So what happens during a cat X-ray, is it risky, and how much does it cost? In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about cat X-rays so you’ll feel more prepared if your pet ever needs one.

What Is an X-Ray?

X-ray technology is used within the medical specialty called radiology. Radiology uses different types of medical imaging, including X-rays, to diagnose diseases and guide treatment choices. A radiologist is a doctor who receives additional training to read X-rays and other types of imaging studies, such as MRI and ultrasound. 

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with extremely short, high frequency wavelengths. The ability of X-rays to penetrate objects that do not allow light to pass through them (“optically opaque”), such as the body, led to their application in medicine. X-rays are used with photographic plates to create pictures called radiographs. Calling the pictures made with X-rays an “X-ray” is actually a misnomer. Although the correct term is “radiograph,” to avoid confusion, we will continue using the term “X-ray” in this article.

X-ray pictures used to be created on photographic film. Nowadays, most X-rays are digital, which is a more convenient and economical way of storing X-ray images. Digital X-rays are easily shared, so if your cat needs to see a specialist, your veterinarian can just email the digital copies. Because digital copies are so easy to share, many veterinarians now use radiology services to read their X-rays. Your vet can also easily share the X-rays with you so you can have a record. 

X-rays are very useful in seeing certain conditions in the body, but not all conditions. X-rays work best for imaging bones, joints, large body cavities, large organs, and structures that don’t allow X-rays to pass through them (“radio-opaque”), such as swallowed or inhaled foreign bodies and some bladder stones.

The soft tissues of the body don’t absorb X-rays well, which can make it more difficult to evaluate soft tissues and small organs with pictures taken by X-ray. In these cases, a special imaging procedure called contrast radiography can be used to provide more detailed images. With contrast radiography, a harmless dye is given by various routes that blocks X-rays, and then a series of X-ray pictures are taken. 

Cat Ultrasound vs. X-ray

While X-rays can give veterinarians a lot of information, sometimes additional information is needed. In these cases, X-ray is often combined with other imaging types, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, to give the doctor a more complete picture. Ultrasound, for example, uses sound waves to make moving pictures, and is very good for imaging soft tissue structures in the abdomen and chest. By combining different imaging studies, your veterinarian can use more complete information to diagnose and treat your cat. 

Why Do Cats Need X-Rays?

A veterinarian will order cat X-rays for a variety of reasons. X-rays are often included in preliminary diagnostic testing for many conditions and symptoms, including: 

• Cancer
• Limping
• Trauma or other injuries
• Vomiting
• Abdominal enlargement
• Coughing
• Dental disease
• Heart disease
• Swallowing abnormalities
• Difficulty breathing
• Urinary tract symptoms, including bloody urine, increased urination, and straining to urinate
• Intervertebral disc disease

X-rays are most useful for detecting:

• Fractures
• Injuries
• Deformities
• Osteoarthritis
• Tumors
• Obstructions
• Dental disease
• Enlargement or deformity of medium to large internal organs, such as the stomach, liver, heart, and kidneys
• Fluid
• Air

In these situations, X-rays can confirm a diagnosis, locate a problem, and provide information on how the condition should be treated. X-rays can also be used to track progress during treatment, such as rechecking a bone after a fracture has been repaired surgically. 

Types of Cat X-Rays

While any part of the body can be X-rayed, it is more beneficial to focus X-ray diagnostics on locations where vets can obtain a clear picture. The most common X-rays performed in cats include the following:

Chest X-rays to view structures in the thoracic cavity including heart, lungs, large vessels, diaphragm, esophagus, windpipe, and pulmonary cavity. Chest X-rays also provide information on the ribs, thoracic spine, and body wall of the chest.

Abdominal X-rays are used to view structures in the abdomen, including stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, bladder, ureters, and spleen. Abdominal X-rays also provide information on the lumbar and sacral spine, as well as the pelvis and hip joints.

Other common X-ray studies in cats include:

• Bones and joint X-rays to assess injuries, swellings, or signs of lameness
• Dental X-rays
• Skull X-rays
• Cervical (neck) X-rays

Veterinarians must use a different, smaller X-ray machine to take dental X-rays that provide up close, detailed pictures of the teeth and jaw bones.

What to Expect During a Cat X-Ray

Most X-rays can be done on an outpatient basis, sometimes even while you wait in the exam room. As long as the cat stays still for the procedure, it is very quick. Veterinary technicians will cover themselves with lead aprons to block X-rays and restrain your cat on an X-ray table to take the picture. Pet parents are generally not allowed to be with their cat during an X-ray because of OSHA regulations. The X-ray technician will narrow (“collimate”) the X-ray beam down to the smallest size to avoid unnecessary exposure to X-rays. 

While X-rays are not painful, some cats become frightened by the sights and sounds of the equipment and restraint. To help these cats have a better experience and allow the technician to take good X-rays, veterinarians often recommend sedating the cat so they feel sleepy and relaxed.

In some cases, your vet may be able to diagnose the problem right away with an X-ray. In other cases, they will need to send the film to a radiologist for interpretation, which can take up to 24 hours. 

Cat X-Ray Cost

The cost of cat X-rays depends on several factors, including:

• The cost of living in your area
• How many X-rays your cat needs
• Whether your cat has to be sedated for X-rays
• Any additional special X-ray studies, such as contrast dye studies

The following is a cost guide, but always check with your veterinarian:

• Dental X-rays: $50-$150
• Chest or abdominal X-rays: $100-$200
• Bone or joint 2 view X-rays: $75-$150
• Whole body X-rays: $250-$350
• Spinal X-rays: $200-$1,000 depending on whether cat requires sedation 

If your cat requires sedation or special X-ray studies, like contrast dye studies or fluoroscopy (which is X-rays in motion), the cost will go up. 

Pet parents have several options that they can use to offset the cost of veterinary care, such as pet insurance, line of credit, emergency credit card, or wellness plans offered through the veterinary clinic. 

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Hypercalcemia is one of many conditions that can be diagnosed based on a cat’s bloodwork.  Some cases of hypercalcemia are mild, requiring minimal interventions and carrying a relatively good prognosis. Other cases are far more significant. Read on to learn more about hypercalcemia in cats. 

What Is Hypercalcemia in Cats?

Hypercalcemia is defined as abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. 

Under normal circumstances, your cat has systems in place that regulate blood calcium. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D), and calcitonin (a hormone released by the thyroid gland) all play a role in regulating blood calcium.

Hypercalcemia can be caused by a wide variety of conditions, which can affect any of these calcium regulatory systems. Hypercalcemia is most common in older cats, but it can affect cats of any age. 

Hypercalcemia vs Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia refers to increased blood calcium. “Hyper” is a prefix that means excessive, and “-calcemia” is a root wood that refers to blood calcium. Therefore, a cat with hypercalcemia has excessive calcium in the blood. 

You may also hear veterinarians refer to hypocalcemia. “Hypo” means low or below normal. Therefore, a cat with hypocalcemia has abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. 

It’s easy to confuse these words, especially if your veterinarian is speaking quickly. If you’re unsure which condition your veterinarian is describing, ask for clarification.

Causes of Hypercalcemia in Cats

Hypercalcemia in cats can have many potential causes. However, the three most common causes are: 

• Kidney disease: The kidneys play an important role in regulating the levels of calcium and other substances in the blood. When the kidneys aren’t working correctly, calcium can build up to abnormally high levels. 
• Malignant cancer: Some cancers, including lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma, have been shown to cause hypercalcemia in cats. 
• Idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats: This is one of the most common causes of hypercalcemia in cats. “Idiopathic” means hypercalcemia arises spontaneously, with no known cause. These cats do not have any underlying diseases that can be found as a cause of their hypercalcemia, despite extensive testing. 

Less common causes of hypercalcemia in cats include: 

• Adrenal hormone insufficiency
• Destructive bone disease (infection, bone cancer)
• Fungal infection 
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Nutritional imbalances
• Vitamin D toxicity (caused by rat poison)

Genetics doesn’t seem to play a role in hypercalcemia. No specific breeds have been found to be at higher or lower risk of hypercalcemia. 

Hypercalcemia in Cats Symptoms

Clinical signs of hypercalcemia can vary widely. Some cats are completely asymptomatic, while others are very sick by the time their condition is diagnosed. 

Signs of hypercalcemia in cats may include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Dehydration
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Abdominal pain
• Muscle spasms
• Seizures

It’s important to note that the signs of hypercalcemia mimic the signs of many other conditions. This condition can’t be diagnosed on clinical signs alone. 

Diagnosing Hypercalcemia in Cats

Hypercalcemia is diagnosed based on a blood test. If your cat is showing vague signs of illness, your veterinarian will likely recommend blood tests to evaluate your cat’s health. In a cat with hypercalcemia, blood tests will show an abnormally high blood calcium level. 

Not all elevated calcium levels are clinically significant. Calcium levels can fluctuate over time, and they may be briefly elevated but then return to normal. If your cat’s blood calcium is elevated on screening bloodwork, your veterinarian will probably perform further testing to be sure the elevated calcium level is significant. This may involve rechecking blood tests a few days later or sending your cat’s blood to a reference laboratory, which can perform more specialized tests. If your cat’s blood calcium elevation is found to be significant, your veterinarian will diagnose your cat with hypercalcemia. 

After receiving a hypercalcemia diagnosis, the next step is figuring out the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will recommend further tests to look for potential causes of hypercalcemia. Further testing may include additional blood tests, urinalysis (to check kidney function), imaging (to look for cancer), and other diagnostics. It’s important to determine the cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia (if possible), because this determines the best treatment for your cat. 

Hypercalcemia in Cats Treatment

If your cat is very sick with hypercalcemia, your veterinarian will take steps to lower your cat’s blood calcium levels quickly. This may include intravenous (IV) fluids, diuretics (to encourage calcium elimination in the urine), and other medications. 

Next, your veterinarian will shift to long-term treatment strategies. 

If possible, your veterinarian will aim to control the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia. This is the best treatment for hypercalcemia. Treatment may involve fluid therapy and dietary changes for kidney disease, chemotherapy or surgery for cancer, or other treatments. 

If the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia cannot be determined and/or treated, your veterinarian will start your cat on long-term medications. These medications are intended to reduce your cat’s blood calcium levels. The efficacy of these medications can vary, and these medications may cause significant side effects. Therefore, it’s always best to control the underlying cause of hypercalcemia, if possible. 

What to Feed a Cat with Hypercalcemia

Your veterinarian will recommend the best diet for your cat. There is no single best cat food for hypercalcemia. 

If your cat’s hypercalcemia is caused by an underlying disease, your veterinarian will probably recommend a diet to help manage the underlying disease. 

If your cat has idiopathic hyperthyroidism, your veterinarians may recommend a diet that is low in calcium. Diets that are low in carbohydrates, high in protein, and/or high in fiber have also been recommended to reduce hypercalcemia, although research in this area is limited and opinions vary. 

Cost to Treat Hypercalcemia in Cats

The cost to treat hypercalcemia will vary, depending on the underlying cause of your cat’s condition. 

The initial diagnostic testing for hypercalcemia can cost anywhere from a few hundred dollars to over $1,000, depending on your cat’s individual case. 

If your cat has mild hypercalcemia that can be addressed through a dietary change, the cost of treatment and monitoring may be as low as several hundred dollars per year. If your cat has lymphoma or another malignant cancer, treatment may cost several thousand dollars. 

Your veterinarian can provide a more educated estimate of treatment costs once they have determined the underlying cause of your cat’s hypercalcemia.

How to Prevent Hypercalcemia in Cats

Given the wide variety of conditions that may cause hypercalcemia, there is no way to definitively prevent this condition. However, there are steps you can take to reduce your cat’s risk, such as:

• Feed a well-balanced diet. An imbalanced diet is one potential cause of hypercalcemia.
• Keep your cat away from toxins and human nutritional supplements, both of which may impact blood calcium levels. 
• Follow your veterinarian’s recommendations for wellness exams and bloodwork monitoring. Most veterinarians recommend annual bloodwork for cats. Screening bloodwork can aid in the early diagnosis of hypercalcemia, in addition to many other diseases. 
• Seek veterinary care if you notice weight loss, lethargy, or other signs of illness.

While there’s no way to definitively prevent hypercalcemia, paying attention to your cat’s health and following your veterinarian’s recommendations can help reduce the risk.

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In the 1970s, tens of millions of animals each year were being euthanized [1]. With the help of many animal advocates like Barker and Betty White, we have been able to get the euthanasia rate in animal shelters down to less than 1 million euthanasias each year, per the ASPCA [2]. Better yet, 4.1 million animals are adopted out each year! These numbers have improved mostly from the advocacy and promotion of spay and neuter programs to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

So now that you know why so many people are passionate about this simple procedure, let’s talk about what actually goes on during a cat spay and neuter appointment. We’ll also cover benefits, costs, and how to care for your kitty after surgery. 

Understanding Cat Spay and Neuter Procedures

We’ll begin by explaining the difference between a cat spay and a cat neuter procedure:

Cat spay. A “spay” is the simple term for an ovariohysterectomy. In this procedure, the veterinary surgeon removes a female cat’s ovaries and uterus. By removing all the structures involved with reproduction, there is no chance of pregnancy.

Cat neuter. For male cats, veterinarians perform a “neuter,” or orchiectomy. This quick procedure simply involves removing the testicles to prevent male cats from impregnating female cats. 

It’s important to note that unlike a spay, where a female cat is unable to get pregnant immediately following the procedure, a male cat can remain fertile for up to six weeks following the surgery. Pet parents should be cautious if a recently neutered male cat is around any “intact” females (cats who haven’t been spayed) during that time period. 

Reasons to Schedule a Cat Spay or Neuter Appointment

Besides preventing unwanted pregnancies — and the costs associated with them — there are multiple benefits to having your cat spayed or neutered. This includes:

• Reduce the risk breast cancer and uterine infections
• Reduce the urge to roam and fight other cats 
• Eliminate the incessant wailing that female cats do when they are in heat
• If done early, can eliminate risk of spraying behaviors
• Reduce the risk of FIV and FeLV infections from fighting 
• Decrease the number of homeless pets 
• Prolong your cat’s life

At what age can you spay or neuter a cat?

You can schedule your cat to be “fixed” as early as 8 weeks of age. There is also no upper age limit for this surgery. If you have an older cat who you want to get spayed or neutered, then you can get them altered as well. 

Cats can reach sexual maturity at around 4 months of age. If you are having difficulty finding a place to book a cat spay or neuter appointment and your cat is mature in age, then make sure to separate male and female cats until you can get them in for surgery. 

Remember that it can take a couple of weeks to get an appointment, so make sure you schedule it as soon as possible to prevent any accidental pregnancies.

Risks to consider

Any procedure that requires anesthesia carries some risk. However, this common surgery for cats is generally considered safe. The benefits of the procedure will almost always outweigh the risk. However, if your cat has an underlying medical condition, such as heart disease or seizures, then you should discuss those risks with your veterinarian. 

Are there any alternatives to surgery?

There are currently no approved non-surgical contraceptive (a drug to prevent pregnancy) treatments available for cats. However, researchers are working on medications that can provide long-term sterilization for cats without the need for surgery.

How Much Does Spay and Neuter Cost for Cats?

The cost to spay or neuter a cat typically depends on your geographic location and where you have it done. In addition, spay surgeries tend to be more expensive than neuter surgeries since the procedure is more involved. 

If you have the surgery done at a private veterinary clinic, it can run you between $300-$500, and sometimes higher. However, there are low-cost alternatives to consider. Many animal shelters and humane societies offer low-cost spay and neuter surgeries that can run between $50-$150. It is important to know that just because the surgery is less expensive, it does not mean that they cut corners or do less quality work. In fact, these surgeons are extremely qualified to perform this procedure and the staff are just as caring. 

Cat Spay or Neuter Appointment: What to Expect

If your cat is an adult, you will be asked to fast your pet (not let them eat) prior to the surgery. However, your veterinarian may ask you not to fast your kitten because they could become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar). Cats who are easily stressed may be given medications, such as gabapentin, to take prior to their appointment. 

When you bring your cat in for a spay or neuter appointment, you can expect a safe, straightforward procedure. The surgery is done under general anesthesia, so your cat will be fully asleep and pain-free during the surgery. The entire procedure can take anywhere from 15 minutes to 1 hour. Afterward, your cat will be monitored closely to make sure that they recover comfortably. 

Here is a more detailed explanation of what goes on during a cat spay vs. cat neuter surgery:

Cat Spay Appointment

During a cat spay procedure, the veterinary surgeon will make an incision in the midline of the female cat’s abdomen where there is no muscle and only ligament. By entering the abdomen at this location, the veterinarian is decreasing the bleeding and pain that could occur. Next, they remove the cat’s ovaries with an instrument called a spay hook. Then, they remove the fallopian tubes and uterus. Last, the surgeon ties off (ligates) all the vessels and tissue and closes the abdomen with sutures.

Cat Neuter Appointment

During a cat neuter procedure, the veterinary surgeon makes an incision on the scrotum and literally pops out the testicles. Then, they tie off the spermatic cord that contains structures, such as the artery, vein, muscle and vas deferens, to prevent bleeding. 

Occasionally, in certain cats, one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotal sac properly. When this happens, the surgeon needs to make an abdominal incision, similar to a spay incision, and remove the cat’s testicle(s) from the abdominal cavity.

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Cat After Spay or Neuter Surgery: Care Tips

Most cats will be able to go home the same day after their spay or neuter surgery, although they may be groggy and need extra care for a few days. This includes a quiet, comfortable space for them to relax and limit their activity. 

Make sure that you follow your veterinarian’s post-operative instructions closely and give any pain medication as directed. Your cat’s appetite should return within 24 hours of coming home. If it does not, then contact your veterinarian’s office. You should also monitor the incision site for any signs of infection, such as swelling and redness. 

While many cats bounce back quickly, it’s essential to restrict their activity for 7-10 days, including preventing them from jumping, running, or playing rough. 

By spaying or neutering your cat, you are not only giving them a lifetime of health benefits, including a reduced risk of certain cancers and behavioral issues, but you are also helping prevent unwanted pregnancies and decreasing the number of pets in shelters. 

References

1. Rowan, Andrew, and Tamara Kartal. “Dog Population & Dog Sheltering Trends in the United States of America.” Animals: an open access journal from MDPI vol. 8,5 68. 28 Apr. 2018, doi:10.3390/ani8050068
2. Pet Statistics. ASPCA. Retrieved from https://www.aspca.org/helping-people-pets/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics

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Though only about 0.1 percent of pet cats in the U.S. have whipworms [1], understanding this rare parasite is essential. Treatment for whipworms differs significantly from other cat worms, so it’s vital to know what to expect and how to protect your pet. 

Here’s everything you need to know about whipworm in cats, from the symptoms your kitty may show to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention tips.

What Are Whipworms?

Whipworms are a parasite in the genus Trichuris. These tiny, thread-like nematodes live in the colon or in the large intestine. Because they are rare in cats, the impact is low for most felines. Though severe infestations can lead to health issues like anemia.

Unlike roundworms, which are more likely to cause noticeable symptoms, such as diarrhea, feline whipworm infections often go undetected. That’s why knowing what to watch out for to ensure speedy diagnosis and treatment is crucial for maintaining your cat’s health.

Because they are rare in cats, the impact is low for most cats. Roundworms and hookworms are much more prevalent and more often associated with symptoms like diarrhea.

What do Whipworms Look Like?

Whipworms are slender, white to off-white worms measuring 2–3 inches long. Their bodies are mostly thin, with one end widening significantly, giving them a whip-like appearance. The thicker part resembles the handle of a whip.

While adult whipworms are visible to the naked eye, whipworm eggs in cat feces are microscopic. You won’t see these eggs without a microscope, but they play a key role in transmitting the infection.

How Do Cats Get Whipworms?

Cats develop a whipworm infection by ingesting soil, food, or water contaminated with the parasite’s eggs.

Cats cannot give the infection to one another directly. However, when an infected cat defecates, they shed whipworm eggs in their feces (poop).

It takes 9 to 21 days for these eggs to mature and become infective. These infective eggs can survive for years in harsh conditions. Once a cat ingests an infective egg, it hatches in their intestines, growing into an adult whipworm within 3 months.

Outdoor cats have an increased risk of getting a whipworm infection. Certain regions of the United States may have higher prevalence as well. A study on outdoor cats in Florida found whipworms in 38 percent of cats [2] – a marked increase from just 0.1 percent of domestic cats nationwide.

Can Humans Get Whipworms from Cats?

Whipworms are highly species-specific. Cat whipworms infect only cats, so humans are not at risk. While there are rare cases of humans contracting whipworms from dogs, there are no such reports involving cats.

Still, you never know what parasites or animals may be hanging around your yard. So it’s always best to practice good hygiene to reduce the risk of transmission. Always wash your hands thoroughly after cleaning up animal feces or working with potentially contaminated soil.

Whipworm Symptoms in Cats

In cats, whipworms survive by feeding off feline blood and the lining of the intestine. Most cats with whipworms show no apparent symptoms. However, in severe cases, the parasitic worms can cause significant blood loss.

In some cases, this can trigger anemia (low red blood cells), which can cause subtle symptoms over time. In kittens, these signs are more dramatic because they are smaller and have less blood to lose.

Symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea
• Frequent trips to the litter box to poop
• Weight loss
• Less active
• Pale gums (pale pink instead of healthy vibrant pink)
• Belly pain

If you notice any of these symptoms, consult your veterinarian for testing and treatment.

Diagnosing Whipworms in Cats

If your vet suspects your cat may have whipworms, you’ll need to bring your cat in for a visit. However, veterinarians cannot diagnose the condition with a physical exam alone.

Instead, vets rely on diagnostic tests to confirm whether or not a cat has whipworms. There are two types of tests:

• Fecal Flotation: Vets mix a cat’s feces with a sugar solution that causes parasite eggs to rise. Then they examine these eggs under a microscope to identify the parasite.
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Since whipworms do not constantly shed eggs, this highly-sensitive test looks for antigens (tiny particles of adult whipworms) in the feces to confirm the diagnosis.

Whipworm in Cats Treatment

There are no medications specifically approved for cat whipworm infections. However, vets often prescribe antiparasitic drugs off-label as an effective treatment.

Whipworm Medication for Cats

Fenbendazole (brand name Panacur) – Whipworms have an incredibly long lifecycle. So vets often use the “3 days, 3 weeks, 3 months” approach when prescribing this deworming medication.

First, your cat takes fenbendazole for three days to kill the adult whipworms. Then again three weeks later to kill any newly matured adult. However, the medicine does not kill larvae (immature parasites). So you must treat again three months later, after those larvae become mature adults, to ensure all the worms are gone.

“Combo” or “comprehensive” flea preventives – Some monthly flea medications contain additional ingredients that target other parasites. While many of these multi-purpose meds target only roundworms and hookworms, several contain ingredients effective against whipworm, including:

• Milbemycin oxime
• Moxidectin and imidacloprid
• Emodepside and praziquantel

General Cost

The cost of diagnosing and treating whipworms typically includes:

• Veterinary exam and fecal tests: $300–$500, depending on additional treatments for symptoms like diarrhea.
• Medication: This can range from $20-$80, depending on what your vet prescribes.

How to Prevent Whipworm in Cats

The best strategies for preventing whipworms include:

• Keeping cats indoors to minimize exposure to contaminated soil or feces.
• Using monthly parasite preventives effective against whipworms.
• Cleaning litter boxes regularly and reduce the risk of environmental contamination.

By staying vigilant and mitigating risks, you can keep your cat safe from whipworms. Though the likelihood of whipworms in cats is small, the sets you take can help guard against other intestinal parasites. And that’s a win-win for you and your cat!

References

1. Nagamori, Yoko et al. “Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018.” Veterinary parasitology vol. 277 (2020): 109008. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109008
2. Geng, Jinming et al. “Diagnosis of feline whipworm infection using a coproantigen ELISA and the prevalence in feral cats in southern Florida.” Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports vol. 14 (2018): 181-186. doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.11.002

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Why does checking your cat’s gums matter? Believe it or not, the gums give clues about your cat’s hydration, circulation, oxygen levels, and the presence of certain diseases. Pale gums in cats are a sign of serious health issues requiring veterinary attention. In this article, we’ll discuss pale cat gums vs normal-looking cat gums, possible causes, and what to do if you encounter paleness in your kitty’s gums. 

Cat Gum Basics: What Color Should Your Cat’s Gums Be?

Healthy cat gums should be light pink, shiny, and moist, although some color variations are normal. Some cats (especially orange kitties) develop brown or black freckles on their gums, a harmless feature called lentigo (it usually appears on their eyelid margins, lips, and nose, too). Other cats may have more generalized dark pigmentation of their gums (especially black and gray cats).

Like our own gums, cat gums consist of a specialized tissue called a mucous membrane, which lines and protects many internal areas of the body. The gums act like a mirror of health, giving clues about several conditions. Some conditions may cause your cat’s gums to become inflamed or turn blue, purple, red, or yellow. (You can learn more about these here.)

Pink gums are an indication of good oxygen levels and blood flow. Conditions causing poor circulation (blood flow) or anemia (a reduction in red blood cells) will result in pale gums that may have a touch of pink or be completely white. Because adequate blood flow and oxygenation are so vital, problems with these can cause your cat to feel very unwell and are often life-threatening. 

Assessing cat gum color is a quick and simple way to gain important information about your cat’s health. Try checking your cat’s gums anywhere from once a week to once a month.

How Do You Check Your Cat’s Gums?

Having help makes things easier to check your cat’s gums, but doing it on your own is entirely possible. 

Choose a time when your cat is relaxed. Most cats love head, chin, and cheek rubs, so start with these to see if your kitty is up for being touched.  

I prefer to hold the cat from behind, with my arms gently cradling the sides of their body. I give plenty of praise and pets while gently working my way to their mouth. Finally, I place one hand on top of their head and use the thumb of that hand to raise their upper lip. 

A gentle and gradual approach is key to doing pretty much anything with cats. That said, not all cats will tolerate this, so if they put up a fuss, don’t push the issue. 

8 Causes of Pale Gums in Cats

When gums appear pale or white, it’s due to a problem with either poor circulation or anemia (sometimes both). 

Poor circulation occurs with conditions affecting blood flow. Sometimes only a select part of the body is affected (like frostbite on ear tips), whereas other times the entire circulatory system is compromised (such as with severe blood loss). Gums typically become pale when the entire circulatory system is affected. 

Anemia occurs when there is a reduced number of red blood cells in circulation, either due to loss (bleeding), a problem producing new red blood cells, or hemolysis, which is the destruction of red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia usually leads to yellow gums. 

Here are some of the most common causes of pale gums in cats:

1. Trauma

Getting hit by a car or attacked by a larger animal are common causes of trauma in cats. Severe bleeding (which can be internal, external, or both) is common with traumatic injuries. When this happens, the body tries to cope by prioritizing blood flow to vital organs. If there is more blood loss than the body can cope with, permanent organ damage or death may occur.

2. Parasites

Some of the most common parasites in cats are voracious bloodsuckers. Hookworms (an intestinal parasite), fleas, and ticks all feed on blood. If the infestation is large enough, blood loss can result in parasitic-induced anemia. Kittens and sick or debilitated cats have the highest risk of developing life-threatening anemia.

3. Infection

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) are viruses that suppress the immune system and can impair the bone marrow’s ability to create new red blood cells, leading to anemia.

4. Clotting Problem

A complex system of specialized blood proteins and cells (platelets) are responsible for clotting. They’re constantly at work, and without them, even the smallest bruise or cut would bleed uncontrollably.

One of the most notorious causes of clotting problems in cats is accidental poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticide (rat bait). Affected cats may have pale, bleeding gums, nose bleeds, trouble breathing, bloody vomit or urine, and weakness; however, signs vary greatly, depending on where the bleeding is happening in the body.

It’s rare, but some cats are born with a clotting disorder, the most common being Haemophilia A or B. Both conditions result in deficient levels of a clotting factor (specialized blood protein) essential for clotting. 

Liver failure and severe blood infections (sepsis) may also result in clotting problems in cats. 

5. Cancer

The effects of cancer are vast and varied, depending on the cancer type and area of the body that’s affected. Cats may become anemic from internal tumors that chronically bleed or suddenly rupture. (Internal tumor rupture is much less common in cats than dogs.) More common feline cancers, like lymphoma, can invade the bone marrow, interfering with the production of new red blood cells, while other cancers may trigger hemolytic anemia.

6. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic kidney disease is one of the most common conditions affecting senior cats. Cats with CKD may experience weight loss, lethargy, poor appetite, and the need to drink and pee excessively.

Some cats with CKD are prone to anemia, which can reduce their lifespan and quality of life. Healthy kidneys produce a substance called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, but this process is impaired in cats with CKD.

Additionally, toxins that are normally eliminated by the kidneys can build up in the bloodstream and cause red blood cell fragility, meaning they don’t last as long in circulation. 

7. Heart Disease

The most common type of feline heart disease is called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition causing the walls of the heart muscle to thicken. As the disease advances, the heart cannot pump blood effectively through the body, leading to poor circulation and serious complications such as congestive heart failure or a saddle thrombus (large blood clot). 

8. Shock

Shock is a state where the body’s ability to cope with a disease or injury has been overwhelmed. There are a few types of shock, but it generally occurs when there is inadequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The risk of permanent organ damage or death is high. 

Many different conditions can lead to shock, such as severe dehydration, anaphylaxis (major allergic reaction), sepsis, hypothermia, certain toxins, and traumatic injuries. 

What to Do if Your Cat Has Pale Gums

If your cat’s gums are obviously pale or white, this is an emergency. Typically, other signs will be present, such as lethargy, weakness, and rapid breathing. The best thing you can do is keep them warm and get them to the veterinarian right away.  

If the cause is due to visible blood loss, apply pressure to the wound with a clean towel until you can get to your veterinarian. If possible, have someone help you tend to your cat and get you to the animal hospital.  

What if your cat has pale gums but is acting normal? Some conditions that cause pale gums, such as mild, slowly developing anemia, don’t present as dramatically, and cats may not show many signs that something is amiss. A slight pallor to the gums can be hard for even the most discerning pet parent to notice. Also, gum color may fluctuate slightly without your cat being seriously ill. If you are unsure about your cat’s gum color, contact your veterinarian for advice. 

How to treat pale gums in cats depends on the cause, and in most circumstances, the cause won’t be immediately clear. For pale cat gums, a veterinary assessment and diagnostic testing will be necessary in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. 

How to Prevent Pale Gums in Cats

Unfortunately, we can’t always prevent our cats from getting sick; however, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of conditions that cause pale gums.

Consider staying indoors. Whether to keep your cat inside or let them outdoors is a personal choice, but on average, we know indoor cats live longer, healthier lives than outdoor cats. Outdoor cats are much more likely to have a traumatic injury. They’re also more exposed to parasites and infections, and more at risk of hypothermia in cold climates.

Be aware of toxins. It’s important to learn about common toxins in cats and keep these away from your furry friend. 

Don’t forget checkups. Regular veterinary check-ups are a crucial part of keeping your cat healthy and identifying problems early. During a routine examination, your veterinarian can assess your cat’s overall health, identify possible concerns, and provide vaccines and parasite control that protect your cat. 

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Let’s look closely at lungworm in cats, how they get it, and how to protect your cat.

What Is Lungworm in Cats?

Cats can get several different lungworms in North America. The most common type in domestic cats is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, but cats can also get several other species of lungworm. 

Cats with lungworm have adult worms living inside their lungs, and immature larvae moving around the lungs. The irritation causes coughing, and the worms can take up so much space that cats have problems breathing. It can be distressing for cats, and the symptoms can become severe enough to become fatal — especially in young kittens, who can get the infection from their mother’s milk. 

How Do Cats Get Lungworm?

Cats usually catch the lungworm by eating infected rodents or birds (for most species — although one parasite species can also be picked up from cat poop). Once they’ve been eaten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the lungs, where they mature into adults. These adult parasites produce eggs, which hatch, and the first-stage larvae are coughed up and swallowed. 

These tiny larvae survive the stomach and intestines and are then passed in the poop, ready to infect a slug or snail. Inside the slug or snail they mature, and are then able to infect cats again — although usually, they first infect a mouse or bird that eats the slug or snail.  

This means outdoor cats, and especially strays who hunt a lot, are much more likely to have cat lungworm than those who spend most of their time indoors.

Most lungworms need to spend some time in an intermediate host (in this case, the snails/slugs) to develop properly. This means cats can’t normally catch lungworm from one another. But one type of lungworm is infectious as soon as it’s passed in feces and can be caught by in-contact cats and other animals, including humans, causing bronchitis with a productive cough.

Signs of Lungworm in Cats

The signs of lungworm in cats vary hugely. In some cases, cats can be infected with lungworms without showing any signs at all. This is called an asymptomatic infection. This is more likely at an early stage of the disease. As the adult worms grow and take up more space and produce more eggs and larvae, there’s more damage to the lungs and more symptoms. Asymptomatic infections are also more likely if cats are infected with only a small number of worms. The more larvae they ingest, the worse their symptoms are likely to be.

A cat with lungworm might have:

• A cough (usually a productive one, followed by a swallow)
• Nasal discharge
• Fever
• Fast breathing
• Lymph node enlargement
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Difficulty breathing
• Blue-tinged gums 

In some cases, lungworm infections are undiagnosed until animals die under anesthetic, and the infection is found on post-mortem. One important thing to note is that you don’t expect to see worms in cat poop if they’ve got lungworm. Although the lungworm parasite does come out in the poop, it’s the very tiny first-stage larvae and not the adult worms. They can’t be seen without a microscope, so worms in a cat’s poop are not a sign of lungworm (although mixed infection with several types of worms is possible, too).

Diagnosing Lungworm in Cats

Vets usually suspect lungworm based on a cat’s history and age. A young cat who spends lots of time outdoors is more likely to have feline lungworm than an indoor-only cat or one who is much older.

Once the adult worms are old enough to start producing eggs (about 4-6 weeks after the infective larvae were ingested), then vets can usually find first-stage larvae in the poop. A smear of poop is examined under the microscope to look for the first-stage larvae, which are very active and easy to see (although difficult to distinguish from some other larvae). Eggs aren’t produced consistently, so collecting poop over several days or trying again several times might help.

There are several other tests that might help identify lungworm in cats. The best is probably a PCR test, which checks the poop (or a throat swab) for the presence of lungworm DNA. This is low-risk and not very invasive, with a high chance of success. Worms might also be seen on a lung wash or Bronchioalveolar Lavage – BAL, which is where sterile water is pushed into an anesthetized cat and then sucked out, and the liquid is sent for testing. The problem with this technique is that it’s invasive and risky, especially to a cat who already has symptoms of lung trouble. 

While lungworm in cats can’t be diagnosed on X-ray alone, it’s likely your vet will take X-rays as part of a workup for coughing in cats as it can help rule out other diseases. Unfortunately, the signs of cat lungworm on X-ray are non-specific. The thickened airways and pneumonia can look like asthma, which causes similar symptoms. Similarly, while they won’t usually see any worms, using a video camera (bronchoscope) can be helpful to rule out other diseases and visually see the damage to the lungs to help guide treatment.

Lungworm in Cats Treatment

Treating the actual feline lungworm itself isn’t particularly difficult. Many anti-parasite products on the market have been proven to cure the lungworm. The main problem comes with treating the inflammation, secondary infections, and any complications caused by the worms themselves. In cats with moderate to severe symptoms, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory steroids may need to be given as well, and they may need to be hospitalized for oxygen therapy while the treatment begins. There are no home remedies to cure lungworms in cats. 

Once your cat has had their anti-parasite medication, you’ll need to watch them closely. It’s possible for the death of the parasites to cause cats to feel worse for a short time, so keep an eye on their breathing and energy levels and call your vet if you have any concerns.

Lungworm Medicine for Cats

Many common anti-parasite medications can treat lungworms in cats, although their use against lungworms may be considered “off-label.” The following are most commonly used:

• Imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advantage Multi): a spot-on anti-parasite medication that kills adult worms
• Emodepside + praziquantel (Profender): a spot-on anti-parasite medication that kills adult worms 
• Fenbendazole (Panacur): An anti-parasite oral paste that kills the adult worms
• Prednisolone: An anti-inflammatory steroid

Cost of Treating Lungworm in Cats

Unfortunately, because lungworm is fairly rare, investigations to get a diagnosis can be expensive, especially as vets normally rule out more common causes of similar symptoms first. This means the cost of diagnosis can be high, ranging from $200-$1,000. Because lungworm in cats can usually be treated with normal anti-parasitic drugs, the actual cost of the drugs to treat lungworm can be quite low, as little as $50. The more severe the symptoms, the more it costs to treat, with cats needing hospitalization costing $300-$600 to treat.

How to Prevent Lungworm in Cats

Because most feline lungworms are spread through eating small prey, preventing cats from hunting will reduce the chance of them catching lungworm. Some cats find it very stressful to be kept indoors, but anti-hunting collars may help reduce their catch rate even if you’re letting them out.

For those prolific hunters or for stray cats, it’s possible to prevent feline lungworm with monthly medications from your vet. If this is the case, talk to your vet about your cat’s parasite prevention to make sure they’re covered.

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Feline nasal polyps can cause similar symptoms to the common cat cold. However, nasal polyps in cats don’t go away on their own over time like colds do. And they can cause more complicated health issues.

So how can pet parents tell if their cat has nasal polyps? More importantly, what should they do about it? Here’s everything you need to know about nasal polyps in cats so you (and your kitty) can breathe easier.

What are Nasal Polyps in Cats? 

Polyps are what we call abnormal fleshy growths that can develop in many parts of the body, in both humans and animals. These inflammatory masses are generally benign (non-cancerous). They consist of epithelial cells and cells that respond to inflammation, like white blood cells. Unlike tumors, they do not spread to other tissues.

In cats, polyps can occur in the ear (aural polyps) as well as the nose and throat region (feline nasopharyngeal polyps).

Nasal polyps in cats grow from the inner lining of the nasal cavity or sinuses. They can also develop deep within the head, where the nasal cavities begin.

Feline nasal polyps are generally pink or off-white in color. The fleshy growths may appear soft and rounded, attached by a stalk to nasal tissue or the inside of the nasal cavity. They usually occur on one side, not both sides, but this does occur in 13-24 percent of cases (1,2).

Nasal polyps are not very common. They tend to occur most often in young cats around the age of one year. However, polyps can develop in cats as young as three months of age and much older than one year. No single breed is prone to nasal polyps.

Polyps in Cat’s Nose: Causes 

The exact cause of nasal polyps is unknown. The inflammatory nature of the growths suggests some sort of immune response, but it remains unproven. Theorized (possible) causes include:

• Upper respiratory diseases, such as feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus. However, multiple studies have failed to prove this link.
• Feline retroviruses (feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus), but multiple studies have failed to prove this.
• Bacterial infection is common when cats have a nasal polyp. However, the polyp doesn’t go away with antibiotics, so bacteria cannot be the only cause.
• Chronic rhinitis is a condition of chronic inflammation in the nasal cavity. However, this is diffuse (occurring throughout the cavity), not a mass growing from a single specific place.
• Genetics may play a role. In some litters of cats, more than one cat is affected.

Symptoms of Nasal Polyps in Cats  

Cats with nasal polyps tend to have a very stuffy nose. However, this makes nasal polyps in cats difficult to distinguish from the common kitty cold.

In rare cases, pet parents can actually see a small pink fleshy growth sticking out of their cat’s nose. Though, most of the time, polyps are not obvious to a casual observer.

Some additional cat nasal polyp symptoms to watch out for include:

• Sneezing
• Open-mouth or heavy breathing
• Loud breathing that sounds like snoring
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Discharge from the nose or eyes

These are also signs of upper respiratory disease in cats caused by herpesvirus-1 or feline calicivirus. However, such symptoms tend to improve after about two weeks in cats with these viruses.

Cats with nasal polyps are typically very congested and tend to remain so for over four weeks. Persistent stuffiness and very loud breathing are key indicators that nasal polyps may be the cause.

Diagnosing Nasal Polyps in Cats 

The majority of polyps cannot be diagnosed with a veterinary exam. In rare cases, the growths may be visible externally. But your vet will still conduct a thorough exam to check your cat’s airways and rule out other problems, like upper respiratory disease.

To find nasal polyps, your veterinarian will need to anesthetize your kitty so he’s sleeping. While looking deep into the mouth, your vet will pull the soft part of the roof of the mouth forward to see more of the nasal cavity. If a mass is present, a nasal polyp is likely.

The only way to know for sure if a growth is a polyp is to examine the tissue under a microscope. A cat nasal tumor or growth could indicate nasal cancer in cats. So it is best to remove the growth and test it, especially nasal polyps in older cats.

Treatment for Feline Nasal Polyps 

Many pet parents ask, “Are nasal polyps in cats dangerous?” To answer that, it’s important to know that cats breathe primarily through their noses. Since nasal polyps won’t go away on their own, treatment is essential to eliminate the danger and ensure cats can breathe easily.

There are three main treatments veterinarians use to combat nasal polyps:

1. Cat Nasal Polyp Surgery

Removal by traction is a minor surgery veterinarians use to remove simple nasal polyps in cats.

Usually, the vet will make a small incision in the soft part of the roof of your cat’s mouth. Then they’ll use a surgical instrument to very slowly and carefully pull on the polyp with gentle traction. Ideally, the polyp will tear off with the stalk at the point of origin. 

In some cases, more advanced surgery may be necessary to remove a polyp. For example, if a polyp develops deep inside the head, removing it by traction may be impossible. If a nasal polyp reoccurs after minor surgery to remove it, more advanced surgical treatment is in order.

Cat nasal polyp surgery cost can vary, depending on the complexity. Using traction for removal is a quick procedure that usually costs a few hundred dollars. Advanced surgery can involve a special camera and instrument called rhinoscopy. This would typically cost thousands of dollars and require a specialist.

2. Steroids

Your vet may prescribe prednisolone (or prednisone) after surgery to reduce inflammation in the nasal cavity. You may have to administer the medication for several weeks to reduce the chance of the polyp forming again.

Nasal polyps can recur in cats, particularly if the stalk of the polyp remains after a vet removes the growth. However, several weeks of steroid treatment post-surgery can help reduce the risk of recurrence. According to one study of cats who did not receive steroid treatment after surgery to remove nasal polyps, regrowth occurred between 15-50 percent of the time. (3)

3. Antibiotics

Often, nasal polyps go hand in hand with secondary bacterial infections in cats. While antibiotics do not directly treat the nasal polyp, vets often prescribe them to treat infection, reduce inflammation, and help your kitty breathe comfortably.

How to Help Cats with Feline Nasal Polyps at Home

In addition to veterinary treatment for nasal polyps, there are some things pet parents can do at home to help ease a cat’s recovery

Provide steam showers if your kitty is very congested. Run hot water in the shower and place your kitty in the bathroom while the bathroom fills with steam. Breathing the humid air for around 30 minutes can help reduce congestion so they can breathe easier.

Another way to do this is to use a nebulizer filled with sterile saline solution. Place the nebulizer in or in front of a carrier that’s holding your cat. Cover the carrier with a towel to trap the mist inside, but leave some holes open to encourage airflow. After about 15-30 minutes, the aerosolized mist from the nebulizer should help clear your cat’s airways.

How to Prevent Cat Nasal Polyps

In general, there is no way to prevent nasal polyps in cats as the cause is unknown. However, if your cat develops symptoms of an upper respiratory infection and they worsen or linger, seek treatment from your veterinarian to avoid prolonged inflammation. 

References

1. Kapatkin, Amy S et al. “Results of surgery and long-term follow-up in 31 cats with nasopharyngeal polyps.” Journal of The American Animal Hospital Association 26 (1990): 387-392.
2. Hoppers, Sarrah E et al. “Feline bilateral inflammatory aural polyps: a descriptive retrospective study.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 31,5 (2020): 385-e102. doi:10.1111/vde.12877
3. Anderson, D M et al. “Management of inflammatory polyps in 37 cats.” The Veterinary record vol. 147,24 (2000): 684-7.

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Wheezing is challenging to decipher and often gets confused with other types of noisy and labored breathing in cats. Snoring, gagging, coughing, sneezing, sniffling, regurgitating hairballs (more on this later), and wheezing — there’s a lot to keep straight. And when it comes to your cat’s breathing, there’s a lot at stake. If you notice your cat making weird breathing noises, it’s important to contact your veterinarian. 

Here, we’ll explain the ins and outs of wheezing, including what causes it, what it sounds like, and common treatments. 

Why Is My Cat Wheezing?

A cat’s respiratory tract includes their nasal passages, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), and trachea (windpipe) that branch into smaller airways called bronchi and bronchioles before terminating into sac-like clusters called alveoli (where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged). 

In a healthy respiratory tract, air flows unobstructed through the airways, and while not completely silent, the process is normally quiet. If the airways become partially obstructed or narrowed, this changes how the air flows and can lead to noisy, high-pitched breathing called wheezing. 

If your cat is wheezing, this is abnormal, and depending on the cause and presence of other signs, can indicate an emergency. 

What Does Cat Wheezing Sound Like?

Cat wheezing is a high-pitched, sometimes whistle-like sound that happens while breathing. The high-pitched sound is key to differentiating it from other types of noisy breathing. 

A cat wheezing sound can be so quiet it’s only audible with a stethoscope or so loud it’s heard by anyone within earshot. Wheezing can occur continuously or as intermittent episodes and may happen during inhalation, exhalation, or with a cough. 

Wheezing during exhalation or coughing is typical in cats with lower airway conditions causing bronchitis, such as asthma or lungworm. Bronchitis is a general term used to describe inflammation from any cause in the lower airways.  

Wheezing that originates from narrowed upper airways (the upper trachea or voice box) is called stridor. It still has a high-pitched quality (but may sound harsher) and occurs during either inspiration, expiration, or both. Stridor is associated with several upper airway conditions including infections, foreign bodies, and tumors. 

On the other hand, cats with stertor typically have an obstruction or narrowing in the highest part of the respiratory tract (within the nose or throat). Stertor is a lower-pitched, loud snoring sound and is not considered wheezing. Stertor has many potential causes, including a stuffy or inflamed nose, nasopharyngeal polyps, or nasal foreign bodies or tumors, or may be due to the condensed anatomy of brachycephalic (flat-faced) cat breeds such as Persians.  

Stertor doesn’t always mean something is wrong. It’s normal for some cats to snore while sleeping or resting in a certain position. If you’re unsure if your cat is snoring or wheezing, check with your veterinarian.

5 Causes of Wheezing in Cats

Feline Asthma/Chronic Bronchitis 

Several terms are used interchangeably for feline asthma, so you may also see it called feline allergic bronchitis, feline bronchial asthma, or chronic bronchitis. 

Some veterinarians refer to chronic bronchitis as a closely related but separate entity from feline asthma, while others lump them together as the same condition. They likely have different underlying causes but can be impossible to tell apart and are generally treated the same. If you feel confused by the terminology, you’re not alone. It’s an area requiring more research. For this article, we’ll use the term feline asthma. 

Feline asthma is a lifelong condition and one of the most classic causes of wheezing in cats. Asthmatic cats have an exaggerated allergic response to environmental allergens such as dust, smoke, pollen, scented products (candles, essential oils, fabric sprays), and strong cleaners (bleach). 

In response, their lower airways spasm and become irritated, narrowed, and plugged with mucus. Affected cats may cough, wheeze, and have labored breathing and shortness of breath, especially after exertion. A characteristic wheezing sound happens when air is forced through the narrowed airways.

Signs of asthma tend to come and go but worsen without treatment and can lead to asthma attacks. 

Here are the signs of an asthma attack: 

1. Your cat stops what they’re doing and crouches low to the ground, with a flat back and their head and neck extended.
2. They have several forceful, harsh exhales (coughs) that may produce a high-pitched wheezing sound, with their mouth typically closed.
3. They may swallow several times but not expel anything from their mouth (an exception may be if they cough enough to trigger the gag reflex and subsequently vomit).
4. Cats may carry on as usual after an episode like this; however, those who don’t recover quickly or develop other signs of difficulty breathing need emergency veterinary care.

An episode like this is often confused with “coughing up a hairball,” but hairballs don’t cause cats to cough and wheeze. Hairballs come from the digestive tract and are vomited up. Cats will forcefully gag (open their mouth wide and stick out their tongue) and have strong abdominal contractions, like a rhythmic wave, before ultimately vomiting up a hairball. They usually don’t crouch down like they do when coughing and wheezing.

If you’re unsure if your cat is wheezing or bringing up a hairball, it’s extremely helpful to take a video to show your veterinarian. 

Parasitic Bronchitis

Several species of parasites, known as feline lungworms, can set up shop in a cat’s lungs and cause parasitic bronchitis (inflammation in the lower airways caused by parasites), which can lead to wheezing. One of the most common lungworms, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is carried by snails and slugs. Typically, cats become infected by eating an animal (mouse, bird, lizard, frog) that ate an infected snail or slug.  

Outdoor cats have the highest risk of lungworm. Once a cat ingests the parasite, it makes its way to the lungs, where adult female lungworms lay their eggs. From here, the eggs hatch into larvae, travel up the airways, are coughed up, swallowed into the digestive system, and finally, passed in the cat’s feces. 

If only a small number of worms are present, a cat may have very mild or no symptoms at all, but high numbers of worms can wreak havoc on a cat’s airways and lead to life-threatening complications. 

 Signs of lungworm include:

• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Labored breathing
• Sneezing
• Lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Fever

Respiratory Infections

Any viral, bacterial, or fungal respiratory infection can potentially cause wheezing in cats.

Common viral upper respiratory infections, such as calicivirus and feline herpes, are notorious for causing cat wheezing and sneezing, especially among kittens and in shelter environments.

Affected cats may have stertor (that loud, snoring-like sound) from a stuffy nose, while an inflamed voice box or upper trachea may result in your cat wheezing and coughing. 

Common signs include:

• Sneezing
• A runny and congested nose 
• Eye discharge
• Coughing 
• Wheezing
• Fever
• Lethargy

Bacterial upper respiratory infections, such as Mycoplasma felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, may occur secondary to a viral infection. Typically, they cause similar but potentially more severe symptoms and can progress to pneumonia. 

Compared to viral and bacterial respiratory infections, fungal respiratory infections are relatively rare in cats (although more common in some geographical areas) and tend to affect either the nasal passages or deeper lung tissues.

Upper Airway Tumors

Some upper airway tumors cause wheezing in cats. This may happen if a tumor growing outside of the airway (such as in the front of the neck) puts pressure on the voice box, or if tumors inside the airway, such as laryngeal inflammatory polyps or lymphoma, obstruct it from within.

In these circumstances, wheezing typically occurs more predictably, such as every time a cat breathes or is in a certain position, and it tends to worsen over time. Other signs may or may not be present.  

A Foreign Body  

Occasionally, your cat may chow down on something that travels the wrong way and lodges itself in the respiratory tract. With complete upper airway obstructions, air can’t move around the obstruction, and no breathing noises can be heard. This is obviously a dire situation that is quickly fatal. Fortunately, this is rare in cats.  

However, partial airway obstructions happen on occasion. I recall a cat who was rushed in to see me as an emergency — she was wheezing loudly and gagging as if desperately trying to rid something from her throat. This all happened shortly after getting a delicious salmon treat. Can you guess what was stuck in her airway? Amazingly, she coughed out the offending fishbone and had a full recovery. Nine lives indeed!

How to Treat a Wheezing Cat

When it comes to how to help a wheezing cat, a consultation with your veterinarian is an essential first step. Wheezing is a sign of an underlying respiratory issue stemming from several different causes, so treatment and prognosis vary considerably. Once your veterinarian makes a diagnosis, they will start a treatment plan that may include medications, procedures, and addressing factors in the home environment. 

Feline asthma is a chronic condition managed with medications, including oral and inhaled (using an asthma inhaler) anti-inflammatories (steroids) and bronchodilators. At home, triggers such as smoke, dust, and strong cleaning and scented products must be avoided, and some veterinarians advocate using air purifiers with a HEPA filter. 

Most respiratory infections are treated with medication that fights the specific type of infection.

In cats, a typical viral upper respiratory infection generally doesn’t require treatment beyond supportive care (keeping their face and eyes clear of discharge, using a humidifier, warming up food to encourage appetite, etc.) — kind of like when we have the common cold. Occasionally, in more severe or challenging cases, veterinarians prescribe antiviral medications. 

If your veterinarian suspects a bacterial or fungal infection, they will treat using antibiotics or antifungal medications. 

Fortunately, lungworm is treatable with antiparasitic medication, such as fenbendazole. Mildly affected cats usually don’t need any other treatment, whereas more severely affected cats may require anti-inflammatories and additional supportive care. 

Some tumors affecting the airway can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of the three. The treatment will depend on the tumor type and location, the extent of its growth, and the general health of your cat.

Foreign bodies in the nose can sometimes be flushed out with saline or removed with a small grabbing tool. If visible, a foreign body in the throat may also be retrieved with a grabbing tool.  

However, foreign bodies in the windpipe or deeper airways require removal with a bronchoscopy procedure. This is where a tiny camera and special instruments are passed into the airway to retrieve the object. If this fails, surgery to remove the affected part of the lung may be performed. 

Medicine for Cat Wheezing

• Glucocorticoids (steroids) to decrease airway inflammation
• Bronchodilators to reduce airway spasms 

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antivirals for viral infections
• Antiparasitics for parasitic infections
• Antifungals for fungal infections
• Chemotherapy drugs for some types of cancers

When to Worry About Wheezing in Cats

If wheezing is accompanied by other signs of respiratory distress (i.e., your cat struggling to breathe) see a veterinarian immediately. These signs include:

• Open-mouth breathing

• Rapid breathing (>40 breaths per minute at rest)
• Labored breathing (shallow and/or exaggerated abdominal and chest movements)
• Pale or blue gums
• Changes in normal behaviors (not eating or drinking, lethargic)

If your cat is wheezing but otherwise seems okay (they have no other signs of distress, are exhibiting normal behaviors, eating and drinking, etc.) they may not need immediate emergency treatment. They should, however, be seen by a veterinarian soon. 

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Read on to learn more about bile duct obstruction in cats, including signs to watch for and next steps to take.

What Is a Blocked Bile Duct?

Before we get into bile duct obstruction in cats, it is helpful to understand a bit about cat bile duct anatomy. One of the functions of the mammalian liver is to make bile, a yellow-green liquid that aids the intestines in digesting food. Small bile ducts collect bile from the lobes of the liver and transport bile via the common bile duct to the intestines where it is used to digest food. Extra bile is stored in the gallbladder, which is linked to the bile ducts inside the liver. Disease anywhere along the bile ducts or nearby organs can result in bile duct obstruction and the accompanying symptoms. 

Bile duct disease is also called cholestasis. Bile duct obstruction in cats often occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. In those cases, the disease is called cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis. 

Because the bile ducts are sensitive to what is going on around them in the nearby organs, bile duct obstruction due to inflammation in the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or small intestines is moderately common in cats. 

Bile duct obstruction can happen in any age cat, but is more common in middle aged cats. Cats with a history of liver inflammation, intestinal parasites, or cats who are predisposed to inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), gallstones, or repeated bouts of small intestinal or stomach inflammation are at increased risk for bile duct obstruction. 

10 Symptoms of Blocked Bile Duct in Cats

Bile ducts are closely associated with the liver and gastrointestinal system, and the symptoms of a blocked bile duct reflect this relationship. Symptoms of blocked bile duct in cats are notoriously non-specific and can occur all of a sudden or wax and wane over a period of weeks or months. 

Symptoms of blocked bile duct in cats are vague, but include:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Increased hiding or lethargy, other behavioral changes
• Changes in appetite, either up or down
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice (yellowed skin, eyes, and gums due to a buildup of bile)
• Bleeding tendencies, increased bruising, bleeding gums
• Swollen abdomen
• Pale stools or orange urine

What Causes Bile Duct Obstruction in Cats?

There are a few reasons why bile ducts can become obstructed. The most common reason is inflammation in a neighboring organ, such as the liver, gallbladder, intestines, or pancreas, externally compresses the common bile duct, causing obstruction. Additional causes include:

• Gallstones
• Intestinal parasites
• Cancer
• Anatomical malformations (usually seen in young cats)
• Duct fibrosis and stricture secondary to trauma or peritonitis

Diagnosis

Because the symptoms of bile duct obstruction in cats are so vague, it can be tricky for a veterinarian to diagnose. A veterinarian will obtain a history by asking you questions and then conduct a physical examination. Based on the history and physical exam findings, a veterinarian will then recommend laboratory testing and imaging studies. These can include:

• Complete blood count (to check red blood cells and platelets, may see a low blood count)
• Serum chemistry (to check electrolytes and internal organ function, often see elevated liver enzymes, increased bilirubin, additional abnormalities include changes in glucose, albumin, cholesterol, and globulins)
• Urinalysis (often see bilirubin crystals)
• Serum bile acids (typically increased, indicates bile dysfunction)
• Coagulation tests (to determine the cause of bleeding)
• Fecal examination (to look for parasites)
• Abdominal radiographs (X-rays, may be able to see gallstones)
• Abdominal ultrasound (more sensitive test, may see distended bile ducts or gallbladder, pancreatitis, etc.)

Depending on what your veterinarian sees in the initial tests, they may recommend additional tests, such as a liver biopsy.

Treatment

Treatment for a blocked bile duct does vary depending on the underlying disease condition and how sick the cat is, but in general, bile duct obstruction requires hospitalization and inpatient care. These cats feel awful, are usually painful and nauseous, and early intervention is key to prevent secondary problems like hepatic lipidosis from occurring. 

Mainstays of treatment for most cats with bile duct obstruction include:

• Intravenous fluid therapy to rehydrate and balance electrolytes and vitamins (veterinarians often add water soluble vitamin B to IV fluids)
• Vitamin K
• Vitamin E (antioxidant)
• Antibiotics for bile duct infections and before surgery
• Appropriate nutrition (fat restricted)
• Ursodeoxycholic acid AFTER the bile duct has been decompressed (dissolves gallstones and thins out bile fluid)
• Gastro-protectant medications, such as antacids (famotidine), sucralfate, or omeprazole
• Pain medication as appropriate

In addition to these treatments, a cat with an obstructed bile duct needs the bile duct unobstructed. Treatment for this varies depending on what is causing the obstruction, but can range from surgical correction to hospitalization for pancreatitis. 

A cat with a blocked bile duct often will stop eating, which must be addressed if it happens. Ways to address inappetence in a sick cat include appetite stimulants or feeding a liquid diet through a stomach tube. 

Cost

Cost of treatment for bile duct obstruction is high, and includes initial testing, hospitalization, and surgery if required: 

• Initial testing costs can range from $300-$1,000
• Hospitalization can run several hundred dollars per day
• Surgery will cost $1,000-$3,000
• Take-home medications will likely cost $100 or more

After your cat has been discharged from the hospital, your veterinarian will want you to bring the cat back for recheck examinations and testing to make sure the condition has resolved. This includes checking the bile duct as well as checking coagulation and other laboratory tests. Your veterinarian may also want to ultrasound your cat’s belly again to ensure everything is healing. 

Recovery & Management

If the cat has an obstruction due to pancreatitis that is fully resolved, the prognosis is good. The prognosis for other cats with bile duct disease depends on several factors:

• The cause of obstruction and whether it can be resolved
• The health of the bile duct (secondary scarring and strictures make the prognosis worse)
• The overall health of the cat
• The motivation of the pet parents to care for the cat

If your cat has recovered from a bile duct obstruction, then it is possible for your cat to still live a long and happy life, however, there will be some things that your veterinarian will want you to do to ensure that the cat doesn’t relapse. These can include:

• Regular rechecks that may include laboratory tests or imaging studies
• Monitoring your cat for recurrent symptoms, letting your vet know immediately if they occur, and then following your vet’s recommendation
• Feeding your cat a low fat diet, which can be over the counter, therapeutic prescribed by your vet, or homemade with the guidance of a board certified veterinary nutritionist.

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Nausea is a common ailment in people, as well as in pets. In fact, cat nausea is one of the most common reasons pet parents bring cats to the veterinarian. Though it’s often because they notice other worrisome signs, like vomiting or loss of appetite.

While cats can’t tell us they’re sick (and probably wouldn’t, even if they could), there are some tell-tale clues to watch out for. To help you navigate the complexities of cat nausea, here’s an overview of signs to watch out for, possible causes, and how you can help a queasy cat.

9 Signs of Cat Nausea

Nausea in cats is not a disease but a symptom of various feline health issues. Just like nausea in humans, cats who are nauseous may feel uneasy, queasy, or “sick to their stomach.”

Cat nausea typically precedes cat vomiting…but not always. Cats can feel nauseous without vomiting. That makes nausea in cats hard to detect since cats are notorious for keeping signs of illness or distress under wraps.

Cats with low-level queasiness may seem just a little “off” or a bit picky with their food. Easy to overlook, right? Vomiting, however, is a more dramatic affair that quite clearly (and messily!) signifies your cat is not feeling well.

Though the signs of nausea in cats can be subtle, detecting them can help pet parents get help for a sick cat faster.

Common symptoms of nausea in cats include:

• Lethargy
• Hiding or not wanting to interact with others
• Licking lips and swallowing excessively 
• Drooling 
• Lack of appetite (may turn away or gag when presented with food)
• Restlessness or agitation
• Retching and gagging
• Vocalizing
• Vomiting

Other than vomiting, most of these signs are non-specific. That means they can occur due to nausea or a host of other, unrelated reasons. For example, loss of appetite can occur with stress, pain, or other health conditions.

But many cats develop their own, unique “tells” when it comes to cat nausea. With my cat, I know an upchuck is imminent when he suddenly seeks out a rug. (Why the hardwood floor won’t do is anyone’s guess.) He’ll also start licking his lips and vocalizing, which helps me recognize he’s not feeling well. 

Common Causes of Nausea in Cats

Recognizing the signs of cat nausea can be helpful. But once you spot them, most pet parents wonder: How worried should you be if your cat is nauseous?

Nausea is incredibly common in cats, so the short answer is: It depends. Many things can make a cat nauseous, ranging from benign (an occasional hairball) to life-threatening (an intestinal blockage or severe systemic illness).

Sometimes, it’s hard to determine the cause without a thorough veterinary exam. Other times, the answer may be staring you in the face.

For example, does the vomit on the floor contain bits of your favorite, non-toxic succulent plant? If you know for sure what caused the stomach upset, that it’s definitely not dangerous, and your cat recovers quickly, you can keep calm and carry on. (You might want to move the plant, though). 

However, if you’re unsure, it’s always best to check with your vet if your cat is displaying signs of nausea and you don’t know why.

Here are some common causes of nausea in cats:

• Dietary Indiscretion – While dogs are notorious for eating socks and raiding the garbage, cats aren’t without their vices. Cats may get into tummy trouble by ingesting things like plants, insects, ribbons, hair ties, and elastic bands.

Your feline may also be tempted by the alluring smells of human food — whether it’s coming from your dinner table or the garbage bin. I once had a feline patient who ingested almost an entire rotisserie chicken — bones and all. The X-ray of his tummy was impressive, to say the least. Thankfully, he recovered fully with supportive veterinary care.

• Poison – Most types of poison and substances toxic to cats can lead to nausea and vomiting. Other signs associated with poisoning include weakness, lethargy, breathing difficulties, or neurological signs like disorientation, tremors, or seizures.

According to the Pet Poison Helpline, some of the most commonly reported (and potentially deadly) toxins that cause nausea and vomiting in cats include lilies, chocolate, onions, garlic, and ibuprofen.

• Hairballs – You’ve probably encountered this one before, especially if you have a long-haired cat. Cats ingest a lot of fur during their extensive grooming routines, which passes mostly through their feces. Periodically, cats may vomit hairballs to reduce the load of fur in their gastrointestinal system.  
• Infections – Cats may become sick and develop nausea associated with viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections.
• Systemic Disease – Diseases affecting major organs such as the pancreas, liver, and kidneys commonly result in nausea, among other symptoms. 
• Endocrine Disease – Endocrine diseases develop due to hormonal imbalances. Hyperthyroidism, a common endocrine disease in senior cats, usually causes nausea and vomiting (despite this, cats with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism are ravenously hungry and thirsty). Diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of diabetes, can also cause nausea and vomiting. 
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Inflammatory bowel disease,  a chronic condition causing inflammation of the GI tract, can cause nausea, chronic vomiting and diarrhea, and weight loss.
• Food Allergy – Food allergies occur when a component of a cat’s food (often a specific protein), triggers an immune system response. This can result in gastrointestinal symptoms, like nausea and diarrhea, typically accompanied by itchy, inflamed skin and ears. 
• Other Food-Related Concerns – Food intolerances, a broad term encompassing many food-related concerns not involving the immune system (i.e., not a true food allergy), can cause cats to have an upset stomach. An example is milk (some cats tolerate small amounts better than others), but cats are lactose intolerant and have trouble digesting milk.

Contaminated, spoiled, or poor-quality food can all cause your cat to feel unwell. Abruptly changing your cat’s food may also lead to nausea. 

• Cancer – Cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, such as GI lymphoma, may cause nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea. 
• Side Effect of Medication – Any medication can potentially trigger nausea in cats, especially if it tastes bitter. Medications commonly known to cause nausea include some anesthetics, antibiotics, antifungals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and chemotherapy drugs. 
• Motion Sickness – It’s common for cats to feel queasy and vomit when traveling. 
• Intestinal Blockage – Intestinal blockages typically result from ingested foreign bodies or a gastrointestinal tumor that partially or totally blocks the digestive tract. A blockage is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate treatment.  

As you can see, many things can cause nausea in cats, some of which are deadly. And it’s often hard to determine the cause without a thorough veterinary exam and testing. So, if your cat is feeling nauseous and you don’t know why, always consult your vet for guidance.

Treatment for Cat Nausea

When your kitty feels queasy, naturally you want to do everything in your power to help them feel better. What that entails often depends on what’s causing the nausea and how severe it is.

In mild cases of nausea, it may be acceptable to monitor your cat at home. If your cat has a single, isolated episode of vomiting, with no other warning signs or symptoms, it’s also okay to take a wait-and-see approach. These situations often resolve on their own within 24 hours.

However, if the conditions persist, you’ll need to work with your veterinarian to determine the best cat nausea remedy. Nauseous cats (whether vomiting or not) will almost always go on hunger strike. And the longer they go without eating and drinking, the sicker they become. Nauseous cats can develop serious complications such as hepatic lipidosis and dehydration.

If nausea and vomiting become more severe or frequent, an assessment by your veterinarian is crucial. Your vet will come up with a cat nausea treatment plan based on many factors, such as the underlying cause, how severely your cat is affected, how long it’s been going on, and whether your cat has pre-existing health conditions.

Anti-Nausea Medications for Cats

Thankfully, veterinarians have a wide range of anti-nausea medications they can prescribe to ease your cat’s queasiness. Vets often use these to help provide relief in severe cases of cat nausea while they treat the underlying cause of illness.

Commonly medications prescribed for cat nausea relief include:

Maropitant – This generic medication comes in a variety of forms, from tablets to compounded soft chews and flavored liquid options). It’s also available under the brand name Cerenia. This anti-nausea for cats medication works by blocking specific receptors in the brain responsible for nausea and vomiting. Maropitant is a very effective treatment veterinarians often use when treating conditions that cause nausea and vomiting in cats.

Mirtazapine – Another generic medication, Mirtazapine is available in standard tablet form, as well as compounded capsules and mini-melt tablets. It works by acting upon neuroreceptors in the brain and GI tract to stimulate appetite and suppress nausea and vomiting. 

Ondansetron – Ondansetron helps prevent nausea and vomiting by blocking receptors responsible for triggering the vomiting reflex. It comes in both a standard tablet form and a compounded flavored liquid medication. Vets often use it for pets undergoing chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. While it’s generally considered an effective treatment for vomiting, it may not completely eliminate nausea. [1]

Metoclopramide – Some conditions slow the normal rhythmic movements of the GI tract, which can impair the passage of food and trigger nausea. Metoclopramide helps restore the functional movements of the GI tract, thus relieving nausea. It also blocks receptors in the brain that trigger nausea, although this effect may be more pronounced in dogs than cats. [1] 

When is Cat Nausea an Emergency?

In some cases, cats with persistent nausea, especially if accompanied by other concerning signs, may need emergency care.

Signs to seek immediate veterinary care:  

• Repeated vomiting
• Unproductive retching and gagging
• Abdominal pain
• Lethargy
• No interest in food or water for more than 12 hours
• Your cat’s skin or white part of their eyes appear yellow
• Vomiting blood
• You suspect ingestion of something harmful (if applicable, take a picture of what they ate or bring in the packaging)
• Your cat has a pre-existing health condition like cancer, FIV, FeLV, kidney disease, or diabetes
• Your cat is still a kitten or very old
• Other serious signs are present, including neurological signs (stumbling, tremors, seizures); trouble breathing (blue gums, open mouth breathing, panting, labored breathing); straining in the litter box; severe diarrhea; fever; or signs of pain or distress

How to Help Cat Nausea at Home

If you have already spoken with your veterinarian and have a care plan in place, here are additional ways to support your nauseous cat at home:

• Ensure they have a quiet, comfortable place, away from other pets or young children where they can rest.
• Provide fresh water and offer small amounts of their regular food or try something bland. In my experience, plain boiled chicken (no seasoning, skin, or bones) is a good, short-term option. However, always follow your veterinarian’s advice for feeding a cat with nausea.
• Don’t withhold food or water from your cat unless your veterinarian advises you to. 
• If your cat turns their head away or shows increasing signs of nausea, remove the food immediately and try again in a few hours. 
• Understandably, you want your kitty to eat, but don’t attempt to force-feed them. This used to be a more common practice, but newer guidelines in feline care discourage force-feeding as it’s stressful and linked to food aversions, which prolong inappetence. [2] [3]

References

1. Dowling, Patricia M. “Drugs Used to Control or Stimulate Vomiting in Monogastric Animals” The Merck Veterinary Manual. Whitehouse Station, NJ :Merck & Co., Inc. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-digestive-system/drugs-used-to-control-or-stimulate-vomiting-in-monogastric-animals
2. Taylor S, Chan DL, Villaverde C, et al. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on Management of the Inappetent Hospitalised Cat. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2022;24(7):614-640. doi:10.1177/1098612X221106353
3. Harvey, A. “Managing Anorexic Cats.” World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, Bangkok, Thailand, 2015. https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=7259319

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If you’re worried about whether or not your feline is feverish, you’ve come to the right place! Here’s a helpful guide that covers how to recognize signs of fevers in cats, how to take a cat’s temperature, and when you should visit the veterinarian.

What’s a Normal Cat Temperature?

If you look up the normal cat temperature, you’ll find a wide range of results…all of which claim to be the standard.

For example, a 2015 study from the Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery states that the normal range for adult cat body temperature should be between 98.1°F to 102.1°F (36.7 °C to 38.9°C). (1) However, it’s common for veterinarians to see ranges from 100°F to 102.5°F (37.8°C to 39.2°C) in clinic. And many vets consider this a normal temp for cats.

There are other factors that may have some bearing on what we consider a normal cat temp, too. Some cat breeds run at a slightly warmer or cooler normal body temperature than others. However, what is considered an average cat temperature for each breed isn’t well-established. Kittens usually have a slightly higher baseline temperature than adult cats.

If your cat’s body temperature is abnormally elevated, it could be due to either hyperthermia or fever.

• Hyperthermia occurs when a cat’s temperature rises due to heat exposure or excessive physical activity (like having a seizure).
• Fevers, on the other hand, are caused by infections, injuries, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. If your cat develops a fever, you’ll want to contact your veterinarian to determine and treat the cause.

How to Tell if Your Cat Has a Fever: 6 Signs

Obviously, the best way to know your cat has a fever is to take their temperature. However, getting a cat to sit still and consent to a temperature check isn’t always in the cards. Instead, you may want to keep an eye out for other signs that your cat could have a fever, which include:

• Lethargy: A cat with a fever doesn’t feel well, so they’re likely to have a reduced activity level and may sleep more.
• Reduced appetite: The cat may show less interest in both food and water while they’re not feeling well.
• Shivering: Similar to how people often get chills and shiver when they have a fever, a cat with a fever may shiver. 
• Poor grooming habits: Because the cat isn’t feeling well, they are often less fastidious about their grooming habits. You may notice clumped fur or an unkempt appearance when your cat is sick.
• Visible wounds, injuries, or swellings: Injuries can cause a fever, both due to inflammation and infection. Cats with abscesses or tumors can also develop fevers. 
• Warm to the touch: While you cannot rely on this alone, a cat who is warm to the touch and has other signs of illness may have a fever. If you notice that your cat’s ears are hot or their face is hot to the touch, that’s a warning sign worth heeding. But it’s important to note that other factors — including your own body temperature, the weather, and your cat’s activity level — can all affect your perception of how warm your cat is.

Cats with other signs of illness, such as coughing or diarrhea, may also develop fevers related to whatever is causing their underlying infection.

Though it’s helpful to keep an eye out for cat fever symptoms, be aware that many things other than a fever could cause them. If you’re still unsure, the best way to tell if your cat has a fever is to take their temperature.  

How to Take a Cat’s Temperature

If you’re wondering how to check a cat’s temperature at home, there are three main methods veterinarians recommend. You can use a digital thermometer designed for humans to measure your cat’s temperature. But, it’s a good idea to label your cat thermometer and store it separately from your family’s thermometers to avoid cross-contamination.

Here are three vet-recommended methods for measuring your cat’s temperature with a thermometer.

Axillary (armpit) temperature

While this method is generally considered the least accurate of the three, it’s also the least disruptive. So it’s a good choice if you have a cat who’s less than thrilled about having their temperature taken.

To use this method: Place the tip of a digital thermometer in your cat’s armpit, as far forward and upward as possible. Keep your cat’s leg down, trapping the thermometer against their body, until it shows the final result.

Rectal temperature

Veterinarians generally prefer this method for measuring a cat’s body temperature quickly and accurately. Cats, on the other hand, tend to be less tolerant of it. So you’ll definitely want to have a helper on hand.

To use this method: It’s best to have a digital rectal thermometer; these have a shorter, blunter tip than standard digital thermometers. Turn the thermometer on and apply lubricant to the tip. Then, lift the cat’s tail and gently insert the thermometer about half an inch into the anus. Make sure to wash the thermometer and your hands after it reads the temperature.

Ear temperature

Pet parents can also use a digital cat ear thermometer to take their cat’s temperature. This method appeals to many pet parents because it’s less invasive than taking a rectal temperature. However, it can be difficult to get the thermometer aimed at the correct location (inner ear canal) for an accurate reading. If there’s wax, debris, or discharge in your pet’s ear canal, that could also affect the reading (which is why vets don’t recommend it in cases of ear infection).

To use this method: Hold the ear thermometer horizontally and insert it gently into your cat’s ear canal until it shows the final result.  

No matter which method you choose, it’s easier to take a cat’s temperature with at least one other person to help you. Your helper can hold your cat in position and soothe them.

Some cats may tolerate a rectal temperature better if you wrap them in a towel with their backside out. If your cat is attempting to bite, scratch, or is otherwise noncompliant, it’s best to contact your veterinarian. Together, you can review your cat’s symptoms and determine if a visit is in order.

When to Visit a Veterinarian

If your cat’s temperature is above 102.1°F and they’re acting abnormally, you should call your veterinarian.

If the temperature is above 103.5°F, consider seeking emergency attention immediately. You should also seek emergency attention if your cat is:

• Having seizures or acting disoriented
• Having difficulty breathing
• Unable to urinate and/or defecate
• Experiencing severe diarrhea or vomiting
• Completely disinterested in food
• Collapsing
• Severely injured (such as being hit by a car)

When you bring your cat in for evaluation, your veterinarian will try to determine what is causing your cat’s fever. This will involve a physical examination and additional diagnostics. These could include blood work, urine testing, X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, and more. Based on the findings, your veterinarian will recommend treatment.

Vets commonly prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like meloxicam to reduce fever in cats. Your cat may also receive fluids either under the skin (subcutaneously) or into their vein (intravenously). Rest assured, depending on the cause of your cat’s fever, your vet will tailor a specific treatment plan that fits your pet’s diagnosis and health needs.

A cat with a fever can be experiencing significant illness, even if they seem to be acting normal. The sooner you can get your feverish cat treatment, the better off they will be. That’s why it’s so important to familiarize yourself with the signs of illness and fever in cats. Recognizing warning signs could help head off more serious health issues.

If you can do it safely and accurately, taking your cat’s temperature is still the best way to find out if they have a fever. However, it should not be used as the sole indicator of disease. Pet parents should consider their cat’s overall clinical signs and behavior when deciding whether to contact their veterinarian.

Reference

Levy, Julie & Nutt, Kelly & Tucker, Sylvia. (2015). Reference interval for rectal temperature in healthy confined adult cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17. 950-952. DOI:10.1177/1098612X15582081

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What is Lethargy in Cats?

Lethargy is defined as a noticeable decrease in energy and activity levels. For example, if you have a kitten who is usually playful and suddenly becomes withdrawn and uninterested in play, they may be experiencing lethargy.  

Another telltale sign of a lethargic kitten or cat is an abrupt change in their behavior. If you have a normally lazy cat and they do not show up for meal time or are hiding more than usual, it’s possible that they are experiencing lethargy. 

It’s important to note that some cats are simply more laid-back and may appear lazy at times. A lazy cat consistently exhibits low energy, while lethargy represents a sudden change in behavior. To help identify lethargy, pay attention to your cat’s daily habits. Some red flags may be if they are suddenly less active, seem disinterested in food or play, or are grooming less often. Additional signs to watch for include hiding, changes in litter box habits, or unusual vocalizations, all of which can further indicate that there is a problem. 

What follows is everything you need to know about lethargy in cats.

What Causes Lethargy in Cats?

Lethargy is a non-specific symptom of a bigger problem. As such, there are many causes of lethargy in cats that can range from minor issues to more serious health concerns. 

Infections

Cats can suffer from various infections, including of the respiratory and urinary tracts, which can lead to fatigue and lethargy. These infections could be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin.

Pain

Chronic or acute pain conditions, such as arthritis or dental problems, can significantly impact a cat’s energy levels, which can cause them to withdraw and become less active.

Illnesses

Serious health issues like diabetes, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and heart disease can manifest as lethargy. These conditions often require veterinary intervention.

Stress and Anxiety

Cats are sensitive creatures. Changes in their environment—such as moving to a new home, introducing new pets, or loud noises—can lead to stress, which may result in lethargy.

Dietary Issues

Poor nutrition or food sensitivities can cause lethargy. If your cat is not receiving the necessary nutrients or is allergic to certain ingredients, their energy levels may be affected.

Medications

Some medications, especially pain relievers or sedatives, can cause drowsiness and lethargy as side effects.

Parasites

Infestations from fleas, ticks, or worms can also lead to fatigue as your cat’s body fights off these invaders.

Vaccination

Recent vaccination can cause lethargy as a normal side effect. You may also notice that they are a little achy and feel warmer than usual. 

When Should You Worry About a Lethargic Cat?

I have gone through my own personal experience with a lazy cat that experienced lethargy. My cat Zoey would always come to the table at dinner time. One day she didn’t come for dinner. I thought it was just a fluke and I was overreacting. Then it happened again and again and again. 

By the fourth day, I grew concerned and went looking for her. She was hiding in the closet and I noticed she was drooling and her skin was yellow (icteric). If I had taken her in for bloodwork sooner, she would not have gotten as sick as she was and she would not have to have been hospitalized for several weeks. 

She is a happy and healthy 15 year old now, but I still think back to those days when she was so sick and wish I had taken action sooner. 

This is why it’s so important to understand your cat’s normal behavioral patterns and lifestyle. When there is a change in that behavior, additional action should be taken. 

Other Lethargic Cat Symptoms

If your cat is lethargic, you should also monitor for additional issues that could be signs of a larger problem. These symptoms can include:

• Weakness or difficulty walking
• Heavy breathing
• Poor or no appetite
• Vomiting/diarrhea
• Drooling
• Fever
• Sneezing/coughing

How to Help a Lethargic Cat: Next Steps

If you suspect that your cat is experiencing lethargy, taking prompt action is important. Here are some suggestions on what to do if you are concerned about a lethargic cat or kitten. 

Observe Behavior

Start by closely monitoring your cat’s behavior. If lethargy is present with no additional symptoms, it may be possible to monitor for a day or two before calling your veterinarian. Make sure to record any changes in activity levels, eating habits, grooming, and interactions with family members. 

Check for Other Symptoms

Look for additional signs of lethargy in cats (see list above) that may indicate a health issue. Take note of any symptoms that accompany the lethargy. If the additional symptoms are severe (like vomiting and inappetence), then you will want to seek care quickly.

Ensure Comfort

Make sure your cat is comfortable and has access to water and food away from any potential stressors like a new pet or loud family member. Sometimes a cat may just need a bit of rest, but it’s important to keep an eye on them.

Consult a Veterinarian

If lethargy persists for more than a day or two, or if your cat shows additional concerning symptoms, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. Provide them with the observations you’ve noted, as this will help in diagnosing the issue.

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam. They may also recommend additional testing, including bloodwork, urinalysis, fecal exam and imaging studies (like X-rays or ultrasound). Because lethargy is such a non-specific symptom, your veterinarian will need to gather more information to properly diagnose what is making your cat lethargic. 

Depending on the diagnosis, the vet may recommend various medications, prescription diets or lifestyle changes. Follow their guidance carefully and attend any follow-up appointments as necessary.

Once the cause is identified and the appropriate treatment is started, your cat may start feeling better within 24 hours. More chronic conditions may take longer and need more management to get them feeling like themselves. 

To help reduce the risk of future health issues, ensure your cat receives regular veterinary check-ups, eats a balanced diet, and is surrounded by a safe, stimulating environment. Keeping your cat’s vaccinations up to date and preventing parasites are also essential steps in maintaining their health.

Lethargic Cat: The Bottom Line

While it can be easy to overlook a cat’s lethargy as just them being lazy, knowing when to act is key to their well-being. Understanding what lethargy is, recognizing its signs, identifying potential causes, and knowing how to respond can make all the difference in your cat’s health.

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It’s always concerning to see your kitty get sick. And a cat vomiting green liquid can worry you even more. Nearly every cat will vomit at some point in their life — so when should you be worried, and what should you know about green cat vomit? Read on to find out.

Is Green Cat Vomit Cause for Concern?

Vomiting is a body’s normal response to many things, including viruses, having eaten something inappropriate, or bacterial infection. Vomit can be green because it includes bile.

Bile is a normal substance made by the liver and found within the gallbladder. It is released into the small intestine just past the stomach (in the duodenum) when your cat eats. It helps both digestion, particularly of fats, and the body carry away waste.

If vomit contains bile, it is not cause for alarm. Vomit often contains bile because your cat’s intestines are not moving things forward as they should, and bile goes backward into the stomach. Bile itself cannot diagnose any particular issue in your cat, and vomit including bile is not more concerning than other vomit.

The most important thing for pet parents to monitor is not the color of vomit, but how your cat is feeling overall. If your kitty vomits, immediate medical attention is not necessary; monitoring at home is sufficient at first. If issues continue, call your veterinarian for medical care. 

Take note of these possible issues to better assess if your cat needs medical attention:

Decreased Appetite

If your cat is no longer eating whatsoever for 24 hours, this is a very urgent medical concern that needs immediate attention. If your cat’s appetite has decreased over time but they are still eating, and their appetite does not return over a few days, call your veterinarian.

Losing Weight

Does it appear your cat has lost weight? If you’re unsure, use a human baby scale (or cat scale if you have one) and weigh your cat at the same time daily to confirm. Weight loss for more than two days is an urgent concern.

Changes in Behavior

If your cat is acting differently, this could indicate that they are not feeling well. Examples of changes in behavior include your cat being less active, not playing as much, sleeping more, or hiding. If this occurs for more than a couple days, they need medical attention.

If at any time your cat is profusely vomiting many times over a matter of a few hours, if they cannot rise, or if they appear less aware of their surroundings, it could be a sign that they need emergency care. This is rarely the case, but it’s important to know.

Types of Green Cat Vomit

You might notice green cat vomit can look different depending on the situation. Let’s go over what types of green vomit you may see.

Green Liquid

A cat vomiting green liquid often indicates that they have been drinking water and maybe eating some food. The juices inside the stomach for digestion — and possibly water — will make vomit into liquid.

Green Foam

Green foam vomit indicates your cat has extra gas in the stomach that is mixing with stomach acid. This could be due to stomach acid entering the esophagus, which is the tube from the mouth down to the stomach. Foam can also occur because your cat’s stomach is empty and thus has extra air.

Green Mucus

Mucus is naturally found in the stomach to protect the inner lining from all the acid and digestion taking place. It’s normal to find mucus in vomit and may be more common in cats with empty stomachs. Mucus also is naturally found in your cat’s sinuses (nasal passages) and is normally swallowed. Cats with stuffy noses may have more mucus in the stomach.

Causes of Green Cat Vomit

Regardless of the type your cat produces, green vomit indicates that the stomach or organs near it are inflamed — and there are many possible causes. Here are just a few examples:

Inflammatory bowel disease. If your cat has been vomiting for more than three weeks, your veterinarian may diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. This condition indicates the intestines are inflamed, which can be caused by many things including food allergies to specific proteins.

Viruses. Viruses that affect the whole body and cause fever or affect any part of the abdomen can lead to vomiting, since cats are uniquely sensitive to discomfort in the abdomen.

Kidney disease. This occurs in one-third of all cats over 15 years of age and can be seen in even younger cats as well. Inflammation and discomfort from the kidneys coupled with other metabolic changes result in vomiting.

Foreign bodies. Cats may eat things that cannot be digested by the body, such as fake plants, string, or small pieces of a toy.

Treatment

Prior to seeing a veterinarian, there are not a lot of treatment options for cats who vomit at home. Ensure your cat has unlimited water available. You may even entice them with tuna juice or low-sodium chicken broth to help with hydration. Do not give your cat any treats. If you’re enticing them to eat after they have been anorexic, stick to plain cooked meat, canned tuna, or cat diets. Avoid treats and any other types of foods.

While medications to decrease stomach acid are available over the counter, they are not always the right choice for your cat. Veterinary advice prior to administering any medication is important. Whenever concerned, call your veterinary office to better assess if your cat needs medical care. Your veterinarian would likely administer medication to stop the vomiting and fluids if your cat is dehydrated, and they may offer testing to figure out why your cat is vomiting.

My Take on Green Cat Vomit

Seeing my cat vomit made me a little sad, knowing that they weren’t feeling very well. If your cat rarely vomits or goes back to their normal self in a day, don’t worry. 

Green cat vomit is not a major concern for panic — it’s all about how your cat is feeling overall. As long as they start eating again within a day and their behavior returns to normal over a couple days, monitoring at home is okay. But don’t hesitate to call your veterinarian if you are concerned.

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So, what causes this peculiar phenomenon, and how long does it last? We spoke to veterinarians to get all the important details.

What Is Fever Coat in Cats?

Also referred to as “stress coat,” fever coat presents as a newborn kitten having a coat that’s partially lighter in color than what their genetics would typically dictate. For example, a kitten that you’d expect to be entirely black might be born with black fur with frosted gray tips. 

This occurrence is believed to happen in kittens whose mothers experienced fever, prolonged stress, or were administered certain medications during pregnancy. Fever coat exclusively affects kittens in the womb (in utero) and can impact one or all kittens in a litter, says Dr. Doug Mader, a triple board-certified veterinarian based in the Florida Keys and author of The Vet at Noah’s Arc.

What Does Fever Coat in Cats Look Like?

“Fever coat in cats results in a temporary lightening of the kitten’s fur color, often accompanied by faint striping or tabby markings,” says Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with the national mobile pet care service The Vets.  

There aren’t formal classifications for different types of fever coat, Dr. Savageau says, but variations can occur. It can be subtle, with just a few patches or stripes of lighter fur, to very pronounced, making the entire kitten look frosted.

In addition to a silver-gray color, fever coat may also manifest as a cream or light reddish color.

Black Smoke vs Fever Coat

Fever coat can easily be mistaken for a genetic coat color pattern known as “black smoke,” yet there are distinct differences between the two. With fever coat, the fur appears lighter at the tips but maintains the kitten’s natural darker color at the roots. Black smoke presents the opposite pattern, with darker tips and lighter or white roots. Additionally, fever coat is temporary while black smoke is a permanent genetic trait. 

It’s not uncommon for people, including cat breeders, to confuse fever coat with black smoke. Additionally, some dishonest breeders may take advantage of this confusion to deceive buyers into believing they’re purchasing a black smoke cat when they’re actually getting a kitten with a temporary fever coat. Black smoke cats can drive a high demand and value, resulting in this deception.

If you’re considering adopting a black smoke cat, it’s essential to educate yourself about these differences to ensure you’re making an informed decision.

Feline Fever Coat Causes

Unfortunately, there isn’t any solid research about fever coat in cats. The rarity of this condition makes it challenging to gather enough cases for a thorough investigation. Plus, it would be unethical to cause the mother cat stress or induce a fever for research purposes.

The lack of research leaves veterinarians, researchers, and cat experts only able to theorize based on experiences. So, what might cause the color changes in a kitten’s coat? Some of the proposed causes, all of which affect the mother cat during pregnancy, include:

• Fever-inducing illness: An illness or infection (such as a viral infection) is the most commonly suggested cause.
• Prolonged stress: Stressful situations, such as living in a shelter environment or on the streets, changes in environment, relocation, or alterations in social dynamics, are considered potential triggers.
• Medications: Side effects of medications administered to pregnant cats may play a role. Unfortunately, there isn’t any solid information about which specific medications, if any, might have an impact. 

Stress, fever, or medications during pregnancy may disrupt normal physiological processes, including those involved in pigment production in the hair follicles of the developing kittens, resulting in color changes in the kittens’ coats, Dr. Savageau says.

Does Fever Coat Go Away?

Yes, fever coat is temporary. “As the kitten grows, they will eventually shed out the abnormal colored fur and their normal color coat will replace it,” Dr. Mader says.

Dr. Mader adds that fever coat does not suggest that your kitten is ill or at increased risk of illness. “They are normal in every way except for the unusual color.”

What about the health of the mother cat? It depends on what caused the fever or prolonged stress, and how that affected the mother cat’s health. In most cases, a fever or stress will resolve, leaving the mother cat healthy. But, it’s always best to take a mother cat who falls ill during pregnancy or gives birth to a kitten with fever coat to a veterinarian for a thorough examination.

Cats with Fever Coat: Conclusion

Fever coat in cats remains an intriguing yet poorly understood phenomenon. Despite its mysterious origins and rarity, veterinary experts reassure us that it poses no health risks to affected kittens. 

As we continue to unravel the mysteries of feline biology, fever coat serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors in shaping the appearance and well-being of our feline companions.

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Unfortunately, most pet parents don’t know much about these hardworking glands until something goes wrong. And, by that point, your pet may need emergency veterinary care.

To help you avoid that fate, here’s what you need to know about your cat’s anal glands. You’ll learn what they are, where they are, and how to care for them. Plus, we’ll cover what can go wrong, how to recognize problem signs, and what you can do about it.

What are Cat Anal Glands?

Cat anal glands are the two small sacs located near the anus on a cat butt — right around four o’clock and eight o’clock if you imagine your cat’s anus as the center of a clock. These glands, also called anal sacs, store smelly, brown fluid created by the sweat-like glandular cells lining the sacs.

This fluid works as a chemical scent marker, much like a skunk’s spray. Cats use it to mark their territory, identify what cats are where, and even warn or defend against predators.

When your cat poops (defecates), the pressure of the poop moving through the anus squeezes the sacs. This releases a smelly secretion called the cat anal gland discharge.

Cats who are defecating normally will naturally express their own anal sacs. Cats rarely need assistance with expression of anal glands, but if something is wrong, they may need help temporarily.

What Causes Cat Anal Gland Problems?

Anal gland issues in cats are very rare, affecting only 0.4 percent of cats. (1) However, there are several very common conditions that can cause anal gland problems to develop. These include:

• Chronic diarrhea
• Obesity
• Chronic constipation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Food allergies
• Atopy (itchy skin) due to allergies, fleas, and/or the environment
• Neurologic disease (e.g., anus cannot close properly due to nerve or muscle changes)
• Cancer (known as anal sac adenocarcinoma)

Types of Anal Gland Disorders in Cats

If these conditions cause anal gland disorders in your cat, there are four types cats commonly face:

• Anal Gland Inflammation – When your cat’s skin becomes inflamed, it can cause their anal glands to become swollen and inflamed, as well. This is common in cases of allergies or skin diseases.
• Anal Gland Impaction – This is the most common anal gland disorder. If your cat’s anal sacs are impacted, that means they cannot release anal gland fluid like they are supposed to. This painful condition can occur if your cat is not pooping regularly, or if their anal secretions thicken due to inflammation.
• Anal Gland Infection – Impacted feline anal glands often become infected. This happens when secretions build up in the glands and bacterial infection sets in, creating an anal gland abscess. It’s also possible for yeast infections to develop in anal glands if your cat has a skin disease.
• Anal Gland Rupture. If your cat’s anal glands become inflamed, impacted, and infected, they can rupture. This is the body’s way of trying to rid itself of infection by creating an “emergency exit” to release the anal gland secretions through a hole in the skin near a cat’s anus. This condition can be painful and quite severe. It requires more urgent treatment than the other forms of anal gland issues mentioned above.

Anal gland disorders can develop in both male and female cats of any age or breed. However, British shorthairs and male cats may be predisposed to anal gland issues, compared to other cats. (1) Adults are also more likely to develop anal gland disorders than kittens.

How to Tell Something Is Wrong with a Cat’s Anal Glands

Before anal gland issues occur, most cats have changes in pooping habits whether they are constipated or having diarrhea. Sometimes, your cat has changes in her skin or fur coat prior to anal gland issues starting. Once the issues begin, the earliest symptoms are behavior changes.

Symptoms of anal gland issues include:

• Cat scooting, or cat dragging butt on the ground
• Overgrooming or biting at the rear end and tail base area
• Matting of fur around the anus
• Reluctance to sit or poop – your cat might go in and out of the litter box before finally pooping
• Straining to poop
• Discharge, redness, or swelling around the anus

If you notice any of these warning signs or behaviors, schedule a visit with your veterinarian for an evaluation. Your vet can help determine whether your cat’s anal glands are in danger of becoming overly full or impacted, which could lead to rupture.

If your cat seems very uncomfortable and you notice redness, swelling, and/or a foul discharge near the anus, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Anal gland rupture is painful, and infection can make your cat feel very sick.

Do Cats Need Anal Glands Expressed?

Cats do not need their anal glands expressed unless there is an issue. Normally, cats naturally express their anal glands every time they poop. So it’s unnecessary to intervene unless you notice the symptoms described above. And even then, it’s important to work with your vet to determine whether anal gland issues are the culprit.

Typically, when anal gland issues occur, your veterinarian will recommend weekly expression for about three to six weeks.

How to Treat Problems with Anal Glands in Cats

Make a veterinary appointment right away if you see symptoms of feline anal sac problems. Allowing time to pass without treatment will likely result in the rupture of glands, which is painful and more serious, as well as more expensive.

If you suspect your cat has ruptured their anal glands, seek urgent or emergent care immediately. Your cat can develop serious infection and fever if left untreated.

Your vet will take a history of your cat’s symptoms and conduct a thorough physical exam to determine the cause of the anal gland problems, as well as the best treatment.

Treatment options for anal gland issues may include:

• Anal gland expression in cats – Your vet or a qualified vet tech will express your cat’s anal glands by applying gentle pressure to empty them. Some cats may need to be sedated, especially if the glands are really swollen. Typically, this treatment will continue weekly for several weeks.
• Antibiotics – If your cat’s anal glands are inflamed, infected, or ruptured, your vet will prescribe oral or injected antibiotics. In some cases, your vet may inject the medicine directly into the anal glands to treat the infection quickly. This will also require sedation for your cat.
• Pain medicine – If the anal gland has ruptured, your vet will prescribe pain medication, as this can be very painful in cats.
• Laser therapy – If the anal glands are inflamed, this can be used to decrease inflammation in the area.

If there’s an underlying issue causing your cat’s anal gland issues, your vet will also recommend immediate or long-term treatment options. These may include:

• Weight loss if your cat is obese
• Special diet, either for food allergies (e.g., limited ingredient diets) or for chronic diarrhea or constipation (e.g., food with different/more fiber)
• Anti-inflammatories or other medications intended to decrease inflammation from allergic skin disease
• Flea treatment
• Surgery to remove the anal glands (for repeated impaction or infection that does not respond to medical therapy, or in cases of cancer)

Surgery will not be recommended unless multiple attempts at treatment have failed to prevent the issue from recurring. This is a major procedure and would likely be performed by a specialist. Long-term complications are rare but could include fecal incontinence, a chronic hole near the anus that is difficult to treat (fistula), or tightening of the anus making pooping difficult.

There are some home remedies that may help cats with anal gland problems. But pet parents should never rely solely on home remedies to treat anal gland issues in cats.

Always visit your vet first for a proper diagnosis. If you plan to use any home remedies in addition to your vet-recommended treatment plan, be sure to get your vet’s approval first.

Things you can do at home that may help your cat heal from anal gland issues include:

• Switching to a lower-fat and higher-fiber diet to increase the bulk or size of poop, prevent diarrhea, and prevent obesity
• Adding a fiber supplement to your cat’s diet (e.g., 1/4-1/2 teaspoon psyllium once or twice per day)
• Applying a warm compress or washcloth to your cat’s anus/butt area twice daily for 5-7 days

Tips to Promote Healthy Cat Anal Gland Function

To protect the health of your cat’s anal glands and prevent future problems, here are some steps pet parents can take:

• Seek veterinary care if your cat has diarrhea for more than two days or has not pooped in three days. While nothing may be wrong with their anal glands yet, the longer these conditions go untreated, the greater the risk of anal gland issues developing.
• Not all cats need probiotics. But if your cat has recurring bouts of diarrhea or constipation, you may want to consider adding a probiotic supplement to help promote healthy digestion.
• If your cat is missing fur, is scratching and chewing their skin, or develops crusty, red patches, seek veterinary care.
• Keep your cat at a healthy weight. Feed your feline a high-quality diet that fits the AAFCO nutrient profile for their age and stage of life. Measure how much your cat eats, and adjust the amount if you notice any weight gain. Ask your vet for feeding recommendations to ensure your cat maintains a healthy weight.
• Apply year-round flea preventives.

Anal glands are an important part of your cat’s anatomy. Though rare, anal gland problems can develop in cats, which could greatly impact your cat’s health.

Always consult your veterinarian at the first sign of problems with your cat’s anal glands, which can range from cat scooting to severe pain and discharge. With your veterinarian’s help, you can treat anal gland issues quickly and effectively to prevent them from becoming more serious.

References

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8749694/

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What Is Vestibular Disease in Cats?

Vestibular disease is a set of symptoms that occurs when one of the two places that control balance is inflamed. One location is the inner ear; the other is the brainstem, a small and very important part at the bottom of the brain. The brainstem has nerve connections going to the spinal cord and the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for muscle movement and balance at the back of the brain.

When the inner ear or brainstem is affected by inflammation or tumors in the surrounding area, your kitty cannot balance well. Their muscles will move differently, causing leaning or falling over, and their eyes may move differently when the body changes position.

What Causes Feline Vestibular Disease?

Feline vestibular disease can occur in cats of any age, breed, or sex, although some of the causes are more common in certain ages. The most common causes of vestibular disease in cats include the following [1]:

Inner ear disease

Otitis media (middle ear inflammation) and otitis interna (inner ear inflammation) are the most common causes of feline vestibular disease. 

Idiopathic vestibular disease

Idiopathic means that the cause of disease is unknown. It occurs in all ages of cats. Oddly, this is diagnosed most frequently in the summertime.

Cancer

Cancer in the brain, or less often in the bones of the skull or outer lining of nerves, can cause vestibular disease. This is more common in older cats.

Meningitis

Meningitis is inflammation of the outer lining of the brain and spinal cord. There are many causes of meningitis, but the most common cause leading to vestibular disease is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a viral infection usually diagnosed in very young cats and old cats. Another cause is bacterial infection around the brain.

Nasopharyngeal polyps

A polyp is a type of mass that grows when an area is inflamed over a long period of time. These masses can grow in the inner ear or nasal cavity, but the inner ear polyps cause vestibular disease. Cats typically develop polyps when under 3 years old.

Thiamine deficiency

Cats may not have enough thiamine, or vitamin B, when they are not fed balanced diets. Alternatively, severe liver or gastrointestinal (gut) disease can lead to insufficient thiamine because the body cannot absorb it well.

There are multiple other causes of vestibular disease, but they are quite rare. Some medications are toxic to the inner ear and can cause vestibular disease, especially aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin. Additionally, trauma or stroke can lead to vestibular disease. 

While the most common causes of vestibular disease occur in any breed of cat, certain breeds, such as Siamese, Burmese, and Tonkinese, can be born with congenital vestibular disease, typically noticeable around 3 to 4 weeks of age. 

Cat Vestibular Disease Symptoms

The most noticeable symptom of vestibular disease in cats is that your cat is not walking normally and is appearing wobbly. Ataxia is the primary symptom of vestibular disease and means the body cannot coordinate its movements. This can be described in many different ways, such as:

• Cat walking in circles
• Cat walking sideways 
• Cat falling over (might be more common to one side)
• Cat losing balance (might be more apparent in the hind legs)

Other symptoms that may be noted besides walking abnormally include:

• Nystagmus in cats (when the eye is making small, quick, repetitive movements)
• Cat head tilt
• Head twitching
• Swinging the head back and forth in dramatic movements
• Discharge from the eyes or nose
• Horner’s syndrome (third eyelid raised and the pupil of the eye is very small/skinny)
• Changes in behavior (such as not very aware of surroundings)
• Seizures

Diagnosing Vestibular Disease in Cats

Generally, vestibular disease is diagnosed based on thorough examination by a veterinarian with a special focus on the neurologic system, which tests balance and responses by various nerves. If your cat has the symptoms as listed above, then vestibular disease is present. To find the cause, specific testing may be required.

Inner ear disease may be visible when your veterinarian looks into your kitty’s ears with an otoscope during a physical examination. X-rays can show changes in the bones of the skull or severe changes of the middle ear. However, X-rays are not as useful as advanced imaging like computed tomography (CT), which is better for bony structures, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is better for evaluating soft tissue like the brain. Advanced imaging requires anesthesia and a trip to a specialist. To look for FIP, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), testing can be done on fluid from the body.

Bloodwork may be done to assess overall health and look for metabolic changes that need treatment. Additionally, if your veterinarian suspects a thiamine deficiency, a blood test can specifically measure the amount of thiamine in your cat’s bloodstream.

Vestibular Disease in Cats Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Inner ear disease might require treatment including anti-inflammatories and antibiotics, or possibly ear medication if the outer ear canal is also affected. 

It’s unlikely that cancer is treatable, but it depends on the type. A new medication on the market is available for treatment of FIP virus, but relapse and need for multiple treatments is more common if a cat shows neurological signs, such as having vestibular disease. Polyps often decrease in size slightly with steroids, but surgery to eliminate them is best. Thiamine can be supplemented by mouth to kitties who have a deficiency.

In most cases, supportive care at home is necessary until your kitty is feeling better and can take care of themselves. Cats who are off-balance with vestibular disease may be nauseous due to feeling dizzy, like a person with vertigo. If your kitty is drooling or not eating as well, anti-nausea medication is a good idea. If your cat can’t make it to the litter box or gets really messy while using the box, simply keeping them clean is part of supportive care. Your cat may also need help just eating food and should be housed in a place where they cannot climb or jump down from any distance.

Prognosis

Cats with idiopathic disease or inner ear disease tend to have a good prognosis, meaning they will live a full life. Most of these cats see resolution of vestibular signs after several weeks, or a gradual decrease in symptoms. With long-term management, cats with polyps have a fair-to-good prognosis, even if the polyps are not removed. If the disease is caught early and cats are given treatment, those with thiamine deficiency have a good prognosis. Some of the causes, such as FIP and cancer, hold a much more serious, poor prognosis.

Cost to Treat Cat with Vestibular Disease

Supportive care at home may cost a couple hundred dollars per month for potty pads, extra food, anti-nausea medications, and fluids. The exact treatment of the underlying cause varies widely in price. Treatment may consist of minor surgery (like removal of polyps) or thiamine supplementation, which may be several hundred dollars. Some treatments for FIP and cancer cost thousands of dollars. The most expensive part of bringing your cat to a veterinary office is the tests. If an MRI or CT is done, it will likely cost a couple thousand dollars.

How to Prevent Feline Vestibular Disease

There are two ways to prevent vestibular disease in your cat. First, feed them a well-balanced diet that is intended for cats. Avoid vegetarian, raw, or homemade diets, as these are extremely difficult (if not impossible) to provide the nutrition your cat needs.

If your cat is showing any symptoms of ear discomfort, such as frequent scratching at the ears — especially if fur is missing and/or skin is red or damaged — contact your veterinarian. Treating an external ear infection early may possibly prevent the middle ear canal from becoming inflamed as well.

Vestibular Disease in Cats FAQs

Can vestibular disease kill a cat?

This is possible, for example, if your cat stumbles and falls from somewhere high up or suffers severe trauma because of their inability to walk well. Some causes of vestibular disease have a higher risk of killing a cat, such as cancer or FIP.

What toxins cause vestibular disease in cats?

Specific medications can cause damage to the inner ear and thus vestibular disease. It is very rare, but the most common toxic effect is from aminoglycoside antibiotics being put into the ear, like gentamicin. Metronidazole is an antibiotic given by mouth that in very rare cases can cause damage to the inner ear.

Is vestibular disease in cats painful?

Vestibular disease itself is not painful, but some of the underlying causes are. Inner ear inflammation and swelling around the brain can be very painful.

How long does vestibular disease last in cats?

Vestibular disease can happen suddenly and last a few days before slowly resolving over several weeks. It can also come on gradually, over multiple months, and last a lifetime.

Reference

1. Grapes NJ, Taylor-Brown FE, Volk HA, De Decker S. “Clinical reasoning in feline vestibular syndrome: which presenting features are the most important?” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2021;23(8):669-678. doi:10.1177/1098612X20970869

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Believe it or not, there’s more to feline paws than adorable “cat toe beans.” Healthy cat paws are essential for a cat’s overall well-being and serve a variety of important functions.

To help keep cat paws healthy, it’s important to understand what’s normal, how to recognize problems, and what to do about them. So get ready to dig in and uncover what every cat parent needs to know about feline feet and cat paw care.

What Are Cat Paws Made of?

Just like human hands, cat paws are complex and highly capable. The musculoskeletal structure features a network of small bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Your cat’s paws also contain specialized skin, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and scent glands.

All this comes wrapped in a soft, furry exterior (unless you have a Sphynx or other hairless cat breed). Add claws and paw pads, and you have the cat paw.

These agile, sophisticated appendages enable cats to hunt, run, climb, jump, and land with ease. Cat paws also help cats groom and defend themselves, sense their environment, and communicate using pheromones. 

Cat Paw Anatomy

Cats are digitigrade animals, meaning they walk on their toes (also called digits). This setup helps cats move speedily and silently. 

Most cats have 18 digits — five on each front paw and four on each hind paw. Nearly all of these toes are weight-bearing and feature retractable claws used for hunting, self-defense, climbing, and traction.

However, two of these toes are not like the others. Cats have a special digit on the inside of both front paws called the dewclaw. This toe doesn’t contact the ground, so it doesn’t support a cat’s weight. It also has a non-retractable claw used for climbing and gripping prey.

Cat claws are hooked, translucent white, and made of keratin, the same protein comprising our nails. Protected by this hard outer layer is a small, sensitive pink structure, called the quick. It contains blood vessels and nerves to support healthy cat claws.

Your cat’s claws grow continuously and shed naturally with use. You may find a claw sheath or “husk” in your home from time to time. But don’t be alarmed; shedding the outer, older layer is a normal process for healthy claws.   

Paw pads, commonly dubbed “toe beans,” are a favorite feline feature for many cat lovers. But in addition to their adorable appearance, they also serve many vital functions. 

There are three main types of cat paw pads:

• Digital pads – These are the jellybean-shaped pads at the base of each toe (or digit).
• Central pads – These are the large, central pads just behind the digital pads. On the front paws, they’re called metacarpal pads, and on the hind paws, they’re called metatarsal pads.
• Carpal pads – These pea-shaped pads are located further back on your cat’s forelimbs, toward the outer side of the paw.

Your cat’s paw pads contain a complex array of blood vessels, nerve endings, fat, and connective tissue. A specialized layer of tough-but-sensitive, hairless skin protects them.

Together, these strong, soft, and sensitive pads work as a cushion to support a cat’s weight and absorb the shock of their acrobatic maneuvers. The pads also have pheromone glands to mark territory and communicate with other cats. 

Types of Cat Paws

Paw Pad Colors

Paw pads come in a variety of colors, including shades of pink, gray, lavender, and black. Cats can have multicolored or spotted paw pads. Much like hair and eye color in humans, coat color and paw color can be linked.

Paw Pad Shapes

The shape of the central paw pad has become somewhat of an internet sensation. However, the practice of kitty “pawmestry” (decoding a cat’s behavior based on their pad shape), isn’t real.

Sure, it can be fun to figure out whether your cat’s pad looks more like a heart, mountain, or rocket. But, keep in mind that reading your cat’s paw is an amusement, not an accurate predictor of anything.

Polydactyl Cat Paws

Sometimes called a doubled paw cat, polydactyl cats are born with extra digits. This genetic trait can occur in any cat breed, but it’s especially common in Maine Coons and Pixiebobs.  

Polydactyl cats typically fall into one of two categories based on the length and placement of their extra toes.

Mitten-paws are polydactyl cats with an extra digit that’s shorter than and separate from the rest of their toes.

Patty-feet are those whose extra digits are the same length as the rest of their toes. They’re typically grouped with the rest of the toes, rather than off on their own.

Extra digits are typically preaxial (found on the “thumb” side of the paw) or postaxial (found on the “pinky” side). Though it’s less common, they can also be mesoaxial (found in the middle). 

Usually, polydactyly doesn’t cause problems and can even enhance a cat’s grip and climbing abilities. However, the extra digits can be more prone to injury and ingrown claws. 

Healthy Cat Paws Vs. Unhealthy Cat Paws

It’s important to check your cat’s paws regularly to ensure they’re healthy and working properly. Start handling your cat’s paws when they’re young so you understand their normal appearance, size, texture, color, and temperature. Paws are sensitive, and some cats don’t like their feet touched, so be patient and gentle. 

Swelling, wounds, discharge, odor, redness, deep cracks, crusting, and fur loss are abnormal. Paws shouldn’t feel excessively hot (a potential sign of inflammation) or cold (a potential sign of poor circulation). Other than the dewclaw, your cat’s claws should retract when not in use. A claw that remains extended may indicate a problem.  

Cats are sometimes secretive when it comes to showing signs of pain. Look for subtle signs of cat paw pain and discomfort, such as:

• Limping
• Holding a paw up
• Excessive licking and chewing of paws 

Pet parents can often treat simple problems — like a scraped paw pad or something stuck in a cat’s paw fur — at home. However, many common paw problems require a trip to the veterinarian for a full exam, diagnosis, and treatment plan.   

Common Cat Paw Problems

1. Ingrown Claws

This is one of the most common cat paw problems. If a cat’s claw doesn’t shed naturally, it can grow into the paw pad. This can cause significant lameness, pain, and infection, requiring immediate veterinary care.

Any cat can develop an ingrown claw, however some may be more prone to the issue than others. Ingrown claws are common in older, less active cats; cats with mobility issues; polydactyl cats; and cats with other paw diseases. 

2. Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot)

Plasma Cell Pododermatitis, commonly called pillow foot in cats, is an autoimmune condition affecting cats’ paw pads. In autoimmune conditions, a cat’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal body cells instead of harmful invaders.

In cats with pillow foot, plasma cells (immune system cells) behave abnormally, creating significant paw pad inflammation. Affected cats develop characteristic swollen, pillowy paw pads, hence the name pillow foot. Paw pads may be painful, turn purple, develop scaly, white lines, and break into open sores. 

3. Pemphigus Foliaceus 

Pemphigus Foliaceus (PF) is another autoimmune condition, this time affecting the skin. In cats with PF, their immune system antibodies misbehave and attack the “glue” that helps maintain skin integrity.

Cats with PF develop scabs and sores mainly around their face and feet. In some cases, the paw pads and claw folds become crusty with thick pus draining from the claw folds. 

4. Cat Paw Injuries and Infections

Both indoors and outside, there are many environmental hazards that can injure cat paws.

Cats can suffer paw injuries ranging from broken bones and sprains to muscle strains. Though tough, their skin and paw pads can get cut and infected. Cat paws can also show signs of allergic reaction to environmental allergens.

Outside, curious paws can find their way into sticky situations. Outdoor hazards that could threaten cat paws include:

• insect and snake bites
• wounds from cat fights
• burns from hot pavement
• embedded foreign objects
• getting caught in animal traps
• frostbite

Indoor-only cats aren’t off the hook, either. Homefront hazards to cat paws include:

• broken glass
• stovetop or candle burns
• falling from balconies
• getting stepped on or crushed by people’s feet 

5. Cancer

Feline cancer can occur in any part of the body, including cat paws. In cats, cancer affecting the toes is much less common than it is in dogs, but it does occur. 

One of the most common cancers affecting cat paws is digital soft tissue sarcoma, which starts in the soft tissue of a cat’s toes. A condition unique to cats, called feline lung-digit syndrome, begins as a lung tumor and spreads to the toes. The toe tumors usually become visible before lung cancer signs are apparent. 

In the early stages, cancer in the paws may look subtle. So any persistent paw issues, especially those in older cats, should be investigated by your veterinarian.  

6. Post Declaw Pain Syndrome

Declawing cats is a major (and controversial) surgery that involves amputating the first bone of each toe. Cats require aggressive pain management, and even then, recovery can be painful.  

Declawed cats can develop painful complications such as:

• bony fragments and claw regrowth at the amputation sites
• osteoarthritis
• chronic neuropathic pain (similar to human amputees who experience phantom limb pain)

Because of the significant welfare issues associated with routine declawing, many professional veterinary associations discourage it. The practice is also banned in several countries. 

How to Groom and Clean Your Cat’s Paws

Cats are expert groomers, adept in keeping their hard-working paws in tip-top shape. However, cats can benefit from extra paw care.  

To get your cat used to paw handling, gently massage their paws regularly. Keep sessions short and positive, use treats and praise, and stop before your cat becomes annoyed. 

Ways to care for your cat’s paws:

• Some cats sport toe tufts (extra long hairs between their toes), which can accumulate debris and may be prone to matting. If this is a problem for your cat, you can trim their toe tufts to the level of the rest of their fur.
• Ticks like to burrow in between toes, so if your cat goes outside, check for these pesky pests. And even indoor cats are at risk for some species of ticks. So make sure your cat is on a year-long preventative medication.
• You may need to trim your cat’s claws every few weeks to prevent damage. To do so: Reveal each claw by gently pressing on the top of the toe. Use sharp cat claw trimmers and trim only the tips. Trimming too far back could cut the sensitive quick, causing pain and bleeding. If unsure, ask your veterinary team or experienced groomer to do it. 
• While your cat works hard to keep their feet clean, if they’ve gotten into something dirty, smelly, irritating, greasy, or sticky, they’ll need help.

For maintenance and minor clean-ups use a wet washcloth to gently wipe all around their feet, especially between their toes and paw pads.

For heavily soiled feet, a foot bath may be in order. Yes, I know, b-a-t-h is a four-letter word many cats abhor. However, I’ve found that many cats tolerate this easy method.

Add warm water and cat-safe shampoo to a disposable glove, then place the glove around your cat’s foot. Hold it secure with one hand and gently bathe your cat’s paw through the glove with the other. 

How to Protect Your Cat’s Paws Year Round

While cats seem to have endless superpowers, and their tootsies are tough, they are not immune to the elements.  

Frostbite can affect the extremities and pose a danger to cats. It’s best to keep outdoor cats inside, or provide a warm and dry shelter, when temperatures dip below freezing. 

During hot weather, outdoor cats usually find a shady, cool spot to rest; however, hot surfaces like pavement and sand can burn cat paws. If it’s too hot for your foot to touch comfortably, it’s too hot for cat paws. If you live in a hot climate, keep your cat inside during the hottest times of the day. 

If your cat is prone to dry paw pads, you can use a cat-safe paw balm or unrefined coconut oil as a moisturizer. Cats lick everything off their paws, and some ingredients may be toxic to cats. So ask your veterinarian to recommend an appropriate balm.

Remember, paw balm is intended for mild cases of paw dryness. Always consult your vet for guidance if your cat experiences extreme dryness or complex paw issues. 

Protective cat booties are another option to consider. However, since paws are so vital to a cat’s safety, stability, and well-being, they may do more harm than good.

Cat Paws FAQ

Why do Cats Lick Their Paws?

Cats lick their paws as part of their extensive grooming ritual. They may also lick if a substance is on their paw, or if they have paw discomfort.

Why do Cats Push Their Paws?

Kneading, or as some say, “making biscuits,” is a cat’s way of making themselves feel comfortable and relaxed. It’s an instinctual behavior left over from kittenhood, when kneading while nursing helped stimulate milk flow.

Cats usually knead soft blankets or bedding as they prepare for a snooze. Sometimes they’ll even knead a pet or person they’re partial to. (If so, lucky you!) 

What Causes Cracked Paws on Cats?

Cats’ feet are often exposed to temperature extremes, rough terrain, and irritants — especially outdoors. Cracked paws may be due to environmental conditions. Or they may indicate an underlying paw condition, such as pillow paw. 

Do Cats Sweat Through Their Paws?

Yes, cats sweat through sweat glands in their paw pads called eccrine glands. However, these don’t play much of a role in cooling. Rather, cats benefit from the cooling effect of saliva evaporating off their skin when grooming. 

Does my Cat Need a Scratching Pad?

Scratching is an important part of feline behavior and vital for claw health. Providing cats with places to scratch supports this essential instinct. It also gives cats an alternative to unwanted scratching, such as on furniture. Ideally, you should have at least one scratching pad for every cat in your home, even if your cats go outdoors. 

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Here’s everything you need to know about GI lymphoma in cats, including signs, causes, and treatment options.

What Is GI Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of a specific type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. GI lymphoma in cats refers to lymphoma that develops in the gastrointestinal tract. While this is most often the small intestine, it can also develop in the stomach.

GI lymphoma affects cats similarly to other intestinal diseases. It’s common for cats with GI lymphoma to lose weight, have diarrhea, and vomit.

A cat can have small cell GI lymphoma or large cell GI lymphoma:

Small cell gastrointestinal lymphoma is more common and has a better prognosis when compared with large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma. Small cell GI lymphoma in cats is often treated at home with oral medications and has a longer survival time of two to four years. 

Large cell GI lymphoma in cats is more malignant and may require surgery and injectable chemotherapy to treat. Survival time for large cell GI lymphoma with treatment is usually six to nine months.

Other common locations for cats to develop lymphoma include the kidneys (renal lymphoma) and within the chest (mediastinal lymphoma). These forms of lymphoma will have different clinical signs, treatment recommendations, and prognoses.

Causes of GI Lymphoma in Cats

GI lymphoma develops when the lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract grow uncontrollably. The exact cause of GI lymphoma in cats isn’t known, and several factors could contribute to the development of this cancer.

One factor that has been suggested as contributing to the development of GI lymphoma is chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs concurrently in up to 60 percent of GI lymphoma cases in cats (2). Over time, inflammation may lead to cancerous changes in the lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Other potential factors being investigated include exposure to secondhand smoke and dietary factors, though definitive links have not been found. While other types of lymphoma in cats have been linked to the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), most cats that develop gastrointestinal lymphoma are not positive for FeLV or FIV.

GI Lymphoma in Cats Symptoms

GI lymphoma most commonly develops in older cats between 9 to 13 years of age. Because the signs of GI lymphoma are similar to the symptoms of other gastrointestinal conditions like IBD, pet parents may not initially realize their cat has cancer.

The main signs to watch for include:

• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lethargy

Appetite changes aren’t always consistent in cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Some cats with GI lymphoma will have a normal appetite, some will have a reduced appetite, and some may seem like voracious eaters. 

Cat GI Lymphoma Stages

Staging has not been shown to predict outcomes for gastrointestinal lymphoma, so many veterinarians do not perform complete staging for cats with this form of cancer. 

Complete staging could involve:

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Chest X-rays
• Fine needle aspirates or biopsies of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen
• Stomach and/or intestinal biopsies
• Bone biopsy

Diagnosing GI Lymphoma in Cats

GI lymphoma may be suspected based on the clinical signs of weight loss, vomiting, and/or diarrhea in an older cat. During abdominal palpation, the veterinarian might notice thickened intestines or intestinal masses. Abdominal ultrasound often shows a thickened intestinal wall or intestinal masses. However, a biopsy is necessary for definitive diagnosis.

For most private practice veterinarians, biopsies will need to be collected surgically. The veterinarian will enter the abdomen and take several biopsies from the intestines and/or stomach while the pet is under general anesthesia.

Veterinarians with endoscopy may be able to take biopsies from the stomach or upper small intestine using their endoscope. If a mass is present, an ultrasound machine may be used to guide a needle into the mass to take a sample of cells. Biopsies are usually sent to a special pathology lab for interpretation.

Treating GI Lymphoma in Cats

Small cell lymphoma is usually treated at home with an oral steroid called prednisolone and an oral chemotherapy drug called chlorambucil. 

Large cell GI lymphoma is much more aggressive. If there is a single mass, surgery may be considered to remove the mass. Chemotherapy for large cell GI lymphoma usually follows the CHOP protocol, which involves several months of three chemotherapy drugs and prednisolone. This treatment is usually performed by a veterinary oncologist. 

Cost to Treat

The cost to treat will depend on the type of GI lymphoma and the treatment pursued. 

Chemotherapy can cost over $3,000, often ranging from $6,500 to $8,500 for the large cell lymphoma CHOP protocol. If surgery is pursued for an intestinal mass, the cost could range from $1,500 to over $3,000. 

Treatment for small cell lymphoma is generally less costly since medications can be purchased through various pharmacies and administered at home. Your cat will still need to see the veterinarian for regular rechecks and bloodwork.

GI Lymphoma in Cats Prognosis

Small cell GI lymphoma in felines has a better prognosis of two to four years with treatment. In older cats diagnosed with small cell GI lymphoma, they may end up passing away from another condition while undergoing treatment.

Large cell GI lymphoma is aggressive and carries a prognosis of six to nine months, even with treatment. 

How to Prevent GI Lymphoma

At this time, there is no sure way to prevent GI lymphoma in cats. Consider keeping your cat vaccinated and indoors to prevent contraction of FeLV or FIV, which could contribute to the development of other lymphomas. You should also reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.

If your cat is a frequent vomiter or has loose stools, consider seeing a veterinarian. Although it’s not a definitive link, chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract may contribute to the development of GI lymphoma. Inflammatory bowel disease should be ruled out and, if present, controlled for your cat’s overall welfare.

Reference

1. Paulin, M.V., Couronné, L., Beguin, J. et al. Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease. BMC Vet Res 14, 306 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5
2. Paulin, Mathieu V et al. “Feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma: an emerging entity and a potential animal model for human disease.” BMC veterinary research vol. 14,1 306. 11 Oct. 2018, doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1635-5

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It’s true – being a cat parent can be a dirty, demanding job. But staying on top of your cat’s litter box habits and happenings is important! From color to consistency to odor, every scoop of poop can reveal important information about their health.

Ready to sharpen your scoop sleuthing skills? Here’s everything you ever “wanted” to know about cat poop!

Is There Perfect Cat Poop?

According to your cat, every one of their poops is perfect. But in reality, not all numbers twos can be number one in look, feel and smell. Healthy cat poop should be brown to dark brown in color and have a segmented, sausage-like shape. The poop should be firm – but not too hard or pebble-like – and you should not see blood or mucus in it. While normal cat poop has an odor, it shouldn’t be overwhelming. 

Learn More: The Abnormal Cat Poop Chart

Runny Cat Poop

Runny cat poop can be caused by a number of factors, including dietary changes, food intolerances, stress, infections, parasites, toxins, and chronic diseases. While not always an emergency, you should consult your veterinarian if your cat’s poop isn’t back to normal in a couple days, or if your cat is exhibiting other symptoms (including lethargy, appetite changes, and vomiting). Diarrhea is more serious in kittens, so if your kitten has runny poop for more than one day, consult your veterinarian. 

Learn More: Runny Cat Poop: Causes and How to Help

Learn More: Diarrhea in Cats

Mucus in Cat Poop

The GI tract produces mucus to help keep things moving, so it’s normal to spot a small amount of clear-to-white gelatinous mucus in your cat’s poop. What’s not normal? Large amounts of “slimy jelly,” especially if the stool is loose and contains blood or green mucus.

Gross? Very. But noting the color and consistency of the mucus can help your veterinarian determine what’s causing the problem. Common causes of mucus in cat poop include dietary changes, parasites, inflammatory bowel disease, stress, food allergies, and infection. 

Learn More: What Does Mucus in Cat Poop Mean?

Cat Poop Color

Again, normal cat poop should be brown or dark brown. However, poop spans the spectrum, with each color revealing different information about your cat’s health and well-being. 

Green

Green poop can be caused by gallbladder or liver disease, toxin ingestion, parasites, and abrupt dietary changes. If your cat has a habit of eating grass, you may also notice green poop.

Learn More: Why Is My Cat’s Poop Green?

Yellow

Yellow poop can point to liver and gallbladder issues, parasites, viral infections, bacterial infections, and inflammation. Some foods can also cause yellow poop, including sweet potatoes and carrots. 

Learn More: What Does Yellow Cat Poop Mean?

Black

Black cat poop indicates bleeding in the upper digestive tract, which is a veterinary emergency. Cat poop can also appear black when dried out, either because it sat in the litter box for a couple days, or because your cat is constipated. 

Learn More: What Does Black Cat Poop Mean?

White

White cat poop is uncommon and can point to a serious blockage in the bile duct system; this should be immediately evaluated by your veterinarian, especially if your cat is lethargic, vomiting, or not eating. White, chalky poop can also be caused by a raw diet high in calcium.

Red

Red poop is caused by bleeding in the lower GI tract (colon, rectum, or anus) and should be brought to your veterinarian’s attention. You might notice jelly-like clots of blood, which are either mixed in the stool, on one end of the stool, or taking up most of the stool. Causes of blood in stool include constipation, diarrhea, stress, parasites, infection, polyps, foreign body ingestion, and toxins. 

Learn more: Blood in Cat Stool 

Orange

Orange poop can be caused by problems with the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, or bile ducts. Orange foods, as well as some orange medications, can also give your cat’s poop an orange-ish appearance. 

Smell

Though cats may act like their poop doesn’t stink, normal cat poop has an odor. However, it shouldn’t be especially foul or overwhelming. If the smell is extreme, it’s time to check in with your veterinarian. Causes of super-stinky cat poop include an unbalanced diet, inflammatory bowel disease, parasites, stress, and problems with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas. 

At home, you can keep the litter box smelling as fresh as possible by scooping twice daily, making sure you have extra litter boxes, and using cat-safe air fresheners. 

Learn More: Why Is My Cat’s Poop So Smelly?

Location

With cat poop, it’s all about location, location, location. If your cat is pooping outside the litter box, they might not approve of where the box is located. Most cats prefer their place of business to be in a private but easily accessed area, away from the hustle and bustle of the household (and, of course, away from any curious dogs). If you have a kitten, ensure that the box and its location are accessible, as some litter boxes have sides that are too tall for small kittens to climb over. 

Learn More: 8 Ways to Stop a Cat from Pooping Outside the Litter Box

Learn More: How to Litter Train a Kitten?

Healthy Stool Basics

Poop happens, but as a cat parent, there are some ways you can help make it as tidy and stress-free as possible. Consider the following tips to keep your cat’s digestive system running smoothly:

Don’t forget to see the vet. Routine wellness visits can help catch health problems before they cause serious symptoms. 

Maintain a balanced diet. Work with your veterinarian to determine the best diet for your feline friend. Keep portions and mealtimes consistent and avoid offering too many treats or “human foods.”

Provide enrichment. Keep your cat’s stress levels down with plenty of enrichment options like engaging toys, scratching posts, climbing trees, and window perches. Daily interactive play sessions will not only strengthen your bond, but also provide bowel-friendly exercise opportunities, as well. 

Hydration is key. Dehydration can cause constipation and litter box woes. Ensure your cat always has access to fresh, clean water and consider offering a fountain for picky cats. 

Practice parasite prevention. Cats should be on monthly preventives year-round for fleas, ticks, and worms. 

Consider probiotics. Probiotics for cats can help balance the gut and improve digestion.

Learn More: Probiotics for Cats

Learn More: Cat Digestive System: A Closer Look at How It Works 

So there you have it: the scoop on poop! It’s not the most rewarding part of being a pet parent, but the more you know about your feline friend’s business, the more you’ll know about their health and needs. Meow, back to the fun stuff!

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Brown cat vomit can be a sign of a life-threatening health issue, such as pancreatitis or kidney disease. Or, it could be due to something much less worrisome, like a hairball or upset stomach.

Unfortunately, often the only way to know for sure what you’re dealing with is through diagnostic testing. And how many pet parents want to rush to the clinic every time their cat yacks up a brownish mess?

When your cat’s health is in question, a veterinary visit is always your best bet. However, there may be some scenarios where it’s reasonable to monitor your cat at home. Telling the difference between the two is the hard part. Here’s some guidance, so you can make the right choice for a cat vomiting brown liquid.

Brown Cat Throw-up: What it Looks Like

In the rainbow array of cat puke colors, brown throw-up is pretty common for most felines. Many cat foods are brownish in color. So if your cat is throwing up partially digested food, it will often be some shade of brown or tan.

Brown vomit in cats may be solid, liquid, or somewhere in between. It may range in color from dark to light brown or appear yellowish, reddish, or greenish in hue. It can contain brown or dark brown liquid, brown foam, brown specks, and/or brown mucus. A cat vomiting bile can also look like brown liquid.

In general, brown puke is not necessarily a cause for concern in cats. However, if your cat’s vomit has brown specks in it or looks like it contains coffee grounds, it’s an important warning sign. This can indicate the presence of digested blood in the vomit. In that case, an immediate visit to the vet is in order.

Causes of Brown Vomit in Cats

Cats throw up for many reasons, ranging from minor issues to severe health conditions. Potential causes of a cat throwing up brown liquid or brown vomit can include: 

• Hairballs
• Dietary sensitivity
• Intestinal parasites
• Heartworm disease
• Feline infectious peritonitis
• Feline panleukopenia
• Toxin (antifreeze, poisonous plants)
• Medication reaction
• Foreign body obstruction
• Constipation
• Stomach ulcers
• Inflammatory bowel disease 
• Intestinal tumor (e.g., lymphoma)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Diabetes
• Neurologic disease

Unfortunately, you can’t tell too much from the color and appearance of cat vomit what’s causing it. To answer the question, “Why is my cat puking?” typically requires a veterinary exam and specific diagnostic tests.

Cat Throwing Up Brown Liquid: Is It Cause for Concern?

In general, a single, isolated episode of cat vomit is rarely cause for concern. However, since brown vomit can signal internal bleeding in cats, it’s worth taking more seriously. Here’s how to know when to seek veterinary attention for a cat throwing up brown liquid.

For a cat vomiting brown liquid with specks in it that look like coffee grounds, go to the nearest veterinarian as soon as possible. This is not a “wait and see” situation. Those specks could indicate blood in your cat’s gastrointestinal tract, which is a serious health issue

If your healthy, adult cat vomited brown liquid just once, it could be an isolated incident. A brief period of stomach rest often resolves the problem. Restrict their access to food and water for the next two to three hours and observe them closely.

If your cat doesn’t throw up again and they are otherwise acting fine, there’s no need to rush them to the vet. However, if they vomit repeatedly or display any of the following signs, visit your vet or a nearby emergency veterinary hospital right away.

Warning signs to watch out for:

• Lethargy (lack of energy)
• Diarrhea
• Repeated or projectile vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Not eating or drinking for longer than 12 hours
• Straining in the litter box
• Change in litter box habits
• Hiding from people
• Unexpected aggression in a friendly cat
• Other behavioral changes

A cat vomiting brown liquid intermittently — even without any other signs of illness — should also visit the vet. What could seem like isolated incidents may be more than that if they happen repeatedly. In general, any cat that vomits more than once weekly should see a veterinarian for a full exam. 

Finally, these guidelines only apply to healthy, adult cats. If your cat has an underlying illness and begins vomiting, contact your veterinarian for guidance. If a young kitten begins vomiting, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. Unhealthy cats and young kittens are at higher risk of dehydration and other serious consequences caused by vomiting. 

Treatment for Cat Vomiting Brown Liquid

To treat a cat vomiting brown liquid, your vet must first diagnose the underlying cause. This requires a thorough medical history, so it’s a good idea to come to the appointment with info about:

• your cat’s diet
• any other health issues they have
• what preventatives they’re on
• the frequency, appearance, and color of your cat’s vomit

Next, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination to evaluate your cat’s overall health. They will look for signs of dehydration, abdominal pain, abdominal masses, and other abnormalities. 

If needed, your vet will recommend diagnostic tests for your cat. These could include a test for fecal parasites, blood tests, abdominal X-rays, and an abdominal ultrasound.

Treatments for a cat throwing up brown liquid will vary depending on the cause. Veterinarians commonly recommend anti-nausea medication (such as maropitant) and fluid therapy to treat or prevent dehydration. In cases of a serious underlying disease, hospitalization may be required. 

Other potential treatments for vomiting in cats may include: 

• Dewormer (for cats with intestinal parasites)
• Surgery (for cats with an intestinal obstruction) 
• Thyroid medication (for cats with hyperthyroidism)
• Insulin (for cats with diabetes)
• Chemotherapy (for cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma) 

My Take on Brown Cat Vomit

I live with two cats, and I’m well aware that “vomit happens!” Fortunately, most incidents have been isolated. My cats have yet to have an episode of vomiting with a serious underlying cause. (I’m knocking on wood right now!)

When I discover cat vomit in my home, I stay on heightened alert for a day or two. I watch my cats closely, looking for signs of illness and any additional evidence of vomiting episodes. In most cases, everything is fine, and I don’t have to worry about it further. 

In those rare situations where the vomiting persists, or if my cat is acting unwell, I take them to the veterinary hospital for a workup. This typically includes a physical exam, blood tests, and an abdominal X-ray.

As long as these tests come back normal, my cat gets an anti-nausea injection and the vomiting resolves quickly.

Every cat is different, however. So if you’re ever in this situation, your veterinarian can help guide you through the process to restore your cat’s good health. In some cases, that may require a change in diet. In other cases, more aggressive treatment may be merited.

The most important thing is to know when it’s crucial to take a cat vomiting brown liquid to the vet for proper care. As long as you know the key warning signs to look for, you can make sure your cat’s health is in the best hands possible.

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If your cat suffers from hip dysplasia, here’s what you need to know about its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. This article will guide you through the key aspects of hip dysplasia in cats, so you can ensure the best care for your cat.

What Is Cat Hip Dysplasia?

Hip dysplasia in cats is a developmental disease that affects the hip joint. Cats have a hip joint on either side of their pelvis that functions as a ball and socket. In these cat joints, the acetabulum of the pelvis is the socket and the head of the femur is the ball.

Normally, the head of the femur fits snugly within the acetabulum. When a cat has hip dysplasia, often the socket of the pelvis is too shallow. This is the most common trait for cats with hip dysplasia, and it is likely a major contributor to the development of osteoarthritis.

Some cats may have hip joints that are too lax (loose), meaning the joint(s) may partially or completely dislocate. While not a consistent trait for cats, hip laxity is a constant feature of hip dysplasia in dogs.

In cats with hip dysplasia, the top of the femur that connects to the pelvis may also be malformed. Though this change usually happens later in life in cats than it does in dogs.

Over time, a cat with hip dysplasia will experience degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis). While mild or early feline hip dysplasia may not be painful, as arthritis develops, cat hip pain often increases.

Types of Feline Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia can range from mild to severe in cats. Where a cat falls in this continuum depends largely on their clinical signs.

If X-rays reveal evidence of hip dysplasia, but the cat shows no obvious signs, a vet would rate the condition “mild.” In cases deemed “severe,” cats may have difficulty using the stairs or walk hunched over in pain, even though the X-rays don’t look too bad.

What Causes Hip Dysplasia in Cats?

Experts believe genetics play a major role in the incidence of hip dysplasia in cats. The condition is developmental, so it usually begins in young cats. However, hip dysplasia in kittens may go undiagnosed until a cat gets older and shows signs of arthritis.

The condition may also be more common in cats than many might expect. The reported incidence of hip dysplasia in cats ranges from 6.6 up to 32 percent — nearly a third of all cats. (1) The wide range in reported cases could be because cats are better at hiding their symptoms than dogs. Also, in some cases, changes in gait due to cat hip problems may be harder to detect.

Hip dysplasia can occur in any cat, regardless of breed. However, statistics show that purebred cats are more prone to develop hip dysplasia than domestic shorthair (DSH) cats. Cat breeds that have higher incidences of hip dysplasia include:

• Maine Coon
• Persian
• Himalayan

Interestingly, some research has suggested that female cats may be more likely to develop hip dysplasia than male cats. (2,3) One study also suggests that cats with patellar luxation (dislocating kneecaps) may be more likely to have hip dysplasia. (4) This may occur because the patella popping out of place causes rotation of the femur, affecting the hip joint.

Symptoms of Feline Hip Dysplasia

The following are symptoms of hip dysplasia in cats: 

• Decreased activity level
• Reluctance to climb and jump
• Difficulty with stairs
• Difficulty squatting to defecate 
• Lameness in the hindlimbs (often both), which may worsen after exercise
• Walking in a crouched position
• Change in appetite
• Changes to claw-sharpening behavior (e.g., less likely to stretch up on a scratching post)

Diagnosing Cat Hip Dysplasia

Veterinarians typically diagnose hip dysplasia in cats using a physical exam and radiographs (X-rays). During the physical examination, your veterinarian will look for feline hip dysplasia symptoms, including:

• Pain when extending the hip joints
• Crackling or popping when extending the hip joints
• Muscle atrophy (wasting) in the hind end
• Reduced range of motion
• Resistance to hip abduction (pulling leg outwards to the side)
• Subluxation of the hip joint, which is sometimes better assessed when a cat is sedated

X-rays are usually performed on sedated patients to allow for easy positioning and manipulation of the legs. Without sedation, your cat may resist X-rays because of pain or disdain for restraint. 

Hip Dysplasia in Cats Treatment

Treatment for hip dysplasia in felines can be surgical or non-surgical. Non-surgical management of feline hip dysplasia can include:

• altering the cat’s environment
• physical therapy
• a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids
• weight reduction
• nutritional supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin for cats
• pain medications

Some clinics are starting to offer stem cell therapy to help regenerate damaged joint tissue. The procedure uses adult stem cells harvested from your cat’s body. However, it can be costly and is not yet widely available to treat hip issues in cats.

Examples of environmental modifications you can make for a cat with hip dysplasia include:

• Providing stairs or steps so cats can continue to access heights
• Low-edged litter trays
• Providing cat toys and catnips to encourage physical activity
• Having play sessions to encourage physical activity

Physical therapy (PT) is becoming more commonplace for dogs but is less so for cats. Physical therapy for cats might include (but is not limited to):

• Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill)
• Using stairs
• Range of motion exercises
• Massage
• Laser therapy

If you’re interested in PT, ask your vet to refer you to a veterinary therapist specializing in joint pain.

Medication and Pain Relief for Hip Dysplasia in Cats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used to treat pain due to feline hip problems like dysplasia. Examples of NSAIDs used in cats include meloxicam and robenacoxib. These meds help reduce pain and inflammation and improve mobility in cats with arthritis.

Other medications your vet may add to the treatment plan include amantadine, gabapentin, or amitriptyline.

The injectable drug frunevetmab (Solensia) may also be an option for cats with osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia. This medication is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets a pain signal called the nerve growth factor.

Surgery Options for Cats with Hip Dysplasia

Typically, vets only recommend surgical treatment for hip dysplasia in cats after medical treatment has failed. The two main surgical options for cats with hip dysplasia are:

• Femoral Head and Neck Excision (FHNE)
• Total Hip Replacement (THR)

In the FHNE procedure, a surgeon removes the head and neck of the affected femur. This encourages a false joint of fibrous tissue to form, preventing bone-on-bone pain.

Following this surgery, cats typically require intense rehabilitation. Your veterinarian will either provide detailed rehabilitation instructions or refer you to a rehab specialist. Surgical outcomes can be unpredictable for FHNE.

THR surgery is more commonly recommended for dogs; though studies report that cats often have excellent outcomes. However, this surgical procedure is not currently available at most specialty hospitals. 

General Cost of Treatment for Hip Dysplasia

The cost of treating hip dysplasia in felines can vary widely, depending on your vet’s recommendations.

Predictably, managing the condition using medication is much more affordable. Medications to treat cat joint pain due to hip dysplasia are likely to cost around $100 to $200 per month. 

Surgical solutions can get pretty pricey. As a specialty procedure, THR for cats has a much higher cost than FHNE. A one-sided FHNE for a cat generally costs around $1,000 to $1,500. Total hip replacements (both sides) can range from $7,000 to $12,000.

How to Prevent Hip Dysplasia in Cats

Because genetics likely play a role in hip dysplasia, it is not considered a preventable disease. Cats with hip dysplasia should not be bred to prevent passing on the condition. You can slow the progression of disease by keeping your cat at a healthy weight and encouraging physical activity. 

Related Conditions

• Degenerative joint disease or arthritis
• Patellar luxation

References

1. Perry K. “Feline hip dysplasia: A challenge to recognise and treat.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2016;18(3):203-218. doi:10.1177/1098612X16631227
2. Hayes HM, Wilson GP, Burt JK. “Feline hip dysplasia.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1979;5:447–448.
3. Koeppel E, Ebner J. “Hip dysplasia in the cat.” Kleintierpraxis. 1990;35:281–298.
4. Smith GK, Langenbach A, Green PA, Rhodes WH, Gregor TP, Giger U. “Evaluation of the association between medial patellar luxation and hip dysplasia in cats.” J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 Jul 1;215(1):40-45.

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Deciding when it’s time to put a cat down is a heartbreaking decision. But it’s crucial to ensure elderly or ill cats don’t suffer as their condition worsens.

While most of us would prefer our pets to die peacefully in their sleep, statistics tell a different story. Research shows that feline euthanasia accounts for over 80 percent of domestic cat deaths. (1) And the leading causes of “natural” cat deaths are trauma, renal disorder, and cancer, (2) all of which can be quite painful.  

As a veterinarian with experience in feline-only practice, I’ve guided countless pet parents on this difficult journey. To help you prepare for this decision, here’s what you need to know about euthanasia. I’ll walk you through how to know if your cat is dying so you can recognize when it might be time to say goodbye. 

Cat Euthanasia: A Humane Option

The term “euthanasia” comes from the Greek words meaning “a good death.” For animals, it’s often a painless, humane way to end suffering due to various diseases, conditions, and injuries. 

Of course, if you’re considering this option for a beloved pet, it’s never this simple. However, it’s important to consider the realities of a sick or elderly cat’s life, as well.

Cats live in the moment. They feel what’s happening now but can’t really comprehend that short-term suffering might lead to long-term relief. If you don’t believe me, try convincing a cat that taking medication might make them feel better in the future. It’s not as easy as it seems.

This lack of understanding makes treating sick or elderly cats difficult. There are practical concerns, like the expense and frustration of convincing cats to take their medication. But there are also ethical issues when treating a senior or sick cat causes them to suffer even more.

For many pet parents, it comes down to one question: What’s more important — the length of my cat’s life or the quality of it? Euthanasia offers cats a peaceful, painless death, making it often the most humane option. It’s a way to ensure sick or failing cats don’t endure unnecessary suffering.

Many pet parents want to know: Do cats know they are dying? While we can’t be certain whether or not they do, we do know that felines do feel pain (even though cats tend to hide their pain). And natural cat deaths often involve pain, fear, hunger, and thirst.

Preventing this suffering is essential, and one of the greatest gifts you can give your cat. 

Putting a Cat Down: What Happens?

When you’ve seen the signs your cat is dying, you can opt for euthanasia as a way to make sure they don’t suffer. But what does that actually entail?

Here’s what to expect: Veterinarians generally start by giving cats a sedative to help them sleep. Then they’ll provide an overdose of anesthetic. This stops your cat’s heart, transferring them from sleeping to death quickly and painlessly.

Typically, the procedure occurs in a peaceful environment at a veterinary clinic or surgery center. However, vets who specialize in at-home euthanasia can provide the service in your home. Depending on the laws in your area, you can often choose to keep and bury their body or send it for cremation. 

Cat euthanasia cost is a concern for many pet parents. Generally, taking your cat to your vet for the procedure is less expensive. If you have somewhere to bury them and local laws allow it, it can cost less than $100.

Costs go up if you choose at-home pet euthanasia or you cremate your cat. There may be financial assistance at the veterinary clinic or from local shelters and charities. Ask your vet for more information about local assistance organizations.  

Most importantly, choosing euthanasia means your cat is now at peace. It’s a kinder, nicer end than a natural death at the end of a chronic disease, which can often take a few days.

8 Signs Your Cat is Dying: What to Look For

As a pet parent, deciding when it’s time to say goodbye to your cat is incredibly difficult. Below are some common cat end-of-life signs that may indicate your pet is nearing the end of their life.

1. Vocalization: If your cat is crying, yowling, or moaning, these are signs your cat is in severe pain. If your vet prescribes pain medication and the behavior persists, it means your cat is still suffering. It may be time to consider euthanasia.
2. Breathing Changes: If your cat is panting, struggling to breathe, or breathing rapidly, these could be signs of pain. They could also be symptoms of advanced heart disease, lung disease, or metabolic conditions. Either way, pet parents should take breathing changes seriously as they may indicate the end is near.
3. Lack of Appetite (Inappetence): It’s not uncommon for cats to go off their food occasionally. However, if your cat refuses to eat for more than 48 hours or can’t keep food and water down, this is a concerning sign. Inappetence is also a common stage of many diseases in cats. So discuss the behavior with your vet immediately to determine the next steps.
4. Weight Loss: Severe weight loss is never a good sign in cats and can be a sign your cat is dying. Sudden, unintentional weight loss is also a warning sign to watch out for. While there may be things your vet can do to help your cat stabilize or gain weight, often the cause is an underlying disease. For example, in cats with kidney failure, severe weight loss and weakness are common signs that the end is near.
5. Poor Grooming: Cats are normally meticulous about hygiene. If your feline stops grooming and allows their fur to get matted or soiled, this can be a sign of serious decline.
6. Collapsing: Unless your cat recently had surgery, sudden collapse or inability to stand in cats is concerning. It suggests severe weakness or dizziness that may not be treatable, especially in an old cat with chronic disease.
7. Disinterest: While hard to assess, your cat’s enjoyment of normal things can tell you a lot about their health. It may not mean much if they ignore a favorite toy once or twice. But if your cat consistently shows no interest in things that once brought them joy, it could be a sign that they are nearing the end.
8. Seizures: If your cat often has seizures despite being on anti-epilepsy drugs, it may be time to say goodbye. The more seizures they have, the more brain damage they may suffer. So frequent or continuous feline seizing is bad news for you and your cat.

Remember, this list isn’t exhaustive or proof positive that your pet is going through dying cat stages. You know your cat better than anyone, so if you have any concerns, it’s best to get them checked at a veterinary clinic.

When to Consider Euthanasia for Cats

Recognizing the signs your cat is dying is just one part of the decision. The problem is that the signs are seldom so clear-cut and absolute. So, how do you know when it’s time to put your cat down?

I usually tell pet parents that there’s a line before which it would be too soon and a line after which it would be too late. The grey zone in the middle comes down to personal preference.

And that can be challenging. Even more so when cats experience a gradual slide into illness that makes it hard to tell when they’ve crossed that invisible line.

Every cat is an individual, and every family is unique, too. Even cats with the same disease may experience different symptoms, and their families may have different lifestyles and priorities. Ultimately, when to consider euthanasia depends on your circumstances.

Many vets recommend using a Quality-of-Life Assessment Tool, which is like a “when to put your cat down checklist.” These tools provide an objective way to assess your cat’s quality of life. There are many tools available, but I like this one from Lap of Love and this one from Dove Lewis.

When to put your cat down: checklist of questions

If you answer ‘yes’ to any of these questions, it might be time to put your cat down:

• Is your cat showing any signs they are dying (listed above)? And has your vet run out of feasible and affordable treatment options?
• Has your cat been diagnosed with a condition that will be difficult to manage due to financial, medical, or behavioral issues?
• Does your cat’s condition prevent them from doing things they enjoy?
• Does your cat have more bad days than good ones?

The decision of when to put your cat down is incredibly personal. But if your answers to the questions above cause concern, please discuss the results with your veterinarian.

It’s common to feel guilty about making the decision to put your cat to sleep. But it’s important to remember your decision is doing your cat the ultimate kindness. 

Making Your Cat’s Last Days Count: 6 Tips and Ideas

Knowing your cat is nearing the end of their life doesn’t mean they can’t still enjoy their remaining time. Here are some ways to make their last days special:

• Tasty Treats: Offer foods or treats they usually don’t get.
• Adapted Play: Modify their favorite games so they can still enjoy them.
• Family Visits: Ensure their favorite family member spends time with them.
• Comfort: Provide extra blankets and cushions for maximum comfort.
• Quality Time: Spend time cuddling, taking photographs, or simply being together.
• Mementos: Consider taking paw prints or hair clippings as keepsakes.

What you choose to do with your cat is up to you and depends on your cat’s personality and medical condition. Don’t forget it’s ok to change your plans for their last days if your cat’s condition suddenly changes. A common saying amongst vets is that euthanasia is “better a day too soon than an hour too late.”

You don’t want your cat to suffer because you’re sticking firmly to your plan. So prepare to be flexible if things change.

Living With Your Decision

Whether you’ve noticed signs that your cat is dying or your vet has suggested euthanasia, the decision is never easy. Being prepared is key to ensuring your cat doesn’t suffer in the final stages of their life.

Deciding when to say goodbye is the hardest choice a pet parent has to make, but it’s an important act of kindness. Your veterinarian can provide support and an objective view of your cat’s quality of life and pain relief options.

It’s also important to give yourself time to grieve and heal following the decision and the loss of your pet. Your vet may also be able to direct you to pet loss support resources.

Remember, this decision is about giving your cat the peace and comfort they deserve after a life well-lived (and loved)!

References:

1. Teng, Kendy Tzu-Yun et al. “Life tables of annual life expectancy and risk factors for mortality in cats in the UK.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 26,5 (2024): 1098612X241234556. doi:10.1177/1098612X241234556
2. Kent, Michael S et al. “Longevity and mortality in cats: A single institution necropsy study of 3108 cases (1989-2019).” PloS one vol. 17,12 e0278199. 29 Dec. 2022, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278199

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When I was in veterinary school, my gastroenterology class — in which I learned about the digestive tract — was at 8 am. Let’s just say that seeing pictures of vomit, among other less-than-pleasant digestive issues, was not a fun way to start the morning.

As much as we’d rather not talk about it, vomiting is common in cats. It’s not always a medical emergency, but it should not be taken lightly, either.

In this article, we’ll explain why cats vomit yellow liquid, when to see your veterinarian about it, and how to treat it.

Cat Vomiting Yellow Liquid: Should You Worry?

If your cat is vomiting yellow liquid, you’re probably already worried, and that’s okay. Like many cat parents, you’re concerned about your feline friend and want to help them feel better.

The first thing to do is monitor your cat. Take note of when your cat vomits yellow liquid (e.g., first thing in the morning) and if they have other symptoms besides vomiting. Monitoring your cat will help you determine if you need to bring them to the vet or do at-home treatment according to your veterinarian’s recommendations.

The fact that your cat is vomiting yellow liquid does not automatically mean you have to seek professional help right away. However, some indications are worrisome and warrant a vet visit, including:

• Vomiting more than once per week
• Signs of systemic illness: lethargy, weight loss, not eating
• Behavior changes: less social, less playful, more withdrawn

Types of Yellow Cat Vomit

You’re probably not keen to look at your cat’s vomit, but its consistency is a helpful detail you can share with your veterinarian.

Yellow vomit gets its color from bile, a liquid produced and secreted by the liver to help digestion. The bile leaves the liver and enters the stomach when a cat eats.

The liquid consistency of yellow vomit comes from a mixture of bile and stomach acids. Yellow vomit can sometimes also be foamy.

Causes of Yellow Vomit

Here are the common causes of yellow vomit in cats:

Empty Stomach

If a cat misses or skips a meal, the bile in their stomach can irritate the stomach lining, causing vomiting. Vomiting because of an empty stomach in the morning is commonly called Bilious Vomiting Syndrome.

Gastritis

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. It can occur if your cat has eaten something they shouldn’t have, such as a toxic plant or food in the trash. Cats can also get gastritis from a bacterial or viral infection. When the stomach lining gets irritated, cats may vomit bright yellow liquid.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. When the pancreas becomes inflamed, the digestive enzymes it produces seep out, wreaking havoc on other parts of the digestive system. Cats with pancreatitis may vomit yellow liquid and have other symptoms like diarrhea and nausea. Pancreatitis makes cats very ill and requires veterinary treatment.

Kidney Disease

The kidneys filter out toxins from the blood, among many other functions. With kidney disease, the kidneys stop functioning well, making cats extremely sick. Cats with kidney disease may vomit yellow liquid and have other signs of illness, like weight loss and reduced appetite.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, the overactivity of the thyroid glands, occurs commonly in older cats. Some thyroid hormones play a role in bile production. Therefore, an overactive thyroid gland can result in an overproduction of bile, possibly leading to a cat vomiting yellow liquid.

Diabetes

Cats can vomit yellow liquid if their blood sugar levels are too high because of diabetes. Diabetes in cats causes other signs as well, including weight loss and excessive drinking and urinating.

Intestinal blockage

Sometimes cats eat foreign objects that get stuck in their intestines. This intestinal blockage can cause yellow vomiting and other symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. An intestinal blockage is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate surgery.

Hairballs

When cats groom, they swallow some of the excess hair. Cats cannot digest this hair, so it can accumulate in the stomach and form a hairball. When a cat vomits up a hairball, there may also be some yellow liquid along with it.

Treatment

Although not all causes of vomiting yellow liquid indicate a medical emergency, don’t hesitate to call your veterinarian if you’re concerned about your cat’s vomiting.

When you bring your cat in for an appointment, your vet will perform a physical exam and take a complete history, including when the vomiting started, what the vomit looks like, and if your cat has other symptoms.

Next, they will conduct some diagnostic testing to try to determine what’s causing the yellow vomit. Tests may include:

• Bloodwork
• Urinalysis
• Fecal exam
• Thyroid testing
• Abdominal X-ray
• Abdominal ultrasound

Treating cats for vomiting yellow liquid generally involves supportive care and managing the underlying cause. Examples of supportive care include:

• Anti-nausea and anti-vomiting medications
• Fluid therapy
• Bland diet

Cats with severe symptoms can require hospitalization to help them recover and regain their strength.

Managing the underlying cause will depend on the specific health condition. For example, administering thyroid medication for hyperthyroidism or insulin for diabetes.

My Take on Yellow Cat Vomit

Yellow cat vomit isn’t pleasant, but it is treatable. Figuring out why your cat is vomiting yellow liquid will help you start treatment sooner and help your cat feel better that much more quickly.

If my cat were vomiting yellow liquid, I would watch them at home to see when it’s occurring and if they have other symptoms of illness. I would also contact my veterinarian and take my cat in for diagnosis and treatment if they looked unwell.

It’s understandable to be worried about your cat vomiting yellow liquid. Do your best to figure out why and get them the treatment they need sooner rather than later.

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Pigeons — as well as some other birds — are known to carry a fungus that can cause an illness called cryptococcosis in cats, humans, and other species, including dogs. But before we blame pigeons for this disease, read more to better understand the many places it can come from, what symptoms to watch for, and how to treat it.

What Is Cryptococcosis in Cats?

Fungal infection is rare in cats, affecting only about 7 out of every 10,000 cats (1). Cryptococcosis is the most common fungal infection in cats, but it is not common by any means. Cryptococcosis means infection with the fungus Cryptococcus — typically, Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

The fungus is first inhaled into the nose and lungs and can spread throughout the body through the bloodstream. Most commonly, it spreads from the nasal cavity to the skin, eyes, and central nervous system, such as the spine and the brain. Cryptococcosis is particularly dangerous in cats if it infects the central nervous system and eyes. Medications do not reach these areas well, and the symptoms are severe.

Cryptococcus infects indoor and outdoor cats alike — indoor-only cats can be infected! All ages of cats can be affected, but younger cats are more likely to get the disease. Certain breeds of cats have higher rates of cryptococcosis, including Siamese, Himalayan, Birman, and Ragdoll breeds.

Cryptococcosis in Cats: Causes

Cryptococcus is found worldwide. Cats inhale the fungus by interacting with birds or their feces (poop), or by exposure to many other outdoor elements, such as soil, trees, water, and air. Birds — especially pigeons — have the fungus in their poop, and pigeons can even carry it on their feathers or different areas of their body. Indoor cats are thought to be exposed to Cryptococcus found in plant soil or mulch used on indoor plants. Cats may also be infected by having a wound that allows Cryptococcus to enter the body.

Once cats inhale the fungus, it sticks to the lining of the nasal cavity and/or the lungs. The protective capsule around the fungus grows, preventing the body from getting rid of it. The capsule prevents the body’s immune system cells from eating and destroying it (a process known as phagocytosis). The capsule also limits the body’s response, so many immune system cells meant to protect the body may not recognize it as bad or may not send cells to fight it. Cryptococcus can then spread to other areas of the body through the bloodstream.

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cryptococcosis is not contagious (2). This means that cats cannot spread the infection to one another, and cats do not spread the disease to humans. In theory, it is possible, but this has never been proven or shown to occur.

Cryptococcosis Symptoms in Cats

There are many possible signs of cryptococcosis because the fungus can infect any part of the body and cause a variety of symptoms. The fungus is very small — too small for the eye to see. The most common cryptococcosis symptoms in cats include:

• Less activity
• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Sneezing
• Discharge from the nose
• Congestion, or louder sounds while breathing (stertor or snoring)

The skin is affected in about half of cats with cryptococcosis. The most common areas affected are the face, ears, and paws. These skin symptoms may include:

• Swollen bridge of the nose, almost like a large bump
• Small red bumps (papules)
• Raised firm lumps under the skin (nodules)
• Oozing small wounds (draining tracts or abscesses)

Approximately one-quarter of cats with cryptococcosis have symptoms in the eyes and the central nervous system. These symptoms may include:

Eyes

• Blindness
• Redness in the eye
• Cloudiness in the eye
• Swelling around the eye
• Eye(s) bulging outward
• Pupils (black central part of the eye) are different sizes

Central nervous system (i.e., brain, spinal cord)

• Behavior changes
• Seizures
• Twitching
• Head tilted to one side
• Stumbling while walking (ataxia)
• Weakness or lack of movement in back or all legs
• Pain (i.e., cry out or turn around to bite) when petting the back, jumping, moving
• Walking in circles with less walking in a straight line

In rare cases, cats may develop urinary tract symptoms, such as urinating outside the litter box or in small amounts multiple times per day; limping on legs with swelling around joints; kidney disease causing vomiting and general symptoms of not feeling well; and ulcerations in the mouth leading to pain and bad breath.

Diagnosing Cat Cryptococcosis

Veterinarians will first perform a thorough physical examination on the cat, looking for abnormalities in a variety of body systems. A classic finding is a large bump on the bridge of a cat’s nose, but that is not always present. Sometimes veterinarians can diagnose cryptococcosis under the microscope by finding the fungus in discharge from the nose or skin using cytology. However, laboratory testing on blood, urine, discharge, and occasionally cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is likely required.

There are many tests to look for cryptococcosis, and at times diagnosis is difficult. Multiple tests are likely needed. General blood work helps identify which organs are involved with the infection. Discharge from the nose, fluid from skin lesions, urine, samples of CSF, and samples of tissue can be cultured to grow the fungus in the lab. Samples of tissue (i.e., a biopsy) can also be examined by a pathologist, who may find the fungus in the sample. Blood can be sent to the lab to look for antibodies in very high quantities, which would strongly support the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. This blood test is not always accurate if the fungus is only found in one area of the body or in the central nervous system. Another blood test called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available that looks for genetic material (DNA) of the fungus to diagnose infection.

Treatment for Cryptococcosis in Cats

Cryptococcosis requires the use of antifungal medication over long periods of time, typically four months to a year. About one-third of cats may experience relapses (3), which would require retreating your cat with antifungals again in the future. Most cats take antifungal medication at home until two months after symptoms resolve, or blood testing no longer shows Cryptococcus is present. Severe cryptococcosis involving the brain or spine or cryptococcosis that has spread throughout the body will require more intense treatment involving injections in the veterinary hospital and oral medications (i.e., medications given by mouth at home).

Medications for Cryptococcosis in Cats

Medication for treating cryptococcosis in cats may include:

• Amphotericin B (AMB). This is the most effective antifungal available. AMB must be injected three times per week in the hospital and is typically used with another antifungal given by mouth. For cats with cryptococcosis affecting the spine or brain, this intensive treatment is strongly recommended. AMB can cause damage to kidneys, so frequent testing of kidney function is required.
• Flucytosine. This oral antifungal (meaning it is given by mouth) cannot be used alone. It is given along with AMB if your cat’s cryptococcosis involves the central nervous system or they have cryptococcosis throughout the body.
• Fluconazole. This oral antifungal is the most effective azole antifungal against cryptococcosis. It requires shorter treatment times than itraconazole and is relatively inexpensive. Some Cryptococcus are becoming resistant, however.
• Itraconazole: This oral antifungal is the second choice of azole antifungals used against cryptococcosis. A trusted brand name is Itrafungol. Treatment takes twice as long as treatment with fluconazole; however, if there is resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole is the next best choice.

General Cost to Treat Cryptococcosis in Cats

There are many costs even before treatment begins. Many cats who present to the veterinarian with general symptoms will go through a wide variety of tests before diagnosing cryptococcosis. This may include a veterinary examination, general blood work, x-rays, and cytology or aspirates of suspicious lesions. Costs will range greatly depending on where you live and how sick your kitty is, but typically will run several hundred dollars. If your veterinarian needs to do minor surgery and take a biopsy of a lesion on your kitty, this will cost an additional several hundred dollars.

Laboratory testing for cryptococcosis costs a couple hundred dollars apiece, so your veterinarian will do their best in choosing the test that makes the most sense for your cat. Keep in mind that multiple tests may be needed to definitively diagnose cryptococcosis.

Fluconazole is less expensive than the other medication choices. If finances are a concern, and your cat is not severely ill, this will be your most affordable option and costs approximately $30-$45 per month. Keep in mind that most cats require multiple months of treatment.

In order to know when to stop treating your cat, veterinarians will typically recommend retesting your cat’s antibodies once per month, which will cost a couple hundred dollars per month. The monthly veterinary recheck is important to ensure that your cat’s symptoms are decreasing and your cat is doing well overall, such as maintaining or gaining weight.

How to Prevent Feline Cryptococcosis in Cats

Prevention of cryptococcosis is very difficult. Cryptococcus lives all over the world and throughout nature. If possible, prevent your cat from interacting with pigeons or from visiting places in which pigeons typically nest or have defecated.

Cryptococcosis in Cats FAQs

Is cryptococcosis in cats curable?

Yes, cryptococcosis in cats is curable, but some cats may relapse. This means they may experience the disease again even after appropriate treatment. It is much harder to treat cats with disease of the brain or spine.

Can humans get cryptococcosis from cats?

No, cryptococcosis has never been shown to spread from cats to humans. According to the CDC, it does not spread between people or between people and animals. In theory, cats could shed some fungus in their secretions, but it does not get into the air, which is the way that humans are infected (after inhaling spores). 

Is cryptococcosis in cats contagious to other cats?

No, cryptococcosis does not spread from cat to cat. Cats become infected by inhaling (or breathing in) fungal spores from dirt, trees, water, air, or through interactions with birds or their feces.

References

1. “Cryptococcosis.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/cryptococcosis
2. “Cryptococcosis: Causes and How It Spreads.” CDC. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/cryptococcosis/causes/index.html
3. Trivedi SR, Malik R, Meyer W, Sykes JE. Feline Cryptococcosis: Impact of Current Research on Clinical Management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2011;13(3):163-172. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2011.01.009

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Talking about digestive issues isn’t fun, but knowing what might be ailing your cat’s tummy is important. We’ll discuss gastroenteritis and its causes and how to diagnose, treat, and prevent this condition.

What Is Gastroenteritis in Cats?

Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach (“gastro”) and intestines (“enteritis”). It ranges from mild to severe, depending on the underlying cause. 

Gastroenteritis can make a cat’s abdomen painful and sensitive to the touch. Mild cases resolve on their own in a few days, but severe cases require a longer recovery and extensive treatment to nurse affected cats back to good health.

Gastroenteritis can recur. For example, if your cat loves eating a plant that upsets their tummy, they’ll have repeated bouts of gastroenteritis.

What Causes Cat Gastroenteritis?

Anything that can inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines can cause gastroenteritis. All cats, regardless of age, breed, or sex, can develop this condition.

Here’s a list of the common causes of gastroenteritis in cats:

Infections

Infections with bacteria, fungi, viruses, or intestinal parasites can cause gastroenteritis in cats.

Dietary indiscretion

Eating spoiled food from the trash can undoubtedly upset a cat’s tummy enough to cause gastroenteritis.

Rapid dietary changes

Cats need a few days for their stomach to adjust to a new diet. Changing their diet too quickly can upset their digestive system and cause gastroenteritis.

Food allergies

Animal proteins are a common cause of food allergies in cats. Food allergens can irritate the stomach and intestines, leading to gastroenteritis.

Systemic disease

Kidney disease, pancreatic disease, and liver disease can contribute to gastroenteritis in cats.

Endocrine disease

Endocrine diseases result from hormone imbalances. Hyperthyroidism and diabetes, two common endocrine conditions in cats, can lead to gastroenteritis.

Intestinal blockage

If a cat eats something like a string that gets stuck in their intestines, that blockage can irritate the digestive tract lining enough to cause gastroenteritis.

Cancer

Cancer in the stomach or intestines can damage the lining of these organs and cause gastroenteritis.

Intussusception

Intussusception occurs when a section of the intestine “telescopes” into another part, causing blockage and leading to gastroenteritis.

Medication

Medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can irritate the lining of the stomach and intestines.

Poisoning

Ingesting something toxic, like insecticides and pesticides, can inflame a cat’s stomach and intestines.

Gastroenteritis in Cats Symptoms

Cats can’t hold their belly to signal that their tummy hurts, but they will let you know that something isn’t right.

The two key symptoms of gastroenteritis are vomiting and diarrhea. Vomiting is caused by stomach irritation, while diarrhea is caused by intestinal irritation. 

The vomit may be yellow and foamy, especially if your cat vomits on an empty stomach. Sometimes, cats dry heave and gag after eating if they haven’t fully emptied their stomach.

Gastroenteritis-associated diarrhea in cats has a soft-serve ice cream consistency (apologies if this just ruined your next ice cream outing). Cats with gastroenteritis typically have large amounts of diarrhea several times a day. 

Here are other symptoms of gastroenteritis in cats to watch for:

• Gas
• Lethargy
• Reduced appetite
• Social withdrawal/isolation
• Tender, painful abdomen

Diagnosing Feline Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, diagnosed after other health conditions are ruled out. However, a gastroenteritis diagnosis does not indicate its cause; your veterinarian may need to perform diagnostic testing to determine that.

Because many cases of feline gastroenteritis in cats are mild and resolve on their own, not every cat with tummy troubles needs a veterinary visit. Your vet can recommend some home remedies to relieve your cat’s discomfort.

How will you know if you need to schedule an appointment? Here are three indications:

• The symptoms have persisted for more than 24 hours
• Your cat has recurrent gastroenteritis
• Symptoms other than vomiting and diarrhea are present

During a veterinary workup for gastroenteritis, your vet will perform a physical exam and get a detailed history of the problem. They will ask you questions, such as those listed below, to start identifying some potential underlying causes:

• What symptoms have you noticed? When did they start?
• What is your cat’s regular diet? Have you changed it recently?
• Is your cat on antibiotics, steroids, or NSAIDs?
• Does your cat have other medical conditions, like diabetes or liver disease?
• Is your cat up to date on their vaccinations?
• Do you have other cats?

For the physical exam, your vet will pay close attention to your cat’s abdomen in addition to examining your cat from head to toe.

Imaging and laboratory tests provide clues for what’s causing a cat’s gastroenteritis:

• Bloodwork: Basic bloodwork can indicate inflammation, dehydration, and systemic disease, as well as diabetes.
• Fecal exam: A fecal exam can show the presence of intestinal parasites, like roundworms.
• Urinalysis: Urinalysis can detect diabetes, dehydration, and kidney disease.
• Thyroid hormone tests: Measuring thyroid hormone levels helps rule out or identify hyperthyroidism.
• Abdominal imaging: Abdominal x-rays and ultrasounds can identify an intestinal blockage and may also reveal possible tumors in the stomach or intestines.

Gastroenteritis in Cats Treatment

If you’re wondering how to treat gastroenteritis in cats, the answer is that it depends on the severity and underlying cause.

Gastroenteritis in Cats Home Treatment

Mild cases of feline gastroenteritis don’t require much treatment beyond fasting your cat for about 8 to 12 hours and ensuring adequate hydration. Cats with gastroenteritis don’t have much of an appetite anyway. Still, they need to drink water to rehydrate and replenish electrolytes like sodium that were lost in the vomit and diarrhea.

After fasting, the cat can slowly be reintroduced to food with a bland, highly digestible diet, like white rice and boiled, unseasoned chicken. Your vet can advise you on which foods to give your cat after fasting.

Hospital Treatment

Severe cases of gastroenteritis require hospitalization. In addition to fasting and bland diets, cats with severe gastroenteritis need a range of treatments to recover and regain their strength, such as:

• Intravenous fluids: IV fluids provide rehydration and replace electrolytes.
• Anti-vomiting medications: Anti-vomiting medications include maropitant and metoclopramide. Both are given by mouth.
• Gastroprotectants: Gastroprotectants, such as sucralfate, famotidine, and ranitidine, coat the stomach lining and protect it from further irritation, allowing it to heal. They are given by mouth or intravenously.
• Antibiotics: Antibiotics are given if a bacterial infection is present. Usually, the antibiotic is broad-spectrum, targeting a wide range of common bacterial pathogens. They are given by mouth or intravenously.
• Dewormer: If intestinal parasites are present, dewormers are given. Examples include pyrantel and praziquantel. They are liquid and given by mouth.

Surgery is required for cats with gastroenteritis due to intestinal blockage.

So, how much does it cost to treat your cat for gastroenteritis? It varies. If your cat’s case is mild, you may not have to pay anything if you already have the ingredients for a bland diet at home and your vet does not think your cat needs to be examined.

For severe cases requiring hospitalization, expect a very large veterinary bill that could reach thousands of dollars. Here’s what goes into that bill:

• Physical exam
• Diagnostic testing
• Medication
• Fluid therapy
• Surgery (if cancer or blockage)
• Hospitalization
• Monitoring

Pet insurance can significantly defray the cost of treating your cat for gastroenteritis.

How to Prevent Gastroenteritis in Cats

Gastroenteritis is not always preventable, but you can reduce the risk of your cat suffering from it. Here are some prevention strategies to keep your cat in good health and keep gastroenteritis at bay:

• Keep your cat up to date on their vaccinations.
• Take your cat for regular veterinary check-ups.
• Block access to non-foods, toxic substances, and the trash.
• If you have multiple cats and one is sick, isolate the sick cat to prevent the spread of infection.
• Keep your home environment clean to reduce the chances of infection.
• Give your cat a dewormer as instructed by your veterinarian.
• Introduce new foods slowly to allow your cat’s tummy to adjust.

Related Conditions

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Gastritis

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Treating cat pain can be challenging, but holistic methods can be both safe and effective. For example, I’ve treated cats with chronic arthritis using a combination of acupuncture and dietary changes. The resulting improvements in their mobility and comfort have been remarkable.

It’s not surprising, as humans have been using holistic methods to manage pain for millennia. Leading animal health organizations such as the World Small Animal Veterinary Association and American Association of Feline Practitioners now include holistic methods like acupuncture in their pain management guidelines. (1, 2)

So, what does this mean for you and your pained feline? Good news! Veterinarians who embrace holistic or integrative care have more pain management treatments to offer.

What is Holistic Pain Management for Cats?

Holistic pain management for cats focuses on treating the whole animal to address the root cause of the pain, not just the symptoms.

Conventional pain management for cats often relies heavily on pain medications. Holistic vets may use several therapies that work together to provide comprehensive care and pain relief. These can include natural solutions like diet and alternative treatments like laser therapy, as well as traditional medicine.

Combining natural and conventional treatments can help enhance pain relief and reduce potential side effects. However, it’s important to work closely with a veterinarian to ensure the treatment plan is safe and tailored to your cat’s specific needs.

Benefits of Natural Pain Relief for Cats

Natural pain relief for cats offers several benefits, making it an attractive option for many pet parents. It’s particularly effective for chronic conditions like arthritis, where long-term medication use could cause serious side effects.

In my experience, senior cats and those with chronic illnesses respond very well to holistic approaches. I’ve used cat acupuncture, omega-3 nutritional supplements, and other natural pain treatments to ease senior cat pain. Holistic care can also benefit cats recovering from surgery, as it’s gentler on the body and promotes faster recovery.

Additional benefits of natural pain relief for cats include:

• Reduced inflammation
• Improved mobility
• Enhanced overall well-being
• Minimal side effects

By opting for holistic care, pet parents often discover a more balanced and sustainable approach to cat pain management.

Approaches to Holistic Pain Relief for Cats

Here are some of the most common holistic approaches to promote pain relief in cats. However, every cat is different, with different needs, pain tolerance levels, and health history. So always consult with your veterinarian before adopting any pain management treatment plan — holistic or traditional.

Diet and Nutrition

Inflammation can cause many painful disorders in cats, including feline osteoarthritis. So an anti-inflammatory diet can play an important role in providing holistic pain relief for cats.

In my practice, I’ve seen many cats benefit from high-quality diets made with ingredients that naturally reduce inflammation. For example, cat food containing fish oil, turmeric, and green-lipped mussels may help cats with chronic pain. 

Look for cat food that contains ingredients rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and high-quality animal proteins. These are especially good for joint and gut health while reducing inflammation naturally.

Always consult your veterinarian before switching to a new diet to ensure it’s the best fit for your cat. A holistic veterinarian can create a diet tailored to your cat’s specific needs.

Supplements

Natural nutritional supplements can play a crucial role in pain management in cats. Omega-3s reduce inflammation and pain effectively, glucosamine stimulates cartilage repair, and chondroitin helps retain water in the cartilage.

Regular use of these supplements supports long-term joint health and slows degenerative joint diseases. Choosing high-quality, veterinary-approved supplements ensures safety and efficacy.

Herbal Remedies

Herbs such as turmeric and valerian root have natural anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.

• Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, inhibits enzymes and cytokines that promote inflammation, reducing pain and swelling.
• Valerian root enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an amino acid that helps inhibit pain signals in the brain. This can be especially helpful in reducing chronic pain in cats.

Both herbs offer effective natural pain relief for cats. I’ve used these herbs in my practice with notable success, especially in cats with stress-related pain.

Always check with your veterinarian before giving your cat any herbal supplement to ensure the proper dosage. And use high-quality, veterinary-approved products to avoid potential side effects and interactions.

Massage Therapy

Gentle massage can improve circulation, reduce muscle tension, and promote relaxation. Regular massage sessions can help ease chronic pain and improve your cat’s comfort and well-being.

In my practice, I’ve found that cats often respond positively to gentle, targeted massages. Massaging your cat is a great way to improve your bond with your pet. But if your cat is in severe pain, your well-intentioned massage could do more harm than good. Always ask your vet about the best treatment option for your cat’s specific pain management needs.

Acupuncture and Acupressure

Cat acupuncture and acupressure are key techniques in holistic veterinary care for pain management. Acupuncture involves inserting thin needles into specific points to stimulate healing. Acupressure uses pressure to achieve similar effects.

Both methods enhance blood circulation, release endorphins, and modulate the nervous system to reduce pain and inflammation. They are particularly effective for chronic pain conditions like arthritis. I’ve had great success using acupuncture to treat cats with chronic pain. Often, mobility and comfort levels improve after just a few sessions.

However, it’s important to leave cat acupuncture and acupressure to a trained professional. Always work with a certified practitioner experienced in holistic veterinary care to keep your cat safe and pain-free.

Chiropractic Care

Chiropractic adjustments can help align the spine and joints, reducing pain and improving mobility. Veterinary medical manipulation (VMM) is particularly beneficial for cats with musculoskeletal issues or chronic pain conditions. These adjustments can correct misalignments, reducing nerve pressure and improving overall body function.

Regular adjustments can enhance your cat’s flexibility, reduce stiffness, and prevent future injuries. Again, seek out a certified animal chiropractor with experience in holistic veterinary care for safe and effective cat pain relief.

Environmental and Lifestyle Adjustments

Creating a comfortable environment for cats in pain can significantly ease their suffering. And even small, easy adjustments can provide a bigger benefit than you might realize.

For example, I always recommend pet parents look for ways to make it easier for cat to access food and water. Even a minor modification like a raised food bowl can help minimize movements that cause pain. 

Another quick fix is replacing or upgrading your cat’s bedding. Look for low-profile pillows for easier access or an orthopedic cat bed that reduces pressure on aching joints. Ramps can also help if your cat isn’t able to jump up onto the couch like they used to (but they still appreciate the view).

Exercise and Physical Activity

Regular, gentle exercise helps maintain joint health, muscle tone, and overall well-being. It can also promote better circulation and reduce stiffness, which helps improve mobility.

Activities like interactive play with toys and gentle stretching exercises can keep your cat active without increasing their pain.

Tailor the intensity and duration of activities to your cat’s specific condition and capabilities, and consult with your vet for personalized exercise recommendations. I often recommend specific exercises to keep cats active and engaged, like gentle play sessions with feather toys.

Stress Reduction

Reducing stress is crucial for holistic pain management in cats. Stress can exacerbate pain, so keeping your cat relaxed is essential.

That can be as simple as maintaining a calm and serene atmosphere that encourages your cat to chill out. But if your household is more on the hectic side, you may need to take a more proactive approach to reduce stressors.

Consider using a pet gate to give your cat a “safe space” free of loud noises or other pets. Enrichment activities, like interactive toys and scratching posts, can help reduce anxiety and keep your cat engaged. A pheromone diffuser may also help reduce stress-related discomfort

In my practice, I’ve seen remarkable improvements in cats’ behavior and pain levels when their environment is comfortable and stress-free.

Natural Pain Management for Cats by Health Condition

Arthritis and Joint Pain

Anti-inflammatory diets, supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin, fish oil, and acupuncture are particularly effective for arthritis and joint pain. Combining these with conventional treatments can provide comprehensive relief. For those wondering, “What can I give my cat for pain at home?” these natural options are beneficial. Using high-quality products like Dasuquin for Cats and Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Pet can be helpful. 

Dental Pain

Herbal remedies and proper dental hygiene practices can help manage dental pain. Natural pain relievers for cats include products that contain turmeric like Curcumin 97% Vet Tablets for Dogs & Cats. Consult your holistic vet for appropriate products and dosages when using a natural pain killer for cats.

Post-Surgical Pain

Holistic pet supplements, herbal remedies, and gentle massage can aid recovery post-surgery. A high-quality, veterinary-approved product like RX Vitamins Liquid NutriCalm can help reduce stress-related discomfort that slows down healing. Always follow your vet’s guidance for post-operative care when using holistic pet supplements.

Chronic Illness

For chronic health conditions like cancer or kidney disease, cats often benefit from combined conventional and holistic pain management. However, always work with your veterinarian to ensure these measures fit your cat’s overall disease management plan.

Natural remedies like nutritional supplements, cat acupuncture, and dietary adjustments can help ease the pain associated with chronic illnesses. And in some cases, they may even help slow down the progression of the disease.

To ensure the best outcome, partner with a holistic veterinarian who can take a full-body approach to managing your cat’s pain and chronic illness.

Holistic Pain Relief for Cats: Is it Right for Your Pet?

When considering natural pain relief for cats, factors such as age, breed, condition, and overall health are crucial. Younger cats might benefit from different approaches compared to senior cats with chronic conditions.

Whether your vet’s approach is conventional or holistic, always work closely with them to tailor a pain management plan to your cat’s specific needs.

Ask the Right Questions

• What holistic pain management options are best for my cat’s condition?
• Can these treatments be combined with conventional medications?
• What are the potential side effects or interactions of these treatments?
• How should I monitor my cat’s progress?
• What lifestyle changes can help reduce my cat’s pain?

Working with a veterinarian is essential, whether you choose a holistic vet or a conventional one who incorporates holistic methods. Most veterinarians use a combination of treatments to manage pain effectively. When you partner with your vet, you can create a comprehensive plan that promotes your cat’s long-term health and well-being.

By following these guidelines, you can effectively manage your cat’s pain and enhance their quality of life. Holistic pain management offers a gentle, natural approach that addresses both the symptoms and root causes of pain, so your beloved cat can thrive beloved cat.

References

1. Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, et al. Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA global pain council members and co-authors of this document. J Small Anim Pract 2014;55:E10-E68.
2. Epstein M, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G, et al. 2015 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. JAAHA 2015;2:67-84.

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When cats vomit so frequently, it can be easy to dismiss the action, especially if that vomit is just a little white foamy stuff. But when should we worry that your purr-ennial vomiter is having a medical problem or they are just doing what cats do best? 

In this article, we will explore the potential reasons why cats vomit white foam. We will also discuss what cat parents can do to treat it, and answer some crucial questions related to this common issue. 

Why Is My Cat Throwing Up White Foam?

Here are six possible causes of white foamy cat vomit:

Empty stomach 

One of the most common reasons cats vomit white foam is because their stomach is empty. When the stomach is empty, digestive fluids (including hydrochloric acid) and mucus can build up and cause discomfort. You will typically see this in the morning or if you forgot to refill the food bowl. The best way to prevent this is to offer frequent, small meals or use an automatic feeder. 

Hairballs

Cats are grooming machines and sometimes that hair they digest can accumulate in the stomach. As hairballs form in the intestinal tract, we hope that they pass easily through to the feces. However, sometimes they cause enough irritation that they are vomited back up. There are many products available over the counter that can help with excessive hairballs.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, can also cause white foamy vomit. Gastroenteritis can be caused by many things, including dietary indiscretion, constipation, infections, or toxins. Chronic vomiting can also be a sign of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). If the vomiting is frequent and/or accompanied by diarrhea and lethargy, then please consult your veterinarian immediately — especially in kittens less than 6 months of age. 

I vomit, therefore I am.” —My cat, Zoey

Parasites 

Intestinal parasites, such as roundworms and hookworms, can cause gastrointestinal upset, leading to vomiting. You may even see the worm in the vomitus! Prophylactic deworming with a product like Revolution Plus or Nexgard COMBO can help prevent this condition. 

Foreign Objects 

Cats are curious creatures. Sometimes they ingest non-food items that can cause blockages or irritations in their digestive tract — the scariest of which tend to be linear foreign bodies, such as tinsel, dental floss, or thread. The body will vomit in an attempt to expel the foreign object, which could actually make things worse. If you suspect that your cat has a foreign body, consult an emergency veterinarian immediately. 

When I was in private practice, I had a cat who LOVED to chew on pacifiers. Occasionally, he would chew off the tip and swallow it whole. This would cause the pacifier to get caught in the small intestine and the cat experienced increased vomiting. The owners knew it was time to see the vet when they saw this, and we would have to go in and remove it. Thankfully for the owners, once their babies outgrew pacifiers, their cat’s vomiting stopped. 

Chronic Medical Conditions 

There are many medical conditions that can cause white foamy cat vomit, or vomit of any kind. Common conditions include kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, cancer, pancreatitis, etc. Chronic medical conditions are typically accompanied by weight loss, lethargy, diarrhea, poor appetite, and so on. I would encourage you to weigh your cat once a month (or more). If you see a downward trend in their weight, then consult your veterinarian for additional workup, including bloodwork. 

Cat Vomiting White Foam: Is It a Cause for Concern?

While occasional vomiting of white foam might not be a cause for immediate concern, It is essential to monitor your cat for additional symptoms or changes in behavior that could indicate a bigger problem. Some factors to consider are: 

Frequency: Vomiting that occurs more than 1-2 times a week or becomes more frequent or persistent should be brought to your veterinarian’s attention. 

Vomiting with additional symptoms: Cats who are vomiting with other symptoms, including diarrhea, constipation, lethargy, poor appetite, weight loss, increased drinking or changes in urination, should be seen by a vet as soon as possible. 

Behavioral changes: Any significant change in your cat’s behavior, such as hiding, decreased grooming, or increased aggression, can be a sign that something is wrong and should be addressed by a veterinarian.   

When is white foamy cat vomit an emergency? 

If your cat is persistently vomiting, severely lethargic, not eating or drinking for more than 24 hours and/or there is blood in the vomit, then please seek veterinary attention immediately! The veterinarian may ask questions like how long has this been going on, how frequent is the vomit, is there any diarrhea, did the cat get into anything, or has there been any recent change in diet?

Cat Vomiting White Foam Treatment

If you have a cat puking white foam, here are some steps you can take to help them:

Dietary adjustments

If your cat is vomiting due to an empty stomach, consider feeding smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day. This will help prevent the buildup of those digestive fluids. You can also consider transitioning to a digestive-friendly diet.

Hairball remedies

For cats prone to hairballs, regular grooming and hairball control products can help reduce the frequency of vomiting. Special diets and supplements designed to manage hairballs can also be beneficial. 

Environmental management 

Ensure that your cat’s environment is free of small objects that they might ingest. Cat-proof your home as you would for a baby to prevent accidental ingestion of foreign objects and toxins. I always make sure to wrap up my dental floss in a closed waste basket so as to prevent my cats from ingesting a string foreign body. 

Hydration

Encourage your cat to stay hydrated, especially if they are vomiting. Provide fresh, cool water and consider using a cat water fountain to entice them to drink more. 

Veterinary care

If you suspect an underlying problem is making your cat vomit, it is essential to consult your veterinarian. They can perform diagnostic tests, provide appropriate medications, and recommend suitable dietary changes. 

My Take on White Foam Cat Vomit

For centuries, humans have been making jokes about cats vomiting. Occasional vomiting can be expected for every cat parent and should not be a cause for alarm. However, feline vomiting is not always a laughing matter. If you have any concerns, don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian for a thorough evaluation and personalized care plan. 

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Although any kind of cat vomit is less than ideal, when pet parents find it contains worms, it makes it even more unpleasant. 

Here we will discuss why cats vomit worms and what pet parents can do about it. 

Cat Vomiting Worms: Immediate Steps

Cleaning up cat vomit is no fun, but there are steps pet parents can take to ensure it is done quickly and safely. 

Pet parents should start by gathering a few supplies, which include: 

• Camera
• Disposable gloves
• Paper towels
• Disposable bag
• Enzymatic pet stain and odor remover

First, snap a quick picture of the worms present in the vomit so that you can show your veterinarian at your cat’s appointment. This will help identify the type of worms and the most appropriate treatment. 

Next, put on a pair of gloves and gather a bunch of paper towels. Carefully clean up as much of the vomit as you can and put the soiled paper towels into a disposable bag. 

Use an enzymatic cleaner to remove any residual vomit while also removing any stains and smell that may be present. This is especially important if your cat vomited on a rug or carpet. Making sure this area is thoroughly cleaned will prevent your cat from wanting to re-soil it. Be sure to follow the directions on the back of the cleaning bottle. These products work best when spraying and letting them sit on the soiled area for a certain amount of time so it can combat the stain and the odor effectively.

Remove your gloves and throw them away with the bag of soiled paper towels. Be sure to wash your hands thoroughly. 

Types of Worms in Cat Vomit 

Cats with intestinal worms commonly vomit as a result. Two types of worms are large enough to be seen by the naked eye if found in cat vomit:

Roundworms

These spaghetti-like worms are long and white and are easily spread when cats accidentally ingest feces or soil contaminated with roundworm eggs. They are also spread from a mother to her kittens during nursing. 

Tapeworms

These long, white flat worms are picked up by cats most commonly when they swallow fleas. Rarely, a cat may become infected with tapeworms after eating an infected dead animal. 

Treatment

If worms are present in your cat’s vomit, bring them to the veterinarian promptly for an accurate diagnosis. The veterinarian can determine a suitable treatment plan according to which type of worm is present. Possible treatment options for worms in cats are as follows: 

• Pyrantel pamoate
• Praziquantel 
• Fenbendazole
• Moxidectin
• Selamectin
• Milbemycin

After treatment, speak with your veterinarian about choosing a flea, tick and heartworm preventative medication, such as Bravecto PLUS, as a way to prevent recurrence of intestinal worms. 

My Take on Worms in Cat Vomit 

If I saw my cat vomiting worms, I would be pretty concerned and would want to determine what type of worms they were and how I could get rid of them. I’m sure most pet parents would agree! As a veterinarian, even though a cat vomiting worms is unpleasant, I know the condition is highly treatable.

With the proper veterinary care, the worms can be eliminated and most cats feel better relatively quickly. If you see worms in your cat’s vomit, clean up the mess quickly and safely, then call your veterinarian for guidance. 

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It can be hard for pet parents to know if a cat vomiting clear liquid is serious, so let’s get into it. Learn about possible causes of clear cat vomit and what you should do if your cat is puking clear liquid. 

Cat Vomiting Clear Liquid: Immediate Next Steps

Not only is your cat vomiting clear liquid, but now you’ve got a mess on your hands. Let’s go over the immediate steps to take.

Step 1: Check on your cat. Are they acting normal? If so, you can usually monitor at home. Plan to contact your veterinarian if the problem persists. If they’re acting abnormal, such as repeatedly vomiting or acting lethargic, call a veterinarian. 

Step 2: As gross as it may sound, take a picture of your cat’s vomit. You can show this to your veterinarian or potentially use the image for a telemedicine consult.

Step 3: Use paper towels to remove excess vomit. It’s better to scoop than to push down into the carpet.

Step 4: Wet the area with cold water and then blot it with a dry paper towel.

Step 5: Saturate the area with a store-bought or homemade carpet cleaner. Agitate the area by scrubbing with a towel or cleaning brush. Blot dry.

Step 6: Sprinkle a little baking soda on the area, making sure to keep pets and children away while it dries.

Step 7: Once the area is dry, you can vacuum up the baking soda.

Make sure to wash your hands with soap after handling your cat’s vomit.

13 Possible Causes of Clear Cat Vomit

Your cat’s clear vomit could look like watery liquid, clear foamy liquid, or clear stringy mucus. Sometimes the clear vomit may have a yellow tinge to the color because of the presence of bile and stomach acid. 

The causes of clear cat vomit can range from a little stomach upset to much more serious issues. We’ve listed causes below and other signs to watch for.

Empty stomach

Your cat will usually act normal but vomit shortly before their expected mealtime. They’ll still eat when food is presented.

Parasites

Cats with stomach worms are called “happy pukers” because they act normal despite occasional or frequent vomiting. Other parasites like giardia sometimes cause vomiting. Additional signs of parasitism could include diarrhea or loose stools, visible worms in stools, and weight loss.

Indigestion or food intolerance

Like us, sometimes our cats eat something that doesn’t sit well with them. You can also cause stomach upset by switching your cat’s food too rapidly rather than slowly over seven to 10 days. Other signs to watch for include decreased appetite and diarrhea. 

Infectious diseases

Some infectious diseases, like feline coronavirus (not the same as COVID-19) or panleukopenia, can also cause vomiting of clear liquid. These diseases are more common in young cats, unvaccinated cats, cats who go outside, and cats who spend a lot of time in social settings like a cattery or animal shelter. The cat usually has other signs of disease, such as diarrhea, poor appetite, and lethargy.

Constipation

When your cat is constipated, they may vomit because secretions from their stomach or intestines can’t pass through their gastrointestinal tract. Other signs include lethargy, straining in the litterbox, appetite loss, and a bloated appearance.

Obstruction in the stomach or intestines

If your cat eats something they shouldn’t, like a string or a piece of a toy, it can cause a blockage in their stomach and/or intestines. You’ll usually notice them vomiting multiple times, acting lethargic, losing their appetite, and potentially having diarrhea.

Diabetes

Cats with uncontrolled diabetes may vomit clear liquid. Other signs of diabetes include weight loss and excessive drinking or urination. Cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a medical emergency, may repeatedly vomit, act lethargic, become dehydrated, and lie next to their water bowl. Diabetes is more common in overweight, middle-aged to older cats.

Kidney disease

Besides vomiting, other signs to watch for include weight loss, excessive urination and thirst, dehydration, and decreased appetite. Kidney disease is more common in older cats.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a common senior cat health issue that can cause the cat to vomit clear liquid or clear foamy liquid. Cats with hyperthyroidism often lose weight despite a normal or increased appetite. You can also notice an unkempt appearance, drinking and peeing more than normal, increased activity, behavioral changes like aggression, and soft stools or diarrhea.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas can come on suddenly or be a long-standing issue for a cat. Aside from frequent vomiting, the cat may also have a poor appetite, act lethargic, have diarrhea, and react painfully to being picked up.

Liver or gallbladder disease

Vomiting is a common sign of liver or gallbladder issues in cats. Other signs of liver or gallbladder issues can include acting lethargic, appetite loss, drinking and peeing excessively, and diarrhea. With severe disease, you may see yellowing of the gums and whites of eyes (jaundice) or your pet may act disoriented or have seizures.

Urinary obstruction

If your cat can’t urinate, toxins build up in their system and cause vomiting. Your cat will usually act lethargic, lose their appetite, and repeatedly try to urinate. Classically, the cat is standing in the litter box yowling while they try to urinate. 

Cancer

A wide variety of cancer types can cause your cat to vomit clear liquid, and the signs may vary depending on what kind of cancer your pet has and how aggressive it is. In some cases, your cat may be acting normal aside from vomiting clear liquid and weight loss. In other cases, your cat could have other signs like diarrhea or changes to appetite.

Treatment

If your cat is vomiting before meals, consider feeding smaller, more frequent meals to prevent the build-up of stomach acid. For cats with frequent hairballs, there are diets and supplements (like Vetoquinol’s Laxatone) you can give to help move things along in the intestinal tract.

Make sure you’re not feeding spoiled or expired food. If you suspect your pet is experiencing stomach upset, you could speak with your veterinarian to see if they recommend feeding a bland diet for a few days. You should also keep your pet on regular parasite preventives. Always provide water at all times.

If your cat’s vomiting occurs frequently and at random times of day but they otherwise act normal, you should set a veterinary appointment. Frequent vomiting is not normal in cats. If your cat has other symptoms, like diarrhea, weight loss, or excessive drinking, contact your veterinarian.

Signs that your pet needs to go to the emergency veterinarian include:

• Repeated vomiting with loss of appetite
• Severe vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Blood in the vomit or in diarrhea
• Lying next to a water bowl due to excessive thirst
• Lethargy or collapse
• Disorientation or seizures
• Sunken eyes or prolonged skin tent (dehydration)
• Jaundice
• Straining and/or vocalizing in the litter box with no urine or feces produced
• Abdominal pain that causes yowling or aggression when the cat is picked up

My Take on Clear Cat Vomit

So, what’s the overall gist for clear cat vomit? 

If your cat vomits once and is acting normal, you’re good to monitor at home. But if your cat is regularly vomiting clear liquid, puking multiple times throughout the day, or having other signs like a loss of appetite or diarrhea, this is more concerning to me. You should contact your veterinarian as soon as possible so they can help your cat get back to feeling good. 

The post Cat Vomiting Clear Liquid: What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, you will learn what bobcat fever is, what causes it, which cats are at higher risk for the disease, symptoms to watch for, how it is treated, and also tips for prevention.

What is Bobcat Fever?

Bobcat fever is an infectious disease seen in cats. It is spread when a cat is bitten by a tick that is infected with a microscopic blood parasite called Cytauxzoon felis or C. felis for short. The official medical term for bobcat fever is cytauxzoonosis. Bobcats are traditionally considered the main wildlife reservoir host of C. felis. However, other wildcats, including the Florida panther, are also considered to be reservoir hosts that perpetuate the disease in the wild.

Bobcat fever is rare in cats, but is seen in both domestic and feral cats of all ages and genders. Cats who roam outdoors in places where reservoir hosts live or live with a cat who is already infected with cytauxzoonosis are at increased risk for the disease. Bobcat fever poses no infectious risk to humans or dogs.

Causes of Bobcat Fever in Cats

Cytauxzoonosis in cats is caused by the bite of a tick that is infected with a microscopic blood parasite called C. felis. Ticks that carry C. felis include the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). The parasite multiplies in the bloodstream of an infected cat and causes related symptoms. 

Typically, bobcat fever is not spread directly from cat to cat, as the parasite requires a tick to complete the full life cycle. However, bobcat fever can also be spread by bite wounds from an infected cat, a blood transfusion from an infected cat, or accidental inoculation by contaminated needles or surgical instruments, but this is rare. Cats infected by these routes typically only develop mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.

Bobcat Fever Symptoms in Cats

Bobcat fever symptoms are typically severe — these cats are usually very sick by the time they are seen by a veterinarian. You might think that seeing ticks on a cat is a common symptom of bobcat fever. Even though bobcat fever is spread by tick bites, it can take up to three weeks for symptoms to develop after the initial bite. Therefore, there may be no ticks present on a cat who is sick from bobcat fever.

Symptoms are associated with the destruction of red blood cells, inflammation of blood vessels, anemia, blood vessel blockages, and dangerously low blood pressure. Symptoms can include:

• Fever
• Pale or white gums
• Difficulty breathing
• Jaundice (yellowed eyes and skin)
• Low energy, depression
• Poor appetite
• Dehydration 
• Enlarged spleen and/or liver

These symptoms often progress rapidly to hypothermia, collapse, coma, and death. 

Unfortunately, severe disease and death are common with bobcat fever. In contrast, a few cats will only develop mild symptoms and recover completely. The severity of symptoms is thought to vary depending on the strain of the parasite and the overall health and immunity of the cat. If you are at all suspicious that your cat may have been exposed to a tick infected with C. felis, get your cat seen by a veterinarian right away. Supportive care can make the difference between life and death.

Diagnosing Bobcat Fever in Cats

A veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you, a complete physical examination, and laboratory testing to diagnose bobcat fever.  If you know that your cat has been exposed to a tick-infested environment, it is important to let the veterinary care staff know. Laboratory testing will likely include blood and urine testing, and possibly testing for other infectious diseases that can cause similar symptoms. 

Bobcat fever is definitively diagnosed by seeing the blood parasite under the microscope on a fresh blood smear. There is also a PCR blood test available. Some cats may require bone or splenic aspirates to diagnose the disease.

Bobcat Fever Treatment in Cats

Bobcat fever treatment requires several days of hospitalization and aggressive supportive care. Most cats require fluid therapy. Some cats may require a blood transfusion, a chest tube to drain excess fluid, or a feeding tube. It depends on the severity of the symptoms and the cat’s response to care. Additional medications that may be prescribed to treat bobcat fever include:

• Antibiotics (atovaquone, azithromycin, enrofloxacin)
• Imidocarb dipropionate
• Atropine
• Heparin

Cost to Treat

Most cats with severe symptoms require three to seven days of hospitalized care. The cost to treat bobcat fever is high, usually costing several thousand dollars. 

Survival Rate

Unfortunately, even with aggressive supportive care and hospitalization, most cats with severe symptoms die from Bobcat fever. Without treatment, most infected cats die within five days of diagnosis. 

For the cats who do survive, however, the prognosis is good with a return to normal activity within two to four weeks after infection. These cats will enjoy immunity that will prevent re-infection of C. felis. 

How to Prevent Bobcat Fever in Cats

There is no vaccine available to prevent bobcat fever. Ask your veterinarian if bobcat fever, aka cytauxzoonosis, is present in your area. If you live in an area that has bobcat fever, the best way to protect your cat against bobcat fever is to keep them indoors to avoid tick exposure. 

If you do not keep your cat indoors, then it is strongly recommended to keep your cat on an effective, fast-kill flea and tick control product year-round. In addition to rigorous tick control medication, it is also recommended to check your cat daily for ticks. If you see any, promptly remove them. Douse the tick in alcohol, and save the tick in a closed plastic bag or jar, or take a high-resolution picture of the tick and dispose of it properly. 

In addition to daily tick checks and regular tick control medication, do your best to reduce ticks in your cat’s outdoor environment. This can be accomplished by removing debris and leaf piles, keeping shrubs and grass short and mowed, and using wildlife deterrents in your yard.

If your cat ever acquires a tick and then becomes sick afterward, be sure to take them to the veterinarian immediately. While the possibility of bobcat fever can be a scary proposition, take comfort that the disease is rare and can be prevented in most cats using the recommendations above.

The post Bobcat Fever (Cytauxzoonosis) in Cats appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Learning how to use a cat pain scale can help you take better care of your favorite feline. Signs of pain in cats can be all too easy to miss. And misjudging cat pain can delay potential pain relief and even life-saving treatment.

Here’s what you need to know about how to use a cat pain scale and what to do if you suspect your cat is experiencing pain.

Why Cat Pain Is So Hard to Measure

Cats are notorious for concealing signs of pain, even from the most attentive cat parents. But they’re not trying to be sneaky or secretive. The behavior is more of a survival instinct. In the wild, overt displays of pain or weakness could make cats easy targets for larger predators.

Today’s cats may not face the same risks as their ancient ancestors, but they still hide their pain. That can make it hard to diagnose and treat the source of the pain, especially chronic cat pain.

Acute vs. Chronic Pain in Cats

Veterinarians classify cat pain as either acute or chronic.

Acute pain comes on suddenly, typically from an injury, medical procedure, or illness. Cats with acute pain often experience reduced appetite, lethargy, or aggression. These behavioral changes may make acute pain easier to recognize

Chronic pain, on the other hand, develops gradually over time. Cats may learn to tolerate the pain and show fewer outward signs of discomfort. This can make chronic pain difficult to detect.  

Whether acute or chronic, pet parents and vets need a way to measure a cat’s pain level accurately so they can treat it effectively. A cat pain scale makes it easier to detect your cat’s pain, despite any attempts to disguise it.

What is a Cat Pain Scale?

A cat pain scale is a simple tool vets and cat parents can use to measure a cat’s pain or discomfort level.

Over the years, several different types of cat pain scales have evolved. Though each one is slightly different, they’re all based on the same principle. Observing and scoring your cat’s behavior and physical appearance can tell you if your cat is in pain and how severe the pain is.

The most widely recognized scales include:

• The Feline Grimace Scale
• Glasgow Cat Pain Scale 
• UNESP-Botucatu Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale

No single feline pain scale is universally considered “the best.” However, most vets tend to adopt one or another, depending on their preference.

For example, Dr. Amber Carter, DVM, DABVP, prefers the Feline Grimace Scale. She says it’s a simple, reliable, and easy-to-use metric for cat parents and vets alike.

Dr. Carter, who founded CatVetLife, says she uses that scale most frequently at her Cat Care Clinic in Ormond Beach.

“The other two scales would be more popular in a university setting,” she adds. “For example, a cat being evaluated in a study on pain.”

How to Use the Pain Scale for Cats

So, how exactly do you use a cat pain scale to tell if your cat is in pain? Each type of scale has different directions. We’ll focus on the Feline Grimace Scale since it’s a user-friendly option that’s easy for cat parents to master. 

To start, it’s important to have a good sense of what your cat looks like and how they stand when they’re not in pain, says Dr. Carter. This will give you a good baseline for comparison when you suspect your cat is in pain.

Secondly, Dr. Carter recommends using the scale to assess your cat’s pain as soon as you notice something amiss.

“You should evaluate your cat any time you suspect they are in pain,” Dr. Carter says. It doesn’t matter whether they are at rest, eating their food, or using the litterbox. “Taking a video can be extremely helpful,” Dr. Carter adds. “That can show how the cat looks in their natural environment.

What You’ll Need to Assess Your Cat’s Pain

• The Feline Grimace Scale chart/guidelines
• Good lighting to clearly see your cat’s face
• A piece of paper and pen to jot down scores

How It Works

The Feline Grimace Scale evaluates five specific areas of your cat’s face. You’ll score each area on a scale of 0 (no change) to 2 (obvious change).  Then you’ll combine these scores to give you a total feline pain score. The higher the score, the more significant your cat’s pain is, explains Dr. Robert Gonzalez, Regional Medical Director for Small Door Veterinary.

Let’s review each area, what to look for, and how each is scored.

Ear position

• Ears facing forward (0)
• Ears slightly flattened and rotating outwards (1)
• Ears flattened and rotating outwards (2)

Orbital tightening (squinting)

• Eyes opened (0)
• Eyes partially closed (1)
• Squinted eyes (2)

Muzzle tension

• Relaxed; round shape (0)
• Slightly elongated horizontally; mild tension (1)
• Tense; oval shape (2)

Whiskers change

• Loose, relaxed, and curved toward the ground (0)
• Slightly curved or straight (1)
• Straight and moving forward, away from the face (2)

Head positions

• Head above the shoulder line (0)
• Head aligned with the shoulder line (1)
• Head below the shoulder line or tilted down; chin toward the chest (2)

Add up the total of all scores. Your cat is likely in pain if their total score is greater than or equal to 4/10.

Note that some of the feline facial expressions associated with pain occur for other reasons as well. For instance, flattened ears can also indicate a cat is anxious or scared. However, the presence of all five changes simultaneously and consistently is a strong indicator of pain.

Next Steps After Scoring

“If there is any concern whatsoever that a cat is in pain, a visit to the veterinarian is in order,” says Dr. Carter.

“True, potentially life-threatening emergency situations would be pain associated with urination or known injuries,” she says. She adds that if a cat vocalizes or winces when touched, they should also be evaluated right away. When in doubt, it’s always best to have your vet examine your cat — better safe than sorry! 

Be prepared to share the following information with your vet:

• Your cat’s grimace scale score
• Any behavioral changes like reduced appetite or mobility issues
• Videos or photos showing behaviors or areas of concern
• Potential sources of pain/distress

Your vet will examine your cat, assess the findings, and determine if pain medication, treatment, or further diagnosis is recommended based on the pain score and clinical signs.

Pain Relief for Cats and Recovery Tips

“Effective pain management in cats involves a multimodal approach, combining various strategies to address pain comprehensively,” says Dr. Gonzalez.

Though treatments vary according to a cat’s needs, Dr. Gonzales says pain management typically includes some combination of:

• Medications: Pain medications, such as NSAIDs, opioids, and local anesthetics.
• Environmental modification: Ensuring a comfortable, stress-free environment with easy access to food, water, and litter boxes.
• Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and physical rehabilitation techniques to aid recovery.
• Nutritional support: Feeding a diet that supports overall health and may include supplements that help relieve inflammation and pain.
• Monitoring and adjustment: Regularly assessing cat pain levels and adjusting the treatment plan as needed to provide optimal pain and quality of life.
• Addressing underlying causes: Identifying and treating the root causes of the pain to provide long-term relief.

During treatment, continue scoring your cat using the Feline Grimace Scale. Lower scores indicate pain control measures are working. However, if your cat’s score remains the same or increases, it’s a sign that the treatment isn’t relieving their pain. If that’s the case, talk to your vet about additional or alternative interventions.

To show how the cat pain scale works in real life, Dr. Gonzales shares this example.

“We had a cat that came in who was very upset with being handled. This was the first time we had ever seen him. His eyes were squinting and he had his head down. However, he was fine with his face and front limbs being examined,” Gonzales says.

“We found he had lumbar back pain, which was why he was so upset,” Gonzales continues. “We treated him with pain medication and anti-inflammatories. At the next visit, he was a perfect patient, head up, wide-eyed, and playful with the team.”

How to Know If Pain Becomes Unbearable

In some cases, a cat’s pain may plateau at severe levels despite pain treatment. This can indicate their medical condition is too advanced or painful to manage effectively with available therapies.

When a good quality of life seems unattainable, you may need to have an honest discussion with your vet about your next steps. Deciding when it’s time to say goodbye to your beloved cat is never easy. But a cat pain scale can help reveal when your cat is enduring persistent, unrelenting pain. This insight can be helpful when making the difficult but humane decision to end a cat’s suffering through euthanasia.

Shedding Light on Hidden Cat Pain Signs

Cats have been hiding signs of pain for millennia. Though scientists haven’t cracked the feline pain code yet, tools like the cat pain scale can help us improve cat welfare. Assessing your pet’s pain in real time can lead to early diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective pain relief. 

So keep a keen eye on those whiskers and expressive eyes. A grimace may speak volumes about your cat’s hidden hurts — and provide a path toward compassionate, tailored care.

The post Cat Pain Scale: How to Assess Feline Pain appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Initially, the signs of cerebral meningitis in cats are vague—tiredness, loss of appetite, hiding—the same symptoms of almost every cat illness. This is why it is important to have your cat evaluated by a veterinarian. The sooner meningitis can be diagnosed and treated, the more likely a good outcome is for your cat. 

What Is Feline Meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the layer of protective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. That tissue is called the meninges. The suffix -itis means inflammation. Often if there is swelling of the meninges, there is also swelling of the brain it protects. Inflammation of the brain tissue is called encephalitis. Together, inflammation of both the brain and meninges is called meningoencephalitis. If the spinal cord tissue is also involved, it’s called meningoencephalomyelitis. 

Many of the causes of feline meningitis are infectious. Therefore, cats who spend time outside are at highest risk for meningitis. Those who are unvaccinated and live outdoors are at highest risk for contagious meningitis. There are no breed or sex differences in risk, although there does appear to be a genetic predisposition for the autoimmune (non-infectious) form of the disease. Meningitis is not directly transmissible between cats, although those who share an environment are also likely to share exposures to organisms that cause meningitis.

What Causes Meningitis in Cats?

There are many infectious causes of meningitis in cats, including bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, tick-borne diseases, and single-celled organisms called protozoa. In cats, bacterial meningitis is more rare than the other infectious origins. Other brain disorders in cats can be caused by these same types of pathogens. Meningitis may also be caused by some types of chemicals or toxins. The final category of causes of meningitis in cats is auto-immune disease. Sometimes, despite diagnostic testing, a cause for feline meningitis cannot be determined. These cases are considered idiopathic, meaning no cause is known.

Types of Meningitis in Cats

There are several types of meningitis in cats, including:

Auto-immune: An overreaction of the immune system causes inflammation of the meninges. This type of meningitis can usually be treated with corticosteroid drugs. 

Bacterial: Bacterial meningitis is more common in livestock than pets.

Fungal: Fungal meningitis can be localized to the brain and spinal cord or can be a result of disseminated infection, meaning the fungus is found all over the body. 

Viral: This is the most common cause of meningitis in cats. Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Feline Leukemia Virus are both known to reach the brain and cause meningitis. Viral meningitis carries a grave prognosis—it is generally a fatal disease. 

Protozoal: Protozoa are single-celled organisms. They can arrive in the meninges through the nose, ears, bloodstream, or open wounds. Protozoal meningitis can sometimes be effectively treated with antibiotics. 

Parasitic: Parasites (for example roundworms, bot flies, etc.) can find their way into the meninges and cause localized inflammation and/or infection. Parasitic meningitis is typically treated with anthelmintic medications as well as antibiotics. 

Idiopathic: When no cause of meningitis can be found, it is called idiopathic. Unfortunately, idiopathic meningitis has a poor prognosis. 

What Are Signs of Meningitis in Cats?

The symptoms of meningitis in cats vary widely from minimal to severe, from slow onset to rapid progression, and from specifically neurologic to non-specific whole body signs. 

The most common signs of meningitis are fever, neck pain, muscle spasms, and severe pain that is difficult to localize. More specific signs include a head tilt, walking in circles, and loss of balance. Other signs include lethargy, blindness, abnormal movements, paralysis, behavior changes, seizures, and coma. 

The signs of meningitis depend on the location of the swelling, whether around the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, or multiple locations. The symptoms do not differ between the causes of meningitis, which is part of what makes diagnosis difficult. 

To recap, here is a list of signs of meningitis in cats:

• Fever
• Pain
• Muscle spasm
• Blindness
• Inability to walk or poor balance
• Abnormal gait
• Lethargy
• Seizures
• Abnormal body movements
• Head bobbing and other abnormal head movements
• Head tilt
• Agitation or changes in behavior
• Weakness
• Coma

Diagnosing Feline Meningitis

The diagnosis of meningitis in cats starts with a thorough history and physical exam. Bloodwork and X-rays are useful to rule out the presence of other more common illnesses and injuries. The specific tests required to diagnose meningitis are evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, the fluid that goes around and through the brain) and an MRI to confirm the presence of inflammation. These tests may be ordered when bloodwork and X-rays of the body appear to be normal but a cat has persistent or progressive neurologic signs. 

Cat Meningitis Treatment Options

The treatment for meningitis in cats depends on the cause. Whether antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, or antiparasitics are required is based on the results of the CSF analysis. The success of treatment depends on the cause and how quickly treatment is initiated. It can vary widely. Some cats return to normal with treatment, while other cats get no relief from treatment or may even worsen. 

Auto-immune and idiopathic forms of meningitis are treated with steroid medication. All forms of meningitis in cats require supportive care: fluids, feeding assistance, and pain control to give the specific medication time to take effect. Sometimes these cats can be treated at home, but most cats with meningitis require at least some amount of hospitalization until their symptoms can be managed. 

Prognosis for Cats With Meningitis

Immune-mediated, tick-borne, and protozoal forms of meningitis have the best likelihood of a positive outcome, although overall the prognosis for any type of meningitis in cats is still guarded. The other forms of meningitis, such as bacterial, fungal, and viral, carry a poor prognosis. Getting your cat into the vet at the first sign of a problem can go a long way to helping them get better. 

Cost to Treat Meningitis in Cats

The cost to diagnose and treat meningitis in cats varies but it is a significant financial investment due to the cost of diagnostic testing and hospitalization. An MRI and CSF analysis can cost $3,000-$6,000. Hospitalization is in the range of $1,000-$3,000 per day. Some cats may only require a few days while other cats may require weeks in the hospital in order to adequately manage their pain. 

How to Prevent Meningitis in Cats

While there is nothing a pet parent can do to prevent meningitis specifically, keeping your cat indoors and up to date on vaccines significantly reduces the risk of meningitis. 

The post Meningitis in Cats: Signs, Causes, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Although the chances of your cat having a stroke are low, it will be helpful for you to know the symptoms of strokes in cats and how to respond in case your cat has one and needs help.

Can Cats Have Strokes?

Yes, cats can have strokes, but it’s unlikely. Strokes in cats are classified according to how the stroke occurred:

Ischemic stroke. A blood clot either forms in one of the brain’s blood vessels (thrombus) or travels from another part of the body to the blood vessel in the brain (embolus).

Hemorrhagic. One of the brain’s blood vessels bursts. Leakage from the damaged vessel increases pressure within the brain and damages brain tissue.

Within these two broad classifications, many underlying health conditions, including those listed below, can cause a cat’s stroke. However, in most cases of cat strokes, the cause is unknown.

• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Kidney disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Migrating parasites
• High blood pressure
• Cancer that has spread to the brain

Any breed of cat can have a stroke. Strokes usually occur in adult cats around 9 years of age (1), but they can occur at any age.

Symptoms of a Stroke in a Cat

Cat stroke symptoms appear suddenly and are at their worst within the first 24 hours after the stroke occurs. Several factors determine the severity of stroke symptoms in cats, including: 

• Area of brain tissue damage
• Extent of brain tissue damage
• How long the brain has been deprived of blood and oxygen

Here’s a list of common symptoms of strokes in cats:

• Blindness
• Unequal pupil sizes
• Rapidly moving pupils
• Muscle spasms
• Weakness
• Head tilt
• Seizures
• Circling
• Arched body
• Stumbling
• Disorientation
• Sudden collapse
• Abrupt behavioral changes 
• Head pressing against a wall

The stroke symptoms related to the eyes (unequal pupil sizes, rapid pupil movement, blindness) occur because the nerves that control eye movement and vision originate in the brain. The eyes will be affected if brain damage from a stroke occurs near these nerves.

The brain plays an essential role in muscle movement and coordination. A stroke will affect your cat’s ability to walk and move about normally. If your cat is having a stroke, you will likely see symptoms like stumbling, circling, and muscle spasms.

The brain also plays a key role in a cat’s behavior. Brain damage from a stroke could cause abrupt changes in behavior. For example, a cat who is usually docile and laid back may suddenly become aggressive and act out of character. You may also see unusual behavior like head pressing.

Be aware that many of these symptoms also occur with other neurologic conditions in cats, like vestibular disease, which affects a cat’s balance and coordination. 

What to Do If You Suspect Your Cat is Having a Stroke

If you think that your cat is having a stroke, act quickly. Take your cat to your veterinarian immediately for diagnosis and treatment. Strokes can cause permanent brain damage and possibly be fatal, so do not waste time getting your cat to your vet.

Because the symptoms of strokes in cats resemble those of other neurologic conditions, your vet will need to rule out these other diseases. First, your vet will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your cat. Provide your vet with as many details as possible, such as those listed below:

• Signs that you noticed
• When the signs started
• Current medical conditions
• Any history of neurologic issues, including previous strokes

Your vet will then do diagnostic testing to confirm that your cat is having a stroke. This diagnostic work-up includes basic lab work, such as bloodwork, a fecal exam, and urinalysis. This lab work can help identify underlying diseases, such as kidney disease or diabetes, that could contribute to a stroke.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, which is the fluid in the brain and spinal cord, can also help diagnose strokes. A blood test called a D-dimer test can help identify abnormal blood clots that may have caused the stroke.

Advanced diagnostic testing, such as CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), can detect brain abnormalities. Your vet would likely need to refer you to another facility for advanced imaging.

The earlier that treatment starts (ideally within the first 24 hours of the stroke), the better the chances of survival and recovery. Treatment is supportive and requires hospitalization. Here is a list of treatments for cats having a stroke:

• Oxygen supplementation
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Seizure medications, if necessary
• Feeding/adequate nutrition
• Treating underlying conditions
• Assistance with peeing and pooping
• Physical therapy
• General comfort

Cat Stroke Prognosis

With early treatment, most cats having a stroke will recover and regain most of their motor skills. Also, cats with relatively mild symptoms and good overall health tend to recover well after a stroke. 

However, successful treatment is not guaranteed, especially if the underlying cause cannot be identified and treated. Delayed treatment can also make a good recovery less likely because of the potential for significant and possibly permanent brain damage. In these cases, cats who survive will likely have permanent motor deficits.

Your vet will be able to determine your cat’s prognosis after examining and diagnosing your cat and observing how they respond to treatment. If your vet was able to pinpoint the underlying cause of your cat’s stroke, your cat may need lifelong therapy to manage that condition and prevent another stroke.

Quality of life is reasonably good for cats who recover well from a stroke, but life could be more difficult for cats whose symptoms were severe and who permanently lost some of their motor skills.

Reference

1. Altay, Ulrike Michal et al. “Feline cerebrovascular disease: clinical and histopathologic findings in 16 cats.” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association vol. 47,2 (2011): 89-97. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5480

The post 14 Cat Stroke Symptoms to Watch For appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If this medical emergency occurs, pet parents don’t want to spend time worrying about associated costs and whether they will be able to afford them. Pet parents should be aware of payment options, such as the CareCredit credit card, that are available to pay for veterinary costs.*

Here we will discuss what a cat urinary blockage is, various costs associated with diagnosis and treatment, and ways pet parents can afford the necessary care if this veterinary emergency occurs. 

Cat Urinary Blockage: Is It an Emergency?

A urinary blockage occurs when something blocks the urethra, which is the small tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. A urethral plug or urinary stone is the most common cause for obstruction. This obstruction prevents the cat from urinating to remove toxins from the body. 

Male cats are at an increased risk of urinary blockages. Young males and senior males are most commonly affected. 

When your cat is unable to pee, it is a medical emergency that should be addressed by a veterinarian immediately. Without prompt treatment, urinary blockages can lead to dangerously high potassium levels, kidney failure, and toxin buildup within the bloodstream. It may cause sudden death in severe cases. 

Urinary Blockage in Cats Treatment: How Much Is It?

Treating a urinary blockage in cats can be costly. The cost of hospitalization and surgery to remove a urinary obstruction can range from $1,500-$4,500.²

Although individual costs will vary based on veterinary hospital and geographic region, pet parents can expect to pay for the following necessary interventions: 

• Physical exam: A veterinarian will do a thorough physical exam, including checking the heart and lungs, hydration status, and alertness. Cost: $50-$150.
• Bloodwork: The veterinarian will check the cat’s overall health with a blood sample, paying close attention to kidney values, electrolytes, and pH. Cost: $175-$250.
• Sedation/anesthesia: To unblock the cat, sedation or general anesthesia is necessary. Cost: $100-$200.
• Catheterization: A veterinarian gently passes a urinary catheter through the urethra to relieve the obstruction and empty the bladder. This catheter stays in place for a few days and must be cleaned regularly. Cost: $50-$150.
• Urinalysis: Urine is examined to check for abnormalities, such as bacteria or crystals. Cost: $50-$100.
• Hospitalization: Cats with urinary blockages need to be hospitalized for several days to receive fluids and other supportive care. Cost: $1,500 and up.

Even after successful treatment, cats may re-obstruct in the future, causing additional unexpected costs to pet parents. 

Cat Urinary Blockage Cost: 9 Ways to Pay

Fortunately, pet parents have numerous ways to pay for their cat’s urinary blockage treatment or surgery. Here is a list of some options: 

Apply for a credit card

Credit cards can help pet parents to make budget-friendly monthly payments over time. The CareCredit pet and health care card credit card is a popular option to use for veterinary expenses. It can help you pay for the critical care your cat needs, at veterinary locations in the network.*

Proactively set up and contribute to an emergency fund

An emergency fund is helpful for all of life’s unexpected events, including veterinary emergencies. Cats who have recurrent urinary blockages can quickly accumulate expenses that must be covered. Having an emergency fund relieves some stress for pet parents.

Discuss payment plan options with a hospital manager

Some veterinary hospitals offer payment plans or installations for large medical bills. The hospital manager can educate pet parents on available options. 

Apply for a personal loan through a bank

Many banks offer personal loans to consumers for a variety of reasons. Pet parents may use this option, but it may come with high interest rates. 

Proactively get pet insurance and submit claims to offset costs

Most pet insurance plans do not cover pre-existing conditions, therefore it is critical to establish coverage as soon as possible. This will be especially helpful if cat urinary blockages become a recurring condition.

Ask friends and family for financial assistance

Pet parents can enlist the help of family and close friends who may be willing to provide a loan to cover veterinary bills. 

Borrow from a retirement account

Pet parents can choose to withdraw a sum of money early from a retirement account to offset unexpected costs. However, there are usually additional fees associated with withdrawing money early that pet parents should be aware of. 

Start a crowdfunding campaign

Many online platforms are available for pet parents to collect donations from the community for medical expenses. GoFundMe is an option to consider. 

Apply for a grant from a charitable organization

Some organizations keep funds specifically for animals experiencing emergencies. Pet parents can inquire about options from various local charities. 

In Conclusion

Pet parents shouldn’t have to worry about how they will pay for unexpected veterinary bills if their cat has a urinary blockage. Because these expenses can add up quickly, it is ideal for pet parents to have a plan in place ahead of time. Thankfully, a variety of payment options do exist to help pay for the costs associated with these emergency conditions. 

References: 

1. O’Hara, Kate. “Urethral Obstruction in Cats.” MSPSCA Angell. Retrieved from https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/urethral-obstruction-in-cats/
2. Bauhaus, Jean Marie. “Cat UTIs: Common Symptoms and Treatment Options.” CareCredit Well U. Feb. 2024. Retrieved from https://www.carecredit.com/well-u/pet-care/cat-uti/

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

This information is shared solely for your convenience. Neither Synchrony nor any of its affiliates, including CareCredit, make any representations or warranties regarding the products described, and no endorsement is implied. You are urged to consult with your individual veterinarian with respect to any professional advice presented.

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The most common cause of high blood sugar in cats is diabetes. Diabetes treatment for cats typically includes daily medication, such as Bexacat or insulin, as well as properly timed feedings and regular exercise. 

In this article, we’ll cover what high blood sugar is, and what your veterinarian will do if they suspect your cat has high blood sugar. 

What Is High Blood Sugar in Cats?

Your cat’s body runs on glucose, just like the human body. The glucose level in the blood is tightly controlled by feedback mechanisms. This is called glucose homeostasis.

When glucose is absorbed from the gut after eating, an organ called the pancreas recognizes the higher glucose levels and produces insulin. This hormone moves extra glucose into cells where it can be used or stored, keeping the glucose in the blood at safe levels. When blood glucose gets low, the pancreas releases a different hormone called glucagon that tells the liver to release glucose again. This raises the level in the blood back to normal. 

If this control mechanism breaks down, cats can have high blood sugar for a long period of time. The most common reason for this to happen is diabetes. Cats get type 2 diabetes, meaning their pancreas produces insulin but their cells don’t respond normally to it. This causes them to have high glucose in the blood, but because the cells aren’t responding, they are unable to get the glucose into the cells to be used as energy. 

What Is Dangerously High Blood Sugar for a Cat?

A cat’s normal blood glucose is 60–160 mg/dL. With stress, this might rise above normal, but it should drop down again within an hour or two. Sustained levels of over 160 mg/dL are abnormal and should be investigated. 

However, diabetic cats often have a blood sugar of over 400 mg/dL. This is a dangerously high blood sugar for a cat. With this much glucose in the blood, the pancreas will be getting exhausted from trying to produce insulin to counteract the hyperglycemia. In addition, the cells of the body will be starting to starve, as they won’t be getting enough glucose. 

The body recognizes the cells are struggling and starts to break down fat for energy instead. This causes chemicals called ketones to build up in the body, which can lead to serious, life-threatening illness.

Causes of High Blood Sugar in Cats

The most common cause of persistent high blood sugar in cats is diabetes mellitus, usually just called diabetes. Diabetes in cats is fairly common, affecting approximately 1 in 200 cats, particularly males and cats of specific breeds, like Norwegian Forest Cats and Burmese (1).

Temporary, mild rises in blood sugar can be seen at times of acute stress, such as during a vet visit. This is called stress hyperglycemia and is why vets will never assume a cat has diabetes from a single high blood glucose reading. Instead, they will check urine samples and other blood values to prove the blood sugar is staying high.

Symptoms of High Blood Sugar in Cats

In cats who get a mild blood sugar rise when visiting the vet, you’re unlikely to see any symptoms. But cats with long-term high blood sugar levels caused by diabetes experience symptoms such as drinking more and urinating more. You might also notice:

• Weight loss 
• Appetite changes (excessive hunger or no interest in food)
• Blood in the urine (caused by urinary infection)
• Changes in normal grooming, leading to an untidy coat

When blood sugar gets dangerously high and diabetic ketoacidosis develops, you might also see:

• Vomiting
• Lethargy, weakness, or low energy
• Collapse

If you suspect your cat has high blood sugar, you should take them to a veterinarian. If you suspect there could be dangerously high blood sugar, you should contact the nearest open veterinarian as an emergency.

Diagnosing High Blood Sugar in Cats

Hyperglycemia is usually diagnosed with a blood test. Only a tiny amount of blood is needed. The veterinarian may just prick your cat’s paw and collect the blood on a small strip of paper, which is read by a machine. However, a diagnosis of hyperglycemia doesn’t mean much on its own, and the underlying cause will need to be found. 

A physical exam will give clues, but the main results come from blood and urine tests. Alongside the blood glucose test, a fructosamine blood test can help to differentiate transient, stress-induced hyperglycemia from a more severe hyperglycemia caused by diabetes.

Urine tests can also show the presence of glucose, which again points to diabetes rather than a mild and acute high blood sugar caused by stress. Your vet will also check for evidence of a secondary urine infection, which is common in cats with diabetes.

How to Treat High Blood Sugar in Cats

If your cat is diagnosed with high blood sugar, treatment is essential. Without treatment, the blood sugar will continue to rise to dangerously high levels, and they will get diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This is an emergency, as DKA can quickly become fatal. Prompt treatment not only avoids this potential, but it also increases the chance of a cat going into diabetic remission. Remission means their diabetes goes away and they no longer need treatment. With treatment, about 1 in 3 diabetic cats go into remission (2), according to a recent paper. However, some cats then relapse.

There are two main treatment options for high blood sugar in cats: insulin injections and insulin alternatives.

Insulin Alternatives for Cats with High Blood Sugar

There are now needle-free alternatives to insulin, such as Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets), that are given orally. Bexacat blocks the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose, meaning extra glucose from the blood exits the body in the urine. Since this tablet is given only once a day, and the dosing is simple, it’s generally easier for pet parents to manage than insulin injections. It’s also slightly less intensive, monitoring-wise. However, Bexacat can’t be used in cats who have already started treatment on insulin — it’s only suitable for new cases of high blood sugar in otherwise healthy cats.

Insulin Injections for Cats with High Blood Sugar

Cats taking insulin require regular injections, either once or twice daily, depending on the product and individual cat response. Although most cats tolerate these regular injections, it can still be difficult for some pet parents to manage. Insulin treatment can also be risky (overdose and underdose are both dangerous), which means intensive monitoring may be needed to find the correct dose. This also makes insulin treatment expensive.

Diets for Cats with High Blood Sugar

Prescription diets can help with high blood sugar in cats. These high-fiber diets help to prevent a blood sugar spike after eating. This helps the body regulate blood glucose levels. While prescription diets may be helpful, they generally can’t be used alone. One study found that more cats achieved remission if fed a low-carbohydrate wet diet than a prescription diabetes diet (2). It’s best to discuss diabetes diets with your veterinarian before making any changes.

General Cost of Treating High Blood Sugar in Cats 

Diabetes can be expensive to treat. In addition to medication costs, cats with diabetes generally need repeated blood sugar checks and visits to the veterinarian. Generally, costs are highest in the first couple of weeks, during diagnosis and when cats need more regular checks. That said, high blood sugar can still be expensive to treat.

In general, you can expect high blood sugar in cats to cost $500-$1,000 in the first month of diagnosis, and then usually around $150-$300 per month thereafter.

How to Prevent High Blood Sugar in Cats

Obese cats are more likely to get diabetes. Maintaining a healthy body weight, and treating cats as soon as possible if they gain weight, is key to preventing high blood sugar in cats. In cats of a normal weight, there is some suggestion that a predominantly dry diet may increase the risk of high blood sugar developing (3). However, the link isn’t clear, so preventing high blood sugar is not a reason to change your cat’s diet if they’re doing well on it. It’s far more important to make sure your cat gets plenty of water and exercise.

Summary

Persistently high blood sugar in cats (also called hyperglycemia) is not normal and should be investigated. The most common cause is diabetes. If left untreated, cats can develop diabetic ketoacidosis, a severe and life-threatening condition. There are several ways to treat feline hyperglycemia. If you suspect your cat might have high blood glucose, talk to your veterinarian.

Related Conditions 

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• Obesity
• Diabetes 

References

1. O’Neill, D G et al. “Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus among 193,435 Cats Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 30,4 (2016): 964-72. doi:10.1111/jvim.14365
2. Rothlin-Zachrisson, Ninni et al. “Survival, remission, and quality of life in diabetic cats.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 37,1 (2023): 58-69. doi:10.1111/jvim.16625
3. Öhlund, M et al. “Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 31,1 (2017): 29-35. doi:10.1111/jvim.14618

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Read on to better understand what might cause changes in cat glucose levels and what pet parents can do about it.

What Is a Normal Cat Glucose Level?

Each individual cat will have a slightly different glucose level, and this fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels also fluctuate from day to day, so your cat will not have the same levels one day as they will the next.

Typically, all cats should have glucose readings over 60 mg/dL. Any kind of stress could increase glucose in the blood — even something as simple as having a visitor over to your home. The high end of glucose readings for a healthy, low-stress cat would be around 160 mg/dL. However, cats who are stressed can increase glucose to 250 mg/dL. This is not technically abnormal unless it is always this high. Once cats reach a glucose of 300 mg/dL, they will start to show symptoms of having too much glucose.

No matter the size of your cat, the normal range of glucose in the bloodstream should be the same. In kittens under 4 weeks of age, having low glucose is much more dangerous and happens more frequently. This is because small kittens do not have the same metabolism or reserves (not a lot of extra fat or places to store glucose).

Cat Glucose Levels Chart

What Causes High Glucose Levels in Cats?

There are multiple causes of high glucose or hyperglycemia in cats. The most common is stress, which is a normal physiologic response to any stress in life. Four other possible causes include:

Medications. There are several medications, especially ones used to induce anesthesia or to sedate, that will cause a spike in glucose. Steroids may cause an increase as well. Studies show that cats treated with very high doses of steroids for immunosuppression (1) are likely to develop a significant increase, whereas cats treated with lower anti-inflammatory doses do not (2).

Diabetes mellitus. The most common cause of persistent or chronic increase in glucose in cats, diabetes mellitus occurs either due to the lack of insulin in the body or the body no longer responds to insulin properly (known as insulin resistance). 

After eating. All cats will experience a normal increase in glucose after eating. It is uncommon for cats to have such an increase that the values go above normal. In one study (3), 17 percent of dogs had glucose higher than “normal range” after eating.

Pregnancy. Late in pregnancy, hormones change the body’s response to insulin. This will resolve in most cats very soon after giving birth.

Symptoms of High Glucose Levels in Cats

Most cats will have temporary increases in glucose and no symptoms will be noted. Cats with prolonged relatively high glucose levels will show symptoms such as:

• Increased urine produced and increased thirst
• Increased appetite
• Decreased weight
• Less active
• Poor fur coat due to decreased grooming
• Enlarged (distended) belly

Treatment for High Glucose Levels in Cats

If the increase in glucose is due to stress of disease, such as an infection in the body, the treatment for high glucose is treating the underlying issue. However, cats with prolonged hyperglycemia may receive treatments such as:

Change in diet. Low carbohydrate and high protein diets are a staple in any cat experiencing chronic increases in glucose. Dry food as well as canned diets that are chunky have higher carbohydrates, so canned pate diets with particularly low carbohydrate levels are best.

Weight loss. Similar to humans, obese cats will have a better metabolism and their bodies will better respond to insulin if they lose weight.

Insulin. With a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, cats are often prescribed insulin, an injection typically given twice daily to decrease levels of glucose in the blood.

Insulin alternatives. It is possible to treat diabetes in cats without insulin. Otherwise healthy cats with diabetes not previously treated with insulin may be suitable candidates for an oral medication called Bexacat (bexagliflozin tablets). Given once daily, it blocks the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose so that the glucose can leave the body when a cat urinates.

What Causes Low Glucose Levels in Cats?

There are multiple causes of low glucose or hypoglycemia in cats. Causes may include:

Too much insulin given. If your cat is being treated for diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, it is possible that the insulin dose could cause glucose to decrease too much. If your cat is taking Bexacat, there is minimal risk of low blood sugar, and there are no dosage changes during treatment.

Liver disease. Any kind of liver issue can decrease glucose because the liver is the primary place where glucose is made.

Sepsis. An infection that has invaded the bloodstream and spread throughout the body will make cats very ill, reducing their appetite and thus their glucose. Also, the body is fighting off a serious infection and will use up the glucose your cat has more quickly.

Poor nutrition. This occurs more often in very young kittens. If a kitten is sick or does not have ready access to food, their glucose can very quickly decrease. This is due to having a liver that is less capable of making more glucose and having less glucose stored in the body. Adult cats would need to experience starvation over a long period of time for this to happen.

Symptoms of Low Glucose Levels in Cats

Cats with sudden decreases in glucose instead of chronic decreases are more likely to show symptoms, such as:

• Lack of appetite
• Clumsy, stumbling, or uncoordinated
• Weakness
• Change in awareness and responses (mental status)
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Seizures

Treatment for Low Glucose Levels in Cats

Treatment for low glucose involves supportive care and treating the underlying issue. Cats with symptoms of hypoglycemia are very sick and require emergency treatment by a veterinary hospital. Oftentimes, the veterinarian will give an injection of dextrose to increase blood glucose right away, then they will run a variety of tests to determine an underlying cause. If you are treating your cat for diabetes mellitus with insulin injections, corn syrup or honey can be applied to your cat’s gums prior to bringing them straight to a veterinarian.

How to Check a Cat’s Blood Sugar

There are multiple ways to check blood glucose in cats. Blood glucose fluctuates or changes somewhat day to day. If your cat is stressed while measuring the blood glucose, the reading will be significantly changed. Therefore, no method of blood glucose measurement is perfectly accurate. Your veterinarian will focus on evaluating blood glucose along with any symptoms of having too much or too little glucose.

Methods of checking blood glucose in cats may include:

Glucometer. Similar to humans with diabetes, cats can have their blood glucose checked at home or in the veterinary hospital with a very tiny drop of blood. In cats, the most common place to get blood is the edge of the ear flap, or pinna.

Fructosamine. Fructosamine is essentially an average of levels of blood glucose over the previous 2-3 weeks. Your veterinarian will send this test to a laboratory if your cat had a high blood glucose reading and they are trying to decide if your cat has diabetes mellitus.

Glucose curve. When cats are treated for diabetes mellitus, it is important to record what the blood glucose is at the highest and lowest points of the day. Glucose readings are taken every 1-2 hours. This can be done at home or at the veterinary hospital, but doing it at home is preferred to limit your cat’s stress.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMs). These pieces of equipment are inserted under your cat’s skin and transmit the glucose measurement to a monitor outside of the body.

How to Manage a Cat’s Glucose Levels

Pet parents can be proactive in ensuring the long-term health of their cats. To keep glucose levels in a normal range, maintain a healthy weight for your cat. If they begin gaining weight, ask your veterinarian how much you should feed your cat to maintain a healthy weight. Provide quality cat food that is complete and balanced and limit treats, including human food. As soon as your cat’s behavior or habits change, bring them to the veterinarian. Treating any illness early on will keep your cat from developing severe changes in glucose.

References

1. Lowe, A D et al. “Clinical, clinicopathological and histological changes observed in 14 cats treated with glucocorticoids.” The Veterinary record vol. 162,24 (2008): 777-83. doi:10.1136/vr.162.24.777
2. Khelik, Imal A et al. “Clinicopathologic, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic effects of short-term oral administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone to systemically normal cats.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 80,8 (2019): 743-755. doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.8.743
3. Yi, Katarina C et al. “Effect of withholding food versus feeding on creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and other biochemical analytes in 100 healthy dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 37,2 (2023): 626-634. doi:10.1111/jvim.16630

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Determining the root cause of your kitty’s excessive itching and licking is crucial to getting them the care they need to feel better. Read on to learn what may be behind your cat’s discomfort and how to address it.

Why Is My Cat Itching and Licking So Much? 8 Common Causes

There are several potential causes of excessive licking and itching in cats. According to Dr. Colleen Lambo, DVM, a veterinarian with the national mobile pet care service The Vets, the top three reasons are parasites, allergies, and psychological factors. Let’s break down these common causes below.

Flea Allergy Dermatitis 

According to Dr. Carol Osborne, DVM, founder of Chagrin Falls Veterinary Center & Pet Clinic, flea bites are by far the most common allergy affecting cats, especially when the temperature outside is warm. These tiny parasites bite and feed on your cat’s blood, during which they inject a small amount of saliva into the cat’s skin. The proteins in the saliva can trigger an allergic reaction on the cat’s skin known as flea allergy dermatitis (FAD).

This condition leads to intense scratching, excessive grooming and sometimes hair loss, says Dr. Lambo. Flea allergy dermatitis also causes a unique skin condition in cats called military dermatitis that results in small crusty bumps all over the body. The constant scratching and licking can further damage the skin, resulting in open sores and secondary yeast and bacterial infections.

Cats can get fleas through contact with other flea-infested animals, such as other cats, dogs, or wildlife. They can also pick up fleas from contaminated outdoor and indoor environments including grass, carpet, throw rugs, leaf litter, mulch, and bedding where flea eggs, larvae, or adult fleas are present. Fleas can and do easily jump onto cats and dogs from these surfaces, leading to an infestation.

Mites

Mites are microscopic parasites that chew on and burrow into a cat’s skin, causing intense irritation and itching. Certain types of mites can cause a skin disease called mange that can lead to significant hair loss, skin redness, and the development of scabs and lesions due to persistent scratching. Other types of mites, like ear mites, can cause itching around the ears and head, leading to excessive scratching or head shaking, explains Dr. Lambo. Symptoms associated with ear mites also include black debris in ears and secondary ear infections. 

Like fleas, cats can contract mites through direct contact with infected animals or a contaminated environment. Additionally, kittens can contract mites from their mother during grooming and nursing.

Ringworm 

Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm but rather a group of fungi called dermatophytes that infect the skin, hair, and nails. This fungal infection can cause significant irritation and discomfort, leading cats to persistently scratch and lick the affected areas.

Ringworm typically presents as circular patches of hair loss with red, scaly skin, but it can also show up as irregular red skin lesions, overall hair loss, or no symptoms at all! Ringworm fungi thrive in warm, moist environments and are highly contagious to other cats, pets, and people, spreading through direct contact with an infected animal or contaminated objects like bedding, grooming tools, or furniture.

Environmental Allergies

If your cat is itching but doesn’t have fleas or other parasites, an environmental allergy could be to blame. This occurs when a cat’s immune system has a hypersensitive reaction to substances in their surroundings, such as pollen, dust mites, or mold. These allergens can cause skin irritation, leading your cat to excessively lick, chew, or itch themselves.  

Food Allergies

Certain ingredients in your cat’s diet, such as beef, dairy, or grains, can trigger an allergic reaction. Dr. Lambo says this reaction often manifests as intensely itchy skin, typically affecting the ears, face, and paws. Cats with ingredient sensitivities often have digestive signs as well as skin signs. Chronic licking and scratching can lead to hair loss and skin infections if the food allergy is not identified and managed.

Contact Dermatitis

Contact dermatitis occurs when a cat’s skin reacts to substances it touches, such as certain chemicals in cleaning products, fabrics, plants, or topical shampoos or medications. This causes localized itching and redness. The cat’s attempts to soothe the irritation through licking and scratching can lead to further skin damage and infection.

Secondary Skin Infections

Secondary skin infections can develop as a result of excessive scratching and licking. Bacteria and yeast live normally on skin, but when a cat has allergies or external parasites, the microorganisms on the skin can overgrow, causing itching, pimples, pustules, hair loss, skin redness, and odor. Skin infections require treatment for the infection and the contributing underlying skin disorder.

Psychological Issues

If parasites or allergies aren’t the root of your cat’s licking and itching, consider their mental health. “Cats may excessively groom or lick themselves as a response to stress, anxiety, or boredom,” says Dr. Lambo. “This behavior can become compulsive and lead to skin irritation or hair loss over time.”

Diagnosing the Causes of Cat Itching and Licking

Excessive itching and licking typically indicate underlying health issues that require professional diagnosis and treatment. A veterinarian will determine the cause and provide appropriate solutions to relieve your cat’s discomfort.

According to Dr. Lambo and Dr. Osborne, veterinarians use a variety of tests to diagnose the cause of a cat’s itching and licking, including:

• Physical examination: Your vet will do a thorough physical exam to check for visible signs of fleas, mites, infections, or skin irritation.
• Skin scraping: This entails collecting skin samples to check for mites and other parasites under a microscope.
• Skin allergy testing: This procedure is done by a veterinary dermatologist, and requires sedation and shaving a testing area on the skin. In this test, the veterinarian injects small amounts of allergens under the skin to determine if the cat has allergic reactions. From the results of this test, an allergy serum can be created for ‘allergy shots’ that are intended to reduce an allergic cat’s symptoms.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can measure immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which are present when the cat has an allergic reaction. These tests, alongside skin testing for allergies, can help identify specific allergies to environmental factors, such as grass, pollen, and dust.
• Elimination diet: An elimination diet is conducted if a veterinarian suspects a food allergy. This process involves working with your veterinarian to systematically remove foods from your cat’s diet until symptoms improve. A prescription allergy food is typically prescribed during a food trial. To confirm a specific food as the culprit, the food in question is added back into the cat’s diet to see if the symptoms reappear. Any offending foods should be permanently eliminated from your cat’s diet.
• Skin culture: This test is used to diagnose ringworm and resistant bacterial infections.
• Skin biopsy: Typically done for cases of chronic skin conditions, this involves taking a small sample of your cat’s skin and sending it to a laboratory for examination.

In some complex cases, a veterinarian may refer pet parents to a board-certified veterinary dermatologist, says Dr. Lambo. These specialists have advanced training in diagnosing and treating complex skin conditions.

Treatment for Cat Itching and Licking (Plus, Product Recommendations)

Once the underlying cause of a cat’s excessive itching and licking has been diagnosed, your vet will provide an effective treatment plan. It may involve a combination of allergen avoidance, medical therapies, environmental changes, and preventative measures. Some common components of treatment for excessive itching and licking include:

Flea Control

Treatment for cats diagnosed with flea allergy dermatitis involves eliminating fleas and their eggs from your cat and their environment. According to Dr. Osborne, this typically entails:

• Medicated shampoo: While bathing your cat is not typically recommended to maintain their cleanliness, bathing them with a medicated shampoo can help if they’re dealing with a flea infestation. These shampoos help soothe irritated skin and remove any fleas present on your cat’s skin.
• Topical or oral flea medications: Give your cat a flea medicine, such as a spot-on treatment, oral tablet, or flea collar, to eliminate fleas and prevent re-infestation. A flea preventative should be given monthly thereafter.
• Environmental cleaning: It’s crucial to thoroughly clean your living space and clear your yard to eliminate fleas, flea eggs, and flea larvae that could re-infest your cat.

Allergy Management

Treatment for allergies depends on the type of allergy your cat is dealing with. Options may include:

• Diet change: For food allergies, switching your cat to a diet free from the offending food can eliminate symptoms.
• Avoid contact: For contact allergies, avoid exposing your cat to the allergen. For instance, if your cat is sensitive to wool, remove their access to that material.
• Environmental control: Avoiding allergens like house dust and pollen can be trickier, as they’re largely out of your control, says Dr. Osborne. You can try to minimize exposure to environmental allergens like pollen, dust mites, and mold through regular cleaning, keeping windows closed on high pollen days, and air filtration.
• Allergy medications: If environmental control is not enough to tame your cat’s symptoms, antihistamine allergy medications, such as Benadryl or chlorpheniramine, may be helpful. In more severe cases, Dr. Osborne says inhaled steroids and bronchodilators are available to bring respiratory relief that can occur in addition to itching. Additional medications such as Atopica can also be used in cats.
• Allergy shots: Dr. Osborne says allergy shots (aka allergen immunotherapy) can help reduce your cat’s allergies by desensitizing the body to the offending allergen.

Treating Infections

If secondary infections are present, they need to be addressed promptly with medication. This may include oral antimicrobials, injectable antibiotics, or topical antimicrobial medications. Your cat may also be given an anti-inflammatory medication to reduce symptoms.

Addressing Psychological Problems

For cats whose itching and licking are related to anxiety, it’s important to implement techniques to reduce stress. This may include: 

• Providing more environmental enrichment
• Establishing a routine
• Using calming products like Feliway pheromone diffusers
• Removing any controllable stressors (such as playing loud music)

In some cases, your cat may be prescribed anti-anxiety medications or supplements to help manage stress-related behaviors.

Skin Care

Certain products can help soothe your cat’s itchy skin and maintain overall good skin health. These may include:

• Supplements: Certain supplements, such as fish oil and hemp oil, are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and can reduce skin inflammation and improve skin health.
• Topicals: Using topical products like coconut oil and anti-itch cream for cats on patches of irritated, dry skin can help hydrate and provide itch relief. 
• Humidifier: If the air is dry where you live, consider using a humidifier in your home. This may help improve your cat’s dry skin.

Regular Veterinary Check-Ups

Regular check-ups with your veterinarian are essential to monitor your cat’s condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed. Continuous monitoring helps ensure the treatment is effective and allows for timely adjustments if new issues arise.

By understanding and addressing the reasons behind your cat’s itching and licking, you can help your furry friend find the comfort they deserve and keep those happy purrs coming.

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But warmer weather can usher in some unexpected hazards for our feline friends. The heat, the sun, and even the change in routine can all impact your cat’s health and well-being. And it’s not just your outdoor cat you need to worry about. Summertime dangers can affect indoor cats, too.  

To help you and your cat enjoy the sunny days ahead, here are six potential summer hazards to watch out for this summer, plus practical prevention tips to help you keep warm weather threats at bay.   

So, let’s dive in and learn how to keep our feline companions safe, cool, and happy, no matter what the season brings.

How to Protect Your Cat From Top Summer Hazards 

Nothing ruins fun in the sun like an unexpected pet injury, illness, or emergency trip to the vet. So here’s a list of six common summer dangers and how to best defend your cat against them.

Heatstroke

Depending on where you live, warmer summer weather could spell bad news for your kitty. While cats are generally good at regulating their body temperature, extreme heat could overwhelm their natural cooling capabilities and cause heatstroke. 

Heatstroke in cats can occur when their body temperature rises above 104°F (40°C), usually as a result of exposure to excessive heat. It can lead to serious health complications if not addressed promptly.

“Did you know that heatstroke is a leading cause of death in cats during the summer?” warns UK-based veterinarian Dr. Alex Crow, MRCVS. “It’s crucial to recognize the signs, such as rapid breathing, panting, and restlessness, and take action to cool them down.” Other signs to watch out for include lethargy, drooling, rapid heartbeat, and unusually red tongue and mouth.

Though outdoor cats may be more likely to develop heatstroke in the summer, indoor cats are at risk, too, especially in homes that tend to get overly warm (over 90 degrees).

To prevent heatstroke in cats, always make sure your cat has a cool, shaded area they can retreat to — both indoors and out — to escape the heat. And when summer temperatures rise, it’s a good idea to limit outdoor cat activities to the cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late evening.

If you detect symptoms of heatstroke in your cat, move them to a cooler place immediately, try to get them to drink water, and contact your vet immediately.

Dehydration

When temperatures rise, cats can become dehydrated faster than you’d expect. This is especially common in senior cats or those in poor health. Dehydration in cats can cause a range of other health issues, from kidney problems to urinary tract infections. 

To help prevent dehydration, it’s best to keep an eye on rising temps and provide plenty of opportunities for your cat to drink throughout the day. Consider placing multiple water bowls around the house or yard, using a cat water fountain, or switching to wet cat food to increase their daily water intake.  

Monitor your cat’s water bowl closely during hot weather. If you notice they’re not drinking as much as they should or detect signs of dehydration (sunken eyes, dry mouth, lethargy, or weakness), contact your vet right away for guidance. While very mild cases of cat dehydration can be treated at home, severe cases require immediate veterinary treatment. 

Parasites

Summer is the high season for many dangerous parasites, including fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and worms. Not only are these pests annoying to pets and people alike, but they can also transmit diseases to your cat. 

Remember, that threat applies to both indoor and outdoor cats. While outdoor cats face a higher risk of encountering parasites, there are plenty of ways these tiny interlopers can hitch a ride into your home. 

In many cases, it only takes one bite from a pest to infect your cat, so effective, year-round parasite prevention is your best defense against this peak summer hazard.

Parasite prevention comes in a wide range of forms, from topical treatments, to collars, to oral medications. Talk to your vet about what prevention medication offers the best defense for the parasites in your region. And to make sure you never miss a dose, sign up for a free GreatPetCare account for medication reminders, easy access to your pet’s medical records, auto-shipping, and more.

Toxic Plants and Chemicals

Got a green thumb? Summer may find you puttering in your outdoor garden or nurturing your indoor plants. But be aware that what you’re growing (and how you’re growing it) could pose a hazard to your cat.

Common outdoor plants, like lilies, azaleas, and chrysanthemums can be toxic if your cat ingests them. And most garden chemicals, like fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, are dangerous whether ingested or exposed to your cat’s skin. 

To keep your cat safe, always check the plants in your home and garden for toxicity and either make sure they’re off-limits to your cat or swap them for cat-friendly alternatives. Consider using pet-safe fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Store hazardous gardening chemicals behind locked doors. And keep your cat from rolling in recently “treated” areas…including your neighbors’ yards.

If, despite your best efforts, you suspect your cat has been exposed to a toxic plant (or are in doubt), contact your veterinarian as soon as possible to ensure quick, effective treatment. You can also call ASPCA Poison Control (888-426-4435) or the Pet Poison Helpline (855-764-7661) for guidance. But be aware that both services charge a consultation fee. 

Fireworks and Loud Noises

Summer celebrations are great. However, if they include fireworks or other loud noises, you may find yourself with a frightened feline on your hands. Not only can these scary stimuli cause stress and anxiety in cats, but they may also trigger dangerous attempts to escape. 

To keep your cat calm during noisy summer celebrations, try to create a safe, quiet space for them to retreat to in your home. You may also want to consider using calming solutions like pheromone diffusers or anxiety wraps to help them stay calm. If you know your cat is prone to anxiety, ask your veterinarian if your cat could benefit from prescription calming medications to ease the stress caused by loud fireworks.

Sunburn

Don’t let the fur fool you. Just like humans, cats can get sunburned, too. They’re especially at risk anywhere their fur is sparse and their skin is exposed. And, much like people with fairer skin, felines with light-colored fur are extra vulnerable to the sun’s damaging rays.

To protect your cat from painful sunburns and long-term health risks like skin cancer, it’s best to keep them inside when the sun’s UV rays are strongest — generally mid-morning to mid-afternoon, even on cloudy days. And if they’re going to be outside, apply pet-safe sunscreen to areas where their skin is most exposed, like their ears, nose, and belly.

If your cat does get sunburned, don’t panic! Most mild sunburns can be treated at home with some expert guidance from your vet. Depending on how much discomfort your cat is in, your vet may recommend cold compresses, pain relievers, or anti-inflammatories to ease the pain and heal your cat’s burned skin. For more severe sunburns, however, or if the skin is broken or blistered, immediate veterinary treatment is best.

Summer is a wonderful time of year, but it’s important to be mindful of the unique dangers it can bring to our feline friends. By remaining aware of these potential hazards, taking proactive steps to prevent them, and setting up your free GreatPetCare account, you will help your feline friend stay safe and enjoy all the best this sunny season has to offer. 

The post Cat Summer Safety Tips: 6 Dangers to Avoid appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered! From grooming routines to travel tips, here’s your guide to helping your cat enjoy the best summer has to offer.

Cat Summer Adventure Tips for Indoor and Outdoor Cats

Whether you’re staycationing at home or exploring the world this summer, some thoughtful planning and prep can help make the season a success for you and your cat.

Here are some top tips to consider before you hit the road (or chillax close to home) with your favorite feline this summer.

1. Visit your vet to prep for summer fun

Before embarking on any summer adventure with your cat, it’s important to schedule a visit to the veterinarian. Your vet can make sure your pet is up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative medications, in case your travel exposes your cat to new pests or illnesses. And, if you’re flying with your cat, some airlines may require updated health record showing your cat is fit to travel. Pro tip: For stress-free travel, sign up for a free GreatPetCare account to keep all your cat’s important health details at your fingertips.

2. Keep them groomed to beat the heat

Cats naturally shed more during warmer months to help regulate their temperature. You can help your cat stay cool and comfortable by keeping their coat well-groomed. Brush your cat regularly with a deshedding brush to remove excess fur and prevent matting. You may also want to consider using soothing shampoos specifically formulated for cats to address any seasonal skin issues they may experience during the summer.

3. Get ready (and protected) for the Great Outdoors

Summer can be the perfect time to explore the world around you. And as long as you take proper precautions, even indoor cats can benefit from outdoor adventures. Wherever you roam, ensure your cat is microchipped and wears a collar with identification tags in case they get lost. Invest in a harness and leash for supervised outings. Don’t forget to pack a portable water and food bowl to keep them hydrated and nourished while on the go. And even if you don’t intend to spend too much time in the great outdoors with your cat, remember that both indoor and outdoor cats need year-round protection from fleas, ticks, and other parasites. So be sure your cat is protected before you start adventuring!

4. Chill out with cool treats

A bit of sunshine is nice, but high summer temps can be hazardous to your cat’s health. Indoor or out, help them beat the summer heat with delicious and refreshing treats! Consider making kitty popsicles (or cubes) using cat-safe ingredients like tuna or low-sodium chicken broth. And if you and your cat will be outside for extended periods, you’ll need to take some extra precautions.

“For outdoor cats, make sure they have access to shaded areas, fresh water, and regular check-ups,” advises UK-based veterinarian Dr. Alex Crow, MRCVS. He adds that you should keep your cat indoors during the hottest part of the day (usually between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.) to prevent skin cancer and heatstroke.

5. Plan for indoor adventures, too

When the outdoor temperatures become too hot to handle, keep your cat entertained with indoor activities. “Cats need to stay active and engaged to prevent boredom and stress,” explains Dr. Crow. You can create an obstacle course using household items like boxes and tunnels to stimulate their mind and body. Or opt for interactive toys and puzzle feeders designed to stimulate their instincts. (Maybe paired with a tasty incentive, like Greenies cat treats!) Some pet parents set up a designated window perch for bird watching or even an indoor/outdoor option like a catio to encourage play. Keep in mind that even indoor activities could put cats at risk of overheating. So watch for signs of heat exhaustion in your cat, even when indoors.

6. Prep a First Aid Kit

It’s always a good idea to have a travel first aid kit on hand in case your cat gets hurt when you’re away from home. But before you and your cat hit the road for summer fun, be sure to stock up on essentials, as well as solutions to common summertime hazards and concerns, like burn cream for scorched toe beans, tweezers for removing bee stingers or trail debris, and prescription or over-the-counter pain medications to help ease any aches and pains that may accompany activities.

While you’re at it, don’t forget to set up your GreatPetCare account to keep emergency contact numbers for your veterinarian and local animal hospital easily accessible.

7. Travel jitters? Keep your kitty safe and calm

Summer is the ideal time for exploring. But if you plan to bring your feline friend along for the ride, traveling with your cat may require some extra steps. Start by getting your cat used to the carrier with treats and positive reinforcement. For cats who may experience anxiety during travel or outdoor activities, consider using calming solutions, such as pheromone sprays, calming supplements, or anti-anxiety medications prescribed by your vet to help keep them relaxed and stress-free.

With these tips and tricks in mind, you can create a summer experience that’s as enjoyable for your cat as it is for you. Summer is a great time for making memories and strengthening the bond between you and your furry friend. So, embrace the season, savor the moments, and cherish the joy of summer with your feline companion by your side!

The post 7 Tips for a Fun and Safe Cat Summer appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Cherry eye isn’t a particularly serious condition, but it can be uncomfortable for your cat. And left untreated, cherry eye can cause a number of unwanted complications. 

Here is what pet parents need to know about cherry eye in cats. 

What Is Cherry Eye?

Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian with mobile veterinary service The Vets, explains that cherry eye involves the “hypertrophy, inflammation, or prolapse” of the third eyelid’s gland that is “normally tucked away in the deeper part of the third eyelid.” 

It manifests as a “red, swollen mass at the inner corner of one or both eyes … often resembling a cherry,” Dr. Savageau says. 

Cat cherry eye is a relatively rare condition, primarily occurring in certain breeds such as Burmese and Persians. It can affect cats of any age, but generally affects younger cats, Dr. Savageau says. 

The condition is seen in both dogs and cats, but it is more common in dogs. 

What Causes Cherry Eye in Cats?

The exact cause of cherry eye in cats is unknown. However, there is likely to be a genetic component, Dr. Savageau says. That’s why certain breeds, such as Burmese and Persian cats, are more likely to get cherry eye.

However, blunt trauma to the eye and other eye diseases may also contribute to the development of this condition, Dr. Savageau adds.

Symptoms of Cherry Eye in Cats

There are many different symptoms of cherry eye in cats. Besides the redness and swelling that characterizes this condition, a cat with cherry eye may experience inflammation, discharge, and irritation. If your cat is very uncomfortable, they might try to paw at their eye or rub their eye against an object. 

Here is what you need to look out for:

• Red swelling in the inner corner of the eye
• Inflammation and/or infection that makes the redness and swelling more prominent
• Green or yellow discharge from the eye
• Eye irritation and discomfort
• Rubbing at the eye with a paw or object

Stages of Feline Cherry Eye

Feline cherry eye can start off mild but can easily worsen if left untreated. 

“Cherry eye can progress from mild swelling to a prolapsed gland,” Dr. Savageau says. “Initially, the gland may swell intermittently, but as the condition worsens, it may remain prolapsed.”

Besides mild swelling, early stage cherry eye can be characterized by the occasional protrusion of the third eyelid and slight redness. Your cat may also blink or squint when the condition begins to take hold. 

If you suspect your cat is developing cherry eye, consult your veterinarian.

Diagnosing Cherry Eye in Cats

To get an official diagnosis of cat cherry eye, you need to take your pet to the veterinarian for a physical examination. Once at the veterinary clinic, your cat will likely get an eye exam.

“Vets will assess the appearance of the affected eye and may perform additional tests if secondary complications are suspected,” Dr. Savageau says.

How to Treat Cherry Eye in Cats

The most typical treatment for cherry eye in cats is “surgical correction to reposition the gland,” Dr. Savageau says. 

“Various techniques, such as gland replacement or anchoring, may be employed to restore normal eye function,” she adds.

However, there are also a number of medications that can help with cherry eye symptoms. For instance, your veterinarian may recommend eye drops to help manage the inflammation associated with this condition. But according to Dr. Savageau, this is “not typically curative for cherry eye in cats.”

Veterinarians may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medication to help reduce swelling and discomfort. “These can be administered orally or topically, depending on the severity of the condition,” Dr. Savageau says.

As for the cost of treating cherry eye, this will depend on numerous factors, such as the severity of the condition and the chosen treatment option, Dr. Savageau says. “Generally, surgical correction can range from a few hundred to over a thousand dollars,” she says.

How to Prevent Cherry Eye in Cats

Can you prevent cat cherry eye? Since there’s a genetic component to the condition, it may not always be possible. However, Dr. Savageau says prevention could involve “selective breeding practices.”

Additionally, Dr. Savageau says pet parents should look out for early signs of cherry eye, such as eye discomfort. If you notice something wrong with your cat, call your veterinarian.

Related Conditions

If feline cherry eye is left untreated, Dr. Savageau says it can lead to complications for your cat, such as:

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcers
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (a chronic dry eye condition)

Therefore, Dr. Savageau says “prompt intervention is essential” to prevent these secondary issues from developing.

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What exactly are the dangers associated with this scenario, and what should you do if your cat ate string? Here’s what you need to know.

Why Do Cats Eat String?

A string might sound like an unappealing snack to us humans, but cats are drawn to it because of their hunting instincts. When a cat bats around a piece of string or picks it up with their mouth, the wriggling of the string can trigger their hunting instincts.

In the wild, cats follow a hunt-kill-eat cycle, often consuming their prey at the end of a hunt. Although your well-fed cat doesn’t need to hunt their food, those instincts are still built into their DNA. If they see the string as “prey,” they may feel naturally inclined to consume it after their play session.

To add to the allure, the sensation of grasping, biting, and pulling on a string can be satisfying for cats, akin to catching and manipulating prey.

There’s also a condition called pica, which compels cats (and other animals) to eat non-food items, like plastic, wood, and dirt. This behavior can stem from various factors, including boredom, stress, or nutritional deficiencies. String may inadvertently become a target for cats with pica tendencies.

It’s important to note that cats can be attracted to any type of string or string-looking object, such as:

• Dental floss
• Fishing line
• Yarn
• Holiday tinsel
• Cords attached to toys
• Ribbon
• Drawstrings from clothing
• Rubber bands
• Hair ties 

Cat Eating String: Risks to Know

The risk when cats eat string is that it can easily get wrapped around their tongue or caught at the exit of their stomach, says Dr. Cameron Smart, a veterinarian at Veterinary Emergency Group in Tampa, Florida. “When this occurs, the string becomes anchored at either location.”

When anchored, the free end of the string will trail down the remainder of the gastrointestinal tract, Dr. Smart explains. The intestines will unsuccessfully attempt to move the string down for elimination. These repeated attempts can cause something called plication, where the intestines bunch up and narrow, causing an intestinal blockage.

This is a medical emergency that requires abdominal surgery to remove the string, says Dr. Smart. In some cases, the repeated sawing motion of the string along the intestinal wall can cause a tear (aka perforation) in the intestine, he adds. This tear leads to the leakage of intestinal material into the abdomen, which, if left untreated, can cause a life-threatening, systemic infection.

Signs Your Cat Swallowed a String

Unfortunately, you may not always catch your cat in the act, leaving you unsure whether they’ve consumed string or not. However, there are certain indicators that suggest your cat may have ingested a string, including:

• Lip licking
• Pawing at their mouth
• A piece of string hanging out of their mouth or anus 
• Decreased appetite or refusal to eat  
• Vomiting or dry heaving
• Straining to defecate or diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Unwillingness to lay down or inability to get comfortable  
• Lethargy
• Dehydration (due to vomiting, diarrhea, and/or inability to keep food/water down)

My Cat Ate String: What to Do Next

If you saw your cat eat a string or suspect they did, don’t wait for symptoms to start — call your veterinarian or your local emergency animal hospital immediately for advice. While not always possible, knowing how much string your cat consumed is helpful information. 

“Typically, a string less than an inch can pass independently without intervention,” says Dr. Smart. Longer pieces, though, often require medical intervention to expel or remove.

It’s important to note that you should never attempt to pull the string out of your cat, even if you see it wrapped around your cat’s tongue or protruding from their anus. Doing so can cause serious damage to your cat’s esophagus and organs. You should also never attempt to make your cat throw the string up. Instead, take your cat to the vet so the string can be safely removed.

How to Treat a Cat That Eats String

If it’s known or suspected that your cat ate string, your veterinarian will advise you to come in for an exam. While strings are not usually visible on X-rays, your vet will likely still do an abdominal X-ray to visualize the intestines and see if there are changes consistent with having eaten string, such as bunched-up intestines. 

In cases where X-rays reveal no intestinal changes — and your cat is not displaying symptoms (including no visible string in their mouth or anus) — your vet may recommend a wait-and-see approach. This entails monitoring for symptoms at home and bringing your cat to the vet immediately if any symptoms occur. 

If X-rays detect intestinal changes, your cat is showing symptoms, or the string is visible, there are a few treatment options to consider. The choice of treatment will depend on your cat’s unique situation. Your vet may give your cat medication to induce vomiting, but this is only an option if the string was consumed less than four hours before the visit, Dr. Smart says. 

If vomiting is unsuccessful, an endoscopy might be recommended, but this is only useful if the string has not yet reached the stomach or intestines. An endoscopy involves putting a tube with an attached camera and instrument down the cat’s esophagus, grabbing the string with the instrument, and carefully pulling it out of the mouth.

If an endoscopy is not feasible or successful, a surgery called a laparotomy will be recommended. This involves opening the cat’s abdomen and exploring the gastrointestinal tract to locate and remove the string.

Cats typically need to stay in the hospital for a day or two following surgery. They’ll finish recovering at home for a couple of weeks.

Cats and String: Other Tips and Advice

Prevention is best when it comes to cats and string. By taking proactive measures to minimize their access to string and similar objects, you can significantly reduce the risk of your feline companions ingesting these hazardous items. Here are some essential tips to help prevent accidental ingestion of string:

Keep string out of reach: Store sewing supplies, craft materials, and other items containing string or thread securely out of your cat’s reach. Ensure that household items like dental floss, hair ties, and ribbon are stored in cabinets or drawers inaccessible to curious felines.

Avoid string toys: Do not use string, yarn, shoelaces, or other string-like objects as play toys.

Choose safe toys: Opt for cat toys specifically designed to withstand chewing and play without easily fraying or falling apart.

Provide alternative chewing outlets: Offer your cat safe alternatives for chewing and play, such as catnip-filled toys, interactive toys, puzzle feeders, and scratching posts. These outlets satisfy their natural instincts while reducing the likelihood of seeking out string or other unsuitable items.

Remember: a little prevention now saves a lot of worry later. Let’s keep our whiskered pals safe from stringy temptations by stashing away those loose threads and opting for safer playtime options.

The post My Cat Ate String: Risks and What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

Fortunately, intestinal blockages are relatively rare in cats. A Banfield Pet study found that approximately 16 in 10,000 cats (0.16 percent) will be diagnosed with a gastrointestinal foreign body in a given year (1). Still, a small risk does not mean zero risk, and intestinal blockages can present a significant health risk in cats. 

Read on to learn more about intestinal blockage in cats, including causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What Is Intestinal Blockage?

An intestinal blockage, also known as an intestinal obstruction or bowel obstruction, occurs when the intestinal contents are unable to move normally through the intestine. By preventing movement of the intestinal contents, an intestinal blockage keeps a cat from digesting food normally. Intestinal blockage rapidly leads to signs of illness, and it can be fatal without treatment. 

What Causes Intestinal Blockage in Cats?

There are several possible causes of bowel obstruction in cats. 

A common cause of intestinal blockage is a foreign object that has been ingested by the cat. Some cats like to eat objects they should avoid, like string, small toys, elastic hair bands, etc. Any of these foreign objects can become lodged in a cat’s intestinal tract, leading to an obstruction or blockage. 

Some blockages are caused by intestinal cancer. Lymphoma is a cancer that can affect the feline intestinal tract, causing swelling and thickening of the intestines. When the intestines become swollen and inflamed, the opening of the intestinal tract may become too narrow for the intestinal contents to pass. Less common forms of intestinal cancer, like adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, and mast cell tumors, can also cause intestinal blockage in cats.

Less common causes of intestinal obstruction in cats include: 

• Hairballs
• Severe intestinal worm infections
• Intussusception
• Hernias
• Abscesses

Intestinal blockage can affect cats of any age. Young cats are more likely to experience a blockage caused by a foreign body or parasites, while middle-aged and older cats are more likely to develop cancer that may lead to a blockage. 

Cat Intestinal Blockage Symptoms

An intestinal blockage quickly causes signs of illness in affected cats. These signs are related to the cat’s inability to move food through the intestinal tract. Early signs often include decreased appetite and vomiting undigested food. If left untreated, this will quickly progress to more severe signs. 

Signs of intestinal blockage in cats include: 

• Decreased appetite
• Vomiting
• Gagging 
• Increased salivation
• Pawing at the mouth
• Abdominal pain 
• Straining to defecate 
• Diarrhea or lack of bowel movements 
• Blood in the stool
• Dehydration
• Lethargy
• Hiding from family
• Loss of consciousness (if untreated/severe)

There is no definitive cat intestinal blockage timeline. There is also no definitive answer to how long a cat can live with intestinal blockage. Some cats experience a partial blockage, which is usually accompanied by a slower and more gradual onset of signs. In the case of a complete obstruction, however, cats can go downhill quickly. A complete intestinal blockage can be fatal in as little as a few days. 

Diagnosing Intestinal Blockage in Cats

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam. They will look for signs of dehydration and weight loss. Your veterinarian will carefully check under your cat’s tongue, because linear foreign bodies (like string) often become lodged under the tongue. Finally, your veterinarian will palpate (feel) your cat’s abdomen (belly). In some cases, a veterinarian can feel an abdominal mass or signs of a foreign body obstruction on palpation. 

Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend radiographs (X-rays). Radiographs are used to assess the intestinal tract and are often all that is needed to diagnose an obstruction. In some cases, ultrasound or other tests may be needed.

Your veterinarian may also recommend bloodwork. Intestinal obstructions can lead to changes in organ function. Knowing about potential organ dysfunction is especially important if your pet is undergoing anesthesia for surgical treatment. 

Treatment: How to Help a Cat with Intestinal Blockage

A bowel blockage in cats typically requires surgery. After anesthetizing the cat, the veterinarian will make an incision through the cat’s body wall to inspect the intestinal tract. When the obstruction is located, the veterinarian will make an incision into the intestines to remove the obstruction (foreign material or mass). The intestines are sutured closed, and then the body wall is closed. 

If the obstruction is located within the stomach, a veterinarian may attempt to induce vomiting before going to surgery. In some cases, small objects within the stomach can be brought up with vomiting. Foreign bodies in the stomach can also be removed with endoscopy. Endoscopy requires general anesthesia (like surgery), but it is a less invasive procedure. 

There is no cat intestinal blockage home remedy. Cats with an intestinal blockage require urgent veterinary care.

Supportive Care

Supportive care is needed before, during, and after surgical treatment of an intestinal obstruction in cats.

While hospitalized, your cat may receive the following treatments: 

• Intravenous (IV) fluids
• Pain medication 
• Antibiotics (in some cases)
• Nutritional support

Most cats begin eating normally within a few days of surgery. When your cat is discharged from the veterinary hospital, you may need to feed a prescription diet in small/limited quantities. You may also need to give pain medications at home. Follow your veterinarian’s instructions regarding post-surgical care. 

Cat Intestinal Blockage Surgery Success Rate

Removing an intestinal blockage requires creating incisions in the intestines. The most serious potential risk associated with this surgery is that one or more of these incisions could fail, allowing intestinal contents to leak into the cat’s abdomen. This can lead to a condition known as septic peritonitis, which is a life-threatening abdominal infection. 

A 2023 study by University of Georgia looked at the records of 56 cats receiving foreign body removal surgery at their hospital (2). No serious complications or deaths occurred among these patients, leading the researchers to estimate that the likelihood of septic peritonitis or death following the surgical removal of a foreign body is less than 5 percent in cats.  

There are many factors that affect the predicted success rate of surgery in cats with intestinal obstruction. Cats who have been sick for a longer time and cats who are very sick at the time of surgery typically have a worse prognosis (lower expected likelihood of success). Your veterinarian will determine your cat’s prognosis, based on a variety of factors, and communicate with you about the expected risks and benefits of surgery. 

General Cost of Treatment

Cat intestinal blockage surgery costs vary, depending on multiple factors. In general, you can expect to pay approximately $3,000–$6,000 for the diagnosis and treatment of a typical cat intestinal blockage.

How to Prevent Intestinal Blockage in Cats

Most feline intestinal blockages are caused by the ingestion of a foreign object, such as a toy or hair elastic. The best way to prevent these obstructions is to keep these items away from your cat. While it may be adorable to watch your cat play fetch with small items, this can be risky. 

References

1. Holt, David E. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats. Today’s Veterinary Practice. Oct 2015. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/gastroenterology/pet-health-numbersprevalence-gastrointestinal-foreign-bodies/
2. Gollnick, Hailey R et al. “Retrospective evaluation of surgical treatment of linear and discrete gastrointestinal foreign bodies in cats: 2009-2021.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 25,6 (2023): 1098612X231178140. doi:10.1177/1098612X231178140

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Pandora syndrome is a term coined by feline health expert Dr. Tony Buffington. It was named after multiple problems that were released when Pandora opened the box in Greek mythology. It refers to a complex and challenging stress-related disease condition in cats. 

Read on to learn more about Pandora syndrome in cats, including how it’s diagnosed and treated, and how you can lower your cat’s risk.

What Is Pandora’s Syndrome in Cats?

Pandora syndrome is a blanket term that is used to describe what happens when a cat gets sick because they are chronically stressed. As a result of stress, these cats develop multiple illnesses at the same time, one of which is usually lower urinary tract inflammation. For example, a cat could have bloody urine and red, runny eyes from conjunctivitis or sneezing from an upper respiratory infection at the same time. 

Pandora syndrome can be used interchangeably with other veterinary terms that describe lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline interstitial cystitis (FIC), feline idiopathic cystitis, sterile cystitis, and feline lower urinary tract disorder (FLUTD).

What Causes Pandora Syndrome in Cats?

Historically, veterinarians believed that symptoms due to inflammation in the urinary tract were associated with a urinary tract infection or urinary crystals and stones. Now we know that most of this explanation is incorrect. In actuality, many cats have lower urinary tract inflammation due to chronic stress, and symptoms often resolve once the stress is managed.

While we don’t entirely know which cats Pandora syndrome will affect, we do know that the condition tends to be seen in: 

• Male cats
• Young to middle aged indoor-only cats who are overly nervous or anxious
• Overweight cats
• Cats who consume a diet that is more than 50 percent dry food
• Cats who live in multi-cat households

These cats also have a history of prenatal stress or early severely stressful events. Research has shown that these cats have anatomical and functional differences in their central nervous system as compared to healthy cats, including upregulated sensory neurons, increased secretion of stress hormones, increased pain sensation, and an increased startle response [1].

In addition to changes in the central nervous system, Pandora syndrome cats can also have abnormal lining of the wall of their urinary bladder. This makes their bladders more easily irritated and painful.

So what does this all mean? Pandora syndrome cats are in a continual, hyperexcitable state of fight, flight or freeze, and they feel pain more sharply than normal cats. 

Additional factors that can trigger a Pandora syndrome flare-up include:

• Cats who don’t have quiet, protected access to resources (food, water, litter box, resting areas). Instead, something bothers them (such as a child, other pet, furnace, buzzing dryer, etc.) when they try to access those resources
• Moving from one house to another
• Having visitors in your home
• Visits to the veterinary hospital or grooming
• Boarding 
• Renovating or moving furniture
• Adding or subtracting people or animals from the household
• Being bullied by another cat
• Stray cats in the neighborhood
• Dirty, crowded, or otherwise undesirable litter box
• Cats who do not have opportunities to engage in typical hunting behavior
• Lack of scratching opportunities
• Boredom

Pandora Syndrome in Cats Symptoms

One of the systems usually affected by Pandora syndrome is the lower urinary tract, causing the following symptoms that wax and wane, flaring up after stressful events: 

• Bloody urine
• Straining to urinate
• Vocalization during urination
• Spending more time in the litter box or visiting the litter box more often
• Urinating outside the litter box
• Vomiting
• Hiding
• Loss of appetite

Pandora syndrome is also known for affecting multiple body systems, causing a variety of additional fluctuating symptoms. These can include:

• Behavioral abnormalities (pica, aggression, hiding)
• Cardiovascular problems (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, saddle thrombus)
• Endocrine issues (obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus)
• Gastrointestinal problems (feline odontic resorptive lesions, vomiting, excessive hairballs, diarrhea, pooping outside the litter box)
• Low immunity (upper respiratory infections, infectious conjunctivitis)
• Respiratory problems (asthma)
• Skin problems (overgrooming, chin acne)

Any of these issues in combination with lower urinary tract symptoms increases the suspicion that a cat is suffering from Pandora syndrome. 

Diagnosing Pandora Syndrome in Cats

Pandora syndrome is an anxiety disorder and considered a diagnosis of exclusion — this means that it is diagnosed and treated by a veterinarian only after all other diseases have been ruled out. Pandora syndrome is diagnosed by using an oral history, physical examination, and testing. Your veterinary care team will acquire a comprehensive history from you by asking questions about:

• Your cat’s life history (stray, orphaned, bottle fed, exposure to serious trauma, etc.)
• Your cat’s health history (especially if sickness occurs frequent and in association with identifiable stressors and if your cat is fearful or anxious)
• Your cat’s home environment

The veterinarian will conduct a full physical examination and recommend testing based on what they find. Testing may include lab work (blood work and urinalysis) and imaging studies (radiographs and abdominal ultrasound). 

Treating Pandora Syndrome in Cats

Veterinary intervention usually includes pain or anti-inflammatory medication and anxiety medication to reduce inflammation and calm your cat. Veterinarians also provide support to pet parents on how to modify the home environment to reduce their cat’s stress. 

Pandora syndrome is usually a self-limiting condition and often resolves on its own. However, it is very painful and symptoms will return the next time a cat is stressed. This is why it is important to identify what is stressing your cat out and modify the environment to reduce stress triggers. 

How to Prevent Pandora Syndrome in Cats

The best way to prevent Pandora syndrome is by reducing your cat’s exposure to stressful triggers. Try seeing the world through their eyes to figure out what is stressing them out. The following recommendations can help reduce stress for most cats: 

Environmental enrichment

Ensure that each cat has access to their own resources (food and water bowls, resting areas, toys, litter box) in a quiet, low traffic area. Also, each cat needs to feel safe and secure in their home environment.

Maintain a pristine litter box —  scoop poop daily and refresh the litter every three days.

Use unscented, sandy, clumping litter. Use a regular box that is big enough for the cat to turn around in, and cover the bottom with 1 inch of litter. Avoid litter boxes with covers, liners, or anything fancy.

Have one more litter box than the number of cats in the household, and place them in different spots.

Provide ample scratching opportunities, both vertical and horizontal, in your cat’s favorite substrate. Most cats prefer the texture of sisal rope scratching posts. 

Use feline pheromones, such as Feliway, to reduce stress.

Play time

Boredom can trigger Pandora syndrome in indoor cats. You can minimize your cat’s stress (and maximize their wellbeing) by playing with your cat. Cats have short attention spans and tend to enjoy multiple short 5-10 minute play sessions per day. 

If your cat enjoys outdoor time, train them to wear a harness and take them for walks. Alternatively, invest in a catio where your cat can spend unsupervised time safely outdoors.

For more ideas, ask your veterinary care team for their thoughts on how to improve your cat’s home environment.

Feeding

Cats need to eat an appropriate amount of complete and balanced food that meets or exceeds AAFCO nutritional standards. Try to feed your cat a combination of canned and dry food, and give them opportunities to exercise their minds with feeding puzzles and no bowl feeders. Use a water fountain to encourage them to drink more water. Some pet parents may want to consider giving their cat a probiotic supplement (e.g., Purina Pro Plan Calming Care) that is designed to calm the nervous system.

While there are commercial diets that are formulated to support the health of the nervous system, it is not advised to change a cat’s diet while they are experiencing Pandora syndrome symptoms. This is because changing a cat’s diet can be stressful for some cats and make the problems worse. If you want to change to a calm cat food, wait until your cat is feeling better before switching their diet. 

Recurrence of the symptoms associated with Pandora syndrome can be common. It is important to watch for symptoms and be aware of stressful changes in your cat’s environment that may trigger a recurrence. Pandora syndrome cats can be very sensitive to these changes. Thankfully, if you are aware that your cat is anxious or sensitive, have taken steps to reduce stress in your cat’s environment, and are attentive to flare-ups, you can keep this condition under control.

Related Conditions

• Urinary tract infection
• Anxiety disorders
• Urinary struvite stones
• Urinary calcium oxalate stones
• Urinary crystals
• Overgrooming
• Inappropriate elimination
• Urethral blockage

Reference

1. Wooten, Sarah J. “Feline interstitial cystitis: Its not about the bladder.” DVM360. Nov 2017. Retrieved from https://www.dvm360.com/view/feline-interstitial-cystitis-it-s-not-about-bladder

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Skin fungal infections, such as ringworm, are common, but other types of fungal infections in cats are rare. In fact, only 7 in 10,000 cats seen at university teaching hospitals in North America are affected by systemic fungal infections that impact respiratory systems and internal organs [1]. 

Causes of Fungal Infections in Cats

Cats can develop fungal infections when the fungus is inhaled, ingested, or passed into the skin through a wound or scratch. 

Most commonly, they cause itchy, sore, uncomfortable lesions on the skin. Rarely, fungal infections cause respiratory illness or gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea.

Here is a closer look at how cats get fungal infections:

Inhalation

Cats explore their surroundings with their noses and sense of smell. This means felines can inhale and breathe in fungus while sniffing in the dirt, hunting, or rolling on the ground. 

Ingestion

Our feline friends might ingest fungus during hunting or by eating soil-contaminated prey. They may also groom spores off of their coat or the coat of another infected cat.

Skin wounds

Fungal skin infections are the most common type of cat fungal infections. This happens when fungal spores enter the body through a break in the skin or a wound. It is important to keep wounds clean to prevent any type of infection. 

Cat fungal infections related to nail injuries are also common. This is due to the proximity of the nails to the ground and the high chance of contact with soil and dirt. 

How Do Indoor Cats Become Infected?

Fungal spores are widespread in the environment and can be brought into the home by humans, objects, or other animals. These spores can remain in the environment for years. This means our indoor cats aren’t entirely safe from fungal infections. 

Are Certain Cats at Greater Risk?

Healthy cats are usually able to fight off fungal infections. But younger, older, or immunocompromised cats are more likely to suffer symptoms and become unwell. Outdoor cats are at higher risk of contracting fungal infections due to their lifestyles and activities.

Fungal infections “prey” on those with weakened immune systems. Cats with health conditions such as diabetes, Cushing’s disease, hyperthyroidism, and FIV may be more susceptible. 

Certain medications, including some antibiotics or steroids, prevent a cat’s immune system from being as efficient as it should be. Therefore, cats taking these medications are more likely to suffer from fungal infections than cats that are not on medications.

Symptoms of Cat Fungal Infections

Symptoms of feline fungal infections depend on the type of fungus, route of infection, and whether or not the infection has the ability to spread throughout a cat’s body.

In general, symptoms of cat fungal infections may include :

• Fur loss
• Coughing
• Anorexia (loss of appetite)
• Itching
• Skin rashes
• Difficulty breathing
• Vomiting
• Discomfort
• Diarrhea

Fungal infections of the skin are the most common type of fungal infection seen by veterinarians. These infections can cause fur loss, itching, discomfort, and pain. These infections tend to be localized to the skin, nails, or ears. They can also be zoonotic (passed from cats to humans). 

Fungal infections that attack the respiratory system commonly cause fever, coughing, and difficulty breathing. These can spread to other areas of the body, causing generalized disease. 

Fungal infections that attack the gastrointestinal system commonly cause pain, anorexia (loss of appetite), diarrhea, and vomiting.

10 Fungal Infections in Cats

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

Type: Skin 

Ringworm in cats is not caused by a worm but by a fungus. This type of fungus infects by entering the skin through a wound.

Ringworm presents as characteristic ring-like lesions on the skin in areas of hair loss.

It is extremely contagious and spread by direct contact with infected animals or surfaces, such as bedding.

Symptoms include flaky and itchy skin, brittle nails, and hair loss.

Ringworm is a zoonotic disease, so infection can pass between animals and humans.

Malassezia 

Type: Skin

This is a relatively common fungal infection in cats. It is caused by an imbalance and subsequent overgrowth of the natural fungus that lives on the skin.

Malassezia is a fungus well known for causing nail bed infections and ear infections in cats. 

Infection is most commonly seen in cats who hunt in wet, boggy conditions or in breeds with excessive skin folds or floppy ears.

Symptoms include skin that is itchy and flaky, red and irritated, and greasy. This fungal infection also produces a characteristic strong odor.

Veterinarians diagnose this infection by cytological examination of a swab of the infected skin under a microscope.

Treatment is with topical and/or oral antifungal medications. Sometimes shampoos, washes, or wipes may be appropriate to help keep infections at bay.

Malassezia is not zoonotic and cannot be passed between cats and people.

Sporotrichosis

Type: Skin

Sporotrichosis is a fungus commonly found in soil vegetation and timber. It is largely found in coastal regions, rivers, and valleys. Infection occurs by fungus penetrating a cat’s skin via a wound.

Infection can be spread in a cat’s lymph system, within the skin itself, or it can disseminate throughout the body.

This cat fungal infection causes lesions around the head, especially the bridge of the nose and ears. It is uncommon for the infection to spread throughout the body, especially if pet parents seek early treatment. If the infection does spread, symptoms can include fever, listlessness, and depression.  

Diagnosis is made by biopsy or culture (sampling the lesions and microscopic examination).

Treatment is usually topical antifungal creams such as itraconazole or terbinafine. Sometimes surgical removal or cryotherapy is used.

The infection is zoonotic and most commonly transmitted by cat bites or scratches. 

Rhinosporidiosis

Type: Respiratory 

This is an uncommon fungal infection in the US. Inhaled fungal spores affect the lining of the nasal passages and occasionally the skin.

Infection appears like soft, pink, crumbly, polyp growths that obstruct the airways in a cat’s nasal passages.

Symptoms include a chronic bloody nasal discharge, nasal swelling, sneezing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and discomfort.

A biopsy (sampling the lesions) is used to diagnose this infection.

Treatment is usually surgical removal of the polyp lesions, but recurrence is common. Antifungal medication may be prescribed after surgery to attempt to prevent reoccurrence.

The infection is not zoonotic.

Nasal aspergillosis

Type: Respiratory

This fungus typically grows on decaying leaves, vegetation, and compost piles.

Infection is caused by inhaling fungal spores directly into the nasal passages and sinuses. While the infection is typically confined to the nasal passages, it can spread to the nearby structures of the head. This type of infection is more common in long-nosed cats.

Symptoms include nasal pain, a chronic bloody nasal discharge, nosebleeds, sneezing, and snoring.

Diagnosis is made by visualizing lesions with rhinoscopy (viewing with a small camera), and biopsy (sampling the lesions).

Treatment can be difficult due to the location of the lesions deep within the nose and sinuses. Surgical removal may be an option alongside antifungal creams infused into the nose and oral antifungal medications. Recurrence is common due to the difficulty in accessing the sites of infection.

This fungal infection has the potential to be zoonotic, but the risk is considered low with good personal hygiene.  

Disseminated aspergillosis

Type: Respiratory

Although very rare, sometimes Aspergillosis fungus causes a systemic (body-wide) type of infection which can affect multiple organs.

The fungus is inhaled and then can travel to other parts of the body in the bloodstream. Areas of the body in which infection sets up, seem to be species-dependent. In cats, the lungs, central nervous system, vertebrae (bones of the spine), gastrointestinal system, and kidneys are attacked more frequently.

Symptoms can include coughing, breathing difficulties, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, or weakness. However, other more localized symptoms might include neurological signs, back pain, or lameness.  

Diagnosis of this feline fungal infection is a little more difficult. It may involve X-rays, ultrasound scans, or CT scans to view the internal organs.

Treatment includes oral antifungal medications. It is often long-term and can be expensive.

The prognosis for this infection is guarded to poor.

Zoonosis is possible, but the risk is considered low with regular hygiene.

Cryptococcosis

Type: Respiratory

Although a rare infection, this type of fungal infection is the most common systemic fungal infection in cats (affecting internal organs).

Initially, the fungus is inhaled, usually from areas heavily soiled with bird feces. But it can also be found in decaying vegetation.

Inhaled fungal spores affect the lining of a cat’s nasal cavity first, but then can spread throughout the body from there. There are 4 forms of this infection: nasal, nervous system, skin, and systemic (body systems/ organs). The most common is the nasal form.

Symptoms include nasal discharge, swelling of the nose and face, sneezing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, deep non-healing wounds on the nose, visible masses in the nose, lethargy, and then potentially seizures, or other neurological complications.

Diagnosis can be made via a laboratory test known as Latex Agglutination Test (LAT), on blood, urine, or spinal fluid. Biopsies of affected tissues may also be necessary.

Treatment is usually surgical removal of the lesions and oral antifungal medications until the LAT test is negative or for 2-4 months past the resolution of any clinical signs.

The infection is not zoonotic.

Blastomycosis

Type: Respiratory, Skin

Blastomycosis is a type of infection that can be found in waterlogged areas such as lakes, marshes, ponds, and estuaries.

Cats breathe in the fungal spores and they initially affect the lungs. The infection can then spread out and affect the rest of the body, such as the bone marrow and brain. This type of fungus can also cause infection by invading the skin through a wound or injury.

Symptoms of systemic disease include difficulty breathing, lethargy, weight loss, cough, fever, and neurological changes.

Symptoms of skin disease include fur loss, discomfort, and skin lesions often resulting in nail bed infections or infections on the paws.  

To diagnose this type of fungal infection, veterinarians exam the affected tissue with a microscope. A blood test is available in dogs but not yet widely used in cats.

Treatment for systemic disease is a prolonged course of oral antifungal medications.

Treatment for skin lesions can be topical antifungal creams/shampoos and/or oral antifungal medications.

This infection is not zoonotic.

Histoplasmosis

Type: Respiratory, Gastrointestinal

Found in the soil, this fungal infection is generally transmitted in the feces of birds and wild animals.

The infection is usually inhaled or sometimes ingested. Fungus usually affects the respiratory system initially before potentially spreading and becoming a systemic infection affecting other body organs.

Symptoms include lethargy, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, cough, trouble breathing and skin masses.

Diagnosis is usually made by examination of affected tissues under the microscope.

Treatment involves oral antifungal medications for an average of 6 months.

Candidiasis

Type: Gastrointestinal

Candidiasis is a rare fungal infection in cats but common in birds.

Infection is by ingestion of the fungus. This type of fungus affects the mucous membranes, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms include diarrhea, weakness, and skin lesions.

To make a diagnosis, veterinarians examine swabs of skin lesions under a microscope.

Treatment includes application of topical antifungal creams and oral antifungals.

This type of infection is not considered zoonotic.

How to Treat Fungal Infections in Cats

Treatment for fungal infections in cats will depend on the specific diagnosis and type of fungus. 

Generally, feline fungal infections are treated with: 

• Topical creams
• Baths
• Medicated wipes
• Oral antifungal medication

Sometimes a mixture of all types of treatment are given to control the infection, especially if the infection is widespread.

For cat fungal infections that are localized to one particular area of skin, a topical cream may be appropriate. For those that spread throughout the body, oral medication may be necessary. The duration of the medication will depend on the type and severity of the infection. 

Fungal infections in cats can be difficult to treat due to the inaccessibility of certain infection sites (nasal passages, internal organs, etc.) or due to chronic underlying factors (such as certain diseases or a cat’s age).

You and your veterinarian must work together to achieve a diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan to best manage your cat’s fungal infection.

Antifungal Medications for Cats

There are a variety of veterinary-prescribed antifungal medications for cats. These include oral medications, topical medications and wipes, and antifungal shampoos. Your veterinarian can direct you to the best medication for cat fungal infections. 

Itrafungol (Itraconazole) 

This is an oral solution given by mouth or in food. This medication is licensed for the treatment of ringworm in cats.

Fluconazole (Diflucan) 

This is a tablet or solution medication used off-label by veterinarians (it is licensed for humans but not labeled for use in cats). It is commonly used to treat many of the fungal infections we have discussed. It is often the first choice for systemic infections and can also be used to treat skin, ear, and nail bed infections.

Ketoconazole 

This medication is rarely prescribed in cats due to the risk of causing liver failure. It may be the active ingredient in some topical medications or wipes, so discuss its use with your veterinarian.

Malaseb Shampoo 

This is an antibacterial and antibiotic shampoo used to treat skin, and nail infections in cats (if they comply).

Animax Ointment

This is a topical cream that is applied directly to the skin. It is a combination of antifungal medication, antibiotic, and a steroid.

TrizUltra + KETO Solution

This is a topical cleansing flush used to treat fungal ear infections or skin affected by fungus.

Mal-A-Ket Wipes

These are antifungal wipes that are particularly useful to use on cats with excessive skin folds. These can keep away fungal growth, preventing recurrent infections.

How to Prevent Fungal Infections in Cats

There are a few measures that pet parents can take to prevent fungal infections in cats.

Practice regular grooming. Consistent grooming allows you to examine your cat’s skin, nails, and ears to ensure there are no lesions, areas of hair loss, redness, scaling, or soreness.  Pay particular attention to cats with excessive skin folds.

Keep your cat on parasite prevention. Keeping up to date with parasite control is essential to ensure your cat’s coat remains in tip-top condition. This prevents scratching and skin wounds that may develop into fungal infections.

Keep a close eye on your cat’s health. Monitor your cat’s overall health. Take note of any new behaviors or symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharges, wounds, hair loss, or digestive upset. Speak to a veterinarian if you have concerns.

Consider your cat’s diet. Diet or food supplements (such as those containing essential fatty acids) may be useful if your cat has an underlying food allergy or poor skin structure leading to a weak skin barrier. Your veterinarian will discuss food trials and any appropriate supplementation. 

Keeping Yourself and Your Cat Healthy

Some of the fungal infections discussed here can be passed between you and your cat. So, it is prudent to make sure you seek medical advice if you notice any new symptoms in you or your feline family member. 

Maintain good personal hygiene routines – especially if treating your cat – to prevent passing a fungal infection to yourself or others. 

Speak to your veterinarian if you have concerns about your cat and be vigilant in monitoring your cat’s health regularly.

References:

1. “Infectious Diseases.” The Cat (2012): 1016–1089. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8

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This article explains reasons behind increased urination in cats and provides tips to care for your whiskered companion. But first, let’s cover some basics.

How Often Do Cats Pee? 

Understanding what’s normal when it comes to your cat’s bathroom habits is the first step to identifying any potential health concerns. On average, cats urinate between 2 to 4 times a day, says Dr. Paige Adams, veterinarian at Etowah Veterinary Hospital in Marietta, Georgia. 

However, this frequency can vary depending on a few factors, which Dr. Adams says are mostly related to water intake:  

• Diet: Cats that eat wet food may urinate more frequently. This is due to the higher water content in wet food. Cats that consume only (or mostly) dry food might pee less often.
• Hydration: Cats that drink more water will urinate more frequently.
• Activity: Cats that are more active tend to drink more water, which results in more urination.

Age and health conditions can also be factors. Kittens might urinate more than adult cats due to their smaller bladder capacity. Senior cats might experience an increase in urination due to health issues like kidney disease or diabetes.

Signs of Excessive Urination in Cats 

There are a few key signs that pet parents should look for says Dr. Beth Waisburd, a principal veterinarian at Small Door Veterinary in Brookline, Massachusetts. 

These include: 

Increased Frequency of Urination

The most obvious sign is when your cat starts visiting the litter box more often than usual. Keeping track of how often your cat uses the litter box can help you notice any significant changes.

Urinating Outside the Litter Box

If your cat is peeing outside the litter box, it could signal they are experiencing urinary tract discomfort. Some cats might pee right next to the litter box, while others might pee all around the house. Don’t scold or punish your cat for inappropriate urination, as it’s likely not something they can control. Plus, added stress might make the condition worse. Calmly clean it up and schedule an appointment with your vet. 

Straining to Urinate

A cat who is straining to urinate may sit in their litter box trying to pee, with nothing coming out. This is an emergency that should be addressed by a veterinarian immediately.

Blood in Urine

Normal cat urine should be a light yellow color. The presence of blood in your cat’s urine (which can appear either red or pink) is a serious symptom. Other color changes — such as dark yellow, orange, or brown — should also be brought to a veterinarian’s attention.

Drinking More Water

If your cat is drinking a lot of water, their urine output will also increase.

The best way to catch differences in your cat’s urination habits is to observe and track their behavior. This provides a baseline for what’s normal. You’ll then be able to notice if and when changes occur.

Using Great Pet Care’s health journal allows you to note how often your cat is peeing. You can also track if there are other symptoms to discuss with your veterinarian.  

7 Possible Reasons Your Cat Is Peeing A Lot

If you’ve noticed a marked increase in your cat’s urination or any of the other symptoms above, underlying health conditions could be to blame. Dr. Waisburd and Dr. Adams share common reasons that may be behind your cat’s frequent trips to the litter box.

Kidney Disease

Kidney disease is prevalent in cats, especially as they age. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste from the blood. They also maintain the body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes. 

When the kidneys are compromised, they may not concentrate urine effectively. This leadins to increased urination, says Dr. Waisburd. Other symptoms of kidney disease may include weight loss, vomiting, and increased thirst.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a condition that affects the ability of a cat’s body to properly use sugar (glucose) for energy. In a healthy cat, food is broken down during digestion to produce glucose, which then enters the bloodstream. The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that helps glucose move from the blood into the cells of the body where it can be used for energy. 

In a cat with diabetes, the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it does produce. This causes high levels of glucose in the blood. Two of the key symptoms of this condition are increased thirst and increased urination. 

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormone. “An overactive thyroid can result in increased water intake and urination,” says Dr. Waisburd.

Other symptoms of hyperthyroidism might include weight loss, increased appetite and hyperactivity.   

Urinary Tract Infections

“Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of increased drinking and urination,” says Dr. Adams. Some symptoms of cat UTIs include increased frequency of small amounts of urine, straining to urinate, blood in the urine and, sometimes, urinating outside of the litter box, she adds. 

Urinary Crystals and Bladder Stones

Urinary crystals are tiny, microscopic crystals that can form in a cat’s urine. When minerals in the urine crystallize, bladder stones can develop in a cat’s bladder. These hard, stone-like structures can vary in size, from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a pebble or even bigger. 

“The most common way we find these is by looking for the cause of inappropriate or overall changes in urinary habits,” says Dr. Adams. “This is usually an incidental finding related to looking for a urinary tract infection. And usually, if a cat has crystals and/or stones then we tend to also find a UTI.” 

Medication Side Effects 

Some medications can cause increased urination as a side effect. “The most common medication that causes increased drinking and urination is steroids,” says Dr. Adams. Some conditions for which a cat may be placed on steroids include itching, allergies, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal lymphoma, adds Dr. Adams.

Aging 

Aging alone is not an underlying cause of increased urination, explains Dr. Adams. “That being said, if an older cat changes behavior and is displaying abnormal urination, I would encourage the [pet parent] to bring the cat to the vet so they can look for the underlying cause (likely one of the other reasons above),” she says.

What to Do If Your Cat Is Peeing More Than Normal 

If your cat’s urination habits have changed, it’s crucial to consult with your veterinarian. “The urgency of the appointment depends on the cat’s overall behavior and clinical signs,” says Dr. Adams.

For instance, if your cat is frequently visiting the litter box, straining during urination with minimal or no urine output, or persistently licking his genital area, take him to your veterinarian or a pet emergency clinic immediately. These symptoms, particularly straining to pee, might indicate a urinary blockage — a condition in which the urethra (the tube that transports urine from the bladder to the exterior) is obstructed. A urinary blockage is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary intervention. Failure to promptly diagnose and treat this condition can be fatal. 

“If the cat is able to urinate and is just doing so more often, then an appointment with the veterinarian should still be scheduled, but waiting for the first available appointment may be okay,” says Dr. Adams.

The veterinarian will perform exams and tests to diagnose the cause of excessive urination. According to Dr. Waisburd, this might include:

• A physical examination: During a physical exam, the veterinarian will assess your cat’s overall health. As a pet parent, your observations are invaluable. Sharing detailed information about signs and symptoms you’ve noticed can assist in forming a more accurate diagnosis.
• Urinalysis: A urinalysis is a common test. It analyzes the cat’s urine for the presence of blood, crystals, bacteria or other abnormalities.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can help identify conditions such as diabetes or kidney disease.
• Imaging: Ultrasound or X-rays visualize the bladder and kidneys. This helps to detect the presence of bladder stones, tumors, or other abnormalities.

Treating Excessive Urination in Cats

The treatment for excessive urination in cats will depend on the underlying cause. Here are some of the possible treatments: 

Kidney Disease: For cats diagnosed with kidney disease, treatment may include medication, dietary changes, and possibly intravenous or subcutaneous fluids to help manage dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Diabetes: If diabetes is the cause of excessive urination, your vet may prescribe insulin injections to help regulate your cat’s blood sugar levels. Dietary modifications and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels may also be necessary.

Hyperthyroidism: Treatment for hyperthyroidism involves the use of medications – like methimazole or Felimazole – that reduce the production of thyroid hormone. Other treatments may include radioactive iodine therapy to destroy the overactive thyroid tissue or surgery to remove the affected gland.

Urinary Tract Infections: UTIs are generally treated with antibiotics to clear the infection. Your vet may also recommend dietary changes or supplements to prevent future infections.

Urinary Crystals or Bladder Stones: Treatment for urinary crystals or bladder stones may include dietary changes, increased water intake, medication or, in some cases, surgery to remove the stones.

Medication Side Effects: If excessive urination is a side effect of a medication your cat is taking, your vet may adjust the dosage or prescribe a different medication.

Aging: If your senior cat is experiencing increased urination, work with your vet to determine the underlying cause and develop a tailored treatment plan.  

While it can be concerning to notice your cat peeing a lot, it’s important to remember that many underlying causes of excessive peeing in cats are manageable with the right care and treatment. 

By being observant of changes in your cat’s behavior, consulting with your veterinarian promptly, and following through with the recommended treatment plan, you can help ensure your feline friend maintains a healthy and comfortable life.

The post 7 Reasons Your Cat is Peeing A Lot appeared first on Great Pet Care.

If left untreated, up to 90 percent of puppies infected with canine parvovirus will die. Death can occur as quickly as 2-3 days after infection due to dehydration and sepsis, a deadly blood infection [1]. Vaccination is key to preventing this disease.

With parvo being so serious for dogs, many people want to know: can cats get parvo, too?Read on to learn if and how this viral disease impacts our feline companions. 

Can Cats Catch Parvo?

Cats have their very own parvovirus. It’s called feline parvovirus or feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). The disease caused by FPV is known as feline panleukopenia or feline distemper. The feline parvovirus shares some similarities and symptoms of the canine parvovirus.

Both canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia belong to the same family of viruses called Parvoviridae. Cats become infected with FPV in the same way dogs are infected with parvovirus – through direct contact with an infected cat, feces, or contaminated objects. Kittens under 5 months are at increased risk for contracting the virus and developing complications.

Can Cats Get Parvo From Dogs?

Many people share their homes with both cats and dogs. You might worry that your animals can infect one another. The good news is that the strains of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia are species specific. That means the viruses cannot pass between cats and dogs. So, FPV cannot infect dogs while canine parvovirus cannot infect cats.

Symptoms of Panleukopenia in Cats

Panleukopenia symptoms include problems such as vomiting and diarrhea (which is often bloody). This can lead to severe dehydration, which can be fatal if not quickly treated. Other symptoms in cats include lethargy, inappetence, depression, fever, and abdominal pain. Kittens and unvaccinated cats are more at risk of developing severe symptoms. 

Kittens can be infected with the feline parvovirus before birth (in utero). As a result, they may develop cerebellar hypoplasia. This is a condition where the part of the brain responsible for movement and coordination (the cerebellum), fails to develop fully and remains very small. This causes the kitten to wobble when they walk, also known as “wobbly cat syndrome.” This condition is not painful or otherwise harmful, but there is no treatment. Cats with cerebellar hypoplasia may be more prone to fall injuries and should not go outside.

Some adult cats may be infected with panleukopenia and develop no symptoms at all. These cats are not at risk of dying or complications and do not need any sort of medical intervention. They will clear the infection on their own. Many pet parents will never even know their cats were infected at all. 

Diagnosing and Treating Panleukopenia in Cats

Diagnosis of panleukopenia in cats is typically made from observing symptoms. Veterinarians may also check vaccine history and blood work. Since the virus attacks white blood cells, a blood test may reveal low white blood cell counts. 

Fecal tests for canine parvovirus can detect feline panleukopenia infection in cat feces. However, false positives are possible for several weeks after vaccination. In the absence of vaccine history, tests are a good option for confirming panleukopenia.

Treatment typically includes IV fluids and hospitalization to fight off dehydration. Broad spectrum antibiotics are also given to help fight any secondary bacterial infections. Medications like maropitant (Cerenia) or metoclopramide can reduce nausea and vomiting. Some cats may have a tube inserted into their stomach through their nose to allow tube-feeding. If vomiting is controlled but the cat won’t eat on their own, appetite stimulants might be considered. The most severe cases of panleukopenia may even need a blood transfusion.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for cats experiencing severe symptoms from a parvovirus infection depends on many factors. These includine how soon the cat was brought in for treatment, the cat’s age, their current white blood cell count, and if there are any other complications such as other concurrent infections.

Unfortunately, the mortality rate in kittens is high, with over half of infected cats passing away [2][3]. Timing is everything. Cats brought in for treatment sooner typically have better outcomes.

Preventing Panleukopenia in Cats

The good news is that panleukopenia is preventable with the core FVRCP vaccine for cats. This is a combination vaccine given as early as 6 weeks of age. It protects cats against feline panleukopenia (parvo), calicivirus, and feline viral rhinotracheitis. Kittens receive booster doses of the vaccine every 2-4 weeks until they’re at least 16 weeks old to be fully protected. Cats should receive the FVRCP vaccine every 3 years after the initial series [4]

Following your veterinarian’s recommended vaccine schedule will allow for protection from parvo throughout your cat’s life. Since the feline panleukopenia virus lives in the environment and on objects, both indoor and outdoor cats should be vaccinated.

In addition to vaccines, there are some lifestyle changes that may help protect cats. 

• Avoid contact with cats who test positive for panleukopenia. 
• Keep unvaccinated cats and kittens indoors to prevent exposure to potentially infected cats. Avoid sharing items between cats when one has an unknown vaccination status. 
• Keep new cats separate from other cats in the household until a veterinarian has seen the new cat. 

If your cat shows any of symptoms contact your veterinarian immediately. Quick medical care is critical to help save their life. 

If diagnosed, follow your veterinarian’s recommendations for treatment. Make sure to properly disinfect the house since the virus can live on objects and in the environment for a long time.

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And since monitoring your cat’s poop is a way of indicating how healthy their gut is, paying attention to its composition is an important method of understanding your cat’s overall health. So when your kitty’s stool begins to look soft and slimy, it’s time to talk to your veterinarian. Read on for everything you need to know about mucus in cat poop, including prevention tips.

Mucus in Cat Poop: What Does it Look Like?

Small amounts of clear mucus are normally produced by the GI tract to help lubricate fecal material as it passes through the colon, rectum, and anus. Therefore, a bit may be observed in a normal solid bowel movement as a clear-to-white gelatinous product.

However, if your cat’s poop contains a large amount of what appears to be a slimy jelly, especially if the stool is diarrhea, blood-tinged, or contains green mucus rather than clear, your pet parent super powers should be tingling with the sense that something is off with your cat’s gut health.

Observing the color, consistency, and presence of blood or mucus in your cat’s stool can help your veterinarian better pinpoint which area of your cat’s digestive tract is affected by GI upset. For instance, mucoid diarrhea (or mucus in soft or runny poop) indicates something is wrong with the large intestine.

What Causes Mucus in Cat Poop?

While a small amount of mucus in your cat’s stool is normal –  lubricating the poop to make bowel movements more comfortable and to protect the bowel lining – larger amounts of mucus are abnormal. 

The cause of excess mucus in cat poop is an indication of colitis (when the bowel is irritated or inflamed) to help further protect the lining of the colon until inflammation resolves. With that in mind, we’re going to break down common causes of colitis, as well as other causes of mucus in cat stool.

Some causes of colitis in cats include:

• Dietary indiscretion
• Parasites
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Bacterial overgrowth
• Stress
• Food allergies
• Systemic diseases
• Viral infections

Dietary indiscretion

Consuming something that doesn’t agree with your cat’s digestive system (dietary indiscretion) is one of the most common causes of colitis. If the GI tract isn’t used to processing a certain food, or if too much of a certain food is consumed (especially something fatty or oily), the lining of your cat’s colon may become inflamed, resulting in excessive mucus production and diarrhea. Cases of dietary indiscretion tend to resolve on their own within a few days and are best managed with a bland diet until stool improves.

Parasites

Gastrointestinal parasites are especially common in cats with outdoor access (and thus, possible exposure to wild animals that carry parasites) and exposure to the stool of other pets that may be parasitized. Certain parasites can also be transmitted by the consumption of certain insects, such as fleas, which can transmit tapeworms. 

Parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, Giardia, coccidia, and tapeworms can lead to intestinal disease, including colitis. Diagnosis is made via fecal flotation test in most cases, and proper anti-parasitics are used to treat. Young kittens are especially at risk for acquiring and suffering from GI parasites. Many parasites can also be transmitted to kittens from their mothers, so proper deworming is important in these young babies.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD in cats is a relatively common cause of colitis, resulting in chronic diarrhea due to uncontrolled inflammation of the colonic lining. Sometimes, vomiting can concur. Your veterinarian may prescribe a special prescription diet and anti-inflammatory drugs to suppress an exaggerated immune response of the colon.

Bacterial overgrowth

Exposure to certain bacterial organisms or overgrowth of others that typically live in low numbers in the large intestine can lead to diarrhea and excess mucus production. Mucus may even take on a green color or otherwise be red-tinged from colonic lining bleeding. 

Consuming spoiled food or dead animals can lead to Salmonella or E. coli exposure, and raw diets are more likely to have much higher levels of harmful bacteria or parasites than cooked or commercial foods. Other disorders causing inflammation of the bowel can result in an overgrowth of Clostridium. Plus, any imbalance between “good” and “bad” bacteria (or flora) in the gut can lead to GI upset. Antibiotics and probiotics may be prescribed by your veterinarian.

Stress

While stress-induced colitis is more common in humans and dogs, cats can occasionally be affected. Cases tend to resolve on their own once the source of your cat’s stress resolves.

Food allergies

While food allergies are overall uncommon in cats, food sensitivities and allergies can cause inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Cases are typically managed with a hypoallergenic diet, either via a hydrolyzed diet or novel protein source to which your cat has not yet been exposed.

Systemic diseases

Diseases that stem from elsewhere in the body can sometimes trigger inflammation in the colon, resulting in mucus in cat poop. Such systemic diseases include chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism, liver disease, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

Viral infections

Certain viruses can affect the intestinal tract, including the colon. For instance, feline parvovirus (also called feline panleukopenia) can cause excessive mucus or blood in diarrhea among its many other consequences to the body. Young, unvaccinated kittens are especially at risk. Proper vaccination can help protect your kitty from this virus.

Next, let’s move on to some of the other causes of mucus in cat stool:

• Lymphoma
• Colorectal polyps and other masses
• Anal gland abscess
• Constipation
• Intestinal blockages

Lymphoma

GI lymphoma is unfortunately one of the most common cancers in older cats. It typically affects the small intestine, but the large intestine can also be affected. Cases are typically managed with steroids and chemotherapy drugs.

Colorectal polyps and other masses

While tumors of the colon are quite uncommon, masses (benign or malignant) can lead to excessive mucus production and sometimes diarrhea, constipation, or bloody stool. Surgery may be recommended.

Anal gland abscess

Anal gland issues do not often affect cats, but occasionally, an infection or impaction can lead to an abscess that can lead to more mucus seen in the stool. These cases are medically or surgically managed by a veterinarian.

Constipation

Constipated cats may have difficulty passing stool. Instead of diarrhea, stool will be very hard and firm and may be coated in a mucus film. Your vet will diagnose the cause of your cat’s constipation and manage appropriately with extra water content in your cat’s diet, enemas, and/or a stool softener.

Intestinal blockages

Intestinal blockages (or obstructions) can result in only mucus being passed from the body rather than a full bowel movement. The cells in the lining of the intestines are still functioning to make mucus in these cases, but eventually, no more stool is going to be able to pass around the blockage to make its exit from the body. Therefore, if you notice your cat is straining to defecate and only mucus is being produced with no poop, and if they’re also vomiting, lethargic, and not eating, seek vet care immediately to rule out a possible GI foreign body resulting in an intestinal blockage. Surgery is typically required.

What to Do if Your Cat Has Mucus in Poop

Depending on the underlying cause, mucoid diarrhea can occasionally resolve itself within a few days, even sooner with some supportive care. However, other cases require veterinary attention to help resolve them completely.

If your cat is eating well and otherwise acting normally aside from some mild mucus output in soft stool, you can monitor to see if the condition improves or resolves within the next few days. During this time, you can offer your cat a bland diet to help speed up the healing process. 

While parents of dogs with tummy issues are often advised by their veterinarians to feed plain chicken and rice for a few days until their dogs are on the mend, additional special care should be taken with cats. While a few days of plain chicken (no skin, bones, oil, or seasoning) with a tiny amount of plain cooked white rice can be fed to adult cats if they’re struggling with diarrhea, avoid feeding your cat this diet for too long as it lacks many essential nutrients that felines require. Furthermore, too much rice can lead to worse GI upset since cats are not as adept at digesting rice as dogs are. 

Better yet, ask your vet for a prescription formula lower in fat and easier for the GI tract to digest, such as Hill’s i/d Digestive Care canned or dry food. This diet is much more nutritionally balanced than plain home-cooked chicken and rice.

Mucus in Cat Poop: When to Seek Help

Many cases of mucus in cat poop can resolve on their own or with a bit of TLC, but if the condition of your cat’s stool persists for over a week without improvement, or, if your kitty worsens to the point that they’re experiencing the following concurrent signs, it’s definitely time to call your veterinarian:

• Vomiting: nausea and vomiting may indicate inflammation in the stomach or small intestines. A GI foreign body also triggers vomiting
• Lethargy
• Not eating
• Abdominal distension or bloating: Excessive gas, fluid in the intestines, or free abdominal fluid can cause visible swelling of the abdomen.
• Dark tarry stool: Bleeding from the stomach or small intestine can result in very dark brown to nearly black stool, whose color is caused by digested blood.
• Fresh blood in stool: Bright red blood can indicate bleeding from the colon, rectum, or anus.
• Liquid diarrhea pouring from your cat
• Straining to defecate but only producing blood or mucus without stool: your cat may be constipated or have an intestinal blockage.

While adult cats can often withstand the effects of diarrhea for a few days, kitten diarrhea can quickly devolve to a much more severe issue. Therefore, always speak with your veterinarian if you have a young kitten that begins having diarrhea. Fluid loss from diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration in kittens, whose tiny bodies and immature immune systems require much more involved medical efforts to bounce back.

If your cat is alert and eating with only a small amount of mucus observed in soft poop, you can likely wait and see your regular GP vet in the next couple of days. However, if your cat is severely ill, seek vet care immediately at your closest ER. Bonus points if you’re able to provide a fresh stool sample to bring with you to your visit to help expedite diagnostic testing! 

Keep in mind that expenses and wait time in the ER are generally much greater than in a GP clinic, but in a true emergency, your local ER will be better equipped to handle severe cases.

Pet parents should expect the following:

Physical examination

Once your veterinarian takes a full history regarding when you began seeing mucus in your cat’s poop and a description of any other symptoms they’re exhibiting, he or she will perform a thorough physical exam. This will include taking your cat’s vitals and feeling their belly.

Fecal floatation test

A stool sample will be collected to search for the presence of common GI parasites in poop.

Direct fecal smear

A thin layer of feces may also be placed on a microscope slide to search for an overgrowth of certain bacteria.

GI panel

Your veterinarian may send out special testing to look for other infectious diseases that can affect the colon.

Abdominal radiographs or ultrasound

Radiographs (or X-rays) of your cat’s abdomen may be taken, and an ultrasound scan of the intestines may also be performed.

Bloodwork

Occasionally, bloodwork may be obtained if your vet is concerned that your cat’s diarrhea is secondary to another issue in the body.

Colonoscopy

If your cat has had a chronic history of mucoid diarrhea that has not been diagnosed with other testing, they may be scheduled for a colonoscopy, in which a scope with a camera is inserted through your anesthetized cat’s anus to help visualize the lining of the large intestine. Tissue biopsies may be taken during this time and submitted to a pathologist.

Depending on the underlying cause of mucus in cat poop, your vet may prescribe medications such as anti-parasitics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and a bland prescription diet. Fluids may be administered if your cat is dehydrated from water loss from diarrhea.

How to Prevent Mucus in Cat Poop

Pet parents can help support a healthy colon and overall healthy GI tract in their cats by preventing the preventable, meaning taking prophylactic measures to avoid some of the most common causes of cat poop mucus: dietary indiscretion and GI parasites. By feeding a healthy commercial feline diet, avoiding table scraps and human foods, and maintaining a healthy weight, your cat will be less likely to suffer colitis and excessive mucus in their stool.

Diets such as Purina Pro Plan, Hill’s Science Diet, Iams, and Royal Canin are formulated by a veterinary nutritionist, undergo extensive feeding trial studies, and are tested for quality and safety. Therefore, sticking with one of these diets is optimal for most cats.

Kitties with sensitive tummies may also benefit from a sensitive skin and stomach diet by Purina or Hill’s, and you can always check with your veterinarian about a prescription diet as needed. Furthermore, avoiding raw food helps reduce bacterial and parasitic contamination, thereby reducing the chance of colitis and other GI problems.

Monthly prescription prevention products from your vet can help control many GI parasites. Many flea products for cats can also help prevent other parasitic infections, including common GI parasites like roundworms and hookworms. Keeping your cat indoors (to minimize the consumption of parasite-ridden wildlife and exposure to other animals’ stool) and consistent use of year-round parasite prevention can help reduce your kitty’s parasitic exposure, thus reducing their risk of mucoid diarrhea from intestinal parasites.

Speak with your personal veterinarian about other measures to optimize your cat’s gut health. While not necessary in the majority of cats, others may benefit from a daily probiotic specifically formulated for kitties. 

Those with chronic constipation may improve with extra water content in their diet (such as canned food or Purina Hydra Care supplement) or a gentle stool softener. A boost of dietary fiber from either a special diet or supplement may also help. Remember to always consult with your veterinarian before making changes to your cat’s diet.

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Bee stings in cats are common – and annoying – but they’re rarely severe or life-threatening. The quicker you recognize when your cat has a bee sting, the quicker you can treat the sting and help your cat feel more comfortable again.

Cat Bee Sting: Overview

Bee stings on cats appear as red swellings on the skin, typically on the face near the nose and the front paws. Single bee stings are most common, but multiple bee stings can occur. Multiple bee stings require immediate veterinary care because of how much venom can enter your cat’s body.

Cats are most likely to get stung in early spring and late autumn when bees aren’t flying around very quickly and can be easily swatted at or caught by our pouncing purrers.

Among bee types, female honey bees are the most likely to sting your cat. There isn’t a specific geographic region where cat bee stings are more common, so it’s important to stay on alert for bee stings wherever you live.

Cat Stung by a Bee: Symptoms to Watch Out For

Bee sting symptoms in cats are usually mild and localized to the sting site. The sting itself may be hard to find if your cat has long hair, but you can use the symptoms listed below to help you recognize when your cat has been stung by a bee.

If your cat got stung by a bee, they may also act differently, so watch for behavioral changes as well. 

Cats stung by bees commonly experience these symptoms:

• Redness 
• Mild, puffy swelling
• Sudden crying out
• Limping (if the sting is on the paw)
• Becoming quiet and withdrawn
• Excessive licking or pawing at the sting 

In rare cases, cats can suffer a severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock) after being stung by a bee. Anaphylactic shock sets in within 15 minutes after a bee sting. It is life-threatening and requires immediate, emergency veterinary treatment. 

The signs of anaphylactic shock in cats are as follows:

• Hives
• Collapse
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Pale gums
• Disorientation
• Stumbling
• Cold limbs
• Rapid heartbeat
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Drooling
• Weakness
• Lethargy
• Weak pulse
• Behavioral changes (depression, over-excitement)

Bee stings near the throat can cause difficulty breathing and swallowing, requiring immediate veterinary care. 

Cats Stung by Bees: Causes

Cats are curious creatures with strong hunting instincts, so they love to hunt, chase, and swat at bees. Unfortunately, bees see these behaviors as threatening. Bees will go into self-defense mode and sting a cat to protect themselves.

Young cats are especially prone to bee stings because they are extremely curious but aren’t experienced or old enough to know that bees can be dangerous.

Diagnosing a Bee Sting on a Cat

Actually seeing a bee stinging your cat is the easiest way to diagnose a sting, but that’s not always possible. Even without seeing the sting in real-time, pet parents can usually diagnose a bee sting on their cat at home by observing the symptoms described above. 

A veterinary visit is usually not necessary to diagnose a bee sting. However, it is always good to contact your veterinarian if you are unsure whether a bee or some other type of insect, such as a wasp, stung your cat.

Cat Bee Sting Treatment

Mild cat bee stings can be treated at home. Seek immediate, emergency veterinary care if your cat has signs of anaphylactic shock.

When a bee stings your cat, its stinger embeds in the skin, pumping venom for several minutes. Act quickly to remove the stinger and treat your cat. Follow these treatment steps:

1. Stay calm
2. Locate the bee’s stinger. Remember that the face and front paws are the most common areas for bee stings on cats
3. Remove the stinger by scraping the skin with the edge of a credit card. Do not squeeze the stinger with tweezers or your fingers. Doing so will release more of the bee’s venom in your cat’s body 
4. Rinse the sting area with cool water
5. Apply a cool, damp washcloth or cold compress to the sting site for 5 to 10 minutes to help reduce swelling
6. Keep your cat as calm as possible, doing your best to stop them from touching the sting
7. Monitor your cat for signs of anaphylactic shock 
8. Contact your veterinarian

If your cat’s bee sting was mild, your veterinarian might advise monitoring symptoms at home. They may also recommend giving your cat an antihistamine to reduce swelling and other symptoms.

Veterinary care for anaphylactic shock requires hospitalization and intense treatment with intravenous fluids, steroids, and Benadryl. Your cat will remain hospitalized for at least one to two days until they are stable enough to return home.

Medications Used to Treat Cats With a Bee Sting

Benadryl is the most used antihistamine drug to relieve the discomfort of bee stings. Its active ingredient, diphenhydramine, blocks the release of histamine, which the body’s immune system releases in response to the stinger’s venom. Benadryl is given orally, in pill or liquid form, for at-home care.

Do not, under any circumstances, give your cat Benadryl without speaking to your veterinarian first. Over-the-counter Benadryl may contain other ingredients, such as pain medication, that are fatally toxic to cats. Make sure that the Benadryl you give your cat contains only diphenhydramine.

Your veterinarian will use your cat’s weight to calculate the correct Benadryl dosage for your cat. They will then instruct you on how to administer it.

If you are using the pill form, you can try hiding the pill of Benadryl in a pill pocket. If your cat hates taking pills, use a syringe to squirt the liquid dose of Benadryl into the back of your cat’s mouth so they can’t spit it back out.

Cat Bee Sting Recovery Time

For most cat bee stings, the swelling lasts only a few hours. With prompt first aid at home, your cat will recover quickly. Cats hospitalized with anaphylactic shock will have a longer recovery because of the seriousness of their allergic reaction. 

If your cat was hospitalized, your veterinarian will give you at-home care instructions for monitoring your cat and administering medication. Your veterinarian may prescribe an EpiPen and instruct you on how to use it if your cat gets stung by a bee again.

General Cost of Treatment for Cat Bee Stings

Mild bee stings that need only at-home care have minimal costs – just the cost of Benadryl if you do not already have it at home.

Hospitalization for bee stings will cost hundreds of dollars, including a physical exam, treatment, and an overnight stay in the hospital.

How to Prevent Cat Bee Stings

Because cats are so curious, preventing bee stings may be challenging. However, there are a few strategies to reduce your cat’s chances of getting stung by a bee:

• Hire a pest control service to remove bee hives and nests from your yard
• Plant flowers, such as zinnias, that are less likely to attract bees
• Isolate your cat in another room if a bee gets inside your home. Do your best to remove the bee

Related Conditions

• Wasp stings
• Hornet stings

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Runny poop in cats has many different causes, some harmless and some quite serious. Continue reading to find out the most common causes of diarrhea in cats, what you can do to help your cat feel better, and how to tell when it’s time to call your veterinarian. 

Runny Cat Poop: What Does it Look Like? 

Runny cat poop, also called diarrhea, loose stool, or watery stool, can take on a variety of appearances. Healthy, normal cat poop should be firm, but not rock hard, and formed into a sausage shape. Anything wetter or mushier is considered diarrhea. The color of your cat’s poop is less important – as long as they are otherwise happy and healthy – and can vary from cat to cat. However, generally speaking, cat poop is brown to dark brown. 

If your cat has runny poop, it’s important to take note of the exact consistency and appearance. This may give you a hint as to the severity of the problem and guide treatment if you need to take your cat to the veterinarian. 

Decoding Cat Diarrhea: 6 Causes of Runny Cat Poop 

Here are a few potential causes of runny cat poop:

Dietary Changes

If you recently ran out of your cat’s usual food and had to switch to a new brand or flavor, it may have caused runny poop. Your cat has trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, that normally inhabit their digestive tract (gut microbiome) and aid in turning food into fuel and getting rid of the waste in the form of poop. When cats are fed a consistent diet, their gut microbiome adapts to digesting that particular food. In turn, when a completely different food is fed abruptly, these flora are often less capable of digesting the new food, resulting in diarrhea. [2]

If your cat sneaks a bite of dinner off of your plate, you give them a table scrap they don’t usually eat, or they eat something out of the kitchen trash can, this can also lead to loose stools. 

Infections

Infections with different parasites, bacteria, or viruses are a common cause of runny poop in cats, especially in kittens and cats who spend time outdoors. Common parasites that cause diarrhea in cats include:

• Tritrichomonas
• Coccidia
• Giardia
• Hookworms
• Roundworms

Viruses that cause runny cat stool include parvovirus and feline coronavirus, while some common bacterial causes are due to Salmonella and Clostridium infections.

Stress

Just as a stressful week at work may cause us to have an irritable bowel, stress can also cause an upset tummy for your cat. Sources of stress in cats aren’t always obvious to pet parents but can range from loud construction going on next door to a change in your work schedule. 

Toxins

Cats will often help themselves to nibbles of the plants in their homes. Many plants are at least mildly toxic to cats, resulting in watery poop when ingested. For this reason, it is important to research any plants in your cat’s environment to ensure that they are not toxic. You can look up plants on the ASPCA website to find out if you should remove them from your home. 

Certain foods, such as chocolate, and a variety of over-the-counter medications made for humans are toxic to cats, causing diarrhea in addition to many other symptoms. Again, the ASPCA site is a great place to find out what should be kept out of reach of your cat.

Food Intolerance 

Cats and humans alike can be sensitive or allergic to one or more foods, which can lead to loose stools.

Chronic Diseases

Several chronic diseases affecting different organs in the body can cause runny cat poop, including:

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Intestinal lymphoma

These diseases will typically cause chronic diarrhea (i.e. diarrhea that lasts longer than two weeks or returns frequently). It’s also important to note that if your cat has one of these diseases, they will also likely have other symptoms of illness besides diarrhea. 

What to Do About Runny Cat Poop

If your cat develops soft, runny, or watery poop, you don’t necessarily need to panic. Most cases of diarrhea in cats that come on suddenly, called acute diarrhea, are due to minor causes and will resolve on their own within a few days. 

It’s reasonable to monitor your cat for two to three days if their only symptom is loose stool and they are otherwise acting fine. You could offer them a bland diet consisting of cooked boneless, skinless chicken breast or baked white fish for a few days to see if that helps. However, if you have a kitten with diarrhea, it’s best to have them looked at by your veterinarian if the diarrhea doesn’t resolve after one day. Kittens are more likely to have infectious diarrhea and their bodies are less capable of fighting off infections.

Runny Cat Poop: When to Seek Help 

You should seek veterinary care if your cat’s runny poop lasts longer than two to three days, or if they develop any of the following symptoms. 

Liquid poop

If your cat has more than a couple of episodes of very liquid poop – think uncontrollable, explosive diarrhea – you should take them immediately to a veterinarian. Liquid poop contains mostly water and will very quickly lead to dehydration, which can be life-threatening.

Lethargy

It is normal for cats to feel a bit more tired with most causes of runny poop, but if they become extremely tired and stop walking around or moving, they are most likely seriously ill or dehydrated.

Inappetance

If your cat refuses to eat anything at all for more than one day, they should be checked out by your veterinarian. 

Vomiting

A few episodes of vomiting may not be anything to worry about in a cat with runny poop. However, if your cat vomits multiple times in a day or cannot keep any food or water down, it’s important for them to receive medical care, as severe vomiting can quickly lead to dehydration and may indicate a serious issue. 

In addition, if you know your cat ate a plant or toxic food, or may have gotten into a household medication, you should immediately contact your veterinarian or animal poison control for advice. 

Preventing Cat Diarrhea: Tips for Healthy Poop 

Feeding a complete and balanced feline diet that is appropriate for your cat or kitten’s life stage is the most important thing you can do to make sure your cat has healthy poop. Your veterinarian is your best resource for recommendations on what to feed your cat. If you do need to change your cat’s food, it’s recommended that you do so gradually over a period of at least one week, slowly reducing the proportion of the old food and increasing the proportion of the new food. 

Feeding your cat cooked foods and avoiding raw food diets is also recommended to prevent your cat from getting diarrhea, as raw meat often harbors harmful bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli, which can cause loose stool and more serious symptoms. You should also avoid feeding your cat table scraps, especially those containing ingredients toxic to cats or those high in fat. 

If your cat is prone to having runny poop from time to time, ask your veterinarian to recommend a probiotic for them. Probiotics contain healthy gut bacteria and can improve stool quality for some cats. 

Cats with food intolerances or food allergies, or those with inflammatory bowel disease, often benefit from being fed prescription diets, such as hydrolyzed protein diets or highly digestible gastrointestinal diets. If your cat has chronic diarrhea, ask your veterinarian about a prescription diet. 

References

1. “2019 Cost of Pet Care Report.” Healthy Paws Insurance, Retrieved from https://www.healthypawspetinsurance.com/content/costofcare/pet-care-costs-health-conditions_2019.pdf
2. Liao, Pinfeng et al. “Abrupt Dietary Change and Gradual Dietary Transition Impact Diarrheal Symptoms, Fecal Fermentation Characteristics, Microbiota, and Metabolic Profile in Healthy Puppies.” Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 13,8 1300. 11 Apr. 2023, doi:10.3390/ani13081300

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What Is Pillow Foot in Cats?

Pillow foot (also known as plasma cell pododermatitis) refers to inflammation of the paw pads due the presence of high numbers of plasma cells. These inflammatory cells respond to various stimuli, such as allergens or bacteria, that a cat may come into contact with. Sometimes this response can be excessive and lead to swelling. Typically, more than one paw pad is affected, but in rare cases, pet parents may notice just one swollen pad. In the early stages, this swelling is non-painful, but the condition worsens over time, causing significant pain and discomfort. 

Pillow foot affects cats of all ages and breeds. Cats with underlying viral diseases, such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), are thought to be at a higher risk of developing the condition. 

Causes of Pillow Foot in Cats

The exact cause of cat pillow foot is unknown. The most commonly accepted reason this condition develops is due to an immune-mediated reaction. This means that the cat’s immune system overreacts and high numbers of plasma cells collect in the paw pads, which leads to swelling.  

The immune system can be stimulated by the following: 

• Environmental allergens
• Food sensitivities 
• Severe inflammation
• Infections

Signs of Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot causes a wide range of signs, with the most distinctive being red, swollen paw pads. It’s also important to note that there are many other conditions that cause swelling of the paw pads, so pet parents should always bring affected cats to a veterinarian to determine the underlying cause.

Other characteristic symptoms include the following: 

• Ulcerated and/or bleeding paw pads
• Thickened skin on paw pads
• Pain
• Limping
• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Enlarged lymph nodes

Cats with pillow foot may also have signs of concurrent illnesses, such as kidney disease, which could include increased thirst and urination, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Mouth sores may also be present. 

Diagnosing Pillow Foot in Cats

Pillow foot in cats is diagnosed using a combination of tests. First, a veterinarian performs a physical exam to identify abnormalities of the foot pad and collects information from the pet parent about their cat’s behaviors and when symptoms began. Blood is collected to check for high levels of inflammatory cells or evidence of underlying infection, such as FIV or FeLV. 

A sample of cells is taken from the affected paw pad(s) using a small needle and examined under the microscope. This procedure may cause mild discomfort for cats, but it is helpful for identifying high numbers of plasma cells to diagnose pillow foot. It is also useful to rule out other conditions that can look similar. A more accurate diagnosis can be made by taking a biopsy, which consists of surgically removing a small piece of paw pad. This generally requires sedation to ensure the cat remains still and free from discomfort. The sample is sent to a specialized laboratory for identification. 

Pillow Foot in Cats Treatment

Some cats with pillow foot improve on their own, particularly if they have only mild symptoms. However, in most cases, treatment is necessary and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both. 

Medications for Pillow Foot in Cats

Your veterinarian may prescribe a medication called doxycycline to treat pillow foot in your cat. Doxycycline is a type of antibiotic that treats infection and reduces inflammation associated with plasma cell pododermatitis. It is usually given by mouth twice daily. However, because this medication has been linked with esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus) in cats, pet parents should ensure their cats drink water after receiving it. Other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclosporine, can also be given orally to treat this condition. Injectable or oral steroids may also be helpful.

Your veterinarian can determine the best type of medication to meet your cat’s specific needs. Treatment may continue for several months. Always be sure to give the prescribed medications exactly as directed for the best treatment outcomes. 

It is important to follow up with your veterinarian while your cat is receiving treatment to identify any side effects of the medications and to determine when treatment can be stopped. In rare cases, some cats may have relapses throughout their lives, which require additional medications.  

Home Remedies for Pillow Foot in Cats

It is not recommended to try any home remedies for pillow foot in cats. Since this condition is likely due to an overactive immune system, specific prescription medications are needed for resolution. Trying home remedies before seeking veterinary guidance can delay appropriate treatment and cause worsening of symptoms.

Cost to Treat

Pet parents can expect to pay $20 to $40 per month for steroid treatment, while cyclosporine can range from $30 to $200 per month, depending on the brand. (Generic medications cost much less than brand name products.)

If your cat requires surgery and hospitalization, costs can range between $300 and $600 or more, depending on how many paw pads are affected and how your cat does during recovery. Most cats are sent home on medications, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, to reduce swelling and prevent infection. 

How to Prevent Pillow Foot in Cats

Because the exact cause of pillow foot in cats is unknown, it is difficult to determine what to do to prevent this condition. If it is truly immune-mediated, there is nothing pet parents can do to prevent it from developing in their cats. However, ensuring you are bringing your cat to the veterinarian for regular preventative care can help detect any problems early and keep them as healthy as possible. 

Related Conditions

Pillow foot is a unique disease, but other conditions may cause similar changes to the paw pads. These include the following: 

• Mast cell tumors
• Eosinophilic granuloma complex 
• Paw pad injuries

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Pet parents should keep note of their cat’s urination habits and other behavioral changes that could indicate an underlying medical condition requiring management without delay.

Let’s take a closer look at how often cats typically urinate and what to do if it seems like your cat can’t pee.

How Often Do Cats Pee?

The average healthy adult cat typically urinates two to four times over a 24-hour period, primarily during the daytime. Domestic cats evolved as desert creatures, meaning they are well adept at trying to survive on little water if necessary. Therefore, urination frequency and volume may decrease when a cat is dehydrated either from medical issues, lack of access to fresh water, or high ambient temperatures. Dry heat is more dehydrating than humid weather or home environments. Additionally, a cat’s diet can affect hydration and thereby urination habits. Healthy kitties who consume a canned (or wet) food formula may urinate more frequently than those eating a dry kibble due to the additional water content of their meal.

If your cat is peeing less than usual, maintaining a clean litter box in a quiet, inviting environment can be helpful. Perhaps your cat is physically able to urinate but is holding their bladder until they can pee in a clean litter box.

If litter box hygiene is not the culprit, investigate if there are other reasons your cat is avoiding the litter box. For instance, if you have a giant litter box for a tiny kitten, they may be having a difficult time climbing into it. If your geriatric cat is experiencing mobility issues from osteoarthritis, a shallow box rather than a tall one may help them step inside it more comfortably Also consider whether there is something in the way that’s frightening your cat from journeying to the litter box. Could they be urinating outside the litter box somewhere else in the house? 

Additionally, keep tabs on your cat’s behavior. If your cat is hiding, not eating, or attempting to use the litter box but either won’t or can’t, hurry and seek your veterinarian’s advice. No urine production after 24-48 hours constitutes a medical emergency.

Cat Not Peeing: Signs and Symptoms

Pet parents can monitor their cat’s actions and attitude for warning signs that their cat may not be peeing. Signs of a cat having trouble peeing include:

• The litter box may appear cleaner than usual since no urine is being produced, or clean litter may be moved all over the place during a cat’s attempt to scratch around and try to pee.
• Your cat may go to the litter box more often than usual
• Your cat may strain when squatting (posturing) to urinate
• Your cat may vocalize or cry out in pain while attempting to urinate
• Your cat may appear more agitated or uncomfortable
• Hiding behavior is common in kitties when they’re not feeling well, including when they can’t pee
• You may notice a decrease in your cat’s appetite or water intake
• You may observe your cat licking their lower abdomen or genitals more frequently in an attempt to alleviate discomfort in the bladder and urethra
• In severe circumstances, your cat may collapse if no urine has been produced for over 24-48 hours.

Aside from regularly checking the litter box for urine production, tricks to help pet parents monitor whether their cat is producing urine include the following:

• Smart litter boxes (such as the Litter-Robot) may offer tools to track the number of times your cat enters and exits the litter box. Some systems scan your cat’s microchip number to help you determine which cat may be having urinary problems if you have a multi-cat household.
• Setting up a pet camera can also be helpful so you can track whether your cat is using the litter box and how often they are journeying to the box.
• If you suspect your cat may be urinating outside the litter box, a black light can assist pet parents in searching for urine marks around the home.

Why Can’t My Cat Pee?

The underlying cause of your cat’s difficulty urinating can vary. Some may result in a cat dribbling or trickling urine rather than producing a normal stream while others can prevent your cat from being unable to urinate at all. Many of these causes fall under the umbrella of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), a menagerie of ailments plaguing the bladder and urethra (tube that empties the bladder during urination).

If left unmanaged, FLUTD can rapidly progress to a urethral obstruction (blockage of the urethra in which urine cannot pass out of the body), which constitutes a medical emergency that can quickly lead to various organ shutdown and death if prompt vet care is not provided. Male cats are at increased risk of urethral obstruction (or becoming “blocked”) due to their long and narrow urethra.

Here are some potential causes for a cat not peeing:

Idiopathic Cystitis

Idiopathic cystitis is the most common cause of FLUTD. It occurs due to an unknown trigger causing inflammation of the bladder, which can manifest as all the signs described above in the previous section. Stress is the most common culprit. Urinary crystals can also be a factor; crystals are grit from excess mineral content from the diet that can accumulate in the urine and irritate the bladder lining, leading to inflammation and urinary discomfort.

Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection can cause the following clinical signs: periuria (peeing outside the litterbox) pollakiuria (increased more frequently in smaller amounts), stranguria (pain while urinating), hematuria (blood in the urine), and malodor. UTIs in cats generally arise secondarily to some other disorder.

Urinary Stones

Urolithiasis (urinary stones) can develop in the lower urinary tract, irritating the lining of the bladder, causing secondary bacterial infections (or UTIs), and lodging in the urethra (thus causing an obstruction). Mucus plugs can also cause urethral obstructions and are more common in male cats.

Growths

Bladder masses, tumors, and polyps, while relatively uncommon in cats, are more likely to occur in older cats and can lead to trouble urinating.

Trauma

Trauma to the lower urinary tract due to injury can disrupt the flow of urine.

No Urine Production

Rather than a problem with the bladder or urethra affecting the ability to urinate, your cat’s body may not be producing any urine for the bladder to hold at all. Anuria (the absence of urine production) or oliguria (infrequent urination) can arise from severe dehydration or end-stage renal failure. In these scenarios, the body can urinate, but there is no urine made by the kidneys to void.

Neurologic Conditions

Neurologic conditions, such as those affecting the spinal cord (and thus the nerves branching off it that supply the bladder), can also make voluntary urination difficult. For instance, cats with paralysis due to spinal cord injury may dribble or leak urine but be unable to urinate a normal amount on their own, thus requiring manual bladder expression taught by your vet to help empty the bladder.

What to Do if Your Cat Isn’t Peeing

If your cat is either struggling to pee or not peeing at all (particularly if your cat is male), this behavior indicates a medical emergency, so vet care should be sought ASAP. An overly full bladder is not only intensely painful, but it can cause damage to the rest of the body. If urine is trapped with nowhere to go, fluid and toxins can back up from the bladder into the kidneys, causing kidney damage. Infections can arise. Furthermore, electrolyte abnormalities from excess retained potassium can cause heart failure.

Therefore, call your closest vet clinic or emergency hospital to let them know what’s going on so they can advise you on your cat’s specific case. The vet team can offer support to manage your expectations in an emergency setting (time-wise and financial). In the meantime, try to keep your kitty as calm and comfortable as possible until you’re ready to head out the door.

Once you’re at the vet clinic or hospital, be prepared to answer some questions about your cat’s history, such as:

• When was the last time you noticed your cat urinating normally?
• Has this problem happened before?
• Could they be urinating somewhere in the house outside the litter box?
• Have you noticed any other abnormal behavior? Straining or crying when urinating? Hiding? Any blood observed in the urine?
• Is your cat eating? What diet?
• Any vomiting?
• Has there been an increase or decrease in your cat’s water consumption as well as urination frequency and volume leading up to this event?
• Have there been any changes to the litter box or litter type? How often do you clean your cat’s litter box and change the litter?
• How many litter boxes do you have in your home? How many other cats do you have?
• Have there been any recent events in your home that could have been stressful to your kitty? Construction or home renovation? Recent visitors? A new baby? A new pet?
• Any other pertinent medical history?

Treating a Cat Who Can’t Pee

The first thing your vet will do when your cat presents for having trouble peeing will be a thorough physical exam. Your cat’s vital signs will be measured, including your cat’s heart rate. A slow heart rate (bradycardia) and irregular heart rate (arrhythmia) in a cat who is not urinating can indicate a severe electrolyte abnormality in which the potassium level in the bloodstream is too high (hyperkalemia), because excess cannot be excreted from the body in urine. If extreme, these cardiac abnormalities warrant a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Additionally, your vet will feel (or palpate) your cat’s abdomen to confirm an enlarged bladder and whether your cat has a urinary obstruction. Additional physical exam findings, such as enlarged kidneys, will also be assessed.

Common diagnostics for a cat who can’t pee include urine testing (urinalysis). If your cat is not fully obstructed, your vet may manually express your cat’s bladder or be able to obtain a urine sample from a litter box filled with special non-absorbent cat litter. If your cat has a urinary obstruction (or is “blocked”), urine may be collected either via a urinary catheter or a sterile needle placed directly through the skin into the bladder (i.e. cystocentesis). Urine will be analyzed, especially checking for urine concentration, bacteria, crystals, blood, protein, and white blood cells.

Your vet may also recommend blood work, particularly to assess your cat’s kidney values to ensure no damage has occurred. Imaging, such as abdominal radiographs (X-rays) and/or abdominal ultrasound (sonogram) may also be recommended, particularly to rule out urinary stones as a cause for the issue.

Once your cat has been assessed, treatment can be initiated. The treatment plan depends on your cat’s specific underlying cause of urinary trouble and may include:

• Antibiotics for a simple UTI
• Surgical removal of urinary stones
• Prescription urinary diet to help dissolve urinary stones or reduce crystal formation
• Urinary catheter/urethral flush to unblock obstruction
• Medications to help relax the bladder and keep the urethra from spasming and re-obstructing
• Long-term anxiety medications (such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline)
• Surgery (perineal urethrostomy) to help reduce the risk of future blockages (for some male cats)
• Hospitalization with IV fluids, additional medications, and intense monitoring for cats with severe electrolyte derangements, cardiac abnormalities, or renal failure
• Surgical repair for traumatic injury to the lower urinary tract
• Management of neurological abnormalities along with regular manual bladder expression

Prognosis varies depending on your cat’s underlying cause, severity, and presence of other medical issues.

How to Lower Your Cat’s Risk of Urinary Disease

Pet parents can help minimize their cat’s risk of urinary disease with the following guidelines:

Weight management: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of FLUTD, so maintaining a lean body weight is key to help support bladder health.

Stress management and environmental enrichment: Keeping cats as calm and happy as possible by reducing environmental stressors and providing mental stimulation and fun play can help reduce bladder inflammation. Keeping the peace by reducing aggressive standoffs between cats in your home is an important component. Products like Feliway pheromone spray or diffuser can be helpful to some kitties.

Litter box care: Proper litter box hygiene and having enough litter boxes for cats in a multi-cat household is vital. Kitties are fastidious hygiene freaks; pet parents can help by ensuring their cat’s litter box is clean and by adhering to the 1+1 litter box rule (1 litter box in the house for each cat, plus 1 additional).

Hydration: A hydrated urinary system is a happy one. Switching from dry to canned food can be helpful, as can purchasing a water fountain for drinking. If your cat doesn’t drink much on their own, ask your vet if Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Hydra Care Supplement is right for them. Your kitty’s bladder will thank you.

The post My Cat Can’t Pee: 7 Causes and Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

What is Saddle Thrombus?

Saddle thrombus is also known as fatal aortic thromboembolism. That’s quite a mouthful, so let’s define some terms first:

• Thrombus. A thrombus is a large blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and gets stuck. 
• Embolism. An embolism is a small clot that breaks off from the thrombus, travels through the bloodstream, then gets lodged in another blood vessel elsewhere in the body.

With saddle thrombus, the thrombus forms in the left atrium (upper left chamber of the heart). The embolism that breaks off exits the heart through the aorta and eventually gets stuck at the base of the aorta. In some cases, the entire thrombus moves through the aorta.

The base of the aorta is located near the rear limbs, where it splits into the major arteries that supply the hind limbs and tail. This area looks like an upside-down ‘V,’ hence the name “saddle.”

The saddle thrombus causes inflammation where it gets stuck, decreasing circulation to the legs and setting off a sudden cascade of symptoms.

More common in cats than dogs, saddle thrombus is most seen in male adult cats aged 8 to 12 years. [1] The cat breeds at the highest risk of saddle thrombus include Abyssinians, Birmans, and Ragdolls. [1]

Causes of Saddle Thrombus in Cats

The most common cause of saddle thrombus in cats is heart disease, namely hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is an inward enlargement of the heart muscles, which causes the heart to pump poorly and increases the risk of thrombus formation.

Nearly 90 percent of cats with saddle thrombus have heart disease. [2] However, somewhat confusingly, many cats with heart disease never develop saddle thrombus. Currently, there is no way to predict whether a cat with heart disease will develop the condition.

Less common causes of saddle thrombus cats are cancer and sepsis (bacterial infection in the blood). For some cats, the cause of saddle thrombus remains unknown.

Signs of Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Saddle thrombus occurs suddenly; a cat may be fine one second and in excruciating pain the very next second.

Because it comes on without warning, detecting early signs of saddle thrombus in cats is nearly impossible. Here are the symptoms to look for:

• Loud vocalization
• Rear paw pads are blue
• Rear legs and paw pads feel cold
• Hyperventilation (rapid breathing)
• Paralysis and lameness in one or both rear limbs
• Behavioral changes (aggression, anxiety, frenzy)
• Vomiting

Saddle thrombus may be the first sign of heart disease in cats.

Diagnosing Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Saddle thrombus is a medical emergency, so a diagnosis must be made quickly and accurately to give a cat the best chance of survival.

A veterinarian will typically use the presence of telltale symptoms of saddle thrombus, particularly sudden rear limb paralysis, to diagnose the condition. They will also perform a physical exam and potentially conduct other testing to support the diagnosis.

During the physical exam, the veterinarian will search for a pulse in the rear limbs and determine if they feel cooler than the front limbs. No pulse in the rear limbs and cool-feeling rear limbs are key clues for saddle thrombus.

The veterinarian will listen closely to the heart for abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, that may indicate heart disease. They may also perform imaging tests like chest X-rays and an echocardiogram (heart ultrasound), which could demonstrate heart disease.

Blood work, which assesses a cat’s overall health, may be done as well. On the blood work, the veterinarian will look for indications of kidney disease, heart failure, and poor circulation.

Cats with saddle thrombus often need to be stabilized before all the diagnostic testing can be performed. 

Treatment for Saddle Thrombus in Cats

Cats with saddle thrombus must be hospitalized for treatment for at least several days. 

The main treatment goals are:

• Controlling pain
• Managing underlying heart disease
• Improving blood flow through the heart
• Reperfusion (restoring circulation) of the rear limbs

Pain medications are used to control pain, while other medications are given to improve heart function and blood flow.

Blood thinners are administered to prevent both the formation of future clots and the saddle thrombus from getting bigger. Sometimes, the blood clot will resorb on its own.

Intravenous fluid therapy helps improve and restore circulation but can lead to fluid overload in cats with heart disease because their hearts are not pumping well and they have poor circulation.

While it is one of the goals when treating saddle thrombus, reperfusion of the rear limbs is risky. When the saddle thrombus initially cuts off circulation to the rear limbs, cells die and release potassium. Reperfusion can cause a massive rush of potassium to the heart, which can be fatal because too much potassium in the blood can stop the heart.

In addition to these treatments, cats may be given supplemental oxygen and encouraged to eat. Cats that do not eat for several days are at high risk for fatal hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease).

For cats that survive treatment (many don’t), physical therapy helps them regain movement in their rear limbs after blood flow has been restored. Physical therapy could take anywhere from several days to several weeks.

After returning home from saddle thrombus treatment, cats require frequent monitoring, lifelong anti-clotting medication, and heart disease management.

Unfortunately, saddle thrombus treatment for cats is often difficult and unrewarding. 

Prognosis

The prognosis for feline saddle thrombus is usually very poor, with about half of affected cats not surviving treatment. [2]

Frequently, cats who survive saddle thrombus have permanent nervous system damage. Only about 20 percent of cats survive more than one year after their saddle thrombus. [3]

Euthanasia is often selected over treatment for several reasons:

• Extreme pain and discomfort
• Likelihood of saddle thrombus recurrence
• Long-term management of underlying heart disease

How to Prevent Saddle Thrombus in Cats

The best way to prevent saddle thrombus is to detect and start managing heart disease early.

A consultation with a veterinary cardiologist is the ideal way to diagnose heart disease. However, these consults are very expensive and may not be readily available, depending on where you live. Regular wellness exams can help your veterinarian detect heart disease early and begin your cat on a heart disease management plan.

References

1. Aherne, M. Dec. 23, 2020. Feline Arterial Thromboembolism. Today’s Veterinary Practice. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/cardiology/feline-arterial-thromboembolism/
2. Brooks, W. Feb. 27, 2012. Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE or Saddle Thrombus). Veterinary Partner. Retrieved from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&catId=102903&id=5307199
3. Borgeat, K et al. “Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012.” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine vol. 28,1 (2014): 102-8.

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Read on to learn the most common causes of runny noses in cats, how to treat your cat’s runny nose, when your cat should see the veterinarian, and how you can prevent your cat from developing a runny nose. 

What Does a Cat Runny Nose Look Like?

A runny nose in cats is fairly easy to spot. Usually, these cats will have clear discharge from one or both nostrils. Depending on the cause, the discharge can also be green or yellow, and less commonly, it can have a red tinge. 

Cats with a runny nose will often also be sneezing and may have audible nasal congestion, meaning that you can hear them breathing. Some cats may also experience discharge from their eyes at the same time, resulting in squinting, and others may have nasal swelling.

Since cats rely heavily on their sense of smell in order to taste, some cats with a heavily runny nose may have a loss of appetite. If the nasal discharge has been ongoing, this can result in weight loss of affected cats. 

My Cat Has a Runny Nose: 8 Common Causes

There are many causes of runny noses in cats. Usually, these are self-limiting, meaning they will resolve without treatment, but some causes of cat runny noses are more severe.

The most common causes of nasal discharge in cats include:

Upper Respiratory Infections

Upper respiratory infections, deemed URIs for short, are most often caused by feline viruses. Occasionally, URIs can be caused by bacterial infections, and some cats may even develop a secondary opportunistic bacterial infection due to their initial viral infection. Much less commonly, URIs are the result of a fungal infection. The most common viruses resulting in feline URIs are feline herpesvirus type-1 and feline calicivirus. These are common in cats adopted from a shelter setting or other crowded conditions where viruses are easily spread. 

Allergies

Just like humans can be left sniffling and sneezing after exposure to allergens, so can our feline friends. The most common cat allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold, perfumes, scented candles, kitty litter, and even animal dander. 

Dental Disease

The roots of the premolars and molars in cats are closely positioned to their sinuses and nasal cavity. Therefore, severely diseased teeth can result in inflammation and irritation to the nasal cavity followed by nasal discharge. Some cats can even develop painful draining tracts between the oral and nasal cavity if the dental disease is bad enough. 

Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are benign growths of tissue that develop within the nasal passage of cats. These growths occlude the nasal cavity and result in a runny nose and loud stertorous breathing. Many times, these cats can be misdiagnosed for having a URI which doesn’t respond to treatment. 

Foreign Bodies

Curious cats can occasionally wind up with something lodged in their nasal cavity that shouldn’t be there. Grass awns, pieces of food, small sticks/twigs, etc. can all accidentally make their way up a cat’s nostril. Cats lack the ability to remove these objects themselves, and the result is an irritated and inflamed nasal cavity and subsequent nasal discharge. 

Nasal Tumors

Cancerous growths can occur in and around the nasal cavity. These growths distort the nasal passages and/or surrounding structures and the first sign is typically nasal discharge from one or both nostrils, depending on the location of the lesion. 

Toxic Irritants

When a cat inhales something that can irritate the nasal passage, like toxins, the result is inflammation and a secondary runny nose. Common toxic irritants that result in a runny nose are household cleaners, certain house plants, and secondhand cigarette smoke.

Trauma

Any damage to a cat’s face and/or nose can result in nasal discharge. Facial trauma is seen in cats mostly after a fall, a tussle with another animal, or having their face shut in a door accidentally. However, any physical accident involving the head can result in secondary nasal discharge in addition to other symptoms like limping. 

Treating a Cat’s Runny Nose

Treatment of a cat’s runny nose depends on the cause. In very mild cases of nasal discharge when cats are acting like themselves otherwise (still eating, drinking, and playing normally), treatment usually isn’t necessary. 

However, medical intervention is recommended when nasal discharge is colored as opposed to clear; is accompanied by lethargy, anorexia, facial swelling, or weight loss; or the affected cat is pawing at their face, medical intervention is recommended.

Your veterinarian will likely initiate treatment based on a thorough history and physical exam. In some cases, especially those in which the discharge is only on one side or facial swelling is noted, your veterinarian may need radiographs (X-rays) to help determine the cause. Bloodwork may also be necessary to help guide your cat’s therapy.

Based on the underlying cause, your veterinarian will prescribe antivirals, antibiotics, and/or antifungal medications to help your cat’s stuffy nose. Many cats will benefit from anti-inflammatory therapy to help relieve the inflammation in the nasal cavity, and if allergies are suspected, your cat will be started on antihistamines. 

If your cat has dental disease, a thorough dental cleaning and extraction of the affected teeth is necessary. In the case of nasal polyps or foreign bodies, these can usually be removed under anesthesia in your veterinarian’s office. Nasal tumors will typically require a referral to a veterinary oncologist for treatment with surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. 

Cat Runny Nose Home Remedies

In addition to medications, cat parents can take steps at home to help alleviate their cat’s runny nose. 

Use a humidifier. Humidifiers help dilate the airways and relieve nasal congestion. Be sure to use purified water and do not add essential oils. Creating a steam room in the bathroom by closing the door and running a hot shower can have the same effect. Both of these techniques should be used with supervision. 

Wipe away mucus. Gently clearing away any dried mucus around the nasal passages can help cats breathe. 

Try a saline solution. For cats who will tolerate saline drops, these can be purchased over the counter and used to help flush out excess mucus. 

Please note that any home remedies for stuffy cat noses are not a replacement for veterinary care, and should only be used for mild cases in otherwise healthy cats, or if otherwise approved by your veterinarian.

How to Prevent Runny Noses in Cats

Preventing a runny nose in cats isn’t always possible. However, there are steps cat parents can take to help keep their cats disease free.

Keeping your cat up to date on their vaccinations will help reduce the chance they will develop certain viral diseases like feline herpesvirus or calicivirus. Cats which are kept indoors are less likely to encounter sick animals and therefore are less likely to be exposed to contagious diseases. These cats are also less likely to experience trauma or develop foreign bodies in their nasal cavity. 

Regularly cleaning your household to remove allergens from your cat’s environment, being mindful of any toxic substances you keep in the home, and never smoking cigarettes indoors around your cat are all additional simple ways to help prevent your cat from developing a runny nose.

Lastly, regular veterinary examinations and dental cleanings are helpful to prevent dental disease, or any other illness for that matter, which may leave your cat with a runny nose. 

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So why is it so critical that cats lose weight? And how can it be done? Here is everything you need to know about cat obesity.

What Is Obesity in Cats?

Obesity is defined as a cat who weighs 20 percent or more than they should. So a cat who should weigh 10 pounds would weigh 12 pounds or more if obese. While 2 extra pounds does not sound like much, it’s a lot for a cat! Cats who are overweight are 10-19 percent above their ideal weight. So if the same cat were overweight, they would weigh 11-11.9 pounds instead of 10 pounds.

Each cat is an individual, and their ideal weight will vary based on body size. Cats vary in ideal weight even within specific breeds. The way veterinarians and pet parents can tell if their cat is overweight is based on a body condition scale. This scale involves looking at a cat’s silhouette or body shape and feeling for their ribs and any large areas of fat. 

A cat who is at an ideal body weight has an hourglass figure with a natural narrowing of the waist just behind the rib cage seen by looking from the side or above. Their ribs would be easy to feel but not easy to see. Fat would be present on different areas of the body, but they would have no obvious large pads of fat, such as hanging down from the belly.

Causes of Obesity in Cats

In general, obesity can occur when a cat takes in too many calories over the amount of energy (calories) that they use. The risk of obesity can be further increased due to lifestyle and genetic differences in your cat’s metabolism, or the breakdown of energy in your cat’s body. Specific cat breeds have not reliably been shown to be more prone to obesity than mixed breed cats.

Other factors that play a role in cat obesity include:

• Age. Middle-aged cats (5-10 years old) and male cats are more likely to be obese.
• Spay/neuter status. Spaying or neutering cats removes many sex hormones, which can lead to a decrease in metabolism, increase in food intake, and decrease in activity.
• Feeding patterns. Free or frequent feeding or feeding primarily dry cat food can contribute to obesity.
• Lack of sufficient enrichment. Studies show that cats without access to the outdoors are more likely to be obese. Not all indoor cats are obese, however, and enrichment that promotes regular exercise is crucial.
• Metabolic disease. Metabolic disease such as acromegaly or insulin resistance can lead to weight gain in cats.
• Pet parent perception. Cat parents may view obese cats as having better quality of life, and they support their cat’s weight gain with excess food or treats.

Obese Cat Health Risks: 7 to Consider

There are several risks for your cat if they are obese, including:

Heart disease

Obesity may lead to heart disease, such as negatively affecting the ability of the heart to pump blood to the body. Weight loss has been shown to improve heart disease, such as decreasing the thickening of the left side of the heart [2]. 

Respiratory disease

Obesity decreases the ability of the lungs to inflate to their full size. Obesity also predisposes cats to tracheal collapse, which is when the windpipe collapses and causes difficulties breathing.

Insulin resistance

Obese cat patients have an increased amount of inflammatory proteins in the body due to an excess amount of fat. These inflammatory proteins cause cells in the body to resist insulin and its effects. While your cat is able to make insulin, their cells do not respond to it and cannot remove glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream. This can lead to high blood sugar over a long period of time, and eventually diabetes mellitus.

Musculoskeletal conditions

The increase in inflammatory proteins in the body contributes to inflammation of joints, leading to painful arthritis in cats. Arthritis can be worsened by having too much body weight to be supported by the joints. Obesity predisposes to cruciate ligament (aka ACL) tears, intervertebral disk disease (inflammation of the disks in between bones of the spine), and hip dysplasia (hip socket is inflamed and not aligned).

Urinary conditions

Inflammation in the kidneys and stones in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra are more likely in obese cats. Urinary tract infections can occur more frequently in female cats. This is because folds in the skin can cause urine to flow out and over a lot of skin around the vulva.

Gastrointestinal tract conditions

Compared to cats with a normal weight, the species of bacteria in the gut changes significantly in obese cats. In addition, liver disease and pancreatic disease (pancreatitis) can occur.

Shorter lifespan

Studies show that obese cats live shorter lives than cats of ideal weight. Obese cats are 30 percent less likely to make it to 12 years of age [3].

Obese Cat Symptoms

Cats who are obese gain fat in many areas of the body and they lose that hourglass shape. Their middle area is rounded outward instead of curving in to create a slight waist. Their ribs are not visible but also not easy to feel. Your cat will not only look different, but they may also have the following symptoms, which can be very mild and increase over time:

• Exercise intolerance. Your cat may tire quickly and be less active. Or when becoming active, they suddenly stop being active to sit or lie down and catch their breath.
• Lameness. You may notice a limp on one of your cat’s legs and that they are less likely to jump onto surfaces.
• Changes in breathing. Your cat may breathe faster or increase how much effort is given to breathing.
• Increased appetite
• Increased drinking
• Increased urination
• Skin changes. Cats who are obese cannot groom certain parts of their body well, so fur may be greasy or unkempt. An obese cat’s skin is often flaky with white flecks of skin or dandruff.

Diagnosing Cat Obesity

Veterinarians diagnose obesity by evaluating your cat’s body condition score. Evaluating past history for any weight gain or significant changes in health is useful in determining body condition score as well. 

Obese Cat Weight Loss Solutions 

There are multiple ways to help your cat lose weight. What every pet parent should know is that cats can lose weight too fast. Speaking with your veterinarian is essential to ensure that cat weight loss is safe. Veterinarians can calculate the amount of calories your cat should eat to lose weight at a healthy pace. A healthy goal is to lose 1 percent of body weight per week. For a 12-pound cat, this equates to 0.12 pounds or about 1/10 of a pound.

The two main strategies for cat weight loss include:

Diet

Feeding your feline cat food that is specially designed to promote weight loss is the best strategy for an obese or overweight cat. There are many different options to choose from, so always consult with your veterinarian before switching to a weight management formula.

Every cat is different in how they feel satiety, or full after eating. Some cats feel satiated with high-fiber diets while others need canned food due to its higher water content, which provides more volume of food for the same number of calories. Satiety is key to allowing your cat to lose weight without constantly begging for more food.

To ensure your cat is losing weight safely, ask your veterinarian for guidance. Depending on your cat’s weight, overall health, and how much they need to lose, your vet might recommend a prescription formula, such as Hill’s Prescription Diet Metabolic Weight Management Cat Food, or a non-prescription formula, such as Hill’s Science Diet Perfect Weight Cat Food.  

Discover more veterinarian-recommended weight management cat foods, along with the pros and cons of each formula, here. 

Physical Activity

Increasing your cat’s activity level is another solid strategy for helping them attain a healthy weight. However, just like most people, you may find some cats easier to motivate than others. So you may need to get creative with some proven exercise ideas for cat weight loss.   

To encourage more activity naturally, try to find toys or diversions that stimulate your cat’s playful (or predatory) side, such as a climbing tree or teaser wand. If your cat is food-motivated, a puzzle feeder may be a good option.

Just keep in mind that increased activity, while great for weight loss, may put extra strain on your overweight cat’s joints. Ask your veterinarian if your overweight or obese cat could benefit from joint supplements containing chondroitin and glucosamine, such as Dasuquin Advanced or Cosequin, to maintain joint health while losing weight.

How to Prevent Cat Obesity

There are many ways to help prevent cat obesity. These include:

• Avoid free feeding of food
• Decrease total amount fed after spay or neuter
• Limit cat treats to 2-3 per day, each approximately ¼-1/2 tsp in size
• Provide enrichment and opportunity for exercise
• Monitor your cat’s figure, and if it changes, seek veterinary advice on how to adjust diet and exercise

References

1. Chiang, Chih-Fan et al. “Prevalence, risk factors, and disease associations of overweight and obesity in cats that visited the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis from January 2006 to December 2015.” Topics in companion animal medicine vol. 47 (2022): 100620. doi:10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100620
2. Partington, C et al. “The effect of obesity and subsequent weight reduction on cardiac structure and function in dogs.” BMC veterinary research vol. 18,1 351. 20 Sep. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03449-4
3. Scarlett, J M, and S Donoghue. “Associations between body condition and disease in cats.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 212,11 (1998): 1725-31.

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However, cats can quickly become seriously ill and will need immediate veterinary care when their liver fails. That’s why it’s important to recognize the symptoms of cat liver failure. This will help you know what to do if your cat’s liver stops working.

Liver Failure Vs. Liver Disease in Cats

First, let’s explain the difference between liver failure and liver disease. 

Liver Disease

Liver disease in cats occurs when an insult to the liver, such as an infection, reduces its ability to function. Cats with liver disease can still function reasonably well because the liver can regenerate itself and continue carrying out most of its functions even when diseased.

Liver Failure

Liver failure occurs when at least 70 percent of the liver’s function is lost, indicating that the liver can withstand quite a bit of injury before liver failure sets in. This massive loss of function can happen suddenly, and a cat will look visibly ill when their liver starts failing.

Without prompt and aggressive treatment, a cat with liver failure is unlikely to survive. 

15 Cat Liver Failure Symptoms

The liver performs many essential functions that affect the entire body. Therefore, liver failure symptoms in cats occur throughout the body.

Since it’s easiest to think of liver failure symptoms according to the body system, that’s how we’ve broken them down.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

The liver performs many digestive functions like converting glucose to energy, producing and releasing bile to help digest food, and storing fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). With liver failure, a cat will experience various digestive issues:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Bloody poop
• Decreased or complete loss of appetite

Nervous System Symptoms

When the liver fails, a brain condition called hepatic encephalopathy develops because the liver can no longer rid the body of ammonia. This brain disease causes brain tissue to break down, leading to numerous nervous system symptoms:

• Tremors
• Staggering
• Depression
• Altered mental status
• Head pressing against a wall

Urinary Tract (Kidney) Symptoms

The liver plays a significant role in filtering out toxins. When failing, the liver cannot carry out this role. Toxins accumulate in the blood, resulting in more work for the kidneys to filter these toxins and rid the body of them through urine. This extra work eventually damages the kidneys, causing the symptoms listed below:

• Lethargy
• Weight loss
• Increased urination

Hepatobiliary

“Hepatobiliary” is a fancy term for the combination of the liver and gallbladder. When the liver fails, certain symptoms indicate a loss of function of the of these two organs:

• Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucus membranes; one of the telltale signs of liver disease and liver failure)

Immune/Lymphatic/Hemic Symptoms

The liver plays an essential role in immune health and clotting ability. Liver failure causes delayed clotting.

What to Do If You Notice Symptoms of Liver Failure in Cats

If you notice any of the symptoms listed above, especially if they appeared suddenly, take your cat to your veterinarian as soon as possible.

It’s also important to understand that some of the symptoms, like vomiting and appetite loss, are not specific to liver failure. Your veterinarian will perform various diagnostic tests to definitively diagnose liver failure in your cat. Just be aware that diagnosing liver failure can be extensive and expensive.

First, your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam and ask you for a detailed history of the problem. They will ask you questions like these:

• What is your cat’s current diet?
• Has your cat recently ingested any poisons?
• What medications does your cat currently take?
• What symptoms have you noticed, and when did they start?

Your veterinarian will assess your cat’s body systems during the physical exam. As previously mentioned, the presence of jaundice in cats is a clear sign that something is wrong with the liver.

Your veterinarian will then perform various diagnostic tests to diagnose liver failure, including:

• Urinalysis
• Abdominal X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound
• Basic bloodwork: complete blood count, biochemical profile
• Specialized bloodwork, including clotting tests and bile acid measurements
• Exploratory surgery to visualize the liver and take a biopsy

Treatment for Cats with Liver Failure

Quick intervention is necessary for cats with liver failure to give them the best chance of survival and recovery. Your veterinarian will use the results of the physical exam and diagnostic tests to develop the best treatment plan for your cat. 

Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause and is geared toward relieving symptoms:

• Antibiotic therapy
• Oxygen supplementation
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Anti-nausea medications
• Medications to regulate blood clotting
• Hepatoprotectants to protect the liver
• Nutritional support with a feeding tube
• Diuretics to flush out excess fluid and prevent brain swelling

Cats with liver failure must be hospitalized for treatment and are monitored frequently. Restricted activity is necessary for the liver to regenerate and regain function.

Prognosis for Cats with Liver Failure

Without treatment, the majority of cats with liver failure will not survive. However, receiving treatment does not guarantee survival. The prognosis for a cat with liver failure also depends on the underlying cause and how much of the liver has been damaged before treatment begins.

Cats that survive the first few days of treatment typically have a good chance of recovery, with full recovery taking approximately three to six weeks. Early treatment and intervention greatly improve the chances of recovery.

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In this article, we’re focusing on the role of cat exercise in the weight loss equation, sharing safe exercises you can do with your cat to encourage weight loss. And if you already have an active, fit cat, you can use these exercise ideas to keep your whiskered pal at an ideal weight.

Overweight Cats: How It Impacts Their Health 

The growing issue of feline obesity is not just an aesthetic concern—it’s a serious health risk. Overweight cats are more likely to develop certain health conditions, including: 

• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Urinary tract diseases
• Osteoarthritis
• Cancer 
• High blood pressure

Not only do obese cats have shorter lifespans compared to their lean counterparts (2), but their quality of life can be severely impacted by excess weight, causing reduced mobility, increased lethargy, and subsequent depression. 

Can Exercise Help a Cat Lose Weight?

When it comes to addressing the prevalent issue of feline obesity, one pivotal question often arises: can exercise really help a cat shed those extra pounds? 

The answer is a resounding yes, says Dr. Nick Horniman, MRCVS, a veterinary surgeon and the founder of MyPetsVet and VETSbarn Veterinary Centre. Physical activity can help cats burn calories, build muscle and stimulate metabolism, all of which contribute to weight loss, he says. 

However, exercise for cats is not just about physical benefits. It also plays a significant role in mental health, says Rita Reimers, a cat behavior trainer and co-founder of Cat Behavior Alliance. Engaging in regular play and exercise can help reduce stress and boredom, which are often overlooked factors that can contribute to overeating and weight gain in cats.

But here’s the catch: exercise alone is seldom enough. To effectively manage and reduce a cat’s weight, a proper, calorie-controlled diet must be combined with exercise. This is where the guidance of a veterinarian becomes invaluable. A vet can provide a tailored nutrition plan based on your cat’s needs, considering factors like age, breed, current health status, and specific nutritional requirements.

If your cat struggles with mobility issues due to arthritis and joint pain, adding supplements to their diet may help to get them moving. Omega-3 and Omega-6 supplements contain fatty acids, which are proven to help fight inflammation. These can help to reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness in joints, which could be an underlying cause of weight gain. 

8 Best Cat Exercise Options for Weight Loss in Cats

Just as humans enjoy exercise that’s fun and engaging, cats also thrive on playful and stimulating activities to stay fit. To help your feline friend maintain a healthy weight, here’s a list of exercises designed for both enjoyment and effectiveness.

#1: Create a Home Agility Course

Think agility courses are just for dogs? Think again! “Setting up a small agility course in your home can be a fantastic way to encourage your cat to exercise,” says Dr. Horniman.

An indoor agility course for cats can include tunnels, boxes, ramps, and other safe obstacles. Entice your cat to navigate the course by using a favorite toy or treat, guiding them over and under the obstacles and through different challenges. This type of activity may not appeal to every cat, but for those who take to it, it’s an excellent way to burn calories and have a great time in the process.

#2: Play Hide and Seek with Treats

If your cat is food motivated, hide small portions of their favorite treats around your home and encourage them to search for these hidden treasures, suggests Dr. Horniman. 

Place some treats in high spots where they’ll need to jump, and some under furniture where they’ll have to crouch and reach. This activity will also engage your cat’s sense of smell and natural hunting skills.

#3: Play Bathtub Pong 

Want to turn your bathtub into an exciting playground for your kitty? This activity involves placing a lightweight ball, such as a ping pong ball, in a dry bathtub. The enclosed space of the tub keeps the ball contained, allowing it to bounce and roll unpredictably as your cat paws and swats at it. As the ball skitters around, your cat will be encouraged to make quick, agile movements, providing a good physical workout.

#4: Engage in Interactive Play with Your Cat   

Incorporate interactive play sessions into your cat’s daily routine using toys like feather wands or laser pointers. Move the toys or laser around to mimic the movements of prey animals.

“Cats love to chase, and these activities mimic their natural hunting instincts,” says Dr. Horniman.

This not only keeps them physically active but also deeply engages their attention and keeps them mentally stimulated. Aim for two, 10- to 15-minute interactive play sessions daily. 

#5: Go for a Walk

With the use of a well-fitted harness and leash, you can safely take your feline friend outdoors for a little adventure. 

Start slowly by getting your cat accustomed to wearing a harness indoors. Once they are comfortable in the harness, gradually introduce them to the outdoors, initially exploring quieter areas to avoid overwhelming them. Walking a cat is quite different from walking a dog. It’s often a slower, more exploratory process where the cat sets the pace and direction. 

These walks can be an excellent way for your cat to engage in moderate physical activity while satisfying their curiosity about the world outside their home.

#6: Catify Your Home 

Creating a “catified” environment in your home is an effective way to encourage regular exercise for your feline companion. This involves adapting your living space to cater to a cat’s instinctual need to climb, jump, and explore.

Installing elements like cat shelves, climbing trees, and wall-mounted steps provides your cat with vertical spaces that challenge and engage them physically. This vertical dimension encourages more movement, as cats naturally love to navigate heights and observe their surroundings from above.

A catified home will also provide your cat with mental stimulation and give them a physical outlet from stress, says Reimers.

#7: Provide Self-Play Toys

Touch-activated self-play toys are designed to turn on in response to your cat’s touch or motion.

“These toys give your cats things to do and chase even when you are not there to interact with them yourself,” says Reimers. 

Touch-activated toys come in various forms, including balls that roll and change direction unpredictably, plush toys that vibrate, or small motorized gadgets that scurry across the floor. The unpredictability and interactive nature of these toys keep your cat engaged in physical activity, providing a good source of exercise that’s fun and mentally stimulating.

#8: Make the Most of Mealtime

Utilizing treat balls, puzzle toys, and lick mats during mealtime is an excellent strategy to intertwine feeding with physical and mental activity. These interactive feeding tools require your cat to engage in physical activity to access their food, effectively turning mealtime into a form of exercise. 

As your cat paws, pushes, or explores these tools to get their food, they are not only expending energy but also slowing down their eating pace, which can help prevent overeating and an upset stomach, says Reimers.

Cat Exercise Safety Tips

When incorporating exercise into your cat’s routine, it’s crucial to prioritize their safety and well-being. Here are some key safety tips to ensure your cat’s exercise experiences are both beneficial and safe. 

Consult with a Veterinarian

Before starting any new exercise regimen, it’s advisable to consult with your veterinarian. They can provide guidance based on your cat’s health, breed, age, and physical capabilities, ensuring your exercise plan is safe and appropriate.

For example, a cat with arthritis or a heart murmur will probably need gentler toys and activities than a cat with no health issues, says Reimers. Similarly, a high-energy breed like a Bengal will need more exercise (and more vigorous exercise) than other breeds, she adds.

If your cat struggles with arthritis, consider adding a joint supplement to their diet. This could help them comfortably increase their mobility. 

Always Provide Fresh Water

Ensuring your cat is hydrated, especially before and after exercise, is important for their health. Adequate water helps cats maintain normal blood flow to organs, transports nutrients, and eliminates harmful waste products through the kidneys. 

“Wash and fill your cat’s water bowls once a day (or twice, depending on how dirty it might get during the day) to keep water fresh and prevent bio-slime,” says Reimers. “If you use a water fountain, be sure to take it apart and thoroughly clean the mechanism at least once per week.”

Monitor for Overheating

Cats can overheat quickly, particularly during vigorous play or in warm environments. Keep an eye out for signs like panting, lethargy, and drooling, which might indicate overheating. If you notice these signs, stop playing and allow your cat to cool down.

Don’t Overdo It

Cats generally prefer short bursts of activity rather than prolonged exercise sessions. Keep playtimes brief and enjoyable to prevent exhaustion. Pay attention to your cat’s body language — if they seem tired or disinterested, it’s time to stop.

Create a Safe Exercise Environment

Ensure the area where your cat exercises and plays is safe and free from hazards. Remove toxic plants, secure loose wires, and scan the area for sharp objects like push-pins and small objects they could swallow, advises Reimers.

Gradually Introduce New Activities

When introducing your cat to a new form of exercise, do it gradually. This helps them get accustomed to the activity without causing stress or injury.

Rotate Toys

To keep your cat interested in play, regularly rotate their toys, suggests Reimers. This approach creates a sense of novelty and excitement, encouraging your kitty to stay active and mentally stimulated. You don’t necessarily need a large collection—just rotating a few favorites can make a big difference in your cat’s enthusiasm for play. 

Follow a PEGS Routine

This acronym, coined by Reimers and her co-founder Linda Hall, stands for Play, Eat, Groom, Sleep. It’s a natural cycle for cats: play mimics the hunting cats do in nature, which is then followed by eating their “catch” (aka a meal or treat you give them), grooming so predators don’t smell their food remains, then sleeping while digesting their protein meal, says Reimers. 

This routine is designed to fulfill your cat’s evolutionary needs, providing a well-rounded approach to their physical and mental well-being.

Adopting these practices isn’t just about helping your cat shed a few pounds. It’s about embracing a lifestyle that promotes vitality and joy in every leap, stretch, and purr.

References

1. 2022 State of U.S. Pet Obesity Report. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6425ec5d33eaaa634113b2d4/t/6454f61c0cad164860799c8f/1683289630779/2022+State+of+US+Pet+Obesity+Report.pdf
2. Teng, Kendy T et al. “Strong associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan in cats.” Journal of feline medicine and surgery vol. 20,12 (2018): 1110-1118. doi:10.1177/1098612X17752198

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What is Cat Lung Cancer?

Cancer in cats occurs when cells of the body become abnormal, growing at a swift rate and causing damage to nearby tissue. Lung cancer is the development of tumors in the lungs. 

Cancer cells develop into tumors that invade normal, healthy lung tissue. The tumor then prevents the healthy tissue from doing its job, which is to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs. Sometimes, these tumors can be caused by exposure to toxins in the environment, but more often, there is no known cause of cat lung cancer. 

Males and females of all cat breeds are equally susceptible to lung cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 12 years.

Cancer that starts in the lung is called primary lung cancer, and it is rare for cats to develop this type of cancer. More often in cats, cancer from another part of the body metastasizes, or spreads, to the lung. If this happens in the lungs, it is called metastatic lung cancer. Some types of cancer are more likely to spread to the lungs than others, including cancers of the bone, mammary glands, blood vessels and mouth. Primary lung cancer can also spread from one area of the lungs to another.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer in Cats

Unfortunately, there are rarely early signs of cat lung cancer. Cats are notoriously good at hiding when they don’t feel well, so you may not notice any changes until the disease has progressed. 

Common signs of the condition include decreased appetite, weight loss, decreased energy, and labored breathing. These signs are not specific to lung cancer and can be seen due to various illnesses in cats. Cats with primary lung cancer can develop something called Lung-Digit Syndrome. This is when lung cancer has spread to the muscles or bones in the limbs, especially the toes. Cats may limp, or you may notice swelling or discharge from the foot.

Common Signs of Lung Cancer in Cats

• Decreased appetite (anorexia or inappetence)
• Weight loss
• Decreased energy (lethargy)
• Wheezing
• Coughing 
• Exercise intolerance
• Limping
• Vomiting/Regurgitation

Symptoms of other types of cancer in the chest cavity can mimic the signs of lung cancer.

Causes of Lung Cancer in Cats

Most of the time, there is no known cause of feline lung cancer. Sometimes, environmental exposures can cause lung cancer, such as second-hand smoke. Fortunately, primary lung cancer is uncommon in cats. 

Diagnosing Feline Lung Cancer

The first step in diagnosing lung cancer is a physical exam. The veterinarian will listen to the cat’s heart and lungs and examine the rest of their body. The next step in diagnosing lung cancer is taking X-rays of the chest cavity. Lung tumors are visible on X-ray as areas of abnormal lung tissue. While it is possible to assume a lung cancer diagnosis based on X-rays, a definitive diagnosis requires obtaining a sample of the tissue to examine microscopically for cancer cells. 

Once lung cancer is suspected or diagnosed, your veterinarian will recommend looking at other areas of the body for cancer to determine whether the lung cancer is primary or metastatic (has spread). Tests to look at the rest of the body may include abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan.

Is Cat Lung Cancer Treatable?

Primary cancer of the lung in cats is treatable by surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. If there is a single tumor, it can be removed surgically. The need for follow-up chemotherapy depends on if the tumor can be removed entirely or if there are cancer cells left behind. 

If the cancer is too large to remove or surgery is otherwise not an option, radiation can reduce the size of the tumor and give your cat more time. Chemotherapy is required as part of treatment if there is more than one tumor or if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy may include oral and injectable medications. Specific treatment protocols are determined by a veterinary oncologist who tailors a plan to your cat.

Metastatic lung cancer is not considered treatable because it means the cat has late-stage cancer originating in another area of the body. Palliative (comfort) care, including chemotherapy or other medications, is recommended. 

Unfortunately, even when treated, cats with lung cancer have a shortened life span and poor prognosis. On average, cats with primary lung cancer can live several months to a year after treatment. This is because the cancer is likely to grow back. A diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer is fatal within several months. 

The general cost to treat lung cancer in cats depends on what types of treatments are required, the overall health of your cat, and the stage of their cancer. 

Initial diagnostic testing, including CT and tissue sampling, will likely cost $2,000-$3,500. Removal of a lung tumor is typically performed only by specialist veterinary surgeons and costs between $4,000-$8,000. Depending on the protocol, chemotherapy with a veterinary oncologist may cost $3,500-$7,000. 

How to Prevent Feline Lung Cancer

There is no way to prevent cat lung cancer. You can reduce their risk by maintaining a smoke-free home. Regular veterinary visits are essential in keeping your cat healthy and detecting disease early when it is most treatable. If your cat’s behavior, appetite, or energy level changes, she should be seen by a veterinarian.

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This article is intended to give you the information you need to know about the types of cat mouth cancer, what symptoms to look out for, the available treatment options, the prognosis, and how to reduce your cat’s likelihood of developing mouth cancer.

Types of Cat Mouth Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of cat mouth cancer, accounting for 70-80% of all oral tumors in cats. SCC manifests as a tumor that develops in the mouth, usually in the tissues surrounding a tooth, on the roof of the mouth, or on the underside of the tongue. SCC can also manifest in tonsils and salivary glands as well.

Fibrosarcoma is another type of mouth cancer in cats that causes destruction of normal mouth tissues and can sometimes invade bone and muscle. Fibrosarcoma usually does not create tumors, and it is less common than squamous cell carcinoma.

Other cat mouth cancer types include melanoma, lymphoma, and osteosarcoma that spreads from other parts of the body, but these types of oral cancer are much less common in cats.

Signs of Mouth Cancer in Cats

While you or your veterinarian may actually see a tumor in a cat’s mouth, oftentimes the signs are more subtle and may mimic the signs of dental disease or gum disease. Sometimes there will be no signs at all. Additional signs of feline mouth cancer can include:

• Unexplained loss of an apparently healthy tooth (most common with SCC)
• Bleeding from the mouth, or bloody saliva
• Reduced appetite
• Chewing on only one side, dropping food when eating
• Refusing to eat kibble, will only eat soft food
• Weight loss
• Bad breath
• Drooling
• Head shy
• Facial swelling
• Difficulty swallowing

If you notice any of these signs, make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. If your cat does have mouth cancer, treatment is more successful and the prognosis is often better when the condition is caught early.

Causes of Cat Mouth Cancer

The cause of most oral cancers in cats is still undetermined, though SCC may have a viral component. Mouth cancer in cats is also believed by the scientific community (though not confirmed) to be a result of exposure to: 

• Environmental carcinogens (like secondhand cigarette smoke or other tobacco products)
• Consumption of canned foods containing tuna
• Chemicals in flea collars [2]

Studies showed that cats that wore flea collars had five times the risk of developing mouth cancer. In addition, any chronic inflammation or irritation in the mouth, including inflammation associated with periodontal disease, increases the risk of the development of oral tumors.

Diagnosing Oral Cancer in Cats

Diagnosis of cancer of the mouth in cats starts with a full physical examination by a veterinarian. To get an accurate diagnosis, your veterinarian will likely need to sedate your cat for a complete oral examination and radiographs (X-rays) of the mouth. They will also recommend bloodwork to assess the overall health of your cat and rule out other medical conditions. In some cases, they may recommend an MRI or CT scan, and in most cases, they will either submit a portion of any suspicious lesions or remove the tumor or for biopsy to determine the type.

Treating Cat Mouth Cancer

Treatment of mouth cancer in cats depends on the type of tumor, but it typically involves surgery and radiation. Sometimes chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies are utilized. In addition, cats with mouth cancer are also treated for pain and may need nutritional therapy, such as a feeding tube, to support them through their recovery.

Cost to Treat Cat Mouth Cancer

The cost to treat mouth cancer in cats typically ranges from $1,000-$7,000, depending on the tumor type, location, and degree of malignancy. 

Treatment expenses include:

• Cost of diagnosis
• Cost of surgery
• Costs of radiation and chemotherapy (if indicated)
• Follow-up costs

Prognosis for Cats With Mouth Cancer

A cat’s prognosis depends on tumor type, location, and if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are typically successfully treated with surgical removal and sometimes radiation, and in general, have a good prognosis. Malignant tumors are treated surgically with varying levels of success, depending on the type of tumor, where it is located, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. 

Unfortunately, by the time SCC is usually diagnosed, the tumors are too large and the cancer has often spread to the local lymph nodes. In these circumstances, prognosis is poor, and only palliative treatment is available.

How to Prevent Mouth Cancer in Cats

While there is no fool-proof way to protect your cat from mouth cancer, there are proactive steps you can take to lower your cat’s risk, such as:

• Reduce or eliminate your cat’s exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
• Talk to your veterinarian about flea collars.
• Talk to your veterinarian about the type of food you feed your cat, and avoid feeding tuna. (The EPA recommends no more than 1.5 ounces [45 grams] of canned tuna per week for adult cats.)
• Brush your cat’s teeth regularly, pay attention to their oral hygiene, and routinely examine your cat’s face (and inside of their mouth if they will let you) for anything suspicious.
• If your cat has dental disease, have it treated by a veterinarian.
• Have your cat’s mouth examined yearly by a veterinarian. (If your cat has a history of dental disease and is older than 7, schedule twice yearly oral examinations with your veterinarian.)
• Remember that cat mouth cancer carries a better prognosis if caught early. If you notice any of the signs listed in this article, talk to your veterinarian right away.

References

1. “Oral Cavity Tumors.” Cornell Feline Health Center. Retreived from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-c[…]/health-information/feline-health-topics/oral-cavity-tumors 
2. “A Review of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma” (2016, October) Today’s Veterinary Practice. Retrieved from https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/oncology/feline-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/

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The Basics of Tear Production in Cats

Cats’ eyes water, or produce tears, to protect the cornea, or the front of the eye. The many small glands that produce tears – from the outer part of the eye toward the middle corner closest to the nose – is called the nasolacrimal system. 

Tears drain from upper and lower eyelids into a sac, then into a duct that flows to the bottom of the nasal cavity (the cavity behind the nose).

Production of tears in eyes is a natural function, but if your cat’s eyes appear very watery and extra tears spill out of the eye, there is likely an issue. Whether or not the issue requires medical attention depends on if your cat is uncomfortable.

Cat Eye Watering: What it Looks Like

The discharge that comes out of watery eyes in cats is thin and either clear, slightly white, or tinted brown. It can affect one eye or both. 

Other symptoms are common, and may include:

• Red eyes
• Squinting one or both eyes
• Sneezing and/or congestion
• Unusual shape of the eyelids or eyelids rolling inward
• Swelling of the eyes
• Cloudiness of the eyes
• Fur loss around the eye
• Irritation and redness just below the inside corner of the eye

Other eye discharges are possible such as bloody or mucoid discharge, which is thicker yellow to green discharge as opposed to watery discharge. The causes of different eye discharges can overlap significantly.

Why Are My Cat’s Eyes Watering? 6 Possible Causes 

Causes of watery eyes in cats include:

Feline herpesvirus-1

The most common cause, feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV), causes inflammation in the eyes (conjunctivitis) as well as in the nose, both of which would result in watery eyes.

Blockage of the Nasolacrimal Duct 

This can occur due to a tumor, infection that causes swelling in the face, or nasal congestion.

Bacterial Infection

Chlamydophilia felis is a bacterium that leads to infections and swelling in the eye, especially in young kittens.

Foreign Body

A particle such as plant material can become lodged into the tissue under the eyelid and cause significant watering and squinting.

Breed Predisposition

Brachycephalic cat breeds – breeds that have a “flat” face – have a duct that travels so sharply upward that it often gets “kinked” in a V-shaped pattern, resulting in watery eyes.

Congenital Issue

Cats can be born with an abnormal nasolacrimal system that prevents tears from draining normally.

Cat Watery Eye Treatment 

Not all watery eyes in cats need to be treated. If your cat’s eye is otherwise normal in appearance and your cat is not squinting, just wipe the discharge from near the eye daily with a clean damp cloth. 

Sometimes, chronic watering can lead to irritated skin. Your veterinarian can prescribe topical ointments that are safe to be placed near the eye to treat any irritation.

If your cat’s eyes begin watering suddenly, it is more likely there is inflammation from diseases such as FHV or Chlamydophila. These diseases can benefit from antibiotic eye ointment. This is true even for viral infections (like FHV), since they are often followed by bacterial infections that cause inflammation to worsen. In chronic cases of FHV, oral antiviral medication such as famciclovir can be prescribed. 

Rarely a foreign body is present in one of the eyes, and your veterinarian will need to numb your cat’s eye – and possibly sedate your cat – to look closely for what is causing the irritation.

If the nasolacrimal duct is blocked, your veterinarian may be able to flush the duct to allow it to flow. 

Surgery can be performed for certain conditions, including some congenital conditions like eyelid agenesis. Eyelid agenesis occurs when the eyelids do not fully form in kittens, and fur hangs down from the skin onto the eye creating chronic irritation.

Are There Home Remedies for Watery Eyes in Cats? 

There are no therapies available at home that are safe and effective for watery eyes in cats. Putting lubricating eye drops in the eye is not advised as it will not help most eye conditions.

How to Prevent Watery Eyes in Cats

FHV can be prevented by avoiding stress in your cat as much as possible. If your cat develops symptoms of FHV including nasal congestion or discharge, speak with your veterinarian about treatment early in the disease to prevent chronic inflammation, which could lead to scarring and permanent closure of the nasolacrimal duct.

Vaccinating your cat is very important to decrease the likelihood of serious illness caused by FHV. There is a vaccine for Chlamydophila as well, but that vaccine is not recommended unless a cattery or animal shelter demonstrates that Chlamydophila is producing disease in their facility and managing the spread of disease is difficult.

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However, because cats are the masters of disguise, you may not even know that your cat has this condition until the pain and discomfort are too great to hide.

Let’s go over all you need to know about tooth resorption in cats, including what it is and how to treat it.

What Is Tooth Resorption in Cats?

Tooth resorption occurs when the body attacks healthy tooth tissue by destroying and resorbing it. This disease has gone by several other names:

• Cat caries
• Neck lesions
• Cervical line lesions
• Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions

It’s helpful to understand some basic tooth anatomy before explaining tooth resorption in detail:

• Enamel: Hard, white outer surface of the tooth
• Crown: Visible part of the tooth above the gumline
• Root: Part of the tooth below the gumline
• Root canal: Inside of the tooth that contains structures like blood vessels and nerves
• Dentin: Hard, bony substance that surrounds the root canal
• Periodontal ligament: Soft tissue that holds the tooth in place

Tooth resorption usually attacks the enamel first and then travels to the inner part of the tooth, causing irreversible damage along the way. What’s left is frequently a bump on the gum line where the affected tooth used to be.

In other cases, tooth resorption leaves a hole in the tooth’s center that resembles a cavity. However, tooth resorption and cavities are different. With tooth resorption, the body is attacking healthy tissue. Cavities occur when acid produced by bacteria in the mouth damages the enamel and dentin. Cats can get cavities, but only rarely.

Feline tooth resorption most commonly affects the lower premolars, the teeth between the canines and molars. It occurs in 20 to 60 percent of all cats and approximately 75 percent of cats over 5 years old (1).

Tooth resorption is categorized into two types, according to what the resorption looks like on a dental X-ray:

• Type 1: The crown is damaged but the root appears normal. The periodontal ligament can easily be seen.
• Type 2 (replacement resorption): The root is disintegrating and resembles bone. 

Causes of Tooth Resorption in Cats

There is no known cause of tooth resorption in cats; all breeds are susceptible. The incidence of tooth resorption often increases with age, with adult cats most affected.

Dental hygiene (or the lack thereof) does not play a role in tooth resorption. Although good oral care helps keep your cat’s mouth healthy, a lack of dental care will not lead to tooth resorption.

Typically, one tooth will be affected initially, and others will follow suit. When multiple teeth are affected, the resorption rate will differ between teeth: one tooth may have advanced resorption, while another may be in the beginning stages.

Cat Tooth Resorption Symptoms

Tooth resorption is extremely painful and uncomfortable, but your cat will do their best to hide it. Hiding pain stems from your cat’s wild ancestry: showing any sign of weakness or discomfort in the wild would make them an easy target.

Despite their best efforts, though, your cat may eventually have noticeable symptoms of tooth resorption. These symptoms are like those seen with other dental diseases when the teeth are unhealthy: 

Eating changes

• Refusal to eat
• Preferring soft food
• Dropping food from the mouth
• Not chewing before swallowing
• Jaw chattering when eating due to pain
• Favoring one side of the mouth when chewing

Other symptoms

• Oral bleeding along the gumline
• Running away from the food bowl at mealtime
• Muscular spasms or trembling in the jaw if the affected area is touched

Not all cats with tooth resorption will show signs of the disease.

Diagnosing Tooth Resorption in Cats

If you notice these symptoms, take your cat to your veterinarian for examination and diagnosis. 

Diagnosing tooth resorption begins with a basic physical exam and history. However, the extent of tooth resorption cannot be adequately assessed just by peering in the mouth during the physical exam. 

Your veterinarian will sedate your cat to take full-mouth dental X-rays and perform an oral exam. The X-rays and oral exam will help your vet rule out other oral health issues, such as periodontal disease, that could be causing your cat’s symptoms. 

The dental X-rays will also allow your veterinarian to determine whether your cat has type 1 or 2 tooth resorption. 

Tooth Resorption in Cats Treatment

Treatment for tooth resorption in cats depends on the type of tooth resorption. 

Type 1 is treated with tooth extraction, including the crown and root. Your veterinarian may refer you to a board-certified veterinary dentist for treatment if your cat’s tooth resorption is moderate to severe.

Type 2 is treated with crown amputation, in which the damaged portion of the tooth is removed while leaving the resorbing root intact.

Pain control is necessary before and after treatment. Before the procedure, your veterinarian (or veterinary dentist) will perform a local nerve block. For a local nerve block, an analgesic such as lidocaine is injected into the nerves near the surgical area to numb the area and relieve pain.

Your veterinarian will prescribe pain medication to reduce your cat’s pain while your  cat is recovering at home. This medication may be a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as meloxicam, but your veterinarian will decide which specific pain medication will be best for your cat.

Antibiotics may be given several days before the procedure and then afterward to prevent bacterial infection. However, because antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in veterinary medicine, antibiotics are not given for every dental procedure in pets. Your veterinarian will consider the severity of your cat’s tooth resorption and overall health to determine whether antibiotics would be necessary.

How Much Does It Cost To Treat Tooth Resorption in Cats?

Treatment for tooth resorption is pricey. The total cost of treatment depends on many factors:

• Oral exam
• Dental X-rays
• Preoperative blood work
• Anesthesia
• Medications
• Type of procedure (extraction or crown amputation)
• Number of teeth to be extracted
• Hospitalization
• Surgical supplies
• Need for a veterinary dentist
• Where you live

Generally, diagnosis, preoperative blood work, and anesthesia will cost several hundred dollars. Extractions can cost about $100 each. However, the total cost will vary from one cat to the next and could cost as much as several thousand dollars if you are referred to a veterinary dentist. 

With so many individual costs, request a detailed estimate when discussing treatment options with your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Tooth Resorption in Cats

Tooth resorption in cats is not preventable. However, good at-home and professional oral care goes a long way in keeping your cat’s mouth healthy. At-home care includes brushing your cat’s teeth once daily or every other day. 

Your veterinarian can recommend at-home feline dental products. You can also browse the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) website for VOHC-accepted products.

Annual wellness exams, dental X-rays, and dental cleanings will complement good at-home care to detect oral disease early and keep your cat’s mouth as healthy as possible.

References

1. “Tooth Resorption.” Cornell Feline Health Center. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/tooth-resorption

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What is Cat Eye Discharge?

Your cat’s eye is a delicate structure. To protect itself from drying out, the eye is regularly lubricated with tears, which are drained away. Cat eye discharge happens when this process goes wrong. It can be due to too many tears being produced, the drainage route being blocked, or a cat eye infection. 

Although common, eye discharge in cats indicates something isn’t happening correctly. All cats with eye discharge should have a check-up with a veterinarian. How quickly that check-up needs to happen depends on how long your cat has had watery eyes – if your cat’s eye discharge is new, they should go to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Kittens and new cats to the home with eye discharge should also head to a vet as soon as possible. If an adult cat has had the eye discharge for months or years, they should still go to the vet, but as long as there are no other symptoms, it can usually wait a week or two until a convenient time.

What Does Eye Discharge in Cats Look Like?

Cat eye discharge can vary in color and thickness. Watery eye discharge is usually caused by overproduction or overflow of tears. You might not see the tears themselves, but the fur on one or both sides of the nose will be wet and crusty when dry. If your cat has white fur, these “tear stains” may appear pink or red-brown due to pigments in their tears. 

Eye discharge from an infection is usually yellow or green and is usually thicker or sticky. Brown eye discharge can also be from a cat eye infection. It dries very crusty. You’ll see this collecting in the inner corner of your cat’s eye, spilling over and collecting alongside the nose.

A cat with bloody eye discharge or red eye discharge should visit the veterinarian urgently, as it’s likely they have an eye injury and are in some pain.

Because the fur and skin are constantly wet, if a cat has eye discharge, they often have sore or infected skin under their eyes. This can irritate, so you may see your cat rubbing their face with their paws or using furniture to itch the area. 

You may also see cat pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis. This is when your cat’s conjunctiva (the pink inside of the eyelids) becomes swollen and visible. Conjunctivitis isn’t a diagnosis, it’s a symptom – your vet will still have to find out the cause. 

Causes of Cat Eye Discharge

Feline Upper Respiratory Infections (‘Cat Flu’)

The most common cause of cat eye discharge is feline upper respiratory infection, commonly called cat flu. While several infectious diseases can cause cat flu, the most common is feline herpes virus. This virus causes other flu symptoms, too – cats frequently sneeze, have discharge from the nose, and are generally under the weather. Eighty percent of cats never get rid of the virus entirely – it comes back when they’re stressed or their immune system is weakened. In some cats, all the symptoms will return, but many will only get signs of conjunctivitis (sore, swollen eyes and eye discharge from one or both eyes). 

Cat sneezing and eye discharge are usually cat flu, but that doesn’t mean it should be taken lightly – feline herpes virus can cause blindness when severe.

Trauma and Injuries to the Cornea or Eye

Another common cause of eye discharge in cats is an injured cornea. The cornea is the outer surface of the eye. Scratches to the cornea are very painful and cause the eye to water significantly, causing a watery eye discharge, although this can go yellow or green once infection sets in. Cats will often also hold their damaged eye closed in a squint. The damage is sometimes visible to the naked eye but often needs a special dye to diagnose correctly.

If your cat is squinting in one eye and has discharge, your cat will need urgent medical attention.

Foreign Body

Foreign bodies (such as another cat’s claw from a fight) are painful, no matter where they lodge. Cats with a foreign object in their eye are likely to be squinting, blinking a lot, and holding their eye closed, with plenty of watery discharge. If not treated, the discharge will become thicker and yellow as infection occurs. 

A foreign body in the eye often causes injury to the cornea, so your cat may have both conditions. Both need urgent treatment.

Blocked Tear Ducts

Another reason for cat eye discharge is a blocked tear duct. The tear duct is a small tube that drains the normal tears from the eye into the nose. If this tube is blocked due to an infection or inflammation, tears won’t drain properly and instead spill over, causing eye discharge. This type of discharge is usually thin and watery, as it’s just normal eye lubricant. 

Although blocked tear ducts in cats aren’t an emergency, the type of discharge is very similar to other more serious conditions, so you should always get a diagnosis from a veterinarian.

Allergies and Irritants

Just as our eyes water when we get hay fever, so will a cat’s. If your cat’s eyes only water at certain times of year, allergies may be involved. You may also see sneezing or asthma in these cases. Airborne irritants can also cause watery cat eyes – bleach, ammonia, and other strong scents can cause a cat’s eyes to water. 

Allergies and irritants aren’t usually emergencies, but it’s still best to see a veterinarian to rule out something else. Remember that some irritants may also be toxic – for instance, some essential oils often used in scented products are toxic to cats [1]. This could cause eye-watering but also cause other symptoms like drooling and vomiting – you should seek treatment urgently.

Uveitis

Uveitis happens when a particular eye part (the iris and ciliary body) becomes inflamed. It causes eye discharge in cats because it’s so painful – you’ll also see blinking and squinting in one or both eyes, and the discharge is usually clear. Uveitis is usually caused by an infection (viruses, bacteria, and fungi have all been implicated to varying degrees in different countries). Eye damage, eye tumors, diabetes, and high blood pressure are also sometimes at fault. Uveitis needs urgent medical attention because it’s extremely painful and can result in blindness if left untreated.

Eyelid Problems (Entropion)

Entropion is a condition where the eyelid rolls in, causing the eyelashes to rub the eyeball. It’s very irritating, and affected cats will have continually watery eyes. They’re also prone to eye infections, thickening the discharge and turning it yellow or green. Cats are usually born with this condition, although anything that changes the shape of the eyelid (such as a tumor or swelling) can cause entropion. A vet should assess possible entropion, which can cause corneal injury, recurrent infections, and blindness.

Face Shape (Conformation)

Eye discharge is common in some cat breeds, especially brachycephalic (short-nosed) breeds like the Persian. In one study, 83 percent of Persians and Exotic Shorthairs had eye discharge [2]. This is likely due to the shape of their face making eye injury more common, increased likelihood of entropion (which affected 32 percent of the cats in the study), or their squashed noses compressing their tear ducts. 

Even if you think your cat’s eye discharge is due to their breed, you should get them assessed by a vet to rule out entropion or other conditions making it worse.

Dental Disease

Because the tear duct runs from the corner of the eye down to the nose, it passes very close to several tooth roots, especially the upper canines. Severe dental disease, especially a tooth root abscess, can cause swelling in the upper jaw [3]. This compresses the tear duct and causes eye discharge in cats. 

A vet should assess eye discharge related to dental disease and treat it as it’s very painful.

Eye Discharge in Cats Treatment

Cat eye discharge treatment depends on the exact cause and varies from no treatment to surgery.

For eye discharge caused by face shape, no treatment is usually needed. Cat flu cases may also receive no treatment if the infection appears entirely viral, without evidence of a secondary bacterial infection.

In many cases, cat eye drops will be necessary. Depending on the exact medication used, these can provide pain relief, reduce inflammation, or help combat eye infections. Corneal injuries, secondary eye infections, and severe cat flu will usually be treated with antibiotic eye drops.

For some cases of eye discharge, surgery will be recommended. This is the case for eye discharge caused by dental disease, entropion, or foreign bodies in the eye. Blocked tear ducts can also be flushed under sedation, removing the blockage. 

Once your veterinarian has determined the cause of your cat’s eye discharge, they will discuss the treatment options. If you have cost concerns, please discuss these with your vet at the earliest opportunity – they will help you to find an affordable option.

Cat Eye Discharge Home Remedies

You should never use home remedies for cat eye discharge before speaking to a veterinarian. This is because some causes of cat eye discharge can result in blindness without proper treatment. 

Some cat eye conditions can be helped at home once your veterinarian has diagnosed the problem.

If your veterinarian diagnoses your cat with eye discharge caused by cat flu, improving their diet to help their immune system cope may help to prevent flare-ups. 

If your cat has eye discharge caused by their face shape, you may not be able to improve the discharge, but you can help by keeping the skin clean to prevent infections. Cooled boiled water on a cotton pad can be used to clean the eye discharge. Your vet might also recommend a wipe or solution to help keep infections at bay. 

How to Prevent Eye Discharge in Cats

There are several things you can do to prevent cat eye discharge and protect your cat from developing this condition. 

The first is to know the risks. As mentioned, flat-faced cat breeds are prone to developing cat eye discharge. So if you just can’t resist those adorably squished faces, then be extra vigilant about care and prevention measures for these breeds. 

No matter what shape your cat’s face is, one key way to combat eye discharge in cats is to have your cat properly vaccinated. The FVRCP vaccine, a core vaccine for cats, can help protect against cat flu, one of the leading causes of eye discharge in cats. 

But bear in mind that there are many causes of cat flu, and they may already have caught it, so the vaccination won’t prevent every cat flu case.

You can also prevent dental disease by regularly brushing your cat’s teeth and inspecting their mouth for bad smells or tooth damage. This means the disease can be treated before it develops into an abscess that damages the tear ducts.

There isn’t much that can be done to prevent accidental damage, trauma, and foreign bodies. Not letting your cat out may help, but damage can still occur in the house. Airborne irritants are also more likely if your cat spends a lot of time indoors – if this is the case, check your cleaning materials carefully and avoid using anything too strong. 

Conclusion

Eye discharge in cats is very common, as it can occur for several reasons. You should never attempt home treatment before attending a veterinary clinic for a proper diagnosis, as delaying adequate treatment can result in blindness. It’s impossible to prevent all the causes of eye discharge, but ensuring your cat receives proper care throughout their life and keeping up with their vaccinations can help you reduce the risk of eye discharge in your cat.

References

1. Benson, Kia. “Essential Oils and Cats.” Pet Poison Helpline, 6 Mar. 2020, www.petpoisonhelpline.com/blog/essential-oils-cats/.
2. Anagrius, Kerstin L., et al. “Facial Conformation Characteristics in Persian and Exotic Shorthair Cats.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, vol. 23, no. 12, 2021, p. 1089–1097, https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X21997631.
3. Anthony, James M. G., et al. “Nasolacrimal Obstruction Caused by Root Abscess … – Wiley Online Library.” Wiley Online Library, 7 Mar. 2010, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00754.x.

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No pet parent wants to imagine such a scenario. But understanding the signs of heart failure in cats and the actions you should take can help you prepare for the worst…and even prevent it. In this article, you’ll learn how to recognize symptoms of feline heart failure and steps you can take if you’re concerned about your cat’s heart health.

What is Heart Failure in Cats?

Heart failure can be a scary diagnosis for any cat parent to hear. And what makes it even more frightening is that, in many cases, it may seem so sudden, as if the condition developed overnight.

That’s because cats often hide signs of illness, and heart conditions are no exception. As a result, heart issues in cats often go undiagnosed until the disease reaches an advanced stage. 

When operating properly, a cat’s heart tirelessly circulates blood through their body. The right side of the heart moves oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation, and the left side pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body’s organs and muscles. In addition, this vital, four-chambered muscle plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate and maintaining blood pressure.

In the simplest terms, heart failure in cats occurs when the amount of blood being pumped by the heart does not meet the demands of the body.  

Heart Failure vs. Congestive Heart Failure

If undetected and untreated, heart failure will eventually progress into Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). This is when the heart is pumping so poorly that fluid begins to build up in the lungs, abdomen, or limbs. This is a serious condition that requires immediate medical intervention.

What Causes Heart Failure in Cats?

The best way to protect your cat from heart failure is to prevent the conditions that cause it from developing in the first place. So let’s take a look at the conditions that can lead to heart failure in cats. 

The most common cause of feline heart failure is heart disease in cats, which can be either congenital (meaning your cat is born with a heart defect or abnormality), or acquired later in life, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which affects 10-15 percent of all cats. (1)

Cat heart failure can also be caused by diet, genetics, hypertension (high blood pressure), circulatory issues, infections, inflammation, or a combination of these factors. 

Identifying and treating these conditions early can help slow or prevent feline heart failure. But that is not always an option, especially if your cat is an expert at concealing their symptoms. That’s why it is so important for pet parents to be able to recognize the signs of heart failure in cats, so you can obtain vital veterinary support before it’s too late.

7 Signs of Heart Failure in Cats

Regardless of your cat’s heart health history, pet parents should always keep an eye out for these 7 signs of heart failure in cats:

1. Coughing and Labored Breathing – One of the most common signs of heart failure in cats is persistent coughing or labored breathing. This occurs as fluid accumulates in the lungs, making it harder for your cat to breathe. Related symptoms include wheezing, gagging, or having a raspy breath.
2. Weakness or Exercise Intolerance – Heart failure can deplete your cat’s energy reserves. If your typically active and playful cat becomes lethargic, sleeps more than usual, or is short of breath even when at rest, it could be a sign that their heart is struggling to pump blood effectively.   
3. Restlessness and Hiding – On the other extreme, some cats with heart failure may appear restless or anxious. They might hide in unusual places, as if seeking a quiet and safe spot, or experience restless sleep. These behavior changes can indicate discomfort or unease due to poor heart function.
4. Poor Appetite and Weight Loss – Reduced appetite and unexplained weight loss are signs of various health problems in cats, including heart failure. Cats with heart issues might eat less due to nausea, shortness of breath, or a reduced ability to taste their food.
5. Swollen Abdomen or Limbs – Fluid retention, known as edema, is a common consequence of heart failure. You might notice your cat’s abdomen or limbs becoming distended. This happens when the heart can no longer effectively move fluids throughout the body, so they pool in the extremities.
6. Pale or Bluish Gums and Tongue – Cats with heart issues may have poor circulation, leading to pale or bluish gums and tongue. Checking your cat’s gum color is a simple way to assess their overall health. If you notice a significant change, it’s time to consult your vet.
7. Fainting or Collapsing Episodes – In severe cases, cats with advanced heart failure might experience syncope, also known as fainting or collapsing episodes. These occur when the heart can’t supply enough oxygen-rich blood to the brain. If your cat loses consciousness, seek immediate veterinary care.

Cat Heart Failure Symptoms: Next Steps

Now that you know what signs to watch out for, here are some helpful tips for monitoring your cat and what to do if you notice symptoms of cat heart failure. 

Observing your cat for signs of heart failure is a good first step. However, sometimes, it’s hard to tell for sure whether you’re detecting a sign of cardiac failure or some other health issue. So it’s a good idea to keep a log of things like changes in weight, body condition score, activity level, or appetite.

It doesn’t have to be anything elaborate. Simply jotting down information on a calendar or in a notebook can help you identify patterns so you can discuss them with your veterinarian.

Of course, some signs, such as lethargy and swollen belly, can also accompany conditions like obesity or even aging. Still, when it comes to heart health, it’s always worth raising your concerns with your veterinarian. It’s much better to rule out serious conditions, rather than assume it’s not serious and turn out to be wrong.

Another easy way to monitor your cat for signs of heart failure is to measure your pet’s resting respiratory rate (RRR) at home. If your cat is healthy, they will normally take between 15 to 30 breaths per minute while at rest or sleeping. However, increased respiratory rate in cats can be an early indicator of heart issues. 

So the next time you are resting calmly on the couch with your cat, watch the rise and fall of their chest. (Note, your cat should not be purring, since that can impact their respiratory rate.) Each rise and fall equals one breath, so if you consistently count more than 30 breaths per minute, contact your veterinarian.

When to Contact Your Veterinarian

If you notice any signs that could indicate your cat might have compromised heart function, it’s smart to make an appointment with your veterinarian right away. They will do a full exam including checking your pet’s weight, listening to their heart and lung sounds, and examining the rest of their body for any signs of underlying illness or abnormalities. 

Your vet may also want to conduct diagnostic testing, which could include bloodwork, electrocardiogram (EKG), and/or radiographs (X-rays) to detect enlargement of the heart muscle or fluid around the heart.

Because heart failure in cats is a condition that often goes unnoticed until it’s in advanced stages, things can go downhill quickly. Watching out for signs of feline heart failure and raising your concerns with your veterinarian as early as possible could impact your cat’s prognosis and overall quality of life. So stay alert. Your furry friend’s health and longevity depend on it!

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Not only are healthy gums essential to your cat’s dental health, but their appearance can also provide some important clues (and warning signs) about your feline’s overall health.

So here’s a helpful guide that’s all about healthy cat gums, what they should look like, and how you can use what you see to help keep your cat in good health.

Healthy Gums in Cats: What to Look for

When your veterinarian takes a peek inside your cat’s mouth during an exam, they can collect health data about your pet simply by examining your cat’s gums. From hydration, oxygenation, and red blood cell function to potential diseases, the appearance of your cat’s gums can reveal a lot.

Learning how to interpret what your cat’s gum condition is telling you could help you recognize signs of oral or overall health issues, so you can alert your veterinarian before they become bigger issues. 

Monitoring Your Cat’s Gum Health

For an otherwise healthy cat, pet parents should ideally take a quick peek at their cats’ gums every week to monitor for emerging abnormalities. If your cat is unwell, you might want to increase that to daily gum checks to monitor for changes. 

So what should you be looking for, when examining your cat’s gums?

If you gently press your cat’s gums or the inside of their lip, the surface should temporarily blanch (or pale) in color until blood returns to the tissue. This is known as capillary refill time (CRT) and it can provide key information about your pet’s blood flow and cardiovascular system. Normally, your cat’s gum color should return in under two seconds when pressed.

It’s worth noting that some cats have small black spots or splotches on their gums and the inside of their mouths. This discoloration is due to lentigo simplex, a benign condition (similar to freckles or age spots in humans) that requires no treatment.

Warnings Signs to Watch Out for

You should notify your veterinarian if your cat’s normally pink, moist gums exhibit any of the following changes:

• Color change: Gum discoloration, as discussed in further detail below, can indicate signs of systemic disease.
• Dryness: Moist gums indicate that your cat is likely well-hydrated. Dry gums are abnormal and could signal possible dehydration, which is cause for concern.
• Inflammation: Gums that become swollen or red, especially where the gumline meets the teeth, indicate dental disease. Inflamed gum tissue may also bleed easily and is definitely something you should report to your veterinarian. 
• Lesions: Also alert your veterinarian if you notice raised tissue, gum injuries, or unusual masses on your cat’s gums, which require veterinary care. 
• Overgrowth: Gums that look like they’re growing over teeth may indicate gingival hyperplasia (proliferative gum tissue), which can stem from dental disease and bacteria in the mouth. 

Cat Gum Color Chart

Gum color can tell you a lot about your cat’s health. Color changes can indicate underlying health problems, many of which could be deadly without prompt veterinary attention and treatment. 

Here’s a quick reference guide to cat gum color:

What Causes Unhealthy Cat Gums?

Many things can contribute to dental disease in cats. Here, we’ve outlined the most common causes of unhealthy gums in cats.

Dental disease

Poor dental hygiene and dental disease are the leading causes of unhealthy gum tissue in cats. Without proper care and cleaning, your cat’s mouth becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, which often leads to dental disease. 

Changes in your cat’s gums may be the first indication of dental disease since the impact of bacteria on soft tissue is more visible than changes to hard tooth enamel or the roots below the surface. 

Warning signs include inflammation of the gum line, known as gingivitis, receding gums, and excessive gum tissue growth. 

Genes

Due to various genetic factors, certain cat breeds may face an increased risk of developing gingivitis and other dental disease that can affect the gums. At-risk breeds include:

• Siamese
• Maine Coon
• British shorthair
• Abyssinian
• Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, such as Persians

Underlying illness

Some underlying systemic illnesses can increase the risk of dental disease and poor gum health in cats. These include: 

• Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
• Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
• Bartonellosis (the culprit behind cat scratch fever)
• Calicivirus

Dental disease can also be exacerbated in cats with concurrent kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and disorders that attack the immune system.

Though rare, the presence of oral tumors in cats is typically not a good sign, as many are, unfortunately, malignant. If you notice any raised masses in your cat’s mouth, or if your cat is suddenly drooling, dropping food, reluctant to eat, or experiencing halitosis (bad breath), schedule your kitty for a vet examination as soon as possible.

Why Healthy Cat Gums Matter

Healthy gums are essential for your cat’s well-being. Gingivitis, the inflammation of the gum line, is painful. As it progresses, it can lead to gum recession, exposing tooth roots and intensifying mouth pain and sensitivity. 

Identifying and treating gingivitis early is crucial to prevent dental disease from progressing to periodontal disease, which can cause decay, bone loss, and infection, sometimes requiring extractions.

Severe dental disease allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream, affecting organs like the brain, heart, liver, and more. Dental issues have also been linked to cognitive dysfunction in older cats. Furthermore, dental problems can lead to poor nutrition and weight loss, due to pain while eating.

What to Do If Your Cat Has Unhealthy Gums

While an oral exam is part of your cat’s annual checkup, there’s no need to wait for your vet to tell you there’s a potential problem when it’s so easy to detect changes to your cat’s gum condition, color, or appearance at home.

If you suspect that your cat has unhealthy gums, it’s crucial to consult your veterinarian as soon as you notice worrisome signs or changes. Avoid home treatment, especially if your cat shows signs of illness like lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, or labored breathing. And remember: Very pale, bright red, yellow, or blue gums require immediate veterinary care.

How to Maintain Healthy Cat Gums

Preventative care is the key to maintaining healthy gums in your cat. This includes regular veterinary exams and professional dental cleaning when recommended by your vet.

Consistent at-home care and dental hygiene can also play a role in helping prevent dental disease and gum issues. Here are some effective preventive measures veterinarians recommend:

1. Daily teeth brushing with pet-safe enzymatic toothpaste

2. Water additives approved by the VOHC (Veterinary Oral Health Council)

3. Dental treats

4. Dental wipes

5. Breath fresheners that also promote dental health 

6. Dental diets for cats

7. Prescription dental diets

But remember that preventing other health conditions can also play a role in promoting gum health. Ask your vet about routine bloodwork and urinalysis to help detect early signs of health issues like kidney or liver disease, which can impact gum health.

Healthy cat gums are a vital part of your feline friend’s health. By understanding what to look for and how to maintain gum health, you can ensure that your cat enjoys a happy, pain-free life. Don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your cat’s gum health. Your cat’s comfort and well-being are worth it.

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You aren’t alone. Arthritis is extremely common in senior cats, with some studies suggesting there’s X-ray evidence of it in over 90 percent of older cats, even if they’re doing a great job of hiding their symptoms [1].

Although feline osteoarthritis is a progressive disease that will continue to worsen, cats with arthritis can live for a long time as long as their pain is managed. Let’s take a closer look at just how long this might be, as well as some of the treatment options open to your feline family member.

How Long Can a Cat Live with Arthritis?

Arthritis is not a life-limiting disease in itself, but it is painful. When we can manage their pain, cats with arthritis can live a normal life. But at some point, the pain becomes too much for the medications, and we need to consider euthanasia to protect their welfare. This is called a quality-of-life decision, and it’s something that every pet owner needs to be prepared to do. 

It’s very hard to predict how long a cat can live with arthritis, as it depends on individual factors like how well they tolerate being given medication, whether they have other diseases, and how old they are when they start showing signs of arthritis. 

According to a recent study in the U.S., cat life expectancy at birth is around 12 years, with some cats living into their 20s [2]. Since the chance of getting arthritis increases with age (and peaks at around 10 years), it’s quite likely that your cat is coming toward the end of their life when they’re diagnosed with arthritis anyway [3]. At that point, the chance of them getting other diseases – like kidney disease or some types of cancer – is higher too. 

Young cats with severe arthritis may only live for a year or two. Older cats with mild signs of arthritis might live for several years, unless they get another condition that complicates treatment or causes them more problems than the arthritis itself.

Cat Arthritis Treatment Options

The most important aspect of care for an arthritic cat is pain relief. Arthritis is known to be painful, and it’s usually this pain that results in cats with arthritis being euthanized. That means that the better the pain relief, and the better your cat tolerates it, the longer they’re likely to live. 

Since every cat’s arthritis is different, and every cat has a unique personality, the treatment options vary. Some treatments can have adverse effects, and while these should be monitored, they shouldn’t be a reason not to give the medication, as pain relief is so important when dealing with cat arthritis. Your veterinarian will help you determine which arthritis treatment for cats is the best for your kitty.

These are some of the most common cat arthritis medicines you might be offered:

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the mainstay of therapy for cat arthritis. They are usually well tolerated, with liquid and tablet forms available for daily dosing at home and several different drug options if your cat dislikes one. 

Your veterinarian may recommend against these drugs if your cat’s kidneys aren’t working properly, as using these drugs may cause further kidney problems and decrease life expectancy further. However, they may also recommend you cautiously continue, especially if there aren’t many other arthritis treatment options available to your cat. Vets will often say “quality of life over quantity of life” in these circumstances. In other words, the NSAIDs may reduce the life expectancy in these cats, but at least they’ll be pain-free.

Gabapentin

Gabapentin is well tolerated in cats and can be chosen for its pain-relieving properties. It’s not usually the first medication veterinarians will reach for, but it’s often used as an adjunct when NSAIDs are no longer sufficient on their own.

Opioids

Opioids are difficult to give long-term to cats, as they don’t often come in oral forms and are expensive. Your veterinarian may recommend a short course of opioids as very strong pain relief while waiting for other drugs to take effect. They may also be used in late stages to keep very arthritic cats comfortable.

Frunevetmab

While not widely available yet, this brand-new drug has changed how vets treat arthritis in cats. Given by injection, Frunevetmab is a monoclonal antibody, which means it’s actually a modified part of the immune system. Instead of attacking foreign objects or viruses, Frunevetmab blocks pain receptors to help cats with arthritis feel more comfortable, which has been life-changing in many cases.

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and have proven benefits for pets with arthritis. EFAs can slow the progression of arthritis and should be used as soon as it’s suspected to get the full benefit. As they are not a drug, they can safely be given to most pets, with gastrointestinal upset being the most common side effect. EFAs are often found in cat joint supplements, or included in special “arthritis diets.”

How to Help Cats with Arthritis

There are also lots of things you can do at home to help a cat with arthritis live as comfortably as possible for as long as possible. 

Physical Therapy

It’s unlikely that your cat will be happy traveling to a physiotherapist on a regular basis, but learning some skills to keep their muscles in tip-top condition at home can help provide more comfort for a cat with arthritis. You can train your cat to do exercises at home using treats or food, which can help strengthen their muscles. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation for a cat physiotherapist.

Environmental Changes

You can also change some things at home to make your cat’s life more comfortable. Keep food and water easily accessible, so your kitty doesn’t have to jump to get there. If they have a favorite high-up spot, try giving them steps or a ramp to reach it, rather than forcing them to jump. You might want to invest in a litter tray with lower sides, or a low access area, so your cat doesn’t have to move so much to get in. A warm bed will be especially welcome, as will any extra padding you can give them. 

Handling

When it comes to how to carry a cat with arthritis, it’s important to be gentle. As you’re handling, petting, or carrying them, be mindful that they may be sore. Try not to move joints if you can help it, and be careful where you squeeze. Cats with painful osteoarthritis can be grumpy, which means they may be more likely to lash out than usual.

Weight Loss

If your cat is overweight, helping them get to a more comfortable weight can be beneficial. Not only will this reduce the dose of drugs they need, it will also reduce the pressure on their joints and may mean they can (temporarily) come off drugs altogether. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s ideal weight and how to reach it safely.

Monitoring

You also need to keep a close eye on your cat’s symptoms and response to treatment. Best sure to do this regularly and frequently, as well as whenever there has been a change in medication. While you can just observe your cat, sometimes it’s hard to be objective about how they’re doing, especially since cats hide signs of pain so well. Questionnaires like the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index can be a good way to make sure you’re assessing your cat properly and in the same manner each time.

Understanding the Stages of Cat Arthritis

Although vets don’t tend to formally ‘stage’ cat arthritis by giving it a grade like they might for a heart murmur, feline arthritis can be thought of in a few stages:

• At risk
• Preclinical
• Clinical

At Risk

“At risk” cats are those who have had a previous joint injury or are overweight – these cats are very likely to have joint problems and owners might want to start joint supplements at an early age. This stage of arthritis doesn’t have any major impact on life expectancy.

Preclinical

“Preclinical” cats are those who have evidence of arthritis on their X-rays, but that don’t have obvious symptoms. This is the majority of cats, as they’re masters at hiding signs of pain. Unfortunately, it’s not possible at this stage to tell how much pain cats are in and how quickly they will become worse.

Clinical

Cats with “clinical” arthritis are showing signs of pain; this suggests severe arthritis, and it’s time to start treatment or consider euthanasia. Cats showing signs of pain have a limited life expectancy – they’ll need to start daily medications, and you’ll have to regularly assess their quality of life. The real telling point will be once they’ve started medication. If they drastically improve, they’re likely to cope for longer than if the drugs make little difference.

Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s arthritis as soon as you notice signs, such as your elderly cat struggling to walk or jump. Cats are excellent at hiding signs of pain, which means that cats with symptoms usually have bad arthritis. This doesn’t mean it isn’t manageable, though! Some cat parents may worry that the vet will tell them to euthanize their pet, but that’s not going to happen unless you’ve tried all of the treatment options and they aren’t working, or you refuse to treat your cat.

Cat Euthanasia: How to Tell When it’s Time 

Most arthritic cats will be euthanized due to another disease process, or due to the pain being too severe for the treatments available. Once your cat is showing signs of arthritis, you need to watch their quality of life and be prepared to make a decision when they appear to be suffering.

It’s often hard to tell whether cats are in pain, and this can make it difficult to know when to euthanize a cat with arthritis. Your veterinarian will be able to talk through your cat’s symptoms at any stage of your arthritis journey and help you assess whether your cat still has quality of life. They might suggest you think about:

• Whether your cat can still do things they enjoy
• Whether your cat is limping, yowling, or showing other signs of severe pain
• Whether there are more good days than bad days

Remember, your veterinarian won’t force you to euthanize your cat, and they won’t automatically recommend euthanasia just because your cat is old. The sooner you reach out to them, the more help they can give you to make your cat comfortable until you know it’s time.

Feline arthritis is incredibly common, but most cats hide the signs of pain until it’s severe. Talking to your vet at the earliest opportunity can help reduce your cat’s pain and slow down the progression of arthritis, allowing them to live a happy life for longer.

References

1. Lascelles, B Duncan X et al. “Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of radiographic degenerative joint disease in domesticated cats.” Veterinary surgery : VS vol. 39,5 (2010): 535-44. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2010.00708.x
2. Montoya, Mathieu et al. “Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data.” Frontiers in veterinary science vol. 10 1082102. 21 Feb. 2023, doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102
3. Clarke, S P et al. “Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats.” The Veterinary record vol. 157,25 (2005): 793-9. doi:10.1136/vr.157.25.793

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Let’s discuss what a normal cat blood pressure should be (hint: it’s the same for humans) and what it means if a cat’s blood pressure is high or low. 

What’s a Normal Cat Blood Pressure?

Blood pressure is the force that propels blood through the vascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. It’s a measurement that can tell us a lot about a pet’s overall health. When blood pressure becomes high or low it is very dangerous and can mean there is a serious health problem that needs to be addressed. 

There are two components to blood pressure: systolic and diastolic. Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure during a heartbeat. Diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure and occurs between heart beats. 

A normal blood pressure reading in cats is 120 mmHg systolic over 80 mmHg diastolic – often represented as 120/80. Kittens have lower normal blood pressure. Veterinarians generally diagnose high or low blood pressure based on a cat’s systolic readings. 

A systolic blood pressure above 180 mmHg is considered high (hypertension) while a systolic pressure below 90 is low (hypotension). 

Because blood pressure is measured at the vet clinic and many cats are stressed or excited there, your veterinarian will not diagnose your cat with high blood pressure until the systolic reading is greater than 180. 

Causes of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

High blood pressure in cats can be caused by many different factors but is always due to an underlying disease. These include:

Kidney Disease

Up to 65 percent of cats with high blood pressure have kidney disease [1]. The relationship is through a complex set of hormone systems and is the reason many cats with kidney disease take blood pressure medication.

Heart Disease

The body may constrict blood vessels to compensate for a heart that is unable to adequately pump blood. Unfortunately this worsens heart disease in a vicious cycle.

Hyperthyroid Disease

An overactive thyroid can lead to high blood pressure, high heart rate, and many other dangerous changes in body function. Hyperthyroid disease is common in middle aged to older cats.

Tumors or Cancer

Some types of cancers or non-cancerous tumors can secrete hormones that lead to hypertension while others create hypertension due to their size or location. 

Pain

Severe pain or an injury – such as a broken leg – can cause temporary hypertension. Adequate pain control quickly settles blood pressure to the normal range.

Trauma

Trauma can alter the normal mechanisms that control blood pressure, causing hypertension.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure in Cats 

Symptoms of high systemic blood pressure in cats are typically seen in association with symptoms of their primary disease. The most common sign of high blood pressure in cats is blindness. 

Other signs may include:

• Decreased energy
• Exercise intolerance
• Behavior changes
• Vision problems or blindness
• Seizure or collapse

Other symptoms of feline high blood pressure are evident to your veterinarian upon physical exam including a new or worsening heart murmur and changes to the eye including detachment of the retina.  

Consequences of Hypertension in Cats

Untreated hypertension can cause severe illness including blindness, brain damage, seizures, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke. 

Treatment for Cat Hypertension

Treatment for hypertension in cats is two-fold. When possible, treatment plans are focused on addressing or managing the underlying cause of hypertension such as kidney disease, heart disease, or thyroid disease. 

Oral medications can reduce blood pressure and are very useful as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Treatment plans may also include diet changes such as low sodium or prescription diets for management of the primary disease.

What Causes Low Blood Pressure in Cats? 

Low blood pressure in cats, also known as hypotension, is caused by severe illness, injury, or trauma. It is very abnormal and always an emergency. 

Cats only become hypotensive when their body cannot adequately respond. It can be caused by blood loss, low protein, or infection of the blood as well as any other causes of severe illness such as heart failure or neurologic dysfunction. 

Heart failure leads to hypotension when the heart can no longer contract well enough to generate adequate pressure to send the blood through all the vessels of the major organs. Neurologic dysfunction leads to hypotension when the brain cannot send appropriate regulatory signs to the cardiovascular system.

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure in Cats

Symptoms of hypotension in cats include:

• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Collapse
• Very low body temperature
• Sudden death

Treatment for Cat Hypotension

Treatment for hypotension is always an emergency. Cats diagnosed with low blood pressure require immediate in-hospital treatments such as IV fluid therapy, blood transfusions, and fast-acting injectable medications. Only once the cat is stabilized can the primary disease or injury be addressed. 

How to Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure

There are two common methods for measuring a cat’s blood pressure in a veterinary clinic – Doppler and Oscillometric. 

Doppler Method

Doppler is equivalent to a healthcare provider manually taking a person’s blood pressure with a cuff and stethoscope. It is more accurate than the oscillometric method and is generally preferred by veterinarians. 

The cat is laid on his side and a cuff is placed around the upper arm or leg. A Doppler crystal is placed on an area of shaved skin usually on the underside of the foot just above the paw pad. The Doppler crystal allows the veterinarian to listen to the pulse of the artery. The cuff is pressurized until the pulse is no longer audible and then relaxed until the sound returns. The pressure at which the pulse sound returns is the systolic blood pressure. 

This process is repeated 3-5 times and the results are averaged to determine a cat’s systolic blood pressure. The Doppler crystal is very sensitive to movement making this method difficult in awake, healthy cats.

Oscillometric Method

The other method is Oscillometric. This method involves a machine with internal algorithms that translate changes in volume into pressure. A cuff attached to the machine is placed on the cat’s upper arm or leg. The cuff is pressurized and the machine determines the volume of the body part in the cuff at both its peak (systole) and valley (diastole).

The machine takes at least 5 readings and averages the middle three before performing calculations to translate the volume into blood pressure. This method is less prone to user error but is more likely to be inaccurate. 

Can You Take a Cat’s Blood Pressure at Home?

While blood pressure is a useful measurement in assessing your cat’s overall health, it is not generally recommended that you try to take it at home. It is far more useful to monitor your cat for more easily recognized symptoms such as lethargy, vision loss, and changes in behavior. 

If your veterinarian is concerned about your cat’s blood pressure she will likely ask you to have it rechecked in the clinic as needed. This allows for consistency in the procedure as well as less stress for you over inaccurate high and low readings. If your cat is behaving normally and not exhibiting any signs of illness then his blood pressure is likely to be within the normal range.

If your cat has been diagnosed with high blood pressure the best thing you can do at home is administer her prescribed medications on schedule. If giving your cat a pill is difficult ask your veterinarian about different formulations such as liquids or chewable tablets. Report changes in behavior to your veterinarian who will make recommendations for assessment.

How to Support Healthy Cat Blood Pressure

The best things you can do for your pet’s overall health will also support healthy blood pressure. These include maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular exercise, eating a nutritious commercially formulated cat food, and developing a relationship with your veterinarian through routine healthy visits. 

References:

1. Lawson JS, Jepson RE. Feline comorbidities: The intermingled relationship between chronic kidney disease and hypertension. J Feline Med Surg. 2021 Sep;23(9):812-822.

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Just as with humans, our feline friends are vulnerable to diseases of the teeth and gums. In fact, studies report that between 50 and 90 percent of cats older than 4 years old experience some form of dental disease (1).

Fortunately, proper dental hygiene can go a long way in preventing the most common forms of these diseases. But it’s up to us as pet parents to ensure it gets done, and it can be tricky to understand exactly how to brush a cat’s teeth.

If the thought of sticking a toothbrush into your kitty’s fanged mouth sounds like a daunting task, you’re not alone. It certainly can be, especially if they aren’t used to mouth handling or tooth-brushing procedures. The good news? With the right approach, most cats will eventually allow you to brush their chompers without much fuss.

Keep reading to learn how to safely, easily, and effectively brush your cat’s teeth at home.   

Benefits of Brushing a Cat’s Teeth

Before we get into how to brush a cat’s teeth, let’s review why cat teeth cleaning is so important. As with human teeth, cat teeth need brushing to keep them clean and healthy.

“Brushing teeth removes plaque, an invisible, thin layer of bacteria and other material,” says Dr. Patrik Holmboe, head veterinarian at Cooper Pet Care. “Left untouched, plaque eventually calcifies into tartar, a rock-hard, brown material that sticks to the teeth and is much harder to remove.”

Dr. Holmboe explains that tartar not only looks unsightly, but it’s also chock-full of bacteria — and if not removed, it can greatly increase the likelihood of more advanced dental diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis. Once your cat reaches the stage of periodontitis, they face a high risk of bacterial infection in the tooth roots and bone surrounding the teeth, opening the door to loose or lost teeth, gum disease, difficulty eating, pain, and infection that spreads elsewhere in the body.

Although tartar build-up on your cat’s teeth requires removal by a veterinarian under general anesthesia, regular dental cleaning at home can remove plaque. Removing this plaque before it hardens into tartar is an essential part of home dental care.

Added bonuses of regular brushing include helping your cat get accustomed to being handled and keeping their breath smelling fresh (or at least fresher!).

How to Brush a Cat’s Teeth: Preparation and Training 

Attempting to immediately brush your cat’s teeth without acclimating them to the process is a surefire recipe for failure (and likely a few scratches). To increase your chances of success, it’s crucial to get your cat comfortable with the idea. Here are a few ways to prep your feline friend for brushing:

Start by getting your cat used to being touched around the mouth. When petting your cat throughout the day, as you normally do, work your way over to their mouth and gently rub your finger around their teeth, gums, and jawline. Give them lots of praise during and after.

Next, introduce your cat to the sensation of brushing with a tantalizing treat: tuna water. While it doesn’t provide any dental benefits, most cats love the taste of tuna water, which helps create a positive association. Before busting out the toothpaste, Covetrus recommends dipping your finger in tuna water and offering it to your cat. Once you’re done, praise your kitty and reward them with a treat.

Then, graduate to warm-up lessons with actual cat toothpaste. Choose a time when your cat is relaxed and let them sniff and lick some cat toothpaste off your finger. Unlike human toothpaste, which is typically mint flavored, cat toothpaste has a beef, fish, or poultry flavor, so it’s usually enticing. As they lick the paste, begin to rub your finger lightly along their teeth to simulate brushing. To make them feel more comfortable, give them some gentle scratches around their head and under their jaw as you go.  

To ensure your cat is at ease with the process, it may be necessary to practice this warm-up lesson multiple times before progressing to the main event. 

Supplies for Brushing Your Cat’s Teeth  

Once you feel your cat is comfortable with the idea of brushing, it’s time to transition to the real deal.

Here are the supplies you’ll need:

• A specially formulated cat toothpaste. Ensure the toothpaste you choose is labeled as safe for feline use. Cat toothpaste is safe for cats to swallow and contains enzymes that clean their teeth. Do not use human toothpaste, as it contains ingredients (like fluoride and artificial sweeteners) that can be harmful to cats. In a pinch, Dr. Amanda Skinner, DVM, at Sunset Vet Clinic says that even just taking a dry toothbrush to your cat’s teeth can be beneficial.

• A cat-specific toothbrush. A cat toothbrush has special features designed for brushing their teeth, including a small size and an angled handle. Finger toothbrushes, which fit over the tip of your finger, are another option. For some cats, using a very soft toothbrush designed for human babies is acceptable.

Steps for Brushing a Cat’s Teeth 

Now that you understand the “why” behind cat tooth brushing and know what supplies you’ll need, let’s review the steps for how to effectively clean your cat’s teeth.

1. Squeeze a small amount of toothpaste onto a cat-friendly toothbrush and place it aside.
2. Kneel down and position your cat between your legs, with their head facing away from you. This will prevent them from backing away.
3. Tilt your cat’s head upward at a slight angle and raise their lip.
4. Gently move the toothbrush or finger brush in circles across the teeth near the gumline. Work front to back on one side. This should take about 30 seconds. Talk to your cat in a soft voice while brushing to reassure them.  
5. Switch sides and repeat.

If you can’t brush your cat’s teeth for the full minute on the first attempt, don’t worry. Just brush as long as you can before they really let you know they want to be done. This might only be five seconds to start, but that’s better than nothing, and you can gradually increase the time each day as they get used to it.

A daily brushing session is ideal for most cats, though brushing even just once or twice a week may offer some benefit. “Less than this, and the actual effectiveness of the brushing is probably pretty low,” says Dr. Holmboe. 

Tips for Successful Tooth Brushing and Dental Health in Cats 

Here are some tips to help ensure cat tooth brushing success:

Start when they are young

Dr. Holmboe suggests starting your brushing sessions when your cat is 6 to 12 months old. “At 6 months, usually all the permanent teeth have erupted,” he says. “And this is a good age period where a young cat is still very accepting of new things.” 

Select a specific time

Cats respond well to routine, so be consistent with the time you brush their teeth every day. Pick a time of day that is generally quiet.

Use a toothpaste they like

Cat toothpaste comes in different flavors, so find one your cat approves of. You can test it by putting a little on your finger and seeing if they lick it off.

Find a quiet area

In order to help your cat feel relaxed and comfortable, find a peaceful place away from the hustle and bustle for your brushing sessions.  

Create positive associations

After brushing, immediately give your cat their favorite treat and lots of love for a job well done. This will help them associate brushing with good things, thereby increasing their willingness to participate in future sessions.

Be mindful of your demeanor

Your cat will sense if you’re anxious and respond accordingly. To increase the chances of keeping them calm, try to maintain a relaxed, positive attitude and demeanor during the sessions.

Be patient

It’s important not to force brushing sessions, as this will create a negative association, so pay attention to your cat’s cues. If they are really fussy and struggling to get away, stop and try again the next day.

Supplement with dental care products

Dental health products, such as dental treats and water additives, can be helpful, but Dr. Holmboe warns that they’re not a replacement for tooth brushing. The exception, he says, is scientifically-formulated dental kibble, which can be an effective long-term tooth-brushing replacement.

Watch for warning signs

Even with regular brushing, it’s still possible for dental problems to develop. That’s why it’s important to be on the lookout for signs of dental disease in your cat, especially if they are older. 

Common signs include dropping food while eating, vocalizing while eating, drooling, blood in the mouth, or changes in eating behavior, says Dr. Holmboe. “Even more serious signs might include weight loss and lethargy.” If you notice any of these signs, a visit to your veterinarian is in order. 

Get regular checkups

Regardless of how meticulous you are with brushing, Dr. Skinner says it’s important to get your cat’s teeth checked every six months to one year by your veterinarian. They can assess if your kitty needs a professional dental cleaning. 

By making dental care a part of your cat’s routine and giving their pearly whites some regular TLC, you can help ensure they have healthy teeth and gums for years to come. 

References

1. Cornell Feline Health Center. “Feline Dental Disease.” Updated June 2017. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease

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Read on to learn what jaundice is, what it looks like in cats, what causes it, and whether jaundice can be reversed if the cause is treated appropriately.

What Is Jaundice?

Jaundice is the general term for yellow discoloration of body tissues. Jaundice is also known as icterus. Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of a yellow-brown compound called bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bodily fluid that is created by the breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is a major part of bile, which is a digestive fluid that is removed from the bloodstream by the liver. If the liver is damaged or if so many red blood cells are breaking down or being destroyed that it overwhelms the liver’s capabilities, bilirubin will leak into the bloodstream. When bilirubin leaks into the bloodstream, it stains body tissues and urine yellow.

What Does Jaundice Look Like in Cats?

Jaundice causes yellow staining of bodily tissues, including eyes and skin. It can be difficult to notice if your cat is jaundiced, as much of their skin is covered in fur. Coat color doesn’t affect how easy jaundice is to recognize. The most likely places that you will notice jaundice is the hairless skin of the ears, the skin right above the eyes, and the whites of the eyes. Cats with yellow eyes are often the first thing that people notice. 

Causes of Jaundice in Cats

Veterinarians will put jaundice into one of three categories, depending on the cause of jaundice.

Pre-liver jaundice caused by destruction of red blood cells due to: