Public awareness of worms in dogs and cats—and the potential health risks they pose to humans—varies. The reality is that these troublesome parasites can go unnoticed, and they can significantly affect your pet’s well-being and even pose risks to your family. 

Here are some essential facts every dog and cat parent should know about worms in pets!

How Do Pets Get Worms?

If you’re wondering how dogs and cats get worms, one of the first areas to focus on is your pet’s daily routine. Here are some common ways your pet can be exposed to parasites and what factors increase their risk.

Certain worms can pass from mother to puppy or kitten

This information is essential for every pet parent of a new puppy or kitten, whether adopted from a shelter, rescue, breeder, or found as a stray. Hookworms and roundworms can be passed from mother to puppy before birth and during nursing, and kittens can also get infected with roundworms while nursing. Since transmission is widespread through this route, all puppies and kittens must follow a deworming plan over several weeks, which includes a series of oral medications prescribed by the veterinarian or breeder.

Dogs and cats can get worms from contaminated environments

Unfortunately, the contagious form of parasites is almost always microscopic and not visible to the naked eye. Dogs and cats can get worms from eating an infected animal’s poop, ingesting contaminated soil or water, or consuming an infected prey animal. A prevention strategy based on avoidance isn’t practical. Instead, your veterinarian will discuss monthly parasite control options with you and offer various formats to choose from. They can recommend the safest places to exercise and socialize with your pet while taking into account your daily routine and risk factors.

Fleas can transmit tapeworms

When pet parents think about common parasites that affect dogs and cats, fleas are usually the first to come to mind. However, every pet parent should be aware of two lesser-known facts about fleas to appreciate the significance of year-round flea control! Fleas feed on the blood of their hosts, whether dogs or cats, and can cause life-threatening anemia in young puppies and kittens. Moreover, if pets ingest fleas (such as when grooming themselves), infected fleas can transmit tapeworms — intestinal parasites that may result in diarrhea and weight loss.

Mosquitoes can transmit heartworms

While most worms we think of reside in the intestinal tract, don’t overlook one of the most dangerous internal parasites: heartworm. Dogs and cats can contract heartworm disease through the bite of an infected mosquito. These worms can cause heart failure in dogs and life-threatening asthma-like symptoms in cats.

Can You Prevent Worms in Pets?

Since parasites are often present in the environment, year-round parasite control is undoubtedly the best medicine — not just for your dog or cat, but also for the family living in the home. Here are some best practices to help protect your pet against worms:

The starting point is year-round parasite control

While completely shielding your pet from the risks of worms may be impossible, using year-round, broad-spectrum parasite control can significantly enhance their protection. Furthermore, heartworm disease can be effectively prevented with consistent use of heartworm preventatives. Many of these products are combinations that provide comprehensive defense against a range of parasites, including specific worms, fleas, and ticks.  

Parasite control for dogs

Parasite control for cats

Regular fecal exams are essential

While some dogs and cats with worms may show symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and loss of appetite, these signs aren’t exclusive to parasites. Other pets may not exhibit any symptoms at all. This can result in long-term consequences for your pet, and more importantly, it may leave your dog or cat as a potential source for transmitting parasites to other pets and humans in the household. Ideally, adult pets should be tested for parasites at least twice a year, and puppies and kittens should be tested at least four times a year.

Pick up/dispose of your pet’s poop right away

Worm eggs and larvae can survive in soil for weeks or even years in dog parks, backyards, and playgrounds. This situation poses risks to your pets and family members. For example, people can contract hookworm infections by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. Likewise, your pets may get worms by eating poop from other dogs or cats that harbor parasite eggs or larvae. Children in the household are also at risk, as they may put dirty objects in their mouths, eat dirt, and engage in similar behaviors.  

Curb your pet’s hunting and scavenging behaviors

The last place pets are at risk of worms is when they chase or eat small animals like birds and rodents. It’s important to control access to your pet’s environment and keep your dog on a leash when in unfamiliar yards, parks, or areas with increased risks (e.g., alleyways). You can also brush up training cues like “leave it” to stop dogs from picking up something they shouldn’t, and keep cats indoors (or limit outdoor access) to prevent unwanted hunting activities. Maintain a tidy yard to help deter pests, and consider pet-safe options for rodent control in your immediate environment.

These proactive steps can help ensure your pet and family remain healthy and free from harmful parasites!

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Here, we’ll fill you in on what you need to know about Asian longhorned ticks, and most importantly, how to protect your pup.

What Is the Asian Longhorned Tick?

The Asian longhorned tick (scientific name: Haemaphysalis longicornis) is an invasive parasite that feeds on human and animal blood for its survival. Like other tick species, they tend to inhabit tall grass and wooded areas, waiting to attach themselves to unsuspecting humans and animals [1].

The Asian longhorned tick size is that of a sesame seed when unfed, but it can become pea-sized when filled with the blood of its host [1]. It’s a light brown tick that doesn’t have distinct markings found in other species, including the common brown dog tick. To tell the difference, “…look for the presence of ‘eyes’ on the sides of its body, near the second row of legs, which is present on the brown dog tick,” advises Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer at the American Kennel Club. “These ‘eyes’ are missing from Asian longhorned ticks.” 

Asian longhorned ticks are a hearty species that can reproduce without having to mate, making males a rarity [1]. Since they can lay up to 2,500 eggs during their breeding season (occurring late spring and early summer), one female can cause an Asian longhorned tick infestation [2]. What’s even more frustrating is that lower temps don’t impact them as much. “The Asian longhorned tick is not killed off by the cold like other tick species,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor with Heart + Paw at their Callowhill location in Philadelphia. 

How did the Asian longhorned tick get to America?

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA confirms that in the U.S., the first Asian longhorned tick was reported in New Jersey in 2017, though they think it arrived prior to that. Scientists hypothesize that this species came here by hitching a ride with imported animals or humans returning from abroad [1].

To date, Asian longhorned ticks have been confined to the Midwest and eastern portions of the country, and Dr. Karwacki says they’re not expected to become widespread. 

The impacted states include [3]:

• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Indiana
• Kentucky
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Missouri
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• West Virginia 

Are Asian Longhorned Ticks a Danger to Dogs?

There are still a lot of unknowns about Asian longhorned ticks, with most insights derived from their countries of origin or via laboratory replications. 

For now, the danger to dogs in the U.S. is not critical, Dr. Klein notes, “But there is potential for [the] spread of a multitude of tick-borne diseases via this type of tick, as has been reported in other countries due to this tick’s invasiveness.”

What scientists do know is that these ticks can be infected with both bacteria and viruses that cause diseases. 

Asian Longhorned Tick Diseases: Bacterial

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rickettsiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Theileriosis
• Babesiosis
• Lyme disease (4)

Asian Longhorned Tick Diseases: Viral

• Powassan Virus
• Heartland Virus (not currently known to affect dogs)
• Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

Asian Longhorned Tick Symptoms in Dogs

Although veterinarians are still learning about how these ticks impact dogs, they say Asian longhorned tick diseases tend to share similar symptoms with other tick-borne maladies.

“The tick bite itself will not cause symptoms other than irritation at the site of the bite,” Dr. Kawacki explains. “If a disease was transmitted during the bite, the symptoms can vary depending on the disease. Some of the common symptoms can be lethargy, joint and muscle pain, and GI upset.” Other potential Asian longhorned tick symptoms to watch for include:

• Poor appetite
• Fever
• Lameness
• Swollen lymph nodes

A dog who gets bitten by a tick and develops any of these symptoms should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible, Dr. Klein says. 

Asian Longhorned Tick on Dog: Next Steps

If you do discover an Asian longhorned tick bite or tick on your pup, don’t panic. There are things you can do to prevent illness and discomfort. 

Remove the Tick Right Away

Remove the Asian longhorned tick promptly (within 12 hours) to prevent the occurrence of tick-borne illnesses, Dr. Klein advises. “The sooner a tick is removed, the lower the chance of the bacteria carried by a tick transferring into the blood of a dog or person.” If you can’t promptly remove the tick, Dr. Klein recommends taking your dog to your veterinarian as soon as possible.  

If you need step-by-step instructions on how to remove a tick from a dog or guidance on the most effective tick removal tools to use, we have you covered.  

Contact Your Veterinarian if Needed

Once you’ve removed the tick, it’s not necessary to bring the dog to a veterinarian, Dr. Klein says, “But a dog that has been bitten by a tick should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as [they display] any symptoms that could be caused by a tick bite.”

Snap a Photo if You Can

Try taking a photo of the dead tick with your phone, Dr. Klein says. He recommends placing it in a small, sealed plastic bag with isopropyl alcohol, then in the freezer for two days to be sure it’s dead. “You can then dispose of the dead tick, or the closed bag can then be taken to your veterinarian,” he says.  

How to Protect Your Dog from Asian Longhorned Ticks

For now, the precautions for protecting your dog from Asian longhorned ticks are similar to that for other tick species.

Invest in Trusted Tick Protection

“The best protection is monthly flea and tick prevention, which should be given year-round,” Dr. Karwacki says. Because Asian Longhorned ticks are not killed off by cold temperatures like other tick species, the year-round part is especially important.

Some flea and tick control products on the market provide coverage against the Asian longhorned tick, among other parasites. In January 2025, the FDA approved new label indications for Simparica Trio and Simparica Chewables to include the treatment and control of infestations with Asian longhorned ticks. Other products that protect against this species include NexGard Plus and Bravecto Chews. Work with your veterinarian to determine the best option for your pup.

Check Your Dog for Ticks After Being Outdoors

Checking for ticks is especially important for dogs who’ve been in environments where ticks may reside, like grassy or wooded areas, Dr. Klein says. “Carefully also check the bottom of the paws, including between the paw pads, under their ears, around the eyes and nose, and the underside of their tail near the rectum,” he adds.

Dr. Klein also advises that you check your own clothes and body for ticks after coming indoors. “Ticks should be removed immediately because they can carry diseases that affect human health.”

Protect Your Outdoor Area

Spending time outside with your dog can put you and your dog at increased risk of making contact with the Asian longhorned tick. Veterinarians recommend keeping lawn grass cut low. “Owners can also make sure that brush is cleared from the yard and have a 9-foot space between the yard and wooded areas to help prevent exposure to ticks,” Dr. Karwacki says.

References

1. The Asian Longhorned Tick: What You Need to Know Story Map. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA). 2024 July. Retrieved from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/ticks/asian-longhorned/asian-longhorned-tick-what-you-need-know
2. Asian Longhorned Tick. University of Maryland Extension. 2024 October. Retrieved from https://extension.umd.edu/resource/asian-longhorned-tick/
3. Where Ticks Live. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024 July. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/about/where-ticks-live.html
4. Asian Longhorned Tick. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/integration/vector-management/ticks/asian-longhorned-tick.html

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Most intestinal parasites in cats are easily treated with cat dewormers. Pet parents can also protect their cats from worms by keeping their cat on year-round parasite preventatives. 

Find the best dewormers for cats on our list of vet-approved cat dewormers.

What Is Deworming for Cats?

Dewormers for cats treat intestinal worm infections. Parasite preventatives, on the other hand, are designed to prevent a parasitic infection from fully developing. Some preventative products also include dewormers. These products may protect your cat from heartworms, ticks, and/or fleas in addition to treating intestinal worm infestations. 

When it comes to cat dewormers, these products generally treat one or more of the following parasites:

• Tapeworms 
• Roundworms 
• Hookworms 

Dewormers for cats come in a variety of forms, including pills, liquids, and topical solutions.

Common ingredients in cat dewormers include:

• Pyrantel pamoate
• Praziquantel
• Selamectin
• Moxidectin
• Eprinomectin
• Emodepside

Keep in mind that there are other forms of intestinal parasites in cats aside from worms, such as coccidia or giardia, that may require treatment. 

Why Dewormer for Cats Is Important

Dewormers are important for your cat’s health. Some intestinal parasites, like roundworms, can steal nutrients from the food your cat ingests. Hookworms actually latch on to your cat’s intestinal wall and feast on blood. These parasitic infestations can lead to anemia, poor weight gain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Cats who go outside have a higher risk of contracting worms. Cats can contract worms by:

• Ingesting an infected host, such as a flea, rodent, or insect
• Consuming or coming into contact with infected feces

Even an indoor cat can develop a worm infestation. Tapeworms, for instance, are usually contracted when a cat eats a flea or a rodent. If fleas hitchhike into the home on a person or a dog, your indoor cat can easily become infected.

Some of these worms, like roundworms, can also cause infections in people. Certain members of your household, such as children, may have a higher risk of contracting intestinal worms if you have an infected cat in the home. 

If you are unsure if your cat needs a dewormer, it’s best to speak with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian may recommend a dewormer that targets the specific parasite and then starting year-round parasite prevention. Some parasites may be treated with long-term parasite preventatives, meaning the preventative doubles as a dewormer.

6 Vet-Approved Dewormers for Cats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Although we will cover six vet-approved dewormers for cats in this article, it’s best to speak with your veterinarian to find the best option for your individual pet. 

Drontal® (praziquantel/pyrantel pamoate)

This broad spectrum dewormer for cats treats tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis), hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme), and roundworms (Toxocara cati). Drontal comes in the form of scored tablets.

Highlights:

• Treats five types of intestinal worms
• Comes in scored tablet form
• Suitable for kittens over 1 month of age and weighing at least 1.5 lbs.
• FDA-approved
• Side effects are rare

Things to Consider:

• Reinfection with tapeworms transmitted by fleas is likely to occur unless the flea infestation is also controlled
• Requires a prescription

Profender™ (emodepside, praziquantel)

For cats who are hard to medicate with pills, the broad spectrum dewormer Profender may be a great alternative to Drontal. Profender comes in the form of a topical solution applied to the skin at the base of the skull. Profender treats roundworms (Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina), hookworms (Uncinaria stenocephala), and tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis).

Highlights:

• Treats five types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Suitable for kittens over 2 months of age and weighing 2.2 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Reinfection with tapeworms transmitted by fleas is likely to occur unless the flea infestation is also controlled
• Requires a prescription

NexGard® COMBO (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel)

NexGard COMBO is a topical dewormer and parasite preventative. This product prevents heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis and both treats and controls roundworms (Toxocara cati), hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Ancylostoma braziliense), and tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum). The product also kills adult fleas (Ctenocephalides felis), prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls infestations with two types of ticks. 

Highlights:

• Treats four types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and two types of tick infestations
• Suitable for kittens over 8 weeks old and weighing at least 1.8 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., esafoxolaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Revolution® PLUS (selamectin and sarolaner)

Revolution PLUS is a dewormer and parasite preventative that is applied topically to the skin at the base of the skull on the back of the neck. The medication prevents heartworm disease. It also treats and controls roundworms (Toxocara cati) and intestinal hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme). Revolution PLUS is also approved for the treatment of ear mites (Otodectes cynotis). The drug can kill adult fleas, treat and prevent flea infestations, prevent tapeworm infestations by killing fleas, and treat four types of tick infestations.

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and four types of tick infestations
• Approved for treating and controlling ear mites
• Suitable for kittens over 8 weeks old and weighing at least 2.8 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., sarolaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Bravecto ® PLUS (fluralaner and moxidectin)

Bravecto PLUS is a topical product that only needs to be applied every two months. Intestinal worms that are treated include roundworms (Toxocara cati) and hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme). The medication also prevents heartworm disease, kills adult fleas, prevents flea infestations, and treats and controls infestations with three types of ticks. 

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Lasts twice as long as monthly products
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations and a couple types of tick infestations
• Suitable for kittens over 6 months old and weighing at least 2.6 lbs.
• FDA-approved

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription
• Isoxazoline class of drugs (e.g., fluralaner) have been associated with neurologic side effects, like tremors or seizures

Advantage Multi® for Cats (imidacloprid and moxidectin)

Advantage Multi is a topical, broad-spectrum dewormer and parasite preventative. This monthly topical treats hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme) and roundworms (Toxocara cati). It can also prevent heartworm disease, kill adult fleas, treat flea infestations, and treat ear mites. 

Highlights:

• Treats two types of intestinal worms
• Applied topically
• Prevents heartworm infestations
• Treats and prevents flea infestations
• Treats ear mites
• Suitable for kittens over 9 weeks old and weighing at least 2 lbs.
• FDA-approved
• Does not contain an isoxazoline

Things to Consider:

• Requires a prescription

Dewormer for Cats: Other Factors to Consider

When choosing the best dewormer for your cat, you’ll want to consider the following factors:

Proper diagnosis: If your cat has worms, it’s important to determine the type of worms to ensure treatment is effective. Generally, this involves taking a fecal sample to your veterinary clinic, where they will perform a fecal flotation test.

Types of parasites covered: Different dewormers are effective against different parasites. For example, a lot of preventative products do not treat active tapeworm infections. For products that are both dewormers and parasite preventatives, you’ll want to ensure the product covers the parasites of concern in your area. This depends on the active ingredients in the product.

Formulation: Some of the dewormers are topical while some are oral. Some cats have a strong aversion to being pilled or the smell of a topical. You should speak with your veterinarian if you are having trouble administering the dewormer to your cat.

Frequency of dosing: Some dewormers are a one-and-done deal while others require several days of treatment. Preventatives that contain dewormers are given once monthly or once every two months. 

Side effects: Generally, the risk of side effects is low. However, there are reports of cats developing neurologic signs after taking isoxazoline drugs. Some of the preventatives listed in this article utilize ingredients from the isoxazoline drug class. If your cat has a reaction to a dewormer you should speak with your veterinarian. Some cats may also develop skin reactions to topical dewormers.

Cost: Your veterinarian can help you find the dewormer or parasite prevention that best works with your budget.

Cat Dewormer FAQs

How long does dewormer take to work on cats?

The length of time a dewormer takes to work on cats differs by product and by parasite. For example, praziquantel can begin killing tapeworms within 1 to 2 hours, though it may take a few days for you to stop seeing tapeworms in your cat’s feces. Fenbendazole, which is used off-label in cats, can take a day or two to begin taking effect.

How much does it cost to deworm a cat?

One-time parasite treatments or cat dewormers are usually around $20 to $50. The veterinary visit and fecal testing necessary to diagnose parasites may bump the cost up over $100. 

Can you use dog dewormer on cats?

You should not use dog dewormer on cats. Some products in dog dewormers and parasite preventatives, like permethrin, are toxic to cats. Dosages may also differ between cats and dogs.

How often can you deworm a cat?

You should use parasite preventatives on your cat year-round, with most preventatives given monthly. Some dewormers, like pyrantel or praziquantel, are more useful if your cat has been diagnosed with an active infection. Overuse of dewormers may encourage parasites to develop resistance.

Can you buy cat dewormer over the counter?

Some dewormers are available over the counter (like Elanco Tapeworm Dewormer), while some require a veterinary prescription (like Drontal).

Reference

1. Nagamori, Yoko et al. “Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 277 (2020): 109008. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109008

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That’s because fleas have a rapid and prolific life cycle. Adult cat fleas can live for four to 25 days and lay up to one egg per hour. The eggs then fall off your cat and into the environment, where they hatch into larvae and burrow into areas like carpets, pet beds, and furniture.

A flea comb for cats is a simple, effective tool that can help you detect and remove fleas from your kitty’s coat. However, Dr. Sara Corrigan, DVM, with Small Door Vet, cautions that a flea comb isn’t a stand-alone solution—think of it as part of a comprehensive flea treatment plan.

Not sure how to use a flea comb or why it’s worth adding to your flea-fighting arsenal? We’ll walk you through everything you need to know, from the benefits of using a flea comb to step-by-step instructions for success.

What Is a Flea Comb for Cats?

A flea comb is a specialized grooming tool designed to help remove fleas and flea dirt (the digested blood that fleas excrete) from the fur of cats and other pets. Unlike standard brushes or combs, flea combs have closely spaced metal teeth, which help catch fleas as you comb through your cat’s coat.

However, Dr. Corrigan says flea combs are not very effective against flea eggs. The metal teeth easily trap fleas, which typically measure between 1-3 mm in length. However, because flea eggs are almost microscopic (about 0.5 mm) flea combs tend to miss them. In fact, combing your cat is more likely to cause the eggs to fall off your cat onto clothing or furniture.

This is why tackling a flea infestation requires a multi-step approach to prevention and protection. Pair a vet-approved oral or topical flea medication with effective flea combing and cleaning practices.  

Types of Flea Combs

Flea combs come in a few different types. The two most common options are manual and electric flea combs.

The best flea comb for cats depends on each cat’s specific needs and preferences. So here’s a detailed overview of each type to help you determine the best flea comb to fit your cat’s needs.

Manual Flea Combs

Manual flea combs are the traditional option. They feature closely spaced teeth that capture fleas and flea dirt as you comb through your cat’s fur. Pet parents will need to gently glide the comb over their cat’s coat to capture any fleas. Manual flea combs are compact, easy to use, and conveniently sized to fit in a pocket or bag for easy portability.

Flea combs are typically available in plastic and metal (often stainless steel) form. Plastic combs are lightweight and gentle, making them a good option for kittens or cats with sensitive skin, but they’re more prone to breaking under stress. A metal flea comb is typically highly durable and an excellent choice for cats with long, thick, or matted coats.

The length of the manual comb’s teeth is another important factor to consider. Cats with long or dense fur benefit from flea combs with longer teeth, as they can more easily navigate through their coats. For short-haired cats, combs with shorter teeth are more effective and comfortable to use. 

Electric Flea Combs

Electric flea combs add a modern twist to flea removal. These combs feature a plastic handle and metal teeth that conduct a small electrical charge. This charge, which will not harm your cat, kills fleas on contact as you move the comb through your cat’s fur. The teeth are still fine and closely spaced, so they can also remove flea dirt. 

Electric combs can be particularly effective for thick or long-haired cats but may be less suitable for kittens or nervous cats due to the mild buzzing noise.

How to Use a Flea Comb to Remove Fleas from Your Cat

Using a flea comb requires the right technique to make the process effective and keep your cat comfortable. Follow these easy step-by-step instructions for combing fleas from cats.

Set Up Your Space

Choose a well-lit area on a surface that you can easily vacuum after you’re done combing, such as tile or hardwood floor. You can also lay down a disposable pad to catch any fleas or debris. 

Gather Your Supplies

You’ll need:

• A high-quality cat flea comb
• A bowl of warm, soapy water (if using a manual comb)
• Paper towels 
• Treats to keep your cat calm and cooperative
• A regular brush or grooming tool for detangling mats, if necessary

Prepare Your Cat

Before you begin, check for any tangles or mats in your cat’s fur and gently remove them with a detangling brush. This will make combing smoother and more comfortable for your cat. Also, make sure your cat is relatively calm before beginning. 

Start Combing

Begin at your cat’s head and work your way down their body. Fleas tend to congregate around the neck, under the chin, behind the ears, and at the base of the tail, so give these areas extra attention. Comb in the direction of hair growth and move slowly to avoid pulling.

Speaking to your cat in a soothing voice and offering gentle pets or scratches throughout the combing process can help keep them calm and comfortable.

Dispose of Fleas and Debris

If you’re using a manual comb for cat fleas, dip it into a bowl of soapy water after every few strokes to dislodge fleas, flea dirt, and eggs. Fleas drown quickly in soapy water, making this an effective way to ensure they don’t escape. Wipe the comb clean with a paper towel before continuing.

If you’re using an electric flea comb, the electric current will kill the fleas upon contact.

Periodically wipe the comb with a dry paper towel to remove dead fleas and debris. 

Reward

At the end of each combing session, reward your cat with treats, pets, or playtime to create a positive association with the experience. This helps encourage their cooperation during future sessions.

Clean Up

Once you’re done, it’s crucial to dispose of or clean everything you used. Dump the soapy water down the toilet. Throw away the disposable pad (if you used one), and vacuum the surrounding area to capture any fleas or eggs that may have escaped. Clean the comb and other tools that were used during the process. If you skip this step, fleas will likely re-infest your cat. 

Repeat as Needed

Flea combing is not a one-time fix. “During an active flea infestation, comb your cat daily to remove fleas and flea dirt and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment,” Dr. Corrigan advises. “Once the infestation is resolved, combing weekly can help detect any new fleas early.” 

Things to Avoid When Removing Fleas from Cats

While removing fleas from your cat, there are a few missteps to avoid to make the process safe and effective. Here are key tips to guide you:

• Don’t use human products: Never use human shampoos, soaps, or essential oils on your cat, as many of these can be toxic to cats. Always choose products specifically formulated for cats.
• Don’t use products for dogs: “Don’t use products meant for dogs on cats, as some can be toxic,” Dr. Corrigan says. She gives permethrin-based treatments as an example. 
• Skip DIY flea remedies: Homemade flea treatments, like vinegar or essential oil sprays, can be harmful or ineffective, Dr. Corrigan says. It’s always better to stick with veterinarian-recommended flea treatments. Dr. Corrigan suggests asking your vet if you’re unsure about a treatment. 
• Don’t ignore severe infestations: “If your cat has a severe flea infestation, visible skin irritation, or open sores, it’s best to consult a veterinarian,” Dr. Corrigan advises. 
• Avoid handling anxious cats: If your cat becomes overly stressed during the flea removal process, it’s best to take a break or spread the session over a few days. For extremely anxious cats, Dr. Corrigan says a professional groomer may be better equipped to handle the situation.

Treating Fleas on Cats: A Multi-Step Approach

“Flea combs are a helpful supplementary tool but should not be considered a stand-alone treatment,” Dr. Corrigan says. Here’s how to create a well-rounded plan:

• Use vet-recommended preventatives: Preventative treatments are the cornerstone of flea control. Dr. Corrigan explains that monthly flea preventatives, like topical solutions, oral medications, or flea collars, work to kill fleas at multiple life stages. Always consult your veterinarian to choose a product that’s safe and effective for your cat. 
• Treat your cat’s environment: Focusing solely on eliminating fleas from your cat won’t take care of the problem. Fleas lay eggs that fall into the environment, so failing to clean your home thoroughly during an infestation will allow fleas to return. To break the flea life cycle, clean your cat’s bedding, vacuum carpets and furniture, and treat common areas with vet-approved flea sprays or powders. For severe infestations, you may need professional pest control services.
• Consider a flea bath: Flea baths can also help, but a bath is not always necessary and can dry out your cat’s skin if done too often. If your cat has a bad flea infestation and you do need to bathe them, use a vet-approved flea shampoo for cats. Dr. Corrigan adds that you should never submerge your cat in water to “drown fleas,” as this can stress your cat and is ineffective for thorough flea removal.
• Treat all pets in the household: If you have multiple pets, treat all of them for fleas, even if only one shows symptoms. Fleas can quickly spread from one animal to another, so treating all your pets helps tackle the infestation comprehensively. However, always use treatments specifically designed for each species and individual animal’s weight. 

By combining preventatives, regular combing, and diligent home cleaning, you can effectively control fleas and protect your cat from these pesky parasites. 

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Read on to learn more about Babesiosis in dogs, including what causes it, common signs to watch for, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What Is Babesiosis?

Babesiosis is a blood-borne disease that is caused by a microscopic parasite called Babesia. Babesia are single-celled protozoan parasites that must live in a host to survive. Currently, a minimum of seven different Babesia species have been identified in our canine companions: B. canis, B. vogeli, B. rossi, B. gibsoni, B. conradae, B. vulpes, and B. negevi.

Babesia infections are found worldwide, wherever ticks are found (1). Babesiosis is called an emerging disease because it is diagnosed more frequently and in more places than it was historically. This may be due to increased numbers and range of ticks and/or dog importation around the world. 

How Do Dogs Get Babesiosis?

Dogs are infected with Babesiosis when they are bitten by a tick that is infected with the parasite. Ticks transmit the disease to dogs after the tick has bitten and attached to the dog for two to three days. Several species of ticks, including the brown dog tick and the American dog tick, appear to carry the parasite, and both dogs and cats are at risk. Humans can also contract Babesia infection. However, Babesia is not considered a zoonotic disease because the Babesia species that infect dogs and cats do not appear to infect humans.

Some species of Babesia, such as B. gibsoni, are also spread from dog to dog via dog bites, contaminated blood transfusion, or even in utero from mother to puppy via the placenta. Any age and breed of dog can become infected. However, Greyhounds seem to be predisposed to B. canis infections, and B. gibsoni infections are seen more often in American Pit Bull Terriers than other dogs. Dogs who are housed together in kennels where ticks are prevalent are at higher risk for becoming infected, as well as dogs who have had their spleen removed, have had chemotherapy, or have had a blood transfusion. 

Babesiosis Symptoms in Dogs

Incubation time for Babesiosis is two weeks. This means that dogs will not show symptoms until two weeks after infection. Babesiosis can be tricky to diagnose because the symptoms can mimic symptoms of other diseases and dogs can either present acutely with symptoms, have chronic waxing and waning symptoms, or have no symptoms at all.

Babesiosis attacks several systems in the body, including blood, lymphatic, immune, liver, and nervous systems. Babesia attack and destroy red blood cells leading to anemia, which causes symptoms. Babesia also cause mild to moderate liver inflammation. The most common symptoms associated with Babesiosis include:

• Low energy
• Loss of appetite
• Pale gums
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
• Jaundice
• Collapse

Depending on the severity of disease, Babesiosis can also be implicated in acute kidney failure, low blood sugar, damage to heart muscles, pancreatitis, muscle pain, multiple organ dysfunction, and vision changes (2).

Some dogs carry the infection for years without any symptoms. These dogs are called carrier dogs because even though they are not affected by the infection, they can still transmit the disease to other dogs.

How Is Babesiosis in Dogs Diagnosed?

A veterinarian diagnoses canine Babesiosis with a combination of a history of recent tick exposure or dog bites, physical examination, and symptoms. They will then run laboratory tests based on their index of suspicion of a Babesia infection. These tests can include:

• Complete blood count to check red and white blood cells
• Microscopic examination of blood to look for parasites
• Serum biochemistry to check internal organ function, electrolytes, blood proteins, and some enzymes
• Urinalysis to check for kidney function and urinary health

If the vet suspects a tick-borne disease like Babesia, then they will want to run a few more specialized tests. These could include:

• Immunofluorescence Assay to check for antibodies against Babesia
• PCR to test for presence of Babesia DNA in the blood

If a dog who is housed in a kennel or multi-dog household is diagnosed with Babesia, all dogs in that household or kennel should be screened for Babesia because there is a higher percentage of carrier dogs within kennel situations. 

Babesiosis Treatment in Dogs

Babesia infections are treatable in dogs, however, treatment will vary depending on how sick the dog is. Severely affected dogs will need to be hospitalized. Dogs with mild disease can be treated on an outpatient basis. Dogs who have dangerously low blood pressure require fluid therapy. Severely anemic dogs may require a blood transfusion. 

• The only FDA approved treatment for Babesia are injections of Imidocarb dipropionate administered every 1-2 weeks. This treatment clears B. canis infections but may not completely clear B. gibsoni infections. 
• Combination oral treatment with azithromycin and atovaquone is the treatment of choice to potentially clear B. gibsoni infections. 

Additional medications that may be prescribed to clear the infection include:

• Clindamycin 
• Metronidazole
• Doxycycline
• Enrofloxacin
• Prednisone (to treat immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells)

Most dogs respond well to treatment within one to two weeks of starting medication. Prognosis is good to fair, depending on what body system is affected. Pet parents should also be aware that dogs who survive a Babesia infection may still be persistently infected without clinical symptoms and may relapse in the future. Because of this, never use dogs who have recovered from Babesiosis as a blood donor. 

One of the more important aspects of Babesiosis treatment is following up with your veterinarian after your pet starts treatment. Your vet will likely set up a series of recheck appointments after your dog has started medication. This will include laboratory tests to determine whether your dog’s red blood cell count is recovering and whether the parasite has been cleared from your dog’s body. Be prepared for recheck appointments to continue for several months, as dogs should be tested to ensure they are negative for the disease for two to three months after finishing treatment. 

Dogs who are infected with one tick-borne disease are sometimes infected with multiple tick-borne parasites. If your dog is failing to respond to treatment, then they may be carrying additional tick-borne diseases like Erhlichia, and need to be tested for that disease. 

How to Prevent Babesiosis in Dogs

Although there is a vaccine available in Europe against B. canis and B. rossi, this vaccine is not available in the States and may not protect against other Babesia species. The best way to protect your pets is by applying or administering an effective tick prevention medication on a regular basis when ticks are present, which can be year-round in many locations. 

Tick control is by far the most effective way to prevent Babesiosis in dogs and cats. If your dog frequents locations that are known to have ticks and/or wildlife, then check your dog for ticks regularly. If your dog does acquire a tick, then promptly remove the tick and keep it in a sealed container in case your vet wants to test it. 

Babesiosis is a serious disease, but fortunately it is relatively easy to prevent with strict tick control. In addition to protecting your dog against Babesia, tick control can help prevent other tick-borne diseases, several of which can be transmitted to people as well. Talk to your veterinarian about the best tick control for your dog.

References

1. Evason, ME. (2019). Babesia spp. (babesiosis). In S. Weese & M. Evason (Eds.), Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat: A Color Handbook (first edition, 201-204) CRC Press.
2. World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings. “Update on the Complications and Management of Canine Babesiosis.” 2006. Retrieved from https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3859055&pid=11223

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If these pesky parasites have your brain spinning and your skin crawling, you’ve come to the right place! Let’s get some answers and advice from veterinary expert Dr. Alex Crow, DVM, on the tick life cycle and how to handle these pests. 

How Long Do Ticks Live?

Believe it or not, ticks are not insects — they’re arachnids (the same class as spiders…which could explain why they give us the creeps). However, unlike their spider cousins, ticks don’t prey on insects. Instead, they survive off the blood of humans and animals.

That’s important, because when and how frequently ticks feed — also known as a “blood meal” — affects how long they live.

Typically, ticks live for around two to three years. However, that lifespan can vary because while ticks need blood to survive, they can go for long stretches without a blood meal.

So, how long can a tick live without a host? The length of time a tick can survive without a host depends on the species of the tick. Most adult ticks can survive for at least six months to a year without a blood meal. Some ticks can live even longer than that!

The good news is that most types of ticks cannot survive for long indoors. In the US, the Brown Dog Tick is the only species that can thrive in indoor environments, such as a kennel or a house. 

The Tick Life Cycle: What You Need to Know

The best way to protect your pet and your household from tick threats is to know your enemy. And that starts with understanding the tick life cycle, so you know when to avoid ticks looking for their next blood meal.

The tick lifespan includes four distinct life stages: eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult ticks. Most ticks have a three-host life cycle. That means they need a warm-blooded “host” (or several) to feed on at each life stage (larva, nymph, adult) before they can move from one stage of their life to the next.

The amount of time ticks take to feed on a host varies depending on their life stage. It can be anywhere from a few hours to a week. If the tick can stay on the host until it has finished feeding, it will drop off to prepare for the next life stage.

While the life cycle of a tick varies between species, here’s how it typically progresses.

• Adult female ticks generally lay eggs in the spring.
• In the summer, tick eggs hatch into the larval stage.
• Once hatched, the larvae find their first host to attach to and feed on.
• In the late summer or fall, the larvae fall off their host.
• Between the fall and the winter, they then molt into nymphs.
• Once the weather starts to warm up in the spring, the tick nymphs find a second host to attach to and feed on.
• Later in the summer or fall, the nymphs fall off their host and molt into adults.
• The following spring, the adult tick seeks its third and final host.
• Once ticks have fed on their third host, they will mate. Males usually die after mating and females will die shortly after laying their eggs in the spring.[1] 

How Do Ticks Look at Each Life Stage?

Knowing how to spot ticks is another important part of prevention. But that can be tricky because a tick’s appearance can change dramatically as they pass through each stage of life.

Many pet parents wonder: What do baby ticks look like? How do they differ from adult ticks? What should I watch out for? You’re about to find out, as we explore the four stages of the tick lifecycle. 

Egg Stage 

After an adult female has fed and mated, she drops off of her host and lays eggs on a leaf, grass, or something else that is soft and hidden.

An adult female tick can lay a cluster of thousands of very small eggs. These eggs are usually amber or brown, translucent, sticky, and remain together until they hatch. The individual eggs are incredibly tiny and may appear as mere specks. However, the egg cluster can measure about an inch wide.

Depending on the species, hatching occurs anywhere from two weeks to two months after laying. Since adults are not able to lay eggs on a host, you won’t need to worry about finding tick eggs on your dogs or cats!

Six-Legged Larva Stage 

Tick larvae have six legs and are also known as “seed ticks” at this stage. Larval ticks seek to attach to their first host as soon as they hatch. Because they are small and close to the ground, they usually consume their first blood meal from small animals, such as mice or birds.

The bite of a tick larva is less likely to carry a disease, since they are most likely taking their first blood meal. This makes the tick larva stage the least dangerous in the lifespan of a tick. However, the tick may pick up a transmissible disease at this stage.

Eight-Legged Nymph Stage 

Once ticks have molted into nymphs, they have eight legs and tend to look for larger hosts for their next meal. A nymph is smaller than an adult tick.

Nymphal ticks are more likely to carry diseases at this stage because their first hosts tend to be small animals, like mice. Like larvae, nymphs may pick up a transmissible disease while feeding.

Adult Stage

Adult ticks also have eight legs and are more aggressive in seeking out their hosts. Adult ticks, while at the end of their life cycle, are much more likely to carry a disease from one of their previous hosts. Research shows that roughly one in three adult deer ticks (or black legged ticks) carry the bacteria that causes Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). 

Here’s the bad news: To protect yourself and your pets from tick bites, you’ll need to watch out for ticks of all stages, from larval to adult. Ticks searching for a host may target any warm-blooded animal, including pets and humans.

However, there’s good news, too. Ticks can only transmit tick-borne diseases to a host if they stay attached for 1-2 days. That’s why it’s so important to keep watch for ticks and remove them quickly to prevent the spread of tick-borne diseases.

A tick that is full of blood will look engorged and can become the size of a pea. However, not all ticks are that obvious. Most ticks found on pets and people are discovered before they finish feeding.

That’s why using effective tick prevention treatments or medications is also important. They work by repelling ticks, preventing attachment, or killing the ticks quickly once they have attached. [2] If your pet is protected by a preventative and is exposed to ticks, you will likely find dead ticks in their coat.  

Vet Answers to Top Tick FAQs

You’ve got tick questions, and we’ve got the answers! Let’s check in with Dr. Crow for the scoop on pet parents’ most pressing questions about ticks.  

Do ticks die in winter?

Depending on where you live, peak “tick season” is generally between May and October. Many people assume ticks die off in the winter, but these pesky parasites are more resilient than you’d think.

Most ticks survive colder winter temperatures by going dormant in sheltered spots like leaf litter and animal burrows. Some species, like the deer tick, remain active during milder winter days. That’s why effective year-round tick protection is so important! 

Where do ticks lay eggs?

Female ticks lay their eggs in the environment, not on the host. After feeding, a female tick drops off the host to find a suitable spot to lay her eggs. Tick nests are often found in protected areas with leaf litter, grass, or soil. A single tick can lay thousands of eggs. 

How big can ticks get?

Ticks can vary greatly in size. Larval ticks are super tiny and hard to see. Nymph ticks are slightly larger, about the size of a poppy seed. Adult ticks can be as small as a sesame seed when unfed but swell to the size of a small pea when engorged with blood, making them easier to spot.

When are ticks most active?

Ticks are most active during the warmer months, from spring through fall. However, in regions with milder climates, ticks can be active year-round. They’re typically most active during the early morning and late afternoon when temperatures are cooler. 

When do ticks come out?

Ticks become active in early spring as temperatures rise and can remain active until late fall. They wait on grasses and shrubs for a host to pass by, a behavior known as “questing.” Ticks can sense the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals and latch on when they detect a nearby host. It’s important to remember that ticks cannot fly and they cannot jump! 

How do ticks reproduce?

Ticks reproduce sexually, with males and females mating on a host. After mating, the female drops off the host to lay thousands of eggs in the environment. These eggs hatch into larvae, which then seek out small hosts to feed on, continuing the life cycle. 

At what temperature do ticks become inactive?

Ticks generally become inactive at temperatures below 40°F. However, some species can tolerate colder temperatures and may remain active during mild winters. 

Can ticks survive in water?

Ticks are not strong swimmers, but they can survive brief submersion in water. While bathing your pet can help remove ticks, it’s not a reliable method for prevention. 

How long will a tick stay on a dog or cat?

A tick can remain attached to a host for several days, feeding until it becomes engorged. The longer a tick stays attached, the greater the risk of transmitting diseases. It’s important to remove ticks as soon as they are found to minimize this risk.    

Tick Prevention Tips

Does the idea of a tick getting on your pet stress you out? If so, you’re not alone! Many pet parents struggle with navigating the risk of ticks when outdoors.

“I understand how stressful that can be, but don’t worry,” says Dr. Crow. “Ticks are common and we have many effective ways to deal with them.”

“While ticks can carry diseases, not every tick bite will result in illness,” he adds. 

Luckily, there are a few steps you can take to help prevent these pesky parasites from attaching to you or your pet. 

Keep Your Yard Tidy

Mow your lawn regularly, clear away leaves, and trim bushes to help eliminate the places ticks like to hide and nest.

Ticks seek out places that are dark and protected from predators. So, remember, even if your yard is free of debris, landscaping features like tall ornamental grasses can still harbor ticks.

Use Year-Round Monthly Preventatives

If you’re wondering: When do ticks go away, the bad news is they never really do.

Ticks can be found in every state in the United States, throughout every month of the year. They tend to be more active in warmer weather. However, ticks in winter may still be a threat…especially if you live in a milder climate. This is why vets highly recommend using year-round prevention.

Your vet can help determine the most effective tick prevention plan for your pet. This will depend on several factors, including where you live, your pet’s health, and what other parasites pose a risk in your region.

Talk to your vet to help find the best preventative to fit your pet and your lifestyle to ensure consistent, year-long protection. 

Check For Ticks

It’s always a good idea to check your pets for ticks when they’ve been outdoors, especially during prime tick season. However, it’s crucial when you know your pets have been in areas with long grass, overgrown bushes, and piles of fallen leaves.

If ticks are on your pet, they are most likely to hide in warm, moist areas. So always check your pet’s ears, neck, armpits, and between the toes for tick stowaways. 

If you find a tick on your pet, it’s important to stay calm and remove it as quickly and efficiently as possible. Removing ticks quickly can reduce the chance of transmission of a tick-borne disease, so staying vigilant is the best action you can take. 

While it is common to find ticks on our pets, they may not be completely harmless. Dr. Crow reminds us, “If you notice any concerning symptoms or if you’re unsure about anything, then please come to see the vet.”

REFERENCES

1. “The Tick Lifecycle.” Lyme & Tick-Borne Disease Testing & Statistics, Tick Research Lab of Pennsylvania, 1 Dec. 2020, www.ticklab.org/blog/2020/12/01/the-tick-lifecycle/. 
2. Cohen, Aly. “Flea and Tick Prevention.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/flea-and-tick-prevention.

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In this article, you will learn about the types of intestinal parasites in dogs, the symptoms of intestinal parasites, and how intestinal parasites are diagnosed, treated, and prevented.

Types of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs

Dogs can carry a variety of intestinal parasites, including the following intestinal worms that live in the gut and cause problems:

• Hookworms
• Roundworms
• Tapeworms
• Whipworms

Dogs can also carry microscopic protozoan parasites that can cause diarrhea and weight loss, including:

• Giardia
• Coccidia

How Do Dogs Get Parasites?

Dogs acquire intestinal parasites in a variety of ways. The manner of infection depends on the parasite. Dogs can commonly become infected with intestinal parasites by ingesting a parasite egg from the environment – either by eating poop or an animal carcass, snuffing up contaminated soil, or drinking contaminated water. Some intestinal parasites can be transmitted from mother to puppies while they are still in utero or via nursing. 

Dogs that are in locations with high-density populations, such as kennels, animal shelters, and dog shows, or those that visit dog parks or doggie daycare, are at higher risk of acquiring intestinal parasites. Dogs that have compromised immunity are also at higher risk of an intestinal parasite infection. 

7 Symptoms of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs

Abdominal distension

Dogs that are carrying intestinal worms, especially roundworms, often have a swollen, pot-bellied appearance. This is due to inflammation in the gut caused by the parasite.

Weight loss

Intestinal worms steal nutrients from dogs, which can result in weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite. These dogs often have a poor haircoat and an unthrifty appearance because they are not getting enough nutrients despite eating normally.

Belly pain

Intestinal parasites can cause painful inflammation in the gut. Hookworms (voracious, blood-sucking worms that bite the lining of the gut) can also result in a serious stomach ache. Additionally, worms can sometimes cause an obstruction in the intestines, which is also painful.

Worms in stool

One obvious sign of intestinal parasites is seeing worms in the stool. You may see flat, white worms, worms that look like spaghetti, or rice grains that are adhered to the fur around the anus.

Stool changes

Intestinal parasites in dogs cause gut inflammation, which affects stool quality. Dogs with worms may have normal stool, or they may experience diarrhea or constipation. If infected with hookworms, they may have black, tarry stool that indicates digested blood. Dogs with giardia may have mucoid diarrhea.

Weakness

If a dog has lost a significant amount of weight due to a heavy worm burden, they may be weaker. Those who have lost a lot of blood to hookworms will appear weak and lethargic and have pale gums.

Cough

Sometimes worms don’t stay in the intestines. They can migrate to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, causing inflammation and coughing. 

All of these signs are more severe in puppies and very small dogs. Puppies in particular can die from a heavy worm burden if not treated promptly and properly. When time is of the essence, having a health and pet care credit card, such as CareCredit, can provide peace of mind so you can focus on helping your puppy. Whether you use the card for an emergency visit or a routine veterinary appointment (at any provider in the CareCredit network), it allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options.*

If you see these signs in your dog, regardless of whether you think they have intestinal parasites or not, visit your veterinarian as soon as possible. If you think your dog’s life is in danger, get there immediately.

The signs of intestinal parasites in dogs can be acute (happen all of a sudden), chronic (occur for more than two weeks), or intermittent. The tricky thing about intestinal parasites is a dog can be carrying them and not show any signs at all. That’s why it’s a good idea to have your dog’s poop checked every year at their annual examination. 

Diagnosing Internal Parasites and Dog Worms

If you suspect that your dog may have intestinal parasites, or if you notice any of the signs listed above, call your veterinarian. Most veterinarians will want to conduct a physical examination on a dog before they prescribe treatment. They will test your dog’s poop for parasites, so be sure to bring a fresh sample in a sealed container. 

The veterinary staff will take the sample and run such tests as:

• Fecal float microscope test that makes parasite eggs easier to detect (this is also the only way parasites are detected in asymptomatic animals)
• Fecal direct smear microscope to look for parasites
• Fecal culture to determine if there is a bacterial infection
• Additional specialized tests for specific parasites, such as an antigen test for Giardia

It’s important to get an accurate diagnosis on the cause of your dog’s symptoms, as the symptoms of intestinal parasites can be mimicked by other more serious diseases that require alternative treatment. Additionally, different intestinal parasites require different treatments, so be sure to see your veterinarian as soon as possible.

Intestinal Dog Parasite Treatment

Fortunately, most intestinal parasites are easy to treat with a broad-spectrum dewormer. Your veterinarian will prescribe the correct medication to kill adult worms and larvae. Typically, treatment for intestinal parasites is outpatient and doesn’t require hospitalization. Some of the common dewormers that are prescribed include:

• Febantel or Fenbendazole: used to treat many parasites, including roundworms, hookworms, lungworms, whipworms, and some rare species of tapeworms
• Ivermectin: used to treat hookworms and roundworms
• Pyrantel Pamoate: used to treat intestinal roundworms and hookworms
• Praziquantel: used to treat tapeworms
• Metronidazole: used to treat Giardia

If your dog is being treated for worms, don’t be surprised if you see dead worms in their feces during and after treatment. Even though it’s gross, it’s a good thing.

Preventing Intestinal Canine Parasites

Don’t forget – humans can get worms and Giardia from dogs, but in addition to being easy to treat, most intestinal parasites are easy to prevent. In fact, most heartworm prevention medication also includes broad-spectrum protection against intestinal worms. So if you protect your dog against heartworms year-round, you’re usually protecting them against intestinal worms as well – but always check with your veterinary provider to confirm. 

Additional parasite prevention recommendations include: 

• Picking up after all animals in your yard regularly
• Not allowing your dog to investigate or eat animal feces
• Having your dog’s feces tested annually for parasites

By practicing intestinal parasite awareness and utilizing parasite prevention and common sense, you can keep intestinal parasites out of your dog and out of your life. 

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

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For both dogs and cats, fleas can be a nuisance and even a health hazard. And once your pet is infested with fleas, it can be tricky to get rid of them. So it pays to know a thing or two about these tiny, blood-sucking insects, and how to prevent them from latching on to your pets — and infiltrating your home — in the first place. 

“Understanding the flea life cycle is crucial for effectively dealing with an infestation,” says Dr. Lisa Lippman, director of virtual medicine at BondVet. “Knowing each stage helps in targeting treatments and preventing future outbreaks.”

4 Stages of the Flea Life Cycle

Flea Egg

After feasting on a host’s blood — that is, your pet’s blood — adult female fleas will mate and begin laying eggs. These tiny, white-ish eggs are small, rarely growing more than 0.5 mm (1/50-inch). That’s about the size of a speck of sand.

Fleas reproduce quickly. It’s estimated that a female flea can lay about 40 eggs each day. This helps explain how a few fleas can quickly cause an infestation. These eggs can develop anywhere from 2-12 days, depending on environmental conditions, Dr. Lippman explains. Flea eggs tend to hatch more quickly when it’s warmer and more humid. 

Flea eggs represent about 50 percent of the entire flea population in an infested home — and they can be found just about any place where your pet goes in the house. “Flea eggs are typically found in pet bedding, carpets, and furniture,” Dr. Lippman says. 

To get rid of flea eggs fully, pet parents need to treat their pet for fleas, and also thoroughly clear their house by vacuuming, and putting linens, upholstery, and bedding into the laundry. 

Flea Larvae

Once flea eggs develop, they become larvae. These worm-like organisms measure about ¼ of an inch. The larval stage is the second part of the flea life cycle. These larvae develop over several weeks after consuming a truly gross concoction: digested blood that adult fleas poop out, known as flea dirt. 

Flea larvae make up about 35 percent of the flea population living in an infested house. 

Flea Pupae

After hatching from eggs, flea larvae begin spinning cocoons around themselves in about 5-20 days. This is the third part of the flea life cycle known as the pupal stage. 

“Developing fleas can remain in a cocoon (pupal stage) for several days to weeks, and up to several months if conditions are unfavorable,” Dr. Lippman says. “Cocoons are found in carpets, under furniture, and in crevices.”

What entices an adult flea to eventually emerge? According to Dr. Lippman, “vibrations, carbon dioxide, and body heat from a potential host” will lure adult fleas to emerge from their cocoons.  

Flea pupae comprise about 10 percent of the entire flea population in an infested home.

Adult Fleas

The last part of the flea life cycle is the adult stage. Adult fleas are small, dark brown and flat-bodied, and they have an amazing ability to jump from the ground onto moving targets.

Once flea pupae emerge from their cocoons as adult fleas, they almost immediately begin to feed, mate, and lay eggs. 

“Adult fleas begin to feed within minutes of finding a host and can start laying eggs within 24-48 hours,” Dr. Lippman says. 

Adult fleas can live on their hosts for several weeks. Amazingly, they only represent about 5 percent of the flea population in an infested home.

How to Break the Flea Life Cycle

Wondering how to break the flea life cycle and get rid of fleas once and for all?

“Breaking the flea cycle involves consistent treatment of pets with flea preventatives, thorough cleaning of the home, and possibly professional pest control,” Dr. Lippman says. “It can take several weeks to months to fully eradicate fleas. Consulting with a pest professional can be beneficial for severe infestations.”

There are many different flea treatments for pets, including topical treatments, oral medications, and even flea collars. Some of these treatments also target other parasites like ticks. According to Dr. Lippman, it’s “important to use products recommended by veterinarians to ensure safety and effectiveness.” If in doubt, consult your veterinarian.

Besides treatment, pet parents can follow best practices to help keep their pets — and by extension, their homes — flea-free. “Regular grooming and bathing of pets, frequent washing of pet bedding, vacuuming carpets and furniture, and maintaining a clean environment can help keep pets flea-free,” Dr. Lippman says. “Additionally, treating the yard and outdoor areas where pets play can prevent fleas from entering the home.”

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While it’s true that all species of ticks have a serious ick factor, different tick species can carry different diseases and risks for our canine companions. It can be a helpful skill to know which species you’re dealing with.

“Ticks are not only unsightly but also pass dangerous diseases to dogs,” says Michael Stone DVM, internal medicine veterinarian and associate clinical professor at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. “Some diseases are mild and some may be fatal. The spectrum of diseases that can be caught from tick bites is wide.”

Most people are familiar with blacklegged (deer) ticks and their ability to transmit Lyme disease. However, the lone star tick is an aggressive tick species that is becoming more common in the U.S. In a national survey of ticks on dogs and cats, more than 23 percent of dogs were infested with lone star ticks (1). 

Year-round tick and flea control can help guard your dog against tick-borne diseases. Credelio is a small, tasty chewable for dogs that is effective against four species of ticks, including the lone star tick.

Here is what you need to know about the lone star tick and potential dangers for dogs.

What Is a Lone Star Tick?

The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is known as an aggressive species that seeks out hosts, including dogs, for a blood meal (2). Lone star ticks used to be limited to the eastern, southeastern and south-central parts of the United States, but their range continues to expand. They have been found as far north as Maine and as far west as Oklahoma.

The size and appearance of lone star ticks varies depending on their sex and life stage. Adult females are the easiest to spot because of the white dot—the namesake “lone star” on the center of their backs, called a scutum (3). Their bodies range in color from white/cream to gold and bronze and grow from 4 millimeters to 16 millimeters (or larger) in diameter after a blood meal (4).

Adult males are smaller and have dark brown or red patches on their scutum and often have streaks of white pigment around the outer edges of their bodies.

Lone Star Tick vs Deer Tick

The lone star tick and deer tick (aka the blacklegged tick) have several distinguishing features (5). Like the lone star tick, female deer ticks are larger than males but their scutum is dark brown to black in color and has an overlay that is a shade of brownish-orange. 

Their geographic range is different, too. Deer ticks are found in the Northeast and their range spans west and south to include states in the Great Lakes region, Atlantic and Gulf Coast. 

One of the biggest differences between the species is their questing behavior, according to Andrea Egizi, Ph.D., research scientist at the Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory at the Monmouth County Division of Mosquito Control in New Jersey.

“Lone star ticks are more active questers,” Egizi explains. “Instead of waiting on a blade of grass for the host to brush against them, if [a lone star tick] senses CO2, they actually crawl toward a host…In contrast to other kinds of ticks that are more passive and they’ll wait for you to come to them.”

Are Lone Star Ticks Dangerous to Dogs? 4 Risks to Know

All ticks have the potential to transmit disease to pets and people, Dr. Stone notes. So, what diseases do lone star ticks carry? Here are some of the risks for dogs to know about:

Ehrlichiosis

Lone star ticks can transmit two different Ehrlichia bacteria: Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Dogs start showing symptoms, including fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, lameness, and anemia, within one to three weeks of being bitten by an infected tick (6). 

Your veterinarian will run blood tests to detect Ehrlichiosis antibodies; if it’s positive, ehrlichiosis is treated with a 28-day dose of antibiotics. Symptoms should improve within two to three days of starting treatment.

Tularemia

Although tularemia is uncommon in dogs, cases of the tick-borne disease have been reported. Illness is mild but symptoms can include fever, discharge from the eyes or nose, swollen lymph nodes, and loss of appetite (7).

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

As the name suggests, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most common in the Rocky Mountain states, but it’s also found in the southeast where lone star ticks are prevalent. 

Lone star ticks transmit the Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria, but Egizi notes, “In the eastern U.S., people have tested a lot of ticks and not found very much Rickettsia rickettsii; the lone star tick can carry it, but it’s very, very rare.”

Dogs with Rocky Mountain spotted fever can experience a wide variety of signs, such as fever, lack of energy, stiffness when walking, and neurological abnormalities. The symptoms appear suddenly and can cause severe illness that lasts weeks. It can be fatal, so immediate treatment is essential.

Tick Paralysis

Some species of female ticks secrete a neurotoxin in their saliva that can cause paralysis. It’s mostly an issue with American dog ticks and deer ticks, but other species can transmit the neurotoxins, too. 

“Tick paralysis is rare in dogs in the United States,” says Dr. Stone. “It’s more common in Australia.”

Symptoms like weakness, limb paralysis, facial drooping, and trouble chewing start around three to five days after a tick attaches. Removal of the infected tick is the primary method of treatment, and results in a rapid improvement in symptoms. Some dogs may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as IV fluids or, in more severe cases, mechanical ventilation. 

In humans, lone star ticks can also transmit Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), Heartland virus, and alpha-gal syndrome (red meat allergy). These conditions are not known to affect dogs. In cats, lone star ticks can transmit bobcat fever (cytauxzoonosis), which is rare but often fatal.

Lone Star Tick Bite Symptoms 

You might notice a tick attached to your dog before you notice any symptoms. In general, Dr. Stone notes that lack of energy or loss of appetite are the most common lone star tick dog symptoms. Dogs bitten by disease-carrying ticks may also experience:

• Fever
• Joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Lameness 
• Discharge from the eyes or nose
• Swollen lymph nodes 
• Stiff gait 
• Neurological abnormalities
• Sudden paralysis

Lone Star Tick on Dog: Next Steps

Lone star ticks can attach “basically anywhere,” according to Dr. Stone, but tend to favor the face, neck and ears, as well as dogs’ backs and between the toes. If you spot a tick on your dog, grab a tick removal tool and remove it immediately.

“Avoid folklore remedies such as ‘painting’ the tick with nail polish or petroleum jelly or using heat to make the tick detach from the skin,” Dr. Stone says. “Your goal is to remove the tick as quickly as possible—not waiting for it to detach.”

To dispose of the tick, you can put it in rubbing alcohol or in a sealed bag or flush it down the toilet. “Removal of the tick and monitoring for signs of illness are my typical recommendations,” Dr. Stone adds.

Lone Star Ticks and Dogs: How to Protect Your Pup

To protect your dog against lone star ticks and other tick species, talk to your veterinarian about flea and tick control. Options range from oral medications to topicals and collars. Credelio is a tasty chewable that kills ticks and fleas fast and lasts a full month. To provide your dog with 360-degree parasite protection, ask your veterinarian about Interceptor Plus, which covers heartworm disease and four other worms.

After spending time outside with your dog, always conduct a “tick check” and remove any ticks that have attached.

Even though ticks are less common in the colder months, Egizi believes keeping your dog on parasite control all year long is important. “There are species of ticks, like the blacklegged tick, that will come out to quest any time it’s even slightly warm during the winter.” 

References

1. Saleh, Meriam N et al. “Ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America: Biology, geographic distribution, and pathogen transmission.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 294 (2021): 109392. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109392
2. “Lone star tick a concern, but not for Lyme disease.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page last reviewed Nov. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/about/about-southern-tick-associated-rash-illness.html
3. “Lone Star Tick.” The University of Rhode Island. TickEncounter. Retrieved from https://web.uri.edu/tickencounter/species/lone-star-tick/
4. “Lone star tick.” Texas A&M AgriLife. The Tick App. Retrieved from https://tickapp.tamu.edu/home/tick-identification/lone-star-tick/
5. “Black-legged tick.” Texas A&M AgriLife. The Tick App. Retrieved from https://tickapp.tamu.edu/home/tick-identification/black-legged-tick/
6. “Ehrlichiosis in Dogs: Fast Facts for Veterinarians.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ehrlichiosis/pdfs/fs-ehrlichiosisvet-508.pdf
7. “Tularemia Facts.” American Veterinary Medical Association. June 2003. Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/tularemia-facts

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Fleas are a common external parasite in domestic cats. But why aren’t indoor cats immune to these pesky pests? In this article, we will take a closer look at how indoors cats can get fleas, plus share ways you can protect your feline friend from infestations.

Can Indoor Cats Get Fleas? 

Yes, indoor cats can get fleas. Research shows that fleas are most common in kittens under 12 months old and more prevalent between July and October (1). But cats can get fleas at any age and at any time of the year—even if they never go outdoors.

If you spot fleas (or notice common symptoms of a flea infestation) in your indoor cat, Mitzi Clark, DVM, DACVD, assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, offers an important piece of advice.

“Don’t panic,” Dr. Clark says. “It doesn’t mean you are a bad pet parent or have a dirty house.” 

How Do Indoor Cats Get Fleas?  

Fleas go through four stages of development: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult insects. 

It’s possible for fleas to lay eggs on your cat, but you’re more apt to find flea eggs on beds, cat towers, perches, and other places where your cat spends time. White, worm-like larvae and cocooned pupae are also found in carpets, beds, and other dark, warm hiding spots. Once adult fleas emerge, the tiny crawling insects need a blood meal—and that leads to flea infestations.

Fleas might seem like a problem that only affects outdoor cats, but their preferred environment is full of cozy hiding spots: the deep recesses of the carpeting, tucked under the cat bed, or snuggled up in the couch cushions. Outdoors, fleas don’t survive well in hot, sunny temperatures with low humidity, but the conditions are ideal in the house.

Even though fleas don’t have wings, these parasites are excellent jumpers. They can reach an estimated 150-200 times the length of their bodies. This allows the crafty creatures to climb aboard pets or pant legs and hitch a ride inside.

Dr. Clark notes that fleas can come into the house on other household pets who go outdoors, and pet parents can bring fleas in on their clothing. The wingless parasites also can crawl in through cracks in the windows and doors or come home from kennels, groomers, and the vet’s office. In apartment buildings, Dr. Clark adds, “fleas from common areas like hallways can enter the home.”

Fleas can also live on rodents or in the fabric of old furniture. This means that a mouse sneaking inside or the purchase of secondhand furniture can bring fleas into the house, where they can seek out your indoor cat for a blood meal.

How to Tell If Your Indoor Cat Has Fleas

Fleas on cats can cause health issues, so it’s important to know the telltale signs that an indoor cat may have fleas and provide treatment. Common signs that your indoor cat has fleas include:

• Constant itching or scratching, especially around the base of the tail, groin, and rump
• Hair loss
• Scabs and bumps on their skin
• Flea “dirt” that looks like small black dots on their skin

Do Indoor Cats Need Flea Treatment?

All cats with fleas need flea treatment, including indoor cats with fleas. Flea medicine for cats comes in several forms, from chewable and topical medications to flea collars. Some products were designed to treat fleas while others offer flea prevention.

Dr. Clark notes that the timing for application varies between products; some flea products are given monthly while others need to be given every three months. 

Before starting flea treatment, she advises calling your veterinarian to ask about flea control that is specifically designed for cats. “Not all over-the-counter flea preventatives are safe for cats,” Dr. Clark says. “You want something that is effective, safe, and meets you and your cat’s needs for administration.” 

One effective oral medication that kills fleas fast is Credelio CAT, a tiny, tasty tablet flea treatment for cats. This medication also protects cats against blacklegged ticks. However, if your cat isn’t a fan of taking pills or tablets, you can opt for NexGard Combo, instead. This easy-to-apply, once-monthly topical treatment kills fleas and ticks (both blacklegged and Lone Star) fast. Plus, it prevents heartworm and treats roundworm, hookworm, and tapeworm infections, too.

Most indoor cats need tick and flea protection year-round, not just during “peak” months in their region. Dr. Clark notes that fleas can survive all winter in warm, indoor environments and seasonal temperature spikes could reawaken outdoor fleas that can crawl back inside.

“I’m a big fan of year-round prevention, except in really isolated pet populations in really cold climates— perhaps those pets can take winter off,” she says. “But I generally just suggest year-round flea prevention in all of my patients.”

Flea and Tick Protection for Cats: Tips and Tricks

Treating fleas in indoor cats is important, but it’s also essential to prioritize prevention. In addition to using a year-round flea control product, such as Credelio CAT or NexGard Combo, these strategies can help minimize parasites in your home.

Get grooming: Regularly brushing your cat is a wonderful way to promote coat health, bond with your cat, and look out for any skin or hair abnormalities, including fleas. Flea combs are ideal for removing adult fleas as well as flea dirt from your indoor cat’s coat.

Keep it clean: Vacuum carpets and upholstered furniture and other areas where fleas hide. Use the crevice tool to vacuum along baseboards and around the cracks in the doors where fleas can enter the house. Afterward, immediately empty the vacuum canister into a trash bag and throw it away in an outdoor trash can. A steam cleaner is also ideal for carpets and furniture, because the hot steam and soap will kill eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult fleas. 

Do the laundry: Wash all pet bedding and the blankets, pillows, and other soft surfaces where pets spend time in hot, soapy water every two to three weeks. To treat a severe flea infestation, you may need to toss old bedding and buy new items.

Treating the environment is as important as treating your pet for fleas.

“[You] may not realize that fleas spend much of their life cycle off the host and so environmental clean-up such as vacuuming and washing bedding can be as important as continuing flea prevention long-term to treat all future generations of fleas that will hatch from the environment,” Dr. Clark says. “Just treating the adult [fleas] you see today will not rid your home of a flea infestation.”

Reference

1. Farrell, Sean et al. “Seasonality and other risk factors for fleas infestations in domestic dogs and cats.” Medical and veterinary entomology vol. 37,2 (2023): 359-370. doi:10.1111/mve.12636

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But parasites living in the Northeast can create big problems for our dogs and cats. Fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes can spread dangerous diseases and even cause severe illness and death. 

While all of this may seem daunting, rest assured that any risks from these parasites can be avoided by taking precautions and keeping your pet on year-round preventatives.  

Keep reading for a regional guide to heartworm disease, fleas, and ticks in the Northeastern states of New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. 

Heartworm Disease in the Northeast 

Heartworm disease is a serious illness that could lead to lung disease, heart failure, and death if untreated. The disease is transmitted by a mosquito infected with the Dirofilaria immitis parasite biting your pet. The parasite multiplies in the heart, lungs, and blood vessels of the infected animal.

According to Dr. Jennifer Rizzo, the current president of the American Heartworm Society and an emergency veterinarian at Blue Pearl Pet Hospital in Gainesville, Florida, heartworm is spreading north due to the movement of shelter animals from the south to help reduce overcrowding and save countless dogs from euthanasia. 

“While the organizations who help with transport do their best to prevent transmission of heartworms, tests may not turn positive until pets have already arrived at their new homes,” Dr. Rizzo says. 

Although southern states still have the highest number of heartworm cases, according to the Heartworm Incidence Map from the American Heartworm Society, the number of cases is growing in the Northeast. 

“We’ve recently seen increased incidence in New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, but essentially every population center has the potential for increased heartworm incidence,” states Dr. Doug Carithers, director of applied research for Boehringer Ingleheim in Duluth, Georgia, who is on the board of the American Heartworm Society. 

Mosquitoes aren’t just relegated to wooded areas, swamps, and backyards. According to Dr. Carithers, these pesky critters also thrive in microclimates near heat-sinks in paved areas, brick buildings, and other heat sources. Therefore, urban areas can be habitats for mosquitoes, too.  

Mosquitoes that transmit heartworm disease to pets in the Northeast are at their peak in the spring, summer and fall months, but the risk of heartworm disease is all year round.  

“Some pet owners might think heartworm is only a risk to their pets during the warmer months,” says Dr. Susan Denault, a New Hampshire-based veterinarian at Banfield Pet Hospital. “However, Banfield’s data underscores the importance of year-round prevention as rates of heartworm diagnosis in pets seen at our hospitals stayed relatively the same throughout all four seasons in 2023.”

Fleas in the Northeast 

In addition to being uncomfortable and irritating, fleas are biting and blood-sucking parasites that cause skin problems and bacterial infections for pets. 

“By the time you start to notice signs of a flea infestation, your pet will already be suffering the effects of them,” says Dr. Denault. “You will already have flea eggs in your carpet and furniture. They live where your pets live, sleep, eat, and play.” 

These black to reddish-brown nuisances can live in your yard, particularly where there is shade and humidity. They also reside in shrubs, tall grasses, and piles of leaves and debris. 

“Fleas can be found during all months of the year, though there is an increase in cases in the warmer months,” says Dr. Lindsay Kendrick, medical director for Veterinary Emergency Group in Boston, Massachusetts.

Both dogs and cats living in the Northeast are susceptible to flea infestations. Pets can get fleas if they spend time outdoors, but humans, rodents, and other pets can bring these parasites indoors. Wild animals found in the Northeast region, like chipmunks, opossums, and raccoons, can carry fleas into your yard and spread them to your pet. 

According to Dr. Alex Blutinger, medical director at the Veterinary Emergency Group in Greenwich, Connecticut, and White Plains, New York, fleas are most common in indoor and outdoor pets who are not getting their regular flea and tick preventatives. 

Ticks in the Northeast 

According to Dr. Denault, ticks are found in most parts of the country but these parasites have expanded their range to Northeastern states in recent years as a result of milder winters due to climate change.  

It’s a common misconception that ticks are only active in the summer. Ticks actually thrive wherever the temperature is above 30 degrees Fahrenheit, with April through October being prime tick season. 

Ticks tend to hitch a ride on your dog after a hike, camping trip, or even walks in grassy or wooded areas. Additionally, “ticks themselves are spread by many different animals, including birds that can transport them long distances,” says Dr. Denault. Apart from deer, other animals that are host to ticks are rodents and mice. Cats who go outdoors get ticks in the same ways our canine companions pick them up.

When bitten by an infected tick, your pet potentially gets exposed to a number of serious diseases. “In our area, several types of ticks can transmit diseases to dogs,” says Dr. Kendrick. “These include blacklegged ticks, also known as deer ticks, which can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis.” 

Lyme disease gets its name from the town of Lyme, Connecticut. Dr. Denault states that Lyme disease has been identified across the country, but its highest prevalence is in the Northeast and the Great Lakes regions. Climate change is also increasing cases of babesiosis, an emerging infection which causes anemia, with severe disease leading to death. 

Below are common tick-borne diseases impacting pets in the Northeast and the tick species that cause them: 

• Lyme disease – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Anaplasmosis – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Babesiosis – deer tick/blacklegged tick 
• Ehrlichiosis – lone star tick, brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever – American dog tick
• Tularemia – American dog tick, lone star tick 

Another tick-related condition to keep an eye out for is tick paralysis. This isn’t an infectious disease. It’s caused in dogs by a reaction to tick saliva. Ticks in the Northeast that cause tick paralysis include the deer tick/blacklegged tick, lone star tick, and American dog tick.

Ticks in New York 

Ticks in New York state can be found from the shores of Montauk to the forests of Upstate and anywhere there are wooded and grassy areas. They can even live in backyards. 

According to Dr. Blutinger, animals that spend time outside or in wooded areas are at a particularly higher risk of infection and should be protected through monthly preventatives. “Ticks tend to thrive most in warm, humid weather, but they pose a risk as long as the temperature is above freezing.” In New York, they are mostly found in understory vegetation, trail edge vegetation, and wooded and grassy areas. 

Types of Ticks in New York Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New York 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis 
• Babesiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Connecticut 

Ticks in Connecticut are abundant in forests, their surrounding areas, and in tall grassy brush bordering woodlands. The deer tick, as its name indicates, uses deer as hosts. Increases in white-tailed deer population in the state is leading to the growth of the tick population. 

Among the types of ticks in Connecticut listed below, non-native Asian longhorned ticks were first found in Connecticut in 2018. They are known to cause serious illness and they typically are seen in the thousands. According to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, ticks in Connecticut are living year round due to climate change.  

Types of Ticks in Connecticut Dangerous for Pets 

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) 
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) 

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Connecticut 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in New Jersey

According to New Jersey Fish and Wildlife, there are several types of ticks in New Jersey and they pose a threat to outdoor enthusiasts, anglers, birders, and others enjoying nature. The Garden State’s landscape ranges from the Southeastern coastal plain to the Kittatinny Mountains in the Northwest, with major rivers like the Delaware and Raritan Rivers running through it, where people and their pets can enjoy the great outdoors.  

The Asian longhorned tick, native to East Asia, was first discovered in 2017 on a sheep in New Jersey and the species spread to other states by 2020. This invasive tick appears in the thousands and can cause death to animals due to blood loss. One tick can produce up to 2000 eggs, and they tend to infest farm animals, horses, raccoons, opossums, and dogs in Northeastern states.   

Types of Ticks in New Jersey Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New Jersey 

• Lyme disease 
• Anaplasmosis 
• Babesiosis 
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in Pennsylvania 

The Keystone State is an outdoor-lover’s paradise, with rolling hills and rivers like the Delaware and Lehigh. The Appalachian Mountains run from the south central area to the Northeastern part of the state and the Allegheny Mountains lie to the west. This also means many opportunities for ticks to thrive and seek hosts, especially in the warmer months. 

There are several types of ticks in Pennsylvania. Out of 900 species of ticks worldwide, you can find 25 of them in Pennsylvania. The most prevalent tick-borne disease seen in pets in Pennsylvania is Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Pennsylvania Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Pennsylvania 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Massachusetts 

The most common ticks found in yards and in wooded and forested areas of the state are deer ticks and dog ticks. Lone star ticks are found in some parts as well. 

Types of Ticks in Massachusetts Dangerous for Pets

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Massachusetts 

• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in Rhode Island 

Rhode Island is known for its Gilded Age mansions and spectacular seaside scenery, but the smallest state in the country is no stranger to ticks, which are found in thick brush and tall grassy areas. The deer tick/blacklegged tick is the most common tick in Rhode Island causing issues for pets. Lone star ticks have also spread northward and expanded into the state. 

Types of Ticks in Rhode Island Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Rhode Island

• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis 
• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare) 

Ticks in New Hampshire 

With its majestic mountains and beautiful lakes, the Granite State draws people to its great outdoors. Tick Free New Hampshire claims the state has had the highest incidences of Lyme disease in the country in recent years, putting both pets and people at risk of getting infected by these pesky parasites.  

Types of Ticks in New Hampshire Dangerous for Pets 

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in New Hampshire 

• Lyme disease  
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis

Ticks in Vermont 

Among the 15 types of ticks in Vermont, the blacklegged tick is the most abundant and is responsible for the majority of tick-borne illnesses reported. According to a 2021 study by the Vermont Department of Health, 92 percent of the ticks collected were blacklegged ticks and over half of them were infected with the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Vermont Dangerous for Pets

• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Vermont 

• Lyme disease
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in Maine 

With temperatures rising, more and more adventurers are taking advantage of Maine’s rocky coastline and nature-based activities. But humans and their pets are also getting exposed to tick-borne diseases as deer (and the ticks that go with them) are migrating northbound. In the last two decades, the incidence of tick-borne diseases in the state – including Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis – has increased dramatically. On average, 1 out of every 8 dogs that are screened for Lyme disease in Maine tests positive. 

Types of Ticks in Maine Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) 
• Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Blacklegged tick/deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) 

Tick-Borne Diseases Diagnosed in Maine  

• Lyme disease
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Living in the Northeast: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

Although fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes that carry heartworm disease are a real risk for pets and people living in the Northeastern U.S., there are several things you can do to keep yourself and your pet protected. 

See below for tips and information on how you can protect your pets from fleas, ticks, and heartworms. 

Heartworm Preventative Care

Put your pet on a year-round heartworm preventative. Get a prescription from your veterinarian for heartworm prevention, recommends Dr. Carithers. It’s important to prevent the disease, because treating a heartworm infection in dogs is difficult and costly. “Permanent damage often occurs in the lungs of the dog, even before the dog tests positive for a heartworm infection,” he adds.

Practice mosquito management. Control the mosquito population in your backyard to reduce the risk of heartworm disease. Dr. Carithers notes that the state of Florida focused on mosquito abatement to ensure a pleasant experience for tourists and, as a result, the state has the lowest heartworm incidence in all of the southern states. 

Limit your pet’s exposure to mosquitoes. According to Dr. Rizzo, minimizing outdoor activities during peak mosquito feedings (dusk and dawn) and avoiding mosquito habitats, including standing water, will greatly reduce the risk of heartworm.

Try a mosquito repellant. Pet owners can also use topical FDA- or EPA-approved mosquito repellents and insecticides for pets to provide additional protection. “While using these products can reduce exposure to mosquitoes carrying heartworms, they should be used in conjunction with heartworm preventives, not instead of them,” Dr. Rizzo adds.

Don’t skip heartworm testing. If you’ve adopted a dog from the South, get a blood test to ensure your pet doesn’t have heartworm disease. Typically, rescues do their test before adopting the animal, but testing with your own veterinarian after adoption can help prevent the spread of heartworm disease in your area. Veterinarians recommend up-to-date heartworm testing once per year, even if pets are on a heartworm preventative. 

Keep your cats safe. Despite the prevalence of heartworm disease in dogs, cats can get infected with heartworms too and need to be on a heartworm preventative. “There is currently no safe treatment to remove or kill adult heartworms in cats,” says Dr. Denault. “Infected cats can only be treated supportively and symptomatically.” 

Fleas and Ticks Preventative Care 

Provide pets with year-round flea and tick prevention. Keeping your pets free of fleas and safe from tick-borne diseases is easy by administering preventatives. Many products approved by the FDA can protect dogs and cats against fleas, ticks, and other parasites like intestinal worms with one medication. Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and your veterinarian’s recommendations for dosing and use to ensure the products are safe and effective.     

Always check for ticks. Check your pets for ticks if they’ve been outside in wooded or grassy areas and remove any ticks you find quickly to reduce the risk of transmission, recommends Dr. Denault. “If you remove a tick from your pet or have reason to believe your pet may have been exposed to Lyme bacteria, watch for and contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any signs in the weeks that follow.”

Practice good grooming. Brush your pet regularly and use a flea comb, which can help find and remove fleas. You can also consider using flea and tick preventatives in the form of shampoos, rinses, and sprays that are approved for use with the EPA or FDA, recommends Dr. Denault. Just remember – these should be used in conjunction with a year-round oral or topical flea and tick preventative.

Ask your veterinarian about the Lyme vaccine. If you enjoy going hiking with your dog regularly, speak with your veterinarian about getting a Lyme vaccine to prevent the spread of Lyme bacteria from ticks to your dog.

Keep covered when in tick-prone areas. When out hiking or spending a lot of time outdoors, protect yourself by wearing light colored clothing (so ticks are visible), long-sleeved shirts, and long pants. You can also apply a tick repellent to exposed skin and walk in the center of paths to avoid grassy areas where ticks live.

The post Pet Parasites in the Northeast: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The Midwest is home to the sprawling plains, the shores of the Great Lakes, and the foothills of the Ozark and Appalachian Mountains. It encompasses 12 states and all of them are home to fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. These parasites can cause discomfort and pass on dangerous diseases to your pet. 

Ultimately, the best way to protect your pet is by consistently administering parasite prevention year-round, regardless of your location or whether your pet ventures outdoors. 

Use this regional Midwestern guide to understand the danger that mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks pose to your pet in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 

Heartworm Disease in the Midwest

Heartworm disease is a growing concern in the Midwest due to warming weather and the movement of animals across state lines. 

Dogs and cats become infected if they are bitten by a mosquito carrying the Dirofilaria immitis parasite, known as heartworm. This parasitic worm multiplies in the pulmonary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs) of pets and causes heartworm disease. While dogs are more likely to get heartworm than cats, felines are also susceptible to the disease. 

Unfortunately, feline heartworm testing isn’t as effective as canine heartworm testing. This is because cats generally have low adult worm burdens. This means there may not be enough antigen produced by the heartworms to yield a positive test result. “So then our tests don’t show a positive result,” says Dr. Elizabeth Clyde, a small animal veterinarian in Illinois and a member of the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society (AHS). “But because our tests don’t work well in cats, people think, ‘Oh, cats can’t get heartworm,’ but they do.”

Increasing temperatures across the U.S. are contributing to more mosquito activity. According to Dr. Clyde, mosquitoes can start reproducing when temperatures hit 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Midwestern states have seen temperature increases between 1.5 – 3 degrees since the beginning of the 20th century [1]. This means that more days in the calendar year are hovering at or above temperatures where mosquitoes can reproduce. With larger mosquito populations, a pet’s risk of contracting heartworm disease increases. 

Additionally, heartworm disease continues to spread in the Midwest due to the transport of shelter animals from other areas of the country according to Dr. Roberto Cortiñas, a veterinary parasitology professor at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. He notes that states tend to see an increase in shelter pets coming from the South during and after major weather events (like Hurricane Katrina), contributing to the rise of heartworm cases in the region.

Heartworm hotspots vary in every state, given the expansive size of many Midwestern states and the differences in landscapes within state borders. “Just because you’re in one part of the state, you can’t assume that what’s happening at the other side is the same,” says Dr. Cortiñas. 

While many Midwestern states had historically lower incidences of heartworm-positive pets than other regions of the country, the numbers are changing, according to the most recent heartworm incidence map from the American Heartworm Society. In fact, states including Kansas and North Dakota saw the development of new heartworm hotspots and the urban areas of Boise and Bismark both saw significant heartworm increases.

The best defense against this dangerous disease is protecting your pet year-round with a veterinarian-prescribed heartworm preventative. 

Fleas in the Midwest

Fleas can transmit diseases – like murine typhus and the plague – and serve as vectors for tapeworms in both dogs and cats. Plus, let’s not forget all of the itching and discomfort caused by flea allergy dermatitis. 

Cat fleas are the most prevalent type of flea that bites dogs and cats across the Midwest. 

Dr. Jo Myers, a practicing small animal veterinarian and graduate of Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, predicts that Midwestern states will experience increased flea populations and activity as winters become shorter and warmer. When winters are mild, fleas may start emerging from outdoor areas as early as March [2].

Certain Midwestern states, like North Dakota, have a shorter flea season compared to other states in the region. However, once fleas make their way indoors, they can survive year-round, taking up residence in pet beds, mattresses, and carpets while feeding on you and your pet.

Dr. Myers also points out that as rural areas in the Midwest continue to develop, pets are more likely to come into contact with wildlife that carry fleas into residential areas. 

Treating your pet year-round with flea medication is the best method of keeping your family safe.

Ticks in the Midwest

The Midwest has high populations of deer, which unfortunately also means a thriving community of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The management of deer populations, changes in habitat, and the effects of climate change are all contributing to the rise in these parasites across the Midwest. 

The following ticks exist in Midwestern states and may transmit specific diseases to pets: 

• Lyme disease – deer tick/black-legged tick 
• Anaplasmosis – deer tick/black-legged tick, brown dog tick 
• Babesiosis – deer tick/black-legged tick, brown dog tick, Asian longhorned tick
• Ehrlichiosis – lone star tick, brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever – American dog tick, brown dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Tick paralysis – deer tick/black-legged tick, lone star tick, and American dog tick 

Here’s a closer, state-by-state look at tick trends in the Midwestern United States.

Ticks in Illinois 

Illinois has harsh, cold winters, partly due to its proximity to the Great Lakes. This is good news because it means the state doesn’t have quite as large or diverse tick populations as found in more southern states. Nonetheless, “the burden is still high enough that monthly prevention is absolutely necessary,” says Dr. Megan Cave, an emergency veterinarian at Veterinary Emergency Group located in Chicago, Illinois. 

Types of Ticks in Illinois Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Illinois 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Cytauxzoonosis
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Dr. Cave notes a growing trend among pet parents administering monthly parasite prevention, which has led to a decrease in the incidence of tick-borne diseases she sees in her practice.

Ticks in Indiana 

Ticks in Indiana are gaining attention from residents and public health officials as their numbers (and the diseases they bring) continue to increase, according to the Indiana University Environmental Resilience Institute. The University points to three main factors in their prevalence across the state: Rising temps, habitat fragmentation, and increasing populations of deer and mice. For instance, deer ticks are typically inactive when temperatures dip below freezing but now pose a year-round risk with peak activity during the spring and summer months.

Types of Ticks in Indiana Dangerous for Pets

As of 2023, the list of ticks in Indiana has expanded with the addition of the Asian longhorned tick, a non-native species to the United States. Since the first sighting of the Asian longhorned tick in Dubois County, Indiana, in April 2023, the state has become the 19th in the U.S. to spot the species [3].

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Gulf Coast tick
• Asian longhorned tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Indiana

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Indiana University reports a significant increase in human Lyme disease cases from 2013 to 2017, more than doubling during this period. Cases of ehrlichiosis also rose to over five times compared to the previous five years and Rocky Mountain spotted fever cases surged to more than 13 times [4]. Although Lyme disease cases peaked in 2022 and decreased slightly in 2023, they remain higher than in previous years [5].

Ticks in Iowa 

Generally, ticks are most active in Iowa from March through November [6]. While the Asian longhorned tick is not known to have made its way into Iowa to date, it’s been spotted as far north as Linn County, Missouri [7]. Deer ticks remain a concern as a vector for Lyme disease in Iowa, being especially abundant in the Northeastern and Eastern parts of the state. However, populations have been documented in almost every county. Experts warn to check yourself and your pets after enjoying outdoor activities.

Types of Ticks in Iowa Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

As of 2019, American dog ticks made up the highest population of ticks in Iowa (68%), followed by deer ticks (25%), and lone star ticks (7%) [8]. 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Iowa 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Cytauxzoonosis
• Tularemia

Tick-borne diseases are increasingly being detected in pets living in Iowa, says Dr. Myers. Lyme disease cases are on the rise, particularly in the Northeastern region of the state. However, Myers offers some reassurance, saying, “Iowa is not traditionally an area that sees a high number of anaplasmosis cases.”

Ticks in Kansas

In Kansas, ticks are most active from March through September, especially in grasslands and forested areas [9]. Deer ticks pose a significant concern as carriers of Lyme disease in Kansas, particularly in the eastern region where cases are increasing. American dog ticks are prevalent throughout the state, while lone star ticks have become common in the eastern half and have been found as far west as Mitchell County. 

As the only species capable of living indoors year-round, the brown dog tick is found in kennels and homes across Kansas. These ticks often crawl into ceilings or seek out cracks and crevices along floors where they molt and lay their eggs. 

Types of Ticks in Kansas Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Kansas 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia
• Cytauxzoonosis (most common in Riley, Pottawatomie, and Geary counties) [10]

Ticks in Michigan

Deer ticks remain a growing concern in Michigan, particularly in the western and northern counties of the state. American dog ticks are widespread in Michigan’s forests and grassy areas from early May to November, while lone star ticks are occasionally found in wooded and grassy regions. 

Types of Ticks in Michigan Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 

Tick-Borne Diseases in Michigan 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare in Michigan) 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Alpha-gal syndrome
• Tularemia

Ticks in Minnesota 

When it comes to ticks in Minnesota, deer ticks are the primary concern due to their spread of Lyme disease. They’re active basically any time snow isn’t on the ground or the temperature is above freezing. This is typically from March through October, with peak activity occurring in May [11].  

Types of Ticks in Minnesota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick (rare in Minnesota)
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Minnesota 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare in Minnesota) 
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Montana  

The Rocky Mountain wood tick is the most abundant tick species in Montana, often found along stream corridors, grassy meadows, and south-facing sagebrush slopes. In eastern Montana, the American dog tick predominates, while the brown dog tick can make its way indoors across the state. To date, the deer tick has not been identified in Montana [12]. 

Types of Ticks in Montana Dangerous for Pets

• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Montana 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Nebraska

In the last 30 years, Nebraska has seen the arrival of new tick species, such as the lone star tick. It was first documented in Nebraska in 1990 and has progressively spread northward into areas where it was not previously found.

Types of Ticks in Nebraska Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American Dog Tick
• Gulf Coast tick (rare in Nebraska)

Tick-Borne Diseases in Nebraska 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Cytauxzoonosis 
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in North Dakota

The most common ticks in North Dakota are the American dog tick and the deer tick. The lone star tick is limited to isolated sightings, mostly in wooded areas with thick undergrowth and around animal resting areas. The Rocky Mountain wood tick is mostly found in the western edge of the state [13]. 

Types of Ticks in North Dakota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick 
• Deer tick (black-legged tick) 
• American dog tick 
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in North Dakota 

• Lyme disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Colorado tick fever
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in South Dakota 

In South Dakota, ticks are active when temperatures are above freezing. Fortunately, Lyme-carrying deer ticks are not found throughout the state but rather isolated to the eastern third. American dog ticks have peak activity during the spring and summer months, spanning May to August, and are found across the entire state. The lone star tick is limited to isolated sightings in the southeast corner from April to late August. Meanwhile, the Rocky Mountain wood tick is prevalent in the western edge and is most active from late spring to early summer [14].

Types of Ticks in South Dakota Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick 
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in South Dakota 

• Lyme Disease
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Babesiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Ohio 

Since 2010, Ohio has experienced an upswing in deer ticks statewide. Adult ticks are active during spring, fall, and winter, while nymph deer ticks are most active in spring and summer. Both can transmit Lyme disease to humans and pets. American dog ticks are active from mid-April to mid-July. 

Where might you and your pets run into ticks in Ohio? Lone star ticks are mainly found in southern Ohio, but because they’re carried and dispersed by migratory birds, they’re found throughout the state [15]. Deer ticks are usually found in wooded areas and the American dog tick in grassy areas and road edges.

Types of Ticks in Ohio Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• Asian longhorned tick (identified in July 2023 [3])

Tick-Borne Diseases in Ohio 

• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia
• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia
• Ehrlichiosis

Ticks in Wisconsin

Like other states in the Midwest, Wisconsin, is seeing a rise in winter temperatures. As a result, tick populations have expanded across the state with feeding and breeding seasons beginning earlier and lasting longer than in past years [16]. 

Types of Ticks in Wisconsin Dangerous for Pets

• Lone star tick
• Deer tick (black-legged tick)
• American dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Wisconsin 

• Lyme disease 
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Tularemia
• Anaplasmosis

The most common tick-borne illness in Wisconsin is Lyme disease, with most cases occurring in the late spring, summer, or early fall when ticks are most active and people and their pets are enjoying the outdoors [16].

Living in the Midwest: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

Those living in the Midwest have seen big shifts in the weather over the past decade. These shifts in climate, combined with changes in landscapes and the movement of pets and humans, heighten the risk of pets encountering parasites throughout the year.

Dr. Cortiñas warns that the typical parasites in the Midwest may not be the only concern for long. New parasites are already emerging in areas they don’t typically live—such as the Asian longhorned tick. With new parasites come new diseases. Purchasing the most up-to-date preventatives for your pet can protect them against parasites and diseases. 

Dr. Cortiñas provides these tips for administering parasite preventatives:

• Never use expired medicine.
• Always give the dose as directed. Splitting doses will not effectively protect your pet.
• Give the medicine according to the proper schedule.
• Follow application directions closely, including applying topical medications directly to the skin rather than on top of the fur.
• If you’re unsure how to properly administer your pet’s medication or would like verification that you’re doing it correctly, ask your veterinarian for a demonstration.

Preventatives protect your pet from many parasites, including heartworms. However, Dr. Clyde suggests that if you’re venturing out with your pup when mosquitoes are abundant, you can consider using dog-safe bug repellent for extra protection. 

And don’t underestimate the importance of routine check-ups. Even if your pet seems healthy, preventive care is your best chance of catching issues early. 

Keep in mind, the parasites lurking outside shouldn’t keep you and your pet from enjoying the state you live in. With proper precautions, your cat or dog can remain safe and harm-free. 

References:

1. Kunkel, K.E., R. Frankson, J. Runkle, S.M. Champion, L.E. Stevens, D.R. Easterling, B.C. Stewart, A. McCarrick, and C.R. Lemery (Eds.), 2022: State Climate Summaries for the United States 2022. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 150. NOAA/NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD.
2. https://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/2017-03/fleasandticks31317.html 
3. Indiana Department of Health https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/vector-borne-diseases/tick-borne-diseases/haemaphysalis-longicornis/#Geographic_Distribution 
4. Indiana University https://eri.iu.edu/tools-and-resources/fact-sheets/tick-control-in-backyards-and-green-spaces.html 
5. Indiana Department of Health https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/lyme-disease/
6. Iowa State University https://www.extension.iastate.edu/smallfarms/identifying-ticks-first-step-preventing-lyme-disease 
7. U.S. Department of Agriculture https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/maps/animal-health/asian-longhorned-tick 
8. Guthrie County Hospital https://guthriecountyhospital.org/newsandevents/tick-borne-diseases-in-iowa/ 
9. Kansas State University https://www.douglas.k-state.edu/docs/lawnandgarden/ticks-in-kansas.pdf 
10. Kansas State University https://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun16/fleatickprevention62116.html 
11. Minnesota Department of Health https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tickborne/ticks.html 
12. Montana State University https://www.montana.edu/extension/judithbasin/crops-and-livestock/news-and-alerts/tick-season.html 
13. North Dakota Department of Health https://www.hhs.nd.gov/health/diseases-conditions-and-immunization/tickborne/tick-surveillance 
14. South Dakota State University https://extension.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2019-05/P-00100.pdf 
15. Ohio State University https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-2073 
16. Wisconsin Department of Health Services https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/tick/wisconsin.htm 

The post Pet Parasites in the Midwest: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

To keep your pet safe, it’s important to educate yourself about how parasite risks differ between geographical regions and states and know how to protect your dog or cat.

Keep reading for a regional guide to heartworm disease, fleas, and ticks in the Western states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Heartworm Disease in the West

Heartworms are an internal parasite that is spread to dogs and cats by mosquitoes. While both dogs and cats can get heartworms, dogs are the preferred host of heartworms. “Heartworms are transmitted through mosquito bites,” explains Los Angeles-based veterinarian Dr. Sehaj Grewal, the CEO of TheMelroseVet.com. “It takes about six months for the worms to mature and (start causing symptoms in pets.”

Heartworms not only affect the heart, they can also impact a pet’s lungs and blood vessels. Once these parasites are inside your pet, they can cause severe lung disease, heart failure, and damage to other organs if untreated, according to the American Heartworm Society. 

When compared to other parts of the U.S., such as the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the incidence of heartworm disease in the West is generally lower. But that doesn’t mean it’s non-existent. Southwest states with warmer climates typically have more cases compared to states in the Pacific Northwest that experience frigid cold snaps over the winter. In Alaska, the only documented heartworm cases are in pets with a history of travel outside the state. However, as global temperatures rise in response to climate change and people travel more with their pets, cases of heartworm disease are popping up in new places.

In addition, heartworm disease is becoming more frequent in some states due to dog and cat relocation programs led by animal welfare organizations and pet adoption agencies, says Dr. Cassan Pulaski, a clinical assistant professor and director of the Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine. One of the effects of that is when these animals are relocated, if they are infested, they bring parasites with them, Dr. Pulaski says.

For example, increased animal relocation could be a contributing factor to a recent rise in heartworm cases in Colorado. According to a 2019 study published in Parasites & Vectors, animal shelters and rescue groups imported more than 114,000 dogs into Colorado between 2014 and 2017. Many of these imported dogs originated from states with high prevalence of heartworm disease, such as New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma. Around the same time, the state saw a 67.5 percent increase in heartworm disease in dogs in Colorado, between 2013 and 2017. 

Regardless of where you live in the West, the American Heartworm Society recommends year-round heartworm prevention — even regions with cold winters. 

Fleas in the West

Fleas are found in just about every U.S. state, making it hard to escape these pesky, blood-feeding insects. Yet, there are certain areas — and times — where fleas are more abundant, Dr. Pulaski says.

“When we think about the states that are the most problematic, they’re going to be states that are hot, warm, and very moist,” Dr. Pulaski says. “Fleas don’t particularly like cold, and they don’t like dry.”

So when temperatures rise, the risk of your pet getting fleas goes up, even in states where fleas aren’t as common. That being said, fleas can be a problem year-round (or nearly year-round) for many Western states. (Compared to other U.S. states, Alaska and Wyoming have shorter flea seasons.)

“Fleas are going to be emerging and going to be really happy at about 70 or 75 degrees [Fahrenheit],” Dr. Pulaski adds “but they can go into a dormant state at around 50 or so degrees and stay in that dormant state for a long time.” 

The most common flea to affect pets is the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), which, despite its name, affects both dogs and cats. Besides making your dog or cat itchy, cat fleas can lead to health conditions like anemia or flea allergy dermatitis and potentially transmit other parasites like tapeworms.

Dogs and cats can also carry various types of rodent fleas that are known to transmit the bubonic plague, according to the New Mexico Department of Health. Since 1970, more than half of plague cases in the U.S. have been reported in New Mexico. In 2017, fleas were found to be carrying the bacteria for the bubonic plague in two counties in northern Arizona. In 2023, Wyoming also recorded its first known case of bubonic plague in a pet cat, and a recent case of human plague in Oregon was likely caused by a pet cat.

Pets can get fleas from “infested animals or environments,” Dr. Grewal says. Spending time outside in “grassy or wooded areas increases the risk” of your pet getting fleas, he adds. Dr. Grewal recommends regular flea control and keeping your indoor and outdoor spaces clean.

Ticks in the West

While there are many different ticks found in the western states of the U.S., three of the most common ones are the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus), and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). However, the prevalence of ticks varies for each state. In Alaska, for instance, ticks are not very common, but coastal states like California and Oregon tend to have relatively high tick activity.

If your dog or cat gets a tick, it doesn’t necessarily mean they will get a tick-borne disease. But left unnoticed and untreated, pets with ticks can be at risk of a range of issues, including serious illnesses like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

“Pet owners should be aware of the specific tick species in their area and use preventive measures to protect against tick-borne diseases,” says Dr. Jessica Jensen, an Oregon-based veterinarian with the mobile pet care service, The Vets. “Regular grooming and tick checks are essential for effective tick control. Consultation with a veterinarian can provide personalized guidance based on local tick species and associated risks.”

Both you and your pet are most likely to encounter ticks while walking through wooded or bushy areas, or places with long grass. You can protect yourself by wearing repellent, shirts with long sleeves, and pants. As for your pet, talk to your veterinarian about regular tick and flea control. 

Below are common tick-borne diseases impacting pets in the West and the tick species that can cause them: 

• Anaplasmosis: Western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus)
• Colorado tick fever: Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni)
• Ehrlichiosis: Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
• Lyme disease: Western blacklegged tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Rocky Mountain wood tick, brown dog tick, American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis)
• Tick-borne relapsing fever: Soft ticks in the genus Ornithodoros
• Tick paralysis: Rocky Mountain wood tick, American dog tick
• Tularemia: American dog tick, lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), Rocky Mountain wood tick

Ticks in Alaska

No matter the season, Alaska has a ton of outdoor activities you can enjoy with your furry friend. Together, you can explore state parks, relax at campgrounds, or go kayaking. While parasites are less of a concern in this cold Pacific Northwest state, there has been an increasing number of flea and tick cases there, due to the world’s changing climate and people transporting  infected pets into the state from other places. 

According to the state of Alaska’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, American dog ticks and brown dog ticks have occasionally been found on companion animals. If you do find a tick on your pet, the state recommends that you carefully remove it, put it into a container, and send it to the Alaska Submit-a-Tick program for testing and data collection. 

Types of Ticks in Alaska Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick 
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick (rare)
• Squirrel tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Alaska

While ticks found in Alaska have the ability to carry and spread the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and other tick-borne diseases, so far researchers have not found any evidence that ticks currently in the state are carrying the germs that cause these diseases.

Ticks in Arizona

While most national parks in the U.S. do not permit pets, Arizona is an exception to the rule. You’re allowed to take your dog around the Rim Trail of the Grand Canyon and through many parts of the Petrified Forest National Park. But if your dog or cat is out adventuring in Arizona, you will need to be mindful of ticks, which can affect your pet year round.

In Arizona, ticks are moving into new locations and tick-borne diseases are spreading across the state, according to the University of Arizona. The most common tick found in Arizona is the brown dog tick, which can transmit several diseases to dogs and cats. Western blacklegged ticks and Rocky Mountain wood ticks are also found in Arizona, but they’re only found in a limited part of the state’s north, according to data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 

Types of Ticks in Arizona Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain ticks
• Western blacklegged ticks

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Arizona

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ticks in California

California has it all — sandy beaches, snow-capped mountains, and wide stretches of desert. Adventure-loving dogs and cats have no shortage of activities to do in this coastal state. But California’s diverse climate means that ticks can affect your pet at any time of the year. Not only that, but longer periods of rain that are now occurring in the state have expanded the range of disease-carrying ticks and are keeping them out for longer periods. For instance, California has seen an uptick in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially fatal tick-borne disease that can affect both people and pets.

Types of Ticks in California Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Pacific Coast tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in California 

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Colorado

With its mountains, canyons, and waterways, Colorado has plenty of outdoor attractions for you to explore with your pet. However, you should be aware that ticks and the diseases they carry are becoming more prevalent in Colorado. 

According to CDC data, there are two ticks that mainly affect pets in the state: the brown dog tick and the Rocky mountain wood tick. However, a 2022 study published in the journal Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases found that ticks like the American dog tick are also present in Colorado. The lone star tick has also been making an occasional appearance, likely after being carried by animals from other states, according to the Colorado Tick-borne Disease Awareness Association.

Types of Ticks in Colorado Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (rare)
• Brown dog tick
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Colorado

• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Hawaii

With its sun-soaked beaches, volcanic mountains, and stunning waterfalls, the Aloha state has much to offer you and your adventure-loving pet. While ticks are relatively rare in Hawaii, it is still possible for your pet to get them, especially as people move other pets and livestock into the state. 

According to the Hawaii Department of Health, the tick you need to be mindful of is the brown dog tick. Other tick species, including the American dog tick and the lone star tick, have been found on Hawaii, but these instances are incredibly rare. 

Types of Ticks in Hawaii Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Hawaii

• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rare)

Ticks in Idaho

Idaho is a great place for pets. There are pet-friendly restaurants, parks for unleashed play, and plenty of hiking trails for your dog — or cat — to explore the great outdoors. But you can also find at least three different types of ticks in Idaho, according to CDC data: the brown dog tick, American dog tick, and the Rocky mountain wood tick. American dog ticks can be found in areas of long grass and low-lying brush, brown dog ticks can be found in homes and dog kennels, and Rocky mountain wood ticks can be found along trails, grasslands, and lightly wooded areas.

Although rarer, Western blacklegged ticks — a tick known to carry Lyme disease — have also been found in parts of Northern Idaho, according to the University of Idaho. Pets can pick them up in grass, brushland, along trails, or even semi-rural or suburban areas where wild animals like deer — which are known to carry the ticks — are present. Western blacklegged ticks are very small and seem to know how to hide in your dog’s fur, making it really difficult to find them.

Types of Ticks in Idaho Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Idaho

• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Montana

With its mountains, rivers, and prairies, Montana is the perfect state to enjoy the outdoors with your furry friend. But you should know that ticks in Montana can be found along streams or rivers, or in sagebrush flats, grassy meadows, wetlands or woods. Other ticks are found in indoor environments like homes, kennels or sheds. 

There are at least four ticks known to affect companion animals in Montana, all of which can cause various tick-borne diseases. But luckily, Lyme disease is not one of them. The only incidences of Lyme disease in pets are believed to have originated in other states.

Types of Ticks in Montana Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Winter tick (rare)

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Montana

• Anaplasmosis (rare)
• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Ehrlichiosis 
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Nevada

Nevada is famous for the city of Las Vegas, but there is also a trove of natural attractions you can explore with your furry friend — from canyons to lakes to wilderness areas. Nevada’s dry climate means that ticks aren’t as prevalent here as they are in neighboring coastal states like California and Oregon. But this doesn’t mean that they’re not around. 

According to the CDC, four different disease-harboring ticks that affect companion dogs (as well as people) can be found in the state. What’s more, ticks are present in Nevada year round, which means that your pet may need year-round protection. 

Types of Ticks in Nevada Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick (rare)
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Nevada 

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease (rare)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in New Mexico

New Mexico is a state with a dry, temperate climate that is full of parks, trails, and campgrounds for you to explore with your pet. But like many parts of the U.S., ticks are on the rise in New Mexico. Data compiled by the CDC indicates that there are two main ticks to watch out for: the brown dog tick and the Rocky Mountain tick. There are also reports of lone star ticks appearing in the state.

Types of Ticks in New Mexico Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick (rare)
• Lone star tick (rare)
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in New Mexico

• Anaplasmosis
• Colorado tick fever
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease 
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Oregon

With its mild and cool climate, you can explore Oregon’s many state parks, beaches, and wilderness areas year round. However, ticks could pose a problem for you and your pet at any time of the year. Reports also suggest that ticks are expanding their range in Oregon due to warmer weather.

Dr. Jensen says that pet parents in states like Oregon should be aware of the local risks and implement preventative measures. “Regular tick checks, repellents, and veterinary-approved preventatives are crucial for reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases,” she says.

Types of Ticks in Oregon Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Pacific Coast tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Oregon

• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Utah

Utah is a land-locked state with dozens of parks, trails, and campgrounds you can explore with your furry friend. While parasites tend not to be a problem during the state’s snow-packed winters, you need to be mindful of ticks, fleas, and the mosquitoes that cause heartworm disease when the temperatures rise. 

Utah State University indicates that the most common tick people and their pets encounter in Utah is the Rocky Mountain wood tick, which can transmit diseases like the Colorado tick fever. 

Types of Ticks in Utah Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Utah

• Colorado tick fever 
• Lyme disease (rare in pets who have not left Utah)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
• Tick paralysis
• Tick-borne relapsing fever 
• Tularemia

Ticks in Washington

Washington state is a great place to live or visit if you have an adventure-loving pet. This Pacific Northwest state has dozens of pet-friendly parks, trails, and beaches you can explore with your furry friend. 

Ticks can be found all over Washington state, and they can affect your dog or cat at any time of the year. Your pet is most likely to pick one up when exploring the outdoors — from trails to grassy meadows to wooded areas frequented by other wildlife. 

Types of Ticks in Washington Dangerous for Pets

• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick
• Western blacklegged tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Washington

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tick-borne relapsing fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Wyoming

Wyoming has some of the nation’s most picturesque wilderness areas, and you can explore many of these places with your dog or cat. However, you should know that you can encounter ticks at nearly every part of the year in the state, according to the Wyoming Department of Health. There are at least three types of ticks that can affect your pet in Wyoming, the most common one being the Rocky Mountain wood tick.

Types of Ticks in Wyoming Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Brown dog tick
• Rocky Mountain wood tick

Tick-Borne Diseases Found in Wyoming

• Ehrlichiosis (rare)
• Colorado tick fever (rare)
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Living in the West: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

So, how does one protect their pets from parasites in the western U.S. states, especially if they want to spend a lot of time outside? Dr. Jensen says pet parents should “work with veterinarians to establish parasite prevention plans tailored to their specific location and pet’s lifestyle.”

“Regular veterinary check-ups and preventive medications are crucial to safeguarding pets from these parasites,” Dr. Jensen adds.

In addition to check-ups and medications, Dr. Grewal suggests keeping your yard clean and reducing possible mosquito breeding sites, and minimizing your pets’ exposure to high-risk areas, especially during peak parasite season in your state. 

Dr. Pulaski says it’s also important for all pets to be tested and protected against parasites, no matter how prevalent parasites are said to be in their state. However, she acknowledged that it is not always financially possible for every pet parent to give their dog or cat year-round protection.

“If doing full protection every day of the year is not available, I really think pet owners should talk to their vet about what is the highest risk in their area for this time of the year or this season,” Dr. Pulaski says. “This is how things like prevalence data and forecast maps can really help.”

References

• “Heartworm Basics.” American Heartworm Society. Retrieved from https://www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources/heartworm-basics
• Drake, J., Parrish, R.S. Dog importation and changes in heartworm prevalence in Colorado 2013–2017. Parasites Vectors 12, 207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3473-0
• “Plague in New Mexico.” New Mexico Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.nmhealth.org/publication/view/guide/998/
• deGrandpre, Andrew. “There’s plague in Arizona. Authorities warn of fleas that can infect people and pets.” The Washington Post. Aug. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/08/15/two-arizona-communities-120-miles-apart-see-evidence-of-the-plague/
• “Plague Recently Confirmed in a Wyoming Pet.” Wyoming Department of Health. July 2023. Retrieved from https://health.wyo.gov/plague-recently-confirmed-in-a-wyoming-pet/
• “Dog Ticks Have Been Introduced and Are Establishing in Alaska.” The State of Alaska. Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved from https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/disease/pdfs/dog_tick_memorandum_2016.pdf
• Berman, Annie. “As ticks gain ground in Alaska, researchers say health risk remains low for now.” Anchorage Daily News. June 2023. Retreived from https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2023/06/11/as-ticks-strengthen-their-foothold-in-alaska-researchers-say-human-health-risk-remains-low-for-now/
• “Great Arizona Tick Check.” The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.arizona.edu/great-arizona-tick-check
• “Regions Where Ticks Live.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from
• https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/about/where-ticks-live.html
• Toohey, Grace. “A gross side effect from California’s extra wet winter: More disease-carrying ticks this spring.” Los Angeles Times. Feb. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-02-09/california-wet-winter-increase-ticks
• “Guide to Ticks and Diseases They Transmit in California.” California Department of Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/GuidetoTicksandDiseasesTheyTransmit.pdf
• “Ticks in California.” Los Angeles County West Vector Control District. Retrieved from https://www.lawestvector.org/ticks/ticks-in-california/
• Freeman, Elizabeth A, and Daniel J Salkeld. “Surveillance of Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Colorado.” Ticks and tick-borne diseases vol. 13,6 (2022): 102036. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102036
• “Other Tick-Borne Diseases & Conditions.” Colorado Tick-Borne Disease Awareness Association. Retrieved from https://coloradoticks.org/other-tick-borne-diseases-conditions-introduction/
• Duncan, Kathryn T et al. “Recent reports of winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, from dogs and cats in North America.” Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports vol. 22 (2020): 100490. doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100490
• “Brown Dog Tick.” Vector Control Branch  Hawaii Department of Health. Retrieved from https://health.hawaii.gov/vcb/files/2020/04/04272020_Brown-Dog-Tick-06-2017_ocr.pdf
• Leong, Mark & Grace, J.. (2008). Occurrence and Distribution of Mites and Ticks (Acari) of Public Health Importance on the Island of Oahu. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 40. 19-31. 
• “Ticks on Companion Animals.” Montana State University. Retrieved from https://apps.msuextension.org/montguide/guide.html?sku=MT201303AG
• “How to Protect Yourself from Ticks.” Oregon State University. Retrieved from https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/how-protect-yourself-ticks
• Swanson, Conrad. “Ticks spreading in the Pacific Northwest? Warming trends could worsen health threat.” The Seattle Times. Aug. 2023. Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/ticks-spreading-in-the-pacific-northwest-warming-trends-could-worsen-health-threat/
• Davis, Ryan S., and Ramirez, Ricardo A. “Ticks and Tickborne Diseases of Utah.” Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Dec. 2017. Retrieved from https://epi.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/Ticks-and-Tickborne-Diseases-of-Utah.pdf
• “Tick-Borne Diseases.” Washington State Department of Health. Retrieved from https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/tick-borne-diseases
• “Avoid Ticks to Avoid Diseases They Spread.” Wyoming Department of Health. May 2019. Retrieved from https://health.wyo.gov/avoid-ticks-to-avoid-diseases-they-spread/

The post Pet Parasites in the West: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In the Southern United States, there is no real “off season” for fleas, ticks, or mosquitoes. Veterinarians recommend using year-round parasite control to ensure your pet is always protected from these pests.

“Environmental and climate-related factors in the Southern U.S.—warm and humid—are favorable for the survival and proliferation of many different parasites, including fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, coccidian, and several worm species,” says Dr. Barbara Qurollo, research associate professor at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. “The wide variety of thriving vector species—mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks—increases the risk of vector-borne diseases, including heartworm disease, bartonellosis, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.”

Keep reading for a regional guide to heartworm disease, fleas, and ticks in the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.

Heartworm Disease in the South

Heartworm is a serious and sometimes deadly parasite that affects dogs and cats. Although heartworm is found in all 50 states, the parasite is extremely prevalent in the South. Both dogs and cats can get heartworms through the bite of an infected mosquito. Untreated heartworm disease causes severe damage to the heart, lungs, and other organs, which can lead to death. For dogs, heartworm treatment is available, though it is lengthy and costly. No treatment is available for heartworm in cats. 

“Mosquitoes love the warmth, humidity, heavy rainfall, and hurricanes prevalent in the Southern United States,” says Dr. Jennifer Rizzo, president of the American Heartworm Society (AHS). “In areas where mosquito control measures do not exist, the risk increases further.”

The AHS has conducted periodic heartworm incidence surveys since 2001, tracking data from thousands of veterinarians who submit heartworm test results from their practices. The Southern United States, particularly the Mississippi Delta and Gulf Coast states, have the highest incidence of heartworm disease in the country. 

“In the latest AHS Heartworm Incidence Survey, which was conducted [in 2023] and analyzed data from 2022, the five states with the highest heartworm density were Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, and Arkansas,” says Dr. Rizzo, who practices in Gainesville, Florida. Many veterinary clinics in these states see more than 100 heartworm cases annually. In addition, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and the Carolinas all saw expansions of high-density areas.

Although not as impacted as the Deep South, veterinary hospitals in Delaware and Maryland reported an average of 6 to 25 heartworm cases per clinic annually.

Year-round heartworm prevention is imperative for any pet living in the South. Some vet-approved heartworm preventatives also kill fleas, ticks, and/or intestinal worms.

Fleas in the South

A flea infestation is the last thing any pet parent wants to deal with. Once well-established, fleas can be extremely difficult to eradicate in the pet, in the home, and in the yard and other outdoor areas. Although more than 2,000 flea species exist worldwide, most dogs and cats become infested with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). 

Adult fleas live on their host — in this case, a dog or cat — where they feed on the host’s blood and lay eggs. Adult female fleas lay eggs after each blood meal and can lay hundreds of eggs during their lifetimes. As the pet moves around, flea eggs drop off into the environment and remain there until they hatch a few days or weeks later. The larvae later form cocoons, incubating the fleas (pupal stage) until they are ready to hatch as adults.

Eliminating fleas completely requires killing all four life stages — adult fleas, eggs, larvae, and pupal. This can take several weeks or months of treatment as fleas move through the different life cycle stages. Using a vet-approved flea control product for dogs or cats is the best way to avoid fleas. 

Veterinarians recommend using flea protection all year. The warm and humid climate in the Southern United States is ideal for fleas. In fact, they are active year-round in many states in the South. All pets are at risk, including indoor pets, as fleas can hitchhike into the house on clothing and shoes. 

“As we have longer seasons of warm, humid weather, we will also have longer periods of parasite survival, vector activity, and potential disease transmission throughout the year,” Dr. Qurollo says.

Ticks in the South

Although many people call them “bugs,” ticks are not insects but tiny arachnids (related to spiders and scorpions). Ticks are common in wooded and brushy areas, as well as places animals frequent, like dog parks. Ticks usually cling to grass or other low-growing foliage and climb on to pets as they walk past and brush against these blood-suckers. Once on your pet, ticks bite into the skin and firmly attach themselves, where they feed on a blood meal. 

Ticks are highly prevalent in the South, and they carry serious risks of tick-borne disease for both pets and people. Like fleas, ticks can survive most of the year in the Southern United States, so they are always a risk to pets living in this region.

The Asian longhorned tick, a new invasive tick species in the U.S., has been found in Southern states, including Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Kentucky, the Carolinas, and Tennessee. However, research is ongoing to determine whether these ticks are able to pass harmful germs along to people and animals. 

Experts recommend using year-round tick control, especially for pets that spend a lot of time outdoors. Many vet-approved tick control products kill multiple parasites, inducing fleas and/or heartworm.

Lyme Disease in the South

Lyme disease is transmitted to people and dogs by the blacklegged tick or deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Although Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the United States, it’s not a huge risk in the South, despite established populations of blacklegged ticks in the Southern U.S. The low incidence of Lyme disease in the South can be explained by the feeding habits of blacklegged ticks living in the North versus those living in the South.

“Northern blacklegged ticks prefer to feed on small rodents, which are reservoir hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi (bacteria that causes Lyme disease),” Dr. Qurollo says. “Southern blacklegged ticks prefer to feed on lizards, which are not typically infected with B. burgdorferi.”

Even though blacklegged ticks don’t spread a ton of Lyme disease in the South, these pests carry and transmit other dangerous diseases, including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and bourbon virus.

Here is a snapshot of some of the common tick-borne diseases that can affected pets in the South and the tick species that are involved: 

• Anaplasmosis – Deer tick/blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) 
• Babesiosis – Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) 
• Bourbon virus: Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
• Ehrlichiosis – Lone star tick, brown dog tick, American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
• Heartland virus – Lone star tick
• Hepatozoonosis – Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum), brown dog tick
• Lyme disease: Deer tick/blacklegged tick
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever – American dog tick, brown dog tick
• Tick-borne relapsing fever: Soft ticks
• Tick paralysis – Deer tick/blacklegged tick, American dog tick, Gulf Coast tick 
• Tularemia – American dog tick, lone star tick

Ticks in Alabama

If you love to be outdoors, Alabama is a dream with the foothills of the Appalachians, the beautiful beaches of the Gulf, 22 state parks, eight national parks, and an abundance of nature preserves. Find endless opportunities to enjoy the great outdoors with your pet, including canoeing, fishing, hiking, camping, and more. Hunting is a popular pastime, and dogs are allowed at Alabama State Parks, as well as five beaches. Of course, parasite protection is an important part of any outdoor activity.

Alabama ticks can be active all year long, and tick-borne illnesses are reported year-round in the state, according to the Alabama Department of Public Health. Alabama tick diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Alabama Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick 
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Alabama 

• Anaplasmosis 
• Babesiosis 
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia 

Ticks in Arkansas

Arkansas is known as the Natural State, and there’s certainly an abundance of outdoor fun for you and your pet, from kayaking the world’s longest bayou to hiking nature trails to exploring the 52 state parks and seven national parks, where leashed dogs are welcomed. 

Arkansas ticks can be active all year long, according to the Arkansas Department of Public Health. Arkansas tick diseases include common tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever, as well as emerging diseases like heartland virus and bourbon virus. The risks these emerging viruses pose to dogs and cats is not yet well understood. 

Types of Ticks in Arkansas Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick 
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Arkansas

• Anaplasmosis
• Bourbon virus
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia 

Ticks in Delaware

With 17 state parks, one national park and nearly 400 miles of beautiful coastline, Delaware offers ample opportunities for adventure, whether hiking, paddling, or simply enjoying the beautiful scenery. Dogs are welcome at most state parks with some restrictions at state beaches in the warmer months.

Because the various species of Delaware ticks are active in different seasons, ticks are an issue all year long, according to Delaware’s Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Delaware tick diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. 

Types of Ticks in Delaware Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Delaware 

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis 
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ticks in Florida

Whether hiking, camping, paddling, or hanging at the beach, the Sunshine State has something for everyone—pets included! Leashed dogs are allowed at most of Florida’s whopping 175 state parks and some of the state’s 11 national parks, and you’ll find a bunch of dog friendly beaches, too. 

Because the various types of ticks in Florida are active in different seasons, tick season in Florida is generally year-round, according to the Florida Department of Health. Diseases carried by Florida ticks include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis.

Types of Ticks in Florida Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Argasid tick (soft tick)
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Florida

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis 
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever 

Ticks in Georgia

If you love to explore, Georgia has a lot to offer, from waterfall hikes to camping, fishing, boating, paddling, and more. Dogs are welcome at the 63 Georgia State Parks, including all campgrounds and most hiking trails. Georgia even has some dog-friendly beaches. 

The different types of ticks in Georgia have varied active seasons, so ticks are found in Georgia most of the year. Georgia ticks carry common tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever, as well as emerging diseases like heartland virus. 

Types of Ticks in Georgia Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Georgia

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Bourbon virus
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ticks in Kentucky

The Bluegrass State might be known for its horses, but Kentucky has plenty of draw for dogs, too. With 45 state parks and six national parks, Kentucky is prime for playing outdoors. Whether hiking, paddling, or just taking in a view of the Appalachian Mountains, be sure your pet is prepped with the right parasite control.

Various types of ticks in Kentucky are active in different months, so tick control products are recommended year-round. Ticks in Kentucky carry common tick-borne diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever, as well as the rare but potentially fatal bacterial infection tularemia.

Types of Ticks in Kentucky Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Kentucky

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Louisiana

Whether you’re into hunting, fishing, camping, paddling, or hiking, Louisiana has a lot to offer pet loving adventurers. Dogs are welcome at Louisiana’s 38 state parks, five national parks, and many public beaches. 

Due to the varied months that the different Louisiana ticks are active, ticks are a threat to pets most the year. For this reason, veterinarians recommend using a parasite preventive that’s effective against ticks year-round. 

Types of Ticks in Louisiana Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Louisiana

• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis 
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 
• Tularemia

Ticks in Maryland

Maryland is a water-lover’s dream, with abundant beaches and waterways prime for sailing, canoeing, kayaking, and more. With 75 state parks and 16 national parks, there are plenty of places to explore. 

There are six types of ticks in Maryland, and some of them are active year-round. Maryland ticks carry many common tick-borne diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Types of Ticks in Maryland Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Maryland

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick paralysis
• Tularemia

Ticks in Mississippi

In the heart of the South, Mississippi has plenty of outdoor fun in store whether you enjoy fishing, hunting, camping, hiking, paddling, or sailing. Leashed pets are permitted in most of the 25 Mississippi State Parks and nine national parks. Some species of Mississippi ticks are active year-round, so pets are always at risk. 

Types of Ticks in Mississippi Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Mississippi

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in North Carolina

North Carolina seems to have it all, from beaches to waterfalls to forests. Whether you’re up for camping, hiking, hunting, swimming, or paddling, North Carolina is perfect for adventure. Leashed dogs are welcome at North Carolina’s 41 state parks, 10 national park sites, and four national forests. 

Due to the various seasonality of different types of ticks in North Carolina, ticks are a risk year-round, though spring, summer, and fall are the most active months. Some common tick-borne diseases transmitted by North Carolina ticks include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and ehrlichiosis.

Types of Ticks in North Carolina Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in North Carolina 

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Oklahoma

There’s plenty to do with your pet in the gorgeous state of Oklahoma, whether you like swimming, hiking, boating or simply enjoying the beautiful scenery. Leashed dogs are welcome at Oklahoma’s 32 state parks and six national parks.

Oklahoma ticks carry several common tick-borne diseases, but the most significant is Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Five types of ticks in Oklahoma commonly affect pets.

Types of Ticks in Oklahoma Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Oklahoma

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in South Carolina

Like its sister state, North Carolina, South Carolina has much to offer the outdoor enthusiast, including beaches, waterfalls, rivers, forests, and mountains. Leashed dogs are welcome at South Carolina’s 47 state parks and seven national park sites.

There are six types of ticks in South Carolina that pose risks to pets, and they are active all year long.

Types of Ticks in South Carolina Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in South Carolina

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Tennessee

Explore the wild in Tennessee with the state’s breathtaking scenery. Camping, hiking, paddling, hunting, fishing … you name it—Tennessee is brimming with outdoor adventure. Bring your dog or cat along to one of Tennessee’s 56 state parks or 13 national parks (pets must be on leash or crated). 

There are six different types of ticks in Tennessee that pose a threat to pets. Tick diseases in Tennessee include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis ehrlichiosis, and others. Various types of ticks in Tennessee are active in different months, so tick control products are recommended year-round.

Types of Ticks in Tennessee Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Asian longhorned tick
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Tennessee 

• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Heartland virus
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tularemia

Ticks in Texas

They say everything is bigger in Texas, and that includes the opportunities for outdoor fun. From rivers to the Gulf of Mexico, beaches to forests, and desert to mountains, Texas has it all. Almost all of Texas’s 89 state parks allow dogs, and leashed dogs are welcomed at one of Texas’s two national parks (Guadalupe Mountains). 

Various types of ticks in Texas are active in different months, so tick control products are recommended year-round. Common tick-borne diseases in Texas include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and more. 

Types of Ticks in Texas Dangerous for Pets

• American dog tick 
• Blacklegged tick (deer tick) 
• Brown dog tick
• Gulf coast tick
• Lone star tick

Tick-Borne Diseases in Texas

• Anaplasmosis
• Ehrlichiosis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Tick-borne relapsing fever
• Tularemia

Living in the South: Protecting Your Pet From Parasites

To keep parasites off your pet, consider their lifestyle and what type of parasites they might encounter. Dogs who spend a lot of time outdoors hiking, hunting, or hanging out at dog parks are at risk of encountering fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. Cats who live strictly indoors might not need a tick control product, but fleas and mosquitoes can come inside, where they will make a beeline for your pet. 

Always check your pets carefully for ticks after they have been outdoors, especially after walking or hiking in brushy or wooded areas. Removing ticks within a few hours of attachment can help reduce transmission of tick-borne disease.

According to Dr. Qurollo, hunting dogs are more likely to encounter different parasites depending on their exposure to certain prey animals, and dogs and cats with strong prey drives and free access to small wild animals can also become infected with certain gastrointestinal worms or protozoa if the prey is ingested. 

“Owners can help limit infection from many different parasites by providing year-round flea, tick, heartworm, and GI parasite prevention,” she says. “Owners can limit exposure to other parasites by monitoring their pets’ time outside and preventing predation of wildlife.”

Experts recommend giving parasite protection year-round, regardless of which state you live in. It’s difficult to know when and where parasite activity starts and stops in any year. In the South especially, fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes that transmit heartworm can be active most or all of the year. Fleas and mosquitoes can also weather cooler months by coming indoors.

Dr. Qurollo, who lives in Raleigh, North Carolina, found a mosquito in her house in the middle of January when temperatures outside were between 30 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit. “In my opinion, it’s not worth the risk of my dog or cat contracting heartworm disease to save a little money by skipping a few months of preventative,” she says. “Heartworm treatment for dogs that become infected is expensive and requires strict cage rest to help prevent complications from killing the worms.”

Dr. Rizzo also points out that monthly heartworm preventatives eliminate heartworm infections that were established the previous month, so consistent use all year is key to killing these dangerous parasites. “If mosquitoes remained active in October, it’s important for the pet to receive a heartworm preventive in November,” she says. 

Always talk to your veterinarian about the best parasite control for your pet. Many different products are available that kill multiple parasites, so your pet can be protected with one monthly treatment.  

“Combination products that target multiple parasites, such as fleas, ticks, intestinal parasites, and heartworms, offer several advantages, including convenience and ease, which improves compliance,” Dr. Qurollo says. “It is often more cost-effective, too. Furthermore, animals on broad-spectrum parasite preventative can limit environmental spread.”

References

• “Map shows heartworm rates continue to increase in hot spots, new locations.” American Veterinary Medical Association. May 2023. Retrieved from https://www.avma.org/news/map-shows-heartworm-rates-continue-increase-hot-spots-new-locations
• “What you need to know about Asian longhorned ticks – A new tick in the United States.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/about/where-ticks-live.html
• “Tickborne Diseases.” Alabama Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/tick/index.html
• “Tickborne Disease.” Arkansas Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/topics/tickborne-disease
• “Ticks of Delaware.” Delaware.gov. Retrieved from https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/topics/tickborne-disease
• “Ticks in Florida.” Florida Health. Retreived from https://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/tick-and-insect-borne-diseases/tick-information.html
• “Tick-borne Diseases.” Georgia Department of Public Health. Retrieved from https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/zvbd/tbd
• “Ticks and Disease in Kentucky.” UK Department of Entomology. Retrieved from https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef618
• “Ticks to look out for – by Southern states.” Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. Retrieved from https://tickapp.tamu.edu/
• “Ticks in Maryland.” University of Maryland Extension. Retrieved from https://extension.umd.edu/resource/ticks-maryland/
• “Facts about Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases at Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge and National Estuarine Research Reserve.” Mississippi State University Extension. Retrieved from http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/facts-about-ticks-and-tick-borne-diseases-grand-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-and
• “Tick-Borne Illnesses.” North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/ticks/figures.html
• Mertz, Leslie. “In Mississippi, Blacklegged Ticks’ Seasonal Shift Deemed ‘Very Strange.'” Entomology Today. Aug. 2023. Retrieved from https://entomologytoday.org/2023/08/02/mississippi-blacklegged-ticks-seasonal-shift-strange/
• “Common Ticks of Oklahoma and Tick-Borne Diseases.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved from https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/epp-entomology-and-plant-pathologhy/common-ticks-of-oklahoma-and-tick-borne-diseases-a.pdf
• Talley, Justin L., Noden, Bruce H., and Little, Susan. “Common Ticks of Oklahoma and Tick-Borne Diseases.” Oklahoma State University. Aug. 2023. Retrieved from https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/common-ticks-of-oklahoma-and-tick-borne-diseases.html
• “Ticks Can Spread Diseases.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Retrieved from https://scdhec.gov/environment/insects-animals/ticks-can-spread-diseases
• “Ticks in Tennessee.” Tennessee Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/vector-borne-diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ticks-in-tennessee.html

The post Pet Parasites in the South: A Regional Overview of Species and Risks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

These parasites are now a year-round problem in most parts of the United States. Factors like climate change, the transport of shelter animals across the country, and the discovery of non-native parasite species are all threatening the health and well-being of our four-legged companions.  

Protecting our pets starts with knowing and recognizing their risk level and taking important preventative steps.  

If you want to know your pet’s probability of a parasitic infection, take this quiz! By answering a few questions, you’ll pinpoint your dog or cat’s risk level and identify what you can do to help keep them safe. 

*Our content and products are for informational purposes only. GreatPetCare™ does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your veterinarian for all medical guidance. 

The post Quiz: What’s Your Pet’s Parasite Risk Level? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Unfortunately, tick populations are on the rise, and tick territories are expanding. Factors like climate change and an upsurge in white-tailed deer have changed the map of where ticks live. 

As a result, ticks are more likely to be a concern for most pet parents than not. So here’s what you need to know about ticks, where they live, and what you can do to protect your pet from tick-borne diseases. 

Where Do Ticks Live?

Ticks can be found in every state in the United States and on all continents around the world, even on indoor pets. 

“I like to say that I don’t see ticks 365 days out of the year, but I do see them twelve months out of the year,” says Dr. Brian Herrin, DVM, an associate professor of veterinary parasitology at Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine. “We encourage pet owners to use year-round prevention.” 

Tick control products are considered a first line of defense to protect pets against ticks. There’s only one vaccine available, which is for Lyme disease. If you live in or visit high-risk areas like the upper Midwest or the northeast, ask your veterinarian if you should consider the vaccine as a second line of defense, suggests Dr. Herrin. 

Tick season can vary depending on your location and the type of ticks that live there. Many ticks thrive in warmer weather and go dormant in freezing conditions. However, the black legged tick, which carries Lyme disease, is the most active in the winter. 

Where Do Ticks Live Outside?

Ticks can be found in a variety of habitats. Generally, they lurk in wooded, brushy, or grassy areas, which protect them from drying out in the open air. 

“Black legged ticks end up in the woods or along the wooded edges of people’s properties, brown dog ticks are more likely to be out in the fields, and lone star ticks can be in either place because of the nature of the hosts that they feed on,” says tick expert Dr. Thomas Mather, director of University of Rhode Island’s Center for Vector-Borne Disease and its TickEncounter Resource Center. All of the above are found throughout the eastern United States. 

While tick behavior can vary, many ticks “quest,” or wait to latch onto you or your pet, by crawling up shrubs or blades of grass and detecting hosts using sensors for heat, vibrations, and carbon dioxide.

Where Do Ticks Live Indoors?

Ticks can be carried inside by unsuspecting pets, humans, and even attached to non-living objects like camping gear. However, ticks aren’t likely to seek shelter in your home on purpose because most tend to dry out and die in low-humidity indoor environments. 

Black legged ticks are more sensitive to dry conditions and won’t last long indoors. American dog ticks and Lone Star ticks, on the other hand, are a little more tolerant to dry conditions and could survive as long as a few days or weeks. 

The only tick that thrives inside is the brown dog tick, which can survive and reproduce indoors. These ticks are more common in the southern United States and can quickly cause major tick infestations. 

As the name suggests, brown dog ticks love to feed on dogs and are often found in kennels and shelters. You might see them crawling up walls and screened windows, peeking out of gaps in bricks, under dog beds, or in carpeted areas. 

Where You’ll Find Tick Eggs and Nests

Tick eggs and nests can be found in woodsy or grassy areas or cracks and crevices of walls. Adult female ticks lay thousands of eggs at one time. A tick nest looks like a tiny bunch of beadlike eggs. 

Ticks typically have four life stages: egg, larva (seed tick), nymph, and adult. One generation of ticks can live anywhere from three months to upwards of two years depending on the conditions they live in. 

When tick eggs hatch, six-legged larvae don’t wander far and immediately begin searching for a host to latch onto — usually a smaller animal like a mouse. After feeding on their first host, they fall off and molt into eight-legged nymphs who then seek another host, like a dog or a cat. After feeding, they drop off and molt into adults. 

Most pet parents encounter adult ticks. After adult ticks become engorged, they quickly mate, drop off, and die as another life cycle begins. 

Tick Species and Where They Live Geographically

There are seven species of ticks that pose a threat to cats and dogs. Not all species are spread evenly throughout the country. So some may be a bigger threat than others, depending on where you and your pet live.  

In the eastern United States, tick species that can cause disease in pets include: 

• American Dog Tick 
• Black Legged Tick or Deer Tick
• Brown Dog Tick 
• Golf Coast Tick (southeast only)
• Lone Star Tick 

In the western United States, tick species that may affect pets include:

• American Dog Tick (Pacific Coast only) 
• Brown Dog Tick 
• Rocky Mountain Wood Tick (high elevations only)
• Western Blacklegged Tick 

Here’s a more detailed breakdown of where each species can be found, the dangers they pose, and how to recognize them:

American Dog Tick

American dog ticks are found east of the Rocky Mountains and along the Pacific coast. They transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. They can also cause tick paralysis. 

Adult ticks are reddish brown with whitish-gray markings and appear gray when fully engorged. They live in grassy fields and on trails and walkways. They’re most active during the spring and summer. 

According to this Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) map of regions where naturally occurring American dog ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kan., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Neb., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.D., Ohio, Okla., Ore., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.D., Tenn., Texas, Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., and Wyo.

Brown Dog Tick

Brown dog ticks are most prevalent in the southeastern region of the United States, but naturally occurring populations can be found in all 48 states of the contiguous U.S., as well as Hawaii. They transmit infections including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 

Brown dog ticks are dark brown with pit-like dimples and turn gray-blue when engorged. You can find them on your pet, in their bedding, and around the house.

Black Legged Tick

Black legged ticks, also known as deer ticks, are found throughout the eastern United States. They transmit many diseases including anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease.  

Black legged ticks have an orange-red body with black features and appear gray when engorged. They can be picked up in forests and grasslands from October to May. According to this CDC map of regions where naturally occurring black legged ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Ala., Alaska, Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Hawaii, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kan., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Neb., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.D., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.D., Tenn., Texas, Vt., Va., W.Va., and Wis.

Gulf Coast Tick

Gulf Coast ticks primarily live along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico but can also be found along the Atlantic. They transmit a disease called hepatozoonosis. 

Gulf Coast ticks have red bodies with white ornate markings. They live in meadows and on the edge of forests. They’re most active from April to October. 

According to this CDC map of regions where naturally occurring Gulf Coast ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Kan., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tenn., Texas, and Va.

Lone Star Tick

Lone Star Ticks are found throughout the eastern, southeastern, and south-central states. They cause many diseases including cytauxzoonosis, ehrlichiosis, rickettsiosis, and tularemia. 

Lone star ticks stand out thanks to the bright white dot on their brown bodies. They’re a particularly aggressive tick that can be encountered in dense woodlands from April to August. 

According to this CDC map of regions where naturally occurring Lone Star ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Ala., Alaska, Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Hawaii, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kan., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., Neb., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Texas, Vt., Va., W.Va., and Wis. 

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick

Rocky Mountain wood ticks are found in the Rocky Mountains and northwest Pacific regions at higher elevations. They transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia, and they can cause tick paralysis. 

Rocky Mountain wood ticks are brown and become gray when engorged. 

According to this CDC map of regions where naturally occurring Rocky Mountain wood ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Calif., Colo., Idaho, Kan., Mont., Neb., Nev., N.M., N.D., Okla., Ore., S.D., Wash., and Wyo.

Western Blacklegged Tick

Western blacklegged ticks are found along the Pacific Coast and eastward into Utah and Nevada. They transmit anaplasmosis and Lyme disease.  

Western blacklegged ticks are brownish-red in color and found in forests and grasslands from winter to early summer. According to this CDC map of regions where naturally occurring Western blacklegged ticks live, they may be a concern for residents of these states: Ariz., Calif., Nev., Ore., Utah, and Wash.

Where Do Ticks Live on Pets?

Ticks can hide anywhere on cats and dogs, so it’s important to do full-body scans and pay attention to signs of distress like nagging ear rubs or paw licks. Adult ticks latch on and feed for several days to weeks, and it’s common to find them three to four days later when they’ve become fully engorged, says Dr. Mather. 

Make sure to check:

• Head and ears, including inside the ears where ticks often crawl into warm hiding spots 
• Eyelids, where ticks can be mistaken for discharge or skin tags 
• On the neck and under the collar 
• Under the arms, tail, and groin
• Between the toes
• On the belly and back

If you find a tick, use tweezers to remove it and place it between pieces of tape or inside a sealed plastic bag. If your pet’s health declines in the next few weeks, contact your veterinarian for help. They may be able to identify the tick to better guide them in diagnosing and treating your pet. 

Protecting Your Home and Pets from a Tick Infestation

The best way to protect your home and pets from a tick infestation is to prevent one in the first place. There are plenty of tick preventatives on the market, ranging from over-the-counter solutions to monthly oral and topical tick preventatives that require a prescription.

Talk to your veterinarian to find out what prevention plan fits your pet’s unique needs best. Your vet can consider factors like the ticks that are prevalent in your region and your pet’s species, age, weight, and other health conditions and recommend the best options.

These could include a monthly oral tick preventative medication, many of which also target fleas, such as Credelio chewable tablets. 

However, many veterinarians recommend broad-spectrum parasite preventatives that target external pests, like ticks and fleas, as well as internal threats, like heartworms and intestinal parasites. 

These monthly preventatives come in both oral forms, such as Simparica TRIO chewable tablets for dogs, and topical options, such as Revolution Plus for cats. They offer the benefit of 360-degree protection against a wide array of parasites, plus the convenience of one-and-done dosing. It’s important to note that these medications require annual heartworm testing, even if your pet is on the preventative year-round.

In addition to the appropriate parasite preventative, here are some additional tips for protecting your pet from a tick infestation:

• If you live in the upper Midwest or the Northeast, consider the Lyme vaccine for an added layer of protection. 
• When walking or hiking with your pet, stay on the sidewalk or trail. Avoid tick-heavy territory like heavily wooded, grassy areas.  
• Regularly check your pet for ticks after spending time outside, especially if you’ve been in woodsy areas or tall grasses.  

To keep ticks out of your yard, use pet-safe tick deterrents.  

• Clear high-traffic areas of tick hiding spots like fallen leaves, ground cover, and tall grasses. 
• Keep your lawn mowed and shrubs trimmed to reduce tick launch pads. 
• Create a buffer zone between woodsy areas and your lawn with mulch, gravel, or wood chips. 

Ticks may be a year-round reality, but they don’t have to be a constant concern. To take care of your pet, stay up to date with monthly preventatives and make tick checks step one after you return home from adventures. 

The post Where Do Ticks Live? appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Whether you find flea dirt disgusting or you’re not even sure what it is, we’ve got answers to all your questions about fleas, flea dirt, and how to remove both from your pets and your home right here.

What Is Flea Dirt?

Let’s start with the basics. Flea dirt may sound like something you’d expect a messy pest to leave behind. But it’s a bit more involved (and grosser) than that. Flea dirt is technically the fecal matter of adult fleas — so it’s just a nicer way of saying “flea poop.” 

When adult fleas take up residence on your dog or cat, they consume your pet’s blood to survive. And when they defecate, they excrete mostly undigested blood in the form of dark pellets that remain in your pet’s coat. 

These flea poop pellets also serve as a food source for flea larvae, which are baby fleas.

What Does Flea Dirt Look Like?

Perhaps unsurprisingly, flea dirt looks a lot like, well…dirt. The dark pellets are often described as looking like coffee grounds in your pet’s fur or little black dots on your pet’s skin. Typically, the pellets are reddish-black or dark brown.  

It’s often easy for pet parents to mistake normal dirt, dandruff, or scabs for flea dirt. However, there’s a simple way to tell the difference between real flea dirt and other lookalikes. Best of all, it’s free and you can do it at home!

How to Conduct the Flea Dirt Test

Also known as the “paper towel flea dirt test,” this easy at-home method will reveal in an instant if those suspicious specks on your dog or cat are flea dirt or not.

Here’s how it works: Simply transfer the alleged flea dirt from your pet to a wet paper towel. If the dirt dissolves and leaves a reddish stain, it is most likely flea dirt. The blood component of the flea poop is responsible for the reddish hue. Normal dirt or skin scabs should not turn the paper towel red when wet.

Dangers of Fleas and Flea Dirt

If you find flea dirt on your dog or cat, it indicates the recent presence of adult fleas. Outside of finding actual fleas on your pet’s body, flea dirt is the clearest sign that your pet has a flea infestation.

That means you should take immediate action to treat the infestation and prevent re-infestation since fleas can pose health risks both for your pet and for your family. 

In pets, fleas can cause anemia due to blood loss, flea allergy dermatitis (an allergic skin reaction), tapeworms in dogs and cats, as well as other diseases like bartonellosis.

The presence of fleas and flea dirt on your pets also increases your family’s risk of contracting flea-borne diseases that affect people, including:

• Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), which is transmitted to cats by fleas and then transmitted to people when the infected cat bites or scratches a person
• Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), which is spread through the bite of an infected flea, or when flea dirt from an infected flea is inhaled or rubbed into wounds or eyes
• Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum), which is transmitted to people who consume an infected flea, usually children

When and Where to Look for Flea Dirt

Now that you know what flea dirt looks like and why it should concern you, here are some guidelines to tell you when and where to look for it on your pet.

Excessive itching is one of the most common signs that you should examine your dog or cat for the presence of flea dirt. But it’s not the only indicator. You should also check for flea dirt on your pet if you notice these signs:

• Biting at the fur or skin
• Red bumps on your pet’s body, which often resemble pimples
• Crusting or scaling of the skin
• Developing “hot spots,” which are moist, inflamed areas of skin
• Hair loss, especially around the rump and thighs
• Brownish staining of the fur from excessive licking
• Presence of tapeworms

When searching for flea dirt on your pet, you can either part the fur and look around the base of the hair shafts for specks of flea dirt, or use a flea comb. If using a flea comb, comb in the direction of the fur. The flea comb may pick up both flea dirt and actual live fleas. 

You may also find flea dirt in your pet’s bedding or in other areas where they like to rest — including your couch and your bed! 

Though flea dirt looks the same on both dogs and cats, there are some differences to keep in mind when it comes to where you are most likely to find it. Fleas tend to congregate in different areas on dogs than they do on cats. Here are some pointers to aid your search:

Flea Dirt on Dogs

Flea dirt on dogs can be found anywhere on your dog’s body. However, dog flea dirt is most common around the rump, particularly the lower back, tail base, groin, underbelly, and thighs.

Flea Dirt on Cats

Like dogs, flea dirt can be found on any part of the cat’s body. However, cats tend to be fastidious groomers! Because of this, you may notice more fleas or flea dirt around a cat’s neck or other areas that are harder for them to groom themselves.

How to Get Rid of Flea Dirt

Unlike actual dirt, getting rid of flea dirt requires more than a deep cleaning session. You can remove every speck of flea dirt, but if there are still fleas living on your pet, they’re just going to poop out more. To fully rid your pet or home of flea dirt, you’ll also have to get rid of the fleas, themselves. 

At the first sign of flea dirt, be sure to talk with your veterinarian about the best flea prevention and treatment plan for your dog or cat. Depending on your pet’s needs, your vet will likely recommend some combination of the following tactics to rid your pet and home of fleas and flea dirt.

Oral or topical flea medication

When it comes to flea medicine for dogs or cats, there’s no shortage of options to choose from…so many, it can feel overwhelming. That’s why it’s crucial to get guidance from your veterinarian, who can recommend the best option for your pet’s species, weight, age, and needs — both immediate and long-term.

Flea medications fall into two categories: Flea preventatives are designed to stop flea infestations from starting, while flea treatments are designed to eliminate an active flea infestation on your pet. 

Since it’s much better to head off flea infestations before they start, veterinarians typically recommend a monthly flea preventative, such as Credelio (lotilaner) chewable tablets (which are also effective against ticks), as part of a long-term plan.

Some oral and topical flea preventatives, including Revolution Plus and Simparica TRIO, also offer broad-spectrum protection against other parasites that threaten pets, such as ticks, roundworms, hookworms, and heartworms. It’s important to note that your pet will have to be tested for heartworms before beginning this type of medication.

If your pet has an active case of fleas, a fast-acting flea treatment may be in order. CAPSTAR (nitenpyram) is an oral medication that can start killing adult fleas in 30 minutes. However, it’s not effective against flea eggs and larvae, so be sure to ask your veterinarian about what flea preventative you should use, as well.

Whichever flea medication you administer, it’s extremely important to make sure you only give dog flea prevention to dogs and cat flea prevention to cats. Permethrin is a chemical in some topical flea products intended for dogs. If placed on a cat, this product can cause tremors and seizures. 

Treatments intended to be put on the skin could also be toxic if ingested, so make sure you’re giving the medication correctly. If you have questions or concerns about oral or topical flea medications, make sure to speak with your veterinarian.

Bathe your pet

If your pet has a lot of flea dirt (and fleas) trapped in their coat or on their skin, bathing your dog or cat can help remove them and provide relief. But remember this is also a short-term solution that does nothing to prevent any larvae that survive the bath from reaching adulthood.

Be sure to use a gentle, pet-safe shampoo to remove the flea dirt and prevent skin irritation. You may have heard that using Dawn dish soap is a good idea for bathing pets with fleas. However, experts caution that the detergent isn’t any more effective than other shampoos and may be more irritating. 

If you use Dawn dish soap, you may want to follow up with a soothing pet-safe shampoo. Keep in mind that you may need to do several rounds of shampoo if there is a lot of flea dirt trapped in your pet’s coat.

Vacuum pet beds, furniture, and carpets

Fleas can live in your pet’s bed, on furniture, and in your carpets. So if you want to get rid of fleas and flea dirt in your home, be sure to give your household some extra cleaning TLC, too.

Thoroughly vacuum soft surfaces and anywhere you spot flea dirt. Consider using a steam cleaner, as well. Don’t forget to consider other resting areas, such as favorite chairs or cat trees, while cleaning up!

When emptying your vacuum, be sure to dispose of the contents in a sealed bag placed into the trash outside of the home to prevent reinfestation.

Consider other pets

If one pet in your home has fleas, your other pets likely do, as well. Make sure to check them all. Regardless of what you find, all your pets should receive flea prevention to prevent flea infestations.

Tips for Preventing Flea Dirt on Dogs and Cats

As mentioned, the best way to keep flea dirt off your dog or cat is to prevent them from having the fleas that produce it. Work with your veterinarian to determine the right flea-prevention medication for your pet and stick with it. 

However, medication isn’t the only weapon at your disposal in the fight against fleas and flea dirt. In addition to meds, you can reduce the risk of flea infestations even further with the following tactics:

• Avoid exposure to unknown animals, especially wild or stray animals
• Regularly spot-check your pet for signs of flea dirt, especially after your pet has spent time with other animals (e.g., boarding or dog parks)
• Check for fleas when brushing or combing your pet’s fur
• Wash your pet’s bedding regularly and vacuum high-risk areas

With consistent flea prevention and vigilant monitoring, you can help keep your pets — and your home — free of fleas and flea dirt! 

The post Flea Dirt: How to Identify and Get Rid of It appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Coccidia in cats is fairly common and is found in up to 36 percent of cats in the United States [1]. If your veterinarian says “your kitten has coccidia,” what are the treatment options? How do you get rid of it? And can humans get coccidia? Read more to learn all about coccidia in cats.

What Is Coccidia in Cats?

Coccidia is a protozoan organism, or a very small creature made of individual cells that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Cystisospora felis and Cystisospora rivolta are the two species that infect the intestinal lining of cats. Coccidia in cats is very common in that more than one-third of cats may be infected.

Young kittens under 4 months of age are most likely to get coccidia. Coccidia is often self-limiting, meaning that it can go away on its own and is not serious — but only if the cat’s general health is good and their immune system is mature. In kittens, they struggle to fight off the infection. Also, kittens are less likely to be able to handle dehydration caused by the parasite, so coccidia infection in kittens is more dangerous than coccidia infection in adults.

What Causes Coccidia in Cats?

Cats get coccidia either by being exposed to the poop (feces) of another cat who is passing coccidia, or by eating what’s referred to as a paratenic host. Paratenic hosts are creatures carrying the parasite, but the parasite cannot produce more until it reaches its final host — in this case, cats. The paratenic hosts for coccidia are bugs, such as cockroaches, or rodents, such as mice.

Coccidia is very contagious between cats. The parasite is good at surviving the environment for several months if surfaces exposed to feces are not cleaned properly. Queens (or cats who had kittens) often spread coccidia to their kittens. The parasite is very species-specific, meaning coccidia in cats cannot be transferred to humans, dogs, or any other species. 

Symptoms of Coccidia in Cats

Many cats do not have symptoms when infected with the parasite, particularly adult cats. If a cat does have symptoms, diarrhea is most common since coccidia infects cells in the lining of the intestines. However, the following symptoms may also occur:

• Lethargy, or decreased activity
• Decreased appetite
• Dehydration
• Pale gums (instead of pink)
• Abdominal (belly) discomfort

How the diarrhea looks varies greatly in cats. Diarrhea from coccidia can be a little soft to liquid. Sometimes blood or mucus is seen in the feces. Often the diarrhea is very smelly, but there is no particular smell for coccidia. The parasite is much too small to be seen. In very young kittens, veterinarians clinically report that yellow liquid diarrhea may occur with coccidia.

Diagnosing Coccidia in Cats

Typically, a veterinarian will recommend a fecal sample when your cat is in the clinic for a yearly check-up and any time your cat experiences diarrhea. Having a fecal test performed is especially critical in kittens, as they very frequently have parasites of some kind.

Coccidia is diagnosed in cats by looking for cysts in a fecal flotation. A small amount of feces is tested by mixing the feces with a special sugar solution and examining the sample under the microscope for cysts. There are some cysts that could show up in your cat’s feces that are not Cystisospora spp.; these other species do not infect cats and do not require treatment.

If your cat has pale gums, your veterinarian may also run some bloodwork. Anemia, or low amount of red blood cells, can be diagnosed if your cat has coccidia, but this is uncommon.

Coccidia Treatment in Cats

Coccidia can be treated in cats with medication provided by your veterinarian to be given at home. Treatment also involves appropriate cleaning of your home. Cleaning is challenging in that coccidia is difficult to kill in the environment, and cats frequently re-infect themselves repeatedly by defecating (pooping), then grooming small amounts of feces off their fur coat afterward.

Medications for Coccidia in Cats

There are two types of medication to treat coccidia in cats: coccidiostatic and coccidiocidal medications. 

Coccidiostatic medications stop coccidia from reproducing and making more coccidia, so the immune system has to finish getting rid of the infection. This may not be enough treatment for kittens or adult cats with weakened immune systems. 

Coccidiocidal medications actually kill the coccidia. This is often recommended as it decreases the chance of coccidia getting into the environment from your cat and has better treatment results.

An example of a common coccidiostatic medication used to treat cats includes sulfadimethoxine (brand name Albon). This often is prescribed for three weeks, and some coccidia are resistant, meaning the medication will not work. An example of a common coccidiocidal medication is ponazuril. Studies show that one dose is effective, but giving the medication once a day for three days is even more effective. Recently, a new drug in the same class, called toltrazuril, has also been shown to be effective. After treatment with ponazuril, studies show cats are no longer contagious eight days after treatment began.

General Cost to Treat Coccidia in Cats

The cost of treating coccidia depends on the symptoms your cat is experiencing. For most cats, fecal testing and medication are the only required items and will likely cost around $50-$150. If your kitten has a severe coccidia infection, they may need substantial support, such as fluids for hydration and other medications to help with nausea or severe diarrhea. In this case, treatment could cost hundreds of dollars, around $300-$500. 

Cleaning for Coccidia in Cats

In addition to seeking treatment if your cat is infected with coccidia, it’s also important to adhere to safe cleaning practices. Cat feces can infect another cat between 8 and 48 hours after the feces is produced. For this reason, cleaning the litter box every day or even twice daily should keep other cats from being exposed. The litter box itself should be kept clean of any feces, and litter should be thrown away every day. If your cat has messy diarrhea, wipe their paws and hind end very thoroughly every day until the infection is cleared.

The actual cleaning process — i.e. using soap and water to get all feces, food, or other contaminants off of a surface or item — is the most important step. Any bedding or fabrics used by your cat should be thoroughly washed on hot. The litter box, dishes, toys, and other items frequently used by your cat should all be cleaned. After cleaning, all surfaces and non-porous items would ideally be disinfected. Strong ammonia products have been shown to kill coccidia in the environment, but many of these products are toxic to cats and should be used with extreme caution. Oxidizing agents are also effective against coccidia. Spray or clean surfaces liberally and leave to air dry or let the cleaner sit for 10 minutes before wiping away. Keep your cat away while disinfecting.

How to Prevent Coccidia in Cats

There are a few ways you can help prevent coccidia infection in your cat:

Ensure your cat is routinely dewormed, especially if they go outside. While routine dewormers do not treat coccidia, coccidia is often associated with other gastrointestinal parasites. Cats with a compromised immune system or already infected with parasites will have a harder time fighting off coccidia infection.

Prevent your cat from eating insects and animals. Options include keeping your cat indoors and stopping mice or other rodents from entering your home. Decrease insect infestations and consider professional exterminators if insects are in your home.

Scoop the litter box every day. Even if one of your cats has coccidia, if you remove feces every day, it will keep other cats from being exposed.

Regularly empty and clean the litter box. You may not see obvious soiling of the litter box itself, but small particles of feces can stick to the litter box and carry coccidia. For healthy cats, cleaning the litter box is recommended weekly.

Keep new cats separated from your cat until deworming and fecal testing has been performed. New cats may be carrying coccidia. When a cat is stressed, such as when moving into a new home, shedding of coccidia can worsen.

Prophylactically treat pregnant and nursing queens. Even if female cats aren’t diagnosed with coccidia, they should be treated with ponazuril when they have kittens to prevent potential infections from spreading.

Related Conditions 

Other gastrointestinal parasites are frequently observed in cats with coccidia. This may be because kittens and young cats are routinely infected with parasites like roundworms, or it may be that cats have a harder time fighting off coccidia infections when they have other infections.

References

1. Companion Animal Parasite Council. “Coccidia.” Retrieved from: https://capcvet.org/guidelines/coccidia/

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All pets—even indoor pets—are at risk of fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. These little bloodsuckers can hitch a ride inside on you or a pet and make themselves at home. That’s why veterinarians often recommend year-round parasite protection for pets, such as Simparica Trio for dogs or Revolution Plus for cats.

Keep reading to learn more about the dangers fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes pose and how to protect your pet (and yourself).

10 Dangers of Fleas, Ticks and Mosquitoes

Despite their tiny size, fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes can pose significant dangers to our pets.

Flea allergy dermatitis

Dogs and cats aren’t just irritated by flea bites. They can also be allergic to them. A flea’s saliva has substances like enzymes and histamines that a pet’s immune system recognizes as foreign, triggering an immune reaction. This reaction leads to symptoms like intense scratching and biting of the skin, crusting, hair loss, hot spots, and secondary infections.

Flea allergy in dogs and cats is typically diagnosed if your pet has skin allergy signs and their veterinarian sees flea dirt or adult fleas on your pet’s coat. It is treated with products that will remove fleas from the skin and reduce irritation and itching.

Year-round flea control with oral or topical products is critical to preventing flea allergy dermatitis.

Flea-borne diseases

Fleas are notorious for transmitting diseases that can make pets ill. One such disease is murine typhus, caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi. Another disease is bartonellosis (‘cat scratch disease’), caused by the bacteria Bartonella henselae. Fleas also spread the plague.

Tapeworm infection

Pets can get tapeworms by swallowing adult fleas that carry tapeworm larvae (immature tapeworms). These larvae then develop into adults in a pet’s digestive system. The segments of an adult tapeworm resemble grains of white rice and exit the body in a pet’s poop. Tapeworms are easily treated with a drug called praziquantel, which kills the tapeworms in the intestine.

Flea infestations

As if flea bites aren’t bad enough, flea infestations can be even worse. Fleas can’t fly, but they can jump up to 2 feet, a very impressive feat given their tiny size. This jumping ability means fleas can jump from pet to pet and even from pet to human. So, if one of your pets has fleas, it may not be long before all of your pets and you begin feeling itchy from flea bites.

Adult female fleas can live on a pet’s skin for up to two months and lay 40 to 50 eggs daily; that’s thousands of flea eggs! When these eggs fall off your pet, they find hard-to-reach places like cracks and crevices to lay dormant, wrap themselves in a cocoon, and develop into adults. 

Once fleas are fully formed into adults, they’re ready to jump onto the nearest host, and the cycle begins again. Eliminating a flea infestation can take months because you must break the flea’s life cycle and get rid of all flea life stages in your home.

Tick-borne diseases

Ticks can carry numerous infectious diseases in their little bodies that affect pets, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. Generally, tick-borne diseases are more commonly seen in dogs than cats.

Lyme disease in dogs is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by either the black-legged tick or deer tick. It causes symptoms like joint pain, fever, and lameness. Lyme disease in cats is rare. 

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettssii, is carried by several ticks, including the Lone Star tick. Symptoms include fever and generalized pain. Anaplasmosis is caused by two Anaplasma bacteria carried by multiple ticks, including the brown dog tick. Anaplasmosis symptoms include fever and joint pain.

Tick-borne diseases are treated with antibiotics. Other medications, such as pain medications, may be needed. Pets with severe symptoms may require hospitalization.

Tick paralysis

Tick paralysis in dogs and cats is caused by toxins in a tick’s saliva that attack the nervous system. An affected pet’s muscles gradually become paralyzed, leaving them unable to walk, eat, and breathe. Ticks most associated with tick paralysis are the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, deer or blacklegged tick, and Western blacklegged tick.

Removing the tick removes the source of the paralysis, and pets often recover quickly once they are treated. However, some pets may have to be hospitalized for severe symptoms.

Heartworm disease

Heartworm disease tops the list of mosquito-borne diseases in pets. Mosquitoes carry heartworm larvae that enter a pet’s bloodstream during a mosquito bite. These larvae migrate through the body, taking about 10 weeks to develop into adults. Adult heartworms migrate to the heart and lungs, where they can cause serious trouble.

Heartworm in dogs causes vague symptoms like fatigue and cough. More severe symptoms, such as weight loss and belly distension, occur with a high worm burden and indicate congestive heart failure. 

Heartworm in cats is not as common but is much more severe than heartworm in dogs. It causes symptoms like lethargy and coughing. Unfortunately, cats with heartworm can develop a fatal condition called heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD), caused by a severe inflammatory reaction when heartworms die.

Caval syndrome

Caval syndrome occurs in dogs with chronic heartworm disease. It is caused when the burden of heartworms in the pulmonary artery is so high that the worms migrate to the caudal vena cava (a major blood vessel for the body) and the right side of the heart. Blood flow through the heart becomes blocked, and affected dogs have symptoms like difficulty breathing, heart failure, and weakness. Caval syndrome can be fatal within hours without surgery to remove the heartworms.

Anemia

Anemia is blood loss. Fleas and ticks can cause anemia because they feed on the blood of their hosts. Heavy flea and tick burdens can lead to significant blood loss, which can be life-threatening in puppies and kittens. Signs of anemia in dogs and cats include weakness and pale gums.

Treatment for anemia depends on the severity. Anemia caused by fleas is treated by removing the fleas and preventing another flea infestation. Severe anemia may require hospitalization and a blood transfusion.

Hair loss

Bites from fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes can cause intense itchiness. Constant biting, scratching, and licking at the bite area can lead to hair breakage and eventual hair loss.

How to Protect Your Pet from Fleas, Ticks and Mosquitoes

Protecting your pet from fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes is essential and requires a multi-pronged approach that involves treating your pet and the inside and outside of your home.

The strategies listed below offer easy, convenient, and affordable ways to protect dogs, cats, and your household from pesky (and dangerous) parasites. Be sure to speak with your veterinarian to choose the most appropriate flea, tick, and mosquito protections for your pet and location.

Treating your pet

Year-round flea and tick control: This is the best strategy for preventing flea and tick infestations. All dogs and cats in your home must be on a flea and tick control product. These range from over-the-counter flea and tick sprays or collars to prescription chewable preventatives, such as Credelio Quattro or Simparica chewables for dogs, and topical treatments, like Revolution for dogs and cats.

Year-round heartworm prevention: It’s important to give your pet a monthly heartworm preventative, even during winter. Year-round protection is essential to prevent a heartworm infection. Ask your vet about your heartworm preventative options and whether you should consider a broad-spectrum combination preventative, such as Credelio Quattro or Simparica Trio for dogs or Revolution Plus for cats, which protects against fleas, ticks, and heartworms in one convenient monthly dose.

Regular tick checks: Check your pet for ticks anytime you go outside, especially if you stroll through the woods, where ticks love hiding in tall grasses and on trees.

Flea combs: Flea combs are an inexpensive way to remove fleas and flea eggs from your pet. Use a flea comb along with a flea and tick control product.

Mosquito repellent: Pet-safe mosquito repellents are available to protect your pet from mosquitoes when outside. Ask your veterinarian for recommendations for pet-safe repellents.

Stay indoors during peak hours: Mosquitoes are most active at dawn and dusk. Keeping your pet indoors as much as possible, especially at dawn and dusk, will help protect your pet from mosquitoes.

Treating the environment

Wash your pet’s bedding: Your pet’s bedding is a favorite hiding spot for immature fleas. Wash the bedding regularly in hot water to kill the fleas.

Vacuum regularly: Regular vacuuming, especially in hard-to-reach cracks and crevices, will remove fleas from their hiding spots. Empty the vacuum bag outside to prevent another flea infestation.

Remove outdoor flea and tick hideouts: Fleas and ticks love to hide in tall grasses, weeds, piles of leaves, and other organic debris. Removing their hiding places, such as by weeding and regularly mowing your lawn, will help keep them away from your home.

Remove standing water: Mosquitoes like to breed where there’s standing water. Remove sources of standing water outside your home, like pool covers and water buckets.

Repair window screens: Window screens with holes allow easy entry inside for mosquitoes. Repair any screens that are broken.

Hire a professional exterminator: If treating your home is too much work for you, consider hiring a professional exterminator. Make sure that the products they use are safe for pets.

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When dealing with fleas, it is helpful to learn how cats get fleas, how to identify them and how to choose an effective cat flea prevention product to get rid of them. But figuring out how to put flea medicine on a cat may seem like a daunting task. 

In this article, you will learn strategies and expert tips on how to apply the medication correctly and keep the experience stress-free for you and your feline friend. 

Types of Cat Flea Medicine

Prescription flea medication for cats comes as a topical solution that is applied to the skin or a chewable tablet. These products kill fleas quickly, offer monthly protection, and some provide cross-protection from other parasites such as ticks, heartworms, and intestinal parasites. For example, NexGard Combo is a “one-and-done” monthly topical solution for cats that kills fleas and ticks, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. It comes in a convenient applicator that is designed to make monthly parasite protection easy.

There are non-prescription, over-the-counter flea prevention products available for cats. These come in the forms of topical solutions, shampoos, powders, and collars. However, some of these options are ineffective at controlling fleas.

Talk to your veterinarian to choose the best type of flea medicine for your cat and your lifestyle.  

Applying Cat Flea Medicine: Preparation Tips

The steps for applying topical flea medication on your cat aren’t always the same for every product. Here’s how to prepare your feline friend before applying the preventative. 

Read the instructions and safety information. Before you begin, start by reading through all of the instructions. Each product may have unique steps or important safety information. Do not skip or ignore this step. 

Confirm your cat’s weight. The amount of medication in a topical flea treatment application tube typically correlates to your cat’s weight. It is a good idea to weigh your cat before applying the medication. If your cat has gained or lost weight since their last dose, they may need a different dosage amount. Before applying the medication, confirm that your cat’s weight still matches the weight ranges that are listed on the box or label. For example, NexGard Combo comes in two dosage options: one for cats 1.8-5.5 pounds and one for cats 5.6-16.5 pounds.

Double check the age minimum. If you plan to apply flea medicine to your kitten, it’s important to make sure your cat is old enough. Most topical flea products have an age minimum for kittens (usually 8-12 weeks old) and it’s important to follow those guidelines to ensure your kitten’s safety. NexGard Combo is safe for kittens 8 weeks of age and older, weighing 1.8 pounds or more.

Avoid bathing your cat. It is also recommended not to bathe your cat for 2-3 days before applying the medication. Bathing before dries out the skin and reduces the absorption of the medication.

Do not split or double the dose. You will need to apply all the medication that is in the tube to your cat’s skin in order for the medication to function properly. If you have two cats, do not split the medication in the tube between two cats as this can lead to either accidental overdosages or ineffective under dosages. Use one tube of topical flea medicine per cat.

Prep your space. Have some treats or food ready nearby to give to your cat after you put the medication on. You should also decide on a place for administering the medication that will be comfortable for both you and your cat – whether that is on your lap or on a table. 

How to Apply Flea Treatment on a Cat: 6 Steps 

Step 1: Remove the application tube from the packaging. 

Step 2: Hold the tube vertically and open the tip as directed on the instructions. It may require inverting the tip and pushing it through the foil covering or it may require scissors.

Step 3: Hold your cat still and remain calm. Steady your cat on a table or on your lap in a comfortable position with their back and neck easily accessible. If you have a family member or friend who can hold your cat, a second set of hands may make the application process easier. Make sure to breathe and be calm. Your cat can pick up on your tension, which can make the situation more difficult. 

Step 4: Part the hair high on your cat’s neck and upper back – in between the shoulder blades. Use this area to apply the medication. 

Step 5: Follow the instructions to apply all the medication as directed. Squeeze out all of the medication in the tube directly onto your cat’s skin.

Step 6: Throw the empty applicator in the trash. Make sure to dispose of it somewhere that your cat, other pets, and children cannot reach or access.  

How to Put Flea Medicine on a Difficult Cat

If your cat does not want to have flea medication applied and is hissing, growling, swatting, biting, or running away, there are some things you can try to make applying the medication easier.

Use food as a motivator. Coat a lick mat with some tasty canned food (pate style works best) or peanut butter (xylitol free) and let them lick the mat while you apply the medication. Alternatively if your cat loves treats, just distract them with treats while you apply the medication.

Consider using a mild sedative. Talk with your veterinarian about a safe sedative that you can give your cat before applying the flea medication.

Ask your vet for help. If you are really struggling with putting flea medicine on a difficult cat at home, most veterinarians are willing to help. Take your cat to the vet office and let a veterinarian or veterinary technician apply the flea medication to your pet.

Switch to an oral flea medication. Most cats will eagerly eat the flavored flea medication chewable tablets.

Precautions When Using Topical Cat Flea Medicine

While most topical flea medications are safe and non-toxic to humans, there are still some general safety tips to keep in mind when applying these preventatives to your cat. 

Here are some important precautions to follow:

• Wash your hands after applying medication.
• Do not touch the area where the medication has been applied for at least 30 minutes. If the area looks wet or greasy, avoid touching it.
• Do not let children touch the area where medication was applied for the same amount of time or longer. To be safe, it is recommended to keep children from touching the cat for several hours after application.
• Do not wash your cat for at least 72 hours after applying the medication. It is best not to wash them at all, as it will reduce the medication efficacy.

FAQs About Applying Cat Flea Treatment

Where is the best place to put flea medicine on a cat?

The best place to apply flea medication on a cat is on their back — down the back of the neck and in between the shoulder blades. It is important to put the flea medication on your cat in a place where they cannot lick it off.

How do you give a difficult cat flea medicine?

If your cat is resisting topical flea treatments, you can try a few different steps to make the application easier. Put some wet food or xylitol-free peanut butter on a lick mat and let your feline lap away while you apply the medicine. Make sure to reward your cat with a special treat following the application. You can also try to have a friend or family member hold your cat still while you apply the flea treatment. If you’re still having a tough time, ask your veterinarian if they can apply the flea medicine or consider switching to a chewable flea preventative for your cat.

Does if matter if the flea treatment goes on a cat’s fur?

If a little bit gets on your cat’s fur, it won’t be a problem. However, it’s important to apply your cat’s topical flea medication directly onto their skin. Try to part your cat’s fur and put the tip of the applicator directly in contact with your cat’s skin to ensure the product is absorbed properly.

How long should you wait before touching a cat following flea treatment?

It’s best to wait at least 30 minutes before touching your cat following the application of topical flea medicine. This will give the product time to be absorbed and dry. If the area looks greasy or appears to be wet, don’t touch it. To be safe, children should wait a few hours before touching cats after flea medicine is applied.

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Any cat can get intestinal parasites, but young kittens and older cats with weakened immune systems are most susceptible. Nearly all kittens are born with intestinal parasites, and the parasites’ larvae (immature life stage) can lie dormant within a cat’s body, causing reinfection later in life.

Unfortunately, these troublesome parasites aren’t going anywhere anytime soon. Let’s review the most common intestinal parasites in cats, what symptoms they cause, and how a monthly parasite preventative like NexGard COMBO or Revolution Plus can help treat and control them.

Types of Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Intestinal parasites in cats are either worms (such as roundworms) or protozoans (Giardia), which are single-celled organisms.

The parasites migrate to a cat’s digestive system, setting up shop in the small intestine. 

Here are the common types of intestinal parasites in cats:

Roundworms

Roundworms, also known as ascarids, are about 2–3 inches long and are the most common cat intestinal parasite. Cats can get them by eating soil or feces infected with roundworm eggs. Transmission can also occur from mom to her unborn kittens, as well as through nursing. Roundworms can become abundant enough in the gut to cause intestinal blockage. 

Hookworms

Hookworm larvae burrow through a cat’s skin. They can also be transmitted in utero, during nursing, and by eating infected rodents. The worms use their sharp mouthparts to latch onto the small intestinal wall and suck the host’s blood.

Tapeworms

Cats commonly get tapeworms by eating infected fleas. Eating infected prey, such as rodents and birds, can also cause tapeworm infections in cats. These worms consist of segments called proglottids that contain eggs and look like white grains of rice when passed in a cat’s poop. Like roundworms, they can multiply enough in the gut to block the intestines.

Giardia

Giardia is a protozoan that is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Due to many cats not showing any symptoms, pet parents may not realize that their cat has giardia.

Coccidia

Coccidia is another protozoan that lives in the small intestine. It is transmitted from mom to kitten during nursing or by ingesting feces from infected wildlife.

Roundworms, hookworms, and giardia are zoonotic, meaning they can be passed from pets to people. For example, roundworms are passed to humans via ingestion of worm eggs that hatch into larvae while in the body. Most of the time, no symptoms occur. However,  roundworm infections in humans can sometimes lead to tissue or nerve damage, or even ocular larva migrans, during which the worm larvae migrate to the eye and can cause irreversible blindness.

7 Symptoms of Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Intestinal parasites, given their location, cause several gastrointestinal symptoms. However, systemic symptoms can also occur. Here are a few symptoms of intestinal parasites in cats to watch for.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is seen with each intestinal parasite described above, resulting from disrupted digestion and nutrient absorption. Diarrhea is bloody with hookworms, and diarrhea from giardia is often watery and profuse, and contains mucus. Tapeworm infections may cause mild diarrhea.

Vomiting

Vomiting is typically seen with roundworms and Giardia.

Potbelly

A pot-bellied appearance is characteristic of a roundworm infection. This appearance occurs when the worms multiply so much in the gut that the abdomen physically expands. 

Weight loss

Weight loss can occur with each of the intestinal parasites because of appetite loss and general gastrointestinal upset.

Poor growth

Poor growth is seen in kittens infected with intestinal parasites. The parasites are essentially “stealing” nutrients from the kitten that are essential for normal growth and development.

Coughing

Coughing is seen with a roundworm infection. After initial infection, the roundworm larvae travel up to the lungs, where they are coughed up and then swallowed. They then reach the small intestines, where they mature into adults.

Pale gums

Hookworm infection causes pale gums because of the blood loss caused by the worms sucking the host’s blood in the small intestine. Pale gums indicate anemia, which can be severe and fatal in young infected kittens.

Other than the potbelly, the symptoms listed here are not specific to intestinal parasites. These symptoms can be found with many other diseases, including other gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel syndrome) and diseases of other body systems, such as the respiratory system.

Also, infections with intestinal parasites do not always cause symptoms. For example, many cats with hookworms do not show any outward signs of infection. However, if your young kitten has any of these symptoms, intestinal parasites are a probable culprit.

Cat Intestinal Parasites: Next Steps

If you think your cat has an intestinal parasite, take them to your veterinarian for examination and diagnostic testing.

A fecal exam is the primary way to diagnose intestinal parasites. A fresh fecal sample (no more than 24 hours old) is ideal. Collect a sample from your cat and refrigerate it until your appointment. If you’re understandably squeamish about keeping your cat’s poop in your fridge, try to collect a sample before leaving for the appointment.

If you can’t get a sample at home, your veterinarian will collect one during the appointment.

Your veterinarian will perform a fecal float, in which the feces are mixed with a solution that makes the parasite eggs float to the top of the solution. The liquid is then examined under a microscope.

Giardia and tapeworms are difficult to detect on a fecal exam. Tapeworms are typically diagnosed by seeing the tapeworm segments around a cat’s anus.

Treatment for intestinal worms is with a dewormer medication. Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate dewormer for the type of intestinal worm infecting your cat. 

Be aware that deworming medications kill only adult worms. Therefore, if an infected cat has worm larvae, those larvae may lie dormant and cause reinfection later.

Giardia is treated with antibiotics. However, treatment is difficult because reinfection is common and often associated with stress.

Preventing Intestinal Parasites in Cats

Deworming young kittens is a mainstay of intestinal parasite prevention. Kittens are typically dewormed every two weeks, from 3 to 4 weeks of age until about 3 months of age. Kittens are then dewormed monthly until 6 months of age.

Here are other prevention strategies:

Keep your cat indoors. Keeping your cat indoors will prevent them from eating infected soil, feces, and prey. 

Schedule regular fecal exams. Fecal exams are a routine part of your cat’s wellness exams. Regular fecal exams will help your veterinarian identify intestinal parasites and, if needed, prescribe the most appropriate treatment.

Administer year-round, broad-spectrum parasite prevention. Parasite prevention isn’t just important in the warmer months. Your cat will need year-round prevention to be effectively protected from intestinal parasites.

Prevent fleas. Yes, indoor cats can get fleas! A year-round flea preventative is critical to preventing fleas and subsequent tapeworm infections.

Ask your veterinarian what type of parasite preventative is best suited for your cat. To provide protection against a variety of parasites, consider a broad-spectrum product like NexGard COMBO or Revolution Plus. Simply apply one dose of the topical solution to your cat’s skin once a month to kill fleas and ticks, prevent heartworm disease, and treat and control roundworms and hookworms. NexGard COMBO also includes tapeworm coverage.

Preventing the Passage of Parasites to People

Additionally, it’s important that you take extra precautions to avoid getting infected with the intestinal parasites that can be passed to people.

Promptly get rid of feces. Young children are at high risk of infection with these parasites because they touch almost anything and put their fingers in their mouths. Remove your cat’s feces as soon as possible, and don’t forget to wash your hands immediately after.

Avoid contaminated food and water. Do not drink water that may be contaminated or eat food that was rinsed in contaminated water.

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To spare you and your dog the suffering, here are the best tips for preventing dog fleas, based on expert advice and science.

Dog Flea Prevention: Why It’s Important

There are several reasons why you should take measures to prevent fleas on your dog.

Fleas Can Cause Allergies and Disease

Fleas can cause flea allergy dermatitis in some pets. That’s when a dog has an allergic reaction from the proteins found in flea saliva, making them scratch at itchy skin. Flea allergies in dogs can result in a lot of discomfort for your canine companion. Severe scratching can also cause permanent hair loss.

“Fleas are a common cause of allergies that can lead to major skin issues, but also can transmit diseases to pets and their owners,” says Dr. Beth Towning, co-owner of Lakeside Animal Hospital in Plantation, Florida.

Although fleas don’t live on humans, they can bite us, causing itchy skin. In rare cases, they can even cause diseases like the plague, bartonellosis, and murine typhus.

If fleas consume too much of a dog’s blood, it could cause a more serious condition in dogs called flea anemia. Puppies and small dogs are very susceptible to this condition [1].

It’s wise to get your dog treated for fleas as soon as possible if you suspect they have them.

Fleas Can Infest Your Home

Another big reason why preventing dog fleas is important is because they can be a huge pain to remove from your home.

“Once there is a flea infestation in someone’s house, it can be very difficult to resolve because most products only kill adult fleas,” says California-based veterinarian, Dr. Gary Richter, author of The Ultimate Pet Health Guide. “The eggs and larvae survive in carpets, furniture, bedding, and fabrics, and become adults and the cycle starts again. It can take months to work through all the life cycles and kill them as they become adults.”

Preventing Dog Fleas: 5 Methods to Try

When it comes to preventing dog fleas, there’s a lot you can do, both at home and while out with your pup, to help minimize flea exposure.

Keep Your Dog Clean

Routinely bathing your dog with soap and warm water, in addition to a prescription flea control regimen, can help keep fleas at bay. Sometimes dogs scratch because they’re dirty and itchy, which can look like scratching due to fleas. Bathing your dog every few weeks (depending on their breed) or when they’re very dirty can also give you an excuse to closely check their coat for fleas or ticks.

Clean Their Bedding

You probably have a regular cleaning schedule for your linens and bedding, and the same should go for your pup. Wash their bedding in hot water every two to three weeks to reduce the chances of fleas and other critters using it for rent-free living.

Avoid Known Flea Hangouts

Keep your dog away from places where they might be more likely to get fleas, like high-grass areas and the woods. Maintaining your lawn can help, too. “Sometimes treating the yard or house in addition to monthly prevention is necessary if there is a large flea burden,” notes Dr. Towning.

Prepare Before Exposure to Other Furry Friends

Make sure your dog has a flea preventative (more on that below) before you take them to places where they’ll be close to other dogs who might have fleas, like a dog park, doggy daycare, or on a dog playdate with a friend. Ask any boarding or daycare institutions what they require from dogs who are staying there —like flea and tick prevention and vaccinations — and inquire about their policies for sick dogs.

Maintain a Tidy Home

One of the best ways to help prevent pests from infesting your home is to clean regularly. Make sure you’re vacuuming (including the furniture) and sweeping, washing fabrics, and doing your best to keep uninvited pests at bay. Pro tip: don’t forget to empty the vacuum outside in case you sucked up any flea eggs!

Flea Preventatives for Dogs: 5 Options to Consider

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

There are hundreds of flea prevention products available to protect your dog from flea bites [2] — ranging from oral pills and chews to collars, sprays, dips, powders, shampoos, and “spot-on” products you squeeze onto your pet’s skin between their shoulder blades. Some of these require a prescription from your veterinarian, while others can be purchased over the counter.

“I recommend monthly products that target all the stages of the flea life cycle,” says Dr. Towning. “Speak with your veterinarian about your pet’s and the family’s lifestyle and which prevention may be right for your pet.”

Oral Preventatives

Oral flea preventives are available from your veterinarian in the form of pills, tablets, or chews. These products are a simple way to help keep flea problems away, as long as you remember to give this medication to your dog on the brand-recommended schedule. Remember to choose pills that target the entire flea life cycle. Some options protect against fleas and common species of ticks. If you’re looking for a combination parasite protection product that covers both external and internal parasites, ask your vet about a monthly chew like NexGard PLUS.

Topical Treatments

Your veterinarian might recommend flea drops for dogs to prevent flea infestations. These drops are typically applied to your dog’s skin once a month. Topical flea solutions, such as Revolution, may offer protection against other parasites, such as heartworms, the American dog tick, ear mites, and canine sarcoptic mange.

Flea Sprays

There are varying forms of dog flea sprays out there. Some are meant to be applied to your pet, while others are designed to be used in the home or yard.

Essential Oil Products

If you’re looking to avoid chemicals, certain essential oils are reported to act as natural flea repellents. However, it’s important to note that essential oils won’t actually kill fleas. Options include essential oils like peppermint, rosemary, citronella, and eucalyptus, properly diluted and sprayed onto your dog’s coat. Be sure to ask your veterinarian before using essential oils on or around your pup, as some can be toxic to dogs.

Flea Collars

Since you only had to change them every few months, flea collars used to be a popular option for preventing dog fleas. They contain active ingredients that spread across the surface of your pet’s skin in low concentrations over the course of a few months. However, some flea collars that contain carbaryl, tetrachlorvinphos, and propoxur are being phased out of production due to concerns about the health threat to pets and humans. Tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) in particular is a chemical found in flea prevention products that may be hazardous to pets and humans, particularly pregnant women and children. [3]

Seresto collars, which are popular among many pet owners for flea and tick prevention, made headlines in 2021 due to reports of potential adverse reactions. However, both the EPA and most veterinary experts agree with proper use, these collars are safe for pets. Since they can be very effective and were deemed safe, your veterinarian may recommend a Seresto flea collar (or something similar) as an easy dog flea preventative. The collar contains two active ingredients — imidacloprid to control flea infestations and flumethrin to repel and kill ticks — that are slowly released over eight months.

Flea Preventatives: Safety and Things to Consider

Here are some safety factors to keep in mind before using a dog flea prevention product on your pet [2] [4]:

• Talk to your veterinarian before administering any flea preventative
• Make sure you’re using EPA-registered pesticides or FDA-approved medicines
• Always administer products according to the package directions
• Wear gloves and/or wash your hands after applying a product
• Speak with your veterinarian about safe preventatives if your pet is very young, old, pregnant, nursing, or on medication
• Use medications and products before their expiration date
• Make sure you’re using dog flea prevention products that are specifically designated for your pet’s weight/size
• Save the packaging and materials to reference later
• Watch your dog for any adverse reactions including dizziness, poor appetite, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, or excess saliva. Even if a product is deemed safe, every dog is different. Discuss any symptoms and side effects with your veterinarian

What to Do if You Find a Flea On Your Dog

If you find a flea on your dog, “don’t freak out!” advises Dr. Towning. “Visit your veterinarian to purchase a preventative, and discuss further with your veterinarian if in-home treatment or yard treatment is recommended.”

With this in mind, remember that controlling fleas involves making sure they are removed from your dog and your home. Consider an effective flea control option immediately before an infestation gets established at home, suggests Dr. Richter.

Some recommendations the veterinarian might have for addressing dog fleas (many of which are similar to the ways in which you can prevent fleas) include [2]:

• Give your dog topical or oral flea medicine
• Use a flea comb to remove fleas and flea eggs
• Bathe your dog with a flea shampoo
• Clean your house to prevent fleas from laying eggs
• Wash your dog’s bedding, your bedding, and any fabrics the dog lays on
• Use a “flea bomb” or “flea fogger” that will kill fleas in the home while humans and pets vacate the premises

The good news is that there are so many dog flea prevention options out there, so one of them is likely to be a good fit for your family. Always talk to your veterinarian about your dog’s health, medications they’re on, and your family’s concerns surrounding dog flea prevention products. They can help you choose the option that suits your needs best.

References

1. “Flea Infestation.” ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/flea-infestation
2. “Safe use of flea and tick products in pets.” FDA. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/safe-use-flea-and-tick-products-pets
3. “CONSUMER ALERT: Flea and Tick Prevention Pet Products Containing Dangerous TCVP.” Office of the Attorney General of the District of Columbia https://oag.dc.gov/release/consumer-alert-flea-and-tick-prevention-pet
4. “Safe use of flea and tick prevention.” AVMA.org. https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/safe-use-flea-and-tick-preventive-products

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Why Canine Heartworm Prevention is Important 

Heartworm disease is a threat to dogs in every state in the U.S. and prevention should not be overlooked. It has the potential to cause widespread damage to your dog’s heart and lungs as well as damage to other vital organs. Oftentimes, dogs lack clinical symptoms until the disease has already done significant damage. 

Dogs who test positive for heartworm have to undergo an extensive and expensive treatment regimen, and prognosis varies based on a dog’s symptoms, age, and medical history. Dogs undergoing heartworm treatment also have exercise and lifestyle restrictions that can be difficult for pet parents to manage. If the disease is advanced or if treatment is delayed, heartworm disease in dogs can be fatal.

Preventing heartworms in dogs with oral or topical medications such as Interceptor Plus, Trifexis, or Advantage Multi for Dogs is much easier and more affordable than treating the disease. But keep in mind that most preventatives must be administered monthly throughout the year to ensure continuous protection.

How Do Dogs Get Heartworms?

Dogs contract heartworms through the bite of a mosquito carrying infected larvae. 

Prior to this transmission of infection from mosquito to dog, the mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected dog (or coyote, fox, or wolf) and ingests immature heartworms, known as microfilaria. With the passing of about 14 days, the microfilaria reach the stage of being infective. At that point, they become transmissible to other dogs when that same mosquito transfers the larvae through their bite. 

After about 6 months of being in the ideal host, heartworms reproduce. They can grow to be about a foot in length and one dog can have anywhere from a few worms to hundreds depending on how advanced the infection is. Adult heartworms can live for several years inside a dog. 

Although dogs who spend a considerable amount of time outside are at an increased risk for heartworm disease, dogs who remain indoors are still susceptible since mosquitos can easily get inside. Male dogs have anecdotally been reported to test positive for heartworms more frequently than female dogs, but the direct reasoning for this is unknown. 

The biggest risk factor for heartworm in dogs is not routinely receiving veterinarian prescribed heartworm prevention.  

4 Ways to Prevent Heartworm in Dogs

Although the thought of your furry friend contracting heartworm disease is alarming, there are several things you can do as a vigilant pet parent to keep your dog safe and protected.

Administer Heartworm Preventatives 

There are several veterinary prescribed prevention options (see our picks below) depending on you and your dog’s needs. Many of these preventive medications also deworm your dog for gastrointestinal parasites such as hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, or tapeworms. There are also heartworm prevention medications that are combined with flea and/or tick prevention minimizing the number of monthly tablets or topicals you must administer.

Schedule Regular Veterinary Checkups and Heartworm Testing 

These are important for preventing heartworms in your dog to ensure the medication is working as intended. Heartworm preventatives for dogs work by eliminating presence of larval stages of heartworm circulating through the blood, and do not prevent the initial mosquito bite or transmission, nor do they eliminate the presence of adult worms. Although these methods are highly effective when used as directed, missed doses or other variables – such as the animal spitting it out unseen – can impact a product’s efficacy. Heartworm testing is done once per year unless there are known doses missed or other faults found in the preventive protocol.

Use a Dog Safe Mosquito Repellent

If the mosquito does not bite the dog, it cannot transmit heartworm to the dog. Ensure that whatever product being used is safe for your dog, nontoxic, and safe to use around your other species of pets if applicable.

Treat Your Home and Environment

Another great way to reduce your dog’s risk of contracting heartworm disease is by eliminating mosquitoes from your home environment as much as possible. This can include removing all types of standing water that are on your property and using pet-safe yard treatments to keep mosquitoes away.

Top Heartworm Prevention Products for Dogs

As previously mentioned, keeping your dog on a year-round heartworm preventative is the best way to protect your dog from infection and disease. Here are some of the top heartworm prevention medications recommended by vets. 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Interceptor Plus

This chicken-flavored chewable not only prevents heartworm, but it treats and controls adult hookworm, roundworm, whipworm and tapeworm infections in dogs. While Interceptor Plus isn’t a flea and tick preventative, it does offer more protection against intestinal worms than any other formula. Protection lasts for 30 days and this dog heartworm medication is available in four different sizes. It can be given to dogs who are at least 2 pounds and 6 weeks or older.

Complete 5-Worm Protection

Interceptor Plus for Dogs

• Single monthly chicken-flavored chew that's easy to give
• Protects against five common types of worms that infect dogs
• Available in four dosing sizes to accommodate dogs of different sizes*

Learn More

*Dogs and puppies 6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater

Simparica Trio for Dogs

If you are looking for an all-around medication that can prevent heartworm, fleas, ticks, and other types of intestinal worms, Simparica Trio is an ideal choice. This chewable dog heartworm preventative is easy to administer and protects against heartworms, fleas, five types of ticks, roundworms, and hookworms. It can be given to dogs 8 weeks and older and is administered once per month. Different doses cover dogs from 2.8 pounds all the way up to 132 pounds, making this a top choice of both pet parents and veterinarians. 

Heartgard Plus

Worms are no match for Heartgard Plus. This well-known brand of heartworm prevention has been around for over 30 years, and the Plus version offers protection against roundworms and hookworms in addition to heartworms. The active ingredient, ivermectin, kills developing heartworms before they turn into adults. This beef-flavored chew is gobbled up easily by most dogs and is administered once per month for year-round protection. Heartgard Plus is safe for dogs 6 weeks of age and older. 

Trifexis

If protecting against fleas in addition to heartworms is top of your priority list, then Trifexis is a great option. This monthly chewable tablet offers protection against heartworm, but it also starts killing fleas within 30 minutes. Additionally, Trifexis also protects dogs against hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. This dog heartworm preventative is available in five different sizes and should be given to dogs once per month for 30 days worth of protection. 

Advantage Multi

Advantage Multi is a 6-in-1 monthly topical solution that prevents heartworm disease, treats and controls sarcoptic mange and intestinal worms, and treats and prevents flea infestations. This prescription topical solution is easy to apply on the back of your dog and needs to be administered monthly. It can be given to dogs starting at seven weeks old. Dosing is determined by the weight of your dog, so be sure to select the correct dosage when purchasing through your veterinarian.

Steer Clear of Natural Heartworm Preventatives

It should be noted that natural heartworm preventatives are dangerous and ineffective. The only FDA-approved medications for heartworm prevention in canines are sold through veterinarians or pet pharmacies and require a prescription from your dog’s veterinarian. 

To qualify for the prescription,  your dog will need to have been examined by the veterinarian within the past 12 months as well as have up-to-date heartworm testing. There are no effective or approved over-the-counter preventatives nor treatments for heartworms in dogs. 

The post Preventing Heartworm in Dogs: 4 Ways to Protect Your Pet appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“Dog owners should care about ticks because [ticks] can cause numerous health issues ranging from mild lethargy to swollen lymph nodes to trouble with gait to bleeding issues,” says Amy Nichelason DVM, DABVP, veterinarian and clinical assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. “In endemic areas where ticks thrive, it’s important that pet owners understand the risks of tick-borne diseases.”

Some tick-borne diseases cause painful joints in dogs while others can cause severe fever inappetence in cats. Read on to learn more about how ticks move, where they live, and what you can do to protect your dog from illness.

Understanding Tick Anatomy

Ticks are not insects; the ectoparasites are part of the arachnid family. Unlike insects, which have a head, thorax and abdomen and six legs, ticks have a head and a body and eight legs.

The other main difference between ticks and insects is their diet.

“The only thing ticks eat is blood,” says Thomas Mather, Ph.D., director of the TickEncounter resource center at the University of Rhode Island Center. “Insects have a little bit more of a varied diet. Although there are some blood sucking insects, [they] also take in nectar and other things.”

Ticks rely on a pair of appendages (chelicerae) that work like saws to make a hole in the skin and insert their mouthparts (called the hypsotome) into the skin to feed. The larger the bloodmeal, the more engorged ticks become.

Do Ticks Fly?

As we mentioned earlier, when you find a tiny tick attached to the ear of your pup, it’s natural to wonder how it got there. Do ticks fly or jump? The answer to this is a resounding NO, according to Mather.

“They don’t fly; they don’t jump; they don’t fall out of trees,” he says.

How Do Ticks Get on Pets?

Okay, so how do ticks get around then? Do ticks climb trees? Do they travel on the ground?

Tick Questing

In order to get to a pet, ticks do something called questing. A questing tick crawls up a tree trunk or a tall blade of grass and anchors itself with its back legs and waits to detect the odor, heat signature, or vibration that signal a host is near before reaching out with their front legs to get onto the host, Nichelason explains.

How high the tick climbs depends on the size of their preferred hosts. Questing ticks that want to attach to mice might remain in leaf litter, while those that prefer deer will climb higher.

A tick’s size and life stage can also impact their questing behavior. “At younger stages, the small and the medium-sized ticks are usually questing at ground level,” Mather says. “Adult stage ticks are going to crawl up the vegetation just a little bit higher to be at the height of their preferred host.”

Where Do Ticks Quest?

Questing ticks can be found in a range of habitats, from wooded areas and tall grasses to leaf litter, stone walls, and wood piles. It’s possible for ticks to get on your dog after walking in the park, hiking in the woods, camping, or even spending time in the backyard.

Ticks are found in all 50 states, but different species are present in different areas, and your location affects the risk of encountering disease-carrying ticks. You can search the TickEncounter field guide to see which ticks are in your area and better understand the risk of disease if a tick gets on your pet.

Mather emphasizes the importance of understanding the risk where you live and play. “A paper that just came out tested 11,000 American dog ticks from New Hampshire [and] not one of them was infected with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,” he says, while “1 in 2 black-legged ticks in the Northeast, upper Midwest, and Middle Atlantic states are carrying the Lyme disease germ. So the risk is really different depending on the tick, which is why we like people to understand that…ticks aren’t just one flavor.”

How to Protect Pets Against Ticks

Yes, ticks are typically a part of any dog’s life at any given time, but there are things you can do to help protect your pup.

Perform Regular Checks

Ticks prefer to attach to areas that are dark, moist, and have less hair, according to Nichelason. You should always do a “tick check” of your dog’s entire body after they spend time outside; pay special attention to your dog’s head and ears, groin, and armpits, as well as between their toes and at the underside of their tail. Not all ticks will be easy to find.

“We have to be proactive with our preventative therapies because some ticks…can be about the size of a poppyseed and they can hide out in areas where we may have a harder time finding them,” Nichelason adds.

If you do find a tick, remove it. Using tweezers, get as close to the skin as possible and pull straight out in one motion. Don’t leave the head behind. Then, kill or flush the tick down the toilet.

Use a Tick Preventative

Tick preventatives are the best way to protect your pet. The active ingredient in oral or prescription topical tick preventatives gets into your dog’s bloodstream; when the tick attaches and starts feeding, the medication then goes into the tick’s bloodstream and kills them. Fortunately, now tick prevention is frequently included in all-in-one pills to prevent internal and external parasites.

“Typically, depending on the tick-borne disease, it takes 24 to 48 hours after the tick attaches and starts feeding before they transmit disease,” says Nichelason. “The purpose of the preventative is that it kills the tick before that can happen.”

Some dog owners only use preventatives seasonally, but it’s important to protect your dog all year long. Any time the ground thaws, ticks can activate and try to get a bloodmeal. In warmer areas of the country, ticks can be active year-round outdoors.

Mather also notes that the brown dog tick is a species that can survive in your home, presenting a year-round risk.

Stay On Top of Landscaping

You can cut the grass short, remove leaf litter, use gravel or wood chips to create a 3-foot-wide barrier between your yard and wooded areas, and keep wood piles stacked neatly to reduce the chances of ticks inhabiting your yard.

The better you understand tick behavior and the more vigilant you are, the easier it will be to prevent ticks on pets.

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“The best prevention and practice for owners is to always keep cats that are in their home on some type of flea prevention,” says Dr. Michelle Brauneis, an associate veterinarian at Crosswinds Animal Hospital in Greenville, South Carolina.

Luckily, there are plenty of medication options available. Dr. Leigh Sheridan, veterinarian at The Cat Clinic in Columbia, South Carolina says we live in the “golden age of feline medicine,” and explains that there are a number of routes that a cat parent may choose when it comes to flea prevention for cats. 

Top Vet-Approved Flea Medicine for Cats

• Best Flea Medication: Credelio
• Best Topical Flea Medication: NexGard COMBO
• Best Fast-Acting Flea Medication: Comfortis
• Best Flea Medication for Kittens: Capstar
• Best Cat Flea Medication Without a Prescription: Frontline Plus
• Best Flea Collar: Seresto

How We Chose the Featured Products

The products featured here were either specifically recommended by veterinarians or selected on the basis of general guidelines detailed by veterinarians. In all cases, reviews by consumers were also weighed, and factors such as apparent ease of use, effectiveness, and cost were considered.

Types of Cat Flea Medication

Flea medicine for cats is available in different forms including:

• Oral flea pills and chewables
• Topical treatments
• Flea collars

Topical preventatives ensure that cats get what they need out of a flea preventative, and they’re often the easiest option for everyone involved, says Dr. Brauneis. “We understand that it can be an inconvenience, since it does make their hair a little greasy and you can’t love on them until it’s dry,” she says, “so, we usually recommend applying it before bedtime, so that by morning, the area is dry.”

Many oral preventatives are excellent, adds Dr. Sheridan, but because they depend on the flea actually biting the cat in order to get the drug into the flea, they won’t be ideal for cats that have a flea allergy. “A topical application that kills the fleas before they bite is better for allergic cats,” she says.

Of the three types of flea preventatives, Dr. Sheridan finds flea collars to be the least effective because they can be uncomfortable for cats and depend on a fairly precise fit in order to work properly. But flea collars are better than nothing, and do offer a base level of protection. 

Ultimately, she says the plethora of preventatives out there means it’s relatively easy to find one that works best for your and your cat’s situation. “The best flea prevention is any brand that is safe for your cat, is easy to use, dependably kills the fleas for as long as it’s supposed to, and is affordable for you,” says Dr. Sheridan.

Best Flea Medicine for Cats: 5 Safe Vet Recommendations 

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Best Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: Credelio

This preventative is safe for cats 8 weeks and older, and it attacks the fleas’ central nervous system. Sheridan says it’s her go-to oral cat flea medication because in her experience “it seems to have the best efficacy and lowest incidence of side effects of the monthly oral preventatives.” 

She also says the chewable pill itself is pretty tiny and relatively easy to give your cat, which you only need to do once a month. 

Key Benefits

• Chewable tablet makes dosing easy
• Starts killing fleas within 6 hours
• Safe for kittens 8 weeks and older

Oral Flea and Tick Protection

Credelio CAT

• Tiny and tasty chewable tablet designed specifically for cats
• Fast-acting flea protection that lasts the entire month
• Kills blacklegged (deer) ticks, the most common species infesting cats*

Learn More

Best Topical Flea Medication for Cats

Our Pick: NexGard COMBO

For easy-to-administer, broad-spectrum parasite prevention, it’s hard to beat NexGard COMBO. It’s the first and only topical treatment for cats that not only kills fleas and ticks, but also protects against heartworm disease, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.

Best of all, there’s no need to persuade your cat to down a pill, tablet, or chew. Simply apply the topical solution to the back of your cat’s neck once a month for comprehensive parasite prevention. NexGard COMBO dries quickly and gets absorbed into the bloodstream quickly to offer full-body protection against fleas and other pesky parasites.

Key Benefits

• Combines the flea-fighting power of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, and praziquantel
• Kills black-legged and Lone Star ticks
• Treats and controls roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms
• Prevents heartworm disease
• Can be used on kittens 8 weeks of age and older
• Safe for cats weighing 1.8 lbs or more

Best Fast-Acting Cat Flea Medication 

Our Pick: Comfortis

Comfortis starts to kill fleas in 30 minutes, which makes it a great option for fast relief. Dr. Sheridan says it kills fleas by attacking their muscles. Comfortis also has the added benefit of being chewable and only needing to be given once a month. 

This preventative should only be given to cats older than 14 weeks, and it should not be given to cats with a history of seizures. 

Key Benefits

• Easy to dose, chewable tablet
• Starts working quickly to kill fleas
• Protection lasts for a month

Best Flea Medication for Kittens

Our Pick: Capstar 

This flea-killing treatment for cats is one of the few that can be given to cats as young as 4 weeks old. It works by causing nerve damage to the fleas, says Dr. Sheridan. “[It’s] very fast-acting, causing flea death within about 30 minutes, but its effects only last for about a day,” she adds.

Giving your cat or kitten this pill as often as every 24 hours might be an inconvenience, but the immediate relief was widely noted by many cat parents who used the product. Many veterinarians recommend Capstar for a quick initial flea kill, then starting your cat on a longer-acting prevention. Your veterinarian can offer guidance on safely combining products in this manner.

Key Benefits

• Can be administered to kittens as young as 4 weeks old
• Kills fleas within 30 minutes
• Less messy than topical applications

Best Flea Medicine for Cats Without a Prescription

Our Pick: Frontline Plus

If you’re looking for a high-quality cat flea preventative without the need for a veterinary prescription, Frontline Plus is a great option. This topical application kills and eliminates fleas at different stages of the lifecycle and also protects cats from adult ticks and chewing lice. Protection lasts for 30 days and pet parents need to reapply this product monthly for continuous protection. It’s important that cats stay dry for 24 hours after application and is only recommended for cats and kittens 8 weeks and older. 

Key Benefits

• Available without a prescription
• Protection lasts up to 30 days
• Kills fleas at all stages of their lifecycle 
• Also protects against ticks and chewing lice

Best Flea Collar for Cats

Our Pick: Seresto 

While she prefers topical and oral preventatives to collars, Dr. Sheridan says this is the best flea collar on the market in 2024. Not only does it also kill ticks, but it kills both pests quickly (about 24 hours for fleas and 48 hours for ticks). 

And while one of Dr. Sheridan’s hang-ups with flea collars is how a perfect fit is essential for maximizing its efficacy, the Seresto flea collar is easily adjustable and has a quick-release feature for improved safety. 

Key Benefits

• One collar offers up to 8 months of protection
• Odorless and non-greasy
• Two-way release mechanism for safety
• No prescription is needed

Do Cats Really Need Flea Medicine?

If you have an indoor cat, it’s easy to assume that fleas won’t be a problem. Of course, cats who spend time outdoors are more likely to be infected with fleas than those who stay exclusively indoors, but that doesn’t mean the latter are out of the woods when it comes to these parasites.

“In homes that have both cats and dogs, dogs coming in and out of the house can bring fleas inside. If cats spend any time outside, even out on the screen porch, fleas have a chance to become an issue,” adds Dr. Michelle Brauneis. “Even with indoor-only cat homes, there is a chance we can track fleas into the house and onto our pets.” 

“Because cats groom themselves, they may remove fleas and signs of a flea problem to a large extent, so that it seems like dogs get fleas more frequently,” adds Dr. Sheridan. However, this doesn’t mean that fleas can’t pose a problem for cats.

The best way to protect your cat, your family, and your home from a flea infestation is to keep your cat on a year-round flea preventative. 

Cat Flea Medicine Buying Tips and Advice

If shopping for flea and tick medicine, it’s important to discuss possible options with your veterinarian. Additionally, here are some things to consider and keep in mind: 

Look at the active ingredients. All flea medications for cats feature different active ingredients to kill and prevent fleas, ticks, and other parasites. And some may be less effective than others. “Over-the-counter products that contain pyrethrin or permethrin are often ineffective because so many fleas have developed resistance to these drugs over the decades,” says Dr. Sheridan. “Even fipronil, which used to be the gold standard of flea prevention maybe 30 to 35 years ago, has issues with breakthrough infestations in some flea populations that have evolved to be fipronil-resistant.”

If you have any questions about the ingredients and their efficacy or possible side effects, have a conversation with your veterinarian. 

Consider the application method. Pet parents should also consider the product’s application method and whether or not it fits into their lifestyle. Topical applications and collars may not be a good fit for families with young children who might be easily exposed to the ingredients. Additionally, not all cats will readily swallow pills, and giving a cat an oral tablet or capsule can become a chore.

Understand the dosing schedule. Dosing frequency should also be thought through when purchasing flea medication for your cat. While most medications are given on a monthly basis, some products offer longer protection. In order to achieve effective protection, pet parents need to follow the proper dosing schedule. If remembering to give your cat flea medication is a challenge, set up medication reminders or opt for products with longer protection windows. 

Choose prescription products when possible. Lastly, Dr. Sheridan says prescription-strength products are more effective than over-the-counter alternatives, so it’s important to consult your veterinarian before starting a preventative. (You’ll also want to make sure the product you choose is safe for your cat and won’t interfere with any other medications they may be taking.)

*Little SE, Barrett AW, Nagamori Y, et al. Ticks from cats in the United States: Patterns of infestation and infection with pathogens. Vet Parasitol. 2018;257:15

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Annual heartworm testing for dogs can help catch infections early and ensure safe and effective treatment. It’s also a crucial step required before starting your dog on a monthly heartworm preventative, like Heartgard Plus, or broad-spectrum parasite control, like NexGard Plus. But what’s involved in a dog heartworm test and why is testing so important? Let’s dive in.   

What Is a Dog Heartworm Test?

A dog heartworm test is an antigen test that requires collecting a small blood sample. Heartworm tests in dogs detect proteins that are unique to adult female heartworms. 

Heartworm tests for dogs are performed on small blood samples. If your dog is also having other blood tests performed, then your veterinarian will only collect one blood sample so your dog doesn’t have to have more than one needle stick. 

Does My Dog Need a Heartworm Test?

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

Heartworm disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and is becoming very common in the United States. Adult heartworms live in a dog’s lungs where they cause damage to the lungs and the heart. Heartworm disease can be fatal, but typically dogs don’t show any symptoms in the early stages of the disease. 

Every dog in the United States should be tested for heartworm disease once a year and should be placed on a monthly heartworm preventative, like Heartgard Plus, to ensure year-round protection. Heartworm prevention should not be started (or re-started) without first confirming a dog’s heartworm status by testing for these deadly worms. The only exception is puppies less than 7 months of age—they can be started on heartworm prevention without a test. 

This precaution also applies to broad-spectrum flea and tick control medications, like NexGard Plus, that also help prevent heartworm disease and fight intestinal worms. A dog would need a negative heartworm test prior to starting a combination parasite protection product like this.

Dogs who have not been on heartworm prevention or whose prevention has lapsed should be tested six months after re-starting heartworm prevention and again at one year. This includes dogs with unknown histories, such as those adopted through shelters and rescues.

Not that long ago, dogs in some parts of the United States were considered very low risk for contracting heartworms, and so veterinarians only recommended testing every two years. However, heartworm disease has been spreading rapidly across the United States, and so the recommendations have changed to annual testing and year-round prevention. 

A heartworm infection caught early, before there are any symptoms, is much easier to treat and your dog won’t be left with long-term consequences, such as damage to the heart and lungs. 

Types of Dog Heartworm Tests

There are several types of tests for heartworms in dogs that your veterinarian can perform. The most common test performed in a veterinary office is called a SNAP test. These are similar to an at-home COVID test. A SNAP heartworm test catches about 85 percent of mild cases of heartworm disease and is more accurate in dogs with more severe disease. [1] 

Testing for heartworms in dogs can also be performed at off-site laboratories. These tests are considered even more accurate than SNAP tests. Sometimes if your dog shows no symptoms of heartworm disease but tests positive on a SNAP test, the test will be confirmed at one of these types of laboratories. This is because the treatment for heartworms is expensive and has potential side effects, and therefore should not be administered unless necessary. 

Other types of dog heartworm tests include the filter method and a Modified Knott’s test. These tests detect microfilaria, or larval heartworms, that circulate in the blood. These are only present if adult heartworms in your dog have been there long enough to mate and produce offspring. These larval heartworms can be seen under a microscope as tiny wriggling worms just a few red blood cells in size. However, many dogs can be positive for heartworms without having microfilaria, so this is not considered a sensitive test and is not relied upon to determine whether a dog has heartworms. 

If a dog is found to be heartworm positive on a SNAP test, then your veterinarian may check for microfilaria to determine the stage of disease and select the best, most effective treatment plan. 

There are no accurate at-home heartworm tests for dogs. One of the main reasons is that accurate testing requires a blood sample, and that is not something most pet parents can or should collect at home. 

Dog Heartworm Testing Benefits

Heartworm tests for dogs are both inexpensive and highly accurate. These tests can either detect infection early before there is any disease, or show a negative result so that it’s safe to get your dog on proper heartworm or broad-spectrum parasite control medication, like Heartgard Plus or NexGard Plus.

Early heartworm detection means a better prognosis for your dog. This means your dog won’t suffer from shortness of breath, lethargy, weight loss, or any of the other signs of severe heartworm disease, such as cough and sudden collapse. And, if your dog is heartworm positive, then early treatment is safer, more effective, and can prevent the damage adult heartworms create in the lungs and heart.

Dog Heartworm Test Cost

Heartworm tests for the presence of adult heartworms cost between $10 and $100, depending on the type of test and whether it is added on to other tests already being performed or is being run as a stand-alone test. 

Heartworm tests added onto blood work that you are already purchasing is likely at the low end of this range. Testing done as an emergency due to symptoms consistent with heartworm disease are more expensive, especially if performed at an emergency clinic. 

Testing for microfilaria is in the range of $10-$50, because there are no special chemicals or special equipment required. You are paying for the knowledge of an experienced veterinary technician and their time at the microscope. 

The cost of annual testing, done every year for a dog’s 10-15+ year lifespan, is significantly less than the cost of heartworm treatment.

What if My Dog Tests Positive for Heartworm?

If your dog tests positive for heartworms, your veterinarian will discuss a plan. The first step is confirmation by a follow-up test. This might include a microfilaria test or a confirmatory lab test.  

Once your dog’s heartworm infection is confirmed, then your veterinarian will recommend a work-up to make sure they are healthy enough for treatment. This typically consists of blood work, including testing for anemia as well as assessing kidney and liver values. X-rays (radiographs) of your dog’s heart and lungs (thorax) are next. If your dog already has evidence of severe changes due to heartworm disease, then your veterinarian may recommend an alternative treatment or management plan.

Heartworm Treatment for Dogs

If you are lucky enough to have caught your dog’s heartworm infection early, then your veterinarian will follow the treatment plan recommended by the American Heartworm Society. 

This involves starting a medication called doxycycline that weakens the heartworms to make them easier to kill. Your vet may also prescribe oral steroids to minimize the reaction of your dog’s immune system to the dying and dead worms.

Heartworm treatment itself involves the injection of a very strong medication into muscle. This medication contains arsenic and must be handled carefully and injected only into the big muscles that run along your dog’s spine. 

You must limit your dog’s activity during treatment and for at least one month after. 

During treatment, your dog will be started (or re-started) on heartworm prevention to reduce the risk of new infections. Most types of heartworm prevention are safe to give to heartworm-positive dogs. However, you shouldn’t start or re-start heartworm prevention unless your veterinarian instructs you to do so. 

Nine months after the heartworm treatment, your vet will likely test for heartworms again to confirm that the treatment was successful.

References

1. Atkins CE. Comparison of results of three commercial heartworm antigen test kits in dogs with low heartworm burdens. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 May 1;222(9):1221-3. doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1221. PMID: 12725308. 

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The good news is that there are plenty of flea and tick control products for dogs out there to combat these parasites and even prevent infestations. That being said, it’s not uncommon for dog parents to express concerns about the types of chemicals used in these products and potential side effects they may cause.

This has led some pet parents to search for natural flea and tick prevention for dogs. The question is, do natural remedies work when it comes to external parasites? Well, let’s take a look.

Flea and Tick Prevention for Dogs: Why It’s Important

Before we get into natural flea and tick treatment for dogs, let’s take a brief look at where dogs pick up these parasites and why it’s so vital to keep fleas and ticks at bay.

Fleas and ticks like to hang out in shady, moist areas, such as tall grass, shrubs, weeds, and wood and leaf piles. Inside the home, fleas can lurk in carpet, furniture, and cracks and crevices. Dogs can pick up fleas and ticks simply by getting close to these parasites, whether in the house, in the yard, at the park, or from other animals who already have them.

Once these parasites find a host, they feed on the animal’s blood. In doing so, they can transmit dangerous diseases. Ticks can carry Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and dogs can get tapeworms from ingesting an infected flea.

If not properly addressed, fleas on dogs can jump onto other family pets and even people, putting them at risk for illness too. 

Are Conventional Flea and Tick Products Safe?

Keeping dogs away from grassy and wooded areas where fleas and ticks live is one way to avoid interacting with these parasites. There are also natural ways to discourage fleas and ticks from finding your yard or home habitable (more on this to come). But dogs are gonna dog—sniff around, dig stuff up, play in the weeds, meet other animals—so this plan isn’t foolproof.

A more practical way to protect your pet is to use products that kill or repel fleas and ticks. The American Animal Hospital Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association recommend year-round prevention. Flea and tick control products for dogs come in a variety of forms, including oral medications, topicals, collars, and shampoos. Some require a prescription, while others are available over the counter. 

• Oral products, like the prescription-only chewable Bravecto, enter a dog’s bloodstream and are rapidly distributed to tissue fluids under the skin. When a parasite tries to take a blood meal, they take in Bravecto’s active ingredient, fluralaner, and die rapidly. 

• Topical solutions work in two main ways: 1) They get absorbed into the bloodstream and redistributed to the tissue fluids under the skin, or 2) They spread via the body’s natural oils. 
• Flea and tick collars for dogs, such as Seresto, slowly distribute active ingredients (like imidacloprid and flumethrin) across the pet’s body.

While these products may effectively kill or repel fleas and ticks, some dog parents worry about whether the chemicals they contain are harmful to their dog, other household pets, or children. 

According to the FDA, there have been a limited number of reports of flea and tick products in the isoxazoline class of parasiticides being associated with neurological side effects, such as muscle tremors and seizures, in dogs and cats (1). Overall, the FDA still considers these products to be safe for use in most dogs.

Seresto collars made news in 2021 after the federal government examined reports from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding potential adverse reactions to the collars. Veterinary experts mostly agree that the collars are safe when used appropriately. Similarly, while some dog parents might blanch at giving their pups a chewable containing an insecticide like fluralaner, the general consensus among veterinarians is that these chewables can be safely used in most pets. 

Dr. M. Blake Murray, assistant professor in primary care at the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine and chief of staff at Banfield Pet Hospital in North Oklahoma City, says he is “very comfortable with the safety of our currently available prescription medications,” especially given the consequences of the diseases that flea and tick control products aim to curb. 

That doesn’t mean there is zero risk—it means the benefits outweigh the potential risks. “It would be irresponsible to say that every prescription medication will be 100 percent risk-free for use in every patient,” Dr. Murray says. “Often in medicine we are making recommendations based on management of risks.”

Dr. Clay Bernard, a holistic vet in Austin, Texas, says he isn’t against using conventional flea and tick products, he just prefers not to use them regularly. “I’d rather use these medications if needed and only a month at a time, since some pet guardians ultimately do a great job with environmental management and diligently keeping fleas off their pet,” Dr. Bernard says.

Does Natural Flea and Tick Prevention for Dogs Exist?

With prevention being the best medicine, it’s no surprise that there are plenty of DIY recipes and products for pets on the market that claim to naturally combat fleas and ticks. You’ll find collars, sprays, wipes, and shampoos that tout natural ingredients like essential oils, neem oil, vinegar, and citrus. However, while essential oils and neem oil may help, they can’t solve flea and tick problems. In other words, they help repel pests, not kill them.

Veterinarians mostly advise against using natural flea and tick repellents made from essential oils or neem as the only means of protection for pets. The effectiveness of these products has not been established, Dr. Murray adds.

“There certainly are lots of natural flea and tick repellents on the market,” he says. “I make recommendations for my patients based on peer reviewed studies that evaluate the safety and efficacy of products. Currently, I am unable to find any such studies that support the efficacy of natural flea/tick repellents. As such, I cannot make a recommendation for a natural repellent and trust that it will work.”

Before you decide to purchase a natural flea and tick collar or whip up a natural flea and tick spray for dogs, it’s best to talk to your vet first. With all that in mind, here is a closer look at some commonly used natural remedies for fleas and ticks on dogs. 

Essential Oils

Essential oils, like citronella and peppermint, are a mainstay of natural dog flea and tick collars and natural flea and tick sprays for dogs. These types of oils may act as repellants by blocking odors that attract insects like fleas and ticks, making it harder for them to find their host (2).

There is some science to back up the idea that essential oils can work as flea and tick repellents. A 2017 study comparing the effectiveness of certain essential oils to that of DEET and permethrin found that “all oils were found to be more repellent than DEET and permethrin,” with thyme and myrtle oils being the most effective (3). However, it’s important to point out that this study was performed on humans, not dogs. It is also important to note that while thyme is safe for dogs, myrtle is not. 

A number of essential oils like tea tree oil can be toxic to dogs and/or cats when inhaled or ingested, especially if they are not diluted properly. “There are studies that demonstrate adverse reactions to pets exposed to essential oils,” Dr. Murray says. He points to one study in particular that found that “dogs and cats can experience significant adverse effects when exposed to plant-derived flea preventatives.” (4)

If you’re considering purchasing a flea and tick product with essential oils, make sure the company is reputable. Pet parents should not apply essential oils to their pet unless they are working in partnership with a veterinarian. 

Neem Oil 

Perhaps the most talked-about natural pest repellent for dogs is neem oil, also known as Margosa oil. It is a vegetable oil, not an essential oil. Neem oil is prized for its pest-repelling qualities in agriculture. People use it as a skin lotion, and natural-minded pet parents have turned to neem oil to help keep fleas and mosquitoes away. 

Aside from repelling fleas, neem can affect the feeding behavior of fleas and disrupt their growth and development (5). 

As with essential oils, neem oil must be diluted before application, so consult with your veterinarian first. When used properly, neem oil can be helpful as a natural alternative to conventional products, but it is best when used alongside products that treat the environment (more on this next). 

Cedarwood and Diatomaceous Earth

To help keep fleas and ticks at bay, it’s important to treat your pet and their indoor and outdoor environment. Natural pest control products for the yard and home include cedarwood and diatomaceous earth.

According to the USDA, cedarwood can be as effective as DEET in repelling fleas and ticks, without being derived from petroleum (6). Fleas and ticks dislike the smell of cedarwood, and it’s non-toxic to dogs and cats. This makes cedarwood chips around the yard especially attractive as a repellent.

Food-grade diatomaceous earth is another popular option for dog parents seeking natural pest control methods for their homes and yards. It is essentially the powdered remains of fossilized, single-cell algae. It’s a common all-natural repellent that most insects—especially fleas and roaches—prefer to stay clear of. It works by caking onto the bodies of insects and essentially suffocating them. 

Dr. Bernard says diatomaceous earth and beneficial nematodes are good natural preventatives that are especially troublesome for fleas in their development phase. “Since managing the egg and larval stages in the environment is 95 percent of any flea control regimen in high-burden areas of the country, diatomaceous earth and beneficial nematodes are key,” he says. “Diatomaceous earth can be likened to shards of glass that lyse (break down) the eggs and larva as they hatch. Nematodes [used as pest control] are microscopic organisms that live naturally in the soil and feed on the larval and nymph stages of fleas.”

However, there is no reliable data showing diatomaceous earth is useful for flea control inside the home. And when applied outdoors, diatomaceous earth (remember, it’s a powder) can easily be blown or washed away. There’s also the potential for respiratory trouble in pets.

“Diatomaceous earth itself is not apparently toxic to dogs when ingested,” Dr. Murray says. “However, it has the potential to cause ocular or respiratory irritation if applied directly to a pet. If you are going to use it, I would recommend reserving the use of diatomaceous earth to the environment when pets aren’t present.”

Safety and Things to Consider

While there is a bevy of natural alternatives to traditional flea and tick control products for dogs, the effectiveness of these products is questionable and, if misused, these products can be harmful to your dog. Essential oils can irritate your dog’s skin and some oils can be toxic if ingested when your dog is grooming themselves.

Veterinarians generally recommend that natural flea and tick alternatives for dogs be used in conjunction with conventional methods of parasite control. Always talk to your veterinarian before applying anything new to your dog’s skin or fur. 

One safe and effective method to check for fleas and ticks is a flea comb. Flea combs will catch on ticks and scoop up flea eggs in your dog’s fur. Dr. Bernard recommends using a flea comb two or three times a week.

If you find fleas, flea dirt, or flea eggs on your dog, your vet will advise on next steps. And if you find a tick on your dog, learn how to safely remove it or let your vet do it. 

As with anything related to your dog’s health, talking to a vet first is always good practice before you decide on a course of action.

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Locating dog flea bites (and the actual fleas themselves) isn’t always straightforward, which is why we asked veterinarians to help. We’ve also provided tips on treating flea bites and preventing infestations, so your pup doesn’t have to suffer needlessly. If you suspect your dog has fleas or exhibits any unusual symptoms, contact your veterinarian.

What Do Flea Bites Look Like on Dogs?

Flea bites on dogs generally look like miniature raised red dots. They’re sometimes mistaken for bed bug bites and mosquito bites, though flea bites are usually a bit smaller. An allergic reaction – marked by excessive scratching and chewing – can cause the bite to become inflamed.

Even if you know what dog flea bites look like, they’re not always the easiest thing to locate, especially on pups with denser fur. “Often flea bites go unnoticed on the skin unless a severe infestation is present,” says Dr. Audrey Weaver, a partner doctor who works at Heart + Paw in their Glen Mills, Pennsylvania location.

It’s usually easier to detect the presence of flea dirt, dark brown particles (made of flea feces) that resemble coffee grounds, adds Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City. Flea dirt is “seen when the hair of an infected animal is parted, often near the base of the tail, near the skull, or on the groin or inside the hind limbs.”

Types of Fleas on Dogs

Of the estimated 2,500 species of fleas worldwide, only a few impact North American dogs. Veterinarians say that most dog flea bites, regardless of the species, look similar. 

The following types of fleas are some to watch for in the United States, with the cat flea being the most common and widespread by far.

Cat Flea (Ctenocephalides felis)

If your veterinarian diagnoses your dog with flea bites, it likely originated from the cat flea, the most prevalent flea species in the United States. The cat flea is a host for diseases that can also be transmitted to humans. These include Rickettsia typhi, the bacteria that causes typhus, and the Bartonella henselae bacteria, which is responsible for spreading the bartonella infection.

Dog Flea (Ctenocephalides canis) 

The dog flea looks a lot like the cat flea, except that it’s not as widespread. This doesn’t mean it can’t cause harm, though, as the dog flea serves as a host to parasitic tapeworms.

Poultry Sticktight Flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea) 

The poultry sticktight flea is primarily a risk for dogs who’ve had contact with infested backyard poultry. While this species doesn’t transmit disease, infestation can lead to a secondary infection.

Oriental Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Though the Oriental rat flea may make its living by feasting on rodents, it’ll attach itself to dogs if needed. This type of flea carries Yersinia pestis, the bacteria responsible for the plague.

Symptoms of Flea Bites on Dogs

Fleas bites on dogs can cause a number of agonizing symptoms like itchiness, redness, and scratching, not to mention infections and medical issues. Because some of these issues can be serious, it’s important to contact your veterinarian right away if your dog is displaying any unusual symptoms.

Itchiness and Scratching

“Some pets may have a flea allergy, which means that when the flea bites the pet, the saliva of the flea triggers an allergic reaction in the pet’s body,” says Dr. Weaver. One of the effects of this, she says, is itchiness, which veterinarians refer to as pruritus. A flea bite allergy is, in fact, the leading cause of itchiness and scratching in dogs.

Hives, Wounds, and Hair Loss

When your pup is allergic, flea bites can also result in symptoms like hives, swelling, severe redness, and significant hair loss, says Dr. Weaver. Excessive scratching, licking, and chewing can exacerbate this.

Red Bumps

Flea bites on a dog appear as tiny, raised red spots. They can become inflamed from excessive scratching and chewing. 

Flea Dirt

Where there’s fleas and dog flea bites, there’s bound to be flea dirt, which is the combination of flea fecal matter and the host’s blood. In fact, it’s actually easier to locate flea dirt than actual flea bites.

Flea-Borne Infection

Flea bites rarely result in lasting harm, says Dr. Klein. “However, flea bites can be dangerous because they may spread diseases that can be serious and, in some cases, even fatal.”

One of these diseases is the bartonella infection, which can cause fever, nosebleeds, and heart problems in dogs. Pups who ingest infected fleas risk acquiring tapeworms, with symptoms that include vomiting and diarrhea.

Anemia

Fleas are voracious parasites, so an infestation can cause the type of blood loss that leads to anemia, which Dr. Klein says is “extremely dangerous in very small or young puppies.” Symptoms of anemia include pale gums, increased fatigue, and appetite loss.

How to Treat Flea Bites on Dogs

If you suspect your dog has fleas, start by contacting your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment. The actual flea bites on dogs rarely require treatment, says Dr. Klein, “unless they become infected or if the animal is experiencing an allergic reaction called flea bite dermatitis.”  

Veterinarians will typically start by treating the flea outbreak itself, crafting a plan that incorporates killing adult fleas on the dog, ridding the home environment of fleas, and preventing future infestations.

They will generally prescribe medication in the form of prescription veterinary insecticides, most of which offer both prevention and treatment benefits. These medications are available in a variety of formulations, including:

• Fluralaner (found in Bravecto products)
• Fipronil (Frontline)
• Afoxolaner (Nexgard)
• Lotilaner (Credelio)
• Sarolaner (Simparica)
• Imidacloprid (Advantage)
• Sarolaner (Simparico) 

Prescription flea products should work quickly and effectively. “Most prescription flea products will begin killing fleas in one to four hours,” explains Dr. Weaver. “The itching and redness typically begins resolving as the flea burden reduces. For pets that have wounds caused by the pet biting/chewing at the skin, healing time varies for each pet but can range from 5 to 21 days, sometimes longer depending on severity.” 

If your pet is experiencing any symptoms and conditions associated with flea bites, like anemia or flea allergy dermatitis, your veterinarian will also address them in the process. For example, flea allergy dermatitis is typically treated with antihistamines and antibiotics, according to Dr. Klein.

The home must also be treated and cleaned, says Dr. Weaver. “This includes bedding, carpet or rugs, and mattress if the pet sleeps in the bed with the pet parent.”

Home Remedies for Flea Bites on Dogs

There really aren’t any reliable home remedies for flea bites on dogs, veterinarians say. “All medical treatment for parasitic conditions to an animal should be determined by a veterinarian,” recommends Dr. Klein. 

Some OTC treatments can actually be hazardous to your dog as well. With topical ointments, for example, “the pet may lick the area and ingest the ointment which has the potential of being toxic,” Dr. Klein adds.

Bathing your dog dog with a soothing, medicated shampoo, however, is one way to provide temporary relief from fleas, says Dr. Weaver. It’s important to choose a shampoo specifically formulated for dogs and be aware that some can interfere with topical tick and flea medicines. 

How to Prevent Flea Bites on Dogs

Flea and flea bite prevention are important to the health of all dogs, regardless of geographic location. Though fleas are more prevalent in warm and humid regions like the Southeast and Southern Plains, they can be found anywhere in the United States, even in cooler temperatures.

It’s much easier to prevent flea bites and infestations than it is to have to treat your dog and fumigate an entire home. Fortunately, managing fleas is straightforward. Veterinarians are always available to guide you in choosing the best flea prevention and treatment measures for your dog, and they agree that the easiest and most effective way to avoid flea infestations is with year-round flea medicine.

There are numerous flea preventive formulations available that accommodate busy lifestyles. These include topicals, chews (given every one to three months), and collars. Many of these also offer protection against ticks, roundworms, hookworms, or other pests. 

Other Practices to Help Prevent Flea Bites on Dogs

Check your dog for fleas. Regularly sift through your dog’s fur with a flea comb to search for fleas, flea dirt, or flea eggs. Another option is to hire a professional pet groomer to do it.

Practice good housekeeping. Vacuum rugs and carpets at least every other day. And since flea eggs are adept at hiding in cracks and nooks, make it a habit to mop and sweep the floors. It’s also essential to clean bedding (both yours and your dog’s) with soap and water to help control flea infestations.

Don’t forget about the backyard. If your outside area attracts wild animals, consider adding fencing or placing netting on plants as a deterrence. 

Bathe your dog. Veterinarians say giving your dog regular baths can help. An added benefit is that you get to spend quality bonding time with your pup.

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What Does a Tick Bite Look Like on a Dog?

A tick bite on a dog may appear as a small red bump on your dog’s skin. If your dog was exposed to Lyme disease, the bite may have a round and bull’s-eye type appearance as well. Tick bites are not full of fluid much like general insect bites.

These bites may go unnoticed if you do not check your dog routinely and remove ticks promptly. Begin by checking high-risk areas on your dog, including around and under the collar, the ears, eyelids, armpits, groin, and in between the toe pads. Ticks do not limit themselves to these areas, so be sure to thoroughly scan the remainder of your pet after checking these higher risk sections. 

Run your hands along the base of the dog’s coat of fur, feeling for any bumps or abnormalities. You may feel a scab where a tick may have previously been or may find the tick itself. Ticks can be various shades of gray, brown, and black. They may or may not be engorged (fed), and this causes their size to vary. 

If you do find a tick on your dog, it’s important to remove the tick as quickly as possible. 

How to Treat a Tick Bite on a Dog

Tick bites typically don’t require a lot of treatment, but it is important to clean the bite and monitor it for signs of disease or infection. Here are the steps for treating a tick bite on a dog.

Step 1: The first part in treating your dog’s tick bite is removal of the tick. It must be removed in its entirety to avoid secondary infections or discomfort to the pet. Removing the tick can be done with either tweezers or a tick-removal tool. Place ticks in alcohol after removal and save them for potential future identification by your veterinarian.

Step 2: After the tick has been removed, or if you notice a new tick bite on your dog, clean the area well with a skin antiseptic made for dogs. 

Step 3: Be sure to clean all instruments involved in the removal process with rubbing alcohol. Wash hands after removal and cleansing of the tick bite area. 

Step 4: Monitor the tick bite. Pay attention to the site of the tick bite for several days following removal and cleaning of the area. Most tick bites should heal once treated over the course of 2 to 5 days, but if the area is persistently red, spreading, or beginning to irritate your pet, consult with your veterinarian. Ticks can carry many unwanted illnesses such as Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and more, but your dog may not present with symptoms for weeks to months depending on the disease process. That’s why monitoring the bite area and your dog following a tick bit is so important.

Signs of an Infected Tick Bite on a Dog

Some indications that your dog’s tick bite may be infected include increased swelling at the site, pain, and draining of infection through milky (purulent) discharge. 

If you suspect your dog’s tick bite is infected, it is best to contact your veterinary team to determine if a visit is needed or if at-home care with antiseptics and antibiotic ointment may suffice depending on the severity of the infection. 

The way your veterinary team may treat the infected tick bite includes clipping the fur and cleaning the area thoroughly, as well as keeping the pet from traumatizing the area. Oral antibiotics may be sent home if the abscess is advanced enough, but if it is a very small area of local infection, then they may prescribe a higher strength topical treatment. 

Your veterinarian may also discuss screening your dog’s blood for exposure to tick-borne illnesses if they become symptomatic at a later date.

Preventing Ticks on Dogs

Keeping your canine companion on year-round flea and tick preventative medication can greatly reduce the risks for both acute and chronic complications. 

Additional ways that you can help limit your dog’s potential for having ticks include examining them routinely after outdoor activities and limiting time in areas where ticks may be more prevalent, such as in the brush and near trees and tall grasses. 

You may also consider treating your yard or environment with an appropriate pesticide that is safe for dogs to minimize their risk of exposure to ticks. 

With diligent preventive care and observation, you can make tick prevention an easy routine for you and your dog.

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Ticks are typically found in wooded areas, hiding in brush and tall grasses. They wait for a host to pass by, and when an opportunity presents itself, they will make a human or animal body their new home. Eventually, they attach themselves to a host’s skin and bury their heads under it in search of what’s called a “blood meal” (which is exactly what it sounds like). 

In the process of feasting, ticks with pathogens in their saliva can transmit them to their host. A tick needs to be attached for about 24 hours for a pathogen to transmit to a cat, says Dr. Diane Delmain, an associate professor at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. 

In this article, we’ll go over everything you need to know about ticks on cats, including how to remove and prevent ticks, lessening the chance of disease transmission.

Can Cats Get Ticks?

Yes, cats can definitely get ticks. Research published in 2016 suggested that nearly 19 percent of free-roaming cats in the central U.S. that were examined had ticks, and the cats with tick infestations had an average of nearly three ticks each on their bodies (1). 

Of course, indoor-only cats will have a lower rate of incidence, but they’re not immune from ticks. Most commonly, a human or indoor-outdoor animal, like a dog, brings the tick in on their body, and the tick decides that the resident feline is a more desirable host.

Dr. Delmain says cats are also less likely than dogs to be affected by ticks because they are fastidious groomers. “Many cats will groom ticks off, but some can be hard to find or reach, like those in their armpits or thighs,” she says. “While we don’t know of any cats who are genetically predisposed to tick attraction or attachment, those who have a harder time grooming than others because of age or weight may have a harder time removing them.”

Dr. Bruce Kornreich, the director of the Cornell Feline Health Center at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, adds that for similar reasons, long-haired cats may have a more difficult time removing ticks via grooming than their short-haired counterparts.

“We want all cat owners to be diligent, but it’s reasonable to recommend that people with cats with long hair should pay extra special attention and feel through all that fur and all the way down to the skin when checking for ticks,” he says.

Dangers of Ticks for Cats

A primary concern about ticks affecting cats is the increasing prevalence of these pests, due in large part to the effects of climate change. “Ticks are spreading across the country and are more prevalent in places that didn’t used to have them,” Dr. Delmain says. Tick season is also starting earlier and lasting longer, according to Dr. Kornreich.

But perhaps the most familiar tick-related danger – Lyme disease – is not something that impacts cats the way it does humans and dogs. “Cats seem to be pretty resistant to Lyme disease for reasons we don’t completely understand,” Dr. Kornreich says. “Generally speaking, they’re not nearly as susceptible as dogs and people.”

Instead, a disease called cytauxzoonosis (aka bobcat fever) is “the big, bad one” that most concerns veterinarians, according to Dr. Delmain. “Ten years ago, I would have said that all cats who get it die,” she notes. “Now, it’s closer to 60 percent, but it’s a lot of work to save the other 40 percent.”

Cytauxzoonosis affects the red and white blood cells. Cats with it can get really anemic, Dr. Delmain says, but early signs of bobcat fever are often really non-specific. “It’s more the things you see with a lot of other diseases, tick-borne or otherwise, including lethargy and not eating,” she says. The disease often progresses rapidly. Cytauxzoonosis can cause high fever, jaundice, labored breathing, shock, coma, and death.

What Does a Tick Look Like on a Cat?

Different species of ticks have a few unique physical characteristics, but they all tend to follow the same general pattern of flat, round body with six to eight legs protruding off it. How many legs a tick has depends on their life stage, with larval ticks having six legs and more mature ticks having eight legs.  After a blood meal, the tick’s flat body becomes engorged, and this makes it much easier to spot on a cat’s body, both by the eye and through touch, Dr. Kornreich says.

An engorged tick on a cat will be the size of a pea or slightly larger, Dr. Kornreich says. “It’s something most people would definitely recognize by feeling with their hands. People get freaked out, but ticks are much more difficult to identify before they’ve taken a blood meal.”

For this reason, brushing or petting your cat regularly will help you spot and remove ticks, and deal with any potential ill effects more quickly and easily. Plus, time may be of the essence in these situations because the earlier you remove the tick, the lower the risk of disease transmission.

Other Symptoms of Ticks on Cats

There aren’t necessarily any other inherent symptoms of a tick on a cat besides potential skin irritation that comes with attachment, but there are a host of symptoms that may accompany the variety of tick-borne illnesses cat parents should be aware of.

Outside of cytauxzoonosis, Dr. Kornreich cites tularemia as one of the more concerning tick-borne diseases. Also known as rabbit fever, tularemia is found everywhere in the United States outside of the southwest and Rocky Mountains, he notes. “Cats can also be infected, and this causes lethargy, abdominal pain, vomiting, and liver problems, among other symptoms.”

Two more diseases worth knowing, Dr. Kornreich says, are anaplasmosis and hemotropic mycoplasmosis (which used to be known as haemobartonella). Both may cause severe anemia in cats, while anaplasmosis also causes enlarged lymph nodes and stiff joints.

In addition to the familiar symptoms of lethargy and poor appetite, those infected with anaplasmosis may also limp or have trouble walking, as well as pass dark or bloody stools. Rapid weight loss, white or pale coloring of the gums, and jaundice may also accompany symptomatic cases of hemotropic mycoplasmosis.

How to Remove a Tick From a Cat 

Once you understand how to get rid of ticks on cats properly, it’s a pretty simple process. If a tick is attached, Dr. Delmain says, you can buy a “tick twister” if you don’t already have tweezers or forceps, which can also work for removal. Simply use one of these devices to grab the tick as close to its head as you can and pull it out with straight, steady traction. 

“If you don’t have any of those,” Dr. Delmain says, “some will detach with soap and water on a cotton ball.” Once you have the tick fully removed from your cat’s body, you can kill it by putting it in a jar of rubbing alcohol. Dr. Kornreich adds that it’s best to kill ticks without touching them. 

If you are concerned about removing a tick from your cat at home, your veterinarian or a veterinary technician can help with the procedure.

Monitoring Your Cat After a Tick Bite

Some tick-borne diseases will take time to develop, Dr. Kornreich says, so it’s important to monitor for common feline symptoms of illness, like lethargy, poor appetite, and weakness. Seek professional medical help for your cat right away if you see these. 

Otherwise, neither Dr. Kornreich nor Dr. Delmain says it’s necessarily essential that you take your cat into the vet if you find and detach a tick. It’s more about what symptoms or changes you observe.

“Any time you see a cat with clinical signs, bring them to the vet promptly,” Dr. Kornreich says. “And you should always bring them in once a year, and cats older than 10 years of age should make that visit twice a year.”

How to Prevent Ticks on Cats

“We have an amazing generation of tick preventatives right now,” Dr. Delmain says. “They will kill ticks within a couple hours of them getting on the cat, and because the tick-borne diseases need attachment to last for about a day to transmit, if a cat is on these medications, the ticks can’t attach long enough to spread the disease.” 

These tick preventatives for cats are available as oral or topical medications. They may kill one or more types of ticks, so check the label to see which species the medication protects against. For example, Credelio CAT is a tiny, tasty tablet that effectively kills the blacklegged tick (aka deer tick), the most common species infesting cats in the U.S. (2). This monthly chewable also kills fleas and treats and prevents flea infestations.

Dr. Delmain says there are also collars you can try that have similar positive effects as the other drugs, but it’s important to work with your veterinarian if you want to try any of these options. Your veterinarian can help you ensure that the tick collar is tight enough to be effective.

Dr. Kornreich adds that it’s also good to keep tick populations down on your property or anywhere you or your animals roam. “We recommend cats stay indoors, but if you allow them outside, there’s reason to expect that if a lawn is well-mowed, it’s less likely for ticks to be found there because they like places that are wooded and have tall grasses.”

References

1. Thomas, Jennifer E et al. “Ectoparasites of free-roaming domestic cats in the central United States.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 228 (2016): 17-22. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.034
2. Little, Susan E et al. “Ticks from cats in the United States: Patterns of infestation and infection with pathogens.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 257 (2018): 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.002

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According to Mark Cousins, DVM, DABVP (Feline Practice), of The Cat Practice Veterinary Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, it’s hard to know the true prevalence of heartworm disease in cats because most veterinarians do not routinely screen cats for heartworm. However, a 2020 study comparing heartworm prevalence for a random sample of 100 shelter dogs and 100 shelter cats from a heartworm-endemic region found that the rate of infection may be more similar between dogs and cats than previously thought (1).

“As a feline practitioner from New Orleans—where heartworm rates are known to be quite high in dogs—I can tell you that heartworm is also very common in cats,” says Dr. Cousins, who is on the board of directors for the American Heartworm Society. “Anyone with a cat who lives in an area known to have heartworm in dogs should also be concerned about protecting their cats.”

How Do Cats Get Heartworm?

Cats become infected with heartworms when they are bitten by a mosquito that carries heartworm larvae. The larvae develop into immature adults within the cat’s tissues and then enter the bloodstream. The immature adults become mature adult heartworms after reaching their ultimate destination—the heart and its associated vessels.

Unlike dogs, cats are not ideal hosts for heartworms, so although cats can become infected, heartworm disease is quite different in cats than dogs. “[Cats] can and do develop adult worms, but the majority of infections in cats are from immature worms that are eliminated before they reach the adult stage, thanks to the cat’s immune system,” Dr. Cousins says. “These immature worms are not harmless; they cause disease in the cat.”

According to Dr. Cousins, cats usually harbor less than six adult heartworms, and single-worm infections are common. Heartworm-infected dogs generally have a dozen or more adult heartworms, sometimes even carrying over 100 worms.

12 Heartworm Symptoms in Cats You Shouldn’t Ignore

Heartworm symptoms in cats range from very mild to severe. Because cat heartworm symptoms resemble those of other illnesses and diseases, they can sometimes be overlooked. According to the American Heartworm Society, some common signs of heartworm in cats include:

• Chronic coughing
• Asthma-like attacks
• Wheezing
• Vomiting
• Lack of appetite
• Weight loss
• Difficulty walking
• Fainting 
• Seizures
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)
• Collapse
• Sudden death

“Death from heartworm disease in cats typically occurs when an adult worm living inside the cat dies,” Dr. Cousins says. “This causes an acute respiratory disease syndrome. The death of just one adult worm inside a cat can cause a fatal reaction.”

Cat Heartworm Symptoms: Next Steps

If you’re worried that your cat might have heartworms, do not delay scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian. There are two simple blood tests veterinarians can use to screen cats for heartworm infection:

Antigen tests, which are used to screen dogs for heartworms, only detect the presence of adult female heartworms. Antigen tests are a useful tool to detect adult heartworms in cats, but only if a cat is harboring adult female worms. 

“A better screening test for cats is an antibody test, which tells the veterinarian that the cat has been infected with heartworms at some point in its past,” Dr. Cousins says. “This tells the veterinarian and owner that the cat has been exposed to and infected with heartworms and therefore is at risk.”

If a cat has a positive antibody test, the vet can perform an antigen test and/or heat-treated antigen test (which helps rule out potential false-negative test results) to see if adult worms are present. Chest X-rays and an ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) may also be recommended.

Dr. Cousins points out that most cats with adult heartworms can survive, especially if they receive good supportive care. “Anecdotal evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory medications like steroids, as well as a class of drugs called leukotrienes, can be helpful,” he says. 

Owners of cats that test positive for adult worms should talk to their veterinarian about spotting signs of acute respiratory disease, which can indicate that worm death is occurring. Supportive care at the veterinary clinic can help cats survive this critical time.

Do Cats Need Heartworm Prevention?

Pet parents might think that indoor cats don’t need to worry about heartworms, or that prevention is only needed in the summer months, but both of these assumptions are false. The American Heartworm Society recommends year-round heartworm prevention in all cats, including those that live primarily indoors. 

“Studies have shown that heartworm in cats is not limited to outdoor pets,” Dr. Cousins says. “Mosquitoes love to come indoors! And it only takes one feeding session by a mosquito to infect a cat. No one knows when the first and last mosquitoes of a so-called season will be present.” 

Mosquitoes can survive in colder climates due to elevated temperatures within urban “heat islands” (areas of warmth created by buildings and concrete). Mosquitoes can even live indoors, so it’s impossible to identify an entirely safe season when cats are not at risk of becoming infected with heartworms. 

“I also find that cat owners are better at adhering to heartworm prevention if they give a pill or apply a spot-on medication on a routine, year-round basis,” Dr. Cousins says.

Although effective treatment options are available for dogs with adult heartworms, there are no FDA-approved treatments for heartworms in cats. “This makes prevention especially important for cats, and there are safe and highly effective preventives out there for them,” Dr. Cousins says.

Every heartworm preventive for cats protects against multiple parasites. Revolution topical solution is formulated to prevent heartworm disease in cats while also protecting against fleas, ear mites, and harmful intestinal worms like roundworms and hookworms. roundworms and hookworms. Revolution Plus topical parasiticide does all that and more, offering protection against five species of ticks, including the black legged tick, which transmits Lyme disease.

Whichever heartworm preventative you choose for your cat, make sure you work with your veterinarian to find the right option for your cat’s age, weight, and risk level. You’ll need to have a negative heartworm test on file in order for your vet to prescribe heartworm prevention medication. And be sure to administer your cats monthly heartworm medication consistently for continuous protection, all year through.

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Toxoplasmosis is considered a public health concern because the infection can pass from cats to people during this shedding stage. A study recently estimated that 37.5 percent of domestic cats worldwide have been exposed to the parasite that causes this infection as demonstrated by the presence of antibodies within their blood. Additionally, about 2.6 percent of cats were shedding oocysts in their stool indicating a current, active infection. 

Because infected cats can pose a risk to humans, pet parents should understand what toxoplasmosis is and how to prevent their cats from becoming infected.

What Is Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. It affects many different types of animals and can result in a wide variety of symptoms. It is relatively common in cats but most are asymptomatic despite being infected with the parasite. 

This disease is also zoonotic, which means that it can spread from cats to people. Outdoor cats are much more likely to become infected compared to indoor cats due to their likelihood of coming into contact with contaminated soil or other animals who may be carrying the parasite.  

Causes of Toxoplasmosis in Cats

Cats can get toxoplasmosis when they ingest an infected rodent or bird, raw meat, or contaminated fecal material within the environment. 

In as little as three days after becoming infected, cats begin to shed oocysts in their stool. Shedding may continue for up to 20 days. After the oocysts are passed by the cat and exposed to the environment, they become infectious and can cause disease in other animals or people if accidentally ingested. Infected cats usually only actively shed oocysts once in their lives after their first exposure to Toxoplasma gondii. However, the parasite can enter the tissues of the cat and cause a chronic, inactive infection. If a cat becomes immunosuppressed, re-shedding of oocysts may occur.

Since toxoplasmosis can be passed from cats to humans, it is understandable that many pet parents may be concerned about exposure. This transmission occurs through accidental ingestion of infected fecal material, not by simply breathing in cat litter. Accidental ingestion can occur if a pet parent cleans the litter box of an infected cat and forgets to wash his or her hands afterwards before touching his or her mouth or eating a meal. Practicing good hand hygiene when tending to the litter box, such as wearing gloves and washing hands, can reduce the risk of infection in people.

Toxoplasmosis Symptoms in Cats

Many healthy cats do not show any signs that they have been infected by Toxoplasma gondii. However, when cats do show symptoms, they can be highly variable depending on the cat’s health status and age. 

Symptoms that may be seen in cats with toxoplasmosis include:

• Fever
• Lethargy
• Low appetite
• Difficulty breathing
• Jaundice
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting

This infection can also negatively affect the brain and eyes in some cats. Infected cats may experience the following symptoms:

• Confusion
• Incoordination
• Abnormal behaviors
• Head pressing
• Vocalizing
• Seizures
• Localized or generalized eye inflammation

Diagnosing Toxoplasmosis in Cats

Veterinarians will start with a physical exam and take a history from the pet parent to identify any abnormalities or clues as to what might be affecting the cat. If toxoplasmosis is suspected, a stool sample can be collected and examined under the microscope to identify oocysts that the cat may be shedding. Blood and other body fluids may be sent to a laboratory for more specific testing. 

Diagnosis can also be made by sending a tissue sample to a pathologist for review; however, this can be costly and is typically done post-mortem. Additional testing, such as X-rays, a neurological exam, and an eye exam can be performed to support a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis Treatment in Cats

Clindamycin, an antibiotic, is commonly prescribed for a period of 3 to 4 weeks to treat toxoplasmosis in cats. An anti-parasitic medication known as pyrimethamine in combination with an antibiotic called sulfadiazine may also be used. In many instances, no treatment is necessary in cats.

Some cats may require hospitalization if they are very ill from the infection. Treatment may consist of intravenous fluids and other necessary supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, until they are feeling better. Cats may be given additional treatment based on their presenting symptoms at the discretion of the veterinarian.

Treatment costs for toxoplasmosis can vary greatly depending on the symptoms the cat is experiencing and the types of treatment being administered. Clindamycin is given orally at home and can range from $20-$30 for a course of treatment. Supportive care or hospitalization can range from $500 or more. 

Follow up stool testing to identify whether oocyst shedding has stopped can also add additional costs to the final bill.

How to Prevent Toxoplasmosis in Cats

The best preventative measure pet parents can take to reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis in their cats is to keep them indoors. Since rodents are a reservoir for infection, ensuring the home is rodent-free is critical. 

If a cat does become infected, it is important to separate him from other cats within the household. This includes providing separate food and water bowls, separate bedding, and a separate litter box until the shedding of oocysts stops.  

If pet parents are unable to keep their cats inside, deterring rodents and birds from the property is helpful. Ensure outdoor cats always have access to clean, fresh water so they are not tempted to search for other water sources that could potentially be contaminated. Feeding cats dry food rather than a raw diet also reduces their risk of contracting the infection.

Pet parents may also be interested in learning how they can prevent infection in themselves if their cat is diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Cleaning the litter box every day can greatly reduce the risk of cat to human transmission. Oocysts that have been shed by an infected cat must be exposed to the environment for one to five days before becoming infectious. The exact time period will depend on environmental conditions, but cleaning the litter box each day is an important guideline to follow. 

Pet parents should always wash their hands after tending to the litter box or after coming into contact with any areas outdoors, such as sandboxes, that cats may have defecated in as well.

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Treatment of roundworms in cats is essential in order to prevent complications and stop the shedding of roundworm eggs into the environment.

What Are Roundworms?

Roundworms are large, round, parasitic worms that live in the small intestine of infected cats. The most common roundworm species in cats is Toxocara cati, though infection with other species is also possible. 

How Do Cats Get Roundworms?

Cats become infected with roundworms by ingesting roundworm eggs from the environment, or by ingesting other vertebrate hosts that are infected with roundworms, such as birds and rodents. Kittens can also be infected with roundworms while nursing. However, unlike dogs, which can be infected in utero, kittens cannot be infected with roundworms prior to birth.

After a cat ingests roundworm eggs, the roundworm larvae migrate through the liver and lungs before making their way back to the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. 

This migration may result in pulmonary disease, irritation of the stomach that induces vomiting, and inflammation of the intestines, which can cause diarrhea. However, many cats infected with roundworms are asymptomatic, particularly adult cats. 

Can Humans Get Roundworms from Cats?

Yes, humans can be infected with roundworms. Infection is most common in children and most often occurs due to infected soil at playgrounds or parks, or in sandboxes. 

Parents should make sure that children are not eating dirt and are not playing in areas where pets may have defecated. Infected cats shed roundworm eggs in their feces, so it is very important to clean up feces promptly and practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing.

Can You See Roundworms in Cat Poop or Vomit?

You may see adult roundworms in cat vomit. These worms are recognizable as being large, light tan in color, and having three prominent lips on one end. In general, however, pet owners typically do not see roundworms in cat poop or vomit. 

Roundworm eggs are shed in the feces of an infected cat, but these eggs are microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye. This is why routine fecal testing for parasites is very important to diagnose infections in cats that may otherwise be missed.

Symptoms of Roundworms in Cats

As stated above, many cats with roundworm infections, particularly adult cats, are asymptomatic. This means that these cats can be shedding roundworm eggs into their environments without their owners ever realizing there’s a problem.

When cats do develop signs of roundworm infection, symptoms can include:

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
• Poor hair coat
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Failure to thrive
• Intestinal obstruction
• Sudden death

Diagnosing Roundworms in Cats

To diagnose a roundworm infection in your cat, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

Physical Examination. Your veterinarian will perform a comprehensive head-to-tail physical examination on your cat, including palpating your cat’s abdomen, checking their weight, and assessing their hair coat. 

Fecal Floatation. Your veterinarian may recommend assessing a sample of your cat’s feces for the presence of roundworm eggs. Presence of eggs indicates a roundworm infection. False negatives may occur in some cases.

Fecal Antigen Testing. This test uses a sample of your cat’s feces to detect an antigen produced by both young and adult roundworms in your cat’s small intestine. Because it is not dependent on egg production, false negatives are less common than with fecal floatation testing. This test is typically performed in combination with a fecal floatation test.

Roundworm Treatment for Cats

Roundworms in cats can become severe enough to cause intestinal obstruction or even death, particularly in young kittens. It is important to treat a roundworm infection for the health of your cat and to prevent transmission of roundworms to other pets and people in the household. 

Cat roundworm treatment typically consists of a prescribed medication to be taken for a certain period of time.

Roundworm Medicine for Cats

A number of deworming medications are effective against cat roundworms. Your veterinarian may prescribe medications such as:

• Fenbendazole
• Milbemycin
• Moxidectin
• Pyrantel pamoate

The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the medication and the size of your cat. Treatment may be repeated at 2-3 week intervals to ensure the infection is cleared.

General Cost to Treat Roundworms in Cats

Fortunately, treatment for roundworms in cats is relatively inexpensive. Pet owners can expect to spend $20-$75, depending on the type of medication prescribed and the duration and frequency of the treatment.

How to Prevent Roundworms in Cats

There are a few ways to prevent roundworms from becoming an issue in your cat.

Kittens should be dewormed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, and then monthly until 6 months of age. Cats over 6 months of age should be treated with parasite control products effective against roundworms monthly. 

Promptly cleaning up feces and stopping ingestion of prey animals can also prevent a cat roundworm infection.

Related Conditions

• Hookworms
• Whipworms
• Giardia
• Coccidiosis

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Despite the major health risks posed by this disease and the rising number of cases throughout the US, a recent study found that only about 30 percent of US dog owners had purchased heartworm prevention within the last year (1). 

Keeping your dog on a monthly heartworm preventative medication, such as NexGard Plus or Interceptor Plus, is one of the best ways to keep your dog safe. But what happens if you miss a dose or if your dog is unprotected?

While most dog parents are somewhat familiar with the risk of heartworms they are often unfamiliar with dog heartworm symptoms. In this article, we will describe common dog heartworm symptoms that all dog parents should know. 

How Does a Dog Get Heartworm? 

Heartworm disease is caused by a parasitic worm, Dirofilaria immitis, which is transmitted through mosquito bites. When a mosquito takes a blood meal from a dog that is infected with heartworms, the juvenile heartworms in the blood (called microfilariae) develop into infective larvae inside the mosquito. These can then be transmitted to the next dog the mosquito bites, causing them to become infected. 

Any dog can become infected with heartworms. However, dogs with a higher risk of mosquito exposure — such as outdoor dogs, stray dogs, hunting dogs, and dogs living in the southeastern United States — are more likely to develop heartworm disease. 

Once infected, these worms can cause significant damage to the dog’s heart, lungs, blood vessels, and even the liver and kidneys. 

7 Dog Heartworm Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore

Often, dogs that are diagnosed with heartworms don’t show any abnormal symptoms at the time of their diagnosis. In fact, one study reported that 32 percent of dogs diagnosed with heartworms were asymptomatic (2). This is likely due to routine testing for heartworms, which allows veterinarians to catch this disease early on. 

The longer a dog is infected with heartworms, the more the worms reproduce, and the more likely the dog is to show symptoms of heartworm infection. 

The tricky thing is that many of these symptoms aren’t specific to heartworm in dogs. They are also commonly observed in many other dog diseases and ailments. For this reason, an assessment by a veterinarian is crucial to help determine the cause. 

Still, in order to get that assessment, pet parents need to know what to look for. So here’s a helpful overview of heartworm symptoms in dogs to watch out for.  

What are the First Signs of Heartworms in Dogs?  

1. Coughing 

After migrating through the skin and muscles, juvenile heartworms enter the chest cavity and lungs. They fully mature within the pulmonary arteries, where they will live out their life cycle, which can span 5 to 7 years. 

Since heartworms are not a normal part of a dog’s body, the immune system reacts to the worms causing widespread inflammation. In the lungs, this inflammation causes a pesky dry cough that won’t go away. For this reason, any time a dog has a persistent cough, a visit to the veterinarian is in order for heartworm testing and evaluation.

2. Exercise Intolerance

Another early sign of heartworm disease is difficulty exercising or a sudden reluctance to exercise. 

This can happen for many reasons. But when a dog has heartworms, adult worms living in the blood vessels of the lungs cause those vessels to narrow and not work as well as they should. That can prevent the lungs from exchanging oxygen efficiently. And because moving the body requires oxygen-rich blood, exercise may be more difficult for dogs with heartworms

If you normally take your dog on an hour-long daily walk, and suddenly your pup can’t walk for 20 minutes without wanting to lay down, it’s time for a visit to the vet. 

3. Lethargy

As with infections of any kind, heartworms can make dogs more sleepy and lethargic because their body is busy trying to fight the infection. The direct impact heartworms have on a dog’s heart and lung performance can also contribute to lethargy and low energy. 

Symptoms of Late-Stage Heartworm Disease in Dogs

4. Weight Loss

Advanced heartworm infections can cause dogs to lose weight. As heartworms take up residence in a dog’s pulmonary arteries for longer periods of time, this forces their body to have to work harder to perform basic bodily functions, such as breathing and pumping blood.

This increased exertion requires more calories to sustain it. However, dogs with heartworms typically don’t make up for this need by eating more food. Instead, the inflammation caused by the worms makes infected dogs feel less hungry, which contributes to the weight loss. 

5. Labored Breathing

Another late-stage sign of heartworm disease is labored breathing, which is often a symptom of right-sided heart failure. 

Over time, the right side of the heart has to pump harder and harder to push blood through the narrowed, heartworm-damaged pulmonary arteries. Eventually, this can lead to heart failure and often labored or rapid breathing. Labored breathing should always be treated as an emergency and you should not delay seeking veterinary care, should this occur. 

6. Swollen Belly

The right-sided heart failure seen in late-stage heartworm disease can also lead to a buildup of fluid in a dog’s belly. This condition, known as ascites, occurs when fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity because the heart isn’t pumping properly. This causes a dog’s belly to appear more rounded or swollen. 

7. Collapse

Sudden collapse or fainting episodes, called syncope, can be seen in dogs with advanced heartworm disease. This can be a result of heart failure or caval syndrome. 

Caval syndrome is a severe complication of heartworm disease in which heartworms become lodged in the right side of the heart. The worms become tangled and prevent the heart chambers from properly closing. This clump of worms also causes red blood cells to burst, leading to severe anemia and weakness. 

Caval syndrome requires emergency surgery in order to prevent death and even then the chances of survival aren’t great. For this reason, should your dog suddenly collapse, it is important to seek emergency veterinary care right away. 

Heartworm Symptoms in Dogs: Next Steps

If your dog is not on year-round heartworm prevention medicine, and you notice any of the symptoms described above, it is important to consult with your veterinarian about the possibility of heartworm disease. 

A veterinarian can usually perform a quick heartworm test during your visit to provide an answer right away. And even if your dog tests negative for heartworms, your veterinarian may be able to diagnose another health concern with similar symptoms before it becomes more serious.

However, ignoring symptoms of heartworm disease or skipping annual heartworm tests could prove deadly, because it reduces your chances of catching the disease when it is still treatable. 

Heartworm treatments for dogs are most effective when the infection is detected before symptoms develop. A dog with heartworm symptoms can still benefit greatly from treatment. However, the cost of treatment is typically higher. And some things, like lung damage, are often permanent.

Do Dogs Need Heartworm Prevention? 

Heartworm in dogs is a serious disease that poses a significant threat to your pet’s health even if it is treated. So preventing heartworm disease from happening is much preferable to treating the disease, whether your dog is diagnosed when asymptomatic or after symptoms develop. 

The good news is that this disease is almost 100 percent preventable with proper, consistent use of preventatives, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association. And whether your dog prefers a topical treatment or oral medication, there are plenty of heartworm prevention options to choose from.

Many oral heartworm medications come in the form of a flavored chewable. For example, NexGard Plus is a beef-flavored soft chew that provides flea and tick protection, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls roundworms and hookworms. If your pet is already covered against fleas and ticks, Interceptor Plus is a tasty chew to consider that protects dogs against heartworm disease, adult hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and whipworm infections. Topical solutions are a good option for dogs who don’t like to take oral medications. Simply apply monthly to your dog’s coat, just between the shoulder blades, to prevent heartworm disease and protect against other types of parasites.

Just note that your vet will require a negative heartworm test before prescribing any heartworm preventative, and annual heartworm tests are recommended.

The American Heartworm Society recommends dog parents in all 50 states administer year-round, FDA-approved heartworm prevention medication for dogs, as well as limit dog exposure to mosquitos and their breeding environments. 

Talk to your veterinarian about which heartworm prevention is best suited for your dog, based on your pet’s risk factors and lifestyle.

The post 7 Dog Heartworm Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We get it. All species of ticks are gross, but the ick factor is nothing compared to their potential to transmit tick-borne diseases to your dog.

Different tick species can carry different diseases and pose a variety of risks to your canine companions. In this article, we’ll be focusing on the brown dog tick and what you need to be aware of if your dog is bitten by one.

What Is a Brown Dog Tick?

As you may have guessed, the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) was named for its color. These parasites are reddish-brown in color and have elongated bodies.

Nymphs (younger ticks) grow up to 1.3 millimeters long and 0.66 millimeters wide, with four pairs of legs. Adult brown dog ticks also have four pairs of legs and the same reddish-brown coloring but grow up to 3.18 millimeters long and 1.68 millimeters wide. After a blood meal, engorged female brown dog ticks can increase their size 100-fold.

The brown dog tick can be found in all 50 states, and it’s the most widespread species in the world. And even though brown dog ticks prefer tropical and temperate climates, the blood-sucking parasites can survive indoors anywhere in the world, says Dr. Katie Clow, veterinarian and assistant professor at Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph. “Because dogs move all around the world, either with their owners or to find new homes, these ticks can be transported vast distances and end up in new places,” she explains.

In fact, Dr. Clow notes that one of the things that makes the brown dog tick unique is the fact that it thrives in indoor environments, including homes and kennels that are too arid for other tick species to survive.

“When [brown dog ticks] are not actively looking for a host…like a dog, they can hide in cracks and crevices within the home,” she adds.

Brown Dog Tick vs. Deer Tick

The deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) is another common tick species. It’s found mainly along the east coast of the United States, especially in forests, meadows, and wetlands where white-tailed deer are plentiful. Dogs pick up the ticks while hiking or running through these areas.

At first glance, the deer tick might be mistaken for a brown tick, but a closer look reveals some distinct differences between the species. For starters, male deer ticks are dark brown to black in color, and female deer ticks have colorful orangish-red markings on their backs.

Both male and female deer ticks have dark heads with dark spots behind their heads (called a dorsal shield) and four pairs of legs that are dark brown to black in color, earning them the nickname “blacklegged tick.” 

5 Brown Dog Tick Dangers

Brown dog ticks are known to carry diseases that can be potentially dangerous to our canine companions, causing symptoms ranging from mild illness to death. Let’s go over some of the most common brown dog tick diseases, as well as the dangers associated with them.

Anaplasmosis

Deer ticks and Western black-legged ticks are typically associated with anaplasmosis, but one form of the disease, Anaplasma platys, is transmitted by the brown dog tick.

Symptoms like lameness, joint pain, fever, and lack of appetite most commonly appear within one to seven days after an infected brown dog tick bites a canine. In more severe cases, dogs may experience vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, trouble breathing, and seizures.

Antibiotics are used to treat the disease. The prognosis is good, with most dogs showing significant signs of improvement within 24 to 48 hours of starting treatment.

Babesiosis

Brown dog ticks can transmit a number of Babesia species, intracellular parasites that attack red blood cells. The most common symptoms of babesiosis include fever, anemia-related low energy and weakness, and low platelets that can increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. 

“The symptoms range from mild to severe, with younger animals generally experiencing more severe disease,” Dr. Clow says.

Babesiosis is treated with a number of different medications. However, eliminating this organism can be challenging. Some dogs remain chronically infected, despite aggressive treatment.

Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis can cause symptoms ranging from fever, low energy, and lack of appetite to weight loss and nosebleeds. These symptoms usually occur one to four weeks after infection. 

Although treatment for acute ehrlichiosis is available and can lead to recovery, some dogs don’t show any symptoms and are never treated. This can lead to infected dogs becoming “subclinical” carriers of the bacteria. “This means brown dog ticks that bite them can pick up the bacteria and then transmit it to other dogs,” Dr. Clow says. “It also means they may develop the chronic phase of disease, which can be severe and fatal.” 

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and brown dog ticks are among the species that transmit the bacterium. “Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a severe and potentially fatal disease in dogs,” Dr. Clow says.

The main symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of balance, seizures, swelling of the limbs and muscle/joint pain that can make it difficult to walk, and other neurological signs.

Humans can also be diagnosed with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. While you can’t get the disease from your dog, you can get it from tick bites, so it’s important to check yourself for ticks after being in the same environments as potentially infected brown dog ticks.

Hepatozoonosis 

Unlike other tick-borne diseases that are transmitted when an infected tick bites a dog, hepatozoonosis infection occurs when dogs ingest an infected tick. Hepatozoon, a single-celled organism, is released from the ingested tick into the dog’s intestine and travels through the liver, lungs, and other organs and bone marrow.

Hepatozoonosis can be found throughout the United States but it’s more common in warmer climates, including the southern and southeastern regions of the country. Most hepatozoon cases associated with brown dog ticks are asymptomatic, but signs may include fever, weight loss, and lethargy. Medications are used to manage the signs associated with symptomatic infection, but the infection typically cannot be cured.

Brown Dog Tick Symptoms

Dr. Clow notes that “tick bites are rarely noticed,” so it’s also a good idea to be on the lookout for signs that your dog may be sick from a tick-borne disease, including:

• Lethargy
• Joint pain
• Poor appetite
• Dark-colored urine
• Fever
• Muscle wasting
• Swollen lymph nodes

If you notice any of these symptoms, call your veterinarian.

What to Do if You Find a Brown Dog Tick on Your Dog

If a brown dog tick has chosen your pup as its host, grab the tweezers (or a tick removal tool)! You’ll need to remove it and you may want to take it to your veterinarian to have the species identified and talk about the next steps. 

You may also need to contact an exterminator. “If you find repeated brown dog ticks on your dog, you could have a home infestation,” says Dr. Clow. “Especially if you live in colder climate areas where ticks are not known to be found outdoors.”

Brown Dog Tick Bite Prevention

You might not always be able to prevent a brown dog tick from biting your dog, but you can take action to prevent the parasites from transmitting disease.

It’s important to do regular “tick checks” to make sure that a brown tick isn’t using your dog for a blood meal. Check your dog’s entire body but pay special attention to the head, ears and back, between their toes, and the area where their legs meet their bodies, which are favorite spots for brown dog ticks to attach.

But the best way to prevent brown dog ticks and other tick species is to give your dog regular flea and tick preventatives. “Pet parents should consider veterinary prescribed tick preventatives that are effective against brown dog ticks,” Dr. Clow says.

These easy-to-administer products can kill ticks as soon as they bite your dog, preventing disease transmission and ensuring your dog stays healthy. 

The post Brown Dog Tick: 5 Dangers for Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

We encourage you to contact your veterinarian if your dog is exhibiting abnormal symptoms after a tick bite. And although removing a tick from a dog isn’t too complicated once you get used to it, don’t be afraid to ask for help. “Most veterinarians will remove ticks in their office, so if you are not comfortable removing yourself, it is okay to consult the professionals,” says Dr. Katie Pagan, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland. 

Dog Tick Removal: What You’ll Need

These items will help ensure safe dog tick removal and make the process easier.

• A tick removal tool. The best way to remove ticks from dogs is to use a specialty tool. They’re available in a variety of designs including specialized tick tweezers, tick keys, tick scoops, and tick twisters.

• Plastic gloves. Because ticks can transmit disease to humans, it’s always better to be safe. “Experts agree that it is best if the person removing the tick wears protective gloves to prevent possible infection,” says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City.

• Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. This has multiple uses, such as lessening the tick’s grip on your dog’s skin, killing the tick after removal, and disinfecting your tick tool.

• A lidded container or plastic storage bag. A container or bag provides a place to kill and dispose of the tick after it’s been removed, or to safely hold it if you need to bring it to your veterinarian for inspection.

• Antibiotic ointment or antiseptic. You’ll use this to clean the bite spot and prevent infection after removing the tick.

• A magnifying glass. Ticks are small, so having a magnifier can make it easier to find them.

• A dog treat. A favorite treat or food placed in a dog puzzle toy is a good way to keep your dog occupied and calm during the process.

How to Remove a Tick from a Dog

Before getting started, be sure you know how to identify a tick. They’re generally small and brown with a hard oval body and eight legs, and they can resemble a skin tag when embedded in the skin.

Once you know what to look for, you can start removing the tick from your dog.

Removing a Tick with Tweezers

Tweezers can be used on all sizes of ticks, and because they’re made of metal, they can easily be sterilized. One thing to consider is that tweezers have sharp ends, which can inadvertently stick your dog during the process.

Step 1: Prepare for tick removal. Gather all your supplies and have a dog treat ready in case you need to distract your pup. Then put on your gloves and get ready to locate the tick.

Step 2: Distract your dog. If your dog is not a fan of sitting still, try offering a treat, puzzle-toy, or lick mat with peanut butter as a means of distraction. It will be easier to remove the tick if your dog isn’t trying to get away from you.

Step 3: Locate and stabilize the tick. Part your dog’s fur to find the tick, then work to loosen its grip. “Placing a small amount of rubbing alcohol on a cotton ball and applying the cotton ball directly on top of the tick can sometimes work in backing the tick off of the skin,” says Dr. Pagan.

Step 4. Grasp the tick and pull it out. Now you’re ready for the actual dog tick removal part. To do this, firmly grasp the tick as close to the dog’s skin as possible, recommends Dr. Klein. “In a sustained, non-twisting motion, gently but firmly pull the tick out of the dog. Avoid bursting the tick on the dog to prevent infection.”

Veterinarians say it can help to aim for grabbing the head and mouth area.

Using a Dog Tick Removal Tool

There are several different types of tick removal tools, so we’re going to go over how to properly use each one. 

Regardless of which tool you use, the first two steps listed above (prepare for tick removal and locate and stabilize the tick) will remain the same. Starting with step 3, here’s what you need to know about extracting a tick with different types of dog tick removal tools.

Tick Key

This tool resembles a metal key with a slot on the end. It’s simple to use, can easily be sterilized, and doesn’t have sharp edges. It may not be effective at removing smaller ticks, however.

How to use it: Instead of grabbing the tick as you would with tweezers, move the tick key across your dog’s skin, making sure the slot moves over the tick. Do this until the tick is removed.

Tick Scoop

A tick scoop is shaped like a measuring spoon, except that it has a v-shaped notch on the end for grabbing and removing the tick. This tool may not be as effective at grabbing smaller ticks, and because it’s made of plastic, it’s not as easy to disinfect as metal.

How to use it: Place the spoon’s notch on the skin near the tick, and using light pressure, slide the spoon forward so that the notch covers the tick. Keep sliding it forward until the tick is removed.

Tick Twister

This tool looks like something you might use in your garden to aerate soil and remove weeds. Tick twisters are available in two sizes, though both versions may be a bit cumbersome for pet parents with large hands and dogs with long fur.

How to use it: Slide the end of the twister toward the tick until it becomes stuck between the prongs. Then gently lift and twist it two or three times, and pull it up when the tick has released its mouth from your dog’s skin.

How to Remove a Tick Head from a Dog

If you’ve successfully removed the tick’s body but the head is still stuck in your dog’s skin, don’t panic. “The skin will eventually push the rest of the tick out over the next few days or weeks,” says Dr. Pagan.

Some dogs, she adds, may experience a reaction that can cause dermatitis, or a small area of redness on the skin, she adds. “Your vet may prescribe medication for this if it is severe, but most of the time it is very mild and goes away on its own once the entire tick is gone.”

You can always ask your veterinarian for guidance if the tick head is still embedded in the skin.

Things to Avoid When Removing Ticks from Dogs

There are some items that while convenient to use, are not recommended for removing ticks from dogs.

Your hands and fingers. Using your hands is an ineffective way to remove a tick, plus “It could burst and pass infectious bacteria into small cuts in your skin,” says Dr. Klein.

Improper tick remover tools. It may be tempting to use something you have around the house (like a credit card or lit match) for dog tick removal, but don’t. “These methods are riskier and may not cause proper removal of the tick,” Dr. Klein warns.

Olive oil. According to Dr. Klein, Some people have tried placing olive oil on the site to suffocate the tick, but he doesn’t recommend it. “This may make the tick too slippery to remove properly,” he explains.

Petroleum jelly. This is another slippery substance that “tends to irritate the skin more,” says Dr. Pagan. Petroleum jelly can also cause a tick to regurgitate saliva into the wound, which increases the risk of infection.

Vinegar. Apple cider vinegar has antiseptic and antibacterial properties and other beneficial uses for dogs. Still, Dr. Pagan recommends against using it to remove ticks because “It tends to irritate the skin more.”

Soap and water. Though soap and water is a must for washing your hands and the tick tool, current evidence shows that it’s minimally effective at removing a tick from a dog. It’s better to use tweezers or a proper tick removal tool.

What to Do After Removing a Tick from Dog

Now that you’ve removed the tick, there are a few important follow-up steps to remember.

Kill and dispose of the tick. You can kill the tick by dousing it in rubbing alcohol, says Dr. Klein. “Then either flush it down the toilet or place it in an airtight container and bring [it] into your vet in case they would like to visualize the tick and submit it for analysis.”

Apply an antiseptic to your dog’s skin. Veterinarians recommend dabbing some alcohol on a cotton ball to the area of the dog’s skin to help prevent infection. Or you can use an antibacterial cream or ointment designed for pets. 

Search for other ticks. Once a tick has been introduced into your home, it’s easy for them to reproduce, so be diligent about looking for others. “It is imperative to search your dog for any additional ticks,” says Dr. Pagan. If you do find one, repeat the steps for removing a tick with your tool.

Wash your hands and sterilize your equipment. Because humans are at risk for developing tick-borne illnesses, experts recommend washing your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water after removing a tick from a dog. You should also wash your tick removal tool with rubbing alcohol or soap.

Monitor your dog for signs of dermatitis. If your dog’s skin appears red and irritated, contact your veterinarian, recommends Dr. Pagan. “Most cases of tick dermatitis are mild, but if it is severe, your vet may need to prescribe medication.”

How to Prevent Tick Bites on Dogs

Though no technique is foolproof for preventing tick bites, a few basic practices can go a long way.

Use Proper Preventatives

Using a year-round preventative on your dog is essential. Formulas are usually combined with flea preventative medicine and come in a variety of forms including topical ointments, collars, and chews. “These products will kill the ticks right away before they have the chance to transmit any diseases,” says Dr. Pagan. Your veterinarian can recommend the product most appropriate for your dog.

Check Your Dog for Ticks on a Regular Basis

By performing daily tick checks on your dog, you’re in a better position to eradicate it and stop the spread of any disease. This is especially helpful, says Dr. Klein, “if [you’re] living in an endemic area or have pursued activities in areas such as grassy or sandy environments.”

​​Ticks like to hide around dogs’ ears and between the toes, so pay close attention to these areas and other “hidden” locations.

Maintain Good Sanitation Practices

Wash and (if needed) disinfect any blankets and sheets your dog sleeps on, and regularly vacuum your rugs, furniture, and drapes, Dr. Klein recommends. And don’t forget to clean your outdoor area. “Keep wood piles and leaves cleaned and away from your home,” he adds. Since ticks feed on other animals, finding ways to deter wildlife from entering your yard can also help reduce the risk.

The post How to Remove a Tick from a Dog appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If your dog has been diagnosed with heartworm disease, it may feel overwhelming and scary. You may wonder what a dog’s life expectancy after heartworm treatment is, and you may not know the right course of action to take. Fortunately, your veterinarian is an excellent resource for all of your questions. Read on to learn more about heartworm treatment for dogs and what to expect.

Dog Heartworm Treatment Plan: What to Expect

Dogs usually require treatment for heartworms in the following situations:

• You missed your dog’s heartworm prevention, you live in an area with heartworm disease, and your dog tests positive for heartworms
• You have adopted a dog who tested positive for heartworm disease
• You didn’t know that your dog had heartworm disease until they were tested

The goals of heartworm treatment for dogs are to improve the health of the dog and eliminate all life stages of the parasite from their body. The type of treatment your veterinarian will recommend depends on several things:

• How sick your dog is from heartworm
• If your dog has any other health conditions
• How many worms they are carrying

If your dog is not exhibiting any symptoms of heartworm disease, then treatment is generally straightforward and successful. If your dog is sick from heartworms, then they will need to be stabilized before starting treatment to eliminate heartworms. This may require that they receive intravenous medications, such as steroids, diuretics, blood pressure medication, heart medication, and fluid therapy. Sometimes, dogs are carrying so many worms that they require surgical removal of worms. Treating these patients can be very difficult, which is why heartworm prevention is so important in dogs. 

The American Heartworm Society recommends that all dogs undergoing treatment for heartworm disease, whether they are sick or not, are hospitalized while they are receiving and recovering from medication injections to kill worms. This is because it is critical that they stay very quiet while they are receiving medication to eliminate the worms. Overheating, excitement, or exercise during treatment—and for 6-8 weeks after the last medication injection—are the most significant factors contributing to life-threatening heart and lung complications associated with heartworm disease treatment, including death from pulmonary thromboembolism. It is best that a dog go on cage/kennel rest as soon as they are diagnosed with heartworm disease.

In some cases, your veterinarian may elect to pre-treat your dog with medication before starting injections to eliminate the worms. These medications can be given at home (and are covered in more detail in the “Dog Heartworm Medicine” section of this article). 

For most dogs, heartworm treatment takes about four months from beginning to end. However, expect some testing to be required after treatment has stopped, and plan to keep your dog on heartworm prevention continually after they are treated. 

Dog Heartworm Treatment Cost

Cost of heartworm disease varies, but in general, you can expect the following:

• Initial physical examination and heartworm test: $75-$125
• Confirmation tests: $25-$45 
• Additional tests (chest X-rays, chest ultrasound): $250-$1,000
• Pre-treatment medications: $50-$100
• Heartworm prevention to kill heartworm larvae: $20-$60
• Injections to kill adult heartworms: $500-$1,500
• Hospitalization during injections: $20-$40/day
• Follow-up veterinary visits and testing: $100-$150
• Surgery costs: $3,000-$6,000

If your dog is very sick or requires multiple rounds of treatment, the cost goes up.

Heartworm disease in dogs treatment can be costly. Pet insurance, emergency credit lines, savings accounts, and payment plans can all help with the cost of veterinary bills. In addition, if you can afford part of the treatment but not all, talk to your veterinarian—they can offer options that can still help your dog.

Dog Life Expectancy After Heartworm Treatment

Dog life expectancy after heartworm treatment varies. Heartworms cause serious inflammation and damage to the heart and lungs. The longer a dog is infected with heartworms, the more damage occurs. Dog life expectancy after heartworm treatment depends on how much damage was done, how the dog tolerates treatment, and the overall health of the dog. 

In general, dogs that are asymptomatic for heartworm disease can live a long, healthy life free of symptoms after treatment. Dogs who are sick with heartworm disease and have symptoms (cough, exercise intolerance, etc.) have a poorer prognosis with treatment. Your veterinarian will be able to best advise you of your dog’s life expectancy after treatment. 

Dog Heartworm Medicine

Dogs who are initially diagnosed with heartworms are given several medications to weaken adult worms, kill worm larvae, and reduce side effects associated with killing adult worms. 

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is often given for four weeks prior to administration of melarsomine to kill a bacteria called Wolbachia, which is often present with heartworms. This drug often minimizes side effects associated with melarsomine and kills worm larvae.

If a dog is showing signs of heartworm disease (coughing, etc.), they will also be pre-treated with steroids and other medications before melarsomine injections. 

Heartworm prevention medication is often administered for eight weeks before giving melarsomine to kill worm larvae. 

Melarsomine is the only drug approved by the FDA to kill adult heartworms. It is administered by an injection into muscle. After each injection, dogs must be kept as quiet as possible while worms die. This equates to six to eight weeks of rest, no exceptions. Most dogs need to be crated or kenneled to stay quiet, and they must be kept on a leash to do their business. If you have guests over, ensure that your dog remains crated in a separate, quiet room to minimize stress and excitement. Remember—this is for your dog’s own good.

Additional medications that may be prescribed include aspirin or heparin to reduce clotting or risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. There is no natural heartworm treatment for dogs.

After treatment, dogs should be given heartworm prevention monthly for the duration of their lifespan. If they have any lingering symptoms associated with inflammation caused by the worms, they will be prescribed medication to manage those. 

How to Treat Heartworm in Dogs at Home

Letting a dog who is undergoing treatment for heartworms exercise or get excited is a serious no-no can result in serious adverse side effects. However, it can be challenging to keep dogs quiet. Here are some tips that can help you:

• Keep your dog indoors and in a large kennel/crate most of the time
• Keep your dog on a leash when they urinate/defecate
• Keep on-leash walks very short and slow; allow your dog to sniff for 10 minutes several times a day
• Refrain from having visitors to your home if that makes your dog excited
• Spend lots of time with your dog just hanging out
• Utilize food puzzles and long-lasting chews
• Reduce overall calories by 20 percent to prevent weight gain while confined
• Train your dog to follow quiet commands while crated
• Utilize over-the-counter calming aids
• If you are struggling, talk to your vet and ask them for advice or additional tools
• If your dog had surgery, monitor the surgical site daily for two weeks for any signs of inflammation and infection, such as redness, swelling, discharge, or odor

Heartworm Treatment for Dogs: Tips and Advice

Most dogs will have lower energy while being treated for heartworms. Signs that your dog is experiencing serious side effects of heartworm treatment in dogs and that you need to call a veterinarian immediately include:

• Pale gums
• Coughing
• Extreme lethargy
• Paralysis/dragging legs/can’t get up
• Confusion
• Swelling, redness, or discharge from injection site

Heartworm poses a grave risk to dogs. The longer they remain in a dog’s heart and lungs, the greater the damage to the cardiopulmonary system, the greater the risk of illness and death, and the higher likelihood that heartworms will be spread to other dogs. While heartworm treatment can feel overwhelming, remember you are doing the right thing and giving your dog the best chance at a healthy life by choosing to have them treated.

The post Dog Heartworm Treatment Plan: Steps and What to Expect appeared first on Great Pet Care.

“Fleas are small insects that survive by feeding on animal or human blood,” explains Dr. Kathryn Duncan, DVM, Ph.D., DACVM, a parasitology field specialist at Merck Animal Health. “They’re found in many geographical locations and environments—even indoors—and can affect cats of all ages and breeds.”

To protect both pets and humans from these nasty critters, we’ve rounded up the most effective options for preventing fleas on cats. 

Flea Prevention for Cats: Why It’s Important

Once fleas find a steady food source, like your cat, they tend to remain on that animal. However, their eggs will fall off into the environment, becoming scattered throughout your home. These eggs will eventually hatch and become larvae, and then they will grow into biting adults. Once fleas invade your home, it could take months to get rid of them. 

“Fleas cause irritation and skin allergies, and can transmit other parasites such as tapeworms to your cat,” Dr. Duncan says. “In kittens, fleas can cause fatal anemia if present in large numbers.”

When not biting your cat—commonly around their neck, ears, and tail—fleas happily feast on humans. Duncan warns that fleas don’t just cause itchy welts; they can spread diseases to us, such as flea-borne typhus and cat scratch disease (CSD). 

In order to prevent the risky and unpleasant effects of fleas, it’s essential to ensure that all of your pets receive veterinarian-recommended flea prevention on a regular basis.

How to Prevent Fleas on Cats: 5 Methods to Try

Fleas are a problem for many cats; just ask Dr. Patrik Holmboe, DVM, who says treating and discussing cat flea prevention is an everyday occurrence at his Amsterdam-based clinic. But there’s good news: flea infestations are typically preventable—when your cat is routinely treated with preventative flea medication, he says.

While there are many ideas when it comes to flea prevention for cats, Dr. Duncan says she only trusts Federal Drug Administration (FDA)- or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved products to be effective and safe.

In addition to giving prescription flea prevention for cats, the following steps can also help reduce the risk of fleas entering your home:

Limit travel. Anywhere other pets have been, like a boarding facility, is at risk of harboring fleas.

Keep a sanitary home. Rodents have their own fleas, but despite the name (rat fleas), they’ll happily hop onto you or your cat. 

Limit outdoor exposure. Even if your cat doesn’t venture outdoors, fleas from the environment can latch onto shoes or clothing from other flea-infested homes.

Don’t share pet supplies. This is especially true for any brushes, pet clothing, or carriers from friends or the thrift store. If bringing home any secondhand supplies, transport them in a sealed plastic bag and immediately wash them once home.   

Limit exposure to other pets. Since fleas can jump from pet to pet or humans—yes, dogs can give fleas to humans and cats—avoid spending time with any pets that aren’t treated with flea control medication. 

Vacuuming your home and furniture continuously for about three weeks is a crucial step in eradicating an established flea infestation. However, the veterinarians we spoke to say deep cleaning, pesticides, and natural remedies will not stop fleas from hitching a ride on your pet. Treating your home is unlikely to be fruitful unless you take steps to prevent reinfestation.

Remember, these measures are not as beneficial as the year-round use of an effective flea prevention product. To truly prevent fleas, you’re going to need to work with your veterinarian to develop a flea prevention plan. 

Flea Preventatives for Cats: Options to Consider

According to Drs. Holmboe and Duncan, preventative flea medication is the number one way to protect your cat, yourself, and your home from fleas. 

“We are lucky there are options for effective and safe flea control in cats, and product recommendations vary based on individual preferences,” Dr. Duncan says. When in doubt about the best flea prevention for cats, consider these options, then talk to your veterinarian.   

Topical Flea Treatment for Cats 

FDA- and EPA-approved topical or spot-on flea treatments for cats are a safe and effective way to prevent fleas—if applied correctly, our experts stress. “This involves placing the product on the animals’ skin, not their fur,” Dr. Holmboe says. “Additionally, make sure the animal doesn’t lick it off or otherwise get the medication washed off within 24 hours of application.” Some products are absorbed through the skin and enter the bloodstream [1, 2], while many topical preventatives instead distribute across your cat’s skin and oil glands.

A compelling perk of topical flea medications for cats is that they may protect your pet against other parasites, such as heartworms, hookworms, ear mites, and ticks, in addition to killing and preventing fleas. Topical flea treatments for cats should be applied every one to three months, depending on the medication you choose. Read the product label or ask your veterinarian if you have questions about the dosing frequency for your cat’s flea prevention.

Oral Flea Treatment for Cats

Oral medication is Dr. Holmboe’s go-to method of flea prevention for cats, and it works very quickly. Medications with the active ingredient nitenpyram, for example, start killing fleas within 30 minutes of taking the pill [3], however this product only remains in the bloodstream for a short time and does not offer any long-last prevention. In contrast, lotilaner (Credelio) begins killing fleas in as little as 8 hours [4] and prevents reinfestation for one full month. 

While oral medication allows you to avoid the need for skin application, you have to convince your cat to swallow a pill or eat a chewable tablet. Cats may readily accept the medication if it has an appealing smell and flavor. For example, Credelio CAT is a small, chewable tablet made with a vanilla and yeast scent and flavor to please even picky cats. Like topical flea treatments, FDA-approved oral flea treatments for cats are considered safe and effective. Depending on the product you choose, it should be administered every one to three months, according to the instructions on the label.

Flea Collars for Cats

According to Dr. Holmboe, the benefit of cat flea collars is that they are effective for six or more months. However, he says they’re not as effective as oral or spot-on flea treatments for cats [5] and can become a safety hazard if snagged. Many cat flea collars kill existing fleas and protect against fleas and ticks. 

Natural Flea Treatment for Cats and Other Product Considerations

Other cat flea treatments include medicated flea shampoos, powders, and dips made especially for cats and kittens. These can be useful for treating an initial flea infestation, but they won’t protect your cat from future fleas, Dr. Holmboe says. Additionally, some products may be toxic for cats. Unlike other cat flea treatments, there are some flea shampoos that may be safe for kittens. However, always consult your veterinarian before putting anything in your kitten’s fur on their skin.

As for natural flea remedies for cats, Dr. Holmboe says they’re just not effective. Rather than reaching for potentially dangerous essential oils or other natural remedies, discuss the pros and cons of each medicated option carefully with your veterinarian. They can help you decide which flea preventative is best for your cat. 

Cat Flea Preventatives: Safety Tips

According to the FDA, there have been limited reports of topical flea products with the active ingredient isoxazoline associated with neurologic adverse reactions, including muscle tremors, ataxia, and seizures [6]. However, Dr. Duncan says, “the benefits of flea prevention outweigh the potential, and rare, side effects.”

To ensure the safest and most effective application of flea medication, our experts offer a few tips:

Follow all product guidelines. If you have questions about how to apply or administer your cat’s flea medication, contact the manufacturer, or talk to your veterinarian. 

Use the correct dose and never split doses between pets. Because products made for dogs can be toxic to cats, only apply or administer flea medication labeled for cats. 

Don’t use expired medications. “It’s best to throw away expired products and purchase new as efficacy declines after expiration,” Dr. Duncan says. 

Follow the recommended application intervals. Dosing intervals vary by medication, so always read the label before applying or administering the next dose. Because fleas can survive indoors during winter months, Dr. Duncan recommends treating pets with flea preventatives year-round. 

Monitor your cat. “There are minor and rare side effects that may result from using flea and tick preventives, such as low appetite, lethargy, or vomiting,” Dr. Duncan says. “Pet owners should monitor their pet’s behaviors within the first few days of treatment and seek care from a veterinarian if side effects occur.”

What to Do if You Find a Flea on Your Cat

Look for signs of redness, crusting, or scabs on your cat’s skin if they’re scratching more than usual. When inspecting your cat’s skin, you may spot live fleas moving around in their fur and small black dots, which are flea dirt or flea waste material. Flea combs can also be used at home to routinely check your cat for fleas.

If you suspect your cat has fleas—or any other skin condition—call your veterinarian for care. They’ll likely recommend or prescribe medication to kill fleas and prevent their return.

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As many as 1 in 4 cats are carrying fleas. With this fact in mind, you’ll definitely want to know how to identify cat fleas. But what do cat fleas look like? And how can you tell if your cat has them? Luckily, we have your back.

Cat Flea Anatomy

Adult cat fleas are very small, and it’s not particularly easy to get a good look at their anatomy because of their size and tendency to jump around. So, what do cat fleas look like if we’re looking at them through a microscope?

Cat fleas are wingless insects with three pairs of legs attached to their thorax, which is the part of the body behind the head. Their third pair of legs is larger than the other two pairs and allows them to jump. Cat fleas have a large abdomen, which is the back segment of their body.

Often described as “laterally flattened,” cat fleas look like their sides have been squished towards each other. They’re covered with hard plates known as sclerites. Their flattened bodies and the presence of sclerites make them very hard to squash. These sclerites have tiny hairs or spines on them which are directed backwards, allowing them to move easily through the cat’s fur.

Another unique feature of Ctenocephalides fleas is that they have both a pronotal and genal comb. These “combs” are a series of spines, and their location around the mouth and head of a flea can be used to differentiate flea species. A genal comb is one that is located above the mouthparts while the pronotal comb is located near the start of the thorax.

Cat fleas have two small eyespots, one on each side of the head. While these eyes don’t form normal visual images, they are sensitive to light, producing visual cues that the flea can use to navigate its environment. Their mouthparts, which they use to collect a blood meal from their host, are found at the bottom of their head.

What Do Cat Fleas Look Like to the Human Eye? 

Adult cat fleas are very small, with females being around 2.5 mm in length and males being around 1 mm in length. Some people describe fleas on cats as looking like black specks or coffee grounds. Cat fleas are around the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen or smaller.

The easiest way to see adult fleas is to use a quick-acting insecticide to kill the fleas and then a flea comb to collect fleas. However, keep in mind that cats are fastidious groomers! This means that it can be very hard to actually catch a flea on your cat before they’ve groomed it off of themselves.

You’re more likely to see these small, dark, oval-shaped insects if you part the fur and look at the skin. Cat fleas can be fast little bugs, so you may see them weaving in and out of your pet’s fur as they move around. Cat fleas can also jump long distances, so you may see them catapult off your pet’s body. In this way, they sometimes seem to “disappear” when you see them.

Although fleas often feast around a cat’s flanks and rump, you may have an easier time finding them up around the neck of your cat. This is because your cat is much more likely to successfully groom off the cat fleas on the back half of their body. Given the medium to dark brown color of fleas, they are easier to find on cats with light fur.

What Do Flea Eggs Look Like to the Human Eye?

Adult female fleas shed eggs within two days of meeting male fleas on your cat. Impressively, one female flea can create 25-50 eggs in one day. These glistening, white flea eggs are only around 0.5 mm in length, making them very easy to miss. 

While it’s possible to find these eggs on your cat, most of the eggs fall off into the environment. If you’re going to find them on the cat, it will more likely be up around their head and neck where they may have a harder time grooming the flea eggs off. You may see these eggs in the cat’s bedding, and they’d be nearly impossible to see on a carpet.

What About Cat Flea Larvae? 

After around 3-4 days, these eggs hatch into larvae. Cat flea larvae are a bit larger than adult fleas, measuring up to 5 mm in length. The larvae appear like tiny white worms or maggots with small white hairs on their body. You may occasionally find larvae on your cat, but most of the larvae will develop in the environment. The cat flea larvae will feed on organic debris in the environment, including the droppings of adult fleas.

What Do Flea Pupae Look Like?  

After around two weeks, the larvae will develop into pupae, which finish their development in silk cocoons. These 5 mm cocoons are sticky and thus become covered with environmental debris, making them very hard to see. The pupal stage can be brief (around 8 days) but can last up to 30 weeks depending on environmental conditions. Adult fleas will hatch from the pupae. The adult fleas jump onto your cat and feed on blood, allowing them to continue their life cycle.

Other Signs Your Cat May Have Fleas

Because it’s so difficult to spot a flea on your cat, sometimes you must rely on other signs to help you determine that your cat has fleas.

One thing you might find is flea dirt, which is a nice way of saying flea poop. Flea dirt can look like black pepper flakes in your pet’s fur and is often noted on the skin along the base of their furs. You can find flea dirt anywhere on your cat but may have more luck locating it up along the neck where cats have more difficulty grooming.

If you were to take some of this flea dirt and place it on a damp paper towel, you would see a reddish ring around the flea dirt. This is because flea dirt is digested blood.

Other signs that could signify that your cat has fleas include:

• Itchy skin (pruritus), which makes your cat scratch at themselves and groom more than usual
• Redness or pink tinge to skin due to inflammation (erythema)
• Single, raised red or pink spots on the skin from flea bites on cat
• Symmetrical hair loss, usually affecting the sides, rump, tail-base, and thighs
• Vomiting hairballs from overgrooming
• Scratch marks from itching
• Tapeworms (your cat can get tapeworms from swallowing fleas)

Cats who are allergic to flea saliva can develop flea allergy dermatitis, which causes moderate to severe skin inflammation and crusts or small bumps (papules), often around the neck and lower back. These cats will be excessively itchy and uncomfortable and are more likely to develop a secondary skin infection.

Flea Prevention for Cats

Cat fleas have worldwide distribution. Anywhere there are fleas, your cat is at risk for developing an infestation. Luckily, many monthly preventative medications are available to protect your cats from fleas, most of which are spot-on treatments. Other options include chewable tablets, flea collars, and flea sprays.

Some flea and tick preventatives are available over-the-counter while some require a prescription from your veterinarian. Do not use products that contain permethrin, as this can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and death in cats. Any product you use must be labeled as safe for cats.

Examples of ingredients which are safe for most cats and can help kill and prevent fleas include fipronil, fluralaner, imidacloprid, selamectin, and more.

To prevent your cat from getting fleas, make sure you are also using prevention on the other pets in the home, too. Fleas can move between dogs and cats. Remember that most fleas on dogs are actually cat fleas. Keeping your cat indoors can also prevent a flea infestation.

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Fleas can become a big problem within a few days of landing on your cat. Not only do they need to be eliminated as quickly and effectively as possible, but they must also be prevented from returning. 

That’s why veterinarians recommend a year-round preventative for your cat, like Revolution Plus… because it’s a lot easier to prevent flea infestations than it is to get rid of fleas once they appear.

Before we get into all that, let’s start by answering the main question you’re probably wondering: how do cats get fleas?

How Do Cats Get Fleas?

Contrary to popular belief, fleas cannot fly. Instead, they use their strong legs to jump and land on a cat’s body. Fleas can jump an average of 8 inches, which is quite far, given their tiny size.

The cat flea (also known as Ctenocephalides felis) can easily hop on indoor cats who occasionally spend time outside with their owners. Indoor cats who freely roam outside are also easy targets for fleas.

But how do indoor cats get fleas if they rarely or never venture outside? Unfortunately, cat fleas have found clever ways to get inside your home and onto your kitty:

Other pets. If you have a dog, your dog can carry fleas inside the home after a walk or playtime outside. Even if your dog is on a year-round flea preventative, fleas can ingeniously hop off your dog and onto your cat before getting killed 

Humans. Cat fleas can hitch a ride inside on your clothes or shoes.

Rodents. Rodents can have fleas. If you have a rodent problem in your home, fleas will have easy access to your cat.

Traveling. Traveling can be as simple as going to the veterinarian’s office. Other pets in the waiting room may have fleas that can jump onto your cat.

New home. A new home may look spotless, but immature fleas may be biding their time in the crooks and crevices of the house, waiting to become adults and jump onto your cat.

Old furniture. Did you recently buy furniture from a yard sale or consignment store? That furniture may also have immature fleas. 

The Flea Life Cycle

Understanding the flea life cycle goes along with knowing how your cat can get fleas.  

Adult fleas land on a cat and promptly start feeding on their blood. Adult female fleas then begin laying eggs – up to 40 to 50 per day! These eggs fall off the host and hatch after about 12 days as flea larvae. The larvae wrap themselves in a cocoon and mature into pupae.

The pupae can be dormant in their cocoons for months, even years. When the pupae sense that a host is nearby, they will emerge from their cocoons as mature adults. Mature adults will jump onto their host within a few hours of coming out of their cocoon, and the cycle begins again.

It’s also important to note that adult fleas comprise only a small percentage (5 percent) of the flea population in a home. Eggs make up 50 percent, larvae make up 35 percent, and pupae make up 10 percent.

How to Tell a Cat Has Fleas

Fleas are tiny and difficult to find on your cat. But they irritate a cat’s skin and can cause significant discomfort. Here are the common signs and symptoms of a cat flea infestation:

• Patches of hair loss
• Excessive grooming
• Constant itching and scratching
• Red, scabbed skin from scratching

Fleas also leave behind flea dirt, which is rust-colored flea poop. You can see flea dirt on your cat and where your cat likes to spend time, such as their bed or a cat tree.

Because fleas take a blood meal, a severe flea infestation can cause anemia, especially in kittens. Signs of anemia include lethargy and pale gums. This can be life-threatening in kittens and requires immediate veterinary treatment.

How to Get Rid of Fleas on Cats

Before going over the different flea treatments for cats, it’s important to note few considerations:

1. It can take at least three months to eliminate all flea life stages successfully.
2. All pets in the home need to be treated for fleas simultaneously, not just your cat.
3. Your home (indoors and outdoors) must be treated to eliminate all fleas and sources of fleas.

When it comes to eliminating fleas on cats, there are several treatment options available. Some treat active infestations, while others break the flea life cycle and prevent future infestations.

Shampoos. Flea shampoos are fast-acting and kill adult fleas on contact. However, they don’t provide long-term flea control.

Spot-on treatments and oral tablets. Both of these options break the flea life cycle and do provide long-term flea control (up to several months). They may contain an adulticide or an insect growth regulator (IGR). IGRs break the life cycle at the larval stage, preventing fleas from maturing into adults.

Natural remedies. Natural flea treatments often contain essential oils and have become more popular recently. However, they are not nearly as effective as insecticide-containing flea treatments. Also, if not used properly, essential oils can be toxic to cats.

Flea comb. Because the typical flea treatments are generally considered unsafe for kittens younger than 8 to 10 weeks old and weighing less than 1.5 to 2 pounds, the best option for them is a flea comb. After combing through your kitten’s fur, immediately dip the comb in a bowl of soapy water to kill the fleas.

Flea treatments are available over-the-counter (OTC) or with a veterinary prescription. OTC flea treatments are less expensive but may not be as effective or long-lasting as prescription flea treatments, like Revolution Plus, a monthly topical flea preventative for cats that also protects against other parasites like fleas, ticks, heartworms and intestinal worms.

With so many options for flea treatments for cats, it’s best to work with your veterinarian to select the most appropriate one for your particular kitty. 

However, you must never use flea products formulated strictly for dogs on cats. Some dog flea products contain permethrin, which is toxic to cats. If you have a dog, ask your veterinarian about permethrin-free flea treatments.

How to Get Rid of Fleas in Your Home

It will take diligent work to eliminate the flea eggs, larvae, and pupae lurking inside and outside your home. Here are some strategies:

• Vacuum frequently, focusing on where immature fleas like to hide: bedding, soft furniture, carpeting, and cracks and crevices. Empty the vacuum bag outside your home
• Wash your cat’s bedding and soft furniture, such as pillows, in hot water
• Hire a pest control service to get rid of rodents
• Mow your lawn regularly and get rid of piles of leaves. Fleas love to hide in tall grass and leaf piles

Flea Prevention for Cats

Fleas are a big nuisance, so prevention is key. A year-round flea preventative for your cat and all household pets is the best way to avoid fleas. These come in both topical and oral options to fit the needs of all the animals in your home.

Flea medicine for cats

Also, regularly check your pets’ fur for fleas with a flea comb. If you detect fleas, use the treatment strategies described above.

Continue to vacuum and clean regularly to ensure no flea eggs, larvae, or pupae are in your home.

Keep your cat indoors as much as possible, and check them for fleas whenever they do venture outside or travel with you.

And if you do have a multi-pet household, be sure to use a year-round flea preventative for your dog, too. The most common way for fleas to hitch a ride into your home is on the family dog, which could put your indoor cat at risk for flea infestations.

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To help ease any worries, this article provides everything pet parents need to know about toxoplasmosis in dogs.

What Is Toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a single-celled organism called Toxoplasma gondii, or T. gondii for short. T. gondii is a parasite that can infect nearly all mammals including humans, though it can only grow to maturity and reproduce in domestic and wild cats. 

Toxoplasma gondii has been found all over planet Earth. If a cat eats prey animals or raw meat infected with T. gondii, the parasite will mature and reproduce in the cat’s digestive tract. When the cats infected with T. gondii defecate, their feces contain millions of infectious parasitic eggs.  

Over time, a cat’s immune system forces the parasite to stop reproducing and instead, form dormant cysts in muscle and brain tissue. Humans become infected when they accidentally ingest parasite eggs from contaminated food or water, or from not washing their hands after cleaning the litter box used by a cat that is actively infected with Toxoplasma.

Toxoplasma behaves differently in dogs because they are considered intermediate hosts (i.e. the parasite cannot mature or reproduce in dogs), and infected dogs are not considered contagious to other animals or humans. Most healthy dogs can eliminate the infection on their own if they come into contact with the parasite, though puppies, geriatric dogs, young dogs with the distemper virus, and adult dogs with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for becoming sick from toxoplasmosis. 

Causes of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Toxoplasmosis in dogs can either be an acute or chronic condition. Dogs become infected with Toxoplasma gondii by accidentally ingesting parasitic eggs in soil, eating cat poop, or eating contaminated produce or raw meat.  

Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Most dogs do not show any symptoms of toxoplasmosis, and even if they do, the symptoms can be quite vague. Toxoplasmosis symptoms in dogs may include:

• Fever
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Tonsillitis (may appear as drooling or difficulty swallowing)
• Jaundice 
• Difficulty breathing
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Seizures/tremors
• Incoordination
• Weakness
• Paralysis

If your dog is experiencing any of the symptoms listed here, please make an appointment with a veterinarian as soon as possible. These symptoms are also associated with many other disease conditions and often require veterinary assistance to diagnose and resolve the issue. 

Toxoplasmosis symptoms in dogs that require treatment are more common with the acute form of the disease; the chronic form usually has no symptoms and does not require treatment.

Diagnosing Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

To diagnose toxoplasmosis, a veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination and measure vitals, including body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and weight. Be sure to let your veterinarian know if your dog has eaten cat poop or if you have stray cats that visit your yard. Laboratory tests on blood and urine will be ordered to evaluate your dog’s immune system and organ function.  

Your veterinarian will likely order a fecal test to check for other parasites that can cause the same symptoms as toxoplasmosis. They might also order imaging tests such as radiographs (X-rays) and abdominal ultrasound to get more information. If your dog has neurological signs, your veterinarian may want to evaluate their spinal fluid for signs of infection or inflammation, and also conduct a neurological examination. Remember, symptoms of toxoplasmosis are rare in dogs, so your veterinarian may need to run a few tests to figure out what is going on.

The most specific tests for toxoplasma are serological tests that measure the level of toxoplasma proteins (antigens) present in the body. PCR is the typical test to diagnose toxoplasmosis and determine if the infection is acute or chronic. 

If you are curious as to whether your dog has been exposed to toxoplasmosis, you can have their antibodies tested. If they have already been infected, they will have antibodies in their blood, however, antibody tests are not useful to determine if a dog has an active infection or if they need treatment.

Treating Dogs for Toxoplasmosis

If your dog is very sick from toxoplasmosis, they will need to be hospitalized for treatment. While hospitalized, dogs will typically receive intravenous fluid treatment for hydration and intravenous antibiotics to eliminate the infection through an IV catheter placed in their arm. If your dog has seizures, anticonvulsant medication may be prescribed to control them.

Most of the time, however, dogs will be treated for toxoplasmosis with antibiotics on an outpatient basis, as dogs rarely show symptoms or get very ill from this disease. Also remember – most dogs don’t require any treatment for toxoplasmosis. Usually it is only the dogs with compromised immune systems and very young dogs with developing immune systems that show clinical signs associated with toxoplasmosis.

Cost to Treat Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

The cost for treating toxoplasmosis in dogs depends on a few factors, starting with the testing portion of the process. The cost of testing for toxoplasmosis varies and can range from $300-$1,500. From there, the cost will vary based on the necessary treatment. Hospitalized treatment can cost upwards of $1,000, but when it comes to a simple dose of antibiotics, most dogs can be treated for under $100

How to Prevent Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Even though Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite, the good news is that most dogs do not get sick from it, and there are ways to minimize your dog’s exposure. 

Because the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis is commonly spread by ingestion of raw meat and unwashed produce, the best way to prevent your dog from acquiring this parasite is to refrain from feeding your dog raw meat and always wash produce before giving it to them.

To avoid ingestion of cat poop, you should limit your dog’s access to it. Keep feral cats out of your yard, and if you have a cat, keep the litter box in an area where your dog cannot access it. 

Additional strategies to reduce your dog’s exposure to toxoplasmosis include:

• Washing your hands after playing outside
• Covering outdoor sandboxes
• Cleaning the litter box daily

If you have further questions about toxoplasmosis in people, check out the CDC website for more information.

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Giardia in dogs is generally not severe, though some young dogs may become severely infected and can experience dehydration due to diarrhea. Fortunately, treating Giardia in dogs is relatively inexpensive, although multiple courses of treatment may be needed. Read on to learn more about this parasitic infection in dogs and what you can do if your dog is infected.

What is Giardia?

Giardia is a protozoan parasite, found worldwide, that infects many mammalian species. The parasite is found in soil, water, or food contaminated with infected feces. Infection in dogs is common, particularly in crowded environments such as shelters, breeding facilities, and kennels. Several studies have also found an increased prevalence of Giardia in dogs that visit dog parks. Young animals are more commonly infected than older animals, and infection is typically more severe in younger animals.

Giardia parasites attach to the small intestines and damage the cells lining the small intestine, causing malabsorption and hypersecretion that leads to diarrhea. Within about 5-12 days of infection, the infected dog will begin shedding Giardia cysts in its feces, posing an infection risk to other animals and potentially even re-infecting itself.

How Do Dogs Get Giardia?

Transmission of Giardia occurs via the fecal-oral route, meaning that dogs must ingest contaminated feces to become infected. This can occur directly if dogs eat poop or indirectly by ingesting contaminated food or water. Because it only takes a small number of Giardia cysts to cause an infection, even walking through contaminated soil and then licking the paws can cause a dog to become infected with Giardia. Infective Giardia cysts can live in the environment for months under ideal conditions.

Giardia is not contagious directly between dogs, but exposure to an infected dog’s feces can cause your dog to become infected. Similarly, dogs cannot directly transmit Giardia to humans. However, humans can become infected with Giardia by the same fecal-oral route that affects dogs. Ingesting contaminated water is a common route for exposure to Giardia in humans. 

Giardia Symptoms in Dogs

Many dogs with Giardia have no symptoms. However, it’s still important for the Giardia to be diagnosed and treated, because asymptomatic dogs are still shedding infective Giardia cysts into the environment, increasing the risk of infecting other dogs and people. 

When dogs have symptoms of Giardia, they may include:

• Diarrhea
• Increased frequency of defecation
• Abdominal discomfort
• Dehydration
• Lethargy
• Poor body condition
• Vomiting (rare)
• Fever (rare)
• Blood in the stool (rare)

What does Giardia poop look like? Poop from a dog with Giardia may be liquid to semi-formed, and is often pale and mucous-like in appearance. The quantity of stool is typically normal. 

How to Diagnose Giardia in Dogs

Giardia can be difficult to diagnose because the shedding of cysts occurs intermittently. To identify Giardia in the feces, your veterinarian may recommend some or all of the following tests:

• Fecal flotation with centrifugation. This is the most commonly used test for the diagnosis of Giardia. In this test, a sample of your dog’s feces is mixed with a special solution that makes Giardia cysts float to the surface where they can then be identified under a microscope.

• Fecal enzyme-linked absorbent immunoassay (ELISA). This test identifies Giardia-specific antigens from trophozoites, which are the growing stage in the parasite life cycle. This eliminates the diagnostic problem of intermittent shedding of cysts. 

• Fecal direct smear. A small amount of your dog’s feces is mixed with two to three drops of saline and then examined under a microscope to identify Giardia trophozoites. 

Because Giardia can be difficult to diagnose, a negative test result does not necessarily rule out Giardia as the cause of your dog’s symptoms. Your veterinarian may recommend repeating the test(s), sometimes as frequently as every other day, over several days to increase the chances of diagnosing Giardia.

Giardia in Dogs: Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to stop the symptoms of Giardia, such as diarrhea. The secondary goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection, which can be difficult due to the resistance of some Giardia strains to treatment. 

In addition to medication, good sanitation is essential to remove the source of infection and prevent re-infection. Feces must be picked up and disposed of daily and surfaces should be cleaned and sanitized. Following treatment, a recheck fecal flotation with centrifugation should be performed to assess whether the infection has been successfully cleared.

Medications for Giardia in Dogs

Medications used to treat Giardia in dogs include Metronidazole, Fenbendazole, or a combination of febantel, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel (DrontalPlus). The dosage and duration of these treatments will depend on the treatment used, your dog’s weight, and the severity of your dog’s infection. 

Be sure to follow your veterinarian’s dosing instructions and give the entire course of medication, even if your dog’s symptoms resolve before the course is finished. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend giving a second course of medication to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.

Probiotics for Dog Giardia

Probiotics work by populating your dog’s gut with healthy bacteria. Probiotics do not treat Giardia, but they are not harmful and may be helpful in the treatment of diarrhea. Your veterinarian may prescribe a probiotic to help resolve your dog’s diarrhea after treatment for Giardia. Probiotics are generally given in the form of a capsule or powder sprinkled on your dog’s food.

General Cost to Treat Giardia in Dogs

Giardia is generally inexpensive to treat and pet owners should expect to spend $50-$150 dollars treating this condition in most cases, depending on the size of the dog and the severity of the condition. 

In some cases, multiple courses of treatment may be needed to clear the infection, and this can incur an additional cost. 

How to Prevent Giardia in Dogs

There are a few things that pet parents can do to help prevent their dogs from contracting Giardia. 

Practice good hygiene. Clean up feces daily to prevent Giardia from spreading from one animal to another. Dispose of feces immediately. Wear gloves and wash hands after contact with feces.

Avoid contact with contaminated water sources. These include areas where wildlife or other dogs may defecate.

Sanitize areas where infected dogs have been. Giardia cysts can live in the environment for long periods of time. Use disinfectants that are effective against Giardia or steam clean the area to inactivate the cysts.

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Heartworms are one of the more dangerous parasites in cats, so it’s important for you to understand what these parasites are and how they affect your pet. However, even more critical is knowing how to protect your cat from the risk of heartworm disease with a monthly parasite preventative, like Revolution Plus.

Can Cats Get Heartworm? 

The simple answer is that yes, cats can get heartworms. However, heartworm disease in cats isn’t the same as it is in dogs. Before we get to the differences between heartworms in dogs and heartworms in cats, let’s go over what heartworms actually are.

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) is a parasite that is spread to dogs and cats by mosquitoes. The name “heartworm” gives you two important pieces of information about these parasites. One, they are worms, and two, they affect the heart. An adult heartworm looks like a thin, cooked spaghetti noodle, with adult worms ranging from 4 inches to over a foot in length. The adults typically live in the pulmonary artery (which carries blood to the lungs from the heart) and right ventricle of the heart. As a result, heartworms mostly impact the heart and lungs. 

While the heartworms themselves aren’t thought to cause pain, the secondary conditions that result from the worms can cause severe distress and death. Cats are considered an atypical host for heartworms while dogs are the preferred host. As a result, dogs can have 30 to over 100 adult worms in their heart and lungs while cats who have adult heartworms typically only have one to three. This doesn’t mean that heartworms are any less severe in cats, with heartworms more likely to cause severe respiratory disease or sudden death in cats than in dogs.  

How Common Is Heartworm in Cats?

A 2020 study in Florida found that the prevalence of adult heartworms in shelter cats was 4 percent compared to 28 percent in shelter dogs, meaning for every seven dogs with adult heartworms there was one cat with adult heartworms (1). Overall, the prevalence of heartworm disease in cats is suspected to be about 5 percent to 15 percent of the prevalence in dogs in any given area (2).

What Causes Heartworm in Cats?

Cats get heartworms through mosquito bites. Currently, mosquitoes are the only known vector of heartworms. When the mosquito pierces the cat’s skin while biting, heartworm larvae that were picked up from another animal (usually a dog) can enter the cat. Most heartworms that are passed to a cat will not make it to adulthood, but those that survive will migrate into the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of the heart, developing into adult worms over six to eight months. Adult worms live in cats for around two to four years. While this is the overall gist of a heartworm’s life cycle, more specifics about the lifecycle can help us understand their effects on cats. 

Because dogs are the preferred host of heartworms, adult male and female heartworms will mate while parasitizing a dog, producing microfilariae (baby heartworms). Microfilariae are microscopic and move throughout the bloodstream. These microfilariae are ingested by mosquitoes when they bite the dog. Within a few weeks, the microfilariae will develop into stage three larvae within the mosquito. This stage is the infective stage that can be passed on to cats or other dogs when the mosquito feeds. 

Over two months, the larvae that pass into the cat will develop into immature worms in the animal’s subcutaneous tissue, fat, or muscle. Immature adult heartworms will enter the bloodstream, which will allow them to move into the heart and pulmonary artery which they call home. Once these immature worms reach the heart and lungs, you may begin to see signs of heartworm disease in cats. These immature worms can cause a severe inflammatory response that affects the arteries, small airways (bronchioles), and air sacs of the lungs (alveoli). 

If the cat survives the initial migration of the worms into the heart and lungs, the worms will mature into adult heartworms over three to five months. While adult heartworms live for up to five years in dogs, they typically have a shorter lifespan (two to four years) in cats. Because the cat is an atypical host, these worms don’t usually reproduce within the cat, meaning the cat usually doesn’t have circulating microfilariae and isn’t infectious to other animals. When adult worms die, some cats have an extreme inflammatory response that can manifest as respiratory distress, shock, or sudden death of the cat. 

Can People Get Heartworms from Cats?

This all sounds very scary for your cat, and honestly, it is! A natural worry you might develop is if you or your family members can get heartworms from your cat. Humans can get heartworms, but this isn’t common. Because heartworms do not produce microfilariae in cats, human infections are usually carried by mosquitoes from dogs or wild canids. Your heartworm-positive cat is almost never at risk of transmitting heartworms to you. Humans are accidental hosts and aren’t suitable for the worms to thrive in. Heartworms that die in the pulmonary vessels result in nodule formation in the lungs, which can be hard to distinguish from lung cancer nodules and result in the need for a biopsy. Most of the time, humans don’t have any clinical signs of heartworm infection. In the United States, 116 cases of heartworms affecting humans have been reported (3).

Heartworm Symptoms in Cats

One of the most alarming characteristics of heartworm infection in cats is that you often don’t know your cat has heartworms until it’s too late. Unlike parasites that affect the stomach and intestines, you’re not going to find heartworms or their eggs in your cat’s feces, so you’re probably not going to know your cat has heartworms unless they develop signs or you’re routinely getting them tested by a veterinarian. 

Common clinical signs of heartworms in cats include:

• Intermittent vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Rapid and labored breathing
• Coughing, gagging, and wheezing
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy
• Weight loss

In some cats, these signs will appear around two months after the initial infection when the immature adult worms are migrating into the heart and lungs. If you’re noticing these symptoms in your cat, it’s important to have your cat examined. These clinical signs, especially the respiratory symptoms, are often mistaken for feline asthma. This severe inflammatory response is called heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD).

So, is heartworm in cats fatal? Unfortunately, the answer is often yes. For around 10 percent to 20 percent of cats (4, 5), the first sign of heartworm infection is sudden death, which can occur at around two months when the worms migrate to the heart and lungs or later on when an adult worm dies (sometimes two to four years after infection). Sudden death usually occurs due to severe inflammation in the lungs, which is not responsive to medications like steroids. 

Stages of Heartworm Disease in Cats

Although there are more stages of heartworm disease in dogs, the American Heartworm Society (6) divides feline heartworm infection into two stages:

Stage 1 occurs when the immature worms arrive in the pulmonary arteries, at which point many of them die. This is the point at which cats can develop HARD. Some cats may die or be euthanized at this stage due to the severity of their illness.

Stage 2 occurs when adult worms die, resulting in an extreme inflammatory, anaphylactic response that is very often fatal. Dying adult heartworms can form a clot (embolism). Cats who do survive often have permanent lung damage and long-term respiratory disease. Adult worms can die at any point, but in cats they may live for two to four years. This stage can occur anywhere from around six to eight months after the initial mosquito bite up to around four years later. Again, many cats who experience this stage will be euthanized due to the severity of illness. 

Diagnosing Heartworm in Cats

Diagnosing heartworms in cats is a bit tricky. After performing a physical exam and collecting your pet’s history, additional testing your veterinarian may do to determine if your cat has heartworms include:

Heartworm antigen test: The usual SNAP test that your veterinarian runs for your dog at the clinic specifically detects an antigen that is associated with adult female heartworms. This means the heartworms need to be at least 6 months old and that there needs to be adult female heartworms for the test to be positive. Recall that dogs can have well over 100 worms. The chances that at least one of those is a female worm is very high. But cats often have only one to three worms. If all their adult worms are male, they will test negative on this SNAP test. Furthermore, cats that are having HARD symptoms at two months after infection will still test negative. So, veterinarians often must rely on other testing to confirm a diagnosis of heartworms in cats.

Heartworm antibody test: The preferred method for screening cats is to run both an antigen and antibody test. While the antigen test detects adult female heartworms, the antibody test detects exposure to heartworm larvae. The antibody test can be positive as early as two months after initial infection. One issue with the antibody test is that antibodies can persist for years, so a cat who was exposed but cleared the infection on their own may test positive. However, if your cat’s physical exam and history are suggestive of heartworms and either the antigen or antibody test is positive, your veterinarian is likely to move forward with management of heartworm symptoms.

Chest X-rays (thoracic radiography): Your veterinarian is also likely to perform radiographs of the chest to look for changes to the heart and lungs that may be suggestive of heartworms.

Ultrasound of heart (echocardiogram): In some cases, an echocardiogram may be beneficial. Worms can sometimes be visualized within the right ventricle or pulmonary artery with an echocardiogram. Not all clinics have the capability to perform an echocardiogram.

Heartworm in Cats Treatment

There is no approved medical treatment for heartworms in cats. The injectable medication (melarsomine) used in dogs is toxic to cats at low doses, and the sudden death of the worms from the injection may also result in the sudden death of the cat itself. The only way a cat will be cured of heartworms is if they clear the infection and survive on their own, which occurs in around 80 percent of cases (5). Instead of treating heartworms, the goal is to manage the symptoms.

In cats who are experiencing respiratory distress or shock, they will need emergency treatment. If your pet is having difficulty breathing or collapses, you need to take them to the emergency veterinarian immediately. Treatment may include steroids, intravenous fluids, bronchodilators, and oxygen administration. 

Long-term management of symptomatic cats may include slowly tapering doses of steroids such as prednisone to reduce inflammation in the lungs, as well as bronchodilators. A bacteria called Wolbachia lives within the heartworms, so your cat may be prescribed doxycycline to kill these bacteria and weaken the heartworms. No home remedies are shown to be effective, but it’s recommended to reduce stress in the home, as this could contribute to development of symptoms. 

The disease can be monitored with repeat antibody and antigen tests. Your veterinarian may recommend this testing on an annual basis in asymptomatic cats but may want to test more often in cats with symptoms. In cats who have heart or lung changes identified on X-rays or an echocardiogram, repeat imaging may be recommended every six months. 

Heartworm Surgery for Cats

In cats with severe symptoms, especially those rare cases with high worm burdens causing obstruction in the heart (caval syndrome), surgical removal of the heartworms may be recommended. This is a very rare procedure and usually reserved for severe cases due to the high risk associated with the surgery. Typically, instruments are introduced through the right jugular vein into the right side of the heart to remove worms (7).

Cost of Treating Heartworms in Cats

Cost will vary depending on what treatments you pursue. If your cat is in respiratory distress or shock and you elect to attempt treatment, emergency services can cost several thousand dollars. However, if your cat’s case is mild, management with steroids is usually very affordable and may be under $10 to $20 for the prescription itself after the initial testing. Initial diagnostics will usually cost under $500 for exam, antibody test, and antigen test but may increase to over $1,000 depending on if advanced imaging (echocardiogram) is performed. Chest X-rays are usually around $200-$300. Surgical removal of heartworms is an extremely specialized procedure, which may cost over $6,000 and is not guaranteed to be successful. 

Heartworm Prevention in Cats

We can all agree that your cat would be much better off if you can prevent heartworm disease from developing in the first place. Luckily, pet parents have plenty of heartworm prevention tactics at their disposal to protect pets from developing the disease.

Keeping your cats indoors is one way to reduce exposure to mosquitoes. However, that doesn’t mean that indoor cats are risk free, just that they are less likely to get bitten than cats who live or venture outside. One study at North Carolina State University found that about a third of heartworm-positive cats were housed exclusively indoors (4), so you’ll definitely need heartworm prevention for indoor cats, too.

Since mosquito season is growing longer and their range is growing wider as the climate changes, the best way to protect cats from the risk of developing heartworm disease is to keep them on a heartworm preventative medication year round. Current heartworm preventative options for cats include either monthly oral medications or topical solutions that are applied to the skin between the shoulder blades once a month. There is a long-term injectable heartworm preventative, but it is currently only used in dogs.

A prescription is needed for heartworm preventatives, as well as a yearly heartworm test. Some preventatives also protect your cat from other parasites, such as Revolution (which prevents heartworm disease as well as fleas, ear mites, roundworms, and hookworms) and Revolution Plus (which does all that plus protects against ticks, too).

Preventatives that work against heartworms often include antiparasitic drugs, such as:

• Selamectin
• Moxidectin
• Ivermectin
• Eprinomectin
• Milbemycin

Related Conditions 

• Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD)
• Acute death syndrome
• Heartworm disease in dogs
• Caval syndrome
• Feline asthma

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This household product is easily accessible and cheap, but is Dawn dish soap for fleas an effective remedy for pet parents? 

Keep reading to learn about whether Dawn dish soap actually works for killing fleas and what pet parents should know before raiding the grocery store aisles. 

Does Dawn Kill Fleas?

The simple answer is yes, Dawn does kill adult fleas. However, it’s not recommended for pet flea prevention and treatment. In a pinch, it’s fine to use initially on a flea-infested animal to help remove fleas and wash off flea dirt, but it’s not an ideal long-term flea treatment because it doesn’t kill flea offspring or repel fleas.

Fleas are flat-bodied, six-legged wingless parasites that are about an eighth of an inch in size and reddish-brown or black in color. The most common signs of a flea infestation are scratching, biting, skin wounds or hair/fur loss, and small red bumps or flaking skin (if infection occurs). 

Fleas are visible to the naked eye and get around by jumping, reaching as high as 48 centimeters. This is important to keep in mind because when you use Dawn dish soap (or any other similar dish soap), it only physically removes the adult fleas on the pet. It does not address the underlying problem of fleas in the pet’s environment, including flea eggs and larvae, which allows for prompt reinfestation of your pet.

“It lifts grease from the skin, helping sweep up the fleas, wash them off, and drown them,” says Dr. Julie Sanders, director of operations at Heart + Paw. However, it doesn’t get rid of fleas entirely because, as soon as your pet is out of the sink/tub, “new fleas can jump on and survive.” 

Will Any Dish Soap Kill Fleas?

“Dawn has no special properties to kill fleas. Any shampoo or detergent acts about the same in physical removal [of fleas],” says Dr. Sanders. However, she stresses that there are “gentler shampoos that would be just as effective in temporary removal of adult fleas.” 

Consult with your veterinarian about the safest and most effective method of flea control for your pet, depending on their age and health status. 

If you are going to use Dawn, Dr. Sanders recommends sticking to the original formula and avoiding versions with heavy scents and “oxy” additives. “Irritation from detergents tends to be greater from the “oxy” formulas that contain forms of peroxide,” she adds. “The additional oxidizing action of peroxide can cause additional irritation and be especially harsh on the skin.” 

Diluted Dawn soap (mixed with water), may be used to kill fleas on very young puppies or kittens who are not old enough for vet-recommended flea preventatives. However, there are more skin-friendly options available on the market that are specifically made for companion animals. 

Is Dawn Dish Soap Safe for Dogs and Cats?

According to Brian Taylor, professional groomer of DogFatherofHarlem and owner of Harlem Doggie Day Spa in New York City, if a pet is infested with fleas, the skin is already irritated. Although Dawn dish soap isn’t toxic, the chemicals in it can “cause further damage such as drying of the skin, dulling the coat, and literally stripping the natural oils that a pet needs”.

“I personally advise against using Dawn detergent or any soap not intended for a pet when possible,” adds Taylor. 

Liquid soap can get into places such as eyes and nasal passages and can also be inhaled or ingested, which can cause problems, ranging from mild irritation to pneumonia, says Dr. Sanders. “Ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting. Accidental inhalation (which can happen when bathing a wiggly pet) can destroy the sensitive lining of the lungs and predispose pets to pneumonia.” 

How to Use Dawn to Kill Fleas

If you are looking for a one-time or fast-acting solution to kill adult fleas that are on your dog or cat, Taylor recommends the following steps: 

• Combine 1 quart water, 1 cup white vinegar/apple vinegar and 1 cup baby shampoo or Dawn/other liquid soap. 
• Use this mixture to bathe your dog or cat in the tub, but do not pour soap directly into a bathtub filled with water. Soap can irritate your pet’s eyes. 
• Do not use this mixture anywhere near the pet’s head or eyes. 

Why You Shouldn’t Rely on Dawn for Flea Infestations

To eliminate fleas successfully, treatment needs to focus on breaking their life cycle. “Adult fleas are only 5 percent of an active flea infestation,” explains Dr. Sanders. “ 95 percent of a flea infestation is in the juvenile stages in the environment.” 

According to Dr. Sanders, this means that for every single adult flea you see being drowned through shampooing, there are around 95 eggs, pupae, and/or larvae in the environment, including in the carpet, dog beds, grass, tile cracks, or hardwood floors. For every female flea, expect at least 40 eggs per day that are on the animal’s skin, which then fall off into the surroundings. These juveniles will quickly develop and can jump onto your pet and re-infect them.

Dawn dish soap doesn’t clean the surroundings or repel fleas. “By the time we notice a single flea on a dog, the infestation has been there for about two weeks. Since cats are fastidious groomers, they can hide the infestation for even longer,” says Dr. Sanders. 

Best Methods for Killing and Preventing Fleas

When you notice fleas on your pet or suspect that they exist in your house, here are some methods to prevent an infestation. 

Grooming

Your pet’s coat provides the perfect warm habitat for external parasites like fleas to thrive. “They like to hangout underneath tangled and matted hair/fur making it very uncomfortable for the pet because they are being bitten by these parasites nesting and traveling along the skin,” says Taylor. 

He recommends regular grooming to prevent matted or tangled fur and more importantly to locate fleas or ticks. 

Brushing

In between grooming sessions, brush your pet regularly and thoroughly, by working your way to the scalp and detangling from there, recommends Taylor. “If there is knotting, a comb can assist with the knots and a gentle detangling spray can help soften the hair/fur. If there is serious knotting, you will need a groomer because this can be a painful process.” Add using a flea comb (a finely-spaced comb), to the routine to get fleas, flea dirt, and even eggs off your pets. 

Flea and Tick Preventatives

Preventing flea infestations is much easier and more cost-effective than having to treat an infestation once it happens. There are several flea preventatives on the market (for dogs and cats) that are oral and topical. A more cost-effective preventative is the flea collar, which can be fitted around your pet’s neck, though the oral and topical medications may work better for many cats. There are also oral medications (nitenpyram) that can be given to kill the adult fleas, but these should be used in conjunction with preventatives and environmental management. Keep in mind that you will need to treat all in-contact pets in the home. 

Deep Cleaning

Keep your pet’s surroundings and yard clean to prevent flea growth. Vacuum regularly with a machine with good suction to remove fleas of all stages from the environment. Wash rugs, bed covers, and upholstery covers. Clean dog blankets using the hottest setting in the washing machine.

When in doubt, you can always enlist the help of your veterinarian and pet groomer to help you combat these pesky insects.

Editorial credit: jadimages / Shutterstock.com

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The good news? It’s easy to treat worms in dogs and protect your canine companion against future infections. There are several dewormers for dogs available on the market you can use to get rid of worms. Also, several long-term parasite control products exist to protect dogs from worms year-round. 

Here’s a sneak peek at the top vet-approved dog dewormers that made our list.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best with Flea and Tick Protection: NexGard Plus
• Best with 5-Worm Protection: Interceptor Plus  
• Best with Flea Control: Trifexis  
• Best Broad-Spectrum: Drontal Plus
• Best with Heartworm Prevention: Heartgard Plus

Now, let’s take a closer look at why deworming dogs is so important, plus explore some of the top options to treat and control infection.

What Is Deworming for Dogs?

All dogs are at risk for encountering worms, such as hookworms, roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. Dewormers are medications that kill intestinal parasites that your dog may have contracted. “Broadly, these medications are called anthelmintics,” explains Dr. Audrey Wystrach, DVM, CEO of Petfolk. Some medications also help to prevent reinfection for a period of time. 

“Many deworming products are effective for more than one type of worm,” Dr. Wystrach adds. “There are many different varieties and drug classes; generally, products that are effective against flat-shaped worms like tapeworms are not effective against round-shaped worms, such as roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms.” 

Dewormers are available in a variety of forms, such as pills, chewable tablets, and liquids. Some of the common active ingredients you’ll see in these medications include:

• Febantel or Fenbendazole: Used to treat roundworms, hookworms, lungworms, whipworms, and some rare species of tapeworms
• Ivermectin: Heartworm preventative that’s also effective against hookworms and roundworms
• Pyrantel Pamoate: Effective against intestinal roundworms and hookworms
• Praziquantel: Most commonly used to treat tapeworms

While most of the above options need a vet’s prescription, some over-the-counter options also exist. 

How Do Dogs Get Worms?

You might think it’s impossible for your dog to have worms. But unfortunately, your pup can pick up these parasites just from being outside. From sticking their nose in the dirt, to chasing and eating small animals, many scenarios can put dogs at risk of contracting worms.

“Intestinal worms, such as hookworms, roundworms and whipworms, are commonly transmitted when dogs ingest contaminated soil or feces containing eggs, or immature worms that have been passed from other infected animals in the environment,” Dr. Wystrach explains. 

Your dog can also contract a common species of tapeworm by ingesting an infected flea while grooming themselves. 

Another type of worm that dogs are at risk of—though not an intestinal worm—is called heartworm. Heartworm is an internal parasite that lives in the blood vessels inside the lungs and heart. Dogs can get heartworms after being bit by an infected mosquito. Heartworms can cause organ damage, heart failure, and death if left untreated. 

Why Dewormer for Dogs Is Important

Dewormer is not only important to rid your pet of an infection. It also helps keep the entire household healthy. Some intestinal worms, like roundworms and hookworms, are also infectious to people.

If left untreated, these parasites can cause serious health problems for your dog. Intestinal worms can lead to several GI problems like diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting. Most veterinarians recommend using year-round parasite protection to keep your dog healthy and avoid reinfection. 

If your dog has intestinal worms, your veterinarian will prescribe a deworming medication. Once the infection has cleared, your veterinarian may recommend year-round parasite protection medication. In other cases, your vet may recommend treating the infection with a long-term parasite protection medication. In other words, year-round parasite protection medications are dewormers. 

If your dog is on a heartworm preventative, these medications are often effective against some intestinal worms, too.

5 Vet-Approved Dewormers for Dogs

It’s important to talk with your veterinarian to choose the best treatment option for your dog. “Product type, dosing, and frequency are all very important factors when considering treatment,” Dr. Wystrach says. Your veterinarian will also consider factors such as your dog’s age, breed, and other medical conditions to select the best option.

Best Dewormer for Dogs with Flea and Tick Protection

Our pick: NexGard Plus

Roundworms and hookworms are two of the most common intestinal worms in dogs. NexGard PLUS treats and controls three species of hookworms and two species of roundworms in dogs. The active ingredients are afoxolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel. These monthly, beef-flavored chews also kill fleas and ticks and prevent heartworm disease.

See important safety information for NexGard PLUS below.

Highlights

• Beef-flavored soft chew is easy to give once a month
• Treats and controls roundworms and hookworms
• Also protects dogs from fleas and ticks and prevents heartworm disease
• Approved for puppies as young as 8 weeks weighing 4 pounds or more

Things to Consider

• Does not protect against whipworms or tapeworms. But it does kill fleas, which can carry tapeworms
• Available by prescription only
• Dogs should be tested for existing heartworm infection prior to starting this product

Best Dewormer for Dogs with 5-Worm Protection

Our Pick: Interceptor Plus 

Interceptor Plus is a monthly, chicken-flavored chewable that covers five types of dangerous worms. It protects dogs against heartworm disease and hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and whipworm infections. The active ingredients in Interceptor Plus are milbemycin oxime and praziquantel. This prescription medication is suitable for dogs 6 weeks or older and 2 pounds or greater.

Highlights:

• Prevents heartworm disease
• Treats and controls roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and tapeworm infections
• Given once monthly
• Chicken-flavored chewable tablets

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only

Best Dewormer with Flea Control

Our pick: Trifexis 

Because fleas can carry a common species of tapeworm, consider a product that offers flea control in addition to deworming. Trifexis is a comprehensive option: it deworms, prevents heartworm, and kills adult fleas. The prescription medication is effective against hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections. Given monthly as small, beef-flavored tablets, it’s safe for dogs 8 weeks and older.  

Highlights

• Prevents heartworm disease
• Treats and controls hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections
• Kills adult fleas and prevents flea infestations
• Beef-flavored tablet

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only
• Does not treat and control tapeworm infections. However, it kills fleas, which can carry tapeworm
• More expensive than other options

Best Broad Spectrum Dewormer for Dogs

Our pick: Drontal Plus

For a dewormer that’s effective on a wide range of parasites, Dr. Wystrach’s top choice is Drontal Plus. “We recommend Drontal Broad Spectrum Dewormer because it is safe, effective, and eliminates all parasites within seven days,” Dr. Wystrach says. This prescription medication treats tapeworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms using a combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel. This medication comes in both tablet or chewable forms, and it can be given to dogs over 3 weeks old. 

Highlights

• Kills nine species of intestinal worms
• Available in tablet or chewable form
• Suitable for dogs and puppies over 3 weeks old
• FDA-approved
• Affordable

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only

Best Dewormer with Heartworm Prevention

Our pick: Heartgard Plus

Many pet owners like to take care of regular deworming and heartworm prevention in one step, which is why Heartgard is so popular. When given on a monthly basis, the prescription medication uses ivermectin to kill heartworm larvae. It also treats several types of hookworms and roundworms. Heartgard tablets have a chewable beef-flavored form, and the medication is safe for puppies starting at 6 weeks old to adult dogs.

Highlights

• Provides heartworm prevention
• Kills hookworms and roundworms
• Beef-flavored chewable tablets
• Suitable for dogs and puppies over 6 weeks old

Things to Consider

• Available by prescription only
• Certain dog breeds are sensitive to ivermectin
• Doesn’t treat or control whipworms or tapeworms

Buyer’s Guide: Dewormer for Dogs

Here are some factors to take into consideration before choosing the right dewormer for your dog:

Proper diagnosis: If you think your dog has worms, consult your vet for a proper diagnosis before treatment. “Parasitism is an important conversation to have with your veterinarian,” Dr. Wystrach says. “A fecal evaluation is critical to define and diagnose the type of parasitism present, as well as the proper treatment protocols and safety precautions. It is important to note that, many times, pets harbor more than one parasitic infection at a time.”

Types of parasites: There are several types of intestinal worms that can affect dogs. Different medications are effective against different parasites. Some dewormers also help to prevent heartworm disease, which can cause serious illness and death.  

Active ingredients: Some of the most common active ingredients in dog dewormers include febantel, ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel. Each one is effective against specific types of worms. Talk to your veterinarian about which ingredients make sense for your pet.

Frequency and dosing: When selecting a treatment, you’ll also want to consider how often it needs to be administered and the proper dose for your pet. Medications that contain a heartworm preventative are typically given on a monthly basis.

Parasite prevention: Even if your dog doesn’t currently have worms, your veterinarian may recommend a year-round parasite protection product based on your pet’s individual needs and offer guidance on the proper dosage and frequency.

Dog Dewormer FAQs

How often should you deworm your dog?

The Companion Animal Parasite Council recommends that all dogs be on year-round parasite prevention that protects against both heartworms and intestinal worms. If you do not give monthly heartworm prevention to your dog, you should administer a dewormer at least once every three months. 

How long does it take for a dog dewormer to work?

Dog dewormer starts working quickly, usually within a few hours of administering the product. However, it may take up to a week to completely rid your dog of parasites.

Does dewormer cause diarrhea in dogs?

Side effects after deworming are relatively uncommon. When they do occur, side effects include lack of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, vomiting, and diarrhea. You may notice visible worms passing in your dog’s stool, as the worms die and leave the intestines.

Is there such a thing as a natural dewormer for dogs?

If you believe your dog has worms, Dr. Wystrach advises against using a natural dewormer. “Many naturally occurring plants and remedies can be toxic or harmful to pets,” she says. “Natural does not equate to safe.”

References

1. Stafford, K., Kollasch, T.M., Duncan, K.T. et al. Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study. Parasites Vectors 13, 275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04147-6

NexGard PLUS Important Safety Information

NexGard® PLUS (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) is safe for puppies at 8 weeks, weighing 4 pounds or more. The most frequently reported adverse reactions include diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and itching. Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders. Dogs should be tested for existing heartworm infection prior to starting a preventive. For more information, click here for full prescribing information.

The post Best Dewormer for Dogs: 5 Vet-Approved Picks appeared first on Great Pet Care.

These insect parasites can cause serious itching in kids and can easily spread to other individuals in the household, making them a tremendous headache (no pun intended!) for affected families.

Although dogs aren’t susceptible to our human lice, they can become infested with their own species of canine lice. Continue reading to learn more about these parasites, including how to diagnose, treat, and prevent canine lice. 

Do Dogs Get Lice?

Just like humans, dogs are susceptible to lice. Lice can also affect cats, birds, horses, and many other pet species. However, the type of lice that dogs get are different from those that affect humans.  

Can dogs get lice from humans? 

Fortunately, the answer is no. Lice are highly species-specific. This means that humans can only contract lice from other humans, and dogs can only contract lice from other dogs. 

Your dog cannot get lice from you or your human family members; similarly, you cannot contract lice from your dog. Cats and other pets have their own lice species, which also cannot be shared with dogs. 

What Exactly Are Lice?

Lice are small, flightless insects that are difficult to see with the naked eye. In dogs, lice are typically just 1-2 mm long, or about half the size of a flea. 

Adult lice live on their host’s skin, feeding and laying eggs. These eggs, called nits, typically become securely attached to the dog’s hair. Less commonly, nits and adult lice may fall off the dog into the surrounding environment, where they will wait for a new host.  

There are two separate categories of lice: chewing and blood-sucking lice. Chewing lice feed on dead skin cells and oils that are present on the surface of your dog’s skin. Blood-sucking lice, in contrast, attach firmly to the skin and feed on an animal’s blood.

There are three species of dog lice that can be found in North America: 

Linognathus setosus: This blood-sucking louse attaches securely to the skin and feeds on a dog’s blood. It is found worldwide, including in North America. 

Trichodectes canis: This species of chewing lice on dogs feeds on canine skin cells and oils. It is found worldwide, including in North America. 

Heterodoxus spiniger: This chewing louse is relatively rare. It is an uncommon cause of dog lice in North America, but it is occasionally reported.

What Are the Signs of Dog Lice?

Both chewing and blood-sucking lice can cause significant skin irritation in dogs. The lice themselves may be difficult to see, although chewing lice are often more active (and therefore more visible) than blood-sucking lice. In most cases, you will see the skin damage caused by lice before noticing the actual parasites. 

Signs of lice in dogs may include: 

• Itching, scratching, chewing, or rubbing of the skin
• Redness and irritation of the skin
• Restlessness, inability to get comfortable
• Matted fur
• Rough, dry, dull coat
• Small scabs on the skin
• Hair loss (especially around the head, groin, and rectum)
• Visible lice on the skin
• Visible nits in the hair (translucent oval eggs attached near the base of the hair)
• Anemia (with severe blood-sucking lice infestations)
• Lethargy (with severe infestation)
• Weight loss (with severe infestation)

The signs of lice can easily be confused with a number of other canine skin conditions and parasites.

How Do Dogs Get Lice?

Lice spreads among dogs that are in close contact with each other. They are most common in dogs that are living in large groups or crowded animal shelters. Lice can also be transmitted via close contact at dog parks, dog daycare centers, dog shows, or any other setting where dogs are permitted to interact closely. 

Lice can also be spread on contaminated bedding or other objects. Therefore, dogs can catch lice in boarding facilities, grooming facilities, and other locations where dogs are housed. It’s important to thoroughly clean bedding and other objects that are shared between dogs. 

In general, lice pose a greater risk to dogs with underlying health conditions and dogs living in unsanitary conditions. While any dog can contract lice, unhealthy dogs are more likely to develop serious, problematic lice infestations.  

Dog Lice Treatment

Lice can be treated with a variety of topical medications. Once your veterinarian confirms that your dog is infested with lice, they will recommend the best treatment option for your dog. 

There are a variety of treatment options available for canine lice, including: 

• Lime-sulfur dips
• Topical selamectin (Revolution)
• Ivermectin, which may be given orally or via injection
• Frontline Plus
• Seresto collar

While some of these treatments are available over-the-counter, it’s important to talk to your veterinarian before implementing any treatment at home. Using these products for lice may require different dosing instructions than what is recommended on the product label. This should be performed only under the guidance of a veterinarian. 

Here are some other steps for getting rid of canine lice:

Treat all dogs in your home. Your veterinarian will likely recommend treating all dogs who live with you, given the contagious nature of lice. Remember, lice are species-specific so there is no need to worry about humans or other non-canine pets in your home. 

Clip or shave your dog’s hair. If your dog has long hair, your veterinarian may recommend clipping or shaving your dog. Removing your dog’s long hair will allow you to reduce the number of nits on your dog, making it easier to treat a lice infestation. 

Do a deep clean. Additionally, it’s important to thoroughly disinfect your dog’s environment. Dog beds and blankets should be washed in hot water and dried on high heat. Brushes, toys, bowls, and other items should be soaked in hot water. Your couch and carpets should be vacuumed thoroughly, to remove adult lice and nits.  

How to Prevent Lice in Dogs

The same parasite preventatives that you use to protect your dog against fleas and ticks can also protect your dog against lice. These parasite preventatives should be administered year-round, even during the winter. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best parasite preventative for your pet. 

Also, remember that lice is most problematic in dogs that are in poor health. Good nutrition and regular veterinary care will help keep your dog healthy, reducing their risk of lice and other parasites. 

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What Are Hookworms in Cats?

Hookworms are a blood-sucking intestinal parasite that occurs in cats, dogs, and humans.  Hookworms are a common parasite of cats, particularly those that go outdoors, have access to feral cat populations, hunt, or access potentially contaminated environments. The most common species of hookworms in cats are Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Ancylostoma braziliense. Once infective larvae of these species reach the cat’s GI tract, they mature into adult hookworms that firmly attach to the intestinal wall via six sharp teeth. Adult hookworms can live in the intestine for four to 24 months, living off the host’s blood. Large hookworm infestations can lead to anemia and death, especially in young animals.

What Causes Hookworms in Cats?

Any age or breed of cat can be infected with hookworms, but young cats are more likely to be affected. Cats get infected with hookworm in several ways. One of the most common ways cats become infected with hookworm is through ingesting infective larva from the environment. This can occur from ingesting contaminated feces or soil. The hookworm larvae are swallowed and travel to the gastrointestinal tract, where they mature into adults.  

Cats can also acquire hookworms from eating infected prey such as rodents. Cockroaches, in particular, are a very common transport host of hookworm larvae. When the cat ingests the cockroach, the dormant larvae are released into the cat’s digestive tract, where they develop into adult hookworms.

Hookworms can also be transmitted just by walking in areas contaminated with infective hookworm larvae. The larvae can penetrate the skin, after which they travel to the lungs via the cat’s veins and lymphatic system. The larvae then migrate through the lungs to the trachea.  Large numbers of migrating larvae can cause respiratory symptoms and pneumonia. Once they reach the trachea, the larvae are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the digestive tract where they mature into adult hookworms.

Hookworms in dogs can be transmitted from mother to puppies before birth and during nursing. This does not occur in cats.  

It is important to note that the same cat can become infected with hookworms more than once.  Cats can become re-infected from the environment and infective hookworm larvae can survive in soil for a few months under optimal conditions. Infected cats also shed hookworm eggs in their feces, further contaminating the environment. Practicing good sanitation by removing and disposing of feces promptly is essential to reduce the risk of re-infection.

Humans can also become infected with hookworms from the environment. This typically occurs by ingesting contaminated soil, most often occurring in children who play in areas where infected cats or dogs defecate. Humans can also be infected via direct skin penetration of the infective larvae. Direct transmission of hookworms from cats to humans does not occur.

Symptoms of Hookworm in Cats

Many cats infected with hookworm are asymptomatic and do not show any signs of infection, so routine screening tests are important to identify hookworm infections. In kittens, heavy infestations of hookworms may cause anemia and death. Other symptoms of hookworm infection can include:

• Blood in the stool
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Vomiting
• Dry cough
• Poor hair coat
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Loss of body condition
• Loss of appetite
• Pale mucous membranes
• Respiratory symptoms
• Pneumonia
• Failure to thrive

If you suspect your cat may have hookworms, or any other type of parasite, visit your veterinarian to diagnose the problem and receive appropriate treatment.

How to Diagnose Hookworm in Cats

If a hookworm infection is suspected, your veterinarian will first perform a full head-to-tail physical examination on your cat. Your veterinarian may also recommend additional diagnostic testing, such as the evaluation of a fecal sample. Your cat’s fecal sample may be used for the following tests:

• Fecal floatation with centrifugation. This test is used to look for parasite eggs in your cat’s feces. A female hookworm produces 600-6,000 eggs per day, which are passed in the feces. These microscopic eggs float readily in a floatation solution and can then be visualized under a microscope. Identifying hookworm eggs on a fecal floatation test confirms the presence of hookworm infection in your cat.
• Fecal antigen testing. This test identifies an antigen produced by both immature and adult hookworms in the small intestine. This test does not rely on egg production, so it can detect hookworm infections by immature worms or those that are single-sex infections, allowing earlier identification and treatment. Because each test has its strengths and weaknesses, fecal antigen testing and fecal floatation testing are typically performed together.

Hookworm Treatment for Cats

If left untreated, hookworm infections can lead to anemia, respiratory illness, loss of body condition, failure to thrive, and even death, particularly in young animals. Hookworm infections should be treated immediately with deworming (anthelmintic) medications to kill the adult worms. In severe infections, additional supportive care such as fluids, blood transfusions, iron supplements, or a high protein diet may be needed to support the animal until the worms are killed. Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment based on your cat’s test results and the severity of the infection.

In addition to medication to kill the worms, it is important to practice good environmental sanitation to prevent re-infection. Because hookworm eggs are shed in the feces, frequent removal and disposal of feces from the environment is essential to prevent re-infection. Following treatment with anthelmintic medications, repeat fecal floatation tests are necessary to ensure that hookworm eggs are no longer being shed.

Hookworm Medication for Cats

Anthelmintic dewormers are used to kill adult hookworms and treat hookworm infections. These include medications such as:

• Ivermectin
• Selamectin
• Moxidectin/Imidacloprid 
• Fenbendazole 
• Milbemycin oxime
• Emodepside
• Selamectin/Sarolaner
• Pyrantel pamoate

General Cost of Hookworm Treatment for Cats

In most cases, two rounds of deworming medication are recommended to clear a hookworm infection. In severe infections, additional medications and supportive treatments may be necessary, which will incur an additional cost. For the average hookworm infection, cat owners should expect to pay around $25-$150 for treatment, depending on the medications prescribed.

How to Prevent Hookworms in Cats

The best way to prevent hookworm infections is by deworming kittens with an age-appropriate anthelmintic deworming medication at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. All cats should also be started on a monthly preventive medication as soon as they are old enough to do so.

Environmental sanitation is also an important step to prevent infection and especially to prevent re-infection after a cat has tested positive for hookworms. Feces should be removed from the litter box or the environment and disposed of promptly. This prevents hookworm eggs from hatching and larvae from developing.  

Related Conditions

• Roundworm
• Tapeworm
• Whipworm
• Coccidiosis

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Although Lyme disease can affect dogs and cats, it is much more common in dogs than cats. Lyme disease in cats has been observed only in a laboratory setting and not in the natural environment. 

If you’re wondering if a cat can get Lyme disease, the short answer is: yes, but it is unlikely. Although Lyme disease is exceedingly rare in cats, it’s still worth learning more about this tick-borne disease.

Can Cats Get Lyme Disease?

Cats can get Lyme disease, but the chances of a cat—indoor or feral—being affected by the disease are close to zero.

Lyme disease is transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus), typically in the spring and fall. Nymphs (baby ticks) and adult female deer ticks are the primary spreaders of the disease.

Deer ticks become infected when they feed off of wildlife infected with B. burgdorferi. The bacteria enters the tick’s body during a feeding.

Ticks like to perch on stalks of grass. Rather than jump onto their hosts, ticks wait until an unwitting host walks by. The tick then crawls onto the host’s skin.

Theoretically, if a deer tick landed on a cat, it would start feeding and transmit B. burgdorferi through its saliva onto the cat’s skin. This transmission process would take about 24 to 48 hours. The bacteria would replicate on the skin, then move into the cat’s tissues, including the joints and nervous system, where it would stay hidden from the immune system.

Even for strictly indoor cats, a deer tick could find its way inside by hitching a ride on a person or dog who’s just been outside. That deer tick could eventually crawl onto the cat’s skin.

However, cats’ fastidious grooming habits work in their favor regarding Lyme disease. Even if a deer tick did land on your cat, your cat’s grooming would probably remove the tick before it began transmitting the bacteria.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Cats

Cats with Lyme disease are frequently asymptomatic. If a cat does have clinical signs, these signs will be similar to those seen in dogs with Lyme disease:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Difficulty breathing
• Shifting leg lameness (shifting from one leg to the other because of pain) 

Severe Lyme disease can damage the kidneys and cause symptoms like vomiting, limb swelling, and weight loss.

A telltale sign of Lyme disease in people is a ‘bull’s eye’ rash at the bite site, but cats and dogs rarely develop this rash.

Symptoms of Lyme disease in cats don’t show up until several weeks after the tick bite. If a deer tick has bitten your cat, and the tick stayed on long enough to transmit B. burgdorferi, you would have to wait for at least several weeks to see any signs of the disease.

Ticks on Cats: What to Do

Check your cat’s skin regularly for ticks, especially if your cat spends any amount of time outside. Promptly remove any tick you see to minimize the chances of disease transmission. Here are the steps to safely remove a tick from a cat:

Step 1: Gather tick-removing supplies: rubbing alcohol, a glass jar, a pair of disposable gloves, a pair of tweezers, and triple-antibiotic ointment.

Step 2: Pour rubbing alcohol into the jar and clean the tweezers with some rubbing alcohol.

Step 3: Put on a pair of gloves.

Step 4: Pull back your cat’s fur as much as possible to get a good view of the tick.

Step 5: Use the tweezers to grasp the tick’s head. Do not squeeze or twist! 

Step 6: Firmly pull up and remove the tick from your cat’s skin. 

Step 7: Place the tick in the jar of rubbing alcohol to kill it.

Step 8: Throw away your gloves and wash your hands.

Step 9: Wash the bite site with pet-safe soap and water and then monitor for signs of infection.

Contact your veterinarian after you have removed the tick. Your veterinarian may advise you to submit the tick to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for additional testing to determine the diseases the tick carries.

Although signs of Lyme disease take weeks to appear after a tick bite, continue monitoring your cat after removing the tick. Contact your veterinarian if your cat shows any signs of Lyme disease.

Diagnosing Lyme Disease in Cats

Veterinarians diagnose Lyme disease in cats by knowing a cat’s history of tick exposure, performing basic laboratory tests (blood work, urinalysis, X-rays), and ruling out other diseases that could be causing Lyme disease-related symptoms. Veterinarians may also test a sample of joint fluid for B. burgdorferi.

A blood test is available that detects Lyme disease. However, a positive test result would not show up until several weeks after the tick bite.

If you submitted the tick for testing, those results would help determine whether your cat has Lyme disease.

Treatment for Lyme Disease in Cats

Lyme disease in cats is treated with the antibiotic doxycycline, which works quickly and is very effective against the disease. When treated early, cats with Lyme disease have a good prognosis. 

Lyme disease that is not treated early or left untreated can cause permanent tissue damage, so early treatment provides the best chance of recovery.

Medications to Treat Lyme Disease in Cats

Doxycycline is typically given for a 30-day treatment course. Although this antibiotic is effective, it does have some drawbacks. For example, not all cats can tolerate doxycycline. Also, because B. burgdorferi likes to hide inside the tissues, multiple rounds of doxycycline may be needed to clear the body of the bacteria.

Doxycycline tablets can cause esophageal strictures that narrow the esophagus and make swallowing difficult. Veterinarians often prescribe liquid doxycycline to avoid this problem. 

Pain medication is recommended if a cat has joint pain. 

If a cat has severe Lyme disease, additional medications, such as intravenous fluid therapy and kidney medications, may be needed.

Cost to Treat Lyme Disease in Cats

Diagnosing and treating Lyme disease has varied costs. It may cost several hundred dollars to complete the diagnostic testing for the disease, especially if the tick is submitted for testing at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

The cost of medications varies, but doxycycline and common pain medications are usually not very expensive. Treatment costs can jump significantly for cats that require hospitalization because of severe Lyme disease.

Your veterinarian will determine the exact costs of treating your cat.

Preventing Lyme Disease in Cats

Monthly tick prevention is the best way to prevent Lyme disease in cats. A monthly topical tick preventative, given every month throughout the year, will provide the best tick prevention for your cat. Remember that tick prevention is still important for indoor cats.

Other prevention strategies include checking your cat’s skin for ticks regularly (and removing any ticks that you see) and keeping your grass trimmed. Of course, keeping your cat indoors as much as possible will minimize the chances of a tick crawling onto your cat.

Lyme Disease in Cats: Bringing It Together

Because Lyme disease is so rare in cats, this disease is not something that needs to be high on your list of concerns as a cat owner. However, ticks do carry other diseases that are much more likely to pass to cats, such as cytauxzoonosis. Remain diligent about practicing tick prevention strategies and contact your veterinarian if your cat has been bitten by a tick and shows signs of illness.

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The truth is, fleas are incredibly common, especially the type known as the “cat flea” (aka Ctenocephalides felis). Cat fleas love to live on cats (and dogs) and they can affect both indoor and outdoor kitties. All a flea has to do to get inside your home is hitch a ride on another pet or your pant leg — and they can reproduce pretty quickly, leading to an infestation. Since fleas are good at hiding in your kitty’s fur, you might not notice until it becomes a bigger problem, such as if your cat has an allergic reaction that causes intense itching, redness, fur loss, or crusts. Cats can also get tapeworm from accidentally ingesting an infected flea while grooming, and kittens or senior cats with severe infestations may be at risk of flea-induced anemia.

If you notice fleas or flea eggs on your cat, black specks in their fur (known as “flea dirt”), or get bites yourself, try not to panic. While veterinarian-prescribed oral or topical flea treatments are the safest and most effective option, there are over-the-counter remedies that can also be beneficial. 

What Are Cat Flea Collars? 

Cat flea collars are collars that are made of materials like plastic or silicone that release a chemical or essential oil over time that repels or kills fleas. 

“They are different from other flea treatments because they are a passive form of treatment,” explains Amy Davis, veterinarian. “They can also be used in conjunction with other forms of flea treatment for an increased level of protection.”

Flea collars are appropriate for most cats—with some brands even being appropriate for kittens over 12 weeks old or senior cats. Read the label to make sure the collar you get is appropriate for your cat’s age. You might also want to check with your vet before choosing a collar, especially if your cat has a specific health condition. 

How Do Cat Flea Collars Work?

Though it depends on the type of cat flea collar you get and the ingredients it contains, cat flea collars generally work in one of three ways:

• They release a chemical that kills fleas
• They release a chemical that repels fleas
• They release a chemical that interferes with flea egg development

Some cat flea collars will work in a combination of ways against multiple life stages of fleas, killing eggs and adult fleas to give your kitty more thorough protection. However, some flea collars only affect fleas a short distance from the collar. 

Additionally, there can be health risks associated with flea collars. Some flea collars contain chemicals, such as organophosphates, that can result in serious signs of toxicity in cats. Others may contain essential oils that can cause reactions in some cats. Therefore, it’s important to do your research. 

The Seresto flea collar for cats is most commonly recommended by veterinarians, due to its efficacy and low risk of harmful side effects. A 2021 investigative report raised some safety concerns about Seresto collars, but they are generally regarded as the safest over-the-counter flea collar option. The formula is effective against fleas, flea larvae, and ticks—and it lasts up to eight months. It starts to repel and kill fleas within 24 hours and ticks within 48 hours of initial application.

Are Flea Collars Safe for Cats?

Flea collars should be used with caution in cats. While the risk associated with a Seresto collar is relatively low, other over-the-counter feline flea collars contain essential oils or organophosphates that can be toxic in cats. In general, your best option for safe and effective flea control comes from veterinarian-prescribed flea preventatives for cats.

If you elect to use an over-the-counter flea collar, read and follow the directions on the label carefully. Do not use a dog flea collar on your cat, for example, as canine flea collars often contain pesticides that are toxic to cats. You’ll also want to make sure that you don’t put the collar on too loosely or too tightly, and that it has a breakaway feature to prevent accidental strangulation. 

If your cat tends to chew on things, you’ll also want to be careful. “Some collars contain pesticides that can be harmful to cats if they lick or bite their fur after it’s been put on,” explains Davis. “These collars can [also] be harmful to cats if they chew on them, so it’s important to make sure your cat doesn’t chew on the collar.”

Some cats also have sensitive skin or are allergic to certain ingredients. If your cat has sensitivities or starts developing a rash after wearing the collar, discontinue using it. 

Tetrachlorvinphos is an example of an organophosphate found in certain cat flea collars that may cause signs of toxicity in some cats, as well as in young children who touch the collar. Signs of toxicity to watch for include vomiting, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and paralysis. If you noticed any of these signs, remove the collar and contact your veterinarian immediately.

Shopping for a Cat Flea Collar: What to Look For

When you’re shopping for a cat flea collar, there are a few things to consider.

Active ingredients: First, take a look at the active chemicals. Collars that contain pesticides are generally highly effective at killing fleas and working against active infestations. However, as noted earlier, they are associated with risks of toxicity. Other collars are made with essential oils, which work by repelling the fleas. However, essential oils can also be very irritating to cats, so check with your veterinarian.

Durability: Second, make sure the collar is durable and will last a while. This will help you get the most use out of the collar for the money you spend on it. 

Safety: Third, make sure the collar has safety features for your kitty, like a breakaway feature to prevent accidental strangulation. 

Using Cat Flea Collars: Tips and Advice

Make sure that your cat is wearing their flea collar properly. “Collars should be worn high up on their neck, behind the ears, so that they come into contact with as much skin as possible,” says Davis. You’ll also want to make sure that the collar fits correctly. If you can’t fit two fingers under the collar, it’s on too tightly, but if the collar can easily slip off your cat’s head, it’s too loose.

To make the collar more effective, your cat should wear it for at least eight hours a day. Even though some collars are water-resistant, you might want to remove the collar while bathing your cat. 

Finally, monitor your cat closely when using any new over-the-counter flea treatment. While serious toxicities are relatively uncommon, they can certainly occur. The sooner you detect signs of toxicity, the sooner your cat can receive veterinary treatment.

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Whether your dog already has fleas or you want to prevent them, we have the scoop on the most effective formulas—both prescription and over the counter—approved by veterinarians.  

The Importance of Flea Medicine for Dogs

Flea bites not only cause itchiness and skin irritation, they can result in serious illness, says Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, based in New York City. “In tiny puppies and kittens, fleas can cause a life-threatening anemia due to significant loss of blood,” he says. “In many cases, flea bites can cause severe allergic reactions in both pets and people due to reactions to their saliva.” 

Fleas can transmit infectious diseases. “The most common flea of North America can transmit diseases like typhus, flea-borne spotted fever, bartonellosis (AKA cat-scratch disease), and flea tapeworms,” Klein adds.

Preventing flea infestations, veterinarians say, is much easier and more cost-effective than treating them. “The longer an infestation goes without treatment, the more environmental contamination will occur which can make resolving the infestation more difficult,” says Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital in Louisville, Colorado. “It also increases the time the pet will be uncomfortable and increases risk for secondary skin infections.”

Another benefit of using a flea preventative, veterinarians say, is that they usually offer protection against ticks that can transmit diseases like Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsiosis. Some products even protect against heartworms, mites, mosquitos, and other parasites.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Best Combination Parasite Protection for Dogs: NexGard PLUS
• Best Fast-Acting Tick and Flea Medicine for Dogs: Credelio Quattro
• Best Flea Medicine for Large Dogs: NexGard
• Best Flea Medicine for Small Dogs: Simparica
• Best Vet-Recommended Flea Medicine for Dogs: Simparica Trio
• Best Chewable Flea Medicine for Dogs: Bravecto
• Best Topical Flea Medicine for Dogs: Revolution
• Best Flea Medicine for Dogs with Multi-Worm Protection: Trifexis
• Best Flea Medicine for Puppies: Revolution Topical Solution for Puppies

Types of Flea Medicine for Dogs

Flea medicine for dogs is available in a variety of forms, including oral (chews and pills), topicals, collars, and shampoos. They range in cost, effectiveness, and levels of protection.

Oral Flea Medicine for Dogs

Oral flea medicine for dogs comes as flavored chews that your dog enjoys every one to three months. With some exceptions, oral medicine is typically available only with a prescription.

Some flea chews for dogs protect against fleas and ticks, while others offer broader coverage. Simparica Trio—available with a veterinarian’s prescription—for example, also helps protect against heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms, as well fleas and ticks.

Capstar—a tablet that is available without a prescription—only targets fleas and is only effective for a short time. Capstar kills fleas that are on your dog at the time you administer the tablet, but it doesn’t have the long-lasting benefits of other flea preventatives. (It only kills adult fleas as opposed to other oral products that have growth regulators, in addition to adulticides.) “In really bad infestations, we will sometimes use Capstar along with a preventative so we kill the fleas faster but prevent reinfestation,” says Barnes. 

Other oral flea preventatives remain in your dog’s system for one to three months, offering continued protection. Oral products are the most effective form of flea medicine for dogs, veterinarians say. They’re a good option if your dog doesn’t do well with collars, or you don’t want your children or other pets exposed to topical flea medicine ingredients.   

Oral flea medicine for dogs is generally more expensive than other products, and they don’t offer repellent activity, says Dr. Susan Jeffrey, an associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. “The flea has to bite the pet in order to ingest the medication.”

Chewable flea prevention may not be a good fit for dogs with food sensitivities or conditions like irritable bowel disease, says Klein. Additionally, “These products should be cautioned in pets with pre-existing epilepsy,” says Dr. Katie Pagan, a partner veterinarian with Heart + Paw in Fells Point, Maryland.  

Topical Flea Protection

“Orals are more effective but the topicals are a close second,” says Barnes.

These products get applied to your dog’s skin, typically once per month. Some topical flea medicines for dogs, like Frontline Plus, are available over the counter, while others, like Revolution, require a prescription. They also vary in their levels of protection. Revolution, for example, protects against heartworms, as well as fleas and ticks; while Advantage only kills fleas. 

A plus is that many topicals have a repellent component in addition to ingredients that kill the fleas, says Jeffrey. 

Some people may not want their kids exposed to flea medicine, Jeffrey adds. Additionally, “Some of the topicals also have tick preventives that can be toxic to cats who could potentially come into contact with the medication.” 

Prescription topical medications are typically more effective, and non-prescription topicals vary in their effectiveness. “If I know someone who wants the cheapest medication, I try to steer them toward Frontline Plus or Advantage because they are over the counter and known to be safe and usually effective,” says Jeffrey.

Flea Collars

Once a flea collar is fitted properly around the dog’s neck, it slowly distributes ingredients that kill fleas (and ticks, in some cases). Collars are available without a prescription and are more cost effective than chews or topicals. 

As with other over the counter flea products, effectiveness can vary. “A Seresto collar is very effective for dogs (and cats) but other collars out on the market just do not work well or can cause contact dermatitis to the skin,” says Pagan. The duration of protection varies by product, though Seresto’s collar lasts for 8 months.

Collars can offer protection, says Klein, but are not used as much as topicals, pills, and shampoos. 

Flea Shampoos

Though most veterinarians recommend oral flea medicine, topicals, and collars for optimal protection, flea shampoos might be an option if you prefer a natural product. Keep in mind that shampoos don’t offer ongoing protection against fleas, however, says Pagan. “It only kills what is on them.” 

As with other non-prescription flea products, shampoos can vary in their effectiveness; and some dog shampoos can interfere with topical tick and flea medicines. Discuss using a flea shampoo with your veterinarian before bathing your dog with one of these products.

Best Flea Medicine for Dogs According to Veterinarians

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

To help take the guesswork out of choosing effective parasite protection, we’ve compiled a list of some of the best flea medicine for dogs that veterinarians approve of and recommend. 

Your own veterinarian can ultimately suggest a product that is best suited to your dog. If a product isn’t mentioned here, that doesn’t infer that it’s ineffective.

Best Combination Parasite Protection for Dogs

Our pick: NexGard PLUS

NexGard PLUS (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) is a new monthly combination product for dogs that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. By combining internal and external parasite protection in a single beef-flavored soft chew, NexGard PLUS helps make monthly dosing easier for both dogs and pet parents. This “one-and-done” parasite protection product is available by prescription only, so talk to your veterinarian to see if it is a good fit for you and your canine companion.

See important safety information for NexGard PLUS below.

Highlights

• From the maker of HEARTGARD Plus, one of the top vet-recommended heartworm disease preventives
• Beef-flavored monthly soft chew designed to be easy to give to dogs
• Kill adult fleas, kill ticks, prevent heartworm disease, and treat and control three species of hookworms and two species of roundworms
• Available in four strengths, according to a dog’s weight
• Approved for puppies as young as 8 weeks weighing 4 pounds or more

Things to Consider

• Your dog should be tested for existing heartworm infection prior to starting this product
• Available by prescription only
• Most frequently reported side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and itching
• Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurological disorders

Best Fast-Acting Tick and Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our pick: Credelio Quattro

Credelio Quattro is the first and only monthly chewable preventative to protect against not only fleas and ticks, but also roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and heartworm disease. This small chewable tablet is flavored, so it’s easy to administer once a month with food. comes in an appealing is easy to administer once a month . protects against kills ticks and fleas fast (in as little as four hours) and offers one full month of protection. It is effective against four types of ticks: lone star tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick. This medication is available by prescription, so talk to your veterinarian about whether it is a good fit for your dog. Some pet parents may choose to use this medication along with Interceptor Plus, which protects against all five major worms, for broad-spectrum parasite protection.

Highlights

• Small, tasty chewable tablet comes in appealing beef flavor, so it’s easy to administer once a month
• Offers the broadest parasite protection, covering 6 common canine parasites
• Starts to kill fleas and ticks in just 4 hours
• Also effective against roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms and heartworm disease
• Protection lasts a full month
• Available in a variety of strengths, according to a dog’s weight

Things to Consider

• Must be administered with food or given within 30 minutes of feeding your dog
• Cost varies depending on the strength of the dose and the number of doses in each box
• Not suitable for puppies under 8 weeks of age 
• Dogs must weigh 3.3 pounds or greater to use this medication
• Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders

Best Flea Medicine for Large Dogs

Our Pick: NexGard

This beef-flavored chew kills adult fleas and ticks for one month. It’s FDA-approved to help prevent Lyme infections caused by Blacklegged ticks. 

Highlights

• Kills fleas before they can lay eggs. FDA-approved to prevent Lyme infections from Blacklegged ticks
• Offers formulations specifically for large dogs, including those weighing between 60 and 121 pounds 
• Comes in a tasty beef-flavored chew that can be taken without food

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• Chewable flea and tick medicine for dogs should be used with caution in epileptic dogs. It may also not be well tolerated in dogs with food allergies or sensitive stomachs
• The flea has to bite the dog in order for the medicine to be effective

Best Flea Medicine for Small Dogs

Our Pick: Simparica

A bite-sized flavored chew that offers protection for 35 days and is available with a prescription. It protects dogs from flea infestations and ticks, including the Blacklegged species. Another plus is that Simparica doesn’t need to be given with food. 

Highlights

• Kills adult fleas, prevents infestations, and kills ticks that carry Lyme disease
• Comes in formulations for small dogs, including those weighing between 2.8 and 5.5 pounds
• Can be given without food

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription

Best Flea Medicine for Dogs with Multi-Worm Protection

Our pick: Trifexis

Trifexis is a beef-flavored tablet that not only protects dogs from fleas but also heartworm disease and three kinds of intestinal parasites: hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. It’s easy to give like a treat and only needs to be dosed once a month. As with other heartworm medications, your dog will need to be tested for an existing heartworm infection before starting this product. Talk to your veterinarian to see if Trifexis is a good fit for your canine companion.

Highlights

• Monthly, beef-flavored tablet given orally
• Kills fleas on dogs and prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm infections
• Full month of protection
• Available in a variety of  strengths, according to a dog’s weight

Things to Consider

• Your dog will need to be tested for an existing heartworm infection before starting this medication 
• Administer with food for maximum effectiveness
• Cost varies depending on the strength of the dose and the number of doses in each box
• Not suitable for puppies under 8 weeks of age
• Dogs must weigh 5 pounds or more to use this medication
• Potential side effects may include vomiting, decreased activity, itching, decreased appetite, and diarrhea
• If vomiting occurs within one hour of administration, you will need to redose
• Use with caution in dogs with pre-existing epilepsy

Check out our full review

Best Vet-Recommended Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Simparica Trio

Veterinarians recommend Simparica Trio because of its effective protection against ticks and fleas, as well as heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms—all in one convenient monthly chew. It’s a small, liver-flavored chewable tablet available by prescription. Because it provides heartworm protection, your dog will need a negative heartworm test on file in order to be prescribed this product. 

“I personally give this product to my dog along with hundreds of thousands of other dogs and have never had an issue,” says Pagan. 

Highlights

• Multi-purpose chew that kills fleas and prevents infestations, kills five types of ticks (including the Lyme-carrying Blacklegged tick), treats and controls roundworms and hookworms, and helps prevent heartworm disease
• Liver-flavored chew that can be taken with or without food

Things to Consider

• The cost for a six-month supply (six tablets) is on average, between $140 to $170 dollars, depending on the size of your dog
• You can only get Simparica chewables with a prescription from your veterinarian. And because it contains a heartworm preventative, your dog needs a negative heartworm test on file
• As with any oral flea medication, the flea has to bite the dog in order to ingest the medicine
• May not be a good option for dogs with food sensitivities or epilepsy

Best Chewable Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Bravecto

While most flea medications are administered monthly, Bravecto chews provide protection against fleas and ticks for 3 full months. This makes it a convenient option for busy pet parents who might forget to administer a dose every month. Bravecto chews are available by prescription only.

Highlights

• Provides flea and tick protection for 3 months 
• Works within hours after it’s been consumed

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian
• Oral flea medicine for dogs may not be a good fit if your dog has epilepsy or food sensitivities
• Though one chew lasts for up to three months, it costs between $57 and $60.

Best Topical Flea Medicine for Dogs

Our Pick: Revolution

Revolution is a multi-use, FDA-approved topical solution—available with prescription—that you apply directly to your dog’s skin every 30 days. It protects against fleas (and prevents infestations), the American dog tick, heartworms, ear mites, and sarcoptic mange.

“I personally have prescribed this countless times. It is very safe and effective,” says Pagan.

Highlights

• Multi-spectrum product that protects against fleas, ticks, heartworms, ear mites, and mange
• Good option for dogs who won’t eat chews or tolerate collars
• Non-greasy, quick-drying formula. You can bathe your dog two hours after application without it affecting the ingredients

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription from your veterinarian, as well as a negative heartworm test
• May not be a good option if you’re concerned about children or pets being exposed to flea medicine ingredients

Best Flea Medicine for Puppies

Our Pick: Revolution Topical Solution for Puppies

Formulated for tiny bodies under 5 pounds, this solution gets applied to your puppy’s skin monthly. It’s a prescription-only, multi-use product that kills adult fleas and prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats and controls ear mites. It’s fast-drying, so you can bathe your dog two hours after application without reducing the medicine’s effectiveness. 

Highlights

• Formulated for puppies under 5 pounds
• Multi-use product that kills adult fleas, prevents infestations, prevents heartworm disease, and treats ear mites
• Non-greasy formula that dries quickly 

Things to Consider

• Requires a prescription and heartworm test on file

Dog Flea Medicine Buying Guide

Cost and convenience are, of course, important considerations when choosing a flea medicine. Other factors like your dog’s medical history and size, as well as product reliability, are critical to consider, too. 

What to Do When Purchasing a Flea Medicine

Consider your dog’s medical history. Pagan says caution should be used if considering chewable tablets for dogs with epilepsy. If your dog has a sensitive stomach, she says you may want a collar or topical instead of a pill. “If your dog is itchy and has sensitive skin a chewable tablet would be better suited for your needs. If you bathe your pet often and do not like a greasy product applied to the coat, a chewable tablet is for you and your pet.”  

Be careful with cats in the home. If you also share your home with cats, avoid flea and tick medicine for dogs containing permethrin, an ingredient in many tick preventives that is toxic to cats, says Jeffrey. “Since most flea preventives have a tick preventative, I avoid this ingredient if there is a cat in the house that could be exposed.”

Make sure to reach the label closely. When purchasing flea medicine without a prescription, it’s imperative to read the label—including whether the product is appropriate for your dog’s weight and age, says Klein. “Many medications are not label approved for puppies less than seven weeks of age, breeding, pregnant or nursing dogs.” 

Prescription Vs. Over the Counter Flea Medicine for Dogs

Though veterinarians will recommend specific over the counter flea products if cost is a factor, they say prescription flea medicine for dogs is better regulated. Prescription products tend to be more effective, and associated with fewer side effects. 

Over-the-counter flea medicines may be less expensive and available without a prescription, but effectiveness can vary. “You always want to ensure you are purchasing any OTC products through a reputable party as there are many counterfeit products out on the market,” says Pagan.

Dog Flea Prevention vs. Treatment

Prevention is when you give your dog flea medicine on a regular basis to prevent infestations, says Jeffrey, “But it can also mean the product has ingredients that will repel fleas.” Treatment, she says, is when you use a product to kill fleas already known to be present on your dog. 

Most products currently on the market target both prevention and treatment, says Pagan. “They start killing fleas within hours and prevent them after the fact. Some pets may develop flea allergy dermatitis or parasites secondary to fleas so additional medications could be needed.” 

Where to Buy Flea Medicine for Dogs

Purchasing flea medicine through your veterinarian is the safest option. “Your veterinarian purchases products directly through a reputable party to ensure these products are not counterfeit and will not cause an issue with your pet,” says Pagan. 

If you’d rather purchase your flea medicine independently, start by asking your veterinarian for recommendations of trusted retailers. Or stick with trusted pet supply shops or online pharmacies. These services will often contact your veterinarian directly to ensure your prescription is on file and will ship the medication directly to your door. 

Our Experts

• Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club
• Dr. Ashley Barnes, medical director at Louisville Family Animal Hospital
• Dr. Susan Jeffrey, associate veterinarian at Odyssey Veterinary Care
• Dr. Catherine Barnette, veterinary reviewer and expert for Great Pet Care

NexGard PLUS Important Safety Information

NexGard® PLUS (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) is safe for puppies at 8 weeks, weighing 4 pounds or more. The most frequently reported adverse reactions include diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and itching. Use with caution in dogs with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders. Dogs should be tested for existing heartworm infection prior to starting a preventive. For more information, click here for full prescribing information.

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That’s why it is so important to use a flea comb for dogs to check for any infestations. 

What is a Flea Comb for Dogs? 

A flea comb is a specialized tool that helps find and get rid of fleas on dogs and other pets. The comb has finely spaced teeth that can pick up and remove fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt that traditional brushes can’t. Flea dirt is adult flea feces that shows up as tiny dark specs, almost like small coffee grounds, on your pet’s skin and fur. 

Types of Flea Combs

There are a few different types of flea combs available to pet parents. These include traditional manual flea combs and electric flea combs. 

Manual flea combs work just like any other comb and a pet parent will need to drag the grooming tool over their dog’s coat in order to pick up any fleas or flea eggs. Manual combs are relatively small, able to fit in your pocket or bag, which is great to use on the go after hiking, beach days, and dog parks to remove any fleas before you head home. 

Electric flea combs release a mild electrical charge that kills fleas and their eggs on contact. The charge will not harm your pet. These combs are bulkier than traditional flea combs because they require a battery. Some electric flea combs do make a beeping sound, which may startle some dogs.

Flea combs also come in different materials. Most often, you’ll find plastic and metal or stainless steel options. Many people prefer not to use plastic ones, as the teeth can break off when stressed too hard. 

If your dog has a longer coat, flea combs with longer teeth can help the comb move through their fur easier, while removing fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt. Flea combs with shorter-length teeth are best used in dogs with short coats. 

The bottom line is to look for a flea comb that has very small spaces between the teeth, so it can comb out and remove fleas. If the spaces between the teeth of the comb are too wide, then it could leave live fleas, flea eggs, and flea dirt behind on your dog. 

How to Use a Flea Comb

Using a flea comb—whether you choose a manual or electric one—is easy. However, it’s important to take a few steps before and during the combing process. Here are some tips for successfully using a flea comb on your dog.

Step 1: Set up an area in the house or an outdoor spot where you can easily vacuum or clean after flea combing your dog. You can lay down a towel or pee pads to catch any fleas, flea eggs, and flea debris.

Step 2: Before using the flea comb, carefully brush out or remove any mats from your dog’s coat. This way the comb can easily move through their fur, without causing irritation when tugging on mats or knots.

Step 3: To get started move the comb gently through your dog’s fur, starting at the head and moving towards the tail. Be sure to comb multiple times through your pet’s coat, concentrating on the neck, belly, and around the tail base where fleas tend to congregate. 

Step 4: For manual combs, after every few strokes dunk the comb in the bowl of warm water and remove debris off the comb with paper towels. You may see some live fleas, so the water will help to kill them. Electric combs can be wiped off with a paper towel. The fleas should already be dead due to the electric current.

Step 5: When you are finished, remove the towel or pee pad you used and wash or throw them away to prevent flea reinfestation. Vacuum the area thoroughly, and be sure to wash and clean anything that was used during your flea combing session. 

Bonus Tip: It helps to make this process fun for your dog. Have a few high-value dog treats or a toy on hand to keep them entertained while you comb them. You can also use a lick mat and smear it with dog-safe peanut butter or plain pumpkin as a way to keep them still and occupied.   

Treating Fleas on Dogs: A Multi-Step Approach

Combing your dog’s coat for fleas is a great way to keep these pesky parasites at bay, but treating and getting rid of fleas takes diligence and different methods. Depending on where you live and your activities, you may need to use a flea comb multiple times a week. 

But when it comes to preventing a flea infestation, prevention is key. Use your comb to check for fleas after time spent outdoors in the backyard or when returning from hikes or the dog park. Vacuum areas in your home that your dog frequents, especially corners of the room and carpets. Wash bedding, toys, and blankets to remove any fleas and flea eggs, and bathe your dog if you do find fleas with your flea comb.

It’s also important to talk to your veterinarian about flea prevention medication for the best year-round flea protection.

The post Flea Comb for Dogs: How to Use One appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Here’s what you need to know about tick paralysis in dogs, plus symptoms to watch for, diagnosis, treatment, and how to protect your pup with a monthly parasite preventative medication, such as Revolution or Simparica TRIO.

What Is Tick Paralysis in Dogs?

Tick bite paralysis in dogs is just what it sounds like: a form of dog paralysis that is caused by ticks. 

The saliva of some ticks contains toxins that affect the canine nervous system. As the tick feeds on a dog, these toxins enter the dog’s bloodstream and cause paralysis. In the early stages of the disease, the signs of paralysis may be very subtle. Over time, however, the dog will lose the ability to walk, eat, and even breathe. 

Canine tick paralysis is most common in the United States and Australia. Rarely, it can also occur in Asia and Europe.

Paralysis Tick: 4 Species to Know

In the United States, tick paralysis is usually caused by American Dog Ticks, Rocky Mountain Wood Ticks, Deer/Blacklegged Ticks, or Western Blacklegged Ticks. Other species, such as the Lone Star Tick and the Gulf Coast Tick, have the potential to cause tick paralysis but are rarely implicated.

Tick identification can be challenging and is often best left to a professional. However, these guidelines can help you determine whether your dog’s tick is a species commonly associated with tick paralysis:  

• American Dog Tick: These ticks are found primarily in the eastern United States (east of the Rocky Mountains) and in limited numbers along the Pacific coast. Adults are brown, with white to gray markings on their body. 
• Rocky Mountain Wood Tick: These ticks are found at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains. They are brownish-gray in color. 
• Deer or Blacklegged Tick: These ticks are found throughout the Eastern United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. Adults are orange-brown in color, with black legs.
• Western Blacklegged Tick: These ticks are found along the Pacific Coast, primarily in California. Their appearance is similar to the Deer or Blacklegged Tick.

For additional information on tick species in the United States, see Species of Ticks: 7 That Affect Pets.

Paralysis Tick Removal for Dogs

Dogs can acquire ticks anytime they are outdoors, but they are most common in deep grass or brush. If your dog may have been exposed to ticks, check your pet carefully and remove any ticks that you find. Ticks not only pose a risk of tick paralysis, they can also transmit a number of tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Ehrlichiosis. 

Ticks like to hide in skin folds and other dark places. For this reason, it’s common to find ticks between a dog’s toes, around a dog’s ears, and in the groin area. Check over your dog’s entire body, but pay careful attention to these particular regions. 

When removing ticks, it’s important to remove the entire tick, including its head. Don’t pull on the tick’s body, because doing so often results in the mouthparts being left behind in your dog’s skin. Use tweezers to grasp the tick’s head, as close to your dog’s skin as possible, and remove the entire tick. You can also use tick removal tools, which are designed to simplify tick removal and make it less stressful for you and your dog.  

Symptoms of Tick Paralysis in Dogs

Paralysis tick symptoms usually develop three to five days after the tick has attached to the dog. Early signs of paralysis may be subtle, including weakness and incoordination. Without treatment, however, these signs will progress to paralysis of the hindlimbs and then the entire body. Eventually, the dog’s breathing will be affected and death may occur. 

Symptoms of tick paralysis may include: 

• Weakness
• Incoordination or stumbling
• Paralysis of the hindlimbs, which often progresses to involve all four legs
• Facial drooping
• Grunting on exhalation
• Trouble chewing
• Difficulty breathing 

If your dog is showing signs of tick paralysis, seek veterinary care immediately. There are a number of other neurologic conditions that can be confused with tick paralysis, and these conditions may require immediate treatment.

Diagnosing Tick Paralysis in Dogs

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough neurologic exam. Tick paralysis affects a dog’s nervous system, but there are a number of other conditions that can cause similar signs. A neurologic exam will help your veterinarian begin to narrow down the list of possible causes for your dog’s weakness or paralysis. 

There is no diagnostic test for tick paralysis. Diagnosis requires finding a tick on the dog, removing that tick (or administering tick prevention), and seeing a resolution of clinical signs over the following 24 to 48 hours. 

While this may sound like a simple approach, it does have a downside: not every paralyzed dog with a tick has tick paralysis. Dogs presenting for other neurologic issues might just happen to have a tick or two on their body. Therefore, it may take your veterinarian a day or two to determine whether tick removal was an effective treatment for your dog.  

In the case of a paralyzed dog, any delay in testing and treatment can be significant. Therefore, your veterinarian may recommend diagnostics to rule out other conditions, even while waiting to see how your dog responds to tick removal. 

How to Treat Tick Paralysis in Dogs

Tick paralysis is treated by removing the offending tick, or treating the dog with an effective tick preventative. Improvement is usually rapid, with most dogs “back to normal” within a day or two.   

Depending on the severity of your dog’s signs, your dog may require hospitalization for additional treatments. Your dog may receive intravenous (IV) fluids to prevent dehydration, and dogs that are having trouble breathing may be placed on a mechanical ventilator. 

How to Prevent Tick Paralysis in Dogs

Preventing tick paralysis means preventing ticks from feeding on your dog. Remember, signs of tick paralysis usually develop several days after tick attachment, so a brief contact with a tick is unlikely to lead to tick paralysis; it’s prolonged feeding that you need to prevent.

The best way to prevent tick paralysis is to administer year-round flea and tick control. Prescription preventatives are often most effective, and are available in both topical solutions, such as Revolution, and oral medications, such as Simparica TRIO. Talk to your veterinarian to determine the best tick control product for your dog, which may depend on the tick risks in your region. For example, Revolution protects against the American dog tick, while Simparica TRIO protects against five species of ticks: the American dog tick, Gulf Coast tick, Brown dog tick, Deer tick/black-legged tick, and Lone Star tick.

Find out what parasite risks are in your region in our Parasite Prevention Guide.

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Get ready to find out! Let’s explore this question, so you can understand if you’re at risk of getting fleas from your dog. We’ll also delve into what flea bites look like on people, so you know what to watch out for. Finally, we’ll talk about how using a monthly flea preventative for your dog, like NexGard Chewables, can help protect your pet…and your household.

Can Humans Get Fleas from Dogs?

The short answer is yes, fleas that live and feed on dogs can jump onto humans and bite us. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is the most common flea in the U.S., and the most common flea seen on cats and dogs. While the cat flea will bite a variety of mammals including humans, we aren’t its preferred host. However, when a flea emerges from a cocoon, it will jump on the nearest warm mammal, and that might be a person if there aren’t any other options available.  

How Can Humans Get Fleas from Dogs?

If your dog has fleas, they may jump off your dog, onto your skin, and bite you. In other scenarios, fleas can infest the home environment (carpet, bedding, cracks and crevices, etc.), and then jump onto a human and bite them. Fleas may also lay eggs in the home environment that can hatch, develop, and bite humans as well.

Can Fleas Live on Humans?

The good news is that fleas that live on dogs do not “live” on humans in the same way. There are a few reasons for this: first, flea bites are itchy and hard to miss, and most humans will notice fleas on themselves right away. Fleas do not reproduce on humans because fleas need fur or feathers to hide and several days to feed in order to lay viable eggs. Fleas cannot bite through clothing, however, rarely they may hide under clothing and repeatedly bite a human.

Can Humans Get Fleas in Their Hair?

Fleas rarely infest human hair: most flea bites are located around the feet and ankles because that is as high as the flea can jump and get a quick bite before being noticed by a person and picked off. It’s even hard for fleas to jump and land on us! Accordingly, humans do not typically have flea dirt on their body or in their hair because flea dirt is the digested blood in feces excreted by fleas, and fleas do not typically stay undisturbed on humans long enough for that to happen. 

Most fleas will bite a human two or three times, realize we aren’t the preferred “meal,” and then jump off. If your dog has fleas, however, and sleeps with you, you may find flea dirt in your bed.

What Do Flea Bites Look Like on Humans?

Flea bites in humans are usually smaller than mosquito bites, and occur in clusters (often three bites) around the feet, ankles, near the edges of tight-fitted clothing (like socks), or in moist bendy parts of the body, like armpits or legpits. They may be surrounded by a red halo. Flea bites may be very itchy or minimally itchy, it depends on the person. Flea bites look similar to bed bug bites, but bed bug bites are usually on around the face, neck, hands, and arms. If in question, consult with your doctor.

Can Humans Get Sick From Flea Bites?

If you are sensitive or allergic to flea bites, you can develop hives or a rash. Furthermore, scratching at the bites can cause a secondary bacterial infection. 

While plague is commonly transmitted in the U.S. by ground squirrel fleas and not the fleas that live on dogs, there are some cat flea bite-related diseases that you should know about. Typhus is transmitted by infected cat fleas and their flea dirt; it is rare in the U.S. with most cases reported in California, Texas, and Hawaii, according to the Centers for Disease Control.

If a human accidentally swallows a dog or cat flea infected with a common tapeworm, the human can become infected with tapeworms. Small children are much more at risk than adults because of their close proximity to the ground and their propensity to put everything in their mouth. 

How to Get Rid of Fleas on Humans

If you are getting bit by fleas, then you must eradicate fleas on all your furry pets and in your environment, otherwise the pets will get continually infested and you will keep getting bit. Ask your veterinarian for the best flea treatments for your area. A product that quickly kills adult fleas and an insect growth regulator that prevents eggs from hatching is usually recommended, and all pets in the household (including cats!) need to be treated to prevent reinfestation. 

For dogs, NexGard and Simparica TRIO are veterinarian-recommended products available that can kill fleas quickly before they start reproducing, and keep killing fleas for a month.

For cats, Revolution or Advantage II are some of the products available for flea control. These products require a prescription, and your veterinarian can advise you on how often to administer them to your pets. If your dog swims regularly, inform your veterinarian, as this may impact how long a flea product lasts. Follow all instructions exactly or risk reinfestation. 

In addition to killing fleas on your pets, you need to get rid of fleas in the environment. This is particularly important if your pets get reinfested even while using products. Remember: If you are seeing fleas on your dog or getting bit, then there are likely fleas of all life stages developing in your home. (Ew! That is called the biomass). If this is the case, the following tips will help you:

• Vacuum all flooring, throw rugs, and both sides furniture cushions every couple of days for a month. This will suck up adult fleas, any developing immature fleas, and flea eggs. If you have a bad infestation, vacuum daily for one month and then once a week for an additional two months to eradicate the flea biomass. (It only takes 24-48 hours for fleas to start laying eggs.) Throw away the vacuum bag at least twice a week, as it may contain developing fleas. 
• Sprinkle diatomaceous earth in cracks and crevices. This dries fleas out, and dried out fleas are dead fleas.
• Wash all pet bedding every couple of days. If your pet sleeps with you, wash your bedding every couple of days. 
• Clean pet carriers daily, or bar access.
• Use an outdoor inverted aerosol insecticide where fleas like to hide (under decks, warm, moist areas).
• Purchase flea traps, and change out weekly for two months.
• If you do all this and nothing helps, consult with a local exterminator. 

How to Prevent Flea Bites on People and Pets

If you keep fleas off your pets and your pet’s environment, then flea bites should cease. Here are some tips to stop the problem before it starts:

• Keep grass mowed short, clean up and remove all leaf litter, and bar access to wildlife dens or under decks where fleas like to lurk.
• Utilize flea control products correctly per label instructions during flea season on all pets (including cats!). In warm areas, this may require year-round flea control.
• If wildlife frequent your yard, utilize outdoor insecticides, or talk to your landscaper about applying professional products.
• Regularly vacuum carpets, rugs, and furniture, including under cushions.
• Keep your house clean: sweep floors and mop regularly.
• Wash pet bedding on hot at least monthly, preferably every two weeks.
• Comb your dog with a flea comb a couple times a week. If you find fleas, dip them in soapy water to drown them. 

As always, it is recommended to enlist the help of your friendly local veterinarian if you have fleas biting you or your pets.

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Fleas are still so prevalent that flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), or itching due to fleas, remains the number one cause of itching and allergic skin disease in dogs in the United States. 

Flea allergy dermatitis can be frustrating for pet parents, extremely uncomfortable for dogs, and fleas can transmit disease to animals and humans. Fortunately, flea allergy dermatitis is avoidable by using monthly flea and tick protection, such as Simparica TRIO or NexGard, and treatable. Here’s what you need to know about this common canine affliction.

Can Dogs Be Allergic to Fleas?

The majority of dogs will find flea bites uncomfortable. However, some dogs are hypersensitive to flea bites. These pets will experience a much more severe reaction to flea bites than other dogs and are therefore considered allergic to fleas. 

Dogs with flea allergy dermatitis, also referred to as flea bite hypersensitivity, have often been already diagnosed with other allergies such as food or environmental allergies. Flea allergies can develop at any age, but most cases of FAD appear in dogs between 2 to 5 years old. Flea allergies are the most common type of allergy diagnosed in dogs and cats.

What Causes Flea Allergy in Dogs?

Flea allergies occur after an animal has been bitten by a flea. As a flea feeds, it releases saliva rich in enzymes, peptides, amino acids and histamines. The body recognizes these compounds as antigens, triggering an immune response. 

Some dogs may show signs of itching within minutes of a bite, while others may experience a more delayed reaction 24 to 48 hours later. A single flea bite can make a sensitive pet itchy for up to two weeks. 

In many cases of flea allergy dermatitis, dog owners are confused about their pet’s symptoms because they have not seen a flea on their pet. However, it is important to acknowledge that fleas are tiny, about the size of a sesame seed, and very fast. Fleas can discreetly hop on and off your pet while you and your dog are on a walk or playing in the park. Fleas also do not need to live on your dog. These tiny, mighty bugs can live in your home, hiding in the cracks between cushions or in your dog’s bed after biting your dog. Another reason pet parents may not always find fleas on their pet is that their dog may be biting and scratching so vigorously that the fleas are removed before anyone has a chance to spot them. 

Dog Flea Allergy Symptoms

Dogs suffering from flea allergy dermatitis often display the following symptoms:

• Itching, redness, and crusting primarily on their back from just behind the rib cage to the base of the tail (this area is often referred to as the flea triangle.) 
• Biting or chewing their skin excessively
• Raw open wounds where hair has been chewed called hot spots around the base of the tail or the face
• Dragging themselves along the carpet
• Hair loss secondary to biting, chewing, or scratching
• Red bumps on the skin similar to pimples
• Oily appearance to the skin and coat
• Small black dots, called flea dirt, in the coat
• Loss of sleep/scratching through the night
• Decreased appetite and restlessness

Some of these symptoms occur because dogs are itching so severely that they traumatize their skin barrier and allow secondary infections to form. These infections compound a pet’s itch and irritation, making the situation even more uncomfortable for affected dogs. 

Diagnosing Flea Allergy in Dogs

Flea allergy in dogs can be quickly diagnosed by discovering fleas or flea dirt (little black specks of dried blood) in a dog’s coat. That said, the absence of fleas does not exclude flea allergy dermatitis as the cause of a dog’s itch because, as we discussed, fleas are not always present on a dog after they have taken a meal and caused the allergic reaction. 

In many cases, FAD is diagnosed based on the symptoms, coupled with the lack of consistent, reliable flea prevention being administered year-round.

Your veterinarian will need to perform a physical exam to rule out other causes of itching and make sure your dog hasn’t developed any secondary skin infections due to the severity of their itching.  

Dog Flea Allergy Dermatitis Treatment

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First and foremost, any fleas on the pet will need to be completely removed, and new bites must be prevented. Your veterinarian will prescribe a reliable and safe flea product to kill any fleas actively on your pet and ensure they’re protected against future infestations.

A flea control product will be needed for all pets in the house (cats included) to eradicate these pesky insects from the animal’s environment fully. 

An anti-itch medication may also be prescribed to help your pet feel more comfortable while their skin heals. This may be a steroid or a prescription allergy medication such as Apoquel or Cytopoint. Apoquel is an oral tablet for dogs that relieves and controls allergic itch and inflammation due to skin allergies. Cytopoint is an injection given at your veterinarian’s office that controls allergic itch in dogs and provides relief for up to 8 weeks.

Secondary skin infections that may have developed will also need to be treated. Typically this will be a medicated shampoo and possibly oral antibiotics or antifungals as deemed necessary based on physical exam findings. 

Environmental treatment is also necessary. The inside of the house should be treated using a combination of flea bombs, sprays, vacuuming carpets and couches, washing all upholstery such as bedding, curtains, throw blankets and more. Treating your backyard, patio and porch is also advisable. In some cases, such as for large homes or those with many animals, hiring professional exterminators is a good idea.

Treating the environment alone is not sufficient to prevent FAD, as it will only rid the home and surrounding area of fleas present at that moment. In a short time, new fleas can move in and take root, especially if there are unprotected pets in the home to provide hungry fleas with meals.

Preventing Flea Allergy in Dogs

Thankfully, flea allergy dermatitis is avoidable and this begins with consistent, year-round flea control. Monthly flea prevention comes in topical and oral forms to fit a variety of pets’ lifestyles and needs. For example, Simparica TRIO is a flavored chewable tablet you give your dog monthly to protect against fleas, ticks, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. NexGard is a monthly beef-flavored chew that kills fleas and ticks and prevents Lyme disease infections by killing black-legged ticks. Revolution topical solution is easy to apply to your dog’s skin once a month and protects against fleas, American dog ticks, ear mites, heartworm disease, and sarcoptic mites.

Other products, such as flea control collars, are beneficial if applied correctly and changed regularly. 

Unfortunately, many over-the-counter options are not reliable at eliminating fleas entirely, so a prescription flea control product is necessary for pets who are hypersensitive to flea bites. Simparica TRIO, NexGard, and Revolution are only available by prescription, so ask your veterinarian if any of these are a good fit for your canine companion.

Despite popular belief, fleas are not entirely dormant in winter months, especially if they have found their way inside our temperature-controlled homes. Therefore, flea products should be given year-round. If flea control products are discontinued in the winter months, it can be much harder to prevent an infestation in the spring and summer when flea numbers are the highest.

Unfortunately, fleas are here to stay, no matter how clean we keep our pets and our homes. By keeping our pets on a reliable and safe flea control product year-round, dog parents can avoid unnecessary veterinary visits, expensive treatments and save their dog from the discomfort that flea bites can cause.

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It turns out our feline friends are just as susceptible to a flea infestation as all those animals that came before. But how do you identify fleas on cats? And what should you do if you find them?

Read on to learn the telltale signs of fleas on cats, plus get helpful tips on how to get rid of these pesky pests.

Fleas on Cats: What Do They Look Like?

Fleas are very small dark brown bugs that are 1.5 to 4 mm in length. From side to side, flea bodies are very compact and flat. Fleas do not have wings but they do have an incredible ability to jump. Often, these bugs move so fast and are so small that they are hard to find. 

Using a fine-toothed comb (or a flea comb) across the body of your cat would be the best way to attempt to find live fleas. You’ll see the small bugs for a brief moment before they jump away! The most common way you’ll know if your cat has fleas is flea dirt.

Flea Dirt on Cats

Fleas suck up the blood of your cat. Then, when they poop, it comes out as a brown-black color. Flea dirt is essentially flea poop! You may find some brown-black specks on your cat’s skin. If you find flea dirt, use a fine-toothed comb and collect some of the specks with your cat’s fur. Place this debris on a wet paper towel. If the specks create brown-red smears, it is flea dirt. This is a sign that your cat has fleas. 

Flea Eggs on Cats

Flea eggs are white and less than 1 mm long! Because they are so small, it is very challenging to see them. If you have a way of zooming in, you may find flea eggs on cats on individual strands of fur. However, most of the eggs are never found because they are so small and cats lick and groom themselves a lot. All in all, flea eggs are very challenging to see.

Flea Bites on Cats

You cannot see flea bites with the naked eye. However, you can see whether fleas create itchiness and inflammation in your cat’s skin. This is known as dermatitis. Some cats are actually allergic to flea saliva. Even one flea bite can cause an allergic reaction in a sensitive cat’s skin. If you see redness on your cat’s skin and your cat appears itchy or uncomfortable, it could be a sign of fleas. 

Other Signs of Fleas on Cats

Even if you don’t see physical evidence of fleas on your cat, that doesn’t mean they aren’t present. Here are some other signs that your cat could have fleas.

Dermatitis

As mentioned earlier, flea bites can cause dermatitis, an allergic reaction that causes itching and redness on a cat’s skin. The most common symptoms are many tiny crusts on the skin all around your cat’s neck and shoulders, and possibly near the base of the tail. Other symptoms can include red skin, fur loss, obvious itchiness, or crust. Dermatitis tends to affect the skin around the neck, shoulders, or base of the tail the most.

Excessive Itching

Many cats hide that they are itchy, but when they are really itchy, pet parents tend to take notice. Cats love to groom and lick, but you may see your cat very suddenly turn their head and begin feverishly biting and licking at their back or other areas. When you pet your cat, they may begin to lick, scratch, or thump their back leg as if to scratch. 

Fur Loss

Itching can cause loss of fur, so you may find clumps of fur from your cat laying on the ground.

Flea Dirt in the Home 

In the environment, it is very hard to see fleas. The most common places fleas live on are pet beds and high-traffic areas. Wherever you or your pets go the most in your home, that’s where fleas gravitate toward. Look for flea dirt on pet bedding and areas where your cat spends most of their time.

Human Symptoms

Pet parents may also experience symptoms of fleas! Small red bumps, especially on your legs and feet, as well as itchiness may be signs of flea bites. Once the fleas are gone, these symptoms typically go away quickly. But if you notice flea symptoms on your own body, it’s a good idea to inspect your cat. Flea infestations can spread quickly. 

How to Get Rid of Fleas on Cats

Treating fleas on cats requires a multistep approach. Follow these steps to kill fleas on cats and get rid of them in your environment.

Use a Flea Treatment That Kills and Prevents

The most important way of getting rid of fleas on cats is to give them a flea treatment that is also a preventive (i.e., stops fleas from jumping on your cat). There are many excellent flea prevention products on the market that also kill live fleas. Your veterinarian can recommend specific brands. For example, Credelio CAT is a tiny, tasty tablet that treats and prevents flea and tick infestations in cats and kittens (8 weeks of age or older and 2 pounds or greater). It starts killing fleas within six hours.

Be very cautious that you do not accidentally buy flea preventives meant for dogs—this is deadly in cats. 

Flea baths for cats are not generally recommended. Most cats do not like baths, but more importantly, flea baths will only kill the fleas currently on your cat. They do not prevent fleas from jumping right back on minutes later. 

Treat Other Pets 

You must treat all other pets in your home for fleas as well. This includes dogs, rabbits, and other cats. If one of your cats has fleas, all your pets have fleas. You cannot get rid of fleas unless you treat ALL pets. However, fish, reptiles (e.g., snakes and lizards) and amphibians (e.g., frogs) do not need treatment.

Clean and Treat Your Home

Environmental clean-up and treatment are key to getting rid of fleas on cats. All bedding that your cat has access to must be thoroughly washed in hot water and dried on high heat. Daily thorough vacuuming of all carpet as well as the nooks and crannies of fabric furniture and wood floors may decrease the number of fleas (just don’t forget to empty the vacuum container right away!). 

Realistically, calling a pest control company to treat your house for fleas is the absolute best way to keep your cat and your home environment flea free. You and your kitty will need to leave the house for a few hours while they use chemicals to kill fleas.

How to Prevent Fleas on Cats

The most important step you can take to prevent fleas is to use a veterinary-approved flea control product every month. Talk to your veterinary clinic or hospital about products they recommend. 

Flea medications come in a variety of forms, including:

Oral medication. There are flea control medications you can give your cat by mouth, but some pet parents find this difficult to do. However, certain medications may be designed with an appealing smell and flavor for easier administration. For example, Credelio Cat is made with vanilla and yeast flavor to appeal to even picky cats.

Liquid medication. There are liquids that go onto the skin of your cat. You should apply topical flea medicine on the back of your cat’s neck to keep them from licking it. The liquid will absorb over a few hours, protecting the whole body. 

Collars. Cat flea collars are generally not recommended, as they only prevent fleas a short distance from the collar. This means your cat could have fleas biting their tail and back legs even when wearing a flea collar.

Preventing fleas includes keeping your cats indoors. However, many pet parents give their cat some fresh air on a harness or in a catio. If you do let your cat outdoors, be sure to keep up on the flea prevention.

Don’t allow your cat to interact with wildlife or other outdoor animals. Cats can catch fleas and many other parasites through contact with these animals.

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Let’s take a look at six of the most common tick-borne illnesses in the United States and how they can impact your dog’s health.

How Do Ticks Transmit Disease?

Dogs are infected with tick-borne illnesses when they are bitten by an infected tick or, in some cases, when they ingest an infected tick. Ticks on dogs must remain attached long enough to transmit the disease – some diseases take as little as a few hours to transmit while others may require as much as 1-2 days of attachment for transmission to occur. After transmission, the incubation period (the time it takes for symptoms to appear) varies from days to months depending on the disease. 

Diseases transmitted by ticks can be prevented by keeping your dog on a monthly parasite preventative medication such as Simparica TRIO chewable tablets. Let’s take a look at some dangerous tick-borne diseases that can be a threat to your dog, to underline the importance of year-round tick protection.

6 Dangerous Tick-Borne Diseases

Tick-borne illnesses vary in their symptoms and severity, but all of them have the potential to cause serious illness or even death. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure your dog has the best possible outcome. 

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is most common in the northeastern, upper midwestern, and west coast regions of the United States. It is caused by a bacteria which is transmitted by the following types of ticks: 

• Black-legged tick
• Western black-legged tick

The majority of dogs infected with Lyme disease remain asymptomatic. In 5-10 percent of infected dogs, symptoms develop within 2-5 months of infection. Symptoms of Lyme disease in dogs can include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, joint pain, shifting leg lameness and swollen lymph nodes. In rare cases, a serious and sometimes fatal condition called Lyme nephritis can occur, in which Lyme disease causes a progressive kidney failure.

Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. Doxycycline is the most commonly used antibiotic for treating Lyme disease, but other antibiotics such as amoxicillin, azithromycin, or cefovecin may also be used. Your veterinarian may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory medication to help alleviate the joint pain that can be caused by Lyme disease. For patients with Lyme nephritis, hospitalization and aggressive fluid therapy are necessary to try to prevent kidney failure. 

For dogs with uncomplicated Lyme disease, the prognosis is good and most begin to show improvement within 24 to 48 hours of starting treatment. For dogs with Lyme nephritis, the prognosis is poor. 

There is a Lyme disease vaccine for dogs that is available at most veterinary clinics. Speak with your veterinarian about the Lyme vaccine if you live in an area where Lyme disease poses a significant threat.

Anaplasmosis

Anaplasmosis is found in the northeastern and upper midwest regions of the United States, as well as along the west coast. Anaplasmosis is caused by bacterium which is transmitted by the same types of ticks that carry Lyme disease. Infections occur most commonly in late spring through fall. 

Many dogs infected with Anaplasmosis are asymptomatic. Those that do develop symptoms often display signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, fever, dehydration, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, pale mucus membranes and lameness. 

Anaplasmosis is treated with oral antibiotics such as doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory medication to help alleviate joint pain that can occur as a result of anaplasmosis infection. When treated appropriately, the prognosis for dogs infected with anaplasma is very good.

Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis can be divided into two subtypes: canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), which is transmitted by the brown dog tick, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which is transmitted by the lone star tick. 

CME is most common in the southwestern and southeastern United States, while granulocytic ehrlichiosis is most common in south central and southeastern United States, primarily in the spring and summer.

Dogs infected with ehrlichiosis may have few or no symptoms. Symptoms vary depending on the type of ehrlichiosis infection. Dogs infected with granulocytic ehrlichiosis most commonly show symptoms including loss of appetite, lameness, stiff gait and lethargy. 

Dogs infected with CME will show symptoms such as depression, dehydration, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes and bleeding abnormalities.

Ehrlichiosis is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian will prescribe an appropriate antibiotic and dosing regimen for your dog.                                                                                                                                   

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever occurs primarily in the southeastern, midwestern, western, and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. Infections most commonly occur from March to October. The disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted through the bite of several types of ticks including the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, lone star tick and brown dog tick. 

Infections can range in severity from mild to fatal. Less severe cases may have few or no symptoms of infections. Other cases cause symptoms such as depression, loss of appetite, muscle pain, vomiting, weakness, weight loss, bruising and nosebleeds. Severe cases may progress to multi-organ failure and may develop additional symptoms depending on the organ systems affected.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, or chloramphenicol. Your veterinarian will choose an appropriate antibiotic and dosage regimen for your pet. 

Severe cases of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever may need additional supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids, steroids, or blood products. Most dogs respond rapidly to antibiotics and prognosis is excellent for those diagnosed and treated early in the course of disease.

Babesiosis

Babesiosis occurs throughout the world, but in the United States infections are more common in the southern states. This disease is most commonly transmitted by the brown dog tick species, but can also be transmitted by several other types of tick including the deer tick, American dog tick, and the Asian longhorned tick. 

Infections with Babesia spp. often produce no symptoms. Dogs that do develop symptoms typically experience moderate to severe hemolytic anemia along with fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, bruising, vomiting, discolored urine, bleeding, weakness, pallor and nose bleeds. 

Treatment of Babesiosis depends on the species of Babesia causing the infection. Large Babesia species are treated with injections administered by your veterinarian. Small Babesia species are more difficult to treat and may be addressed with a combination of oral medications. 

Your veterinarian will determine the best course of treatment for your dog based on the type and severity of the infection. In severe cases, supportive care such as fluid therapy or blood transfusions may also be warranted.

Hepatozoonosis

Canine hepatozoonosis is found worldwide. In the United States, it is most common in southern states. It most frequently affects young dogs under 2 years of age and is spread by the brown dog tick. Unlike the other tick-borne diseases, hepatozoonosis is transmitted by ingesting an infected tick, not by being bitten by one. 

Many infected dogs are asymptomatic or have minimal symptoms. Dogs that do exhibit symptoms may experience lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, dehydration, pallor and enlarged lymph nodes. The disease can be debilitating or even fatal.

The goal of treating hepatozoonosis is to eliminate the parasite from the bloodstream and alleviate clinical signs. While treatment is often successful at reducing symptoms and improving quality of life, it is very difficult to completely clear the parasite and a cure for this disease is unlikely. Treatment for hepatozoonosis typically involves injections administered by your veterinarian at one to two-week intervals. Alternatively, your veterinarian may prescribe a combination of oral medications such as Procox, clindamycin, or doxycycline. Hepatozoonosis may require treatment for a year or longer.

Tick-Borne Disease in Dogs Infographic

How to Prevent Tick-Borne Illnesses in Dogs

Tick-borne illnesses can be easily prevented by keeping your dog up to date on flea and tick preventive medications year round. There are several excellent products on the market in both chewable and topical formulations, such as Revolution or Simparica TRIO.

Revolution is a monthly prescription topical solution for dogs that is administered on the coat of the dog, usually between the shoulder blades. It’s effective against American dog ticks and can also prevent heartworm disease, fleas, ear mites, and canine sarcoptic mange. Revolution can be used on dogs and puppies 6 weeks of age or older. Simparica TRIO is proven to kill five species of ticks to help protect your dog from a wide range of tick-borne diseases. This flavored prescription chewable tablet also provides an additional level of protection against fleas, heartworm disease, roundworms, and hookworms. This monthly treatment can be used for dogs and puppies at least 8 weeks old, weighing a minimum of 2.8 pounds.

Your veterinarian can help you choose a product that is safe, effective and best suited to your needs, budget, and your pet’s preferences. Keep in mind that dosage for parasite preventatives are based on the weight of your dog, so be sure to select the correct dosage amount for your pup.

In addition to preventive medications, be sure to thoroughly examine your dog for ticks after spending time in wooded areas, tall grassy meadows, or other areas where ticks are commonly found. Ticks on dogs must be attached for hours to days in order to transmit disease, so removing a tick as soon as possible can help prevent tick-borne illnesses in your dog.

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The Dangers of Ear Ticks on Dogs

Usually, dogs get ticks by going outside. Ticks wait on blades of grass, shrubs and even trees to attach themselves to passing animals. When your dog walks by, the tick senses them and jumps aboard. Dogs who hike, hunt, or live near the woods are at higher risk for ticks but any dog who goes outside can be bitten by a tick. 

Once a tick has landed on your dog, it can be hard to tell what a tick looks like on a dog. They often look for a warm safe place to hide and embed themselves. Some common places include arm and leg pits, between the toes, under the collar, and the ears. 

While ticks do embed everywhere on dogs, ears are among the most common places. Whether floppy or erect there are plenty of nooks and crannies in a dog’s ear for ticks to hide and make themselves comfortable. Ear ticks on dogs are only a bigger risk than any other location if they embed in a dog’s ear canal. A tick in this location is especially difficult to find and can lead to ear infections and even deafness. Because ears are sensitive and they tend to bleed easily, it is important to take extra precautions when removing a tick from a dog’s ear.

All ticks are dangerous because they can carry diseases, but different types of ticks carry different diseases. While Lyme disease is often the most well known tick-borne illness, there are many other diseases spread by ticks including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, tick paralysis and Alpha-gal (the disease that makes humans allergic to red meat). In some cases, it only takes a few hours for ticks to transmit disease to dogs. 

At first, these diseases mostly cause vague symptoms in dogs such as tiredness, soreness and a decreased appetite. However, some dogs get much sicker and can suffer consequences like kidney failure, blood problems, paralysis and even death. That is why it is very important to use effective tick prevention and also monitor your dog for ticks closely. 

How to Tell if Your Dog Has Ear Ticks

Your dog can have a tick on their ear and never show any signs that it’s there. Some dogs will shake their heads or scratch at their ears because of an embedded ear tick while others will not. These are also signs of an ear infection, so if you have looked carefully for a tick and can’t find one then your dog should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

It is a good idea to check your dog’s ears and their whole body for ticks after all outings with high tick exposure such as hiking, hunting, or a walk at the park. Risk is highest in summer and fall but ticks can be active all year-round. 

Using your hands as much as your eyes, slowly and carefully look and feel all over your dog for any lumps or bumps that weren’t there before. Spread the hair over any area you feel a bump and visually inspect it for a dark red, brown, or black dot. Turn the ears over to feel and look on both sides. Look as far into the ear canal as you can. Spread your dogs toes and look on the top and bottom of the feet. This process may take some time if your dog has long or very thick hair. 

Ticks range in size from a pinpoint to raisin. Before a tick feeds it will feel mostly flat and hard. At this stage they look and feel like a small scab. Adult ticks have eight legs that you may notice moving. Their head is small relative to the rest of the body and the head will actually embed in your dog’s skin. As a tick feeds it becomes engorged, meaning the back part of the tick will swell to many times its original size. Engorged ticks look gray, light brown, or beige.

How to Remove Ticks From a Dog’s Ears 

Removing ear ticks on dogs is similar to removing a tick anywhere else on a dog’s body but with a few important differences. A dog’s ears are very sensitive and many dogs don’t appreciate their ears being messed with. When your dog and your household are calm, sit with your dog and offer treats for touching their ear. If your dog does not cooperate with you by staying still willingly, let your veterinarian remove the tick. It is not worth risking injury to yourself, your dog, or the bond between you. 

Ticks can be removed with tweezers or with any specially-designed tick removal tools (this article will only focus on removing ticks with tweezers). It is imperative to remove the entire tick including the head and mouth parts. If left behind, they can continue to transmit disease to your dog as well as cause a painful skin infection. If you are unsure whether you removed the entire tick including the head, draw a circle around the area with a pet-safe marker, and have your dog examined by a veterinarian. 

If you have any concerns at any point in the process, call your veterinarian. They may recommend bringing your dog in for tick removal or be able to coach you through the process in more detail.

If the tick is embedded in the ear canal do not attempt to remove it yourself. In that situation your veterinarian must be the one to remove it as you risk severely injuring your dog.

Tools Required for Tick Removal

• Rubber or disposal gloves
• Rubbing alcohol
• Cotton ball or cotton swab
• Clean tweezers
• Small bowl or cup
• Phone or camera
• Pet-safe (non-toxic) marker

Instructions to Remove a Tick from a Dog’s Ear

Step 1: Take a picture of the tick from both its top and bottom (if your dog becomes ill, your veterinarian will want to know what kind of tick bit your dog). Then, draw a 2-inch circle around the tick with a pet-safe marker. This way if you do not completely remove the tick, your veterinarian will know where to look.

Step 2: Wearing gloves, hold your dog’s ear firmly with your non-dominant hand. Use your other hand to separate the hair on the ear and rub the skin around the tick with rubbing alcohol using a cotton ball or cotton swab. Rub the cotton ball or swab directly on the tick as well.

Step 3: Keeping the hair parted around the tick, grasp its head with the tweezers as close as possible to the skin and slowly but firmly pull away from the skin without twisting. 

Step 4: Place the tick in the bowl or cup and photograph it again, as close up as you can. Then pour rubbing alcohol over it to cover it completely. This will kill the tick.