas, resulting in involuntary muscle tremors. Continued activation of these receptors leads to paralysis followed by death.

Milbemycin oxime is the component of Trifexis responsible for preventing heartworm disease and treating and controlling adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. It works by binding to certain channels in nerves and muscle cells, which allows chloride to get into these cells. Too much chloride leads to paralysis and death of the parasites. Milbemycin oxime can also disrupt transmission of certain neurotransmitters within the parasite, which has a detrimental effect [3]. 

How to Give Trifexis to Dogs

Trifexis is administered orally to dogs once a month. It is recommended for pet parents to give this medication on the same day each month to ensure continuous protection. Most dogs are happy to take this medication since it is beef-flavored and viewed as a treat. However, for dogs who may not readily take it, pet parents can put it in a pill pocket or a “meatball” of wet dog food to disguise it. If your dog still won’t take the medication, contact your veterinarian who can demonstrate safe, alternative ways to administer it. 

Trifexis Reviews

Trifexis is well-accepted in the veterinary community. I have used Trifexis in my own dogs before, and it was well-tolerated. I prefer oral medications over topical ones simply because they are less messy and don’t leave residue in the dog’s fur. Trifexis is also beef-flavored, so in my experience the tablets are also easily administered, much like a treat. 

Dogs who would benefit from this product include those who spend most of their time indoors and tend to stay in their own yards. This would not be a good option for dogs who regularly hike or spend a lot of time in wooded areas since it has no protection against ticks. 

With all of the options for parasite protection, it can easily become overwhelming. However, pet parents can work with their veterinarians to discuss the option that would be the best fit for their pet. 

There are several things to consider when choosing a product. Many pet parents are curious about how Trifexis compares to other parasite protection products on the market. Trifexis is a good alternative to Comfortis, which only treats fleas, because it has the added benefit of protecting against heartworm disease and three intestinal parasites (hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm). However, Comfortis Plus and Trifexis provide the same protection. While Nexgard and Bravecto protect against both fleas and ticks, they unfortunately provide no protection against intestinal parasites or heartworm disease like Trifexis does. Bravecto is available as a chew or a topical solution and only needs to be administered once every three months, while Trifexis must be administered once monthly. 

Simparica Trio is a combination parasite control product that protects against both fleas and ticks, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. However, it does not protect against whipworm infections like Trifexis.

Trifexis Side Effects

While Trifexis is generally well-tolerated in most dogs, there are some side effects to be aware of. When administering this product, pet parents should watch for any abnormal behaviors in their dogs that could signify a reaction. The following side effects may occur when using Trifexis [2]:

• Vomiting 
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Itching
• Lethargy

Trifexis should not be taken with other medications formulated to prevent fleas or heartworm disease. Serious side effects may occur if high doses of ivermectin are used concurrently with Trifexis [2]. Always discuss any medications your pet is taking with your veterinarian prior to starting your dog on Trifexis. This will help prevent drug interactions and ensure safety.

Trifexis Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Trifexis is based on a dog’s weight. It is safe for use in puppies who are 8 weeks of age or older and at least 5 pounds [2]. It should be given once monthly for optimal protection. There are five dosage forms available to cover the following weight ranges: 

• 5-10 lbs
• 10.1-20 lbs
• 20.1-40 lbs
• 40.1-60 lbs
• 60.1-120 lbs

What Does Trifexis Cost?

Trifexis is an affordable option for parasite protection. While there is a monthly cost, protection is much less expensive than the treatment that would be required if your dog developed a severe infestation or disease. Pet parents can expect to pay around $20 a month for this product, though the price will vary slightly based on the strength of the dose (which depends on your dog’s size).

Trifexis Storage Instructions

This product should be stored at room temperature. 

Where to Buy Trifexis

Interested in purchasing Trifexis for dogs? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

References

1. Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center. (n.d.). Zoonotic Potential of Common Cat/Dog Intestinal Parasites. Retrieved from https://www.ksvhc.org/services/pet-health-center/intestinal-parasites.html 
2. https://pet.elanco.com/us/en/trifexis/dose-administration-safety
3. https://www.elancolabels.com/us/trifexis
4. https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/app/search/public/document/downloadFoi/878

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Internal worms can make our pets sick, and some are infectious to people, too. They can cause uncomfortable symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting in otherwise healthy dogs. Young puppies infected with intestinal worms like hookworms and roundworms can quickly develop severe anemia, which can be fatal. Heartworms, which live in the blood vessels of the lungs and heart, can seriously damage your dog’s cardiovascular system and be fatal if left untreated. 

The bad news is that worms are more common than you realize. With changing weather patterns and increased mobility of pets and people, they are growing in prevalence. 

The good news is that you can protect your dog against internal parasites with a product like Interceptor Plus. 

What Is Interceptor Plus for Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is an oral medication that protects against five types of worms in dogs: heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. The active ingredients in this tasty soft chew for dogs are milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Originally produced by Novartis Animal Health, Interceptor had been around for more than 25 years as a heartworm prevention medication. Interceptor was added to Elanco Animal Health’s portfolio when the company acquired Novartis in 2015, and Interceptor Plus was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2017. It is available in all parts of the United States and via online pharmacies by prescription only. 

The difference between Interceptor vs. Interceptor Plus is that Interceptor only contains milbemycin oxide and Interceptor Plus contains milbemycin oxide and praziquantel. Both protect dogs against heartworm disease, adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. The main difference between these two medications is that Interceptor Plus also protects against tapeworm infections. 

What Is Interceptor Plus Used for in Dogs?

Interceptor Plus is prescribed to prevent heartworm disease and treat and control roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and tapeworm infections in dogs. Heartworms are internal parasites that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Heartworms live in the large artery that exits the heart, and cause inflammation and damage to the heart and lungs. Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms are internal parasites that live in the intestines and cause diarrhea and weight loss. Some intestinal parasites in dogs are also contagious to people, especially children. 

Credelio, a highly effective oral tick and flea control medication, can be paired with Interceptor Plus to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Interceptor Plus Work?

Milbemycin oxide, an active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, kills roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and young heartworms by interfering with the central nervous system of the parasites, causing paralysis and death. 

Milbemycin is not effective against the adult form of heartworms, so it is important to test your dog for adult heartworms before administering Interceptor Plus. This can be done with a simple blood test at your local veterinary clinic.

Praziquantel, the other active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, works by expelling tapeworms from the intestines and preventing newly hatched insect larvae from reaching adulthood or reproducing. 

How to Give Interceptor Plus to Dogs

To control worms in dogs, Interceptor Plus should be given once a month, preferably on the same day each month. Most dogs will readily eat Interceptor Plus, as it looks and smells like a chewy treat. 

Interceptor Plus is designed to be chewed before it is swallowed. If your dog swallows treats whole, break the chew into pieces before feeding it to your dog. If your dog refuses to eat it, you can try offering the chew wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. 

Interceptor Plus for Dogs Reviews

Interceptor has been used within the veterinary community for over 25 years for heartworm disease prevention and intestinal parasite protection in dogs with great success and a high level of safety. Praziquantel, the additional active ingredient in Interceptor Plus, has also been used to treat tapeworms in dogs for many years. I personally have prescribed Interceptor Plus to thousands of patients and used Interceptor Plus in my own pets without any problems and excellent control of internal parasites.

Internal parasites can be found in any dog—even dogs that rarely go outside. Interceptor Plus is recommended for all dogs (6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater).

Many pet parents ask how Interceptor Plus for dogs compares to other oral parasite control products like Heartgard and Simparica Trio. Here is a comparison chart:

Interceptor Plus Side Effects

In general, Interceptor Plus is considered to be very safe and tolerated by the majority of dogs. The following rare adverse reactions have been reported in dogs after administration:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Salivation
• Convulsions
• Incoordinations

If you are concerned about giving Interceptor Plus to your dog, please talk to your veterinarian.

Interceptor Plus Dosage for Dogs

Dosage of Interceptor Plus varies depending on the weight of your dog. There are four dosages available for different weight ranges in dogs: 2-8 pounds, 8.1-25 pounds, 25.1-50 pounds, and 50.1-100 pounds. For maximum efficacy, talk to your veterinarian about the right dose for your dog. 

Puppies older than 6 weeks of age and weighing more than 2 pounds can safely take Interceptor Plus.

Interceptor Plus stays in your dog’s system for about 24 hours, killing and removing any heartworm larvae and intestinal worms. If your dog is accidently infected in the next month, the next dose of Interceptor Plus will kill all larvae before they have a chance to grow or reproduce. 

Cost of Interceptor Plus for Dogs

Interceptor Plus costs approximately $80-$100 per year, depending on the size of your dog (it is more expensive for larger dogs).

Interceptor Plus Storage Instructions

Interceptor Plus can be safely stored at room temperature out of reach of dogs.

Where to Buy Interceptor Plus

Interested in purchasing Interceptor Plus for dogs? You can check to see if it is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

The post Interceptor Plus for Dogs: Internal Parasite Protection appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Keeping your dog and cat free of fleas and ticks is not just a kind thing to do, it can potentially save them (and you!) from infectious diseases that fleas and ticks carry. Considering that fleas and ticks are active year round in many areas of the U.S., it is important to have a good flea and tick control strategy to protect you and your pets from these blood suckers. Credelio and Credelio CAT are highly effective products on the market that can protect dogs and cats. 

What Is Credelio for Dogs and Cats?

Lotilaner, the active ingredient in Credelio and Credelio CAT, is part of the isoxazoline class of parasiticides. It is deadly to ticks and fleas. It was approved for use in dogs by the FDA in 2018 and for use in cats in 2021 as the first oral flea and tick treatment for cats. Lotilaner is not available as generic, it is only available as brand name Credelio, made by Elanco. Credelio can be purchased from veterinarians and online pharmacies across the entire United States. 

What Does Credelio Look Like?

Credelio tablets are small, light brown tablets that come in blister packs. Credelio only comes in tablet form. 

What Is Credelio Used For in Dogs and Cats?

Credelio is an oral medication prescribed to kill fleas and ticks on dogs and cats. 

Credelio for dogs offers protection against four types of ticks—lone star tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick—and is suitable for dogs 8 weeks or older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. It starts killing fleas and ticks (Ixodes ricinus species) on dogs within four hours. In a well-controlled U.S. study, Credelio killed 100 percent of fleas on dogs within 12 hours after administration and for up to 35 days after administration.

Credelio CAT starts killing fleas on cats (as young as 8 weeks weighing 2 or more pounds) within six hours. It also protects against black-legged ticks (deer ticks), the most prevalent tick species in cats in the U.S., in cats 6 months and older. 

Fleas and ticks are not just a nuisance, these parasites can carry diseases such as Lyme disease, plague, tapeworms, and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Several of these diseases are also infectious to humans, making it doubly important to protect your pets against external parasites like fleas and ticks. In addition, some dogs and cats have flea bite allergies, and the bite of just one flea can cause them to feel itchy enough to tear their hair out and create hot spots. 

In addition to external parasites like fleas and ticks, pets are at risk for internal parasites, some of which can be transmitted to humans (like hookworms and roundworms). If you have a dog, Credelio can be paired with Interceptor Plus—which protects against five major worms—to provide broad-spectrum parasite protection for your pup. Your veterinarian may recommend using both of these products together.

How Does Credelio Work?

Credelio kills fleas and ticks by inhibiting specific receptors in their neurological system. These neurological receptors are different from receptors in dogs and cats. Credelio works fast because it is quickly absorbed into the blood. Because Credelio kills fleas before they have a chance to lay eggs (which takes anywhere between 20-24 hours after a female flea has her first blood meal), Credelio also prevents fleas from laying eggs. One of the perks of Credelio is that since it is an oral product and not topical, bathing your pet is not suspected to have any impact on its efficacy or how long it provides protection. 

How to Give Credelio to Dogs and Cats

Credelio for dogs is given by mouth and is formulated into a tasty beef-flavored tablet. 

Credelio for dogs is gluten free, however, the tablets contain flavoring made with pork liver, soy, barley, wheat, and lactose, so consult your veterinarian before giving to your pet if they have food allergies.

Credelio CAT has a vanilla and yeast scent and flavor that is designed to be appealing to cats, and has been successfully administered by most cat owners in the U.S. 

The manufacturer does not recommend splitting the tablets for dosing, as they are not scored for splitting, and there are a wide range of dosages available for different pet weights.

Credelio must be given with food or given within 30 minutes of feeding to assure it is absorbed completely from the intestinal tract. If your pet won’t readily eat it, you can place the tablet in their mouth. Pets can chew it or swallow it whole. You can try offering the tablet wrapped in a pill pocket, stuffed in a piece of hot dog, or covered in a small amount of peanut butter, canned food, or spray cheese. There are no efficacy studies available for crushing the tablet or adding it to water, but many veterinary professionals have reported success with doing that with picky pets. 

Credelio Reviews

Credelio is widely used and accepted within the veterinary community as a safe, effective way to control fleas and ticks in dogs and cats. I have personally prescribed Credelio to my dog patients with success and client satisfaction. 

Credelio CAT is the only oral tick and flea medication for cats available on the market.

Many pet parents also ask how Credelio for dogs compares to other oral flea and tick products like Nexgard, Bravecto, and Simparica. Here is a comparison chart:

Credelio Side Effects

Credelio contains lotilaner, an isoxazoline class of drug. This drug class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions in a few animals that include tremors, incoordination, and seizures. Even with the reported reactions, the FDA attests that approved isoxazoline products are considered safe and effective for dogs and cats, and that there is a slight chance for adverse effects, as with any drug. 

Credelio should be used with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or other neurological problems. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in dogs include weight loss, increased urination, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and diarrhea.

If you have a dog with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio is right for your dog. 

Credelio CAT should be used with caution in cats with a history of neurological disorders. In general, the most frequently reported adverse reactions of Credelio in cats include weight loss, rapid breathing, and vomiting.

If you have a cat with medical conditions or are concerned, ask your veterinarian if Credelio CAT is right for your pet.

Credelio Dosage for Dogs and Cats

Credelio is given orally once a month according to your dog’s weight: 

• 4.4-6.0 lbs: 56.25 mg (1 tablet)
• 6.1-12.0 lbs: 112.5 mg (1 tablet)
• 12.1-25 lbs: 225 mg (1 tablet)
• 25.1-50 lbs: 450 mg (1 tablet)
• 50.1-100 lbs: 900 mg (1 tablet)
• Greater than 100 pounds: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio CAT is given orally once a month according to your cat’s weight: 

• 2.0-4.0 lbs: 12 mg (1 tablet)
• 4.1-17.0 lbs: 48 mg (1 tablet)
• Over 17 lbs: Administer the appropriate combination of chewable tablets

Credelio can be used in dogs 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 4.4 pounds or more. Credelio CAT can be used in cats 8 weeks of age and older that weigh 2 pounds or more. (However, the effectiveness of Credelio CAT against black-legged ticks in kittens less than 6 months old has not been evaluated.) Credelio has not been studied for use in breeding animals. If your pet is pregnant or nursing, talk to your veterinarian before administering. 

Cost of Credelio

The cost of Credelio depends on your pet’s weight, your geographical location, and if you are purchasing through your local veterinary clinic. In general, Credelio is $15-$20 per month for dogs, and $8-$10 per month for cats. 

Credelio Storage Instructions

According to the label, Credelio tablets must be stored at 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit. Temporary periods of time outside of this range, 41-104 degrees Fahrenheit, are permitted. Store out of reach of pets to prevent accidental overdose.

Where to Buy Credelio

Interested in purchasing Credelio for dogs or cats? Check to see if this medication is available on your veterinarian’s online pharmacy.

The post Credelio for Dogs and Cats: Tick & Flea Protection appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog is suffering from an upset stomach, you might be wondering: can dogs have Tums? 

Here, we’ll explore whether calcium carbonate, the active ingredient in Tums, is safe for dogs, whether Tums can be used to treat indigestion in dogs, and more.

What Are Tums?

The primary ingredient found in Tums is calcium carbonate, a naturally mined material that is found all over the planet. Calcium carbonate is found in chalk, marble, and limestone. Calcium carbonate is also found in baking powder and some toothpastes.

The primary medical use for calcium carbonate is for helping relieve occasional heartburn, acid reflux, upset stomach, and ingestion in humans. While calcium carbonate is primarily used as an antacid, it can also be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis in humans.

Acid reflux is a condition that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, and it is a very common cause of heartburn symptoms in humans. Heartburn occurs when the acidic contents of the stomach touch the lining of your esophagus and cause pain.

Calcium carbonate, when chewed and swallowed, quickly neutralizes esophageal acid, relieving the symptoms associated with heartburn. 

Can I Give My Dog Tums?

The short answer is yes, you can give your dog Tums. But the more important question is: should you?

There are very few negative side effects seen in dogs that are given appropriate amounts of calcium carbonate on a short-term basis. However, elevated blood calcium levels and other mineral imbalances are possible if a dog is given too much calcium carbonate or if they are given it over a long time period. 

The biggest problem is that the calcium carbonate found in Tums can decrease absorption (and therefore effectiveness) of other medications. Tums can interfere or negatively interact with certain antibiotics, antacids, and iron supplements, so if your dog is on any other medications, consult with your veterinarian before giving Tums. 

You may also want to ask your vet if there are alternatives to Tums you should consider. Many veterinarians recommend other medications designed to reduce acid, combat heartburn, and prevent or treat ulcers, such as:

• Cimetidine, a generic form of the brand-name medication Tagamet
• Famotidine, a generic form of the brand-name medication Pepcid
• Omeprazole, a generic form of the brand-name medication Prilosec
• Sucralfate, a generic form of the brand-name medication Carafate  

However, like Tums, these are all medications formulated for people. So it’s essential to consult with your vet before you administer these or any other human over-the-counter medications to your dog. 

Can Tums Help Dogs? 

Calcium carbonate is prescribed to dogs for a couple of different medical conditions, including:

Low calcium. Dogs with low blood calcium levels, which can occur in pregnant or lactating dogs or dogs with low-functioning parathyroid glands 

Kidney disease. Kidney disease in dogs can cause blood phosphate levels to be too high. Calcium carbonate binds phosphate in the intestines, preventing it from being absorbed, and lowering the level of phosphorus in the blood. 

Can Tums Be Toxic to Dogs?

Dogs like the taste of Tums, and it is possible for them to eat too many if they get into a bottle of Tums. If your dog eats more Tums than he should, call your local veterinarian, after-hours emergency clinic, or the Pet Poison Hotline immediately for advice. 

In most cases, eating too many Tums will likely not be lethal, but can cause vomiting, electrolyte imbalances, diarrhea, and/or constipation. 

Additional signs of Tums toxicity in dogs can include drooling, tremors, difficulty breathing, acting drunk or uncoordinated, or collapse. 

Precautions When Giving Tums to Dogs

While Tums can be used on a short-term basis to help a dog with an upset stomach or for the above-mentioned medical conditions, they should not be used on a long-term basis unless under the supervision of a veterinarian. There are also certain precautions to take when giving your dog Tums:

Read the label. Tums are created with humans in mind, not dogs. Some sugar-free calcium carbonate products contain xylitol, which is very toxic to dogs. Dextrose is a safe sweetening ingredient in Tums, but xylitol is not. 

Watch for allergies. Some dogs may have allergies to food dyes in colored Tums. Food dyes are designated with the letters ‘FD&C’ – if you see those on the ingredient list, don’t give them to your dog. It is best to just give white Tums to dogs.

Do not give Tums to puppies. Do not give Tums to young dogs or puppies that are still growing. In large and giant breeds this can take upwards of two years! The calcium carbonate in Tums can alter a growing dog’s blood calcium levels, which can negatively impact a growing skeleton.

Only use Tums on a short-term basis. Do not use Tums in dogs on a long-term basis, as they can imbalance the level of minerals in a dog’s body. At the most, you can give a dog Tums for a day or two, as long as they are otherwise healthy and do not have any other medical conditions or on any other medications. 

Talk to your veterinarian. It is best to always consult with a veterinarian before giving your dog Tums.

Giving a dog Tums should not substitute for a veterinary visit – at best, they could be a short-term band-aid to help your dog feel a little better until you can get them seen by a veterinarian. Tums do not provide long-lasting relief from stomach problems in dogs, and giving a dog Tums may mask the symptoms of serious medical conditions that need a veterinarian’s help. 

Tums Alternatives: How to Treat Dog Digestive Problems

Signs that your dog is having problems with their stomach and/or intestines include vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, weight loss, and constipation. Since Tums are only moderately effective at controlling symptoms associated with acid reflux or upset stomach in dogs, it is a good idea to consider alternatives to giving your dog Tums. 

The following list of ideas may help your dog feel better without giving them Tums:

Add in a nightly snack.  If your dog vomits up food first thing in the morning, they could have a sour stomach from waiting too long to eat. Try giving them a small, high-protein snack right before bed.

Withhold food and try a bland diet.  If your dog is suddenly ill with mild vomiting and/or diarrhea associated with something they ate, you can try not feeding them (but still give them access to water) for 6-8 hours (except in toy breeds, puppies, or diabetic dogs). Then offer frequent, small meals of bland food – boiled white chicken, lean ground meat, low-fat cottage cheese, and rice or potatoes for several days. Many dogs will recover without incident. 

If your dog doesn’t stop vomiting within a day, refuses to eat when you offer food for more than a day, has no improvement in stool quality,  or is otherwise acting sick in any way, call your veterinarian.

Talk to your vet about other medications. Ask your veterinarian for acid-reducing medication recommendations, such as proton pump inhibitors or H2-blockers, like cimetidine. 

As always, if your dog is struggling with gastrointestinal problems, it is best to talk to your veterinarian. They can get to the bottom of your dog’s problem and recommend treatments that are safe and effective, bringing you peace of mind and relief to your dog. 

Editorial image credit: Jenari / Shutterstock.com

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Though you may not be familiar with the name, famotidine is a medication that’s commonly used by humans. In fact, many people keep it on hand at home for occasional bouts of heartburn and indigestion. In dogs, famotidine is also used as a stomach acid reducer to help treat conditions like acid reflux and uremic gastropathy. 

Famotidine is safe and readily available, making it many veterinarians’ first choice when recommending an antacid. Although this medication is available over the counter, you should still consult your veterinarian before using it to ensure it will be safe and effective for your dog’s condition. 

Read on the learn more about famotidine in dogs and how to use this common medication for your pup.

What is Famotidine?

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker or, more formally, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, and it’s used to decrease the production of stomach acid. 

It is not FDA approved for use in animals and no veterinary products are available, but the human product is used off-label for conditions such as esophagitis, gastritis, esophageal reflux, and gastrinoma. It is available over the counter as a tablet and many generic products are available.

Is Famotidine Safe for Dogs?

Famotidine is safe for dogs when dosed appropriately, and side effects are rarely seen when this medication is used as directed by your veterinarian. The medication is available over the counter in all parts of the country, but you should consult your veterinarian before using it for your dog.

What Does Famotidine for Dogs Look Like?

Famotidine is most commonly available as an OTC oral tablet. Because famotidine is available in many generic forms, the exact appearance of the tablet will vary depending on the manufacturer. Famotidine may also go by the brand names Pepcid, Pepcid AC, or Zantac, among others.

How Does Famotidine Work?

Famotidine works by blocking histamine H2 receptors in the stomach, which stops the stomach from producing more acid. This helps relieve symptoms caused by hyperacidity in the stomach, such as heartburn, gastric ulcers, and acid indigestion. However, studies have shown that famotidine has a decreased effect over time with repeated use in dogs and cats.

What is Famotidine Used for In Dogs?

Famotidine is used to decrease stomach acid in situations where stomach acidity may be excessive or harmful. This includes conditions such as:

• Gastritis
• Esophagitis
• Gastric ulcers (prevention and treatment)
• Gastrinoma
• Esophageal reflux
• Duodenal-gastric reflux
• Exercise-related erosive gastritis
• Uremic gastropathy

How to Give Famotidine to Dogs

Famotidine is typically provided as a tablet you can give to your dog by mouth. To make administering the medicine easier, you can hide the tablet in a pill pocket or a treat such as a small amount of cheese. To persuade your dog into taking the hidden tablet, first give your dog a treat without the pill. Then give your dog the treat with the pill hidden inside, and immediately follow it up with another pill-less treat. Your dog should be so busy enjoying the treats that they won’t even notice the pill!

Alternatively, you can “pill” your dog by giving them the tablet orally without food. To do this, hold your dog’s head up with their nose pointed toward the ceiling. Gently open your dog’s mouth and place the pill as far back on the tongue as you can. Gently hold your dog’s mouth closed and keep their head pointed upward until they swallow – you can also blow on their nose or stroke their throat to encourage swallowing. Once they swallow, you’ve successfully administered the tablet!

Famotidine for Dogs Side Effects

Famotidine is a relatively safe drug and most dogs do not experience side effects when the medication is given at appropriate dosages. In humans, the following side effects have been reported:

• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Confusion
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Pancreatitis
• Diarrhea
• Abnormal liver and renal levels in blood work

If you suspect your dog may be having an adverse reaction to famotidine, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Because famotidine impacts gastric (stomach) acid and the pH of the stomach, it may affect the absorption of other drugs that are administered by mouth. Similarly, famotidine may not be well-absorbed if given with other oral antacids.

Famotidine Dosage for Dogs

The dose of famotidine varies depending on your dog’s weight. Although famotidine is available over the counter, you should always consult your veterinarian to confirm the correct dosage prior to starting this medication for your dog. Never give your dog over-the-counter medications unless your veterinarian has recommended that you do so.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Famotidine?

If your dog misses a dose of famotidine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not give a double dose to make up for the missed dose. Simply continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to find out how best to proceed.

Cost of Famotidine for Dogs

Famotidine is available over the counter in many generic forms, making it relatively inexpensive for dogs. Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a 30-day supply of famotidine for dogs.

Famotidine Storage Instructions

Famotidine film-coated tablets should be stored at controlled room temperature (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in tight, light-resistant containers.

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Tylosin (brand name: Tylan) powder is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat gastrointestinal problems in dogs, cats, and other animals. 

Let’s take a closer look at tylosin powder for dogs and how it may benefit dogs with diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset.

What is Tylosin?

Tylosin is a type of antibiotic prescribed to treat diarrhea in dogs. It is made from culturing the bacteria Streptomyces fradiae. It is available in a generic form for dogs, which is called tylosin tartrate. The brand name, Tylan, is manufactured by several companies. 

Tylosin is FDA-approved for large animals, but its use in dogs is considered “extra-label,” of “off-label,” which means it is prescribed under different instructions than what the package label states. This is a very common practice in veterinary medicine. 

Tylan powder is currently offered to pet parents by prescription only through their primary care veterinarians throughout the United States.

Previously, products containing tylosin were available to treat tear-staining in white-coated dogs as well. However, the FDA does not allow the sale of these products solely for cosmetic purposes any longer [1]. 

What Does Tylan Powder Look Like?

Tylan powder is described as a “colorless, crystalline substance,” and it ranges in color from white to light yellow. It is available in a soluble powder form for dogs, and it is characterized by a musty smell.

What is Tylan Powder Used For in Dogs?

Tylan powder is most commonly prescribed when dogs have diarrhea – either due to a bacterial infection or inflammatory bowel disease. 

Oftentimes dogs prescribed Tylan powder have used other medications without success, or the Tylan powder is being prescribed as an alternative to metronidazole, another antibiotic used to treat gastrointestinal issues. 

Tylan powder is primarily prescribed in dogs for the following conditions:

• Enteritis 
• Colitis 
• Chronic diarrhea

How Does Tylan Powder Work?

Tylan powder fights bacterial infections and inflammation in a dog’s intestines that may be contributing to episodes of diarrhea. 

This antibiotic binds to an important site on the ribosome of the bacteria, which inhibits protein synthesis. Without protein synthesis, the bacteria cannot survive or continue to wreak havoc on a dog’s digestive tract. 

By eliminating bad bacteria and reducing inflammation, Tylan powder helps a dog’s stool return to a normal consistency.  

How to Give Tylosin to Dogs

It’s important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions when administering this medication to your dog. 

To prevent an upset stomach, Tylan powder is commonly given with a meal. You can sprinkle it over dry food or mix it into wet food. However, this antibiotic has an extremely bitter taste, and it may be difficult to entice some dogs to ingest it, even with food. 

To remedy this, the medication can be compounded into a capsule or liquid form by a veterinary pharmacist. Capsules can then be placed into a pill pocket or hidden in a “meatball” of canned food. Compounded liquids can be given orally using a syringe that is provided by your veterinarian or the pharmacy. 

Tylan Powder for Dogs: Side Effects

While Tylan powder is generally well-accepted and tolerated by most dogs, there is still the potential for side effects. Contact your veterinarian for guidance if you notice any concerns while your pet is taking this medication, especially any longstanding or severe symptoms. 

Side effects that can be seen when giving dogs Tylan powder may include:  

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Inappetence
• Loose or soft stool

There is evidence to suggest tylosin alters the gut microbiome significantly when administered orally [2]. Because of this, it may be beneficial for veterinarians to prescribe probiotics following a course of tylosin to restore healthy bacteria in a dog’s gastrointestinal tract. 

Interactions With Other Medications

Tylosin has the potential to interact with various other medications. It is important that you discuss any medications (over-the-counter or prescription) that your dog is taking with your veterinarian prior to starting this antibiotic. 

Tylosin should not be used with lincosamides or chloramphenicol because it reduces their overall efficacies. 

It should not be used in animals who have allergies to any of the macrolide antibiotics either. 

Because tylosin can negatively interact with digoxin, it should be used cautiously in pets being treated with this drug for heart disease. 

Tylan Powder Dosage for Dogs

Tylan powder is typically administered 1-3 times daily, and dosing varies based on your dog’s weight. Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions for when and how to give this medication.

Cost of Tylan Powder for Dogs

Tylan powder is a relatively inexpensive medication. It is typically prescribed by a veterinarian as the generic form, tylosin tartrate, which may cost anywhere from $15-$50 for a two-week supply. 

Costs will vary based on the duration of treatment and the size of the dog since dosages are based on weight. 

Compounded medications will cost more due to the preparation needed by the pharmacist. However, it is generally still accepted as an affordable option. 

Tylan Powder Storage Instructions

Tylan powder should be stored in a closed container at room temperature to protect it from moisture and sunlight. Compounded medications should be stored according to the instructions on their labels for best results.

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If your cat has been diagnosed with diabetes, your veterinarian has likely prescribed insulin to help manage this condition. You may have heard of insulin being used to manage human diabetes, but how does it work in cats? Let’s take a look at this essential hormone and its use in our diabetic felines.

What Is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas. It is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your cat’s bloodstream and promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. 

After your cat eats a meal, insulin is released from the pancreas to help the body use or store the glucose it gets from food. In cats with diabetes, the pancreas may still produce insulin but the body does not respond to it appropriately (insulin resistance), causing poor regulation of blood glucose levels. This is most similar to Type II diabetes in humans.

To treat diabetes in cats, we must supplement them with insulin by injection. There are multiple types of insulin for cats available that vary in their duration of action, concentration, and cost. 

What Does Insulin for Cats Look Like?

There are many insulin products available and they come in several forms. Most commonly, insulin comes in a multi-dose vial. Human insulin products may be sold in a dosing pen for more accurate dosing. Your veterinarian will demonstrate how to use the product prior to starting your cat’s insulin therapy.

How Does Insulin Work?

Insulin is a hormone that primarily targets liver, muscle, and fat cells. In a diabetic cat, insulin is administered after a meal. As the body breaks down the food into glucose, insulin signals these cells to uptake glucose into the cell, where it is either used as fuel for energy or stored for later use. This uptake of glucose into cells keeps your cat’s blood sugar regulated so that it does not become too high (hyperglycemia). 

What Is Insulin Used for In Cats?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus, a common condition in senior cats, particularly males. Risk factors for diabetes mellitus include obesity, physical inactivity, increasing age, history of glucocorticoid administration, pancreatitis, pregnancy, systemic infection, acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, and chronic kidney disease.

Cat Insulin vs. Human Insulin

There are only two insulin products that are FDA approved for use in cats. These are Vetsulin, a porcine insulin zinc suspension, and ProZinc, a protamine zinc recombinant human insulin. 

Aside from these two products, many human products are also used in cats. These include products such as Lantus, Toujeo, Humulin N, and Novolin N which are commonly used in human medicine. 

There is no single insulin that is suitable for all diabetic cats. Some cats may respond better to one insulin product than another. Your veterinarian will choose an insulin product based on its duration of action, your cat’s response to insulin therapy, and their own clinical experience with insulin products. 

How to Give Insulin to Cats

Insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. Insulin syringes use a small, thin needle and most cats tolerate these injections very well. Your cat will need to have these injections 1-2 times daily for the rest of his or her life.

To administer the injection, start by giving your cat a small treat or a bit of food as a distraction. Use your non-dominant hand to gently lift a bit of loose skin from the nape of the neck. You’ll notice that this skin forms a triangle shape. Using your dominant hand, guide the needle into the center of the triangle. When the needle is in place, pull back slightly on the syringe plunger. You should experience a bit of negative pressure or a slight “pull” on the plunger – this means you are in the right position. Gently depress the plunger until you have fully administered the insulin, then gently pull back the syringe to remove the needle. Dispose of the entire syringe and needle in an appropriate hard-sided container. 

If you’re unsure if your cat received the entire contents of the syringe, do not attempt to re-dose your cat. You do not want to accidentally overdose your cat with insulin as this can lead to hypoglycemia, or dangerously low blood sugar. Instead, simply continue on with the regular dosing schedule as prescribed.

Side Effects of Insulin for Cats

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when an insulin dose is too high, resulting in too much glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Signs of low blood sugar in cats include:

• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Weakness
• Muscle twitching
• Disorientation
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Hypothermia
• Seizure
• Diarrhea

Other side effects from insulin include local injection site reactions such as mild swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting at the site of insulin injection. It is recommended to rotate injection sites to help prevent this.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Certain drugs may alter an animal’s glucose tolerance and change their insulin requirements. These drugs include:

• Corticosteroids
• Thiazide diuretics
• Progestogens
• Amitraz
• Alpha-2 agonists
• Dexmedetomidine
• Xylazine

Certain drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when given in conjunction with insulin. These drugs include:

• Anti-diabetic agents
• Salicylates
• Sulfonamide antibiotics
• MAOIs
• Fluoxetine
• Disopyramide
• Dibrates
• Propoxyphene
• Pentoxyfylline
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
• Somatostatin analogs

Insulin Dosage for Cats

The dosage of insulin your cat needs will vary depending on your cat. Some cats require higher doses of insulin than others, and it can take some time to find the right dose. Your veterinarian will start by prescribing a low dose of insulin for your cat. After your cat has been on insulin for about 7-14 days, the dose may be adjusted based on your cat’s clinical signs or based on the results of a blood glucose curve. 

A blood glucose curve is a diagnostic procedure in which your cat’s blood sugar is measured every 2 hours, allowing your veterinarian to chart how your cat’s blood sugar fluctuates throughout the day. This allows your veterinarian to visualize how your cat’s body is reacting to the insulin. If your cat’s blood sugar is trending high, your cat’s insulin dose may be increased. If your cat’s blood sugar is dipping too low during the day, your cat’s insulin dose may be decreased. 

When starting insulin therapy, it is important to monitor your cat for signs of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. These signs can include weakness, loss of appetite, stumbling, blindness, altered mental state, vomiting, panting, slow heart rate, and collapse. These can be signs that your cat’s insulin dose is too high. If your cat exhibits these signs, contact your veterinarian right away. 

What If My Cat Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your cat misses a dose of insulin, do not double the next dose or give an extra dose to make up for the missed dose. Doing so will put your cat at risk for hypoglycemia. Instead, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. If your cat misses multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice on how best to proceed.

Cost of Insulin for Cats

The cost of insulin for cats varies depending on the type of insulin your cat is prescribed. However, pet owners should expect to spend approximately $100-$150 per bottle of insulin. 

Insulin Storage Instructions

Insulin products are stored in the refrigerator at 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit and should be kept away from heat and sunlight. Do not freeze insulin or use insulin that has been frozen.

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However, many cat health conditions and a few medications may make it unsafe for pet parents to give this medication to their cat. You should always confirm with your veterinarian before giving your cat Benadryl. 

Read below for more information, including dosing and administration tips.

What is Benadryl?

Benadryl is a brand name for the generic medication diphenhydramine. It was accidentally discovered as an antihistamine in the 1940’s by a chemist. Antihistamines are medications that block histamine. By doing so, antihistamines decrease allergy symptoms. 

The FDA approved Benadryl for human use in 1946, and to this day it is a well-known medication used in both human as well as animal patients (including dogs and cats). It has been available in various generic forms since the 1960’s and is widely available across the United States. 

Benadryl and all the generic forms can be found over the counter in a variety of stores. Many veterinarians carry this medication for their patients or recommend pet parents purchase it at a local store or pharmacy.

Benadryl is in many products that are not marketed just for antihistamine properties. A strong side effect in humans is sleepiness, so many companies market Benadryl as a “sleep aid” to help people fall asleep. Benadryl may also be in a combination of medications for sinus pain relief, often included with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) such as acetaminophen and pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant.

Can You Give Cats Benadryl?

Yes, Benadryl can be used in cats. However, a veterinarian should be consulted since many cat health conditions may become worse in combination with this drug. In addition, if not dosed correctly, side effects can be intense.

If your cat has the following health concerns, giving Benadryl could be harmful:

• Chronic bronchitis or “asthma”
• Liver disease
• History of seizures
• Glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye)
• Hyperthyroidism (producing too much thyroid hormone)
• Urinary retention (not able to fully empty the bladder)
• Intestinal atony (slow movement through the guts including megacolon)
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure (hypertension)

Benadryl enters the milk and goes to kittens, so if your cat is lactating (i.e. feeding kittens), veterinary advice is necessary before giving this medication. Benadryl has not been studied in pregnant cats, so ask a veterinarian if you believe your cat is pregnant.

There are two sizes of tablets made specifically for dogs and cats. However, the human form is safe, too, as long as it is dosed appropriately and doesn’t contain other medications. It is also important to purchase tablets or liquid if using human formulations, since the capsules will almost certainly be too high of a dose for a cat.

What Is Benadryl Used for in Cats?

Benadryl is primarily prescribed for skin conditions. Antihistamines help to decrease symptoms such as itchiness in the skin by preventing allergies to the environment, such as allergies to pollen. However, Benadryl is rarely effective as the only treatment for moderate to severe allergies. Benadryl is also used to prevent allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions, and chemotherapy (i.e. drugs used against cancer).

Benadryl also has anti-nausea properties, meaning it may decrease nausea and vomiting. Benadryl is specifically prescribed to help with motion sickness in cats that may happen from car rides. A common side effect of Benadryl for cats is drowsiness, so some veterinarians may recommend a dose to calm your cat down prior to something stressful like a veterinary visit.

In summary, Benadryl can help cats with:

• Allergies
• Pruritus (skin itchiness)
• Miliary dermatitis (skin condition in cats likely due to allergies)
• Prevention of allergic reactions to vaccines, blood transfusions and specific medications
• Motion sickness
• Mild sedative

Benadryl for Cat Travel

Using Benadryl during travel with your cat is a safe way to decrease motion sickness, which can cause some cats to vomit. It also makes cats a little sleepy, which can help decrease some other symptoms that make travel harder like vocalizing. 

However, Benadryl does not decrease cat anxiety and is unlikely to be helpful in cats who are very stressed or anxious.

How to Give Benadryl to Cats

Liquid medications are often the easiest in cats, but only human formulations of liquid Benadryl are available, and they are flavored to be sweet. While cats cannot taste sweet very well, the fruity flavors of Benadryl are often not appreciated by cats!

Tablets are another way of providing Benadryl in safe dosages to your cat. Pet parents can crush the tablet into a couple tablespoons of canned cat food and let their cat eat it. Use a very small amount of food so your cat eats all the food and the whole dose in a short amount of time. 

In a pinch, if your cat won’t eat the medication in food, crush the medication into a small amount of tasty liquid like tuna juice or low-sodium chicken broth. If your cat doesn’t drink it, use a syringe to get your cat to swallow it.

Benadryl for Cats: Side Effects

Benadryl has mild side effects, unless your cat receives a dose that is high or she has other chronic medical conditions. The most common side effect is drowsiness and occurs in most cats. 

Some of the side effects for cats, however, can be serious. If an overdose is suspected, cats could develop issues like seizures, coma, and death. However, the dose needed for this would be very high and is extremely rare.

Possible side effects of Benadryl for cats include:

• Drowsiness
• Ataxia, or walking drunkenly
• Agitation
• Seizures
• Behavior changes like vocalizing, affectionate behavior
• Gastrointestinal effects like decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea
• Decreased frequency of urination

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Benadryl can react with other cat medications including:

• Other antihistamines like amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine
• Alprazolam
• Amitraz
• Diazepam
• Methionine
• Phenobarbital
• Prochlorperazine
• Selegiline

Reactions typically result in an increase in side effects of either Benadryl or the other medication. Benadryl should not be given to cats just before or after anesthesia, since certain medications that may be used during anesthesia interact with Benadryl.

Benadryl Dosage for Cats

Benadryl is dosed for cats based on weight and must be given at least every 12 hours, but preferably every 8 hours, to be effective. 

Before giving this medication, pet parents must follow-up with their veterinarian first to avoid serious side effects. 

The typical dose for cats is 1 mg per pound of body weight. One-quarter of the 25 mg tablet is prescribed for most cats 2 to 3 times per day, but a half tablet may be necessary if your veterinarian advises it. 

This dosing would be too much for kittens and very small cats. For liquid, each pound of your cat’s weight would equal a dose of approximately 0.4 mL. An 8-pound cat would need to drink over 3 mL of this stuff – which can be very challenging to administer.

Before giving your cat Benadryl, make sure to review with your veterinarian the exact product you plan on giving. Many products are made with other medications like acetaminophen or pseudoephedrine which are toxic to cats.

Cost of Benadryl for Cats

Generic forms of diphenhydramine tend to cost less than name-brand Benadryl medication. Each tablet costs approximately 4 cents, so for most pet parents they will only pay 2 cents per day to give this medication in tablet form. Giving an 8-pound cat liquid will cost approximately 20 cents per day.

Benadryl Storage Instructions

All forms of Benadryl should be stored at room temperature (68-77 degrees). For tablets and capsules, avoid high humidity. The injectable form needs to be protected from exposure to light.

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If your dog suffers from arthritis or has an injury, your veterinarian may prescribe a medication called Meloxidyl. Meloxidyl is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that reduces pain, inflammation, and fever. Meloxidyl is available by prescription only and comes in several formulations. Most dogs tolerate Meloxidyl well, but this drug does have some side effects, including vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. Read on to learn more about Meloxidyl and how it can help reduce your dog’s pain and inflammation. 

What is Meloxidyl?

Meloxidyl is a brand name form of Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Meloxidyl is commonly prescribed for acute or chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. Meloxicam, the generic form of Meloxidyl, is FDA-approved for use in dogs for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and it is also used off-label for other conditions. Your veterinarian may prescribe Meloxicam in a tablet, liquid, or injectable form depending on your dog’s needs.  

What Does Meloxidyl for Dogs Look Like?

Meloxidyl is a brand name oral suspension of Meloxicam. It comes in a bottle with two dosing syringes to be used based on your dog’s weight. This product is lightly sweetened to facilitate the administration of the medication to your dog.

Meloxicam is a generic product that comes in many different formulations including tablets, liquids, and injectable medications. Because it is a generic medication, the appearance of the product will vary depending on the manufacturer.

How Does Meloxidyl Work?

Meloxidyl is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that works by inhibiting the formation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX enzymes are involved in the production of prostaglandins, some of which are produced at sites of injury and are responsible for causing pain and inflammation. By inhibiting COX enzymes, prostaglandin production is reduced, which reduces pain and inflammation.

What Is Meloxidyl Used for in Dogs? 

Meloxidyl is indicated for acute and chronic pain and inflammation in dogs. This may include conditions such as osteoarthritis, soft tissue injury, or postoperative pain, among others. The duration of treatment with Meloxidyl depends on the type, the severity, and the duration of the pain to be addressed. 

How to Give Meloxidyl to Dogs

If your dog is prescribed the tablet or pill form of Meloxicam, it should be given by mouth. If necessary, you can hide the tablet in a tasty treat or in your dog’s food. Be sure to feed your dog a full meal along with the medication, as this will prevent stomach upset.

If your dog is prescribed the liquid form of Meloxicam, use the provided dosing syringe to administer the liquid to your dog by mouth. Always use the provided dosing syringe to ensure your dog receives the correct dosage of medication. As with pills and tablets, be sure to give the medication with a full meal to reduce the risk of upsetting your dog’s stomach.

If your dog is prescribed the injectable form of Meloxicam, this will be administered by your veterinarian in the veterinary clinic. 

Meloxicam is typically given once every 24 hours for pain and inflammation. Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses, even if you think your dog is still in pain. If your dog is still in pain, consult your veterinarian for further instructions. 

Meloxidyl for Dogs Side Effects 

The most common side effects of Meloxidyl are gastrointestinal effects such as vomiting and diarrhea.  Some gastrointestinal effects can be prevented by administering Meloxidyl with a full meal. Treatment with NSAIDs such as Meloxidyl is also a predisposing factor for developing GI ulceration. In some cases, your veterinarian may prescribe gastroprotectant medications in addition to Meloxidyl to reduce the risk of GI ulcers.

NSAIDs also inhibit platelet function, which may cause increased bleeding times. However, studies have not demonstrated a clinically significant relationship between NSAID use and bleeding disorders in dogs.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Meloxidyl may interact with the following medications:

• Aminoglycosides
• Phenobarbital
• Anticoagulants
• Sulfonylureas 
• Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
• Isoniazid
• ACE inhibitors 
• Cimetidine
• Cisplatin
• Cyclosporine 
• Corticosteroids
• Pentosan
• SSRIs
• Furosemide
• Methotrexate
• Clopidogrel 
• Aspirin
• Other NSAIDs 

Meloxidyl Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Meloxidyl for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight. Your veterinarian will prescribe a dose that is appropriate for your dog’s current weight and health status. Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s instructions closely. Do not give extra medication or additional doses. If you feel your dog is in pain or needs additional medication, contact your veterinarian for further instructions. 

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Meloxidyl 

If your dog misses a dose of Meloxidyl, give it as soon as you remember, as long as it is not too close to the next dose. Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed dose. If necessary, simply skip the missed dose and continue on with the next dose as scheduled. 

Cost of Meloxidyl for Dogs 

The cost of Meloxidyl will vary depending on your dog’s size, the duration of treatment, and the formulation prescribed. Generic products will also cost less than brand names. In general, pet owners should expect to spend $25-$75 on Meloxidyl for dogs.

Meloxidyl Storage Instructions

Meloxidyl should be stored at a controlled room temperature of 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit and should be protected from moisture.

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What is Dramamine?

Dramamine is a combination of two drugs: diphenhydramine and 8-chlorotheophylline. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine (commonly known as Benadryl), which reduces vomiting, and 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine. 

Dramamine is commonly used in humans to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness due to motion sickness. It is used in cats and dogs for motion sickness as well. Dramamine is available over the counter and comes in several formulations, including oral solutions, tablets and a solution for injection. There are no specific veterinary formulations of Dramamine.

Is Dramamine Safe for Dogs?

Dramamine is safe for dogs when used as prescribed by your veterinarian. It is readily available over the counter, but you should always consult your veterinarian before giving any over-the-counter medications to your dog. Your veterinarian will give you the proper dosing and instructions for using this medication.

What Does Dramamine for Dogs Look Like?

Dramamine is given as either a tablet or an oral liquid. Because many generic products are available, the appearance of the product varies widely depending on the manufacturer. It may also appear under the generic name dimenhydrinate.

How Does Dramamine Work?

Dramamine contains diphenhydramine, an antihistamine medication more commonly known by the brand name Benadryl. Diphenhydramine makes the body unresponsive to histamines and acts on an area of the brain called the chemoreceptor trigger zone, interrupting chemical signals that cause nausea. 

Dramamine also contains 8-chlorotheophylline, which reduces the drowsiness associated with diphenhydramine.

What is Dramamine Used for in Dogs?

Dramamine is used for managing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness, particularly due to motion sickness. Dramamine is not commonly prescribed to dogs, as there are other medications that are more effective for managing these symptoms.

Dramamine may be prescribed for the following indications:

• Prevention of vomiting
• Car sickness
• Prevention of itching due to allergic dermatitis in dogs

How to Give Dramamine to Dogs

Dramamine is available over the counter as a tablet or liquid formulation. To give tablets to your dog, it is usually easiest to hide them in a high-value treat. To trick your dog into taking the pill, first offer a treat without the pill, then offer the treat with the pill hidden inside and immediately follow it up with another treat without the pill. Your dog will be so excited about taking multiple treats, he may not even notice the pill hidden inside.

To administer the liquid formulation of Dramamine, use the provided syringe to draw up an appropriate dose of the medication. Gently hold your dog’s head in place, then slide the syringe into the corner of your dog’s mouth behind his teeth. As soon as the syringe is in place, administer the medication. Hold your dog’s head upright for a few seconds after administration to ensure he swallows the medication.

Dramamine for Dogs Side Effects

The most common side effect in dogs is sedation or drowsiness. This is especially common in certain herding-breed dogs, who may be more sensitive to the sedative effects of antihistamines. 

If high doses of Dramamine are given, other side effects can include:

• Agitation
• Seizures
• Excessive vocalization
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Dry mouth
• High heart rate
• Hypersensitivity reactions

Overdose of Dramamine is possible and may even be seen at doses less than 1 mg/kg above the normal dose. It is very important to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely and to contact your veterinarian right away if you notice any side effects or other adverse effects.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Dramamine may react with other medications and should be used with caution in dogs taking medications or supplements for other conditions. Interactions may occur with other drugs such as:

• Tricyclic antidepressants and anti-histamines
• MAO Inhibitors
• CNS depressant drugs
• Azole antifungals
• Macrolide drugs

Dramamine should also be used with caution in dogs with liver disease, as this medication is processed through the liver. Be sure to consult your veterinarian before administering Dramamine to your dog to ensure there is no risk of interaction with any other medications your dog may be taking.

Dramamine Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of Dramamine for dogs varies depending on your dog’s weight and the severity of the condition to be treated. 

Overdose and toxicity can occur very easily with Dramamine, so it is important to consult your veterinarian to obtain an accurate Dramamine dose for your dog. Although Dramamine is available over the counter, you should not administer it without talking to your veterinarian to find out the best dosage and frequency for your dog’s individual needs.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Dramamine?

If your dog misses a dose of Dramamine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If the next dose is due soon, do not double the doses or administer two doses in a short period, as this increases the risk of side effects and overdose. 

Instead, skip the missed dose and continue with the regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses of medication, consult your veterinarian to determine when the next dose should be administered.

Cost of Dramamine for Dogs

Pet owners should expect to spend no more than $20 for a month’s supply of Dramamine for dogs. It is sold over the counter and is inexpensive. Generic forms are also available that are less expensive than brand-name Dramamine. 

Dramamine Storage Instructions

Dramamine products can be stored at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees.

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In this article, we will explain what Miralax is, whether or not it is safe to use in cats, what conditions it treats, how to administer it to cats, its common side effects, and dosing information. 

What is Miralax? 

Miralax is an osmotic laxative, which means it draws water into the intestines to soften stools, stimulating bowel movements and easing constipation. The active ingredient in Miralax is polyethylene glycol 3350, or PEG 3350. In 1999, the FDA approved Miralax for use in humans to treat occasional constipation. The product was approved for over-the-counter use in 2006 [2]. 

Most recommended forms of this medication are available to pet parents without a prescription from their local pharmacy. Formulations of PEG 3350 that contain added electrolytes are only available with a prescription. The version of Miralax that is used for cats is the same as the human product.  

Is Miralax Safe for Cats?

Miralax is generally considered a safe medication to give to cats. However, it is always best to confirm with your veterinarian that it is okay to give Miralax to your cat. Miralax should not be given to cats that are dehydrated, as it can lead to further dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. 

Cats suspected of having gastrointestinal obstruction, gastric retention, bowel perforation, toxic colitis, or ileus should also not be given Miralax. PEG 3350 solutions containing electrolytes (eg, CoLyte®, GoLytely®) should be used with caution in cats with inflammatory bowel disease.

What is Miralax Used For in Cats? 

Miralax is most commonly used to relieve and treat constipation in cats. Prescription PEG 3350 containing electrolytes is mostly used to clean out the bowels before endoscopy procedures and to help flush toxins out of the gastrointestinal tract for cats that have eaten something harmful. There are no other currently recommended uses for Miralax in cats. 

In humans, Miralax has recently been found to be more effective than lactulose for treating hepatic encephalopathy (a nervous system disorder brought on by liver disease). Miralax may be useful to treat this condition in cats, but studies are lacking [3]. 

How to Give Miralax to Cats

Miralax comes in a powdered form meant to be dissolved in liquid. However, it is okay to give the powder to cats as long as it is mixed with food, preferably canned or wet food. The powder is tasteless and odorless, so most cats will take Miralax without a fuss. 

When Miralax is used to treat severe constipation or in preparation for an endoscopy procedure, it is generally administered as a liquid solution. It must be given by a trained veterinary professional. 

Miralax Side Effects in Cats

To date, there is only one published study that evaluated the use and safety of Miralax in six cats over 4 weeks. For this reason, side effects are not well known. In the published study, most cats tolerated the medication without side effects, but one cat developed sporadic vomiting [4]. 

Besides vomiting, nausea and cramping are possible side effects of giving cats Miralax. 

It is thought that long-term use of Miralax may cause dehydration, low sodium levels, and/or high potassium levels. Since Miralax pulls water from the body and into the stools, it can make cats dehydrated. It is recommended to feed wet or canned food to cats taking Miralax to help prevent dehydration.

Since Miralax speeds up how quickly things move through the intestines, other drugs and medications should not be given at the same time as Miralax. Other oral medications should be given at least one hour before Miralax administration. 

Miralax should not be given with other laxatives or stool softeners. Miralax should be used with caution with other medications that may cause electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration, such as diuretics and ACE inhibitors. 

Miralax Dosage for Cats

For cats, the recommended dose is generally ⅛ to ¼ teaspoon of powder mixed in with food twice daily. Your veterinarian will be able to give you more specific instructions based on your cat’s condition and needs. 

Make sure to speak with your veterinarian before giving your cat Miralax. The best treatment for constipation is to try to determine the underlying cause, which generally requires lab tests and X-rays at a minimum.

Do not give the labeled over-the-counter Miralax dose to cats as this is the dose for humans and is much too large for cats. 

Alternatives to Miralax

While many cat parents appreciate the convenience and efficacy of Miralax, this over-the-counter laxative designed for humans isn’t the only option for cats.

Lactulose is a prescription oral solution that can be used as a laxative and stool softener in cats. Though it works similarly to Miralax, its active ingredients are different. It can be compounded in cat-friendly flavors. And it is also available under the brand name Kristalose.

Vetasyl is a non-prescription fiber supplement that comes in capsule form. Like Miralax, it can be sprinkled over your cat’s food. It’s made with psyllium husks to provide gentle, effective relief from constipation. You should discuss supplements with your veterinarian before adding them to your cat’s dietary routine.

And if hairballs are contributing to your cat’s constipation, you might opt for a product specifically designed to move them along, such as Cat Lax or Laxatone. These non-prescription gels come in tasty flavors, so you just apply them to your cat’s nose or paws for them to lick off. When used daily, the gel lubricates hairballs, allowing them to move through the digestive tract more easily.

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If your dog has an infection, your veterinarian may prescribe enrofloxacin to treat it. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic that is commonly used to treat infections in dogs and cats, including some infections that are more difficult to treat. It is a safe and effective drug in most animals, but it does have some potential side effects to be aware of. Before giving your dog their first dose of enrofloxacin, here’s what you need to know about this medication.

What is Enrofloxacin?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic that is FDA approved for use in dogs, cats, and other animal species and is commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It is available both as a brand-name drug (e.g., Baytril) and in several generic forms. With a prescription, pet owners can purchase this medication through their veterinarian or through any pharmacy that dispenses veterinary medications.

What Does Enrofloxacin for Dogs Look Like?

Enrofloxacin for dogs comes in many different forms, so it’s important to always check the bottle and be sure that you are giving the correct medication. Brand name Baytril is typically dispensed as Taste Tabs, which are round, light brown, scored tablets with a B in one corner and a number corresponding to the dosage in the opposite corner. Generic forms of enrofloxacin may look very different. If in doubt, take an extra moment to confirm the name and dosage on the bottle, and contact your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns.

What is Enrofloxacin Used For In Dogs?

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections in dogs because it is highly effective against strains that resist other antibiotics. 

In dogs, enrofloxacin is most commonly prescribed to treat urinary tract infections and skin infections, such as staph infections. It may be also used to treat conditions including, but not limited to:

• Wounds
• Abscesses
• Gastrointestinal tract infections
• Respiratory infections, such as kennel cough

Enrofloxacin is also effective against difficult-to-treat infections, such as:

• Bone infections
• Ear infections
• Sinus infections
• Pneumonia 

How Does Enrofloxacin Work?

Enrofloxacin is used to treat bacterial infections in dogs. It works by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to make DNA, causing the bacteria to die. 

Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, meaning it works against the two major bacterial groups. It is active against many aerobic bacteria (i.e., those that require oxygen to survive), though it is not effective against anaerobic bacteria (which do not require oxygen), viruses, or fungal infections. 

How to Give Enrofloxacin to Dogs

Enrofloxacin is typically administered by mouth in the form of tablets or oral solutions. It is a component of many topical ear medications, as well. Enrofloxacin is also available in an injectable form which may be administered intravenously (injected directly into a vein), intramuscularly (injected deep into a muscle and absorbed by blood vessels), and subcutaneously (injected into the innermost layer of the skin and absorbed slowly).

When giving your dog enrofloxacin by mouth, be sure to give it with a full meal. Like most antibiotics, enrofloxacin can cause gastrointestinal upset, especially when given on an empty stomach. If you have trouble getting your dog to take enrofloxacin, hiding the tablets in food or a favorite treat may tempt your dog to take them!

Enrofloxacin Side Effects in Dogs

When giving enrofloxacin to your dog, it’s important to watch out for possible side effects. Most dogs tolerate enrofloxacin well, but some do develop side effects commonly associated with antibiotics, like stomach upset. Enrofloxacin does not make dogs sleepy, but it can cause other side effects such as: 

• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Weakness
• Depression
• Lethargy
• Nervousness
• Seizures
• Cartilage damage in growing animals

If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms while taking enrofloxacin, stop giving the medication and call your veterinarian right away. Your veterinarian may recommend changing the dose, switching to another medication, or altering the way you give the medication to help reduce the side effects for your dog.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Enrofloxacin should not be given with medications such as sucralfate, antacids, or mineral supplements, as these medications may decrease the absorption and bioavailability of enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin may also have a decreased effect when mixed with tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics.

Dogs on the medication theophylline should be monitored closely when taking enrofloxacin in combination with this medication, as enrofloxacin can increase blood theophylline levels in dogs. It may be necessary to monitor theophylline plasma levels and adjust your dog’s dosage of theophylline while taking enrofloxacin.

Enrofloxacin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of enrofloxacin varies widely depending on the size of your dog and the infection being treated. It is important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions for dosing to ensure your dog receives the proper treatment. Do not stop giving enrofloxacin even if your dog appears to be feeling better. It is essential to complete the full course of medication to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance and recurrent infections.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Enrofloxacin?

If your dog misses a dose of Enrofloxacin, give the dose as soon as you remember. Though if you give that dose close to the time of your dog’s next scheduled dose, skip the scheduled dose and continue on with the next dose as prescribed. Do not double up on doses, as this can increase the risk of side effects.

Cost of Enrofloxacin for Dogs

The cost of enrofloxacin for dogs varies widely depending on the dose your dog receives, the length of time your dog needs to be on medication, whether your veterinarian prescribes a brand name or generic medication, and the region of the country you live in. 

In general, pet owners can expect to spend anywhere between $50-$200 for a month’s supply of enrofloxacin, depending on these factors.

Enrofloxacin Storage Instructions

Tablets should be stored in a cool, dry place and protected from direct sunlight. Do not freeze Enrofloxacin tablets. Liquid formulations may require refrigeration depending on the manufacturer. Please check the manufacturer’s instructions on the box or package insert before storing this product.

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If you have ever had a dog that suffered from motion sickness or a sensitive stomach, you’re probably familiar with canine vomiting! Whether your dog is prone to vomiting or only does it when he fishes something gross out of the trash can, vomiting is a challenge that most dog owners will have to deal with at some point in their dog’s life. While some cases of vomiting are short-lived and resolve on their own, dogs with prolonged or recurrent episodes of vomiting may benefit from an antiemetic, or anti-vomiting medication. Cerenia is the most commonly used antiemetic in dogs, and the only drug that is FDA-approved for the treatment of vomiting in dogs. 

What is Cerenia for Dogs?

Cerenia was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2007 for the treatment of vomiting and motion sickness in dogs. Prior to this time, any medications that veterinarians used to treat canine nausea were used “off label,” meaning they were human drugs that were not specifically approved for use in dogs. With the development of an FDA-approved nausea treatment for dogs that was also highly effective, most veterinarians shifted to using this drug exclusively to treat canine nausea and vomiting. 

Cerenia is available in both an injectable and oral formulation. Both forms of this medication are stocked in nearly every veterinary clinic throughout the United States. Cerenia injection for dogs is often used to treat nausea and vomiting in hospitalized patients, and in the initial management of a vomiting dog that is unable to keep pills down. Oral tablets may be sent home with owners for the treatment of motion sickness, or for the ongoing treatment of nausea.  

What Does Cerenia Look Like?

Cerenia tablets are relatively small and have an oval shape. These tablets are scored down the middle, so they can easily be halved if a pet needs a half-tablet dose. The letters “MPT” and the dose in milligrams (mg) are also stamped onto the surface of each tablet. 

Injectable Cerenia is a clear liquid medication, which comes in an amber-colored bottle.  

How Does Cerenia Work in Dogs?

Cerenia works by blocking the effects of Substance P, a key neurotransmitter (brain chemical) involved in vomiting. 

When something occurs in the body that triggers nausea, whether that is fear, anxiety, motion sickness, gastrointestinal disease, or exposure to a toxin, Substance P is released to trigger vomiting. Cerenia prevents Substance P from binding in the brain, which prevents vomiting. Because it acts in this way, Cerenia can be used to prevent vomiting attributable to a wide variety of causes. 

Interestingly, Substance P is also involved in coughing. By blocking the effects of Substance P, Cerenia can also be used to control coughing in dogs.  

What Is Cerenia Used for in Dogs?

Cerenia is primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from motion sickness to gastrointestinal viruses and even organ failure. Common causes of vomiting that may be treated with Cerenia include: 

• Motion sickness
• Gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea due to a variety of causes)
• Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Parvovirus
• Chronic kidney disease 
• Cancer 

Additionally, Cerenia’s anti-cough effects have led some veterinarians to use it in the treatment of chronic bronchitis in dogs. Although Cerenia is not labeled for use in this manner, there is enough evidence of its benefits that some veterinarians will use it off-label for challenging cases of chronic cough. 

Cerenia for Dogs Side Effects

Cerenia is rarely associated with severe side effects in dogs. 

The most common side effect associated with injectable Cerenia is pain at the injection site; many dogs act as though the injection stings or burns. Most veterinarians store Cerenia in the refrigerator, which appears to decrease the stinging sensation associated with injection. 

Uncommon side effects associated with Cerenia (in its oral or injectable form) include: 

• Diarrhea
• Anorexia (no appetite)
• Lethargy
• Incoordination
• Allergic reactions (swelling of head/face, anaphylaxis)

Cerenia has a wide margin of safety. Even with doses exceeding the recommended dose, side effects are rare. Additionally, this medication only remains in the body for 24 hours, so side effects are typically short-lived. 

If your dog experiences any side effects or new signs of illness while taking Cerenia, contact your veterinarian. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are no known drug interactions between Cerenia and other drugs that are commonly used in dogs. If your dog is taking any other prescription or over-the counter medications or supplements, talk to your veterinarian before giving Cerenia. 

Cerenia Dosage for Dogs

Your dog’s Cerenia dosage is determined by the goal of treatment and your dog’s weight. High doses of Cerenia are required to treat motion sickness, while lower doses can often be used to treat other causes of vomiting. 

When used to treat motion sickness, Cerenia should be given approximately two hours prior to travel, on an empty stomach. 

Dogs receiving Cerenia for other causes of vomiting and nausea often take this medication once daily, every 24 hours. When used to manage coughing and bronchitis, Cerenia may be administered as little as every other day, or every 48 hours. 

Your veterinarian will determine the optimal Cerenia dosing regimen for your dog, based on your dog’s weight and the medical condition that is being treated. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Cerenia?

If your dog misses a dose of Cerenia, you may see a recurrence of your dog’s nausea or vomiting. Give the missed dose as soon as possible, then resume your regular dosing schedule by waiting the recommended amount of time between doses. Do not give two doses at once. 

Contact your veterinarian if you have any questions.

Cost of Cerenia for Dogs

Cerenia can become expensive, especially in large dogs requiring high doses of medication. Unfortunately, there is no generic version available at this time. 

Cerenia tablets for dogs typically cost $5-$10 each. Your dog’s daily dose may range from one-half to two tablets per day, depending on their weight.

The cost of a Cerenia injection may vary from $20 to $50, depending on your dog’s weight. 

Cerenia Storage Instructions

Cerenia tablets should be stored at room temperature. Each tablet is contained in an individual foil-wrapped blister pack; once the foil for a tablet has been opened, that tablet should be used within two days. 

Injectable Cerenia is stored at room temperature until it is opened, and then is typically refrigerated. The entire bottle of medication must be used within 90 days of opening. 

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If you’ve ever had a relative—or even a pet—with diabetes, you’re likely familiar with the drug insulin. This medication is used to regulate blood sugar in diabetic patients, including our four-legged friends. Insulin can be a bit daunting at first. There are many types available and every dog requires individual dosing. But once you get the hang of it, administering insulin to your pet is fairly easy to do. Read on to learn more about this important drug and how it is used in canine patients.

What is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. After eating, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the cells of the body. Insulin also promotes energy storage, increases DNA replication, and increases protein synthesis. When insulin is deficient, glucose is not adequately metabolized, leading to high blood sugar levels. 

Diabetes is a condition characterized by a deficiency of insulin. Type I diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes in dogs and occurs due to a lack of insulin production by the pancreas. In this case, insulin must be supplemented for patients. In veterinary patients, often the same types of insulin used in humans are prescribed. There are also two FDA-approved veterinary insulin products available on the market: Vetsulin, which was approved in 2004, and ProZinc, which was approved for use in dogs in 2019.

What is Insulin Used For in Dogs?

Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus in dogs. Less commonly, it may also be used to prevent the progression to diabetes mellitus in canine patients with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) and hyperglycemia.

Dog Insulin vs Human Insulin

It is important to note that human insulin and veterinary insulin have different concentrations and require different syringes to administer appropriately. Human insulin formulations typically have concentrations of 100 units per ml, requiring a U-100 syringe to administer correctly. Veterinary insulin formulations have concentrations of 40 units per ml, requiring a U-40 syringe to administer correctly. Administering insulin with the wrong size syringe can result underdosing your dog’s insulin, leading to worsening of their diabetes symptoms, or an an accidental overdose, leading to hypoglycemia in dogs. Always make sure you know whether your dog’s insulin is a human or veterinary formulation, and be extra careful to use the correct size syringe with it. 

How to Give Insulin to Dogs

Insulin is administered twice daily by subcutaneous injection, which is an injection under the skin. These injections are easy to perform and pet owners can be trained to do this at home. First, read the insulin manufacturer’s instructions to determine how to handle and mix the insulin. Some brands must be handled gently to avoid inactivating the insulin, while other brands, such as Vetsulin, must be shaken vigorously to mix them prior to administration. 

Once mixed, use the proper size insulin syringe (U-40 or U-100) to draw up the correct dose of insulin for your dog, making sure there are no air bubbles in the syringe. Next, gently pinch up a fold of your dog’s skin, forming a tent shape. Gently insert the needle into the center of this tent and push down the plunger until it stops. Pull the needle straight out and dispose of it in an appropriate hard-sided container. Be sure to put the insulin back in the refrigerator when you are done.

Insulin Side Effects in Dogs

The primary side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. This can occur when too much insulin is given, causing the blood sugar to drop too low. Signs of hypoglycemia in dogs that pet owners should watch for include:

• Weakness
• Lethargy
• Stumbling gait
• Falling down
• Depression
• Disorientation
• Collapse
• Seizure
• Death

Less commonly, some dogs may experience a reaction at the injection site, which includes swelling, pain, bruising, or crusting.

Insulin is a lifelong medication and there are no concerns with using it long term, as long as dosages are monitored and your veterinarian is overseeing your dog’s treatment.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a number of drugs that can change your dog’s insulin requirements by altering glucose tolerance, increasing the risk for hypoglycemia, and altering the glucose lowering effect of insulin.  These drugs include commonly used medications, such as steroids, diuretics, beta-blockers, and thyroid hormones, among others.  

Insulin Dosage for Dogs

The dosage of insulin for dogs varies widely between patients. Even dogs of the same breed or size can have very different insulin dosages. Your veterinarian will start your dog on an initial dose of insulin and then will perform a blood glucose curve to evaluate your dog’s response to the insulin.  

A blood glucose curve involves measuring your dog’s blood glucose at set intervals throughout the day, usually about every two hours. Plotting these numbers on a graph allows your veterinarian to evaluate how your dog’s blood glucose fluctuates throughout the day. If your dog’s blood glucose is trending too high or too low, your veterinarian will adjust your dog’s insulin dosage accordingly and will likely recheck a blood glucose curve at a later date. This process helps ensure that your dog gets exactly the amount of insulin his body needs.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Insulin?

If your dog misses a dose of insulin, simply administer the next dose as usual. Do not add extra doses or increase the insulin dose, as this can put your dog at risk for developing hypoglycemia. If your dog has missed multiple doses of insulin, contact your veterinarian for advice before proceeding.

How Much Does Insulin Cost for Dogs?

The cost of insulin varies depending on the type of insulin used and the dose your pet needs. In general, it costs approximately $150 for a 10 ml vial of insulin, although some types of insulin may be more or less expensive.

Insulin Storage Instructions

Store insulin upright in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Check the label or package insert for further instructions.

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If your dog has been diagnosed with esophagitis or gastrointestinal ulcers, your veterinarian may prescribe sucralfate. This ulcer medication for dogs (called a gastroprotectant) is designed to coat the intestinal tract, preventing and treating gastrointestinal ulcers.  

What is Sucralfate?

Sucralfate was first introduced as an ulcer medication for human patients in 1968, although it did not receive FDA approval in the United States until 1981. Sucralfate is labeled for the treatment of duodenal (upper small intestinal) ulcers, but this medication has also been used to treat ulcers at other locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract. 

Sucralfate is readily available in both brand-name and generic formulations. It is commonly used in veterinary medicine and can be found on the shelves of most veterinary practices in the United States. 

If your veterinarian does not stock this medication, they can write you a prescription to obtain the medication through your local (human) pharmacy. 

What Does Sucralfate Look Like?

Sucralfate is typically dispensed as a relatively large, white or pink oval tablet that is scored in the center. It is also available as a suspension, or liquid, although this formulation is less commonly prescribed by veterinarians. Sucralfate suspension has a light pink or white color. It is also available as a capsule.

How Does Sucralfate for Dogs Work?

Sucralfate works primarily by coating a dog’s gastrointestinal tract. It will coat the surfaces of both ulcers and healthy gastrointestinal tissue, acting as a “band aid” that protects against stomach acid and other irritants. 

What Is Sucralfate Used For in Dogs?

Sucralfate is typically administered when a dog has gastrointestinal ulcers or is thought to be at a high risk of developing gastrointestinal ulcers. Whether a dog has esophageal ulcers due to gastric reflux or is at risk of ulcers due to an overdose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sucralfate is often prescribed for its protective benefits on the gastrointestinal lining. It may also be used post-operatively in patients undergoing intestinal surgery or those who have been vomiting.

Common sucralfate uses include the treatment of: 

• Esophageal ulcers
• Esophagitis
• Stomach ulcers
• Intestinal ulcers
• Ingestion of toxins that may cause gastrointestinal ulceration
• Kidney failure (which may cause gastrointestinal ulcers)

How to Give Sucralfate to Dogs

Your veterinarian will advise you on how to administer your dog’s sucralfate, depending on which area of your dog’s gastrointestinal tract requires protection. When sucralfate is intended to act on the stomach or intestines, sucralfate tablets can usually be given intact (like a normal pill). They will break up in the stomach’s acidic environment and coat the walls of the stomach, as well as the remainder of the intestinal tract. 

If your dog has lesions in the esophagus, however, giving an intact tablet will offer no significant benefits. The tablet will not begin to dissolve until it reaches your dog’s stomach. Therefore, many veterinarians recommend a “sucralfate slurry” for dogs with known or potential esophageal ulcers. 

Giving sucralfate in a slurry involves crushing your dog’s sucralfate and then dissolving it in a small amount of water. After mixing this solution thoroughly, use a syringe to administer the mixture to your dog, by mouth.  

Sucralfate works best on an empty stomach. 

Sucralfate Side Effects in Dogs

Sucralfate side effects are rarely seen, because it remains in the intestines and is not absorbed into the bloodstream. In humans, the most commonly reported side effect is constipation. Allergic reactions may occur, but these are rare. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Sucralfate can decrease the absorption of numerous medications, including digoxin, thyroxine, and some antibiotics. This effect is caused by sucralfate binding to the medication, preventing absorption. You can avoid this interaction by administering other medications two hours prior to your dog’s sucralfate dose. 

Sucralfate works best when your dog’s stomach is acidic. Therefore, it’s best to give sucralfate 30 minutes prior to any antacid medications that your pet may be receiving.

Sucralfate Dosage for Dogs

Sucralfate doses are based on the patient’s size and the condition that is being treated. Most dogs receive ½ to 1 tablet of sucralfate every 6-12 hours, but your veterinarian will determine the optimal dose and frequency for your dog. 

If your pet is on any medications (including vitamins or other over-the-counter supplements), talk to your veterinarian to determine the best dosing schedule for your dog. Careful consideration of medication timing can ensure that your dog receives the maximum benefits of both sucralfate and their other medications. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Sucralfate?

If your dog misses a dose of sucralfate, continue giving the remaining doses as directed. There is no need to “double up” after a missed dose.  

Cost of Sucralfate for Dogs

Sucralfate is a relatively inexpensive medication, typically costing less than $1/dose. Generic forms may cost less than brand-name forms. 

Sucralfate Storage Instructions

Sucralfate tablets and sucralfate suspension stored at room temperature, on your counter or in a cabinet. No refrigeration is needed. 

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Was your dog at the veterinarian recently and prescribed a medication called doxycycline? If your veterinarian suspected your dog was suffering from one of the countless bacterial infections common to canines, the answer is likely yes. Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means it can treat infections caused by many different types of bacteria. 

Let’s learn about doxycycline for dogs, what it’s good for, and how to administer it safely, so you can continue to take good care of your pet.

What is Doxycycline? 

Doxycycline is a prescription medication that was patented in 1957 and became commercially available in 1967. It is from the tetracycline group of antibiotics used to treat a variety of infections and conditions in veterinary medicine, including bacterial infections, respiratory infections, and tick-borne diseases. Doxycycline can be used in many different species, including dogs, cats, horses, reptiles, small mammals, rodents, and even birds.

It comes in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and liquid, all to be given by mouth. You may see doxycycline under a few different brand names including Vibramycin, Oracea, Monodox, Periostat, Doryx, and Acticlate. 

This medication is FDA approved for human use. But there are no specific versions approved for veterinary use at this time, so the human version is what a veterinarian would likely prescribe your dog. 

Doxycycline is not available over the counter. However, it is readily available through your veterinarian, online pharmacies, compounding pharmacies, and human pharmacies with a prescription from your dog’s veterinarian. 

How Does Doxycycline Work? 

Doxycycline is derived from tetracycline, a semisynthetic drug made from both natural and synthetic sources. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis and alter the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of susceptible organisms—namely bacteria. 

Since healthy cells are not as susceptible, that allows the drug to stop bacterial growth in order to fight off bacterial and microbial infections.

What Is Doxycycline Used For in Dogs? 

Doxycycline is typically used to treat a range of bacterial infections in dogs, as well as infections caused by microorganisms. It is not effective against viral infections or fungal infections. 

Your veterinarian might prescribe this drug to treat a present infection, or as a precaution against a secondary bacterial infection that your dog may be at risk of developing. This is the reason why a veterinarian might prescribe doxycycline for a viral infection like canine parvovirus. Even though the drug will do nothing to fight the viral infection, doxycycline is an effective precaution because parvovirus leaves dogs vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections. 

Doxycycline is commonly prescribed for susceptible bacterial infections including:

• Respiratory tract infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Oral infections
• Leptospirosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Mycoplasma
• Psittacosis

Doxycycline is also effective against many tick-borne diseases and other diseases caused by parasites, including:

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Salmon poisoning 
• Heartworm 

Doxycycline may be dispensed by your regular veterinarian or specialist after examination and diagnostic testing, such as a culture and susceptibility test, which would indicate if it is the appropriate drug to treat the infection.  

How to Give Doxycycline to Dogs

Once your dog has been prescribed doxycycline, the next big question is how are you supposed to give it to your pet? 

If you are dispensed the liquid version, simply squirt the correct dosage directly into your dog’s mouth. It may be flavored to make it more palatable—hopefully with chicken or another flavor your dog will like! If your dog has food allergies, be sure to alert your veterinarian. Also, even though it is a liquid medication, it is best to give it with food to avoid stomach upset. 

If your dog was prescribed a tablet or capsule, it is important to get your dog to drink at least 6 ml of water after you administer the pill. This will “wash it down,” helping the pill get to the stomach smoothly and ensuring it does not get stuck in the esophagus, which can cause discomfort. 

You can try putting the pill in a small meatball of dog food or a small piece of cheese if your prescribing veterinarian allows it. There are also treats on the market (available at pet stores or through your veterinarian) that make it easier to pill your pet. 

It is not recommended to crush doxycycline tablets and put them into your dog’s food, as it has a bitter taste and may make the food taste bad. That could deter your pet from eating some or all of their food, which could make it difficult to tell if they received the full prescribed dose. 

If giving your dog a capsule, do not open it up and sprinkle the contents on the food for the same reason. Opening the capsule may also cause the drug to be less effective.

To ease potential stomach upset, it is recommended to give this medication with a meal or a bit of food. But do not give doxycycline with foods containing iron or dairy, as these can block its efficacy. 

Doxycycline Side Effects in Dogs 

As with any medication, there are potential side effects to doxycycline. Though it is usually tolerated very well in dogs, the most common side effect is gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite. 

Acute allergic reactions are also possible, just as they are with any other drug. So be sure to let your veterinarian know of any previous drug reactions your dog may have had.

Doxycycline may also make your dog’s skin more sensitive to sunlight and therefore sunburn, especially on hairless areas like the nose, eyelids, and ears. If you have a hairless breed, your dog is most at risk.

Doxycycline should not be given to dogs who are pregnant or lactating. Tetracycline antibiotics, as a group, can cause skeletal limb deformities to puppies in utero. 

More serious side effects include liver failure, as well as seizures, bleeding, behavior changes, or even trouble swallowing. Contact your veterinarian if you detect any sign of these serious side effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Another factor to keep in mind if your veterinarian prescribes doxycycline for your dog is whether your pet is taking any other medications. As with any drug, caution must be used when administering multiple medications at once to avoid potential negative reactions. 

For instance, tetracycline drugs can cause blood clotting disorders, so if your dog is already on a blood thinner such as warfarin, it’s important to keep an eye out for signs of a reaction. Also, certain antacids may be needed to be administered several hours before or after the doxycycline, so be sure to discuss any and all medications with the prescribing veterinarian. 

Doxycycline Dosage for Dogs

The appropriate dosage of doxycycline for dogs will vary depending on their health and the condition being treated. Please follow all prescription directions carefully, and do not make any adjustments without consulting your veterinarian. Changing your dog’s medication can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is dangerous for your dog and may also result in a longer recovery time. Do not stop giving the medication if your dog’s condition improves—always finish all medication prescribed. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Doxycycline

If you miss giving your dog a dose of doxycycline, and it is relatively close to when it was due (within 2 hours), you can give the dose. But if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip that missed dose, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses! 

Cost of Doxycycline for Dogs

Doxycycline is a relatively cost-effective drug, so using the generic version instead of name-brand options may not save you too much money. Depending on the size of your pet, and what dose is prescribed, costs can range from around $0.25 – $1.50 per dose. 

Doxycycline Storage Instructions

Doxycycline tablets and capsules should be stored in a tight container at room temperature (59 – 86 degrees), away from sunlight and out of reach of children and pets. The medication is usually dispensed in a dark container to protect it from the sun. You do not need to refrigerate doxycycline liquid unless it is recommended for any compounded liquid. In that case, the refrigerated medication should be discarded after 14 days. 

The pharmacy will be able to provide additional storage and handling recommendations, depending on the prescribed instructions.

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If your cat has ever had really bad diarrhea, you may have heard of the medication metronidazole. This commonly used medication is often recommended for cats with new or persistent diarrhea which may be related to inflammatory bowel disease. 

Metronidazole is an antibiotic as well as an antiprotozoal that can be used to treat a variety of parasite infections like giardia. 

If you look up metronidazole on the internet, you may be surprised to read that this medication can also be quite toxic. Keep reading to understand what metronidazole is used for and how you can use it safely and effectively to treat your cat.  

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole was created in a laboratory in France in 1959, where it was originally intended to be used to kill certain parasites known as protozoa. But it was soon discovered to be effective in killing bacteria, as well, making it one of the few medications with both antibiotic and antiprotozal properties. 

Metronidazole became widely used in the 1970s and is now available in a variety of forms, both as a generic medication, as well as under the brand name Flagyl.

Metronidazole is approved by the FDA for human use in the United States, but it is not FDA approved for use in dogs and cats. However, other countries have approved metronidazole for cats and a variety of other species. 

It has been used in animals for decades and is a very commonly prescribed medication by veterinarians. Metronidazole is available across the United States at any veterinary clinic. 

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Most veterinarians will prescribe the generic metronidazole for cats in 250 mg and 500 mg tablets. The appearance of the medication varies by manufacturer, but the tablets are generally circular or oval and white with letters and numbers stamped on them, depending on the size. The liquid form is available in many colors but is usually off-white to tan. 

The name-brand capsules are green and gray. Many name-brand manufacturers produce tablets that are yellow or orange in color. Topical forms of metronidazole are typically white to off-white and come in a variety of consistencies, but are more commonly prescribed for human use only. 

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole is called a nitroimidazole antibacterial and antiprotozoal because of the complicated way that it kills bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole only works in anaerobic cells, meaning cells of bacteria and protozoa that do not require oxygen. 

There are many bacteria and protozoa that live in cats’ guts or gastrointestinal tracts that do not require oxygen, making them susceptible to the effects of metronidazole. Other types of bacteria that require oxygen, commonly found in the nose, throat, and lungs, would not be killed effectively by metronidazole.

After a cat is given metronidazole, the medication is absorbed into tissues and organs throughout the cat’s body. Bacteria or protozoa ingest the metronidazole and metabolize it or break it down. At this point, metronidazole transforms into free radicals, unstable substances that destroy DNA (genetic material). The free radicals target the bacterial or protozoal DNA, effectively killing them. After a very short time, the free radicals break down even further into harmless substances. 

For cats with giardia, this medication also decreases the parasite’s ability to breathe.

What Is Metronidazole Used for in Cats?

The most common reason a veterinarian might prescribe metronidazole for your cat is to treat issues in the gut, such as bacterial imbalance or parasites. 

Typically, it will be prescribed if your cat has a severe case of diarrhea — such as one characterized by unformed or liquid stool, inability to make it to the litter box, and/or chronic diarrhea that has not responded to other treatments. If fecal (poop) samples are tested and indicate the presence of certain parasites such as Giardia spp., your veterinarian will likely treat these with metronidazole. 

 Specifically in cats, metronidazole is often prescribed for:

• Inflammatory bowel disease or chronic inflammation of the gut.
• Hepatic encephalopathy, which is when the liver is unable to process toxins in the blood and these toxins go into the brain, causing neurologic symptoms.
• Helicobacter spp., bacteria in the stomach which may cause stomach ulcers, vomiting, and inflammation.
• Periodontal (dental) infections, including gingivitis and stomatitis (inflammation of the whole mouth). 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Cats

The vast majority of cats tolerate this medication very well, though some mild side effects may occur. 

Side effects involving the gut may include:

• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Increased salivation
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss

These types of symptoms are easily managed if metronidazole is an essential part of your cat’s treatment plan. However, in some cases, higher doses of metronidazole or longer courses of treatment can cause toxicosis, or toxic side effects. So it is important for pet parents to know how to recognize it and what to do about it.

Doses of 30mg/kg per day and treating for three weeks or more have been associated with toxicity. Toxicosis typically causes neurologic symptoms (i.e., symptoms related to the brain and other nerves). Symptoms of toxicosis in cats include:

• Weakness, (i.e., your cat cannot stand, walk or jump as usual)
• Ataxia or “drunken walk”
• Change in behavior and awareness of surroundings
• Blindness or inability to see
• Nystagmus or unusual movement of the pupils of your cat’s eyes
• Seizures

If any of these symptoms occur while giving your cat metronidazole, stop giving the medication and immediately bring your cat to a veterinary hospital. Usually, these symptoms will go away but it may take weeks to months. Depending on how severe the symptoms are, your cat may need extra care while recovering.

Other very rare side effects of metronidazole include inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the liver, decreased immune system response, change in urine color, and yeast infection in the gut.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

There are a few specific medications that interact with metronidazole:

• Cimetidine – metronidazole will leave the body slower, which increases risk of toxicity
• Cyclosporine – increases the risk of toxic effects by cyclosporine on kidneys
• Phenobarbital – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective
• Warfarin – metronidazole will leave the body more quickly, becoming less effective; may also increase warfarin’s potency

If your cat is taking any of the above medications, make sure to speak to your veterinarian before giving your cat metronidazole. 

Metronidazole Dosage for Cats

Typically, metronidazole is administered to cats orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into the bloodstream). Metronidazole is typically given twice daily or every 12 hours, but in certain circumstances, your veterinarian may prescribe it every 24 hours.

The dosing amount your veterinarian prescribes depends on what your cat is being treated for as well as factors such as age, other medications, and weight. For example, very young kittens typically receive lower doses. Obese cats may be prescribed lower doses since they have excess fat. It is critical to follow your veterinarian’s prescribed dosage exactly, as this medication can cause toxic effects if not. 

Liquid metronidazole dosing varies based on concentration, or how many milligrams (mg) per milliliter (mL). Topicals are rarely if ever used in cats, and a specialist would choose a unique dose for your kitty.

Metronidazole doses should not be given any sooner than 8 hours apart. If you are finding that your schedule does not allow for dosing your cat approximately every 12 hours, speak with your veterinarian right away to avoid risks of toxicity.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If you realize you’ve missed giving your cat a dose of metronidazole, it is better to skip that dose entirely, rather than give it late. This will avoid any potential toxicity from taking too much metronidazole too close together.

Cost of Metronidazole for Cats

Metronidazole is inexpensive if using generic formulations. For example, 250 mg tablets generally cost less than 25 cents each. Most pet parents will spend less than $10 for a short-term prescription of tablets. Liquid pricing depends on the brand or compounded formulation, meaning it is specially made into a different concentration to be easier to prescribe to cats. Pet parents should expect to spend less than $20 for a short-term prescription of liquid metronidazole.

Brand name metronidazole will cost considerably more, but this is infrequently used in cats as the size of tablets or capsules cannot be given to cats due to being too high of a dose.

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored at room temperature (approximately 68-77 degrees) and kept in a container that is light-resistant (i.e., a container that you cannot see through). If metronidazole liquid was compounded for your cat it may need refrigeration. Speak with your veterinary clinic if unsure.

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No one likes dealing with dog diarrhea. But if you’ve encountered this stinky situation, your veterinarian may have prescribed a drug called metronidazole for your pup. 

Metronidazole is commonly used to treat conditions like acute onset diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, giardia, and other diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, and soft tissues. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well, but there are some things you should know about this medication before giving it to your dog. Read on to learn more about metronidazole and its myriad uses in veterinary medicine!

What is Metronidazole?

Metronidazole, also known by the brand name Flagyl, is an antibiotic medication commonly used in both human and veterinary medicine. In humans, metronidazole is FDA approved in several different forms, including pills, injections, and topical creams. Metronidazole is not FDA approved in dogs and its use in veterinary medicine is off label, which means vets may prescribe it even though it is not FDA approved. 

There are many generic forms of metronidazole available, which makes this medication relatively inexpensive. A prescription is required to obtain metronidazole. Pet owners can get this drug through their veterinary clinic or from a human pharmacy with a prescription from their veterinarian. Because metronidazole is widely used in human medicine, it is readily available, and pet owners can easily fill their dog’s metronidazole prescription at any human pharmacy.

What Does Metronidazole Look Like?

Because there are so many generic forms of Metronidazole available, the exact appearance of the pill will vary depending on the manufacturer. However, Metronidazole is typically a white round or oval-shaped tablet. Metronidazole also comes in both an oral liquid and in an injectable form, which is sometimes used for hospitalized patients. 

For humans, metronidazole comes in topical creams, gels, and lotions, as well. Though these formulations are generally not used in veterinary medicine.

How Does Metronidazole Work?

Metronidazole works by penetrating anaerobic bacteria cells and forming free radicals that inhibit DNA synthesis, causing the degradation of DNA and death of the bacteria. It is also effective against protozoal organisms. When given orally, metronidazole is absorbed from the GI tract and metabolized by the liver. 

Most dogs tolerate metronidazole well and experience little to no side effects. Your dog will generally begin to feel better within a few days of starting metronidazole. 

Remember that it is very important to give the full course of medication as prescribed by your veterinarian, even if your dog is feeling better, to ensure that your dog’s infection has completely resolved.

What is Metronidazole Used for in Dogs?

Metronidazole is used to treat a variety of conditions in dogs including: 

• Diarrhea
• Giardia
• Trichomonas
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Enteropathy
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Vaginitis

This medication is also sometimes used in combination with other antibiotics to help provide a more broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. 

Metronidazole Side Effects in Dogs

Most dogs respond well to metronidazole with little to no side effects. Side effects that do occur tend to be mild and resolve soon after discontinuing the drug. If your dog experiences side effects after taking metronidazole, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian for further advice. 

Side effects of metronidazole in dogs include:

• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Excessive salivation
• Stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth)
• Loss of sense of smell
• Hepatotoxicity (liver disease)
• Candida overgrowth
• Neurologic changes (blindness, paralysis or abnormal walking, seizure)

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Metronidazole should be used with caution in dogs taking certain medications due to the risk of adverse reactions. Metronidazole may cause interactions with medications such as:

• Barbiturates
• Phenytoin
• Warfarin
• Cimetidine
• Lithium
• Terfenadine
• Astemizole
• Vitamin K antagonists
• Cyclosporine – increases the risk of toxic effects by cyclosporine on kidneys
• Metronidazole can be toxic if given at a high dose, so it is important to give exactly as directed by your veterinarian.

If your dog is on any of the above medications, talk to your veterinarian before starting metronidazole. Your veterinarian may recommend starting on a lower dose of metronidazole or using a different medication to reduce the risk of a reaction.

Metronidazole Dosage for Dogs

The dose of metronidazole varies depending on the condition being treated and your dog’s weight. Follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions closely to ensure your dog receives the correct dose of medication. Always complete the full course of antibiotics, even if your dog begins to feel better. 

Never give your dog metronidazole — or any other prescription medication — unless it has been prescribed by your veterinarian. Doing so may be harmful to your dog and may increase the risk of side effects.

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Metronidazole?

If your dog misses a metronidazole dose, continue on with the dosing schedule as prescribed. Do not double up doses or give your dog extra medication to account for the missed dose. 

If your dog misses more than one dose of medication, consult your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed. Your veterinarian may recommend restarting the course of antibiotics or adjusting the treatment plan to ensure your dog’s infection is addressed adequately.

Cost of Metronidazole for Dogs

Metronidazole is available as a generic medication, so it is generally inexpensive. Pet owners should expect to pay about $20-$50 for a metronidazole prescription, depending on the tablet strength prescribed and the duration of the treatment prescribed. 

Metronidazole Storage Instructions

Metronidazole should be stored in a tightly sealed, light-resistant container at room temperature, away from moisture. Liquid formulations of metronidazole may need to be kept refrigerated. Be sure to read the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s directions for proper storage.

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Having a sick cat can be very stressful to pet parents. When your poor kitty is stuffed up, sneezing, and has red eyes you will understandably want to provide some much-needed relief. 

Even more exasperating is that these symptoms in cats can linger for months and come back when kitty is stressed. For many years, L-lysine has been offered as a long-term solution to preventing these symptoms—often due to feline herpesvirus—and supporting the immune system. 

But is it really the effective remedy we’ve been looking for? Even if it is not known to be really effective, will it harm your kitty if you try it?

What Is L-lysine?

L-lysine is an amino acid nutritional supplement. Amino acids are an essential part of life as the building blocks for all the proteins in the body. Different animals require different types and amounts of amino acids.

Nutritional supplements are meant to increase intake of particular amino acids, vitamins, minerals, or other substances that support health that are not readily available in the diet. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate nutritional supplements. This means the products are not evaluated for safety or efficacy (i.e. how effective they are). 

Because of this, asking your veterinarian for suggestions as to which products to buy is very important. Veterinarians will know the highest quality brands to purchase and be able to determine if certain nutritional supplements are not recommended for your cat.

L-lysine can be purchased online, in pet stores, and at veterinary clinics throughout the United States. It does not require a prescription or specialist. Many companies make the supplement for both humans and cats, and it is available through compounding pharmacies as well.

What Does L-lysine Look Like?

The veterinary forms of L-lysine for cats come in many forms including:

• Chews
• Powders
• Gels and pastes
• Liquids
• Tablets 

Chews are a popular option and are typically small, brown, and more firm than soft treats. 

Powder is white to off-white and typically comes with a small scoop for ease of dosing. 

Gel or paste is offered, typically brown in color, that cats can lick or eat as a treat. 

Powder, gel or pastes can be easily mixed into a small amount of food that your kitty likes to eat. 

Some companies put L-lysine into a liquid, although this is usually accompanied by additional supplements as well. 

Tablets are available from human pharmaceuticals and are typically large oval-shaped tablets of white to off-white color.

How Does L-lysine for Cats Work?

Arginine, an amino acid found naturally in the body, is essential to some viruses when replicating (i.e. creating more virus) including herpesviruses. L-lysine is supposed to stimulate an enzyme in the liver that breaks down arginine. 

The theory is that when high levels of L-lysine are consumed, the body secretes the enzyme that breaks down arginine. With less arginine, feline herpesvirus should not be able to make as much virus and your cat should feel better. The full effect of L-lysine supplementation takes a few weeks before pet parents can expect results.

What Is L-lysine Used for in Cats?

Typically, veterinarians recommend L-lysine for cats with symptoms of upper respiratory infections. Symptoms of upper respiratory infections include:

• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion (stuffiness, so that you can hear your cat breathing)
• Runny eyes or nose (can be watery or yellow-green discharge)
• Red, puffy eyes

Most cats with upper respiratory symptoms have feline herpesvirus. This particular virus causes symptoms off and on for life, waxing and waning during times of stress such as moving, vacations, or after other illnesses or procedures such as surgery. 

The goal of L-lysine is to decrease symptoms and prevent flare-ups over time, not as a short-term treatment.

L-lysine for Cats: What Does Research Show?

A lot of research has been done involving L-lysine and has mostly shown L-lysine to have no effect on the health and wellbeing of cats. Veterinarians are now more reluctant to recommend this supplement, although generally L-lysine is not harmful to most cats. 

Multiple studies have demonstrated that when given in food, lysine was found to be ineffective in preventing disease [1] [2]. In one such study, the cats receiving lysine experienced worse symptoms and higher levels of feline herpesvirus when tested [1].

A review of multiple studies performed both in cats and in humans concluded that lysine is not effective against herpesviruses in general [3]. The theory that lysine decreases arginine is shown to be false in several studies. There is no evidence that low levels of arginine in the body stop herpesvirus from producing more virus or that increased L-lysine supplementation decreases herpesvirus. After decades of research, it would appear lysine is not an effective treatment for feline herpesvirus after all.

L-lysine Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are uncommon with L-lysine. Cats that eat too much L-lysine may experience gastrointestinal side effects including:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting

If your cat starts taking an L-lysine supplement and begins experiencing these symptoms, call your veterinarian and double check the recommended dosing on the label. If your cat eats more L-lysine than should be given in one dose at any time, call your veterinarian or a poison control hotline right away.

For very large doses of L-lysine, cats with severe kidney or liver disease may have trouble breaking down the end-products of L-lysine (substances created after breaking down L-lysine). L-lysine increases the absorption of calcium which can be an issue in some cats with metabolic disease. 

None of these issues are a concern, however, if L-lysine is given at the dose generally recommended in cats.

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

L-lysine is not known to react with any other drugs or medications. In animals receiving doses of L-lysine much higher (i.e. 10 times) than the recommended dosing, aminoglycoside medications can be more toxic when given with L-lysine. 

Examples of aminoglycoside medication include gentamicin or amikacin.

L-lysine Dosages for Cats

Dosing of L-lysine for cats is generally 250 mg to 500 mg once or twice per day. Kittens and smaller adult cats should tend towards the lower dose, while larger adult cats are usually fine receiving the higher dose. There is no specific dose based on weight. 

Speak with your veterinarian for dosing guidance, and always follow the instructions on the supplement’s container unless your veterinarian advises otherwise.

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of L-lysine?

If your cat misses a dose of L-lysine, give the dose as soon as you remember. If you remember the missed dose within a few hours of the next dose, it is fine to skip the dose you missed and give the next dose at the regular time.

Cost of L-lysine for Cats

Per month, L-lysine for cats generally costs $5 to $20. Powder tends to be the cheapest form, while chews and some pastes are more expensive.

L-lysine Storage Instructions

 L-lysine should be stored tightly sealed in its original container at room temperature.

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Has your cat ever demonstrated signs of anxiety? The signs can vary considerably from cat to cat, but may include hiding more often than usual, changes in vocalization, a new onset of aggression, and even changes in litter box habits. This variation in signs can make anxiety difficult to recognize, and the triggers of feline anxiety are often just as variable. Anxiety triggers in cats can range from situational changes (such as moving to a new home or adopting a new pet) to generalized feline anxiety that has no apparent triggers. 

Not only does anxiety have a negative effect on the cat’s quality of life, it can also predispose cats to a number of medical conditions, including lower urinary tract disease. Therefore, owners of anxious cats often consider a variety of solutions to help manage this behavioral issue. While some cat owners immediately consult their veterinarian about the use of a prescription anti-anxiety medication, other cat owners instead try over-the-counter supplements to manage their cat’s anxiety. Zylkene is one of these over-the-counter remedies for feline anxiety. 

What Is Zylkene?

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement made of alpha-S1 tryptic casein, commonly known as alpha-casozepine. This protein is created by the breakdown of casein, a naturally-occurring protein from cow’s milk. Alpha-casozepine has been shown to have a calming effect and reduce anxiety in a variety of species, including cats. 

Zylkene is a nutritional supplement, not a drug or medication. This means that it is regarded by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food. The FDA has placed Zylkene in the category of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food, but Zylkene has not gone through the same rigorous testing that is required for medications. 

You can purchase Zylkene from a wide variety of sources, including veterinary hospitals, pet supply stores, and online retailers. In early 2021, however, the manufacturer of Zylkene (Vetoquinol) released a statement regarding the sale of counterfeit Zylkene through some online retailers. While this counterfeit substance was not associated with any illnesses or injuries in pets, counterfeit substances are often less effective than desired. For this reason, it is safest to purchase Zylkene (as well as other veterinary drugs and supplements) from your veterinarian or from a reputable brick-and-mortar pet supply store. If you have previously purchased Zylkene online and you have any concerns about the validity of your product, contact Vetoquinol Customer Service at 817-529-7500 or customerserviceusa@vetoquinol.com.

What Is Zylkene Used For in Cats?

Zylkene is used to treat both short-term and long-term stress in cats (and other species). There are many possible triggers of short-term stress in cats, including travel, veterinary visits, houseguests, a new baby, a new pet, or even moving to a new home. Zylkene can reduce feline stress levels in these situations, allowing your cat to more easily acclimate to a change in circumstances. In cats that are experiencing chronic stress or anxiety, due to their genetics or environment, Zylkene may also offer long-term benefits in stress reduction.

If Zylkene alone is not adequate to treat your cat’s stress, talk to your veterinarian about prescription medications that may be used to address feline anxiety. 

Zylkene Side Effects in Cats

Side effects are rarely observed with Zylkene. Unlike medications used to treat anxiety in pets, Zylkene does not have a sedative effect. When side effects do occur, they are typically gastrointestinal in nature. Allergic reactions, which may occur with any medication, are a potential risk with Zylkene but are rare. Given the way that milk proteins are processed in Zylkene, even pets with a dairy allergy should be able to tolerate Zylkene. 

Gastrointestinal effects that may be associated with Zylkene include: 

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Decreased appetite

If you notice any of these side effects, stop giving Zylkene and contact your veterinarian. Most adverse effects are very short-lived, because Zylkene is cleared from the body within about 24 hours. However, your veterinarian may still recommend a physical examination and/or treatment, depending on the severity of your cat’s signs.

Zylkene has a wide margin of safety. Contact your veterinarian if an overdose occurs, but negative effects due to overdose are rare. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Zylkene can be safely combined with a wide variety of other medications and supplements. There are no known negative interactions between Zylkene and other foods, prescription medications, or over-the-counter medications.

Zylkene Dosage for Cats

Zylkene dosing is based on your cat’s weight. The following dosages are recommended by the manufacturer: 

• Cats < 10 pounds: Give one 75 mg capsule once daily. 
• Cats 11-22 pounds: Give two 75 mg capsules once daily. 
• Cats > 22 pounds: Give one 225 mg capsule once daily. 

If you are giving Zylkene in anticipation of a stressful event, consider starting this supplement five to seven days before the stressful event. This can help ensure maximal benefits from Zylkene, while also decreasing stress associated with the planning stages of the stressful event (for example, some cats become stressed as soon as their owners pull out a suitcase and start packing for vacation). 

What if My Cat Misses a Dose of Zylkene?

If your cat misses a dose of Zylkene, give the missed dose as soon as possible. If it is already almost time for the next dose when you notice the missed dose, skip the missed dose and resume your regular dosing schedule. 

Price of Zylkene for Cats

The price of Zylkene will depend on your cat’s daily dose. In general, you can expect to pay approximately $25-$50 per month for the long-term administration of Zylkene. There is currently no generic formulation of Zylkene available.

Zylkene Storage Instructions

Zylkene should be stored at room temperature. You can safely store it in a cabinet or on your countertop. Keep this product away from heat and direct sunlight.

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If your dog has ever had surgery or sustained any type of injury, you are likely familiar with carprofen. This medication is commonly prescribed to treat pain and inflammation in dogs, both of which can have a wide variety of potential causes. While carprofen can be associated with side effects, these side effects are typically mild and, in most dogs, the benefits of treatment far outweigh the risks. 

What is Carprofen?

Carprofen is an anti-inflammatory for dogs, belonging to the NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) class. It was first introduced for veterinary use under the brand name of Rimadyl® in 1997. Since its introduction, carprofen has been widely used to treat pain and inflammation in dogs and it is currently available under a number of different brand names. While this drug was also used in humans for approximately 10 years, it is no longer available in a human version.

Carprofen acts by inhibiting enzymes that are involved in pain and inflammation. It acts quickly, alleviating pain and inflammation within one to three hours of oral administration. Carprofen is related to ibuprofen (a commonly-used NSAID in humans), but it is much less likely to be associated with toxicity in dogs. 

Most veterinary practices keep carprofen in stock and prescribe it regularly. Additionally, carprofen may be available for purchase through veterinary pharmacies (with a prescription). 

What is Carprofen Used For in Dogs?

Carprofen is used to manage pain and inflammation. The most common indications for carprofen are post-surgical pain (many dogs receive several days of carprofen after spay/neuter surgery and other surgeries) and osteoarthritis. However, carprofen can also be used to treat a number of other acute injuries or illnesses, including lameness, intervertebral disk disease, trauma, bite wounds, anal sac impaction, and other conditions.

Is Carprofen Safe for My Dog?

Carprofen is a commonly-prescribed pain medication for dogs that is typically well-tolerated. Side effects can occur, however, and it is important to know which side effects to watch for. Being familiar with common side effects can maximize the likelihood that you detect these side effects quickly and address them appropriately. 

If your dog is going to be on carprofen long-term, your veterinarian will likely recommend performing blood tests before starting the medication. These blood tests can help identify factors that may make your dog more susceptible to side effects. Additionally, dogs that remain on carprofen long-term often receive monitoring blood work on a regular basis, typically every 6 to 12 months. Monitoring blood work can help your veterinarian detect possible side effects early, before they cause serious illness in your dog. 

Carprofen Side Effects in Dogs

The majority of dogs do not develop any side effects while taking carprofen. In dogs that do experience side effects, however, the most common side effects are gastrointestinal in nature. Affected dogs may develop vomiting, diarrhea, or a decreased appetite. In many cases, these gastrointestinal side effects can be minimized by giving the medication with a full meal. Less commonly, dogs may develop kidney disease or liver disease as a result of carprofen. 

Potential side effects that may be associated with carprofen may include: 

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Tarry or bloody stool
• Anorexia
• Lethargy
• Increased thirst/urination
• Other urinary changes
• Jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin/eyes)
• Neurologic effects, such as weakness or incoordination
• Skin inflammation or redness

If your dog shows possible side effects that may be associated with carprofen, stop giving the medication immediately. Contact your veterinarian as soon as possible and describe the effects your dog is experiencing. Your veterinarian can help you determine whether a medication change may be needed.  

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Carprofen should never be given in conjunction with other NSAIDs (such as meloxicam, deracoxib, firocoxib, grapiprant, or aspirin) or corticosteroids (such as prednisone). Other medications that may interact with NSAIDs include cyclosporine, anticoagulants, digoxin, and ACE inhibitors. 

To minimize the risk of drug interactions, be sure that your veterinarian is aware of any other medications that your dog is receiving. If you are giving any vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies at home, your veterinarian should also be aware of these substances.

Carprofen Dosage for Dogs

Your veterinarian will prescribe an appropriate dose of carprofen for your dog, based on your dog’s weight and overall health status. Carprofen may be prescribed for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. A dog’s total overall daily drug dose is the same regardless of whether the medication is given once or twice daily; the only difference is whether you give your dog’s full daily dose at one time or split it into two smaller doses. Your veterinarian will recommend the best dosing regimen for your dog’s condition and overall health status. 

What if My Dog Misses a Dose of Carprofen?

If your dog misses a dose of carprofen, you have two options. 

If it is almost time for your dog’s next medication dose, simply wait and give the next dose on schedule. Then, follow your regular dosing schedule. 

If you realize that you missed a dose and it is not yet time for your dog’s next dose, you may want to give the missed dose immediately. If you do this, be sure to wait 12-24 hours before giving the next medication dose, as directed by your veterinarian on the prescription label. 

Price of Carprofen for Dogs

The price of carprofen can vary considerably, based on your dog’s size and whether your dog is taking a name-brand or generic formulation of carprofen. In general, generic formulations are less expensive than name brands. 

You can expect to pay anywhere from 50 cents to $5 per day for carprofen, depending on your dog’s size and whether you purchase brand-name or generic.

Carprofen Storage Instructions

Carprofen should be stored at room temperature. You can safely store this medication on your counter or in a cabinet. 

Flavored, chewable carprofen tablets are often very appealing to dogs and even some cats. Therefore, flavored carprofen chews should always be stored safely out of reach of animals (and children). Food-motivated pets can chew through medication bottles and overdose on carprofen, potentially leading to significant side effects.

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If you’ve ever had a pet diagnosed with Cushing’s disease, you may have heard of a medication called trilostane. Although trilostane is no longer used in human medicine, it is still a mainstay of Cushing’s disease treatment in dogs. 

If your dog is prescribed trilostane, there are a few unique aspects of this medication you’ll need to watch out for.

What is Trilostane?

Trilostane is a steroid analogue which blocks the production of cortisol, a steroid hormone that is overproduced in dogs with Cushing’s disease. It comes in capsule, liquid, and chew forms and is given to dogs by mouth.

Trilostane was FDA approved for the treatment of canine Cushing’s disease in 2008 and it is one of only two FDA approved treatments for this disease. Previously, trilostane was also FDA approved for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in humans, but it was pulled from the market in 1994.

What Does Trilostane for Dogs Treat?

Trilostane is used to treat hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease. This condition causes your dog’s body to produce too much of the steroid hormone cortisol, which results in symptoms such as excessive drinking and urination, panting, lethargy, weight gain, excessive appetite, recurrent infections, and hair loss. 

Cushing’s disease can impact your dog’s quality of life and can also make your dog more prone to developing other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, urinary tract infections, and skin conditions. Fortunately, Cushing’s disease is manageable with trilostane treatment.

Trilostane is also FDA approved to treat Alopecia X, a characteristic pattern of baldness in thick-coated breeds such as Poodles, Pomeranians, Siberian Huskies, Chow Chows, and Samoyeds. Affected dogs are typically young adults and hair loss occurs on the trunk, neck, and the backs of the hind legs. The cause of Alopecia X is still poorly understood.

Trilostane Side Effects in Dogs

Trilostane can be tricky to dose and every dog responds to it differently. It is very important for pet parents to monitor closely for side effects. Finding the best dose of trilostane for your dog will often rely on your perception of your dog’s Cushing’s symptoms and any medication side effects you have noted at home. 

Common side effects to look out for include:

• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Lameness
• Urinary tract infections
• Blood in the urine
• Trembling or shivering
• Changes in the skin or coat
• Loss of appetite

Trilostane can be dangerous if overdosed, so be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully. Call your veterinarian right away if side effects occur.

Trilostane can also be dangerous to humans. The capsules should never be broken open, because the powder inside can irritate your skin and eyes. Always wash your hands after handling trilostane. Trilostane can also cause miscarriages and should not be handled by anyone who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If you must handle trilostane while pregnant, wear gloves and wash your hands immediately afterward.

Reactions with Other Drugs and Medications

Trilostane should be used with caution in dogs that are also currently receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or potassium-sparing diuretic medications. 

Dogs that have recently been treated with mitotane—another medication commonly used to treat canine Cushing’s disease—should wait at least one month after discontinuing mitotane before starting trilostane therapy. 

Trilostane should also be used with caution in dogs with other medical conditions, such as liver and kidney disease. Follow your veterinarian’s guidelines. 

Trilostane Dosage for Dogs

Trilostane is dosed based on your dog’s weight, so your veterinarian will calculate the best starting dose for your dog. In most cases, your dog will be started on a low dose and gradually increased until the best dose of medication is identified. This is the best way to ensure that your dog does not receive an overdose of the medication. 

Your veterinarian will also ask you to closely monitor your dog’s symptoms. If your dog is drinking and urinating less, has a more normal appetite, and an improved energy level, these are all signs that the medication is working!

One to two weeks after starting trilostane, your dog will need to have a test called an ACTH stimulation test. This test helps your veterinarian assess whether your dog is on the correct dosage of medication. Once your veterinarian receives the results, he or she may adjust the dosage to better meet your dog’s needs. Your vet may also recommend checking blood work on your dog annually or semi-annually to ensure that your dog’s liver and kidney function are adequate, as serious side effects can occur if trilostane is given to animals with liver or kidney disease.

What If My Dog Misses a Dose of Trilostane?

If your dog has missed a dose of medication, don’t try to double up or administer the dose late. Just continue on with your regular dosing schedule. If your dog misses multiple doses, contact your veterinarian for advice on how to proceed.

Price of Trilostane for Dogs

Trilostane can be quite expensive because there is only one product available on the market. Pet owners should expect to spend anywhere from $50-$150 for a month’s supply depending on their dog’s dosage. 

Compounded trilostane products are sometimes less expensive, but they can also be less effective and have a very short shelf life. 

Your veterinarian can help you determine the best medication options to fit both your dog’s needs and your family’s budget.

Trilostane Storage Instructions

Trilostane oral capsules from the brand name Vetoryl are very shelf stable and can be stored at room temperature, approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. This product is typically stable for 3 years after packaging. 

Compounded trilostane products are much less stable and may be less effective. They may also have their own unique storage requirements, so be sure to ask the compounding pharmacy for storage instructions.

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If your dog has been diagnosed with asthma or other breathing difficulties, your veterinarian may prescribe a bronchodilator such as theophylline. Theophylline reduces inflammation and airway spasm, allowing your dog to breathe more easily. 

This medication is a staple of asthma management in both human and veterinary patients, and it is often used in conjunction with other treatments. 

Theophylline is well tolerated by many dogs, but there are some things you should know before starting this medication for your pet.

What is Theophylline?

Theophylline is a bronchodilator medication that is used to relax smooth muscles in the airway and reduce inflammation. This medication can also increase the patient’s heart rate and make the heart contract more strongly. Theophylline is commonly used in humans. It is not FDA-approved for use in animals in the United States, but may be used off-label under the guidance of a veterinarian. It is approved for use in cats and dogs in the United Kingdom. 

Theophylline is available by prescription only, either through a human pharmacy or purchased directly from your veterinarian. There are many brands of Theophylline available on the market, but some do not work as well in dogs as they do in humans. 

Your veterinarian will likely recommend a specific brand of the drug, or he or she may special order the medication through a compounding pharmacy.

What is Theophylline Used For in Dogs?

Theophylline is primarily used to treat asthma in dogs. It may also be used as a treatment for bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is sometimes also used to treat heart disease and collapsing trachea. 

Theophylline causes the smooth muscles in the lungs to relax, allowing airways to dilate. This improves airflow and allows mucus to be cleared from the airways more easily. Theophylline also has anti-inflammatory properties, which relieves airway spasms and reduces swelling. 

Theophylline Side Effects in Dogs

Side effects primarily occur when theophylline is used at higher doses. The effects of this medication on dogs can vary widely depending on the brand of medication and the individual dog’s response to it, so it is very important to monitor your dog closely for side effects. 

Common side effects of theophylline use in dogs include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Restlessness
• Excitement
• Twitching
• Convulsions
• Increased drinking and urination
• Increased heart rate
• Loss of appetite
• Sedation

If your dog experiences any of these side effects, stop giving the medication and contact your veterinarian right away. 

For dogs taking theophylline long term, your veterinarian may recommend annual or biannual blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels. This can prevent overdoses and ensure your dog is receiving the maximum benefit from the medication. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Theophylline interacts with several medications and supplements. Some medications can increase your dog’s metabolism of theophylline, which can make theophylline less effective. Other medications may decrease metabolism, putting your dog at risk of a theophylline overdose. 

Before starting theophylline, make sure you tell your veterinarian about any prescription, over the counter, or supplement medications your pet takes. 

Medications known to interact with theophylline include:

• Erythromycin
• Propranolol
• Methotrexate
• Cimetidine
• Phenobarbital
• Rifampin
• Lithium
• Phenytoin
• Cardiac glycosides
• Fluoroquinolone antibiotics

If your dog is taking any of these medications, be sure to discuss the risks of theophylline with your veterinarian. Your dog’s theophylline dosage may need to be adjusted in order to limit the interaction with other medications.

Theophylline Dosage for Dogs

Theophylline is an especially tricky drug to dose appropriately. Different brands of theophylline may have varying efficacy in dogs. Individual dogs may also react differently to the drug, so it may take some trial and error to find the best product and the correct dose for your dog. 

Your veterinarian may recommend blood work to monitor your dog’s theophylline levels, which can help determine the best dose. You will also need to monitor your dog closely for any side effects and let your veterinarian know if your dog is responding well to the treatment, as these factors can also guide dosing. 

Always follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions carefully, and do not change the dose or discontinue the medication unless directed to do so by your veterinarian.

Price of Theophylline for Dogs

The price of theophylline can vary depending on the brand, dose, and formula. Extended release or compounded medication may be more expensive, but often provide better results. If a human formulation of theophylline is used, coupons may be able to offset some of the cost. 

Theophylline Storage Instructions

Theophylline should always be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Most theophylline preparations should be stored at room temperature (60-77 degrees), but always check the packaging and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for safe storage and handling.

Theophylline Alternatives for Dogs

Diseases like asthma and COPD are complex and are often managed with a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. 

If your dog is unable to tolerate theophylline, your veterinarian may recommend another bronchodilator medication such as terbutaline. Sometimes, both of these medications are used together to combat severe asthma. Your veterinarian may also recommend other medications such as steroids to reduce airway inflammation and an inhaler to further relax the airways. The exact combination of drugs will depend on the severity of your dog’s condition and it may take some trial and error to find what works best for your dog’s individual needs.

Environmental management can go a long way to reducing asthma symptoms. For dogs with mild asthma, environmental changes alone may be enough to manage the condition. Reducing dust and pollen, using HEPA air filters, and avoiding products with fragrances can significantly reduce asthma symptoms. 

With a combination of medication and environmental changes, your dog will soon be breathing easier!

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Using a small amount of Neosporin on your dog may be OK if your veterinarian recommends it. However, there are a few important caveats. Before you break out a new tube for that minor injury, make sure you know the potential risks of using Neosporin on a dog. Alternatives to Neosporin may be better options for your pet first aid kit.

Can You Use Neosporin on Your Dog?

Neosporin can be used topically to treat minor cuts and scrapes in dogs, just like in humans. However, it is best to check with your veterinarian before using any over-the-counter medication intended for humans on your dog. Applying a light layer to the affected area may help prevent infection and encourage faster wound healing. However, it’s only for use on the dog’s skin where he can’t lick it off.

Neosporin is not safe for dogs to consume, and can cause unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects if ingested. Since you can’t completely prevent your dog from licking it off, you may want to consider an alternative to Neosporin for dogs or using some sort of barrier to prevent ingestion. Never use Neosporin in or around the ears, eyes, or mouth.

Neosporin may be good to have on hand in a pinch. Still, it’s not designed for pets and should not be used often. If you frequently find yourself reaching for Neosporin for your dog, consider an alternative that’s specifically designed for pets, such as Animax or Vetasan ointments.

Neosporin should not be used to treat large or deep wounds or applied to large areas of the body. If your pet’s cut or scrape is swollen, red, painful, or has a discharge, then your dog should be seen by a veterinarian rather than being treated at home. You should also seek veterinary care if your pet’s cut does not improve within a few days after using Neosporin.

The ointment contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. These antibiotics make the ointment effective against many common bacteria. However, they will not treat other infectious agents such as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Because Neosporin is an over-the-counter product, the FDA does not review or regulate it.

Is Neosporin Safe for Dogs?

Used in small amounts on the skin, Neosporin is generally safe for dogs. If your veterinarian gives you the green light to use Neosporin on your dog, only use it as directed on your dog’s skin. Otherwise, there are a few other things to note before moving forward.

Neopsorin can be toxic to cats, so use should be avoided in households with cats, as they may lick it off the dog’s skin.

Can You Put Neosporin on Your Dog’s Sores?

Neosporin contains three antibiotics: neomycin sulfate, polymixin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc, typically in a petroleum base. Used on humans, these antibiotics can help prevent infections and speed up the healing process. The same is true when applied to cuts and scrapes on dogs. However, when using Neosporin topically, make sure to only apply it in areas that your dog can’t reach with his mouth, as some of its ingredients are toxic when ingested. Additionally, using it in the ear canal can result in damage to the eardrum and may worsen existing ear infections.

What Happens if a Dog Licks Neosporin?

Neosporin may cause digestive upset for your dog if given in large quantities. That is why you should prevent your dog from licking it. On top of potentially causing tummy troubles for your pup, licking the area where you’ve applied Neosporin may also make his cut or scrape worse by introducing additional bacteria and moisture from your dog’s mouth to the area.

To stop your dog from licking the treated area, lightly cover it with a T-shirt, sock, or recovery suit. Depending on where the wound is located, you may also be able to use an Elizabethan collar or any other dog cone alternative.

Is Neosporin the Same Thing as Triple Antibiotic Ophthalmic Ointment?

No. Neosporin is not the same as triple antibiotic ophthalmic ointment and should never be used in your pet’s eyes. While some of the ingredients may be the same in Neosporin and eye ointments, it’s important to know that the formulation of Neopsorin does not make it safe to apply to the eye. Ophthalmic problems can worsen quickly. If your pet is having eye issues, see your veterinarian right away rather than trying to treat the problem at home.

Neosporin Side Effects in Dogs

If using Neosporin, it is important to look for potential side effects. The two more common side effects are contact dermatitis or an allergic reaction.

Contact dermatitis occurs as local inflammation at the site where you applied the ointment. Signs of an allergic reaction may include red, scaly, or itchy skin. If either of these symptoms occur, gently wipe away any residual ointment with a warm washcloth and discontinue Neosporin use. If the irritation does not improve in 24 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Also, while not an immediate issue for your dog, increased bacterial resistance is a growing concern with the widespread use of topical antibiotics (1). For that reason alone, it’s a good idea to consult your vet if using an antibiotic ointment like Neosporin is even necessary.

More severe side effects are rare but may include:

• Vomiting or diarrhea if ingested
• Irritation if used in the eyes
• Hearing loss, infection, and irritation if used in the ears (2)
• Development of resistant infections

Do not use Neosporin in combination with other topical medications unless your veterinarian directs you to. Because Neosporin is only used externally, there is little risk of it interacting with any medications your pet takes by mouth.

Neosporin Alternatives for Dogs

Other topical antibacterial treatments available over the counter include silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment, bacitracin ointment, and polysporin ointment.

However, you can purchase topical antibacterial products specifically formulated and approved for use on dogs over the counter at pet stores or with a prescription from your veterinary clinic. These include Vetasan, Animax (a branded version of the generic NNTT ointment containing nystatin, neomycin sulfate, thiostrepton, and triamcinolone), and Muricin (or generic Mupirocin).

Only use these products externally on small areas of the skin and never on large or deep wounds. If the scrape or cut you are treating does not improve within 24-48 hours, see your veterinarian for further care.

Do not use over-the-counter topical products for significant injuries and or as a substitute for appropriate veterinary care. If your pet has a large or deep wound or a skin infection over a large area of the body, see your veterinarian immediately.

He or she may prescribe oral antibiotics, medicated shampoos, a stronger topical ointment, or other targeted treatments to help your dog heal more quickly. For extensive or severe skin infections and wounds, your vet may recommend a topical therapy used in combination with oral antibiotics.

Editorial credit for featured image: ZikG / Shutterstock.com

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Benadryl is one of the most common and well-known antihistamines. While it is safe in dogs, it is not FDA approved for use in animals. 

What is Benadryl? 

Benadryl is a brand-name antihistamine used for allergy and itch relief that contains the active ingredient diphenhydramine, which was discovered in 1943 by George Rieveschl. 

Histamines are compounds released by the immune system in response to specific triggers. Most of the time these triggers are common contaminants in the environment such as dust, pollen, dander, or grass. When histamines are released by the body, they cause itching (pruritus). Histamine release is a natural response, but when it becomes excessive—as is the case for allergic reactions—medical intervention may be necessary.  

As an antihistamine, diphenhydramine prevents the release of histamine and therefore mediates itching and allergies. In humans it can also be used for insomnia, tremors, and nausea. 

Benadryl is available over the counter for pet parents to purchase but should only be used under the direction of a veterinarian. Veterinarians can also prescribe the dog form of Benadryl, Vetadryl. It’s always safer to receive an initial dosage and frequency from your veterinarian. 

Is Benadryl Safe for Dogs? 

Benadryl is safe for dogs. The active ingredient, diphenhydramine, is used in veterinary formulations. Veterinarians may recommend Benadryl to their clients whose pets have allergic reactions to vaccines or other medications. In this case, pet parents are advised to administer Benadryl at a determined dose a few hours prior to their appointment. 

Benadryl is safe for dogs at all life stages. The dosage will need to be adjusted according to your dog’s weight. It is best to consult with a veterinarian to determine a dosage for your pet and to discuss why you would like to administer Benadryl to your dog. 

Benadryl can be given to puppies and may be given more commonly to puppies than dogs in other life stages. Puppies typically receive many vaccinations early in life and some puppies can have a reaction to these vaccines. To mediate vaccine reactions, some veterinarians may recommend administering Benadryl 2-4 hours before vaccine appointments to prevent reactions such as hives or swelling of the face.

What is Benadryl Used For in Dogs? 

Your vet may recommend Benadryl to your dog for allergies and itchy skin. Benadryl is more effective for the prevention of allergic reactions than treating reactions after they have started. When there is a common, single trigger to your dog’s allergies it is better to give him a dose of Benadryl before he encounters the allergen rather than after the exposure. Nonetheless, Benadryl can still help with decreasing the side effects of an allergic reaction. 

A common side effect of Benadryl is drowsiness, so it may also be used to temporarily calm anxious dogs. 

Typically, Benadryl is not used for dogs with chronic itchy skin. It can be helpful for early or mild cases, but there are prescription drugs that have been shown to be more effective. Other medications such as Apoquel, prednisone or Cytopoint injection are prescribed with dogs with chronic allergies or itchiness. 

In the veterinary clinic, your dog may receive Benadryl or diphenhydramine (common name) before receiving certain medications, vaccines, or a blood transfusion as these are well-known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. 

Types of Benadryl for Dogs 

Benadryl can be given orally, topically, or as an injection in the muscle (intramuscularly). Intravenous administration of Benadryl can cause seizures and is not used. 

Pet parents most commonly give Benadryl in tablet form by mouth. 

It is best to stick with the generic diphenhydramine to avoid other ingredients that may have adverse effects in your pet. Some antihistamines are combined with decongestants or acetaminophen which can cause toxicity in dogs at lower doses. 

Benadryl Side Effects in Dogs 

Similar to other drugs, Benadryl can have side effects in dogs. These include: 

• Drowsiness 
• Seizures 
• Nausea/Vomiting 
• Diarrhea 
• Dry eye 

If you are concerned about any side effects, make sure to talk to you veterinarian. He or she may suggest a different dosage or transition your dog to a different antihistamine medication. 

Benadryl Dosage for Dogs 

If you are concerned about your dog having an allergic reaction and would like to give him Benadryl it is best to consult your veterinarian for the correct dosing information. Your veterinarian may recommend a visit to the clinic to perform a physical exam on your dog to be sure that he is having an allergic reaction that Benadryl can help with and not suffering from a more serious condition. 

If your dog experiences seasonal allergies, your vet may recommend administering Benadryl on a regular basis. Some dogs may even take Benadryl once daily as a long-term therapy to mild allergies. Usually, these dogs receive Benadryl or diphenhydramine once daily. 

Although Benadryl is a safe drug, overdosing is possible. Signs to look for in your pet if you suspect at overdose are: 

• Tremors
• Disorientation 
• Slow breathing 
• Urinary retention (lack of urination) 

If you do suspect an overdose, you should call your veterinarian immediately and take in the packaging for the medication that was administered. 

Price of Benadryl for Dogs 

Benadryl tablets are about 20 cents per pill. The common name or generic drug, diphenhydramine will be less than half the price. Both are effective. 

Some formulations of Benadryl, such as the children’s chewables or syrup, may contain substances like xylitol that are toxic to dogs or increase the chances of side effects. 

Benadryl Storage Instructions 

Benadryl should be kept in its original container, tightly closed, and away from excess heat and moisture. The container or packaging will indicate the expiration and it should not be given past its expiration date. Never give your dog expired medication. 

The post Benadryl for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, used to treat allergic skin disease in dogs. Although it is a human drug and not labelled for use in pets, it is often used in dogs and other animal species to provide relief from the effects of allergies. 

While it is not effective for every dog, it can help alleviate clinical signs of itching and skin inflammation in some canines. 

What is Chlorpheniramine?

Chlorpheniramine is a first-generation antihistamine that was developed for human use in 1948. Over seventy years later, it is still available as an over-the-counter medication to treat seasonal allergies in humans. 

In addition to its use in human medicine, chlorpheniramine has also been used as an allergy medicine for dogs. The use of human chlorpheniramine in dogs is “off-label,” which means that it is not specifically labelled for use in dogs. Therefore, chlorpheniramine should be given only under the supervision of a veterinarian. 

While chlorpheniramine is not effective for every dog, it does provide relief for some dogs with mild allergic skin disease. 

What Does Chlorpheniramine Look Like?

Chlorpheniramine maleate is typically administered as a small, round yellow tablet that is scored down the middle. It is also available as a syrup, as well as in flavored chews and capsules that vary in appearance based on the compounding pharmacy.

How Does It Work for Dogs?

Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, like diphenhydramine (Benadryl). This means that it counteracts the activity of histamine, a key mediator involved in allergic disease. During an allergic reaction, histamine is released and it is this histamine that is responsible for the itching and inflammation that is associated with many allergic reactions in dogs. When the action of histamine is blocked by an antihistamine, an allergic reaction can be prevented, halted, or decreased in severity. 

In dogs, chlorpheniramine has variable efficacy. Some dogs experience a dramatic improvement in skin allergies with chlorpheniramine, while others will show no apparent benefit with treatment. In many cases, trial and error is required to determine the optimal medication to treat canine skin allergies. Chlorpheniramine may be combined with other medications, such as corticosteroids or fatty acid supplements. 

While human chlorpheniramine is often used as an antihistamine for dogs, it’s important to exercise caution when purchasing chlorpheniramine from your local pharmacy. Chlorpheniramine is often combined with decongestants, pain relievers, or other medications that may be toxic to dogs. If your veterinarian has recommended that you purchase over-the-counter chlorpheniramine for your dog, read labels carefully and consider talking to a pharmacist to ensure that you are purchasing a product that contains only chlorpheniramine. 

What Is Chlorpheniramine Used For in Dogs?

Chlorpheniramine is used to treat allergic skin disease. Although it is not typically effective in dogs with food allergies, chlorpheniramine may be used to treat itching associated with:

• Atopic dermatitis (seasonal skin allergies)
• Contact dermatitis  
• Flea allergic dermatitis (must be combined with effective flea prevention)

Chlorpheniramine Side Effects in Dogs

Like any antihistamine, especially other first-generation antihistamines, chlorpheniramine may cause sedation. Dogs may become tired or act weak while taking chlorpheniramine. In some cases, this resolves over the course of a few days as the dog acclimates to the medication. In other cases, sedation persists and the medication must be stopped. 

In rare cases, dogs may become excitable or agitated when treated with chlorpheniramine. Dogs with a seizure disorder may also be more likely to have a seizure while on chlorpheniramine. Treated dogs may also develop gastrointestinal effects, including vomiting and diarrhea, especially if chlorpheniramine is given on an empty stomach.

Discontinue your dog’s chlorpheniramine and contact your veterinarian if you notice any of the following side effects: 

• Significant sedation
• Ataxia (trouble walking) 
• Significant excitability
• Seizures
• Concerning behavior changes
• Decreased appetite
• Nausea/vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Increased skin inflammation (which could indicate an allergic drug reaction)
• Eye redness, pain, or squinting (which could indicate a drug-induced decrease in tear production)

Many dogs safely take chlorpheniramine for prolonged periods of time with no negative effects. 

Reactions With Other Drugs and Medications

Chlorpheniramine may enhance the effects of a number of other drugs, including pseudoephedrine, amitraz, selegiline, and sedatives that act on the central nervous system. Therefore, chlorpheniramine should be used with caution in dogs receiving these medications. 

Taking chlorpheniramine in combination with antacids may decrease the body’s ability to absorb chlorpheniramine. Taking chlorpheniramine in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungal agents may increase circulating levels of chlorpheniramine, increasing the likelihood of side effects.