What Causes Heart Problems in Dogs?

Heart disease in dogs, also known as cardiac disease, can have a number of potential causes. 

Most canine heart disease is age-related. As dogs age, the valves within their heart may weaken and deteriorate. This prevents the heart valves from closing normally. Instead of blood flowing smoothly through the four chambers of the heart, a leaky heart valve can allow backflow within the heart, with some blood not moving forward along its normal path. Age-related valve degeneration is the most common cause of heart disease in dogs. 

Some cases of heart disease are congenital, meaning the dog is born with a heart defect. This defect may be diagnosed at a puppy’s first veterinary exam, or it may be inapparent until later in life. Examples of congenital heart disease include patent ductus arteriosus (in which an embryonic heart vessel fails to close at birth), septal defects (presence of an abnormal opening that connects the left and right sides of the heart), and pulmonic stenosis (abnormally narrow pulmonic valve within the heart).  

Less common causes of heart disease in dogs include viral infections, bacterial infections, tumors, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal disorders, and obesity. 

Some breeds are more likely to develop heart disease than others. For example, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels almost always develop heart disease at some point during their lives. Other breeds that are predisposed to heart disease include Miniature Schnauzers, Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, Shih Tzus, Boxers, and Doberman Pinschers.

Signs of Dog Heart Problems

Heart disease is often asymptomatic or nearly asymptomatic in their early stages. Your veterinarian may notice signs of heart disease on a physical exam, but these signs may not be obvious at home. Signs that your veterinarian may notice on their exam include: 

• Heart murmur
• Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
• Abnormal pulses

As heart disease progresses, you may start to see signs at home. Signs of heart problems in dogs may include: 

• Coughing
• Increased respiratory rate
• Exercise intolerance
• Fainting

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a late stage of heart disease. Dogs develop CHF when their body can no longer compensate for their heart disease. Signs of CHF include: 

• Shortness of breath
• Difficulty breathing
• Cough (especially a productive cough)
• Blue tinge to gums 
• Swollen belly due to fluid accumulation
• Weak pulse 
• Lethargy

If your dog is showing signs of heart disease, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, listening to your dog’s heart and lungs, palpating their pulses, and checking your dog carefully for other health issues. 

If your dog’s exam suggests a possibility of heart disease, your veterinarian will likely recommend additional testing. These tests may include an electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-rays, and/or an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart).

5 Canine Heart Problems to Know About

There are numerous forms of heart disease in dogs. Each type of heart disease is different in its underlying cause, its impact, and its treatment. 

Here are five common heart diseases that affect dogs: 

Mitral valve disease (MVD) 

Mitral valve disease is the most common heart disease in dogs. The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle of the heart. As dogs age, this valve can begin to deteriorate and become leaky over time. This means that blood isn’t pushed out of the heart normally when the heart beats; instead, some of the blood may leak from the ventricle back into the atrium. This forces the heart to work harder, leading to signs of heart disease.

While leaky mitral valves are typically repaired or replaced in people, this is not feasible in dogs. Therefore, MVD is managed, not cured. Your veterinarian will prescribe heart medications to support your dog’s heart function, as well as medications to prevent or treat the congestive heart failure that can occur secondary to mitral valve disease. 

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) 

Congestive heart failure is a late-stage effect of any form of canine heart disease. When the heart cannot effectively move blood forward, fluid may begin to pool within the lungs and other parts of the body. This can lead to a variety of signs, such as difficulty breathing, a bloated or round appearance to the abdomen, and edema (fluid) in the legs. 

The treatment of CHF involves removing this extra fluid from the body and the lungs. Veterinarians typically prescribe a diuretic, such as furosemide. More medications may also be prescribed to treat the underlying cause of CHF and otherwise support heart function. 

Heartworm Disease

Heartworm disease is caused by a parasite, Dirofilaria immitis. This parasite is spread by mosquitoes. In fact, a single mosquito bite is all that it takes to spread heartworms to an unprotected dog. 

Although heartworm larvae start off as small, microscopic parasites, they mature into large worms that look like spaghetti. These worms lodge within a dog’s heart and lungs, blocking normal circulation. Fortunately, heartworm infection can be prevented with the use of year-round heartworm preventative. 

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened. This leads to enlargement of the heart, as the walls of the heart grow thinner and lose their normal shape. This condition is most common in large breed dogs, such as Great Danes, Boxers, and Doberman Pinschers. Diet can also play a role in the development of DCM, causing it to occur in breeds that are not commonly affected by this condition. 

There is no cure for DCM. Instead, veterinarians prescribe medications to support heart function, reduce fluid buildup within the body, and reduce the risk of arrhythmias. 

Pulmonic stenosis (PS) 

Pulmonic stenosis is an inherited heart defect in which the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the vessel that carries blood to the lungs) is narrowed. This means that the heart must work harder to pump blood through this narrowed valve. 

Pulmonic stenosis is treated with balloon valvuloplasty. This surgical treatment opens the valve up to a more normal width, restoring unobstructed blood flow.

Canine Heart Health: How to Stay Ahead of Problems

The most preventable cause of heart disease is heartworms. These parasites are spread by mosquitoes, and a single bite can be enough to cause life-threatening disease. Talk to your veterinarian and ensure that your dog is on year-round heartworm prevention to prevent heartworm disease.

Some cases of heart disease are nutritional in nature. Feeding an imbalanced diet can increase your dog’s risk of heart disease. Therefore, it’s important to talk to your veterinarian and ensure that you are feeding a nutritionally complete and balanced diet that’s appropriate for your dog’s life stage. If your dog is at increased risk of heart disease, or is already showing signs of heart disease, your veterinarian may recommend a cardiac diet or nutritional supplement. 

If you are considering a purebred dog, do your homework. Some breeds are more likely to develop heart disease than others; avoiding these breeds can reduce your risk of adopting a dog with heart problems. If you’re purchasing a dog from a breeder, consult the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals’ recommended list of breed-specific screenings to determine whether cardiac screenings are recommended for that breed. Do not buy a puppy unless the breeder can verify that the puppy’s parents received and passed the recommended screening tests for their breed.

Unfortunately, most cases of heart disease cannot be avoided or prevented. Instead, it’s important to pay close attention to your dog and ensure that they receive regular veterinary care. Early diagnosis of heart disease allows early treatment, potentially improving your dog’s prognosis. 

Reference

1. Keene, Bruce W et al. “ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 33,3 (2019): 1127-1140. doi:10.1111/jvim.15488

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In this article, you will learn why dogs need blood tests, the most common types of blood tests in dogs, how to understand blood test results, and how much testing generally costs. 

Why Do Dogs Need Blood Tests?

Veterinarians can gain a wealth of information about the health of a dog by running different blood tests. 

At your dog’s last annual examination, your veterinarian may have recommended running routine bloodwork to check the health of blood cells and internal organ function. The reason for this is even though a dog may look and act healthy on the outside, they may have hidden problems “under the hood.” Testing allows veterinarians to detect problems early when they are small and intervene to stop or slow the progression of disease. Having your dog’s blood tested annually can also help your veterinarian track health trends over time and know what is “healthy” for your dog if they ever get sick. 

Another reason your veterinarian will recommend or require routine bloodwork is if your dog is receiving certain medications over a long period of time or about to start a new medication. For example, if your dog is regularly receiving a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) like carprofen, your vet may require bloodwork before refilling the medication. Bloodwork for medication varies but usually checks liver and kidney function and sometimes levels of medication in the blood. If you want to purchase heartworm prevention for your dog, your vet will run a heartworm test before they prescribe the medication. 

Lastly, if your dog is going to be anesthetized for any reason, a veterinarian will often run routine blood tests to ensure that the dog is healthy enough for anesthesia. 

In addition to routine bloodwork, a veterinarian will run blood tests if your dog is sick. Routine bloodwork can provide information about many diseases and conditions, including:

• Anemia
• Blood parasites
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Protein losing diseases
• Inflammation
• Infection
• Auto-immune disease
• Dehydration
• Cancer

Types of Dog Blood Tests

Routine bloodwork typically consists of a few tests that can usually be run in-hospital for same-day results:

• Blood chemistry checks internal organ function, body electrolyte and fluid balance, blood proteins, blood sugar, minerals, and some enzymes
• Complete blood count, otherwise known as CBC blood test for dogs, checks red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• Heartworm antigen test checks for the presence of heartworm disease
• 4DX blood test for dogs checks for four infectious diseases (heartworm disease, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis) carried by external parasites.

Additional blood tests that are not included in routine bloodwork can be run to further classify and diagnose a dog’s problem. There are many specialized blood tests for dogs available. Some tests can be run in-hospital for same-day results. Other tests must be run in a reference laboratory. Results for tests that are run at a reference laboratory take longer because the blood sample must be sent to the laboratory. Some of the more common specialized blood tests used by veterinarians include:

• T4, Free T4 by dialysis, and T3 – used to diagnose thyroid problems
• ACTH and low-dose-dexamethasone testing – used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome
• Serological testing – used to determine vaccination/protection status of a dog against specific infectious diseases
• B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) – checks a hormone that is released by heart muscles when they are stressed, used to monitor heart disease
• Spec cPL Test/Spec fPL Test – checks a hormone that is released by the pancreas when it is inflamed, used to diagnose pancreatitis
• Nu.Q Cancer Test – tests for seven common cancers found in dogs
• SDMA test for early detection of kidney disease
• Allergy testing
• DNA testing

Understanding Blood Test Results for Dogs

Trying to interpret dog blood test results can feel like trying to understand ancient Greek if you don’t know what you are looking for. While any and all blood tests for your dog should be interpreted with the guidance of a veterinarian, it can be helpful to at least understand the basics of blood test results. 

First, let’s talk about blood tests that result in a numerical value. For every blood test that results in a number, there is a reference range that has been previously established as “normal.” The reference range is the result of testing many healthy dogs and averaging the results. Reference ranges are provided by the laboratory and do not vary based on individual dogs. 

For example, the normal reference range for blood glucose (sugar) in dogs is 80-120 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl) of blood. If your dog’s blood sugar falls within this range, they are considered to have normal blood sugar. Blood values that fall within their reference range and are “normal” will usually show up as green on printed lab work. If a dog’s blood sugar is outside this range and is either too high or too low, then the result will be flagged with a red color, alerting the veterinarian that something isn’t right.

Interpreting blood test results isn’t as straightforward as it seems, however. A completely normal dog may have high blood sugar levels because they just ate. A dog may have low thyroid hormone levels because they are sick with something else, not because they are hypothyroid. Dehydration causes concentration of red blood cells in the blood, and blood tests on a dehydrated, anemic dog may come back with “normal” levels of red blood cells, even though the dog is clearly very sick. This is why it is very important for veterinarians to interpret blood test results in light of the dog’s overall condition and take into account anything that can affect test results. 

Specialized testing, especially tests that are run in reference laboratories, will not only give a numerical result but also will provide additional context on how to interpret the results. Furthermore, if a veterinarian does not understand the results, they can call the laboratory to get more information. 

In addition to tests that result in numerical values, there are blood tests that give spot results. The 4DX snap test is the most common spot test used for dogs in veterinary medicine. In this test, blood is mixed with a reagent and then pipetted onto a test kit. If the dog is infected, then blue spots will appear in the test window. These screening tests are interpreted subjectively like a pregnancy test, and are often followed up by additional testing.

Once blood tests have been run, a veterinarian will follow up with the pet parent to go over the results. Even if you don’t understand everything that is written on the printout, it is a good idea to keep a copy for your own records. You can also take notes on the paperwork while the veterinarian is talking. A veterinarian should show you all the results, both normal and abnormal, explain what the abnormal results mean, and provide guidance on what to do next. 

Dog Blood Test Cost

The cost of testing varies based on what test is being run and where the test is being run. The cost of testing includes the cost of labor (paying the veterinary staff), supplies, and paying for the blood analysis machine or paying the reference laboratory for the test. Some testing is less expensive because the test is routine, easy, and the veterinary clinic uses that test for large volumes of patients. Other testing is more expensive based on how labor intensive the test is (for example a blood glucose curve requires day hospitalization, multiple blood draws, and then a veterinarian to analyze the results) or how much the reference lab is charging for the test.

In general, routine complete blood panels cost $100-$300. Specialized testing costs anywhere from $50-$400 or more, depending on the test. Veterinary care is an investment in your dog’s health, but it can be pricey. Pet parents have several options that they can use to offset the cost of veterinary care, such as pet insurance, line of credit, emergency credit card, or wellness plans offered through the veterinary clinic. 

Dog Blood Test Benefits

Having your dog’s blood tested has many benefits that include early detection of disease, infectious disease control, ensuring safe anesthesia, and monitoring medication. Interpretation of blood tests is a nuanced skill that veterinarians develop by taking classes in clinical pathology and years of practice, which is why it is always important to work with a veterinarian you trust to interpret blood test results. By combining your veterinarian’s knowledge with modern lab technology, pet parents can help their dogs live longer, healthier lives.

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Find out what canine lethargy is, potential causes, and the steps you should take to help your dog.

What Is Lethargy in Dogs?

Lethargy in dogs is defined as a decrease in energy and activity levels. If your dog is lethargic, you may notice they’re lounging around more than usual, uninterested in play, indifferent to walks, acting sluggish, and/or potentially not as interested in food as they typically would be.

While it’s normal for senior dogs to have a lower energy level than rambunctious puppies, that doesn’t mean that the senior dog is lethargic. Similarly, a low-energy Pug isn’t lethargic just because they don’t have the natural agility of a Border Collie! 

Remember, lethargy involves a decrease in energy and activity compared with the individual dog’s usual baseline. “Lethargic” is not a synonym for “lazy,” “calm,” “reserved,” or “relaxed.”

Why Is My Dog Lethargic? Causes of Canine Lethargy

Your dog could be acting lethargic for a wide variety of reasons. Here, we’ll cover general reasons for a dog acting sluggish:

Infectious Disease

We experience lethargy when we’re sick, and our dogs are no different. Infections are usually bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Examples of infectious diseases that can cause lethargy in dogs include parvovirus, kennel cough, canine influenza, leptospirosis, heartworms, and hookworms.

Pain

Pain is an important cause of sudden lethargy in dogs. Pain can stem from arthritis, dental disease, injuries, intervertebral disc disease, and more. Unfortunately, your dog cannot easily tell you what hurts. Luckily, veterinarians are accustomed to figuring it out!

Chronic Health Conditions

Many canine health conditions include lethargy as a symptom. Examples include kidney disease, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Chronic health conditions are generally more common in older dogs but can occasionally occur in young dogs.

Stress and Anxiety

While some dogs become more hyperactive when experiencing stress and anxiety, other dogs act withdrawn. Causes of stress and anxiety could include thunderstorms or fireworks, moving to a new home, a recent veterinary visit, a new pet or person in the home, lack of sufficient exercise or mental stimulation, and more.

Medications

Lethargy is a commonly listed side effect of many medications. Lethargy is often noted after a dog receives pain medications, anxiety medications, or sedatives. It’s also common for a dog to remain lethargic for around a day after undergoing anesthesia. While it’s possible for some antibiotics to make a dog tired, keep in mind that the underlying infection that the antibiotics are treating may also contribute to lethargy.

Vaccinations

Your dog may not feel quite like themself for a day or two after receiving a vaccination. Lethargy, achiness, and low grade fevers are normal side effects of recent vaccination.

Lethargic Dog Symptoms

Other symptoms that occur concurrently with lethargy could indicate that your dog is experiencing a medical issue. Examples of what to watch for include:

• Decreased or lost appetite
• Changes to the amount your dog is drinking
• Increased urination
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Drooling
• Dropping food or difficulty chewing
• Acting weak or wobbly
• Hunched posture
• Pale or yellow mucous membranes (gums, whites of eyes, genitals)
• Sneezing, discharge from the eyes or nose, and/or coughing
• Difficulty breathing
• Limping

How to Help a Lethargic Dog: Next Steps

If you’re noticing your dog acting lethargic, the first thing you’ll want to do is observe them, taking note of any other symptoms that they’re exhibiting. 

A dog acting lethargic with an obvious cause, such as recent vaccination or taking pain medications after surgery, may not be a cause for concern if they are otherwise still eating and acting okay.

If your dog has been acting lethargic for more than one day, you should contact your veterinarian. They may suggest bringing your pup in for an appointment to rule out pain, infections, and health conditions as causes.

Contact your veterinarian if your dog is experiencing other issues in addition to lethargy, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or limping. You should also contact your veterinarian if you have a lethargic puppy. Puppies are very susceptible to infectious disease and several other causes of lethargy. If your puppy is not eating much and sleeping a lot, talk to your vet.

If your dog is collapsing, has pale or yellow gums, is having difficulty breathing, or is showing any other serious symptoms, seek emergency attention.

If you note any other changes from your dog’s normal behavior, make sure to discuss these with your veterinarian. The more information your veterinarian knows, the easier it will be for them to find out what’s causing your dog’s lethargy.

Diagnostics for Lethargic Dogs

Your veterinarian’s very first step will be to discuss your pet’s history and perform a full examination. The information your veterinarian gathers will drive what diagnostics they perform next. 

Common diagnostics for a dog showing lethargy include:

• Blood and urine tests to look at overall organ function
• X-rays
• Abdominal ultrasound

In puppies and unvaccinated dogs, parvovirus tests are also common for lethargic dogs. 

In some cases, additional testing may be recommended. This would depend on your individual pet’s symptoms and what baseline testing shows.

Treatment for Dog Lethargy

The treatment for your dog’s lethargy will depend on the suspected cause: a dog suspected of having a bacterial infection may be given antibiotics. A dog with diabetes may be started on insulin and a special diet, while a dog with arthritis might start taking pain medication.

Your pet’s overall prognosis depends on the underlying cause. For example, an infection may improve over 10 to 14 days. Dental pain may resolve within a week or two of a professional dental cleaning. Arthritis pain may be controlled after a month or two of consistent treatments but may relapse as the arthritis worsens. Dogs with systemic health conditions like chronic kidney disease may also improve with supportive care but later decline as the condition progresses. Your veterinarian is your best source for what to expect in your pup’s individual case.

Bottom line, if you have any concerns about your dog’s behavior, including decreases in their energy level, it’s important to speak with your veterinarian. Lethargy in dogs generally has an underlying cause and shouldn’t be ignored.

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While there’s no replacement for regular brushing and professional cleaning, dog dental chews and treats can play a role in your dog’s dental care. That’s because they can help reduce the plaque and tartar accumulation that causes dental disease.

Whether you reach for them in a pinch or to supplement your dog’s regular dental hygiene routine, here’s the scoop on dog dental treats. Plus, we asked vets about what to look for in dog teeth-cleaning treats and their top-recommended picks.

Dental Treats for Dogs: How Do They Work?

With the word “treats” right there in the name, it’s easy to assume that dental treats and chews are simply dog-safe breath mints. However, they do much more than help eliminate bad doggy breath.

“Although not as effective as brushing, the mechanical or chemical action of a dental treat can help reduce the amount of plaque and calculus build up on dog teeth,” says dental hygienist Kimi Kan-Rohrer, RDHAP, BSDH, at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. “This, in turn, helps reduce the development of periodontal disease,” she adds. 

Dog dental treats aren’t without their limitations. Even the best dog dental chews can’t fix damaged teeth. “They can’t treat more advanced dental issues like severe periodontal disease, abscesses, or tooth decay,” says Dr. Lisa Lippman, DVM, director of Virtual Medicine at Bond Vet. “Those require professional veterinary care.”

Using dental treats for dogs in tandem with regular brushing and professional veterinary cleanings is ideal. However, it’s not always feasible, acknowledges Dr. Don Beebe, DVM, DAVDC, co-founder of Apex Veterinary Specialists in Greenwood Village, Colorado.

For example, “Some pets have a strong aversion to direct tooth contact, ” Dr. Beebe explains. “Sometimes, it is the pet owner with the limitation. They may have poor compliance due to their schedule or perhaps a physical impairment that makes toothbrushing difficult.”

Types of Dog Dental Treats

Dog dental treats come in various shapes and sizes. And you may even know them by different names. On one hand, you’ll see dental treats and dental chews for dogs. But you may also see products like rawhide sticks, bones, or chews and wonder if they can benefit your dog’s dental health. 

What’s the difference between these options for dogs? Here’s a quick breakdown to help you understand what to look for. 

Edible Dental Treats for Dogs

Dog dental treats are typically designed to be chewed and digested. While the formulas vary, these treats typically contain ingredients like wheat flour, gelatin, corn starch, rice, chicken, and honey. So they are safe for canine consumption. 

They may also contain chemical compounds, such as delmopinol hydrochloride or hexametaphosphate, to prevent plaque or tartar accumulation. Many have vitamins and minerals (like calcium) that aid in dental health. 

You may hear these edible options called either chews or treats.

Dog dental chews can take the form of sticks, bones, toothbrushes, or any shape imaginable. They usually have a tough texture to encourage chewing and gnawing because that helps remove plaque and tartar. “Dental chews for dogs with a tougher texture can offer better mechanical cleaning action,” says Dr. Lippman. 

Dog dental treats are typically smaller and bite-sized. They’re often not as tough, making them a good option for dogs who have difficulty chewing. You can even use some smaller dog dental treats as a food topper.

Non-Edible Bones, Sticks, and Chews

Rawhide is an example of a non-edible chewing treat. While studies show that chewing rawhide is an effective way to reduce plaque and tartar, it can be dangerous for dogs. 

Rawhide “can be a choking hazard and harder for your dog to digest,” says Dr. Amber Karwacki, DVM, a partner doctor with Heart+Paw in Philadelphia. 

If you choose to give your dogs these types of chewing treats, be aware that they aren’t formulated for dental benefits, like dog dental treats are. And always supervise your dog so they don’t ingest bits of rawhide.

Vet-Approved Dental Dog Treats

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

We considered a variety of dental chews and treats for dogs. And these are the top picks based on recommendations (or recommended product features) from veterinarians. 

Our List

• Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs
• OraVet Dental Hygiene Chews
• C.E.T. VeggieDent Chews for Dogs
• ProDen Dental Care Dental Bites
• Pedigree Dog Treats Dentastix
• Purina DentaLife Dog Dental Chews

All our recommendations are available without a prescription. However, it doesn’t hurt to check with your veterinarian to be sure the product you’re considering is a good fit for your pup.

Dental Dog Treats: What to Look For

According to veterinarians, here are some things to keep in mind when shopping around for dental treats and chews.

Look for the VOHC label

The Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) is a group of veterinary dentists and scientists appointed by The American Veterinary Dental College. They review pet dental products to see if they really work to reduce plaque and tartar.

If a product meets their standards, it gets the VOHC Seal of Approval. This seal tells pet parents and veterinarians the product is effective in promoting healthier teeth in pets.

To earn this seal, manufacturers must “complete clinical trials and provide research to prove their product reduces plaque and/or calculus (tartar) by at least 15 percent,” explains Dr. Kan-Rohrer.

If a product does not bear the VOHC Seal of Approval, that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s not effective, Dr. Kan-Rohrer adds. It could be that “they just haven’t submitted for VOHC review due to cost or lack of clinical trial data,” she notes.

Find options that fit your dog

Choose canine dental chews and treats that are appropriate for your dog’s size. “That way, you can avoid the risks that come with eating them too quickly or swallowing them whole,” says Dr. Kan-Rohrer. “These include choking, esophageal obstruction, and GI obstruction,” she warns.

Also, check the label for any ingredients that may trigger an allergic response in your dog or cause other health problems. For example, if your dog has thyroid issues, avoid chews with iodine-rich ingredients.

Ingredients to avoid

Veterinarians recommend avoiding treats containing excessive refined sugar because they can contribute to weight gain or other health issues. If your pet has food allergies, you should also avoid dental treats that contain ingredients that cause an allergic reaction.

Also, steer clear of products with xylitol or fluoride because they can be toxic to dogs (and cats), adds Dr. Kan-Rohrer. Treats that are approved for dogs should not have these ingredients.

Check the texture

Texture is an important feature of good dental chews for dogs. “Dental treats should be firm on the outside and chewy on the inside,” recommends Dr. Karwacki. The combo encourages your dog to bite on the treat multiple times, which helps scrape plaque and tartar from their teeth, she notes.

6 Best Dental Treats for Dogs that Vets Recommend

Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs

The plaque and tartar fighting power of Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs comes, in part, from their tough, chewy texture. The treats also feature distinctive grooves to promote chewing and prevent dogs from swallowing large chunks.

Greenies “are designed to be easily digestible,” says Dr. Lippman. “They also contain added ingredients that freshen breath.” (Their Fresh line contains natural dried spearmint.)

Greenies dog dental treats contain added nutrients like antioxidants vitamins A and E, and minerals, including calcium, which is essential for strong teeth. Best of all, Greenies has an extensive line of specialized dental treats, including Aging Care for older dogs and Weight Management.

Highlights

• The unique design promotes chewing activity and prevents dogs from swallowing large chunks.
• They contain added vitamins (like A and E) and minerals like calcium.
• Greenies Dental Treats for Dogs carry the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• The Greenies line comes in a wide variety of formulas, flavors, and sizes.

Things to Consider

• Greenies offers a sweet potato flavor variety. While antioxidant-rich sweet potatoes provide important nutrients, Dr. Beebe says these starchy treats could increase the risk of cavities in some dogs. “They may be okay if the pet’s teeth are brushed regularly,” he cautions.

Oravet Dental Hygiene Chews

These are among the best dog chews for teeth because they offer dual benefits, fighting bad breath and plaque at the same time. They also contain delmopinol hydrochloride, a chemical compound used in human dentistry.

“When added to a dental treat, this molecule helps make the tooth surface more slippery,” says Dr. Beebe. That helps by making it harder for plaque and tartar to accumulate. Oravet Dental Hygiene chews come individually wrapped for freshness. 

Highlights

• This dual-action chew contains delmopinol hydrochloride, a compound that helps stave off plaque and tartar buildup.
• Each chew is individually wrapped for freshness.
• They’ve earned the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.

Things to Consider

• Oravet dog dental chews don’t come in as many varieties as some competitors.  
• Individual wrapping of each treat contributes to waste.

C.E.T. VeggieDent Chews for Dogs

The signature Z-shape of this plant-based chew is by design. The unique shape makes it easier for the chew to reach (and clean) more areas of the dog’s mouth. 

VeggieDent chews are one of the dog dental treats Dr. Karwacki recommends to pet parents. “These chews tend to hold up to some of the tougher chewers,” she says. They’re easily digestible and contain a prebiotic to promote gastrointestinal health.

The VeggieDent line isn’t just about dental health. You’ll find options that promote joint health and cognitive ability, too. An added plus: They’re manufactured by Virbac. So your purchase contributes to the company’s Every Pet Project, which donates $2,500 to two animal charities each month.

Highlights

• The unique shape makes it easier to reach more areas of the mouth.
• VeggieDent dental chews contain a prebiotic to aid in gut health.
• Available in unique formulations that focus on joint, gut, and mental health in addition to removing plaque.
• Seal of Acceptance from the VOHC.
• Virbac runs the Every Pet Project.

Things to Consider

• C.E.T. products are not as widely available in stores as some other better-known brands, and they’re a bit pricier.

ProDen Dental Care Dental Bites

These soft, small-sized dental bites can be a good option for dogs who have difficulty chewing. Another benefit: They contain sustainably sourced Scandinavian kelp that helps prevent plaque and calculus accumulation in dogs, according to one manufacturer-funded study.

While kelp is rich in antioxidants, feeding too much of it to a dog can lead to hyperthyroidism, due to its potent iodine content. 

Highlights

• Good option to consider for dogs who have difficulty chewing.
• Formulated with an antioxidant-rich form of kelp that’s been studied for its effectiveness in removing plaque and tartar.
• These dog dental chews bear the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• ProDen dental treats are available as bites, soft chews, and “bones”.

Things to Consider

• Excessive kelp consumption can lead to hyperthyroidism.
• ProDen products are not as easy to find at retailers as some of our other recommended products.

Pedigree Dog Treats Dentastix

The key feature of the Dentastix chew is its deeply grooved, X-shaped design. According to the manufacturer, the unique shape makes it easier to clean hard-to-reach places in your dog’s mouth.

These treats feature calcium for strong teeth and beneficial vitamins like A, D3, and B. Dentastix chews are available in beef, chicken, and bacon flavors to tempt the most discerning of canine palates. They also have a minty flavor to help combat bad breath. The Pedigree Foundation donates millions of dollars to U.S. animal shelters and rescues.

Highlights

• The unique shape allows the chew to make its way to hidden areas of the mouth.
• Contains beneficial vitamins and minerals.
• Pedigree dog dental treats are available in a variety of flavors.
• They’re easy to find at retailers and are a more cost-effective option.
• The Pedigree Foundation supports U.S. rescues and shelters.

Things to Consider

• Though they’re made in the U.S., some of their ingredients are sourced from China and other countries. 
• The only Dentastix product currently assigned the VOHC Seal of Acceptance is Pedigree Dentastix Advanced.

Purina DentaLife Dog Dental Chews

These porous dental sticks are ridged to promote chewing and plaque removal in difficult-to-reach places. They come in chicken flavor, with some varieties incorporating apple, pumpkin, and blueberry flavors into the mix.

The DentaLife line offers dog dental chews that promote immune health and digestion while also removing plaque buildup. They’re manufactured by Purina, a brand that provides grants to animal shelters and helps facilitate adoptions through its Purina + Petfinder Foundation.  

Highlights

• Ridges in the chew make it easier to remove plaque in hidden areas of the mouth.
• Formulated with calcium.
• The DentaLife line includes dental chews that also target immunity and digestion.
• Has the VOHC Seal of Acceptance.
• Purina products are easy to find at retailers.
• Purina supports animal shelters and helps facilitate adoptions.

Things to Consider

• Some of their dog dental chews contain honey.

Tips for Using Dog Treats for Dental Care

Supervise your dog

Dr. Karwacki encourages pet parents to observe their dogs closely when giving them dental treats, especially in the beginning. That way, they can be sure their dog is chewing it appropriately and not attempting to swallow large pieces.

Monitor calorie intake

According to the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), dog dental treats are not complete-and-balanced foods. So they should not be used in place of your dog’s regular diet. But if you’re adding them to your dog’s daily food intake, do so sparingly as some can be high in calories.

“To avoid weight gain, reduce the pet’s food intake proportionately to the calories provided by treats,” says Dr. Beebe.

Keep in mind that your dog’s normal diet should comprise at least 90 percent of their calories. Your dog should get no more than 10 percent of their calories from treats, which includes dental treats and chews.

Watch for signs of injury

In some cases, consuming too many dog dental treats can cause serious health issues. Dr. Beebe cites the risk of dogs developing pancreatitis, especially if the treats are high in fat. “If the product is excessively dense or hard, there is also a risk of tooth or gum injury,” he notes.

Such injuries could be even more serious for dogs with fractured teeth or those recovering from oral surgery, says Dr. Beebe. “Dogs with excessive chewing behaviors could potentially irritate gum tissues.” Dr. Lippman recommends checking your dog’s gums for irritation or injury after using a new dental treat.

Always remember, even the best dog teeth-cleaning treats can never replace consistent daily brushing and professional dental cleaning for your dog. If you’re ever in doubt about giving your dog dental chews or treats or need product recommendations, check with your veterinarian. When it comes to your dog’s dental or overall health, it’s always better to be safe than sorry.

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Dogs can develop edema around the body. The condition can range from mild to severe and even life-threatening, depending on the cause. So let’s explore what edema in dogs is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. We’ll cover how to reduce edema in dogs and how pet parents can help their furry friends.

What is Edema in Dogs?

While people often use edema and swelling interchangeably, let’s understand the relationship between these two terms. 

Swelling refers to any abnormal buildup of fluid. However, edema in dogs is a specific type of swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the tissues between the body’s cells. It indicates a fluid imbalance.

Either too much fluid escapes the blood vessels into the tissues, or too much fluid remains trapped in tissue without returning to the bloodstream.

Causes of Edema in Dogs

The causes of edema in dogs can vary widely, depending on the affected area. Here are some common categories:

• Cerebral Edema: Swelling in the brain due to traumatic injury, severe infections, diabetes, or electrolyte imbalances.
• Pulmonary Edema in Dogs: Fluid buildup in the lungs leading to coughing and difficulty breathing. Prompt treatment can improve outcomes. If untreated, it can be life-threatening.
• Abdominal Edema (Ascites): Caused by liver failure, heart failure, or kidney failure, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (swollen belly).
• Localized Edema: Often a result of trauma, such as a laceration after an altercation with an animal or a swollen incision after surgery.
• Peripheral Edema: Commonly affects the lower legs, ankles, or paws. Often called leg edema in dogs. Occurs due to conditions like vasculitis, drainage blockages, or low levels of albumin.
• Facial Edema in Dogs: Often linked to allergic reactions (to things like foods, medications, or insect bites), tooth root infections, or tumors.
• Corneal Edema in Dogs: Swelling in the cornea causing cloudiness or vision issues.
• Peripheral Edema: One of the more common forms of edema, this swelling occurs in the lower legs, ankles, or paws of dogs. This can happen for several reasons, including vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), a blockage of the drainage system, and a lower level of an essential body protein called albumin. [1]

In addition, some cancers like lymphoma and mast cell tumors, can trigger edema anywhere in a dog’s body by disrupting the normal fluid drainage in the region of the cancer. [2]

Signs of Edema in Dogs

Some forms of swelling are pretty obvious, like puffiness in the face after a bee sting. However, not every form of edema is immediately visible to the naked eye. 

For example, cases of pulmonary edema in the lungs or cerebral edema in the brain may be more challenging to spot. In these cases, we look for more vague signs suggesting internal edema may be present.

The sooner you can recognize signs of edema in dogs, the sooner you can get your pet the care they need. So here’s a guide to key signs to watch out for, and what they can mean.

• Visible swelling: First and foremost, an essential sign of edema in dogs is the swelling itself. This can appear as obvious puffiness in areas like the face, legs, or belly. Facial swelling is common when there has been trauma, tooth root infections, allergic reactions, and even cancerous tumors.
• Change in appetite: This could be anything from a decrease in the total amount of food eaten to a change in the eating pattern, also known as dysrexia.
• Change in energy level: Dogs may seem tired, not interested in normal daily activities, or less playful.
• Weight gain: Some dogs with edema gain a significant amount of weight rapidly with no change in appetite.
• Pain: Dogs with edema may show unexplained whining, restlessness, and trouble lying down or sleeping.
• Seizures: These can be most closely associated with edema of the brain tissue in dogs. Other signs of cerebral edema in dogs include disorientation and other neurological changes.
• Trouble breathing: Coughing and difficulty breathing could indicate pulmonary edema in dogs (swelling in the lungs/airways). These signs could be life-threatening and require immediate attention.

Edema in Dogs Diagnosis

Remember, edema in dogs is a sign of an underlying disease. Your veterinarian’s first priority will be to confirm if your dog has edema and where. Then, they’ll investigate the underlying cause. Here’s how that typically works

History and Physical Exam: Your vet will ask detailed questions about your dog’s physical symptoms and when you first noticed them. They’ll also ask about any recent injuries, medications your dog takes, previous diseases, and changes in behavior.

Lab Work: If your vet suspects edema, they typically recommend further diagnostic testing. Blood and urine tests can help identify infections, inflammation, or organ dysfunction.

Imaging: Your vet may also recommend imaging to get a clearer picture of potential edema in dogs. X-rays and ultrasounds can detect fluid accumulation in areas like the lungs or abdomen. Advanced imaging like CT or MRI may be needed for conditions like cerebral edema.

How to Treat Edema in Dogs

When veterinarians diagnose edema in dogs, there are three main goals for treatment:

• Identify and treat the underlying cause
• Remove the fluid to resolve the clinical signs
• Restore fluid balance in the body

Understanding the underlying cause of edema in dogs plays a big role in effective treatment. Depending on that cause, your veterinarian may hose one or more of the following treatments:

• Diuretics: Medications to remove fluid in cases like pulmonary edema
• Manual Removal: Fluid may be drained via needle for abdominal edema
• Anti-inflammatories and antibiotics: Used for infections or inflammatory causes of edema

Long-term management relies on some of the above strategies but may also require dietary changes, nutritional supplements, or surgical corrections in some cases of organ failure.

Dog Edema Cost and Prognosis

The cost and prognosis for edema in dogs vary widely based on the underlying cause and severity. For instance, the survival rate for pulmonary edema in dogs improves significantly with early intervention. Chronic conditions like heart or kidney disease may require ongoing management.

How to Help a Dog with Edema

It’s important to note that even if your dog’s edema resolves, that doesn’t mean your worries are over. Removing the fluid is typically just part of the treatment plan for whatever caused the edema in the first place.

Helping a dog with edema involves both veterinary treatment and home care. Many dogs with edema have significant underlying diseases that require lifelong therapy. And even minor cases of swelling, such as bee stings, require follow-up care.

To ensure the best outcome for your pet, keep these tips in mind.

Follow your vet’s treatment plan and recommendations – Administer medications as prescribed and maintain regular follow-ups to help manage any underlying causes of edema.

Monitor your dog closely – Watch for recurrence of swelling, trouble breathing, or other concerning signs. Alert your veterinary team as quickly as possible if you notice any signs that your dog’s edema has returned.

Feed your dog a vet-recommended diet – If your vet recommends specific dietary adjustments to help support your pet’s recovery, be sure to incorporate them. Diet can play an important part in helping prevent recurrence.

Keep your dog comfortable – Create a comfortable resting area for your dog and minimize any stress that could impact their health or wellness.

Edema in dogs can be a challenging condition for both pets and their owners. By understanding the signs, causes, and treatment options, you can act quickly and ensure your dog receives the best care possible.

Always consult your veterinarian if you notice any signs of edema, as early intervention is key to a better prognosis and your dog’s overall health.

References

1. Whelchel, Bradley D et al. “Retrospective evaluation of the etiology and clinical characteristics of peripheral edema in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 37,5 (2023): 1725-1737. doi:10.1111/jvim.16815
2. Kim, Sangho, and Arata Matsuyama. “Canine mast cell tumors: When to worry about aggressive behavior pre-surgically.” The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne vol. 63,12 (2022): 1261-1263.

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It’s completely normal for dogs to want to chase a toad, says Dr. Anna Kaufman, a veterinarian at Bond Vet in New York. “Dogs are naturally curious, especially with small, jumpy critters like toads,” she says. “Their instinct to chase can be pretty strong — after all, a bouncing toad is like a real-life squeaky toy!”

While your dog’s instincts are natural, it’s best to supervise your dog’s outdoor activities closely, Dr. Kaufman says, especially if you know you’re in an area where toads are common. This is because many toads are poisonous and can cause your dog to get sick. In some cases, biting or ingesting a toad can threaten your dog’s life.

To keep your dog safe, here’s what pet parents should know about toads and what to do if your dog grabs one.

Are Toads Poisonous to Dogs?

Yes, many toads are poisonous to dogs, Dr. Kaufman says. However, some toads are more dangerous to dogs than others. If your dog does come into contact with a particularly poisonous species, their life may be at risk.

Other toads won’t threaten your dog’s life, but the toads may still have “toxins in their skin that are dangerous if ingested,” Dr. Kaufman says.

The extent to which a toad can harm your dog can also depend on the amount of exposure. “Oral exposure to toads can be very serious, even fatal in some cases, depending on the type of toad and how much contact your dog had,” Dr. Kaufman says. “For highly toxic toads, even a lick can cause severe symptoms. With less toxic toads, it might cause some irritation but usually isn’t life-threatening.”

Toads Poisonous to Dogs

So, which toads should pet parents be on the lookout for? Two of the most dangerous toads to dogs are the cane toad and the Colorado River toad. “These toads have powerful toxins that can be life-threatening to dogs if ingested, so it’s essential to keep your pup away from them,” Dr. Kaufman says.

The cane toad — also known as the marine toad, giant toad or bufo toad — is a large toad with warty and brown mottled skin. This toad is native to South America, but it is also found in south or central Florida in the U.S. The toad was also introduced to Australia in the 1930s in an attempt to control beetles on sugar cane fields, but the toads spread across Australia and it is now considered an invasive species. 

The Colorado River toad — also known as the Sonoran Desert toad — is a large toad with greenish-grey coloring on its topside and white on its underside. Its native range is through a small part of northern Mexico, as well as part of New Mexico, Arizona, and California in the United States.

Other types of toads may cause a condition called toad poisoning in dogs, but they are generally not a threat to dogs’ lives. 

Toad Poisoning in Dogs Symptoms

When a dog bites or ingests a toad, they can experience a condition known as toad poisoning or toxicosis. However, this condition is only serious or life-threatening if it involves a species like the cane toad or the Colorado River toad.

According to Dr. Kaufman, common signs of toad poisoning in dogs may include: 

• Drooling
• Vomiting
• Pawing at the mouth
• Foaming at the mouth

More serious symptoms may include:  

• Weakness
• Tremors
• Difficulty breathing
• Seizures

Toad Poisoning in Dogs Treatment

If you see your dog with a toad or notice any signs of toad poisoning, rinse out your dog’s mouth in a careful manner, making sure they don’t inhale water containing the toad toxin, Dr. Kaufman says. You should also contact your vet or an emergency clinic immediately. “Acting fast can make a huge difference,” she says.

For potentially toxic toad exposures, a trip to the emergency vet is wise, Dr. Kaufman says, and quick treatment is key to preventing severe symptoms or complications. 

At the clinic, your veterinarian will assess your dog and try to help them recover from toad poisoning.

“Your vet will likely flush out any remaining toxins and monitor your dog’s heart and neurological signs,” Dr. Kaufman says. “Depending on the severity, they may administer medications and supportive care to manage symptoms. Recovery varies but can take a few hours to a few days, and most dogs do well with prompt treatment.”

Prevention

“The best prevention is to supervise your dog outdoors, especially at dawn and dusk when toads are most active,” Dr. Kaufman says. “If toads are common in your area, consider leash-walking your dog to keep them close and out of trouble.”

While your dog’s health and safety is the most important thing, it’s also helpful for dogs to leave toads alone to help maintain local ecosystems, Dr. Kaufman says.

“Toads are beneficial to the environment, helping control insect populations,” Dr. Kaufman says, “so let’s give them space and keep our pups safe at the same time!”.

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This specialized toothpaste is designed to make cleaning your dog’s teeth easier and more effective than standard dog toothpaste. Plus, it helps combat common oral health issues like plaque, tartar buildup, and bad breath.

Whether you’re new to canine dental care or looking for a better solution, enzymatic toothpaste is worth considering. Let’s explore what it is, how it works, and which products are vet-approved for optimal doggy dental health.

What Is Enzymatic Toothpaste for Dogs?

Enzymatic toothpaste for dogs is a type of toothpaste that contains enzymes — proteins that speed up chemical reactions. In dog toothpaste, these enzymes help break down food particles, sugars, and bacteria in your dog’s mouth, making it harder for plaque to form.

Unlike human toothpaste, enzymatic toothpaste for dogs is safe to swallow. In fact, many options come in flavors like chicken or peanut butter to appeal to dogs’ palates. This makes it easier for pet parents to establish a regular brushing routine without the struggle.

Enzyme Toothpaste for Dogs: How It Works

While traditional canine toothpastes often rely on abrasive ingredients or detergents to clean teeth, enzymatic toothpaste uses a different approach. The enzymes work by targeting the root cause of dental disease: bacteria.

Some of the most common enzymes found in enzymatic toothpaste for dogs include:

• Glucose oxidase – Produces hydrogen peroxide, which helps reduce bacterial populations
• Lactoperoxidase – Inhibits bacterial growth
• Amyloglucosidase – Breaks down complex sugars into simpler components, preventing plaque buildup

When these enzymes are used alone or in combination, they create an environment where bacteria struggle to thrive or attach to tooth surfaces, improving oral health over time.

This means that even if you aren’t able to scrub the bacteria from your dog’s teeth through brushing, the enzymatic activity of the toothpaste will still help to kill disease-causing bacteria (2). 

Benefits of Canine Enzymatic Toothpaste

Adding enzymatic toothpaste to your dog’s dental care routine offers numerous benefits:

• Combats plaque and tartar – Prevents the buildup of harmful substances that lead to periodontal disease
• Fights bad breath – Targets the bacteria that cause unpleasant odors
• Reduces the risk of tooth decay – Protects your dog’s teeth from cavities
• Supports overall health – Poor dental hygiene is linked to issues like heart, liver and kidney disease in dogs
• More effective than other products – Enzymatic toothpaste is often more efficient at cleaning than certain powders, gels, or rinses because it actively reduces plaque accumulation, which is the cause of periodontal disease 

Best Enzymatic Toothpaste for Dogs: 5 Picks Vets Recommend

Virbac C.E.T. Enzymatic Dog Toothpaste

Highlights

This toothpaste is a gold standard for dog dental care and is the toothpaste brand most recommended by board-certified veterinary dentists. It’s formulated with a combination of glucose oxidase and lactoperoxidase, making it highly effective at breaking down plaque. Plus, it comes in a variety of enticing flavors like poultry and vanilla-mint to appeal to even the pickiest pups.

Things to Consider

Certain flavors, like beef and chicken, may upset your dog’s stomach if they have a food allergy. 

Oratene Brushless Enzymatic Gel

Highlights

Ideal for dogs with sensitive gums or pets who don’t tolerate brushing, this gel works without the need for vigorous scrubbing. Simply apply it to your dog’s teeth, and the enzymes will do the work.

Things to Consider

Works best when applied daily. 

Enzadent Enzymatic Toothpaste

Highlights

Contains zinc in addition to enzymes for added activity against plaque and bacteria. Comes complete with a fingerbrush cap so it’s perfect to take on the road. Its poultry flavor is highly palatable to most dogs. 

Things to Consider

Contains chicken. 

Buster Toothpaste with Enzymes 

Highlights

In addition to containing enzymatic ingredients, this toothpaste contains chlorhexidine, a highly effective antibacterial agent. This toothpaste is best suited for dogs with severe gingivitis. 

Things to Consider

Because Buster toothpaste contains chlorhexidine, it is not recommended to use this product long term, as it may lead to bacterial resistance to the active ingredient and can eventually lead to increased tartar accumulation. Ask your veterinarian if this toothpaste is right for your dog and how long they would recommend its use. 

Petsmile Professional Dog Toothpaste

Highlights

The only Veterinary Oral Health Council-approved dog toothpaste. While not technically enzymatic, it uses calcium peroxide to stop plaque formation on tooth surfaces.

Things to Consider

More expensive than other options but may be worth it for its proven efficacy.

Enzyme Toothpaste for Dogs: What to Look For

When shopping for enzymatic toothpaste for your dog, consider the following:

• Ingredients: Look for products with enzymes like glucose oxidase or lactoperoxidase. Avoid harmful additives like xylitol, which is toxic to dogs.
• Flavor: Choose a flavor your dog loves in order to make brushing easier. Ask your veterinarian for recommendations if your dog has any food allergies or food sensitivities.
• VOHC approval: Products with the Veterinary Oral Health Council seal have been tested for efficacy.
• Compatibility: Ensure the toothpaste is safe for daily use and appropriate for your dog’s specific needs.

Tips for Using Dog Enzymatic Toothpaste

To get the most out of enzymatic toothpaste, follow these tips:

• Start slowly: Introduce the toothpaste gradually to let your dog get used to the taste and texture.
• Use a dog toothbrush: While applying the enzymatic toothpaste alone without brushing will help to reduce plaque and gingivitis, it will not be nearly as effective as when combined with brushing. A soft-bristled brush designed for dogs will be gentler on their gums.
• Brush regularly: Aim for at least 2-3 times per week for optimal results. If your dog already has gum disease, daily brushing is imperative. 
• Check for sensitivities: When using any new oral care product, ensure it is well tolerated by your dog and does not cause any vomiting or diarrhea. 
• Always use dog-safe toothpaste: Never use human toothpaste, as it can contain ingredients harmful to dogs.

Enzymatic toothpaste is a game-changer for canine dental care. By incorporating it into your dog’s routine, you can improve their oral health, prevent serious diseases, and keep their tail wagging for years to come.

For the best results, always combine home dental care with regular veterinary oral exams. Your veterinarian can give you the best advice on what toothpaste and other oral care products are most appropriate for your dog. 

References 

1. Barbosa, E., et al. “Strategies to Improve the Home Care of Periodontal Disease in Dogs: A Systematic Review.” Research in Veterinary Science, vol. 154, 1 Jan. 2023, pp. 8–14, doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.10.025
2. Watanabe, Kazuhiro et al. “Inhibitory effect for proliferation of oral bacteria in dogs by tooth brushing and application of toothpaste.” The Journal of veterinary medical science vol. 78,7 (2016): 1205-8. doi:10.1292/jvms.15-0277

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While most fungal infections in dogs are restricted to the skin or ears and are easily treated, some fungal infections affect the dog systemically and can be life-threatening. Learn about fungal infections in dogs and how they’re treated.

How Do Dogs Get Fungal Infections?

Dog fungal infections are caused by fungi, which are living organisms that spread in the environment by producing spores. Most commonly, fungi live in the soil. The spores that infect dogs are microscopic.

Fungal infections on the skin, like ringworm, usually pass directly through skin contact or contaminated surfaces. Most of the fungi that infect internal organs are inhaled, but they can also be ingested or enter the dog’s system through an open wound. 

Dogs who spend more time outside, like hunting dogs, may be at an increased risk of contracting a systemic fungal infection. Most of the systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, are not contagious between dogs.

Some canine fungal infections are more prevalent in specific geographic locations. For example, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis are more common in the Midwest United States while coccidioidomycosis is more prevalent in the Southwest United States.

Dog Fungal Infection Symptoms

The symptoms of a dog fungal infection depend on the type of fungus and which part of the dog is affected.

For example, skin infections like dermatophytosis (ringworm) might cause scaly pink lesions on the skin and hair loss. A Malassezia infection of the ear might cause dark brown discharge, itchiness, and a foul odor from the ear. Blastomycosis in the lungs might cause coughing, while histoplasmosis in the gastrointestinal tract might cause diarrhea. 

Symptoms of a fungal infection in dogs can include:

• Fur loss
• Scaly lesions on the skin
• Coughing
• Loss of appetite
• Itchiness
• Difficulty breathing, coughing, or congestion
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Nasal discharge
• Dark debris in the ear

8 Types of Fungal Infections in Dogs

Dogs can contract a variety of fungal infections. Here, we’ll cover eight important canine fungal infections.

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

Type: Skin

You may be surprised to hear that ringworm isn’t actually a worm at all — it’s a fungus! Ringworm is a common dog fungal skin infection. The fungus passes directly from animal to animal via physical contact. Infection from contaminated environments, such as an uninfected dog lying in the bed of an infected dog, is also possible. 

Dogs with ringworm develop scaly areas of hair loss. The skin may be itchy, though this isn’t always the case. 

Your veterinarian should give you instructions on how to clean the environment while your pet is undergoing ringworm treatment. Treatment usually entails both topical therapies and oral medications. Topical therapy can include antifungal baths like lime sulfur dips, shampoos with antifungals, and leave-on creams. The oral antifungal drug of choice for dogs with ringworm is terbinafine.

Ringworm can pass from a pet to a person, so it’s important to regularly wash your hands and decontaminate the environment if your pet has ringworm. If you have a lesion that you suspect is ringworm, it’s best to consult with a medical professional. 

Malassezia

Type: Skin

Malassezia dermatitis is caused by overgrowth of Malassezia yeast, which is a normal yeast on the skin. Most commonly, this occurs in dogs who have an abnormal skin barrier, such as dogs with allergic skin disease. 

Dogs with a Malassezia infection will usually have very itchy skin with areas of redness, thickened skin, and/or hair loss. The coat may be oily, and the pet parent may notice a yeasty smell. 

Malassezia is also responsible for most dog fungal ear infections and dog paw fungal infections. When a dog has a yeasty ear infection, the ear will often be quite itchy, red, and have dark debris inside. On the paws, the nailbeds are commonly affected, and a dark discoloration of the nails may be noted.

Treatment may include topical antifungals like shampoos or creams and systemic oral drugs, like terbinafine. Because most dogs who get yeast skin infections have an underlying skin condition, it’s important to manage any underlying factors to prevent recurrence.

Malassezia is not usually considered zoonotic, or able to pass from animals to people. However, caution should be used if there are immunocompromised individuals in the home.

Histoplasmosis

Type: Generalized/systemic, respiratory, gastrointestinal

Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease that’s more common in young adult dogs, especially sporting (hunting) breeds. The fungus is typically inhaled by a dog nosing around in the soil. Bat and bird feces may contribute to soil contamination. Histoplasmosis can remain isolated to the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, or it can spread throughout the body.

Dogs may have general signs like lethargy, weight loss, and appetite loss. If the lungs are affected, pet parents may notice difficulty breathing and coughing. Dogs who have histoplasmosis affecting their gastrointestinal tract usually have severe diarrhea and weight loss. In some cases, histoplasmosis can affect the eyes and/or brain, causing changes to vision and neurologic signs like seizures or an abnormal gait. 

For mild to moderate histoplasmosis that remains in either the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, oral antifungal medications like itraconazole or fluconazole may be used. Treatment with oral medications lasts at least four to six months. Dogs who are very sick may benefit from intravenous amphotericin B. Some dogs, especially those with lung involvement, may benefit from a short course of steroids.

Dogs who have histoplasmosis restricted to their lungs are more likely to have a positive outcome than dogs who have histoplasmosis in their gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in the body.

Histoplasmosis does not spread from pets to people, but people can become infected with histoplasmosis from soil.

Blastomycosis

Type: Generalized/systemic or respiratory

Blastomycosis is contracted by inhaling fungal spores from soil. Dogs who roam outdoors and live close to water are at an increased risk of contracting blastomycosis. 

Symptoms of blastomycosis in dogs include loss of appetite, weight loss, cough, difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance, changes to the eyes and vision, and limping. In some cases, dogs can develop neurologic signs like seizures, drunken gait, and walking in circles. The lymph nodes may be enlarged. 

Out of the oral antifungals, itraconazole is the treatment of choice for blastomycosis. Fluconazole is also an option for dogs. In severe cases or cases with neurologic signs, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. Steroids may be recommended short-term for dogs with difficulty breathing. 

Most dogs will achieve a cure with appropriate treatment, but prognosis is worse if blastomycosis has spread throughout the body. It’s also possible for dogs to experience recurrence of blastomycosis after antifungal therapy is stopped. 

The disease is not transmitted from infectious dogs to people through the air. Humans can get blastomycosis from a needle stick injury, but this is more of a risk for veterinary staff than pet parents.

Aspergillosis

Type: Nasal/respiratory or generalized/systemic

Most commonly, aspergillosis is inhaled and causes a nasal infection. In some cases, however, the fungus can disseminate through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

In dogs who have nasal aspergillosis, signs will include nasal discharge, sneezing, and bleeding from the nose. If aspergillosis has spread systemically, the dog may be lethargic, experience loss of appetite, and potentially spinal pain and weakness in limbs.

For nasal aspergillosis, treatment is to infuse intranasal clotrimazole endoscopically. For systemic aspergillosis, antifungal voriconazole is the antifungal of choice. Treatment may last for months. In some cases, antifungal treatment is lifelong. 

Aspergillosis does not spread from dogs to people.

Cryptococcosis

Type: Generalized/systemic

Dogs usually contract cryptococcosis by inhaling the spores. The spores will then disseminate throughout the body in the dog’s bloodstream. Pigeon droppings are known to harbor this fungus.

Although cryptococcosis more commonly causes inflammation in the nose and sinuses (rhinosinusitis) in cats, this fungus tends to affect dogs more systemically. 

Symptoms of cryptococcosis in dogs can include changes to their eyes and vision, lethargy, loss of appetite, skin masses and sores, changes to temperament, seizures, and circling. They can develop symptoms associated with the nose, like sneezing and discharge, but this is much less common in dogs than in cats.

Dogs are usually treated long-term with oral antifungals like fluconazole or itraconazole. In some cases, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. If large masses are present, surgical removal may be recommended. In dogs with a lot of nervous system signs, steroids may be recommended to reduce inflammation. Treatment may last for months to over a year.

The prognosis is guarded for dogs with systemic disease, especially if they have neurologic signs like seizures, blindness, or a wobbly gait. 

Cryptococcosis cannot pass from your dog to you. Humans can get cryptococcosis from inhaling the spores in the air, much like our dogs do.

Coccidioidomycosis

Type: Respiratory or generalized/systemic

Coccidioidomycosis usually develops in dogs who inhale the spores from the environment. Infection may remain within the respiratory tract, or it may spread throughout the body, including to the brain and bones.

Symptoms of this fungal infection in dogs include cough, respiratory distress, loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, limping, skin masses, vision loss, seizures, and drunken gait. Some dogs can develop heart failure.

Treatment usually includes oral antifungals like fluconazole, itraconazole, or ketoconazole. In some cases, intravenous amphotericin B may be recommended. Dogs who have the disease limited to their lungs may have a good outcome. Prognosis is poorer for full recovery if the disease has spread to the bones and/or brain.

While there haven’t been reports of coccidioidomycosis spreading from dogs to people, there have been reports of the disease spreading to a person via cat bite.

Sporotrichosis

Type: Skin

Dogs usually get sporotrichosis when the fungus enters through a puncture wound. 

In dogs, sporotrichosis is more likely to affect the skin, while cats can also develop a disseminated form that spreads throughout the body. In some cases, it can affect both the skin and lymph nodes. 

Symptoms include mass-like or sore-like lesions on the skin with draining tracts. The dog is often lethargic and has a poor appetite. Lymph nodes may be enlarged.

Treatment for sporotrichosis in dogs includes an oral antifungal like itraconazole or fluconazole. Treatment usually lasts for at least 30 days after the signs have resolved. 

While cat-to-human transmission is considered possible, dog-to-human transmission is unlikely or rare. 

How to Treat Fungal Infections in Dogs

The specific treatment for a dog fungal infection depends on the type of fungus.

Generally speaking, most fungal infections in dogs are treated with one or more of the following treatments:

• Topical creams like miconazole
• Antifungal baths
• Antifungal wipes
• Oral antifungal medications like itraconazole or terbinafine

Some fungal infections, particularly ones that are affecting the lungs or parts of the nervous system (like the brain) may require hospitalization. In some cases, intravenous antifungal medications like amphotericin B are recommended.

Many systemic fungal infections require months of treatment. In some cases, treatment is lifelong.

Antifungal Medications for Dogs

Veterinarians have a range of options when it comes to antifungal medications for dogs. These can include oral antifungal medications, topical medications, antifungal shampoos, and more. 

Itraconazole: This is an oral antifungal that’s used for a lot of systemic fungal infections, like blastomycosis or histoplasmosis. Use in dogs is off label.

Fluconazole: This oral antifungal is often used off-label for systemic fungal infections.

Terbinafine: This oral antifungal is often used off-label for ringworm and Malassezia infections. It is sometimes used for systemic fungal infections, as well. 

Miconazole cream: Miconazole is often applied directly to ringworm lesions. 

TrizUltra + Keto Solution: This ear flush contains an antifungal that may be useful for fungal ear infections.

MiconaHex+Triz Shampoo: This shampoo can help with both bacterial and fungal skin infections. 

Duoxo S3 Pyo Shampoo: This shampoo is also useful for bacterial and fungal skin infections.

How to Prevent Fungal Infections in Dogs

Pet parents should familiarize themselves with the fungal infections that can affect their dog in their area. Consider restricting your dog’s ability to sniff around in moist soil or near pigeon droppings.

Pet parents can also monitor their dog’s skin by practicing regular grooming. Make sure to check the skin, ears, and nails for any abnormalities when you bathe your pet or trim their nails. 

Parasite prevention is important for skin health. Dogs who have skin parasites like fleas may be more likely to develop a yeasty skin infection. 

Lastly, keep up on your pet’s health care! Your veterinarian may be able to detect any changes to your pet’s health before you can. They can also help you to manage underlying conditions, like allergic skin disease, that can contribute to fungal skin infections in dogs. 

The post 8 Fungal Infections in Dogs You Should Know About appeared first on Great Pet Care.

While acid reflux is often manageable — for both people and pups — it’s important to recognize how this condition affects your dog so you can ensure their comfort and well-being.

Let’s take a closer look at what causes acid reflux in dogs, the symptoms to watch for, and how to prevent or manage it.

What is Acid Reflux in Dogs?

Acid reflux occurs when gastric fluids (stomach acid) flow backward into the esophagus. The esophagus normally carries foods and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. In normal dog digestion, a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents the stomach acid in dogs from flowing in reverse. However, in dogs with acid reflux, this valve relaxes, allowing stomach acid to backflow into the esophagus, causing irritation, inflammation, and significant discomfort.

Just like in humans, some dogs are more likely to develop acid reflux than others. So I always alert my clients to the risk factors that can increase the chances of developing the condition.

Acid reflux is particularly common in puppies and younger dogs because their LES is not yet fully developed.  

Brachycephalic dogs (breeds with flat faces and short noses) also face greater risk due to their shorter esophagus and tendency to develop hiatal hernias. These high-risk breeds include:

• Pugs
• Bulldogs
• French Bulldogs
• Boston Terriers
• Boxers
• Pekingese

What Causes Reflux Disease in Dogs?

Understanding the causes of acid reflux in dogs can play an important role in preventing or managing the disease.

In some cases, you may be able to control or mitigate risk factors that could cause acid reflux. But even when you can’t (e.g., congenital causes or those that require surgical intervention), awareness may help you get your dog the care they need faster.

Common causes of acid reflux in dogs include:

• Diet and eating habits: Dogs that eat large meals too quickly and regurgitate their food are more likely to develop acid reflux.
• Foreign objects: If something gets stuck in the back of a dog’s throat or esophagus, the obstacle can prevent food from reaching the stomach. This may trigger regurgitation and acid reflux.
• Medications: Some drugs, like antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, can relax the LES. This makes it easier for gastric fluids to flow backward into the esophagus, causing acid reflux. Medications can also irritate the esophagus if your dog doesn’t drink enough water to wash down pills or tablets. 
• Hiatal hernia: This happens when part of a dog’s stomach (and sometimes esophagus) protrudes through the layer of muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest. This can cause regurgitation and increase the risk of acid reflux.
• Chronic vomiting: Some dogs with chronic pancreatitis and liver or kidney disease experience ongoing vomiting, which can lead to chronic esophagitis.
• Obesity: Carrying extra weight can put added pressure on the abdomen, increasing the risk of acid reflux.

The Symptoms of Acid Reflux in Dogs

Any dog can develop acid reflux regardless of their risk level. That’s why it’s so important for pet parents to learn about acid reflux symptoms in dogs.

The earlier you can recognize acid reflux or GERD in dogs symptoms, the sooner you can alert your veterinarian. And the more detail you can provide, the more likely your vet will be able to diagnose and treat your dog effectively.

Here are some dog reflux symptoms to watch out for:

• Reduced appetite: Eating can be uncomfortable for dogs with acid reflux. So dogs with the condition may show less interest in food.  
• Weight loss: Dogs with extreme inappetence, especially over an extended time period, will most likely lose weight, as well.
• Lip-licking and swallowing: Some dogs may demonstrate excessive lip-licking, empty swallowing, and even appear to lick the air. While we often see this in dogs experiencing nausea or dog indigestion, it can also indicate inflammation in the esophagus.
• Painful posture: Watch for general signs of pain, though this may depend on how severe the acid reflux is. Behaviors could include pacing, trouble resting, excessive vocalization, or even “prayer position” stretching, which looks like a downward dog stretch in yoga. 
• Regurgitation: Another common finding in dogs with acid reflux is regurgitation after eating. Remember, regurgitation in dogs differs from vomiting. When dogs vomit, the food they’ve eaten has already reached their stomach and is forcefully brought back up. Canine regurgitation happens when food comes back up from the esophagus.
• Coughing: Dogs with frequent bouts of acid reflux can develop throat irritation, causing a hoarse, dry, spastic cough.
• Change in bark: This is one of the more specific signs of acid reflux in dogs. Throat and airway irritation can also affect canine vocal cords, resulting in a high-pitched, hoarse bark.  

How to Diagnose Canine Acid Reflux

To diagnose acid reflux, your veterinarian will start by taking a thorough history. You can help by providing a detailed account of:

• your dog’s symptoms
• when the symptoms began
• your dog’s diet (including any treats or table food)
• any medications or supplements your dog is taking
• any other behaviors that seem out of the ordinary 

Your veterinarian will then conduct a physical exam, possibly followed by diagnostic tests. Bloodwork and a urinalysis can help rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as liver, kidney, or pancreas disease. Your vet may also conduct a fecal exam to rule out parasites.

The next important diagnostic test is endoscopy. Your veterinarian will insert a small tube with a camera into your dog’s mouth, esophagus, and stomach. This will allow them to inspect the back of the throat, the lining of the esophagus (for ulcers, strictures, or foreign objects), and the stomach lining.

This test requires anesthesia. In some cases, your vet will also recommend preventative meds to minimize acid reflux during the procedure.

Treatment for Dog Acid Reflux

Thankfully, most dogs that receive treatment for acid reflux improve significantly and quickly. In many cases, a combination of medication, dietary changes, and nutritional supplements can help reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.

Medications for acid reflux in dogs

One of the most common starting points for dog reflux treatment is antacid medication. Your veterinarian may prescribe a dog-safe antacid, such as famotidine, cimetidine, or omeprazole. These work by helping reduce the amount of acid in a dog’s stomach. While acid reflux may still occur, it’s often less damaging to the esophagus and less painful to the dog. 

A second group of medications used to treat acid reflux in dogs are those that increase the muscle tone of the LES. This reduces the likelihood that stomach acid will travel backward into the esophagus. For this, your vet may prescribe cisapride or metoclopramide.

Finally, the last medication prescribed is sucralfate (also available under the brand name Carafate). This medication can help protect the lining of the esophagus, reducing the likelihood of ulcers and inflammation.

Many of these medications are also available as over-the-counter solutions for humans with acid reflux. While these may also be effective for dogs, always consult your vet before giving your dog any human medications to ensure the correct dose and frequency.

Dietary changes

Besides medication, diet modification is an essential component of acid reflux therapy. Vets often recommend a low-fat prescription diet to help reduce the production of stomach acid. This can also help with dogs and burping.

Your vet may also suggest changing the quantity and frequency of feedings. Feeding your dog smaller meals more often can help prevent the regurgitation that often happens when dogs eat large meals too quickly.

Probiotics and nutritional supplements

Probiotics are live microorganisms that help fight the harmful bacteria that cause inflammation and disease. Your vet may recommend adding a probiotic supplement to your dog’s daily regimen to help restore and balance your dog’s microbiome (the healthy gut bacteria that aid digestion.)

Many nutritional supplements and remedies claim to help reduce the impact of acid reflux in dogs. For example, slippery elm, licorice root, and ginger may help soothe the stomach lining. Ripe bananas may act as a natural antacid for dogs. And digestive enzymes can help support the pancreas in making digestion easier and more efficient.

If you are interested in how to treat acid reflux in dogs naturally, be sure to discuss options with your vet. It’s important to ensure they are safe for your dog and do not interfere with the treatment plan.

Surgery

If an endoscopy reveals the presence of a hiatal hernia, your veterinarian will discuss surgical correction of this congenital defect.

Whatever combination of treatment options your vet recommends, it’s important to start treating acid reflux in dogs right away. Effective treatment can help your dog avoid long-term complications like esophagitis, esophageal strictures, and even tumors of the esophagus from chronic inflammation.

How to Prevent Acid Reflux in Dogs

Prevention is always the best medicine, and nutrition can play a big role in helping prevent acid reflux in dogs. Feeding your dog a low-fat, low-protein diet, and avoiding high-fat treats is key. And even if your dog does develop acid reflux, you can prevent it from worsening by taking a proactive approach. Small, frequent meals and a balanced diet tailored to your dog’s needs can reduce acid reflux episodes and promote better digestion.

Related Conditions

• Esophagitis
• Regurgitation
• Hiatal Hernia
• Esophageal stricture
• Peptic ulcer

The post Acid Reflux in Dogs appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we’ll explore the potential causes of a swollen belly in dogs, other signs to watch for, and when it’s necessary to seek veterinary care. We’ll also cover how a veterinarian diagnoses the problem and what treatment options are available to help your furry friend recover.

What Does a Swollen Belly in Dogs Look and Feel Like?

A swollen belly in dogs may present in different ways, depending on the underlying cause. The swelling can affect just one side of the abdomen or the entire belly. In some cases, the belly may feel soft and distended, while in others, it can feel firm or tight.

When we refer to a “swollen belly,” it’s important to understand that it can also be called abdominal distension or abdominal enlargement in dogs. These terms describe the outward appearance of a bloated or expanded abdomen. The swelling may be uniform or more pronounced in specific areas, and your dog might show signs of discomfort or pain when their belly is touched.

It’s not always easy to distinguish between a simple swollen belly and a more serious condition. A swollen belly due to overeating may feel soft and may not cause significant discomfort, whereas a distended abdomen due to something like bloat can be hard, tight, and painful.

Dog Swollen Belly: 9 Potential Causes

A swollen belly in dogs can be caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from mild to severe. Understanding the potential causes can help you recognize when veterinary attention is necessary. Here are some common causes of a swollen belly in dogs:

1. Intestinal Worms

Intestinal worms, such as roundworms, are a common cause of abdominal swelling, especially in puppies. These parasites can grow and accumulate in the intestines, causing significant bloating. Dogs with intestinal worms may also exhibit other symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, a pot-bellied appearance, a poor hair coat, and weight loss. Treatment usually involves deworming medication, but severe infestations require urgent care to prevent complications, like life-threatening anemia or intestinal obstruction.

2. Bloat (Gastric Dilation)

Bloat, or gastric dilatation, occurs when a dog’s stomach fills with gas, fluid, or food, causing it to expand. In cases of simple bloat, the stomach does not twist, and mild cases of bloat are not life-threatening. However, bloat can still cause significant discomfort, and if serious bloat is left untreated, it can lead to issues like pressure on the lungs and restricted breathing. Bloat often presents with a distended, uncomfortable abdomen, restlessness, and repeated attempts to vomit. Prompt veterinary care is necessary to prevent complications.

3. Gastric Dilation-Volvulus (GDV)

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), commonly referred to as torsion, is a life-threatening emergency where the stomach not only fills with gas (bloat) but also twists on itself. This twisting cuts off the blood supply to the stomach and other organs, leading to rapid deterioration. Dogs with GDV typically have a hard, swollen abdomen and show signs of extreme distress, including retching without vomiting, drooling, and restlessness. Large, deep-chested breeds are more prone to GDV, and immediate emergency surgery is required to untwist the stomach and save the dog’s life.

4. Ascites (Fluid Accumulation)

Ascites refers to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can cause a swollen or distended abdomen. This fluid buildup can be caused by several underlying conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, cancer, or severe infections. Dogs with ascites may also experience difficulty breathing if the fluid exerts pressure on the diaphragm. Veterinary evaluation is needed to determine the cause of the fluid buildup and to treat the underlying condition.

5. Peritonitis

Peritonitis is the inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, typically due to infection, injury, or rupture of an internal organ (e.g., the intestines or bladder). This condition can cause severe abdominal swelling and pain. Peritonitis is a medical emergency and is often accompanied by other symptoms like fever, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Immediate veterinary care is crucial to treat the infection and prevent further complications.

6. Tumors

Abdominal tumors, both benign and malignant, can cause a dog’s belly to swell. Tumors in the liver, spleen, or other abdominal organs can lead to either direct enlargement or cause secondary issues, such as ascites (fluid buildup). Dogs with abdominal tumors may exhibit other signs, such as weight loss, decreased appetite, or lethargy. Diagnostic imaging and possibly a biopsy are necessary to determine the nature of the tumor and the appropriate treatment.

7. Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease occurs when a dog’s body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that regulates many functions. One of the hallmark signs of Cushing’s disease is a pot-bellied appearance due to fat redistribution and muscle weakness. Other signs include excessive drinking and urination, hair loss, and skin thinning. Treatment typically involves medication to regulate cortisol production, and long-term management is needed to control the symptoms.

8. Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a natural cause of abdominal enlargement in female dogs. As the puppies grow, the belly will become noticeably swollen, particularly in the later stages of gestation. In addition to a swollen abdomen, pregnant dogs may show signs of nesting behavior, reduced appetite, and increased fatigue. Parents of pregnant females will also notice changes in their nipples and swelling of their mammary glands. Veterinary care is highly recommended to monitor the health of the mother and her puppies throughout the pregnancy.

9. Obesity

Obesity is a common but non-emergent cause of abdominal enlargement. Overweight dogs may develop a pot-bellied appearance due to excess fat accumulation around the abdomen. While obesity doesn’t usually cause sudden swelling, it can put dogs at risk for many health issues, including joint problems, heart disease, and diabetes. A healthy diet and regular exercise are key to managing and preventing obesity in dogs.

Dog Swollen Belly: Other Signs to Watch For

A swollen belly is often accompanied by other symptoms that can give clues as to what might be going on. Here are some additional signs to watch for:

Drinking lots of water: Increased thirst, especially when combined with a swollen belly, could indicate Cushing’s disease, diabetes, or kidney issues.

Heavy breathing: Dogs with a distended abdomen may have difficulty breathing due to pressure on the diaphragm. This is especially concerning in cases of bloat or fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and requires immediate veterinary attention.

Not eating: Loss of appetite can be a sign of many underlying conditions, including tumors, infections, or digestive issues. A dog who refuses food along with a swollen belly should be evaluated by a veterinarian.

Vomiting: Vomiting is often associated with gastrointestinal issues like bloat, intestinal blockages, or parasites. Repeated vomiting with a swollen abdomen is a red flag for a medical emergency.

Lethargy: A dog who is unusually tired, weak, or uninterested in their normal activities may be suffering from a serious underlying issue. When combined with a swollen belly, lethargy could point to infections, cancer, or hormonal imbalances.

Pain or discomfort: If your dog shows signs of discomfort when you touch their belly, such as whining, growling, or flinching, it’s important to seek veterinary care. Painful swelling is often associated with conditions like bloat, tumors, or infections.

Restlessness: Dogs who are uncomfortable will typically pace endlessly or repeatedly get up and down. This can be a sign that your dog needs urgent medical care.

If you notice any of these symptoms together with a swollen belly, it’s a good idea to have your canine companion evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. 

How to Help a Dog with a Swollen Belly: Next Steps

The severity of a swollen belly in dogs can vary widely depending on the cause, but it’s always best to err on the side of caution and seek veterinary advice. While there may be a few situations where it’s okay to monitor the swelling at home, such as after mild overeating, most cases of abdominal distension should be evaluated by a veterinarian. 

When you bring your dog to the vet for a swollen belly, they will perform a thorough physical exam and may recommend several tests to determine the cause of your dog’s swollen belly. These tests may include:

• Blood work: To check for infections, organ function, and hormone imbalances
• Urinalysis: To detect any issues with the kidneys or urinary system
• Radiographs (x-rays) or ultrasound: Imaging can help visualize what’s going on inside the abdomen, such as the presence of tumors, fluid accumulation, or abnormal organ structures
• Fecal tests: To check for intestinal parasites like worms

The treatment for a dog with a swollen belly will depend on the underlying cause. For example:

• Parasites: Medications will be prescribed to eliminate the worms
• Bloat: Immediate surgery may be required to untwist the stomach and prevent further complications
• Tumors: Treatment may involve surgery to remove the mass, followed by further therapies if necessary
• Cushing’s disease: This condition is typically managed with medication to control cortisol levels
• Obesity: A veterinarian will likely recommend a diet and exercise plan to help your dog lose weight

In some cases, lifestyle or dietary changes will be necessary to prevent recurrence of the condition. For example, if your dog has bloat, your veterinarian may suggest feeding smaller meals throughout the day and avoiding vigorous activity after eating.

How long it takes for your dog’s swollen belly to improve will depend on the cause and the treatment. For example, dogs with mild bloating from overeating may feel better within a few hours, while recovery from surgery for bloat or tumor removal may take weeks. In most cases, with prompt veterinary care, dogs can return to their normal selves after treatment, but ongoing monitoring may be necessary to prevent recurrence or manage chronic conditions.

Conclusion

A swollen belly in dogs is something that should never be ignored, as it can indicate a wide range of health issues, many of which are life-threatening. By being aware of the potential causes and accompanying signs, you can take prompt action to ensure your dog receives the appropriate care. If you’re ever in doubt, contacting your veterinarian for guidance is the best step you can take to help your beloved pet feel better and stay healthy.

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“Seasonal allergies are just that, seasonal,” says Medical Director Lauryn Benson, DVM, of Veterinary Emergency Group in Carle Place, New York. “They are also correlated to the environment, both indoors and outdoors.”

According to a 2018 study, environmental allergies in dogs have increased 30 percent over the preceding decade. Environmental research also shows that rising temperatures have extended the growing season of allergens like mold spores and ragweed.

This means pet parents are more likely to encounter fall allergies in dogs. So, here’s what you need to know about what could be causing your dog’s fall allergies and how to recognize the signs. Plus, we’ll cover how medications like Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) can help ease allergic itch, as well as other ways you can provide relief.

What Causes Fall Allergies in Dogs?

Can dogs have seasonal allergies? Absolutely. 

As the seasons change, dogs encounter different allergens in their environment. According to Dr. Benson, these allergens can be present in the great outdoors, as well as in your home. Your dog may be allergic to molds or the pollens of certain plants that are more abundant in the fall. Or the dust that collects in your home heating system could trigger an allergic reaction in your dog. In some cases, your dog could be allergic to both outdoor and indoor allergens.

While all dogs can suffer from fall allergies, certain dog breeds are more prone to environmental allergens, such as:

• Boxer
• Boston Terrier
• Dalmatian
• Golden Retriever
• Labrador Retriever
• Lhasa Apso 
• Scottish Terrier 
• Shih Tzu
• West Highland White Terrier
• Pit Bull

“Doodle” dogs, including Labradoodles and Goldendoodles are also on the list, according to Dr. Benson.

The most common allergens dogs encounter during the autumn months are:

• Ragweed pollen
• Mold spores
• Mildew
• Dust mites

However, there is no official start or end to fall allergy season. That’s because specific allergens may be more or less prevalent throughout the season.

Dog pollen allergy sufferers will have a different “allergy season” than dog mold allergy sufferers. In many areas, ragweed pollen is prevalent from August to November (with a peak in September). Whereas mold spores are more abundant from summer through the first frost.

Dog with Fall Allergies? 5 Symptoms to Watch Out For 

Some fall allergy symptoms in dogs may be all too familiar to human allergy sufferers. Other signs of dog allergies in fall can be surprising and even misleading. To ensure your dog gets a prompt diagnosis and treatment for fall allergies, stay alert for changes in your dog’s health and behavior.

Here are some classic allergy symptoms dogs in fall may experience:

Itchy skin

Excessive scratching is one of the hallmark symptoms of autumn dog allergies. Dogs can scratch their bodies or paw at their eyes to help ease their itchiness. 

“The primary way that dogs exhibit allergies is on their skin,” Dr. Benson says. “You may see an increased amount of itching and redness.” Also, look for lesions and crusty wounds from excessive scratching.

Excessive licking

Fall allergies can cause red, inflamed skin that is uncomfortable or even painful. Dogs often lick at their paws or other affected areas to ease the discomfort. Excessive licking can contribute to the development of skin infections in dogs with allergies.

Chronic ear infection

Allergies can cause chronic ear infections in dogs. Dogs with fall allergies might shake their heads or paw at their ears. You may also notice a foul odor coming from their ears. These are all signs of ear infection, which could be due to fall allergies or other causes. 

Sneezing, coughing, or trouble breathing

Dog fall allergies can cause rhinitis or inflammation inside the nose. This can lead to allergy symptoms like sneezing, sniffling, and itchy, watery eyes. Dogs with fall allergies may also experience coughing and changes in breathing.

However, Dr. Benson notes these “hay fever” symptoms are less common than symptoms affecting the skin, since allergic rhinitis affects just 15 percent of dogs with allergies.

Upset stomach

Vomiting, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal upset can affect dogs with fall allergies, though skin issues are much more common.

Since the symptoms of allergies in dogs could also be signs of other issues, always talk to your veterinarian if you think your dog may have fall allergies.

“It’s very important to see a veterinarian to determine if the symptoms are allergies or something even more concerning,” Dr. Benson says. Your vet will conduct a thorough exam to determine the best course of action to provide your pet relief.   

How to Help a Dog with Fall Allergies

Most private practice veterinarians do not perform specific tests for diagnosing environmental allergies, which can make it tricky for vets to diagnose autumn allergies in dogs. However, Dr. Benson notes that veterinarians often use a process of elimination to confirm an allergy diagnosis.

“They may consider some bloodwork or x-rays to rule out things unrelated to allergies causing the same signs,” she says. They may also look at samples of cells or discharge from the skin or ears to rule out infections and parasites.

If your vet does confirm your dog has seasonal allergies, you could try eliminating or avoiding specific allergens. However, depending on what triggers your dog’s allergies, that may not always be possible.

For example, in the great outdoors, it would be pretty difficult to avoid triggers like grass and tree pollens or mold spores completely. Inside the home, diligent cleaning, vacuuming, and an air filter could help you minimize allergens for a dog allergic to dust mites or mildew. 

Veterinary dermatologists can perform intradermal allergy testing (IDAT), which involves injecting allergens under the skin to see what the dog reacts to. This is the most reliable way of identifying specific environmental allergens in dogs at this time.

Your veterinarian may recommend several treatment options to alleviate the symptoms of fall dog allergies. These include:

Dog allergy medications

There are various dog allergy medications that can help alleviate fall allergy symptoms in dogs, each with their own pros and cons. Over-the-counter antihistamines like cetirizine are convenient, but not always effective. Corticosteroids like prednisone are generally effective, but not recommended for long-term use due to harmful side effects.

Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets) is a new FDA-approved allergy treatment for dogs that could help provide the benefits pet parents are looking for. This prescription oral medication is a JAK inhibitor, which means it works by blocking itch signals to provide fast, effective relief in dogs at least 12 months or older.

All it takes is one dose a day, so it’s more convenient and affordable than its competitors. Plus, studies show that Zenrelia provided greater itch reduction over time than the competition, without the risk of rebound itch.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Medicated baths

Bathing your dog with a medicated shampoo can be helpful for treating fall allergies. These shampoos have ingredients that can rinse allergens out of your dog’s fur and soothe their itchy and irritated skin. 

Topical treatments

Anti-itch sprays, creams, and other over-the-counter products can provide some relief from dog fall allergy symptoms. You can also use anti-inflammatory wipes on your dog’s coat and paws after a walk or spending time outdoors. These can help remove pollen and other environmental allergens.

Immunotherapy

Also known as Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) or “allergy shots,” this treatment helps desensitize dogs to allergens. It involves giving dogs a shot that contains seasonal allergens to help increase their tolerance and decrease their allergic reaction. It can take time for immunotherapy to work for treating seasonal allergies but it can be very effective.

ASIT is an option for dogs who undergo skin allergy testing or IDAT, usually under the supervision of a dermatologist.

With all dog allergy treatments, Dr. Benson notes that response can vary.

“Our goal is always to provide comfort,” she says. “If you aren’t seeing your pet act more comfortable within a few days, follow up with your veterinarian for additional treatment options.”

Unlike food allergies, it’s not always possible to reduce exposure to allergens in the environment. So, your best option is to work with your veterinarian to find the most effective relief for your pup. And even if you can’t alleviate the symptoms of fall allergies completely, seasons change. So your dog’s autumn allergies won’t last all year long! 

The post Dog with Fall Allergies: Causes and How to Help appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As a vet myself, I agree — I would see on average one dog with a skin problem each day. The problem is, skin cases are complex and need a thorough workup to get to the bottom of the problem. My skin cases also have to compete with my vomiting cases, my heart disease cases, and emergencies that walk through the door, meaning it’s very hard to be as thorough as needed. That’s why I often recommend seeing a dog dermatologist. 

Read on to learn more about dog dermatologists, the types of skin issues they treat, and signs it’s time to see one.

What Do Dog Dermatologists Do?

Dog dermatologists focus on the skin, ears, fur, and nails. They don’t have to deal with the heart problems or the vomiting, the dental problems or the emergencies, so their time and knowledge are focused on diseases of the skin. Many dog dermatologists will have extra qualifications or even be board-certified, and they’ll keep up to date with recent advancements through Continuing Education (CE) focused on skin issues. 

Veterinary dermatologists see all manner of skin problems in dogs, but the most common one is allergies. Dog skin allergies are the most common skin problem our dogs suffer from, and allergies affect about 1 in 20 dogs in the U.S. (2). Dog dermatologists will see dogs with skin allergies all day, every day, and it means they have a lot of great experience. They know the recommended diagnostic steps and have access to the latest treatments, such as the newly released Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets). Zenrelia provides fast and effective relief for dogs with allergic itch and inflammation.

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning. 

They also have longer for each patient — it’s common for dog dermatologist appointments to be an hour or even longer, to ensure they can get all the information they need. 

Of course, this knowledge, experience, and extended consult time comes at a price, and dog dermatologist appointments are more expensive than your average general practitioner consultation. However, in my opinion, the dog dermatologist cost is money well-spent, as pet parents get results faster, spending less money on a trial-and-error approach. 

Common Dermatological Conditions in Dogs

Dog dermatologists see a wide range of skin problems in dogs. While allergies make up the bulk of their work because of how common they are, dog dermatology specialists also see:

• Allergic skin disease
• Skin infections
• Ear infections
• Hormonal diseases affecting the coat
• Nail problems, such as symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy (SLO)
• Hair loss
• Some skin tumors
• Auto-immune skin diseases, like pemphigus
• Metabolic skin problems, like nutritional deficiencies causing skin problems

When to See a Dog Dermatologist: 5 Signs It’s Time

Your veterinarian should refer you to a dermatologist if you ask, and they may also recommend referral if they’re struggling to manage your dog’s skin problems. Here are five telltale signs you should consider referral to a dermatologist for dogs:

You want to find the underlying cause

General practitioner veterinarians like myself often treat the problem in front of us, which means giving symptomatic treatment. But finding and treating the underlying cause can make a big difference to dogs who have uncomfortable dermatological conditions. If your vet is stuck in a cycle of prescribing medications without recommending diagnostic steps to find an underlying cause, then a dog dermatologist might be able to help. 

You’ve done some diagnostics and hit a block

Another reason you might need to see a dog dermatologist is if your veterinarian has started diagnostic testing but has got stuck with what to do next, or is stumped by the results they’re getting. Dermatology specialists can be really helpful to go through these cases — no matter how unusual your dog’s condition is, they’ve probably seen it before.

Your dog doesn’t seem to be improving

If medications prescribed by your usual vet aren’t helping, or aren’t helping enough, a dog dermatology specialist might be a good idea. While they don’t necessarily have access to different medicines, they have experience using these medicines differently and may be able to recommend different dosing regimens to suit your dog. They’ll also go back to basics and help by diagnosing and treating the underlying cause as well as the symptoms. 

Your vet doesn’t have the right equipment

Sometimes it’s as simple as your dog needing a particular bit of equipment for a diagnostic test or treatment, for example a video otoscope for ear exams. If your usual veterinarian doesn’t have this piece of equipment, a referral to a nearby dog dermatologist may be what your dog needs. This also goes for intradermal allergy testing, as the allergen vials are not necessarily held by your general practice. 

You want a second opinion

As a pet parent, it’s your right to ask for a second opinion. Perhaps it’s a complex case and you want another perspective or maybe you don’t agree with the treatment your vet has recommended and you want to try Zenrelia or another allergy medication. Either way, if your dog has a complex skin issue, getting this second opinion from a specialist dermatologist for dogs might be more cost-effective than getting it from another general practitioner. 

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning. 

How to Find a Good Dog Dermatologist

If you’re going to pay more to see a dog dermatologist, you want to be assured they know what they’re doing. A board-certified dog dermatology specialist will be the most expensive, but they also have the most training and experience. They’ll usually be based in specialist referral centers, so you may have to travel some distance to your consultation. That said, some work on a peripatetic basis, meaning they move between nearby practices, to reach more pets. You can find a board-certified veterinary dermatologist with this search function from the American College of Veterinary Dermatology.

In some cases, depending on the complexity of your dog’s problems, it might be appropriate to use a general practitioner veterinarian who has a certificate or other further training in dog dermatology. These vets normally work in general practice so may be in a neighboring practice. They may not have all the necessary equipment at their disposal but are a useful step-up from your normal vet when a board-certified specialist isn’t available. 

The most important thing is that you trust your dog’s dermatologist. Mutual respect and trust is necessary for all vets, but even more so with dermatology, as it’s usually a slow road to recovery and relapse is common. So, choose somebody with qualifications you’re happy with, and feel free to ask them questions before you visit to ensure you’re happy with the level of care they can offer your pet.

Dog dermatologist referral

Usually, your vet will need to refer you to a dog dermatologist, and they might be able to recommend one nearby. Once you’ve chosen one, they’ll send over your pet’s notes in advance of your consultation so the dermatologist can see what’s already been tried. That said, don’t be surprised if the dermatologist insists on re-doing some tests in order to get a complete picture themselves. 

Summary

As a general practitioner vet, I often refer dogs with skin problems to a dog dermatologist. Their extensive experience and further qualifications put them in a great position to offer the best veterinary care to your dog. They also have access to equipment most vets don’t, and more time to focus on your dog’s history and symptoms. While visiting a dog dermatologist is more expensive than your usual vet, it’s often cost-effective as the underlying problem can be investigated and their wealth of experience means treatment is often more successful. 

References

1. O’Neill, Dan G et al. “Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications.” BMC veterinary research vol. 17,1 69. 17 Feb. 2021, doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02775-3
2. Drechsler, Yvonne et al. “Canine Atopic Dermatitis: Prevalence, Impact, and Management Strategies.” Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) vol. 15 15-29. 13 Feb. 2024, doi:10.2147/VMRR.S412570

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Dog Skin Allergies: Understanding the Basics

Dog skin allergies are similar to allergies that affect people. When a dog is exposed to an allergen, their body reacts by releasing proteins called cytokines. This results in an inflammatory reaction causing itchy skin. Skin allergies in dogs are most commonly due to the following:

• Flea allergy dermatitis: When a flea bites a dog, its saliva triggers a hypersensitivity reaction, leading to itchy, red skin. This most commonly affects the tail base, under the chin, and in the groin. 
• Environmental allergens: Substances, such as grass and pollen, can result in itchy, inflamed skin in dogs. The most commonly affected areas include the belly and paws. 
• Food: When dogs are allergic to a specific ingredient in their food (usually protein), they can experience itchy skin, watery eyes, and sometimes gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting. Dogs with food allergies typically have itchiness in the ears and around the tail base. 

Certain breeds are more prone to skin allergies, including Bulldogs, Golden Retrievers, Boxers, and Boston Terriers, just to name a few. 

Skin allergies can negatively impact a dog’s quality of life due to the discomfort and itchiness they cause. Symptoms can be managed with medications, such as Elanco’s new treatment option called Zenrelia (ilunocitinib tablets), to help dogs feel better and improve their overall well-being. In some cases, dietary changes are necessary to improve symptoms as well. 

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

8 Dog Skin Allergy Signs to Watch For

Signs of skin allergies in dogs may include the following: 

Excessive itching, licking, scratching

Allergens cause irritation of the skin, so dogs commonly scratch, chew, and lick themselves. The most commonly affected areas include the ears, belly, and paws. 

Skin odor

Because dogs with allergies often get secondary bacteria or yeast infections on their skin, they can start to smell musty. 

Hair loss

When dogs repeatedly chew or scratch their skin, it causes trauma to the hair follicles, leading to bald patches throughout their fur. 

Thick, leathery skin

Repeated trauma to the skin and underlying skin infections can result in thickened skin that looks similar to that of an elephant. 

Redness, bumps, scabs

If a dog has skin allergies, they may develop superficial pyoderma, which is a skin infection that results in tiny bumps and scabs throughout their coat. 

Ear discharge

Dogs with skin allergies commonly have concurrent ear infections. Their ears contain dark-colored discharge, have an odor, and are itchy. 

Eye discharge

Similar to people, when dogs have allergies, their eyes can water and become red. 

Nose discharge, sneezing

Dogs may sneeze and have thin, watery nose discharge if exposed to an allergen. 

What to Do If You Suspect Your Dog Has Skin Allergies

If you suspect your dog has skin allergy symptoms, it’s important to see a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis. Allergies will progressively worsen and cause significant discomfort for your dog if left untreated. 

It can be helpful for pet parents to keep a journal noting when their dog’s symptoms are most prevalent and if they are correlated to exposures to certain household or environmental allergens. 

Since allergies can appear similar to other skin conditions, such as mange, the veterinarian will want to perform testing to first rule out other causes for the dog’s symptoms. Pet parents can expect their veterinarian to do any of the following tests: 

• Flea comb: A fine-toothed comb is used to brush the dog’s coat to identify live fleas or flea dirt (feces). 
• Skin scrape: A dull blade is used to gently scrape an affected area of skin onto a glass slide containing a drop of oil. It is viewed under the microscope to identify live mites. 
• Tape prep: A clear piece of tape is pressed against the affected area of skin, stained with dye, and viewed under the microscope to detect bacteria and yeast, which cause infection. 
• Bloodwork: A sample of blood is collected from the dog to check for antibodies against specific allergens.
• Intradermal skin testing: Small samples of allergens are injected just underneath the dog’s skin while they are sedated. If the area swells up, it indicates an allergy. 

Dog skin allergies treatment can be difficult, and pet parents should understand it may take several tries to find the best option for their dog. In my experience, antihistamines do not work well for dog allergies (like they do in people), but several other medications are highly effective at improving a dog’s comfort and quality of life while restoring their skin and fur back to normal. 

A new oral medication called Zenrelia was recently FDA approved to treat allergic and atopic dermatitis in dogs. It is given once daily by mouth to control itching related to allergies, and studies have shown promising results. If you have a dog with skin allergies, ask your veterinarian if Zenrelia may be a good fit for your pet. 

Read the entire package insert before using Zenrelia, including the Boxed Warning.

Additionally, regular bathing and wiping a dog’s paws after going outside can remove a large source of allergens from their skin and coat that could trigger a flare-up. Keeping your dog on year-round flea and tick medication can prevent parasites from wreaking havoc on your dog’s skin which can lead to uncomfortable allergies. 

The earlier allergies are identified and treated, the better quality of life for your dog. If you suspect your dog has skin allergies, schedule a veterinary appointment promptly for a proper diagnosis. 

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There are numerous causes of cloudy eyes in dogs and different signs to watch for. Here’s everything you need to know so you can get your dog the proper treatment.

What Are Cloudy Eyes in Dogs?

To understand cloudy eyes in dogs, we must first understand the structures of the eye that may play a role. 

• The very outermost layer of the eye is the conjunctiva, which is a clear protective layer over the sclera, the white of the eye. 
• The conjunctiva runs to the edge of the cornea, a clear protective layer which sits over the iris. 
• The iris, also known as the colored part of the eye, works by enlarging or shrinking the pupil, the black of the eye. 
• Behind the iris sits the lens, which helps focus light. 
• The retina sits at the back of the eye and senses light. 
• The optic nerve transmits visual signals to the brain. 

Cloudy eyes in dogs occur when either the lens or the cornea is no longer clear, thus creating a milky color within the eye. 

Cloudy eyes more commonly affect older dogs because many causes of cloudy eye result from diseases that are more common in older age. However, younger dogs can also be affected.

Some breeds are more prone to cloudy eyes than other dogs, because they are predisposed to specific diseases that cause cloudy eyes. 

Why Are My Dog’s Eyes Cloudy?

Cloudy eyes in dogs can be caused by many conditions. These conditions may arise suddenly or more gradually. Common causes of cloudiness include:

Age-Related Changes: Cloudiness of the eyes caused by normal, age-related changes in the lens. This change is called nuclear or lenticular sclerosis. It typically does not affect vision. 

Cataracts: Abnormal clumping of proteins in the lens of the eye. Cataracts may turn dogs’ lenses milky white and will cause vision impairments up to blindness. 

Corneal Dystrophy: White discoloration of the cornea, caused by cholesterol and/or mineral deposits. Rarely does this lead to blindness. 

Ulcers: Corneal damage, removing the surface layers of the cornea. Ulcers tend to be painful, so they are often associated with other signs, like squinting and redness. Additionally, ulcers can cause color changes in the cornea, from blue to red or a general haze. Left untreated, ulcers can cause irreversible damage and vision loss.  

Dry Eye: When the eye doesn’t produce enough tears, a condition called keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) occurs. This can lead to irritation and cloudiness of the cornea. Left untreated, this can cause damage and vision loss.  

Anterior Uveitis: Occurs when the uvea, a collection of structures in the eye, becomes inflamed, leading to a cloudy appearance. This condition has a variety of underlying causes, including infectious and inflammatory diseases. Uveitis can be painful and may ultimately lead to blindness. 

Glaucoma: Increased eye pressure. This puts pressure on the optic nerve, causing pain and inflammation. The eyes may also take on a hazy appearance. Untreated glaucoma may lead to blindness. 

Symptoms That Accompany Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Since cloudy dog eyes can be caused by so many different conditions, here are some additional symptoms to look for to help narrow down the cause:

Red cloudy eyes: This could be indicative of inflammation or irritation in the eye. 

Cloudy eye and discharge: Discharge is a sign of inflammation or infection. 

Blue and cloudy: This is the most common color for cloudiness and can be associated with old age. 

Bulging and cloudy: Bulging eyes, whether unilateral (one eye) or bilateral (both eyes), could be a sign of tumors or glaucoma. 

Small cloudy spot on dog’s eye: White or cloudy spots often occur on the surface of the eye, and they are most commonly associated with corneal dystrophy. However, a small cloudy spot deep within the eye could be the start of a cataract. 

Diagnosing Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Many cloudy eye conditions can be cared for by your veterinarian. 

To properly diagnose the cause behind a dog with cloudy eyes, a veterinarian will start with a physical exam and potentially some bloodwork, followed by an eye exam. The eye exam will look for any abnormalities within the structures in the eye. Your veterinarian will likely perform a number of diagnostic tests, including: 

• Schirmer Tear Test: Measures tear production and may be used if dry eye is suspected. 
• Fluorescein Stain Test: Uses orange dye and a blue light to look for damage to the cornea, such as ulcers. 
• Tonometry: Measures pressure inside each of the eyes and used to screen for glaucoma.

If your veterinarian is unable to diagnose the cause of your dog’s cloudy eye, referral to a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist may be necessary.

Dog Cloudy Eye Treatment

Eye treatment for cloudiness varies depending on the underlying cause. While most conditions resulting in cloudy dog eyes are treatable, other cases of cloudiness may not be reversible. 

Nuclear sclerosis (cloudiness due to old age) is permanent. No treatment is needed; it is simply a result of aging, just like graying fur. 

Conditions related to infection, such as corneal ulcers and uveitis, may be treated with topical or oral antibiotics. 

Dry eye is typically treated with medicated ointments that aim to restore tear gland function. Additionally, your veterinarian may prescribe lubricating drops or ointment. 

Glaucoma is treated with medications designed to bring down eye pressure. These medications may come in the form of eye drops or oral medication.

Some conditions may warrant surgery. For example, cataracts have no treatment, except for surgery, just like in humans. 

In painful situations that cannot be cured with treatment, removal of the eye (enucleation) may be recommended. 

Dog Cloudy Eye Home Remedy

There are no approved home remedies for cloudy eyes. Due to the complex nature of eye conditions and the risk of blindness, home remedies put dogs at risk for further complications. Instead, contact your veterinarian for treatment. 

Cloudy Eye Medication for Dogs

Common medications for cloudy eyes in dogs include:

• Topical antibiotics, for corneal ulcers
• Topical immunosuppressives, such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus, for dry eye 
• Oral steroids such as prednisone for inflammation, such as with uveitis
• Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as methazolamide, to treat glaucoma

Costs for a comprehensive physical exams (including an eye exam) and diagnostic tests may range from $200 – 300, depending on the tests your dog needs. Treatment for eye conditions can range from under $50 for single, short-term topical medication to several thousand dollars for cataract surgery.   

How to Prevent Cloudy Eyes in Dogs

Most conditions that cause cloudy eyes cannot be prevented. However, some cases are preventable. 

Cataracts in dogs are often associated with diabetes. You can reduce your dog’s risk of diabetes by keeping them at a healthy weight. If your dog does develop diabetes, proactive treatment can reduce the risk of cataracts. 

Uveitis may occur secondary to infectious disease. Ensuring that your dog is up-to-date on their recommended vaccines can reduce the risk of uveitis. 

Finally, corneal ulcers are often caused by trauma. You can reduce this risk by focusing on your dog’s safety. Don’t let them hang their head out the window while riding in the car, and monitor play with other pets. Seek veterinary care at the first sign of an eye injury. 

Even when cloud eyes occur, you can prevent complications, like blindness and prolonged pain, by contacting your veterinarian at the first sign of an eye problem.

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Still, surgery relating to your dog’s major organs can sound pretty overwhelming. I’ve found that the more I can share with pet parents about such surgeries, the less scary they may seem.

If you’re worried about splenectomy in dogs, here’s what you need to know about the procedure. I’ll explain when and why veterinarians recommend the surgery, what it involves, and its benefits and risks.

Whether your dog is scheduled for splenectomy or you’re concerned about the prospect, you’ll learn exactly how to support your pet through the process and recovery.

Splenectomy in Dogs: What is it?

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing the spleen from a dog’s abdomen. The canine spleen is an internal organ located in the upper part of your dog’s abdomen, near the stomach.

Here’s a quick explanation of dog spleen anatomy. In most healthy dogs, the spleen is a dark red, boomerang-shaped organ that’s about as long as their front leg. It plays an important role in the canine immune and circulatory systems. Here are just a few of the jobs a healthy spleen does for your dog’s body:

• Stores extra red blood cells in case your dog needs them due to sudden blood loss
• Removes old and damaged blood cells from circulation
• Supports the immune system by sending white blood cells to areas where the body needs them to fight infections

Veterinarians often recommend a splenectomy if the spleen is diseased or traumatized. In some cases, it may be the only solution for dogs with life-threatening spleen health issues.

Conditions that often require a canine splenectomy include:

• Spleen cancer in dogs
• Infection of the spleen
• Rupture and bleeding of the spleen
• Torsion of the spleen (when it becomes twisted and loses its blood supply)
• Enlarged spleen (which can happen for various reasons)
• Blood clots in the spleen
• Immune-mediated diseases of blood cells, including immune-mediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia (destruction of red blood cells and/or platelets)

Fortunately, dogs (unlike humans) can survive without a spleen. Following a splenectomy, other organs take on important spleen functions, allowing many dogs to live full and healthy lives.

However, some conditions, like spleen cancer, may reduce a dog’s life expectancy and quality post-splenectomy, regardless of how well other organs are performing.

What Does a Dog Splenectomy Involve?

If your veterinarian decides your dog needs a splenectomy, there are two different types:

Total splenectomy – In this procedure, the entire spleen is removed. This is, by far, the most common type of splenectomy surgery.

Partial splenectomy – In this procedure, only a portion of the spleen is removed. It is rare and reserved primarily for focal splenic bleeds or lesions.

Depending on your dog’s health and the reason for the splenectomy, your vet will recommend either a scheduled elective procedure or emergency surgery.

In both cases, a vet or veterinary surgeon will perform the surgery in a sterile environment with your dog under general anesthesia so they don’t move or feel any pain.

For a scheduled splenectomy, you’ll receive detailed instructions on how to prepare your dog. This will include when to stop feeding them before the procedure so their stomach will be empty. Typically, your vet will conduct a complete physical exam before surgery, including bloodwork to check internal organ function. They’ll also confirm whether your dog can safely undergo anesthesia and if any additional precautions need to be taken.

In an emergency, your dog will go straight into surgery without any fasting or other pre-anesthetic preparation. 

Once in the operating room, your dog will receive general anesthesia, typically a combination of intravenous and inhalant drugs. Clinicians will shave, clean, and sterilize your dog’s abdomen. They’ll also prep an intravenous catheter so your dog can receive antibiotics and pain medication before or during surgery.

During spleen surgery in dogs, the veterinarian will make a midline incision down the center of the abdomen. Then they will isolate the spleen using sterile abdominal sponges, tie off and cut all blood vessels connected to the spleen, and remove the spleen.

The procedure itself is fairly straightforward and typically takes less than an hour to perform from start to finish. Things that can complicate the surgery and make the surgical time longer include uncontrolled bleeding or widespread cancer. 

Typically, dogs undergoing a splenectomy need to stay overnight (or longer) in a veterinary hospital to recuperate. However, in some cases, it can be an outpatient procedure, with your dog going home the same day. This also depends on the dog’s overall health and the reason for the surgery.

Pros and Cons of Dog Spleen Removal

Sometimes, splenectomy is the only viable option to save a dog’s life. This is often the case when a dog has splenic cancer or suffers uncontrolled bleeding. These are often emergency procedures that leave pet parents little time to think.

In other cases, such as when dogs have auto-immune disorders, vets may recommend splenectomy as an elective procedure. Since these are often not as emergent, it’s important to take the time to understand the pros and cons of the procedure. That way, you can discuss any concerns with your vet ahead of time

Here are some things to consider about splenectomy in dogs. In general:

• Vets typically recommend splenectomy to preserve life.
• Splenectomy does not treat conditions that are painful, nor does it relieve pain.
• The recovery process for most dogs undergoing splenectomy is comparable to any other abdominal surgery, including routine spays. It usually requires 10-14 days of quiet rest to allow the incision to heal.
• Pain management is similar to any other abdominal surgery.
• Once a dog recovers from the surgery itself, their overall health and prognosis may still depend on the condition being treated.

As with any surgery, there are risks associated with splenectomy. The most common complications associated with splenectomy in dogs include:

• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Infection
• Anesthetic complications
• Trauma to other abdominal organs
• Severe blood loss (anemia after splenectomy in dogs)
• Increased risk of gastric-dilatation volvulus (GDV) after surgery

Even routine surgeries like splenectomy in dogs require careful consideration. Be sure to consider all the factors that could impact your dog’s outcome — age, overall health, other health conditions, and prognosis after surgery. And always discuss your questions and concerns with your veterinarian before you make your decision.

Dog Splenectomy Cost

The cost of a splenectomy varies dramatically depending on several factors, including:

• Whether the procedure is elective or emergency
• Where the procedure is performed and by who (for example at an emergency clinic vs. at the regular veterinary hospital, whether it is performed by a regular DVM or a board certified surgeon)
• Whether the dog requires extensive hospitalization
• Whether the dog requires blood transfusions

In general, dog spleen removal cost ranges from $1,500 to $4,000, depending on the factors above. If your dog requires a splenectomy for treatment, there is no alternative therapy.

What to Expect: Dog Splenectomy Recovery

After surgery, dogs typically rest at the hospital for 24-48 hours, and then go home. You’ll need to ensure they remain calm and restrict them from licking their incision during the healing period, which lasts 10-14 days. Investing in an e-collar (also known as an Elizabethan collar or “cone of shame”) can help deter licking and chewing.

If your vet prescribes medications to help with pain or healing, you’ll need to administer them consistently. You’ll also have to check the incision site daily to ensure it’s healing well. And steer clear of any baths for a dog recovering from spleen removal. Wait until your vet removes their sutures and gives you the all-clear.

A week or two post-surgery, bring your dog back to the vet for a follow-up visit. Your vet will check your dog’s progress and remove their sutures once the incision is healed. They may also check your dog’s hematocrit to check for blood loss.

Some dogs may experience complications following their splenectomy. If you notice any of these signs, contact your veterinarian right away.

• The incision has increased redness, swelling, heat, or has a bad odor or any discharge
• Missing sutures or gaping incision
• Vomiting
• Won’t eat
• Not rousable from sleep
• Pale or white gums
• Collapse
• Fever

If you fail to follow your vet’s discharge instructions, you could risk causing serious health complications for your dog. These could require additional surgery and treatment or could result in pain or death.

Following a splenectomy, veterinarians typically send the removed spleen to a laboratory for biopsy. Your vet will call you with the results of those tests when they come in. They may also provide additional recommendations based on the findings. 

In general, most dogs can go back to regular life after they have recovered from a splenectomy. If needed, your vet can advise you on any precautions or restrictions. For example, some dogs may have a less robust immune system, post-splenectomy. So you may need to avoid places like dog parks or boarding facilities where infectious disease is more prevalent.

Life expectancy after spleen removal in dogs can vary widely. The outcome depends on many factors, including a dog’s age, overall health, and the reason for the splenectomy.

For example, if a dog needs a splenectomy to address bleeding due to abdominal trauma, the odds are good for a full recovery and a long life.

However, If a dog has a splenectomy to remove a cancerous spleen (e.g., hemangiosarcoma), then the prognosis is guarded. This very malignant cancer can spread even after the spleen is removed. So life expectancy may be shorter.

Your veterinarian will give you the most accurate prognosis and recommendations based on your dog’s unique health profile. Ultimately, you are in the driver’s seat of your dog’s health and the decision is yours to make. So be sure to ask plenty of questions to determine the best path for your pet.

Dog Splenectomy Tips and FAQs

Where is a dog’s spleen?

A dog’s spleen is located in the upper abdomen just below the rib cage, adjacent to the stomach.

Can a dog live without a spleen?

Fortunately, dogs suffer no ill effects when their spleen is removed, which is different from humans. Dogs can live long, full, happy, and healthy lives without a spleen. 

What does the spleen do in dogs?

The spleen is an internal organ that is part of the blood system and the immune system. The spleen functions to store additional blood for the body, removes old and damaged blood cells, and helps the immune system fight off infections.

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But good hearing isn’t always a guarantee in dogs. Some dogs may be born with the inability to hear due to a genetic defect or another issue. Or they can experience canine hearing loss as the result of an infection or traumatic injury — or just because they’re getting older. 

Read on for everything you need to know about identifying and caring for a deaf dog.

How to Tell If Your Dog is Deaf

What are some signs of deafness in dogs? Dr. Becca Boronat, a veterinarian at Best Friends Animal Society, says there are several things pet parents may notice. For one, the dog’s behavior might change. 

“Deaf dogs may not respond to common sounds, such as their name, doorbells, or other household noises,” Dr. Boronat explains, adding that noises like the squeak of a toy may also not elicit a response. 

If a puppy is born deaf, they may never develop behaviors that are typical for hearing dogs, like responding to sounds. A new onset of deafness in a hearing dog, however, may look like unexpected behavior changes.

Another indication that a dog is going deaf or has already lost hearing is a change in sleep patterns, according to Dr. Boronat. “They may startle more easily when touched while sleeping since they don’t hear approaching footsteps.” 

Yet another sign can be found in how a dog moves. “They might move their head in a searching motion more frequently, trying to visually compensate for the lack of auditory information,” Dr. Boronat says.

Last but not least, she notes that deafness may result in your dog being more anxious or stressed than normal, particularly in unfamiliar situations.

Causes of Deafness in Dogs

What are the causes of deafness in dogs? For some, they’re simply born this way due to genetic factors, toxic exposure, or viral damage during development, according to Dr. Boronat. Hearing loss that is present from birth is known as congenital deafness. 

Dogs of any breed can be susceptible to congenital deafness, but there are some breeds that are more susceptible than others.

“Breeds with merle and white coat colors, such as Dalmatians, Bull Terriers, Australian Heelers, Catahoulas, English Cocker Spaniels, Parson Russell Terriers, and Boston Terriers, are commonly affected,” Dr. Boronat says. “The list of affected breeds, now around 100, is growing and may change with breed popularity and selective breeding practices.”

Besides congenital deafness, a dog going deaf — or partially deaf — can be the result of aging, ototoxicity, noise trauma, otitis interna, and anesthesia, among other causes. [1]

Dr. Boronat also explains that sudden dog deafness may stem from different medical conditions, including:

• External ear canal blockage due to long-term inflammation (a condition known as otitis externa)
• Excessive ear wax
• A ruptured eardrum
• Inflammation of the middle or inner ear.

However, she adds, for many of these conditions, a dog’s hearing can come back — or partially return — once resolved.

How to Care for a Deaf Dog

While caring for a deaf dog does present some extra challenges, there are many things you can do to make things easier for both you and your pup. 

Tap Into Their Other Senses

Try to rely on visual cues rather than auditory cues when interacting with your dog at home. “Ensure the dog can see you coming to avoid startling them,” Dr. Boronat advises.

Pet parents can also train deaf dogs to respond to hand signals. According to the non-profit organization Deaf Dogs Rock, pet parents can come up with sign cues for their dog’s name, basic commands, and positive reinforcement. For instance, some pet parents rely on the basics of American Sign Language (ASL) to create hand signals for deaf dogs. 

When training deaf dogs, Karen Prior Clicker Training recommends using a gentle touch such as a shoulder tap (to avoid startling your dog), flicking lights on and off (such as a flashlight), or vibrations such as tapping or stomping on the floor. 

There are also special vibration collars — not to be confused with shock collars — that can be used to help get your dog’s attention, Dr. Boronat says.

Ensure Your Dog’s Safety

Pet parents of deaf dogs need to think about safety, particularly when your dog spends time outside. A deaf dog might be vulnerable to getting hit by a car since they are unable to hear it coming, for instance. “Always keep your deaf dog on a leash or in a secure, fenced area to prevent them from wandering off or getting into danger,” Dr. Boronat says.

Keep Stress Levels Low

One thing pet parents of deaf dogs should try to avoid at all costs is placing extra stress on your canine companions. “Sudden movements or environments with lots of visual distractions might stress a deaf dog,” Dr. Boronat explains. “Introducing new environments slowly can help reduce anxiety.”

Don’t Forget About Check-Ups

Last but not least, it’s important to take your dog to the veterinary clinic for check-ups.

“While deaf dogs do not necessarily need additional medical care related to their deafness,” Dr. Boronat says, “they should have regular check-ups to monitor their overall health.”

Of course, if your dog has an underlying condition that leads to deafness, ensure that they’re getting ongoing treatment.

Dogs and Deafness: In Conclusion

Caring for a deaf puppy or dog might present some extra challenges, but preparation and readiness will make your job easier.

“Patience and understanding are crucial,” Dr. Boronat says. “Deaf dogs rely heavily on their other senses and their bond with their human companions to navigate the world.”

One thing is for sure: deaf dogs can be wonderful companions. If you’re considering adopting a deaf dog, there are several groups in the U.S. that can help facilitate this, including Deaf Dogs Rock, Pink Heart Rescue, and Deaf Dogs of Oregon.

Reference

1. George M. Strain, Canine Deafness, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Volume 42, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1209-1224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.08.010.

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Conjunctivitis in dogs (also known as dog pink eye) is a common condition. In fact, most dogs are likely to experience an episode of conjunctivitis at some point during their lifespan. However, there are many underlying causes of the condition, and they can range from mild to serious.

To help you provide your pup with the best care possible, here’s what you need to know about conjunctivitis in dogs, what causes it, and how to treat this common dog eye issue effectively. 

Conjunctivitis in Dogs: What is It?

Conjunctivitis in dogs is very similar to conjunctivitis in humans, though the causes and treatments vary.

Conjunctivitis means “inflammation of the conjunctiva.” The conjunctiva is a thin layer of tissue that covers the inside of the eyelids and the surface of the eye. When this layer becomes inflamed, a dog’s eye becomes red, swollen, and uncomfortable.

Conjunctivitis in dogs may or may not be contagious, depending on what’s causing it.

When a virus or bacteria causes conjunctivitis, dogs can pass this infectious conjunctivitis along to other dogs. In some cases, a dog may also be able to spread bacterial conjunctivitis to humans.

When dogs get non-infectious conjunctivitis (from things like allergies or dry eye), these cases are not contagious.

Conjunctivitis can occur in any dog of any age. However, some breeds are more likely to develop conjunctivitis than others. These include: 

• Cocker Spaniel
• Hounds
• Labrador Retriever
• Lhasa Apso
• Pekingese
• Poodle
• Pug
• Scottish Terrier
• Shar Pei
• Shih Tzu
• West Highland White Terrier

Causes of Conjunctivitis in Dogs

Determining the cause of a dog’s conjunctivitis plays a key role in effective treatment. Conjunctivitis in dogs can have a wide variety of causes, including: 

• Viral infection – Viruses, like canine herpes virus and canine distemper virus, can cause conjunctivitis. 
• Bacterial infection – Bacterial conjunctivitis in dogs can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary means the infection is caused by the bacterium, itself. Secondary means there’s an underlying cause that makes the eye more susceptible to bacterial infection. 
• Allergies – Environmental allergens, like dust and pollen, can trigger conjunctivitis. 
• Airborne irritants – Substances that aggravate the surface of the eye, like smoke and perfumes, can cause conjunctivitis. 
• Corneal ulcer – Trauma or chemical irritants can damage the surface of the eye, resulting in conjunctivitis.
• Dry eye – Dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye) do not make enough tears to keep the eye lubricated. The lack of a healthy tear film leads to conjunctivitis. 
• Glaucoma – Increased pressure within the eye leads to inflammation and conjunctivitis. 
• Tumor of the eye or eyelid – Tumors that irritate the eye often cause conjunctivitis.
• Immune-mediated – Autoimmune conditions can lead to inflammation of the eye. 

It’s important to note that this list is not exhaustive. Anything that irritates the eyes or eyelids can potentially cause conjunctivitis.   

Conjunctivitis in Dogs Symptoms

Detecting the signs of conjunctivitis in dogs plays a key role in getting your pet the treatment they need. Here’s what to watch out for.

The primary symptom of conjunctivitis in dogs is swelling and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the eye.

You may notice swelling of your dog’s third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane. This is the small pink piece of tissue located in the middle corner of each of your dog’s eyes. The third eyelid may be more visible than usual, it may look swollen, or it may become a darker red color.  

Signs of conjunctivitis in dogs may affect one or both eyes. In addition to red and swollen eyes, symptoms may include:

• Dog with red eyes
• Swollen eyes
• Increased dog eye discharge (clear, yellow, or green)
• Squinting
• Frequent blinking
• Pawing at the face or eye(s)

If your dog has very mild conjunctivitis, it may be okay to monitor your dog at home for 24 hours. Mild signs of conjunctivitis can occur with exposure to dust, perfumes, or other irritants, and they may resolve with time.

However, you know your dog best. If your dog is uncomfortable or you notice pronounced clinical signs, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. 

If your dog’s signs are mild, but they do not resolve within 24 hours, this also warrants a trip to the veterinarian. Seeking veterinary care early reduces the risk of permanent damage to the eye(s). Permanent damage can lead to blindness, so it’s important to always take eye problems seriously in your dog. 

Diagnosing Canine Conjunctivitis

Your veterinarian can diagnose conjunctivitis by carefully examining your dog’s conjunctiva for signs of redness or inflammation.

Effective treatment, however, depends on what’s causing your dog’s conjunctivitis. So your vet will likely recommend further testing to identify the cause. 

Common tests for conjunctivitis include: 

• Fluorescein stain – This test diagnoses corneal ulcers. A fluorescent stain is applied to your dog’s eye. This stain sticks to corneal ulcers, highlighting the lesion. 
• Schirmer tear test – This tests your dog’s tear production, looking for dry eye or KCS. 
• Tonometry – This test assesses your dog’s eye pressure, looking for glaucoma. 

Your vet may also recommend other tests, depending on your dog’s clinical signs. 

Dog Conjunctivitis Treatment Options

Dog conjunctivitis medicine usually comes in the form of an eye drop or eye ointment. However, there is no one-size-fits-all conjunctivitis cure for dogs.

The best medication for your dog will depend on the underlying cause of the conjunctivitis. Here are some examples:

• For conjunctivitis due to bacterial infections and corneal ulcers, vets often prescribe antibiotic eye drops as a dog pink eye treatment.
• For dry eye (KCS) and allergic conjunctivitis in dogs, vets recommend steroids or anti-inflammatory medication as a treatment plan.
• Conjunctivitis caused by glaucoma requires medication to reduce the pressure within the eye.
• If your dog has a tumor causing conjunctivitis, your vet may recommend surgical removal of the tumor.

As a general rule, never give your dog an over-the-counter treatment for conjunctivitis without your vet’s approval. The same applies to any dog conjunctivitis home treatment or remedy. Always check with your vet first.

Also, don’t use old medications or dog eye drops to treat your dog’s current problem. The wrong medication can make your dog’s conjunctivitis worse. For example, treating a corneal ulcer with a steroid may lead to rapid and severe worsening, potentially causing permanent damage. 

How to Prevent Conjunctivitis in Dogs

To keep your dog’s eyes healthy and reduce the risk of conjunctivitis, take these steps: 

• Keep vaccinations current to reduce the risk of viral conjunctivitis.
• Keep your dog away from other dogs with conjunctivitis.
• Minimize exposure to airborne irritants, like smoke, dust, and perfume. 
• Avoid getting shampoo in your dog’s eyes during bathtime. 
• Keep your dog’s facial hair neatly trimmed and groomed. 
• Monitor your dog during playtime to reduce injury risk. 

Unfortunately, not all cases of conjunctivitis are preventable. Even if you do everything you can to prevent conjunctivitis, your dog may still develop this condition. 

FAQs About Dog Pink Eye

Do dogs get pink eye?

Yes, dogs are at risk of pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis. There are many causes of pink eye in dogs, including viral infections, bacterial infections, trauma, allergies, and others. 

Is conjunctivitis contagious in dogs?

Some cases of dog conjunctivitis are caused by viral or bacterial infections. These forms of conjunctivitis can be contagious. However, there are many other causes of conjunctivitis that are not contagious. 

Can dogs get pink eye from humans?

Some cases of human pink eye can be spread to dogs. If you have pink eye, wash your hands frequently and especially before handling your dog. 

Can you get pink eye from a dog?

Pink eye that is caused by a bacterial infection can potentially spread from dogs to humans. Fortunately, bacterial conjunctivitis is relatively uncommon in dogs, making dog-to-human spread of pink eye relatively rare. 

How long does conjunctivitis last in dogs?

The duration of conjunctivitis will depend on its underlying cause. Some cases resolve quickly with treatment, while others may be chronic (long-lasting) in nature. Once your veterinarian determines the underlying cause of your dog’s conjunctivitis, they will be able to provide a prognosis. 

The post Conjunctivitis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments appeared first on Great Pet Care.

The problem with this particular red flag is that there are a lot of possible causes of blood in dog poop. Some may be minor and fairly harmless, while others could be serious and even fatal. This can leave many pet parents unsure of what to do next when they spy dog blood in stool.

To help you ensure your furry friend’s well-being, here’s what you need to know about the causes of bloody dog poop, what to do, and when to worry.

Dog Pooping Blood: What it Means

It’s quite common for dogs to poop blood, especially if they are prone to bouts of diarrhea. But just because it’s common doesn’t mean you should ever ignore or dismiss it.

Blood in canine feces could be caused by something as simple as an upset stomach or straining too hard while pooping. I’ve seen plenty of pets with blood in dog stool but acting normal. Or it could be a warning sign of a more severe condition, like an infection or internal bleeding.

While what’s causing your dog to poop blood isn’t always serious, it is a sign you should always take seriously. That starts with paying close attention to the quantity, color, and consistency of blood in your dog’s poop. Here’s what to look for.

What Does Blood in Dog Poop Look Like?

You might think it’s obvious what blood in dog poop looks like, but its appearance can vary greatly.

I’ve seen a wide range of blood colors, consistencies, and quantities in the dog poop I’ve examined in my career. Sometimes the blood is obvious, sometimes it’s harder to detect.

Here’s a small sampling of what to watch for:

• A bright red smear on an otherwise fairly normal poop
• A bright red smear or dots on a poop containing a foreign object such as tinfoil
• Bloody mucus (jelly) alongside or on diarrhea
• Dog diarrhea with blood in it
• Part of the feces stained a blood-red color
• Black, tarry feces
• Liquid stool that appears more red than brown  

Examining a bloody bowl movement in dogs may not sound that appealing, but it is important. Your dog’s bloody stool could contain valuable clues about where the blood is coming from and what’s causing the issue.

For instance, bright red blood in dog poop is called “hematochezia.” It usually indicates a problem in the lower part of a dog’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Darker, tarry, black stools in dogs often indicate digested or swallowed blood, called “melena.” This can be a sign of upper intestinal bleeding, which is much more concerning.

If your dog’s poop is like jelly with blood, this suggests that your dog is suffering from colitis, or inflammation of the colon. This can be caused by several things, including stress, diet, infections, and more.

Why is My Dog Pooping Blood?

There are many reasons dogs might start pooping blood. To help you get your dog the care they need, I’ve outlined different causes and what to look out for below.

I’ve included descriptions of what types of bloody dog poop are linked with each. Though that can vary from dog to dog, so always check with your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your dog’s bloody poop.

Dietary indiscretion or intolerance

Dogs can be curious (and hungry) creatures. Sometimes that tempts them to eat things they shouldn’t, like table scraps, spoiled or toxic food, and even trash. Other dogs never stray from their food bowl, but may be allergic to something in their food. In both cases — whether because of dietary indiscretion or intolerance — dogs can experience gastrointestinal upset, inflammation, and diarrhea. If this persists, it can cause bloody diarrhea or loose, bloody stools in dogs. This can appear watery and may or may not contain mucus. 

Parasites

Some intestinal parasites, including hookworms, whipworms, roundworms, giardia, and cryptosporidium, can cause significant irritation and inflammation in your dog’s digestive tract. This can lead to bloody diarrhea or mucous in dog poop containing streaks of red blood. 

Such parasites are more likely in shelter dogs, farm dogs, and young puppies and can be hard to treat.

Pancreatitis

Bloody stools are a symptom of pancreatitis in dogs, too. Causes of pancreatitis include dietary indiscretion and eating foods that are high in fat. Some breeds are also prone to developing pancreatitis, including Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkshire Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, and Poodles.

This type of diarrhea is often severe and goes along with vomiting and loss of appetite in most dogs.

Infectious causes (including parvovirus)

Some viral and bacterial infections can cause dogs to poop blood. The most famous, and most severe, is parvovirus. In unvaccinated puppies, parvovirus is often fatal, which is why you should always take blood in puppy stool very seriously!

Other bacterial and viral infections that can cause bloody poop and diarrhea in dogs include salmonella (more likely in dogs on a raw diet), E. coli, campylobacteriosis, and canine distemper.

Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)

Like pancreatitis, I’ve listed this one on its own even though it can have several causes. Also known as Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome, HGE can cause severe, bloody, watery diarrhea. It can quickly lead to dehydration and even severe blood loss, so it’s one of the more serious causes of bloody stools.

Foreign bodies

Foreign objects – such as swallowed bones, sticks, or gravel – can also cause bleeding as they work their way through your dog’s intestinal tract.

The severity of the issue depends on a few things: where the objects are in the intestines, how much damage they are doing, and whether your dog can pass them.

For example, say your dog raids the trash and eats a small ball of tin foil. That might scrape the rectum as it passes out, causing a small amount of fresh blood that’s not a major concern.

On the other hand, if your dog swallows something pointy, like a stick or broken bone, these could perforate their intestines. That could cause blood in tools so dark it looks black and could result in life-threatening peritonitis. 

Clotting problems (including rat bait toxicity)

Dogs whose blood does not clot properly can experience very serious cases of bloody dog poop. Coagulation disorders can be genetic, due to liver disease, or even caused by a dog eating rat poison (rat bait toxicity). I’ve also seen a dog with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) have almost pure blood coming from their back end. In most cases, the dog is otherwise ill – you might see your dog throwing up blood too. This is very serious and will require specialized treatment at the vet.

What to Do About Blood in Dog Poop

The first thing you should do if you spot blood in dog poop is to look closely at it. That sounds pretty gross, but taking note of the amount of blood and the color can help your vet figure out what’s wrong. A photo or a sample may also be helpful!

You should also keep track of when you first noticed the blood, as well as any other symptoms that your dog is showing.

For example: Is your dog pooping blood but acting normal? Does your dog seem lethargic? Are they vomiting? How often and how much? Are they eating and drinking regularly? Have they lost weight?

If you’re seeing just a bit of blood in your dog’s poop and your dog is over 6 months old, fully vaccinated, and otherwise in good health, you probably don’t need to rush your pet to the vet. Some cases of bloody dog poop may resolve on their own within 24 hours.

Make sure your dog is drinking plenty of water (especially in cases of bloody diarrhea). You can try withholding food for 12 hours to see if that makes a difference. Once your dog is ready to eat again, consider a bland diet, such as boiled chicken and white rice.

Blood in Dog’s Stool: When to Seek Help

If your dog’s bloody stool continues longer than one day or is accompanied by any other signs of illness, then it’s time to contact your veterinarian. They can help determine whether you need a visit or whether to continue monitoring at home.

In certain situations, it’s important to visit your vet as soon as you notice blood in your dog’s stool. These include:

• if your puppy pooping blood is younger than a year old
• if your dog isn’t fully vaccinated against parvovirus and distemper
• if your dog is 10 or older
• if your dog has a diagnosed health condition
• if your dog may have eaten something they shouldn’t have
• if your dog has so much bloody diarrhea they risk becoming dehydrated
• if you think your dog is passing more than a tablespoon of blood. 

Whether your dog requires emergency care or not depends on a few factors. Your vet can tell you whether you need to bring your dog to the office or to the nearest emergency clinic right away.

When you arrive, your clinician will do a physical exam, looking for signs of clotting disorders, liver problems, and dehydration. They may also suggest a blood test, which can help to rule out parvovirus and pancreatitis and check for anemia.

If the stool is black, your vet is likely to suggest further diagnostic tests and imaging. Radiographs (X-rays) and ultrasounds can help spot intestinal perforations and blockages. Your vet may also collect a fecal sample for analysis.

If your dog is showing signs of extreme illness or your vet is worried they’ll go downhill quickly, they may suggest hospitalization for medications and fluids.

Treatment for Blood in Dog Stool

The treatment for blood in your dog’s stool depends on the underlying cause. That’s why it’s so essential to get your pet to the veterinarian for the proper diagnosis.

Depending on what your vet determines, here’s what you can expect in terms of treatment:

If dogs have to stay in the hospital, the treatment for blood in dog stool includes anti-diarrhea medicines, antibiotics, gut-protecting medicines, and fluids. 

If dogs are well enough to go home, they may receive oral antibiotics and anti-diarrhea medicines to help them recover.

Other treatments might be needed too, depending on your dog’s diagnosis. I’ve listed some possibilities below:

• Parasites: Anti-parasitics, often for an extended period
• Pancreatitis: Pain relief and dietary adjustments
• Infectious causes: Antibiotics, and for parvovirus the monoclonal antibody (CPMA)
• Foreign objects: Surgery 
• Clotting problems: Blood transfusions, immune-modulating therapies, or vitamin K, depending on the exact clotting problem noted

Your vet will talk you through potential therapies for bloody stools depending on your dog’s condition. 

How to Prevent Bloody Stool in Dogs

While not all causes of bloody dog poop can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk of digestive issues in your dog.

• Get your dog vaccinated and dewormed. Parvovirus is extremely common and often fatal. Early and complete vaccination is one of the most powerful things you can do to prevent bloody poop in dogs. Routine deworming and parasite prevention are also key to keeping your dog’s gastrointestinal system healthy.
• Prevent dogs from eating what they shouldn’t. Keep your dog away from spoiled food, garbage, and harmful objects that could cause irritation or injury to their digestive tract. This could involve training your dog to heed a strong “leave it” command or even muzzling them if they are a repeat offender. 
• Maintain a consistent, healthy diet. Avoid switching dog foods suddenly or frequently, which can contribute to gastrointestinal upset. In dogs prone to pancreatitis, a low-fat diet can help prevent flare-ups. 
• Schedule routine vet visits. Regular check-ups can help catch potential issues early before they become severe.
• Keep harmful substances off limits. Restrict access to toxic substances like rat poison, antifreeze, and plants that are dangerous to dogs.

If you can’t prevent bloody poop in dogs, the best thing you can do is learn how to treat it properly. Seeing blood in your dog’s stool can be frightening. But if you know what to look for and how to respond, you can act quickly to make sure your pet stays healthy.

Always remember: It’s important to take your dog to the vet if you’re worried about them, even if you suspect their bloody stool isn’t too serious. We’d rather see a healthy dog than miss a sick one!

The post Dog Pooping Blood: Causes and What to Do appeared first on Great Pet Care.

As experienced pup parents know, poop is important. (See also: gross, smelly, messy, and — of course — funny.) The color, consistency, frequency, and mysteries of your dog’s poop can be helpful indicators of their well-being and offer valuable insights into their health. 

Ready to learn more? You’ve come to the number one place for all things number two! Here’s the scoop on poop. 

Is There Ideal Dog Poop?

Does the perfect pup poo exist? While every dog is an individual, there are some general guidelines that indicate a healthy, happy digestive system. The ideal dog poop ranges in color from light to dark brown, is formed and segmented, and leaves little mess behind when cleaned up. However, poop spans the spectrum — more on that below!  

Soft Dog Poop

Soft stool is defined as feces that are not fully formed, or that are soft in consistency and cannot be easily picked up. (Think: soft-serve ice cream.) Soft stool can progress to diarrhea, which can be serious.

Soft poop can be a sign that your dog’s microbiome is not balanced. Common causes include eating things they shouldn’t (for example, trash can snacks), changes to their diet, stress, and parasites.

Learn More: Soft Dog Poop Causes and Remedies

Learn More: How to Help Dog Diarrhea

Learn More: Vet-Approved Dog Diarrhea Medications

Mucus in Dog Poop

First things first: What does mucus in dog poop look like? Mucus usually appears slime-like and covers all or part of the poop. You may also see jelly-like chunks of mucus in your dog’s poop, especially if they have diarrhea. 

Mucus lines your dog’s intestines, so small amounts of mucus in poop are normal and may go unnoticed. However, frequent or larger amounts indicate that your dog is suffering from colitis (aka large bowel inflammation). Causes of colitis in dogs include sudden dietary changes, bacterial infections, parasite infections, irritable bowel disease, stress, and more. 

Learn More: Mucus in Dog Poop: Causes and Treatments 

Dog Poop Color

Did you know the color of your dog’s poop can reveal important information? Color us interested (and a little grossed out)! Brown is the gold standard, but you may also notice the following colors. 

Green

Green dog poop can range from dark green to light green, as well as yellow-green. Common causes of green poop include eating grass, eating foods with green dye, parasites, gastroenteritis, problems with food absorption, liver issues, and toxin exposure. 

Learn More: Why Is My Dog’s Poop Green?

Yellow

Good news: yellow poop is one of the least concerning off-color shades. A yellow tinge to your dog’s poop usually indicates an upset stomach or change in diet. Yellow poop can also be a sign of intestinal inflammation, which can result from parasites, bacterial infection, food intolerance, and foreign body ingestion. 

Learn More: What Does Yellow Dog Poop Mean?

Black

Poop can turn black after being left outside. However, a dark black “fresh” poop can be a sign of a serious illness or medical emergency. Black poop can indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract (stomach or small intestine). Bleeding can be the result of stomach ulcers, toxins, bleeding disorders, intestinal blockages, trauma, and more. Black poop can also sometimes be caused by relatively benign dietary factors, such as the consumption of soil or large amounts of blueberries.

Learn More: What Does Black Dog Poop Mean?

White

Similar to black poop, white poop might mean that you need to clean up your yard more often — poop may turn white while breaking down in the sun, or when moldy. If your dog is passing white poops, however, something isn’t normal. Chalky white, hard, crumbly poops can indicate a diet too high in calcium (a common problem with raw diets). Poop can appear white due to certain medications, tapeworms, and (rarely) problems with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.

Learn More: Why is My Dog’s Poop White? 

Red

Red or red-streaked poop indicates blood in the large intestine, rectum, or around the anus. While a small, one-time amount of red may not be serious, bloody stools should always be brought to the attention of your veterinarian. A wide range of issues can cause red stools, including colitis, parasites, constipation, food allergies, trauma, infections, toxins, polyps, blockages, and parvovirus. 

Orange

Orange or yellow-orange poop points to an issue with the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or bile ducts. Orange poop can also occur when food passes too quickly through the system due to food intolerances or dietary changes.  

Frequency

How often a dog poops varies based on several factors, including diet, activity level, metabolism, age, breed, and size. Many dogs will go multiple times a day; younger dogs, more active dogs, and dogs with high-fiber diets tend to have more frequent bowel movements. Young puppies will need to defecate around 30 minutes after a meal (cue the walk!).

So, how long can your dog go without pooping? Again, there’s no magic number, so it’s important to know your dog’s schedule and recognize what’s abnormal for your pet. A day or two without a poo can be a harmless bout of constipation; however, multiple days without movement requires a prompt visit to your veterinarian. 

Learn More: How Often Do Puppies Poop?

Learn More: How Long Can a Dog Go Without Pooping?

Learn More: Can You Make a Dog Poop Quickly?

Healthy Stool Basics

Feeling good and pooping good go hand-in-hand (or paw-in-paw). To help keep your pup’s system running smoothly, consider the following best poop practices:

Stick to a balanced diet. Work with your veterinarian to select the best diet for your dog. Then be sure to feed consistent portions at consistent times. If you need to switch foods, do so gradually over 7 to 10 days to avoid an upset stomach.

Focus on hydration. Ensure your dog always has access to fresh, clean water to help prevent constipation. Do not allow your dog to drink from puddles or streams, which can contain harmful bacteria and parasites. 

Incorporate exercise. Inactivity is a frequent cause of constipation, and a moving body means moving bowels! 

Consider parasite control. Keeping your dog on monthly parasite control can help avoid infection. 

Try probiotics. Probiotics can help restore gut health and support digestive health.

Learn More: Sources of Fiber for Dogs

Learn More: Best Vet-Approved Probiotics 

And there you have it, pup parents! Everything you wanted to know (and some things you probably didn’t) about dog poop to keep your furry friend healthy and happy.

The post Ultimate Guide to Dog Poop appeared first on Great Pet Care.

In this article, we will discuss types of anesthesia, their uses, and associated risks, as well as what pet parents can expect if their dog needs a procedure involving anesthesia.

What Is Anesthesia for Dogs?

Anesthesia is used in veterinary medicine to temporarily block pain and awareness during various medical procedures, including surgeries, biopsies, and dental cleanings. 

Anesthesia works by interfering with nerve signals that travel from the procedure area to the brain. Without these signals, the dog is unable to feel pain and other sensations, like heat, while under anesthesia.

Anesthesia can affect a dog’s entire body or certain regions, such as a leg, depending on the type of medication used and the procedure performed.

Types of Anesthesia

Three main types of anesthesia for dogs include general, local, and sedation. There are various differences between these, which include the following:

General anesthesia: When dogs undergo general anesthesia, they are temporarily unconscious. They are unable to feel pain, cannot move, and are not able to remember anything from the medical procedure. This type of anesthesia is used for surgeries and dental cleanings. It is given through a vein, via face mask, or through a tracheal tube. 

Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia uses specific nerve blocks to prevent the dog from feeling pain in localized areas of the body, such as a leg or arm. The dog is still conscious overall but the procedure area has no sensations. This type of anesthesia is commonly done for biopsies and tooth extractions and may be used in conjunction with general anesthesia to improve patient comfort. Local anesthetics are applied topically or injected using a needle. 

Sedation: This type of anesthesia is used to relax and calm dogs during minor procedures. Dogs can still breathe on their own but may or may not be conscious depending on the medications used. This lighter form of anesthesia is commonly used for taking radiographs (x-rays) and for cleaning and stitching up wounds. It can be injected into the muscle or vein. 

Why Do Dogs Need Anesthesia?

There are various reasons a dog may need anesthesia. Veterinarians may recommend light sedation for highly energetic or reactive dogs who need simple procedures, such as vaccines or nail trims. Deeper sedation and general anesthesia are generally reserved for more complex surgical procedures.

Common procedures that anesthesia is used for include the following:

• Spays and neuters
• Dental cleanings
• Skin mass removals
• Laceration or wound repairs
• Cesarean section
• All major surgeries
• Radiographs (x-rays)
• Advanced imaging, such as CT scans or MRIs
• Endoscopy 

Benefits and Risks

Overall, anesthesia is a safe intervention. The mortality rate for dogs undergoing anesthesia is less than 1 percent (1). Anesthesia is beneficial because it allows dogs to undergo procedures necessary for good health and quality of life.  

Potential complications of anesthesia can include slowed breathing, slowed heart rate, decreased body temperature, low oxygenation, and low blood pressure. Although rare, death can occur. Dogs with underlying health conditions, such as heart disease or obesity, are at an increased risk for anesthetic complications. 

Senior dogs can be more sensitive to the effects of anesthesia, so veterinarians will carefully consider the type of medication and monitoring that is done for these patients. 

Other less common complications include an allergic reaction to the anesthetic medications or aspiration pneumonia, which can occur if a dog is not fasted prior to surgery. 

Pet parents should speak with their veterinarian about any concerns they may have about their pet undergoing anesthesia. Together, they can weigh anesthesia benefits and risks and come to an educated decision. 

Dog Anesthesia Cost

Anesthesia costs can vary greatly depending on the geographic location of the veterinarian as well as the type of anesthesia being used. Local blocks are the least expensive option and cost between $50-$100, while general anesthesia is the most expensive option that generally ranges from $150-$300. Lengthy procedures can cost slightly more.

Before and During Dog Anesthesia: What to Expect

Before anesthesia is given to a dog, the veterinarian completes a pre-operative check of the dog’s overall health. This is done with a thorough physical exam, bloodwork, and urinalysis to identify any concerns that may increase anesthesia risks, such as underlying health conditions. Pet parents should let the veterinarian know about any medications or supplements their dog is currently taking. 

Night Prior to Procedure: Once anesthesia is deemed necessary, the veterinarian will provide the pet parent with specific instructions for the night prior to the procedure, which includes fasting the dog. Fasting generally lasts around eight hours but may vary based on the size of the dog, their overall health, and the veterinarian’s recommendations.

Day of Procedure: On the day of the anesthetic procedure, dogs are given a light sedative and pain medication to relax them. This may cause vomiting and diarrhea. The top of the dog’s leg is lightly shaved and cleaned prior to an IV catheter being placed. The IV catheter allows fluids to be given to the dog during the procedure and access to a vein in the case of an emergency. Dogs may be offered supplemental oxygen through their nose. 

Start of Procedure: Once the veterinarian is ready to start the procedure, an anesthetic medication is injected into the vein and an endotracheal tube is placed into the throat so the dog can receive gas anesthesia and oxygen during the procedure. Dogs under anesthesia are closely monitored to ensure their vitals, such as blood pressure and heart and respiratory rates, stay as close to normal as possible. 

After Procedure: After the procedure is done, the gas anesthesia is turned off, the tube is taken out of the dog’s throat, and the dog is monitored until they recover. Some anesthetic medications can be reversed by giving the dog an injection into the muscle to promote a faster recovery.  

Dog After Anesthesia: Tips and Advice

Recovery from anesthesia differs for each individual dog and the type of anesthesia used. Anesthesia generally wears off and dogs return to normal within 12-24 hours. Senior dogs and those with underlying liver disease may recover more slowly. 

Side effects of anesthesia in dogs may include:

• Howling
• Whimpering 
• Crying
• Trembling or shivers
• Tiredness
• Nervousness 
• Decreased appetite 
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting

Most dogs will go home and sleep for the rest of the night following an anesthetic procedure. It is not unusual for dogs to eat less or refuse their dinner that night. 

Pet parents should closely monitor their dogs at home after the procedure. If a dog is extremely lethargic or has pale gums following surgery, contact an emergency veterinarian.  

Reference:

1. Redondo, José I et al. “Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment.” The Veterinary record vol. 195,1 (2024): e3604. doi:10.1002/vetr.3604

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Oral medications are a standard go-to for arthritis pain in dogs. However, arthritis injections are becoming more popular with pet parents looking for effective relief. In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of arthritis injections for dogs. You’ll learn how they work, the different types available, their benefits, and what to consider when deciding if they’re right for your dog.

What Are Arthritis Injections for Dogs?

Arthritis injections (also known as arthritis shots) are medications your vet administers directly into or around your dog’s joint. These injections can help reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and/or improve joint function.

Arthritis injections differ from standard arthritis medications and supplements in one major way. Pet parents can give their dogs oral meds and nutritional supplements in the convenience of their own home. Arthritis injections require regular trips to a vet clinic for administration. 

But there are benefits to arthritis injections for dogs that are worth considering. A dog arthritis injection is less likely to cause gastrointestinal (GI) upset. That’s because the shots work directly on the joint; they do not rely on the stomach and/or intestine for absorption. Also, the pain relief they provide can last a month or longer, depending on the type of injection. 

Types of Arthritis Shots for Dogs

Currently, there are several types of arthritis injections available for dogs. Each type has a different mechanism of action and length of effect. 

Some injections work by improving the joint function. When the joint starts to function better, it indirectly alleviates the pain. Other injections work by targeting the pain directly. 

The site of the shot can vary according to the type of arthritis injection, too. In some cases, vets must administer the dog arthritis medicine injection directly into the painful or inflamed joint. Other types require a vet to inject the shot into a muscle or beneath your dog’s skin. The medication then finds its way to the joints to work.

Here’s an overview of the most popularly used arthritis injections for dogs:

Adequan

Adequan is an arthritis injection that works by providing targeted relief directly to the joint. It contains a compound called polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG). This stops the enzymes that can break down the cartilage that cushions your dog’s joints and promotes healthy joint fluid.

Adequan injections for dogs reduce inflammation and improve lubrication within the joint, which can alleviate arthritis pain and stiffness. 

To administer this medication, your vet will give your dog a series of shots. Dogs typically receive eight intramuscular shots over one month. If your dog is still experiencing pain, your vet may decide to repeat the series the following month.

Adequan is very safe and has few side effects. Not only does it relieve pain, it also helps repair joint cartilage, improving joint function and mobility over time.

Librela

Librela is a monthly injection for dogs with arthritis that helps ease the pain of canine OA. This new arthritis injection for dogs is the first and only monoclonal antibody injection that targets nerve growth factor. That means it works by using your dog’s own immune system to block arthritis pain signals from reaching the brain.

A single injection of Librela under the skin can provide pain relief for up to a month. And because it’s a monoclonal antibody shot, it doesn’t affect other body systems or compromise organ function.

However, it’s important to note that Librela does not reduce inflammation or directly improve joint function. It simply prevents your dog from feeling the pain associated with those conditions. So it’s not appropriate as a stand-alone OA treatment plan.

Instead, it’s a great option for a certain subset of dogs dealing with OA pain. These include:

• dogs whose bodies can’t tolerate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Galliprant
• dogs with kidney or liver disease
• dogs already taking NSAIDs who still experience OA pain.

Intra-articular Steroid Injections

Corticosteroids (such as prednisone or methylprednisolone) are powerful medications that can help reduce swelling. A vet can inject steroids into your dog’s joints to help suppress the immune responses that causes joint pain and inflammation. 

Steroid shots can provide rapid and powerful relief, often within a day. However, their effects may diminish over time.

Unfortunately, steroids can harm cartilage and actually contribute to worsening osteoarthritis. So many vets will only use these arthritis injections in palliative care situations. 

Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid Injections

Hyaluronic acid is a substance found naturally in joint fluid and cartilage. Injecting hyaluronic acid directly into a dog’s joint can help lubricate the joint, reduce friction, and decrease inflammation. 

The effects of hyaluronic acid injections can vary, but they generally provide relief for several weeks to months. They can improve joint function and reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. 

Because this injection for arthritis in dogs is highly targeted, side effects are minimal and unlikely. However, the shots only help improve joint function in the joint where your vet injects them. So they are less ideal for dogs who have generalized or widespread pain from osteoarthritis. 

Each type of arthritis injection offers unique benefits and considerations. Your vet can recommend the most suitable option based on your dog’s condition, overall health, and specific needs. Regular consultation ensures effective management of arthritis symptoms, improving your dog’s comfort and mobility.

Benefits of Canine Arthritis Injections

Benefits of arthritis injections for dogs include:

• Fewer Side Effects – Injections don’t involve the GI tract, so dogs are less likely to experience unwanted side effects like vomiting or diarrhea.  
• Targeted Therapy – Arthritis injections only act on joint tissue or inflammatory mediators, so there is less risk of damage to other body systems or organs. 
• Longer Duration – Arthritis shots can provide relief for several weeks, reducing the frequency of treatments.
• Improved Joint Function – Many dogs experience increased mobility and reduced stiffness.

Arthritis Shots for Dogs: Things to Consider

Some things to consider:

• Administration – Injections require a visit to your vet instead of dosing at home.
• Discomfort – Though mild, some dogs may experience side effects, such as tenderness or discomfort at the injection site.
• Cost – Injections tend to be more expensive than oral medications and supplements. 

How to Tell if Arthritis Injections are Right for Your Dog

Choosing arthritis injections to help manage your dog’s OA pain can be a game changer. However, not all dogs are suitable candidates, and some dogs may benefit more from injections than others. It’s crucial to talk with your veterinarian about your options to find the best treatment for your dog.

Your vet will take into consideration your dog’s age, breed, overall health, and the severity of their arthritis symptoms. They’ll also conduct a thorough evaluation to help decide if arthritis shots should be part of your dog’s treatment plan.

Your vet may recommend arthritis shots on their own or in combination with medications, weight loss, supplements, and rehabilitation.

Be sure to ask about the different types available, how they work, and what to expect during and after treatment. Don’t hesitate to inquire about potential side effects, any contraindications, and how to monitor your dog’s response.

Work closely with your vet to make an informed decision about arthritis shots for your dog. If they are a good fit, they can help manage your dog’s arthritis, ease their pain, promote mobility, and improve their quality of life.

References:

1. Johnston, S A. “Osteoarthritis. Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology.” The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice vol. 27,4 (1997): 699-723. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50076-3
2. Wright, A et al. “Identification of canine osteoarthritis using an owner-reported questionnaire and treatment monitoring using functional mobility tests.” The Journal of small animal practice vol. 63,8 (2022): 609-618. doi:10.1111/jsap.13500

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What Is GOLPP in Dogs?

GOLPP stands for Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy. GOLPP is a neurologic condition affecting older dogs that involves the slow degeneration of long nerves in the body. Over time, the nerve degeneration leads to loss of nerve function. Most commonly, changes are noticed in the larynx (voice box), esophagus, and back legs.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves are some of the longest nerves in the dog’s body. These nerves affect the ability of the larynx to open and close when the dog breathes. As a result, dogs with GOLPP develop a condition called laryngeal paralysis where their larynx doesn’t open fully when they breathe air in. Laryngeal paralysis in dogs is often the first sign that’s noticed with GOLPP. The nerves in the esophagus are also commonly affected, causing difficulty swallowing food and water. 

The sciatic nerve is another long nerve in the body, which runs down the back legs. This nerve is often affected as well, resulting in hind end weakness and loss of muscle mass. Over time, other nerves are affected, causing generalized weakness.

Causes of GOLPP

GOLPP in dogs is most common in medium-to-large, geriatric dogs with an average onset of 11 years of age. Labrador Retrievers are the most commonly affected dog breed.

Although the underlying cause of GOLPP isn’t well understood, the fact that some breeds are predisposed implies that genetics play a role.

GOLPP in Dogs Symptoms

GOLPP often starts with symptoms of laryngeal paralysis in dogs, and then progresses to loss of nerve function in the limbs and difficulty swallowing.

The signs of GOLPP include:

• Noisy breathing (stridor), which sometimes sounds raspy
• Coughing and gagging
• Regurgitating food and water
• Exercise and heat intolerance
• Excessive panting
• Changes to how the dog’s bark sounds (sometimes sounds hoarse)
• Hind end weakness, causing difficulty rising or pushing off the back legs
• Loss of muscle mass, especially in the hind end 
• Collapse

GOLPP doesn’t have specific stages, but the signs of laryngeal paralysis are usually noticed first, meaning noisy breathing, excessive panting, gagging, and bark changes. Pet parents should seek veterinary evaluation if they’re noticing these early signs of GOLPP in their dog.

Dogs with laryngeal paralysis and difficulty swallowing have an increased risk of accidentally inhaling water, food, or vomitus. These dogs can develop aspiration pneumonia, which can cause coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, vomiting, and lethargy.

GOLPP Dog Diagnosis

The laryngeal paralysis part of GOLPP is diagnosed with a sedated laryngeal exam. During this procedure, the dog is sedated, and the veterinarian looks into the dog’s mouth with a light to examine the larynx. The veterinarian will be able to see if the larynx opens appropriately when the dog inhales.

The overall diagnosis of GOLPP is usually made when a dog with laryngeal paralysis has progressive loss of neurological function, such as becoming weak in the hind end.

GOLPP Dog Treatment & Management

Many dogs with mild signs of GOLPP live their lives without any treatment. For dogs who do require intervention, it’s more about ongoing management rather than actual treatment. The exception to this is dogs who undergo laryngeal surgery.

Dogs who have laryngeal paralysis that is affecting their breathing significantly may benefit from a surgery called a laryngeal tie-back. The larynx is opened during the surgery, which allows the dog to breathe more effectively.

Dogs who have trouble swallowing may need to be fed in an upright position (such as in a Bailey chair) to reduce the risk of aspiration of food. If your veterinarian recommends using a Bailey chair, make sure to follow their instructions regarding how long your dog needs to remain upright after eating. If a dog with GOLPP develops aspiration pneumonia, they may need to be hospitalized for treatment and monitoring.

Dogs with GOLPP may also benefit from physical therapy to maintain muscle mass. Other things you can do to help your pet include reducing stress, using anti-anxiety medications, limiting exercise and exposure to hot weather, using a harness rather than a collar around the neck, and keeping your pet at a healthy weight.

Cost

The cost of the laryngeal tie-back procedure could range from $3,000 to $6,000. Dogs who have respiratory difficulty or develop aspiration pneumonia may have increased costs. 

Prognosis

GOLPP is not currently curable. The symptoms of GOLPP in dogs will progressively worsen over time. Luckily, the condition is usually slowly progressive. Some dogs will have only mild signs of laryngeal paralysis for years and live a normal lifespan, passing away from an unrelated condition.

If breathing is seriously affected by laryngeal paralysis, laryngeal tie-back surgery may be necessary to improve quality of life.

For dogs who develop the condition when they’re a bit younger or who experience more rapid progression, euthanasia may need to be considered when the condition progresses to severely impact breathing or mobility. Dogs with recurrent episodes of aspiration pneumonia will also have a poorer prognosis.

Ongoing Monitoring

Pet parents will want to monitor their dogs for breathing difficulties, especially after exercise or in the heat. As GOLPP progresses, they may begin to notice hind end weakness and/or difficulty swallowing. If your dog is coughing when eating or drinking, it’s a good idea to speak with a veterinarian. 

Signs of aspiration pneumonia to be on the lookout for include coughing, lethargy, loss of appetite, and vomiting. 

It is best to avoid strenuous activity and prolonged exposure to heat, as these may exacerbate a dog’s difficulty breathing. In some cases, respiratory distress that requires emergent care can develop. 

The progression of GOLPP is often unique to the individual dog. It’s best to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a management and monitoring plan specific to your pet.

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Read on to find out what head pressing looks like, what causes head pressing in dogs, how it is diagnosed by a veterinarian, and how it is treated.

What Is Head Pressing in Dogs?

Dog head pressing refers to an abnormal behavior when a dog compulsively pushes or presses their head against something vertical, stationary, and firm: a wall, a corner, a piece of furniture, etc. The most common places pet parents see their dog head pressing is against a wall or corner of the room. Dogs are typically standing on all four legs and stationary when they exhibit this behavior.

Head pressing in dogs isn’t a common symptom reported by pet parents, but it is considered an emergency. If you notice your dog head pressing, take them to the veterinary clinic or the veterinary emergency clinic immediately. 

What Causes Head Pressing in Dogs?

While we know what head pressing looks like in dogs and what diseases are associated with it, we don’t really know what the dog is thinking or feeling when they are head pressing. One theory is that it is uncomfortable, like a headache, and pressing takes away the pain. Another theory is that dogs who are head pressing have altered mental activity (mentation) and don’t really know what is going on. Some dogs will respond to their name while head pressing, others will not. What we do know is that head pressing is usually a sign of serious illness in dogs. 

Head pressing is usually a symptom of neurological disease. It has multiple causes, and it can occur in any dog of any breed and at any age. The following are some of the known causes of head pressing in dogs.

Liver Disease

Dogs with liver disorders can develop liver-related brain disease (hepatic encephalopathy) due to a buildup of toxins in the blood. The liver normally removes toxins. If the liver is sick, toxins build up, and brain cells are very sensitive to toxins. Dogs with liver shunts often exhibit head pressing after they eat a meal. Liver shunts are most commonly seen in puppies, and affected breeds include Yorkshire Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Maltese.

Brain Tumor

Brain tumors in dogs cause inflammation in the brain and impact normal structures. The presence of brain tumors can cause head pressing and are more common in older dogs.

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is commonly referred to as “water on the brain,” and causes brain swelling due to the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull. This is more common in toy breeds with dome-like heads, such as Chihuahuas.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Head trauma can cause head pressing in dogs, but it is less common.

Stroke

Brain cells are very sensitive to damage, and require constant blood flow. A stroke refers to ischemic damage to the brain when blood flow to brain cells is blocked or a blood vessel bursts inside the brain. Stroke symptoms have a rapid onset and are typically severe. 

Encephalitis

Encephalitis refers to inflammation of the brain, which can cause dog head pressing. 

Brain Infection

Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections and tick-borne diseases can cause inflammation in the brain, resulting in head pressing or seizures.

Low Sodium (Hyponatremia)

Hyponatremia refers to the body having abnormally low sodium levels which causes brain cells to swell and can cause head pressing in dogs. Hyponatremia can be caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, Addison’s disease, kidney disease, and other metabolic disorders.

Toxin Exposure

Any toxin that causes damage to brain cells, such as lead, can cause head pressing. 

Other Dog Head Pressing Symptoms

Head pressing is typically associated with dysfunction of the part of the brain known as the forebrain. The forebrain is responsible for thinking, behavior, and integrating sensory information that comes into the brain. It is also where sight is processed. If a dog is head pressing because their forebrain is dysfunctional, then they may also develop acute blindness and behavioral abnormalities. Other symptoms that may be associated with head pressing include: 

• Loss of potty training or other training
• Changes in appetite
• Pacing or circling
• Loss of vision or other senses on one side of the body, bumping into things only on one side
• Abnormal vocalization
• Seizures
• Acting depressed or unusually grouchy
• Pupils are different sizes
• Neck pain
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Incoordination or “acting drunk”
• Yellow skin or eyes (indicates jaundice in liver disease)

If your dog exhibits any of these signs in conjunction with head pressing, take them to a veterinarian for evaluation immediately. If you can, take a video of the behavior to show your vet.

Diagnosis of Dog Head Pressing

Head pressing can be caused by many things. Your veterinarian will use a combination of oral history from you, medical records, physical examination, neurological examination, and diagnostic testing to determine the cause of dog head pressing. They will also take your dog’s vitals, including weight, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and sometimes blood pressure. 

Diagnostic testing depends on what your vet thinks is causing the problem. Most dogs will receive baseline diagnostics that include blood work and urinalysis. From there, testing can often include:

• Liver function tests if your vet suspects liver disease
• Abdominal ultrasound to evaluate abdominal organs
• Chest or abdominal radiographs (x-rays)

The cost of getting a diagnosis of the cause of head pressing with a regular veterinarian can run $750-$1,500.

If the problem is determined to be primary brain disease, such as a brain tumor or encephalitis, then your veterinarian will refer you to a veterinary neurologist for further evaluation. At this point, testing can include:

• MRI
• Testing the cerebral spinal fluid
• Electroencephalogram to measure brain activity

The cost of diagnostics with a veterinary neurologist run $1,500-$2,000.

Head Pressing in Dogs Treatment

Treatment of head pressing in dogs depends on the cause. If it is liver disease or an operable brain tumor, then surgery is indicated. If it is a brain infection, then antimicrobials are prescribed. Whether treatment is inpatient or outpatient is dependent on the cause, how sick your dog is, and your veterinarian’s preference. 

The outcome of treatment depends on the cause as well. Many dogs with head pressing due to brain infections and liver disease can be successfully treated and live normal lives. Dogs with brain tumors or stroke have a more guarded prognosis. Your veterinarian will be your best resource for learning and understanding your dog’s prognosis. 

The cost of treatment depends on the cause. Generally speaking, treating neurological disease in dogs is expensive, running into multiple thousands of dollars. 

Management of Head Pressing in Dogs

After your dog has been treated, then head pressing should decrease over time. Head pressing usually disappears altogether once a dog has been treated. If your dog still has neurological problems:

• Make sure areas where your dog has access are free of hazards
• Prevent them from going up or down stairs or going around pools or bodies of water by using baby gates or other structures to bar access
• Use a non-slip rug to help them get up
• Work with your veterinarian to ensure that you have all the medications and tools you need to provide a safe and comfortable home for your dog, including anti-seizure medication if indicated

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If your dog is exhibiting any of these behaviors, it’s possible he’s experiencing pain. 

But signs of pain in dogs are not always obvious. Sometimes dogs in pain may only appear slightly unsettled or distracted. This is where a dog pain scale — a tool to assess how much pain your dog is in — may come in handy. However, canine pain scales can be difficult to use without professional help, so proper assessment should always be performed by a veterinarian or other expert.

Why Dog Pain is So Hard to Measure

Dogs are masters at hiding their pain, and the roots of this ability may be evolutionary. 

Dr. Erin Katribe, medical director at Best Friends Animal Society, an animal welfare organization in the U.S., says dogs developed the ability to hide pain “prior to domestication when signs of illness or injury out in the wild could lead to predation.”

“For this reason, though, sometimes pain or illness isn’t obviously detectable by owners or veterinarians until the condition has progressed,” says Dr. Katribe. “Many times, conditions that seem to have a sudden onset have actually been brewing for some time. This can often be surprising to pet owners, however, when their pet is diagnosed.”

Dr. Katherine Earl, a staff veterinarian and pain management director at DoveLewis Veterinary Emergency & Specialty Hospital in Portland, Oregon, says dogs may even try to mask their discomfort in an effort to please their pet parents, and may continue partaking in activities like ball chasing or going on runs. Dr. Earl says it’s also difficult to detect dog pain because since they may “demonstrate pain behaviors that are different than what we can relate to from our own experience.”

In general, there are two types of pain your dog can experience: acute pain and chronic pain.

“Acute pain is associated with a trauma or injury such as a wound where the pain is expected to resolve in an appropriate time frame,” says Dr. Earl. “Chronic pain is pain that is severe enough or constant enough to not resolve and become a disease in and of itself.”

If acute pain is left untreated, it may eventually turn into chronic pain, says Dr. Katribe. With this in mind, it’s important to take your dog to the veterinary clinic if you suspect your dog may be experiencing any kind of discomfort. A veterinarian or other professional may then use a pain scale to assess your dog’s condition. These scales can help catch pain issues early, which will allow you to quickly find a treatment plan that will help your dog enjoy a better quality of life.

What is a Dog Pain Scale?

A canine pain scale is a tool used to assess a dog’s level of pain and how to help them. There are several types of dog pain scales, including the Colorado State Acute Pain Scale, Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale, and even the BEAP Pain Scale for Dogs developed by BluePearl Pet Hospital. There are also questionnaires designed to assess chronic pain and quality of life in dogs. 

While each pain scale is different, Dr. Katribe says most use behavior indicators, such as posture, vocalization, and movement, to assess the scale of a dog’s pain. The higher the score, the greater pain your dog is likely experiencing. 

How to Use the Dog Pain Scale to Assess Your Pet

According to Dr. Earl, the majority of validated pain scales for dogs are “not meant for pet parents due to their complexity.” Additionally, many dog pain scales measure responses to palpation — that is, what happens when you touch your dog’s body — which Dr. Earl says pet parents shouldn’t attempt “as it could provoke your dog and is best handled by a veterinary professional.”

However, pet parents can still draw on the information in canine pain scale to recognize behavioral changes that might indicate pain.

For instance, according to the Colorado State Acute Pain Scale, a dog that is groaning or screaming when left alone, biting or chewing at their wound, or unresponsive to their surroundings, is likely experiencing moderate to severe pain — the highest amount of pain on the scale. On the other hand, a dog that seems content, but slightly unsettled or restless may be experiencing mild pain. 

Dr. Katribe says that while dog pain scales tend to be used more in veterinary clinics and shelter environments, there are certain situations in which pet parents can utilize them.

“Pain scales may allow pet owners to identify subtle signs of pain or to identify signs of pain earlier,” says Dr. Katribe. “They may also be useful for pet parents to use while their pet is undergoing treatment for pain, to assess their pet’s response to that therapy.  For example, if a pet has undergone a surgical procedure and is on pain medication post-operatively, an owner can use a pain scale to determine if the pain management approach is effective, or if their dog may need an alternative approach.”

According to Dr. Earl, there are telltale signs that a dog is experiencing pain:

• Standing in one place and not lying down
• Repeatedly doing a “play bow” position without playing
• Pacing and refusing to lay down
• Changes in normal behavior: hiding, being aggressive, refusing favorite treats or activities
• Vocalizing/groaning when picked up, moving, or spontaneously

“To detect pain in a dog, there are no specific materials but your observation,” says Dr. Earl. “If your dog is in an unusual position (say a play bow that does not stop), shaking for no reason, acting lethargic, refusing to eat or hiding — these all can be signs of pain especially if there is no other context for it. Generally, if you observe an obvious site of trauma — a visible wound or laceration, squinty eye — it is best to not handle that part as a dog who is in pain has the potential to bite or exhibit aggression that is only secondary to fear.”

Dr. Earl says it’s also important to maintain a calm demeanor when approaching a dog experiencing pain so you don’t provoke anxiety in the dog.

Dr. Katribe advises pet parents to keep records of their observations — and even to capture footage with their phone camera — to later share with their veterinarian. 

“Recording video of suspected indicators of pain can help with the discussion,” says Dr. Katribe. “Many dogs will mask signs of mild to moderate pain when in the stressful veterinary clinic setting, so video from the less-stressful home environment will help give your vet an accurate picture of what’s going on at home.”

However, if you see your dog dealing with a sudden onset of pain, possibly after getting injured, you need to whisk your dog to a veterinary clinic.

“The more severe the pain or clinical signs, the more urgent and serious this could be and the faster the pet should be seen,” says Dr. Katribe. “If an appointment at your regular veterinarian isn’t possible, consider seeking care at an emergency facility.”

Pain Relief for Dogs and Recovery Tips

Luckily for our canine friends, acute and chronic pain can usually be treated through medication, therapy, or other management steps.

“Acute pain can be treated with both injectable and oral medications to decrease both the pain and inflammation that may be contributing to the discomfort,” says Dr. Earl. “Chronic pain such as arthritis is harder to treat with just medications and typically needs more physical modalities to help control pain and improve quality of life such as acupuncture, physiotherapy, and environmental modification.”

And if a dog is experiencing unbearable pain?

“Severe pain warrants a veterinary visit as soon as possible to discuss pain control options, as well as diagnostic testing to determine the source of the pain, followed by comprehensive treatment,” says Dr. Katribe. 

“As many of us have experienced, pain can be extremely detrimental to welfare and quality of life,” Dr. Katribe adds, “so this should never be ignored in our pets.”

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Read on to learn more about the potential impacts of canine tularemia, including how to prevent and treat this condition.  

What Is Tularemia?

Tularemia is a bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. As the name rabbit fever suggests, tularemia is most common in rabbits. However, it can also affect other species, including rodents, livestock, cats, dogs, and even humans. 

Tularemia has been reported in every U.S. state except for Hawaii. It is also found in Canada, Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. 

How Do Dogs Get Tularemia?

There are several ways that a dog can become infected with tularemia: 

• Eating an infected rabbit or rodent
• Bite or scratch from an infected animal  
• Bite from blood-sucking pests (e.g., fleas, ticks, biting flies)

According to a study of 88 cases of rabbit fever in dogs, 60 percent of infected dogs had known contact with a wild rabbit or rodent (1). Contact with infected wildlife is the most common source of tularemia in dogs. 

The incubation period for tularemia in dogs is approximately 3–5 days. This means that symptoms of dog tularemia typically become apparent 3–5 days after exposure to the disease. 

Tularemia Symptoms in Dogs

Many cases of tularemia in dogs are mild and self-limiting. These dogs show few, if any, signs of infection and may clear the infection without their owners even realizing that they are sick.  

Other dogs show significant signs of illness when infected with tularemia. The most common signs in dogs are fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite. However, Francisella tularensis can travel to many different parts of the body, leading to a variety of other symptoms. 

Rabbit fever symptoms in dogs may include: 

• Fever
• Lethargy 
• Decreased appetite
• Enlarged/swollen lymph nodes
• Draining skin wounds
• Dehydration
• Increased salivation (drooling)
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
• Discharge from eyes
• Nasal discharge
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Oral ulcers

If your dog is showing any signs of tularemia, seek veterinary care. 

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical examination. They will examine your dog closely, assessing their body temperature, heart/lung sounds, abdomen, musculoskeletal system, and skin. During this examination, your veterinarian will look for signs that may suggest the possibility of tularemia, as well as other illnesses that might explain your dog’s signs of illness.

Screening blood tests are often recommended. Although tularemia cannot be definitively diagnosed without specific diagnostic testing, screening blood tests can suggest whether tularemia is likely and support the need for further testing. Common blood test abnormalities in infected dogs include increased or decreased white blood cell counts and increased liver values. 

Tularemia is often diagnosed with blood antibody tests. A high tularemia antibody level indicates that your dog has been exposed to Francisella tularensis. To distinguish active infection from previous exposure, your veterinarian may recommend multiple antibody tests to determine whether your dog’s antibody levels are increasing. Tularemia can also be diagnosed with PCR testing, which looks for small amounts of Francisella tularensis DNA in a dog’s blood or tissues. Your veterinarian will determine the best test for your dog.

Tularemia in Dogs Treatment

Tularemia is a bacterial infection, and it can be treated with several different antibiotics. Dogs are typically treated with doxycycline or enrofloxacin, but other antibiotic options are available. Antibiotics are generally continued for 10–14 days. 

Patients who are vomiting or dehydrated may need to be hospitalized. This allows your veterinarian to administer intravenous (IV) fluids, injectable antibiotics, and injectable anti-nausea medications. 

If your dog has draining wounds caused by tularemia, surgical removal may be recommended. This is often more effective than antibiotic treatment alone. 

Fortunately, the prognosis for tularemia in dogs is good. In a study of 88 dogs, less than half of infected dogs required hospitalization and all infected dogs survived treatment (1). 

Tularemia is a serious zoonotic infection. Your dog can spread this infection to humans. Some veterinarians recommend hospitalization for all patients, to reduce the risk of dogs spreading tularemia to human family members. 

When treating your pet at home, limit close contact with your dog and their secretions. Avoid letting your dog lick you, especially on the face. Wear gloves if you need to clean up urine, feces, or vomit. Finally, wash your hands after handling your dog. These steps can help reduce the likelihood of you becoming infected with tularemia.

Prevention

Reduce your dog’s risk by limiting interactions with wild animals. Don’t allow your dog to roam; instead, keep them in a fenced yard and walk them on a leash. These steps can keep your dog from hunting small animals and decrease their risk of being bitten or scratched by wildlife. 

Use veterinarian-recommended flea and tick control year-round. Certain blood-sucking pests, such as fleas, ticks, and biting flies, can spread tularemia by biting your dog. Effective parasite preventatives can reduce your dog’s risk of infection. 

Finally, take measures to help prevent tularemia from entering your home via other pets. Tularemia is more common in cats than dogs, and an infected cat can spread tularemia to your dog. Keep your cat indoors to minimize wildlife interactions and ensure that your cat receives year-round parasite control. 

Reference

1. Kwit, Natalie A et al. “Francisella tularensis infection in dogs: 88 cases (2014-2016).” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 256,2 (2020): 220-225. doi:10.2460/javma.256.2.220

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While usually not serious, dog hives can appear without warning, which can be alarming for pet parents and intensely itchy for pets.  Let’s explore what causes these sudden, swollen bumps, how to identify them, and what you can do to help ease the itch.

What Are Dog Hives?

Dog hives (also called canine urticaria) are raised, itchy welts that can appear on dogs’ skin, usually in response to allergens. These swollen bumps can pop up anywhere on your dog’s body, from their face to their belly. Hives are essentially localized swelling within the dermis, the layer of skin beneath the surface. 

Luckily, hives are relatively uncommon in dogs. Recent studies found hives present in only 12 to 15 out of 10,000 dogs receiving care at veterinary hospitals (1, 2). 

While dogs of any age, stage. or breed type can develop hives, some breeds seem to be more prone to this itchy condition than others. In a recent study, urticaria was more prevalent in boxers, beagles, Rhodesian ridgebacks, French Bulldogs, and Vizslas than other breeds in the sample (1). In general, short-coated dogs – including pitbulls, English Bulldogs, and Dobermans – seem to face an increased risk of developing hives. 

Because exposure to allergens can cause hives, dogs in some regions are more likely to develop hives than others.  Dogs in warm, humid areas with more environmental allergens (like pollen-heavy regions) and insects might experience hives more frequently. But dogs in any part of the world can get hives.

What Causes Hives in Dogs?

Dogs can break out in hives for a variety of reasons. Understanding these potential triggers can help you identify and avoid them in the future. Here are some common causes:

• Insect bites or stings: Bees, wasps, ants, and other biting or stinging insects are a frequent cause of hives in dogs.
• Food allergies: Certain proteins in a dog’s diet can trigger an allergic response in dogs prone to allergies.
• Environmental allergens: Tree or grass pollens, dust or mold can cause hives in sensitive dogs.
• Plants: Direct contact with certain plants such as stinging nettles may cause hives.
• Medications: Some dogs may have an allergic reaction to certain drugs or vaccines.
• Harsh Environments: Extreme temperatures — both cold and hot — can cause hives in some dogs (3).

A recent study of 24 cases of canine urticaria found that insect bites or stings were the most common identifiable cause, followed by food allergies and drug reactions (1). 

What Do Hives Look Like on Dogs?

Recognizing hives on your dog is the first step in getting your pet the help they need. Here’s what to look for:

• Appearance: Hives typically appear as raised, round, or oval bumps on the skin. However, the size and shape of the bumps may vary. Some range from pea-sized to coin-sized, while others may join together to form large, irregularly shaped swollen areas or welts.
• Location: Hives can occur anywhere on the skin. But they are most common (and easier to spot) on sparsely-haired areas of the skin, including the underside of the belly, chest, and neck (4). Hives do not occur in the mucous membranes such as the mouth. 
• Characteristics: The bumps are often red or pink and may be warm to the touch. They can appear and disappear quickly, sometimes within hours.
• Duration: Most cases of hives will resolve on their own within 48 hours (1). Although rare, some dogs can have chronic urticaria, which may last six weeks or more.

Even with these guidelines, it’s easy to confuse dog hives with other common skin abnormalities. For example, hives can look a lot like a skin rash caused by a bacterial infection, called superficial pyoderma.

On areas of your dog’s skin covered in fur, both the rash and dog hives would appear virtually identical. That’s why it is best to seek veterinary care if you suspect hives, a skin rash, or other skin issues in your dog.

However, on sparsely-haired areas of your dog’s body, like the belly, it’s easier to tell the difference.  Dog hives typically look raised, red, and either uniformly round or merged into an irregular shape. A skin infection rash often features tiny pimple-like bumps (pustules) or flat red crusty circular regions (epidermal collarettes).

Duration can also provide a clue. Unlike many other skin conditions, hives can come and go quickly and often affect large areas of the body at once. 

Are Dog Hives Life-Threatening?

In most cases, dog hives are not life-threatening. However, hives can be a feature of or may occur prior to anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

If hives are accompanied by any of the following symptoms, you should seek immediate veterinary care:

• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Swelling of the face, especially around the eyes or muzzle
• Excessive drooling or difficulty swallowing
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Lethargy or collapse
• Pale gums

If you notice any of these signs, don’t wait. Contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospital right away. And be prepared to provide any information you can about what may have triggered the response, so the care team can respond swiftly. 

Dog Hives Treatment Options

When treating dog hives, your vet’s recommendations may vary depending on what’s causing the hives and how severe they are.

Veterinarians typically diagnose the condition by collecting a detailed history and performing a physical examination. If your dog has long hair your vet may shave an area of their fur to assess the hives.

If the hives are recurring or the condition does not resolve, your vet may recommend testing to determine the cause. This could include fecal testing for intestinal parasites, an elimination diet to pinpoint specific food allergens, or conducting allergy testing on your dog’s skin and/or blood. 

Treatment options for dog hives vary depending on the severity of the condition. Antihistamines are often the first line of defense, helping to reduce itching and swelling. For more severe cases, your veterinarian might prescribe a short course of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation quickly. In rare instances of severe allergic reactions, an emergency epinephrine injection might be necessary.

If your veterinarian suspects your dog’s hives are due to food allergies, they may prescribe a special diet to solve the problem, such as a limited-ingredient formula or a novel protein diet.

Home remedies for dog hives

There are some at-home remedies you can try to help ease the itch for a dog breaking out in hives. However, always consult with your veterinarian before proceeding with an at-home or over-the-counter solution.

As a dog hives treatment, Benadryl (diphenhydramine) may help provide some itch relief. Though this over-the-counter antihistamine is made for humans, it is safe for dogs in certain doses. Before you give your dog Benadryl, always confirm the correct dosage with your vet, and ensure it contains no other active ingredients that could harm your pet. 

Cool baths with colloidal oatmeal can soothe itchy skin, and applying cold compresses can help reduce swelling and provide comfort. 

It’s important to note that in many cases, hives will clear up on their own within 24-48 hours. However, these treatments can speed up recovery and provide relief from uncomfortable symptoms, making your dog feel better sooner.

How to Prevent Dog Hives

While it’s not always possible to prevent hives, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk:

1. Identify and avoid triggers: If you know what caused the hives, do your best to limit your dog’s exposure to that allergen.
2. Regular grooming: Keeping your dog clean can help remove potential allergens from their coat.
3. Diet management: If food allergies are suspected, work with your vet to find a diet that works for your dog.
4. Environmental control: Use air purifiers and regular cleaning to reduce indoor allergens.
5. Temperature regulation: Keep your dog out of extremely hot or cold temperatures.

Remember, every dog is unique, and what works for one dog might not work for another. If your dog experiences recurrent hives, work closely with your veterinarian to develop a personalized prevention and treatment plan.

In conclusion, while hives on dogs can be alarming, they’re usually not a cause for major concern. By staying observant, acting quickly when needed, and working with your vet, you can help your best friend stay comfortable and itch-free.

References

1. Rostaher, Ana, et al. “Triggers, risk factors and clinico-pathological features of urticaria in dogs – a prospective observational study of 24 cases.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 28,1 (2017): 38-e9. doi:10.1111/vde.12342  
2. Fabrice T. J. Fosset, et al. “Retrospective Evaluation of Hypersensitivity Reactions and Anaphylaxis in Dogs (2003–2014): 86 Cases.” Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, vol. 33, no. 5, 14 Aug. 2023, pp. 577–586, https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13319
3. Bradley, Charles W, et al. “A Review of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions in Dogs: A Diagnostician’s Guide to Allergy.” Veterinary Pathology, vol. 60, no. 6, 29 July 2023, pp. 783–795, https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858231189298
4. Voie, K.L., et al. “Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions Targeting the Skin in Dogs and Cats.” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, vol. 26, no. 4, 21 Apr. 2012, pp. 863–874, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00927.x

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In this article, you will learn about the different types of diabetic testing for dogs, the cost of testing, and what to expect for testing your dog if they are diagnosed with diabetes.

How Do I Know if My Dog Is Diabetic?

The signs of diabetes in dogs are typically very obvious in dogs. The most common signs are excessive thirst, urination, and weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite. There are several other disorders that can cause similar symptoms, such as Cushing’s or certain cancers. If you suspect that your dog has diabetes or is sick in any way, book an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible to confirm.

How to Test for Diabetes in Dogs: What to Expect

A veterinarian will conduct a complete physical examination of your dog and check their vital signs and weight. They will also ask you questions about what symptoms you are noticing at home. After they have examined your dog, they will then ask permission to run some tests to determine if your dog’s symptoms are due to diabetes. These tests can usually be run in the hospital the same day, and you can often have results in less than an hour.

Types of Dog Diabetes Tests

The laboratory tests a veterinarian will likely order include blood and urine lab work that checks for any abnormalities in internal organ function or blood cells. This is not only to check for diabetes, but also to check for any other conditions that could cause similar clinical signs. These tests typically include a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and a urinalysis. Included in this testing is checking blood glucose or sugar levels. If the blood sugar levels are high, or your dog has sugar in their urine and the symptoms line up with diabetes, then the veterinarian will have determined that diabetes is the cause of your dog’s symptoms. 

In addition to the general laboratory tests that most veterinarians will run for diabetes, there are also specific tests that are used to diagnose diabetic dogs as well as monitor their treatment. These additional tests can include the following:

Fructosamine testing. Fructosamine testing checks for sugar that is bound to proteins in the blood. This test shows the levels of sugar in the blood over a longer period of time. This test often requires that blood is sent out to a laboratory for testing, but some veterinary clinics can run this test in house. 

Blood glucose curve. A glucose curve shows how blood sugar levels fluctuate throughout the day. This test requires multiple blood draws during the course of the day. Most pet parents elect to leave their dog at the veterinary clinic for the day while the test is being run. This test is also usually run after a dog has been diagnosed and started on insulin to control blood sugar.

Cost of Diagnosing Diabetes

The cost of diagnosing diabetes in dogs varies depending on your geographic region, but in general, expect to pay $300-$500 for initial diagnostics that include physical examination, office visit, and laboratory testing. 

If your dog has already been diagnosed with diabetes, then follow-up care can include the following recurring costs:

• Recheck examinations ($35-$50)
• Fructosamine testing $80-$125)
• Blood glucose curve ($50-$75)

My Dog Has Diabetes. Now What?

If your dog has been diagnosed with diabetes, then they will need help from you and the veterinarian to manage it. If diabetes is uncontrolled and not treated, it can cause cataracts, recurrent urinary tract infections, and can be life-threatening in some cases. It is important to find and work with a veterinarian you trust. At least in the beginning, you will be seeing a lot of your veterinarian.

The most important thing to do with diabetic dogs is to help them get control of their blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication. The most common medication used to control diabetes is insulin. Your veterinarian will likely schedule an appointment with you to go over how to care for a diabetic dog. This may include:

• Feeding your dog a high-quality, low carbohydrate dog food or a therapeutic dog food designed for diabetic dogs 
• How to develop a feeding and insulin routine
• How to store and give insulin injections
• What to do with used syringes and needles
• How to recognize the signs of high and low blood sugar levels
• How to test your dog at home

Your veterinarian will also treat any secondary diseases as well, and discuss a follow-up plan. Plan on taking your dog to the veterinarian multiple times, at least in the beginning. Your veterinarian will evaluate how well treatment is going and make adjustments as necessary to insulin therapy. Once your dog’s blood sugar levels are well controlled, then you likely will only need to see your veterinarian twice a year for rechecks and other preventive care.

Receiving a diabetes diagnosis can be emotionally difficult for some pet parents. It is important to remember that with proper care, many diabetic dogs live long and happy lives that are relatively normal. If you suspect your dog is diabetic, scheduling an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible will help get them back on the road to wellness. 

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Unfortunately, the answer is yes. Just like humans, dogs can develop allergies to elements in the environment, and that includes grass.

What does that mean for your itchy dog? Get ready to find out. Here’s what you need to know about grass allergies in dogs, including causes, symptoms to look out for, and how to manage and treat this condition to ease your pet’s itchy skin.

Can Dogs Be Allergic to Grass?

Yes, not only can dogs be allergic to grass, but grass allergies are also among the most common environmental allergies in dogs. Dogs that get itchy and inflamed skin caused by environmental allergens (including grass pollens, molds, and dust mites) have a condition called atopic dermatitis. Also known as atopy, this condition affects roughly 10 to 15 percent of all dogs (1). 

A smaller percentage of dogs with grass allergies have contact dermatitis. This means that contact with the grass itself, not just the grass pollens in the air, triggers the allergic reaction (2). 

The likelihood of dogs developing grass allergies can vary significantly depending on factors like your region and the season. That’s because grass pollen levels tend to be higher in warmer climates and at certain times of the year, such as spring and summer. 

While grass allergies are not life-threatening, they can significantly impact your dog’s quality of life. If not managed properly, canine grass allergies can cause significant discomfort, manifesting as skin irritation, itching, and inflammation.

What Causes Grass Allergies in Dogs?

Dogs with grass allergies typically have an abnormal immune response and a defective skin barrier. Normally, the skin behaves like a shield, blocking particles outside a dog’s body from entering deeper skin layers. When an allergen like grass pollen makes its way inside an allergic dog’s skin, their immune system mistakes the harmless pollen for something dangerous. This misidentification triggers an allergic response, which causes the skin to become inflamed and itchy. 

Certain types of grass, such as Bermuda, Timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, Orchard, and ryegrass, are most likely to cause allergic reactions in dogs (3). 

Although any dog can develop a grass allergy, some dog breeds are genetically predisposed to developing atopic dermatitis and grass allergies. These breeds include Golden Retrievers, Labradors, French Bulldogs, Boxers, German Shepherds, West Highland White Terriers, Poodles, Dachshunds, and Cocker Spaniels (1).

Dog Grass Allergy Symptoms

If your dog is allergic to grass, they may have symptoms that appear seasonally when pollen counts are high. However, dogs with environmental allergies are often allergic to more than just grass (dust mites, for example). So symptoms can be year-round and occur inside and outdoors. 

Symptoms of a grass allergy include:

• Persistent scratching and licking
• Red, inflamed skin
• Hives or rash, particularly on the belly and under the legs
• Chronic ear infections
• Less commonly, runny nose and watery eyes, particularly during high pollen seasons

Identifying grass allergies can be challenging due to their non-specific symptoms, which can mimic other allergies. However, dogs with symptoms that appear seasonally are more likely to have a grass allergy, as opposed to a food allergy, for example.

Diagnosing a Dog Allergic to Grass

Veterinarians diagnose grass allergies primarily by ruling out other kinds of allergies and, eventually, through allergy testing. 

Diagnosing grass allergies begins with a thorough examination by a veterinarian. Your vet will examine your dog’s skin and note the pattern and timing of symptoms. If your dog is not on a year-round flea preventive, your veterinarian will prescribe a medication for this so that a flea allergy can be excluded as a cause of your dog’s symptoms. 

If your dog’s symptoms are year-round, your veterinarian may recommend a food trial with a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet to rule out a food allergy as the culprit.

Once atopic dermatitis is confirmed, skin or blood tests to detect specific allergens can be performed to identify specific allergy triggers, including different types of grasses.

Dog Grass Allergy Treatment

Grass allergies, like any other allergy, cannot be cured, but medications and other treatments can help eliminate or greatly reduce symptoms. 

Some commonly used medications include:

Steroids

Steroids used to be the only effective treatment for severe allergy symptoms in dogs. However, that’s less common now due to their risk of serious side effects (especially with long-term use) and the availability of newer, more targeted treatments.

Cyclosporine

This medication is safer than steroids when used to treat chronic grass allergies in dogs. However, it may take weeks to improve symptoms, so it may not be the best choice for dealing with flare-ups. It’s available in both generic and branded forms, in capsules or liquid medication. Common side effects include digestive upset, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.

Immunotherapy

Allergy shots or sublingual drops containing the specific allergens a dog is allergic to can help to desensitize the immune system to grass allergies over time. This tends to be effective in about 50 to 75 percent of dogs but can take up to 1 year to be effective (1).

Cytopoint (lokivetmab)

This is an injection containing antibodies that neutralize the compounds that trigger itchy skin in dogs with grass allergies. One injection relieves symptoms of itch for 4 to 8 weeks, but the shots can be pretty pricey.

Apoquel (oclacitinib)

Apoquel has proven to be a game-changer for treating grass allergies in dogs. It targets the specific immune factors involved in the allergic reaction, offering rapid relief from itching and inflammation without the potential for long-term side effects associated with steroids.

It is much more effective than antihistamines, as histamine only plays a small role in dog allergy symptoms. Apoquel can start relieving allergy symptoms in as few as 2 hours, and it can be stopped and started as needed to relieve allergy symptoms. 

Studies support that long-term use of Apoquel in dogs is safe (5). It tends to be well-tolerated by most dogs, but may cause stomach upset on rare occasions.

Dog Grass Allergies Home Remedies

If you’re wondering whether human medications, like Benadryl or Claritin, could help tame your pet’s grass allergy itch, the answer is: not likely. These common over-the-counter solutions are antihistamines, which don’t tend to be effective for allergies in dogs. According to one study, they performed no better than a placebo pill (6). 

Also, remember it’s never a good idea to give your dog human medications without consulting your vet first. While some may be effective, it is very important to first consult with your veterinarian regarding dosing and the specific medications that are safe to use. 

For mild grass allergy symptoms, a few home remedies can provide relief:

Soothing Baths

Washing your dog with hypoallergenic or medicated shampoo can soothe the skin and help remove allergens from the fur. Just remember that over-shampooing can irritate your dog’s skin even further. So limit baths to once or twice a week, tops. And use cool water, as hot water can make irritated skin even itchier.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

These “good fats” help build immunity, improve skin health, and fight inflammation — three important benefits that can boost your dog’s defenses against grass allergies. Though these essential nutrients are found naturally in foods like fish and flaxseeds, most commercial dog foods don’t provide enough. So you may want to consider a dietary supplement to ensure your dog gets the full benefit omega-3 fatty acids have to offer.

Preventing Grass Allergy in Dogs

Preventing grass allergies involves minimizing your dog’s exposure to the allergen:

• Avoidance: Keep your dog off freshly mown lawns and tall grasses, especially during peak pollen times. 
• Paw and Body Wipes: Use hypoallergenic wipes to clean your dog after they’ve been outside to remove pollen and allergens.
• Indoor Air Quality: Use air purifiers to reduce indoor pollen levels, which can help during the allergy season.

While grass allergies can be a challenge for dogs and their owners, understanding the symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments available can lead to effective management of the condition. 

If you work closely with your veterinarian, you can help ensure your dog enjoys the great outdoors without suffering from pesky allergy symptoms.

References:

1. Gedon, Natalie Katharina Yvonne, and Ralf Steffen Mueller. “Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: a difficult disease for animals and owners.” Clinical and translational allergy vol. 8 41. 5 Oct. 2018, doi:10.1186/s13601-018-0228-5
2. Mason, Kenneth, and Merja Ruutu. “Canine dermatitis on contacting grass leaf: A case series.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 34,2 (2023): 115-124. doi:10.1111/vde.13143
3. Top 10 Pollen Causing Allergy Symptoms in Animals, Nextmune, 18, Feb 2021, 
4. Gadeyne, Caroline et al. “Efficacy of oclacitinib (Apoquel®) compared with prednisolone for the control of pruritus and clinical signs associated with allergic dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Australia.” Veterinary dermatology vol. 25,6 (2014): 512-8, e86. doi:10.1111/vde.12166
5. Marsella, Rosanna, et al. “Oclacitinib 10 years later: Lessons learned and directions for the future.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 261, no. S1, 25 Mar. 2023, pp. 1–12, doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.12.0570
6. Hsiao, Yun-Hsia et al. “Effects of cetirizine in dogs with chronic atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.” Journal of veterinary science vol. 17,4 (2016): 549-553. doi:10.4142/jvs.2016.17.4.549

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From heatstroke to poisonous plants, there are plenty of dangers that could derail your dog’s fun in the sun this summer. But not if you’re aware of the risks and how to prevent them.

Here’s what you need to know about the most common summer dangers for dogs. Plus, you’ll get helpful tips to keep your pet safe, happy, and healthy so you can enjoy summer fun together.

1. Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion

Dogs can easily overheat in hot and humid weather because they can’t sweat like humans. They cool off by panting, but that doesn’t work as well in hot, humid conditions. If they get too hot, they can suffer from heat exhaustion from losing fluids and salts after prolonged exposure to heat.

If heat exhaustion isn’t treated, it can lead to heat stroke, which can be deadly for dogs. Heat stroke occurs when the body temperature of a dog exceeds 105 degrees F. Certain breeds, such as Bulldogs and Pugs, are more prone to heat stroke, particularly in hot climates or during intense physical activity.

Preventing heat stroke in dogs

• Avoid walking your dog during the hottest part of the day (between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.)
• Not sure how hot is too hot for dogs? Use the touch test: If the pavement is too hot to keep your bare hand there for a few seconds, it’s too hot for your dog’s paws.
• Always provide your dog plenty of fresh water and shade on hot days.
• Never leave your dog in a parked car, even with the windows down. In temperatures as low as 75 degrees, a dog’s internal temperature can hit dangerous levels within minutes.

Recognizing the signs of heat exhaustion and heat stroke in dogs is crucial. Early detection can mean the difference between life and death. Excessive panting and drooling are often the first signs. Your dog may also seem lethargic or confused. As the condition worsens, dogs may vomit, have diarrhea, or even collapse.

If you notice any of these signs, contact your vet right away. Heatstroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary attention.

2. Dehydration

Though dogs can suffer dehydration any time of the year, the risk increases as temperatures rise. Dogs get dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they take in. And because panting relies on moisture evaporation to cool down dogs, the more they pant, the more likely they are to dehydrate.

Dogs can become dehydrated quickly in hot weather, especially if they don’t have access to fresh water. And dehydration can lead to serious health problems, including kidney failure and death. If you notice signs of dehydration in your dog, like dry nose and gums, sunken eyes, and lethargy, contact your veterinarian right away to decide the best treatment.

Pet safety tips to prevent dog dehydration

• Always ensure your dog has easy access to fresh, cool water.
• Even on cooler days, prolonged exposure to the sun can be harmful. Make sure your dog has a shady place to rest, so they don’t have to pant so much to cool down.
• Try offering ice cubes or frozen treats made from dog-safe unseasoned broth to help keep your dog hydrated and cool.

3. Parasites: Fleas, Ticks, and Heartworms

Pesky parasites thrive during the warm summer weather. If you and your dog spend time in nature, you’re more likely to encounter disease-carrying fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes that could harm your pet.

Despite the risks, there’s no need to avoid the great outdoors this summer. With a proactive plan to prevent parasites, you and your dog can enjoy nature all summer long.

Parasite prevention guidelines

• Regularly check your dog for signs of fleas and ticks after you spend time outside, and carefully remove any parasites you find.
• To eliminate fleas and ticks in your home, wash your pet’s bedding and vacuum regularly.
• Reduce the risk of parasites in your yard by clearing out places fleas and ticks like to hide, like tall grasses and patches of weeds. Get rid of standing water, too, which can attract breeding mosquitoes.
• Most importantly, use year-round parasite prevention to guard your dog against the threats in your region. Ask your veterinarian whether a broad-spectrum preventative would be a good choice. These convenient combo medications protect against fleas, ticks, and heartworms in one monthly dose.

4. Sunburn and Burned Paws

Most of us wouldn’t think about spending a day in the hot sun without sun protection. The same should apply to our dogs.

Dogs can get sunburned, just like us. This is especially true for dogs with short or light-colored coats. And the health effects of burns from UV rays on dogs are just as dire. Sunburn in dogs can lead to skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Summer burn hazards don’t just come from above. In warmer weather, hot asphalt and sand can burn sensitive dog paws, especially during the peak heat hours of the day.

Preventing sunburns and paw burns

• Apply pet-safe sunscreen to your dog’s exposed skin, especially areas like the nose, ears, and belly, which are particularly vulnerable to burning.
• Don’t use sunscreen made for humans on your dog, even in a pinch. It can contain ingredients that could harm your dog if they lick it off.
• Test heat-absorbing surfaces before you walk your dog on them.
• If your dog’s paws are particularly sensitive, consider investing in protective dog booties for summer to reduce the risk of paw burns.

Always consult your veterinarian about the best way to treat burns in dogs. They may recommend simple remedies for mild burns. But if the skin is cracked or compromised, it’s best not to put anything like cream or ointment on more severe burns at home.

5. Water Hazards and Drowning Risks

Summer is the ideal time for fun water activities with your dog. Whether it’s a trip to the beach, a day at the lake, or simply lounging by the pool, water gives pets and people a chance to chill out and escape the summer heat.

However, before you float, sail, paddle, or dive, keep in mind that not all dogs are born with an innate ability to swim. While some breeds are natural swimmers, others may struggle in the water. This means that drowning is a real risk for dogs, particularly those who are not familiar or comfortable with water.

Even dogs who are skilled swimmers can get into trouble in pools, lakes, or the ocean, so it’s crucial to always supervise your furry friend when they are near bodies of water.

Summer water safety tips

• Invest in a dog life jacket, even if your dog is a confident swimmer. It adds an extra layer of safety, especially in deep or moving water. Look for options with a handle built into the back, so it’s easier to lift your dog out of the water.
• Teach your dog how to get in and out of the pool safely, without your assistance. This is crucial in case they fall in accidentally.
• Always rinse or shampoo your dog after swimming. Chlorine, salt, and lake organisms can irritate their skin, harm their coat, and contribute to ear infections, which tend to spike in the summer for dogs.
• Never leave your dog unattended in the water.

6. Toxic Foods, Plants, and Chemicals

Some dogs will happily eat anything. But if you’ve got an enthusiastic (and opportunistic) eater, summertime can be especially challenging. Between picnics, barbecues, gardens, and nature, summer is packed with potential toxins.

These include:

• Foods – Many summer celebration staples, like brownies, fruit salad, and burger fixings, contain ingredients that can be toxic to dogs. Grapes, onions, and chocolate are just a few examples of foods that could be fatal to your dog. Be mindful of where your dog is during gatherings. Keep harmful foods out of their reach.
• Chemicals – If you use lawn and garden chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to beautify your yard, there’s a good chance they could be toxic to dogs. Always store these products securely and keep your dog off treated lawns until it’s safe.
• Plants and Nature – Common landscaping plants toxic to dogs include lilies, azaleas, and sago palms. And out in the wild, you can find toxins like blue-green algae in bodies of water or poisonous mushrooms on a trail that may be deadly if ingested. Always check your surroundings for potential hazards. And keep your dog on a short leash when hiking in unfamiliar territory, especially if they’re known to nibble.

If, despite your best efforts, you suspect your dog has eaten something poisonous, timing is crucial. Contact your veterinarian as soon as possible to ensure quick, effective treatment. You can also call ASPCA Poison Control (888-426-4435) or the Pet Poison Helpline (855-764-7661) for guidance. Both services charge a consultation fee. 

7. Exercise-induced Injuries

Summer often means more playtime and fun adventures for your dog. But that could also increase the risk of accidents, injuries, and other health issues.

It’s important to monitor your dog’s activity level during play and exercise to ensure they’re not pushing too hard. Overexertion could lead to heat exhaustion or weakness that could lead to injury. Other signs to watch out for include excessive panting, drooling, lethargy, disorientation, and confusion.

• If you notice these signs, stop the activity immediately. Move your dog to a cool, shaded area and provide fresh water.
• Plan your summer adventures with your dog’s stamina and natural abilities in mind. If your pup is more of a couch potato, start out with a short hike instead of an all-day trek.
• Keep your dog’s weight in check to prevent added stress on their body. Ask your veterinarian if your dog would benefit from a specialized diet formulated to promote healthy weight or medication to ease aches and pains.

8. Summer Stress: Fireworks and Anxiety

Summer is a time for celebrations, many of which include fireworks that can terrify your dog. But fireworks aren’t the only hazard. Parties, parades, and even summer thunderstorms can all cause anxiety in dogs.

Summer tips for managing noise anxiety in dogs

• If your dog shows signs of anxiety in response to loud noises or fireworks, such as trembling or hiding, it’s important to comfort them. If possible, provide a safe, quiet space where they can retreat.
• If your dog is sensitive to noise, talk to your veterinarian about using calming solutions, like supplements, anxiety wraps, or prescription medications.
• Remember, every dog is different. What works for one may not work for another. It’s all about finding what helps your dog feel safe and secure.

Quick Summer Dog Safety Checklist

Summer is a time for outdoor activities, vacations, and relaxation, but it’s important to keep in mind that it can also pose risks for our four-legged friends. Stay vigilant and take precautions to ensure your favorite canine stays safe and healthy.

Here’s a quick checklist to help you remember the key points:

• Keep your dog hydrated and provide plenty of shade.
• Protect their paws from hot surfaces.
• Be mindful of water safety.
• Watch out for toxic substances and plants.
• Guard against dangerous parasites.
• Protect your dog from the sun.
• Avoid overexertion and manage noise anxiety.
• Never leave your dog in a hot car.

With these tips in mind, you and your dog can enjoy a safe and fun-filled summer.

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Here are our top tips to help you gear up for warm-weather adventures and summertime fun for both you and your dog!

Summer Fun Tips for You and Your Dog

Before you hit the trails or head to the beach, it’s important to make sure your dog is ready (and protected) for fun in the sun. Here are eight tips to help you and your pup make the most of your summer together.

So, grab your leash, pack some treats, and get ready for a season of unforgettable experiences with your four-legged friend!

1. Schedule a summer safety check with your vet 

Wherever your summer adventures take you, your veterinarian’s office should be the first stop on your itinerary. Ensuring your dog is in good health before you embark on any warm-weather excursions or exertions can help provide peace of mind. Plus, if you’re traveling, boarding, or coming in contact with new wildlife, pests, or illnesses, you’ll need the proper protection and documentation.

That may sound complex, but it’s a lot simpler when you sign up for a free GreatPetCare account. Log in to access your dog’s important health records, vaccination info, and prescription medications wherever you are. You can even set up medication reminders and auto-shipments so you never miss a dose, no matter how busy your summer gets.  

2. Gear up for outdoor adventures

Before heading into the great outdoors, equip your dog with the necessary gear and protection so they can enjoy safe summer fun and adventures.

This includes broad-spectrum parasite protection to guard against any fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, or intestinal worms your dog may encounter. Remember, parasites vary by region, so be sure to research your summer destinations and check with your vet to ensure your dog is taking the proper preventative medication.

More time outside means more opportunities for your pet to go missing. Always ensure your dog is microchipped and wearing a collar with updated identification tags. A well-fitted harness and leash are key for control, especially in busy or unfamiliar environments. And don’t forget to pack a portable water and food bowl to keep your pup hydrated and energized during your outdoor excursions!

3. Brush up on training basics

Speaking of control, if your summer plans involve large crowds or potentially stressful situations, it’s a good idea to brush up on training commands beforehand. Practice basic obedience commands such as sit, stay, and recall in different environments to reinforce good behavior. This will create a safer and more enjoyable experience for both you and your dog, whether you’re paddleboarding on the lake or exploring a crowded dog park.

4. Keep cool to beat summer heat hazards

Soaring temps can take a serious toll on your dog’s health. Even everyday activities could increase your dog’s risk of developing conditions ranging from heat rash to heat stroke.

To protect your pup, here are some summertime tactics to help beat the heat:

• UK-based veterinarian Dr. Alex Crow, MRCV, cautions against strenuous activities that could cause a dog to overheat during warmer summer months. “Limit exercise to early morning or evening hours and provide plenty of water breaks to prevent dehydration,” Dr. Crow recommends.
• Dogs naturally shed more in the summer to regulate their body temperature. Invest in a deshedding brush and keep your pup well-groomed to help them stay cool and comfortable.
• Warm weather can also aggravate skin issues, so consider a soothing shampoo formulated to calm irritated skin.
• Make sure your dog has access to a cool shady spot and fresh water whenever they’re outside. Consider freezing treats like yogurt or peanut butter in ice cube trays for a refreshing snack on hot days.
• Finally, don’t forget that paved surfaces can retain enough heat to burn your dog’s paws severely. As a general rule, if a surface is too hot for you to touch for 10 seconds, it’s too hot for your dog to walk on.  

5. Swim and splash safely

Taking a dip with your dog can be a great way to stay cool in the summer. But whether you’re at the lake, the beach, or in your own pool, always prioritize water safety. Invest in appropriate safety gear for your pup, such as a life jacket designed specifically for dogs, especially if your pup is not a confident swimmer. And never leave your dog unattended in the water — no matter how strong of a swimmer they are.

Drowning isn’t the only health hazard to watch out for in the water. Did you know dog ear infections peak during summer months? Swimming often leads to excess moisture in the ear canal, which creates the perfect conditions for a bacterial or fungal ear infection. If your dog loves to splash or swim, be sure to clean their ears regularly with a veterinarian-approved ear-cleaning solution. And if you suspect your dog may have an ear infection, schedule an appointment with your vet for proper diagnosis and treatment.

6. Watch for seasonal changes in appetite and digestion

Summer heat can affect your dog’s appetite, leading to changes in eating habits that could impact their health. Some dogs may eat less due to the heat. Other dogs may be tempted to overindulge or eat things that could be dangerous to them, especially at cookouts or picnics.

Monitor your dog’s eating habits to be sure they’re getting the proper nutrition all summer long.

• If your dog’s not eating, you may want to offer lighter, easily digestible meals during the summer months. If a change in diet doesn’t work, ask your vet if an appetite stimulant could help.
• If your dog snatches something yummy from the picnic table or garbage can and it triggers a bout of digestive upset, ask your vet if a probiotic supplement could help get their digestive system back on track.
• Finally, remember to store your dry dog food in a cool, dry place like your pantry, rather than someplace like your garage — especially in the summer. According to the Food and Drug Administration, temperatures in excess of 80 degrees F can cause the nutrients in dry dog food to break down and degrade.

7. Prep a summer emergency First Aid Kit

Whether you’re embarking on an outdoor adventure or staying close to home, having access to a well-stocked first aid kit is a must for any dog parent. Before you head out for summer fun, stock up on first aid essentials like gauze pads, adhesive tape, antiseptic wipes, tweezers, and pain medications.

While you’re at it, don’t forget to set up your GreatPetCare account to keep emergency contact numbers for your veterinarian and local animal hospital easily accessible.

8. Summer can be stressful! Keep your pup cool and calm

If you have a pup who’s prone to anxiety, summertime can be super stressful. From beach crowds, to air travel, to fireworks displays, there are plenty of things that could set your dog off.

But, with some planning, you can help ease your dog’s nerves with some calming solutions to ensure a peaceful summer for you and your pup. Ask your vet if over-the-counter options would be appropriate, such as calming chews containing chamomile or melatonin. Or, if your dog’s anxiety is extreme, your vet may prescribe an anti-anxiety medication with short-term or long-term calming effects.

Summer is a great time to get our dogs involved in fun activities like hiking, swimming, and agility training. It’s a fantastic opportunity for both you and your pup to have a summer filled with unforgettable experiences and cherished memories. Preparing for summer fun helps to create a more enjoyable experience, and a GreatPetCare account can help keep you on track. Enjoy the sunshine, stay safe, and make the most of your summer together!

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Let’s discuss the role of inflammation in canine osteoarthritis (also known as OA or simply arthritis), as well as medications to combat pain and inflammation in affected dogs.

Osteoarthritis in Dogs: What Role Does Inflammation Play?

Normal wear and tear of the joints causes a dog’s body to release certain enzymes that break down cartilage. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that protects the bones. As this cartilage wears down over time, the bones begin to rub against one another. This friction leads to joint changes, such as the development of bone spurs, as well as significant pain and inflammation. Fluid builds up within the joint, causing visible swelling. Inflammatory cells and other proteins are released to further damage the joint. Unfortunately, once the cartilage has broken down, it is difficult to repair. Therefore, osteoarthritis in dogs continues to progress in severity without appropriate treatment. 

So how important is inflammation in this process? Even though osteoarthritis in dogs is a degenerative disease, inflammation is likely a critical component. Inflammation has long been considered a symptom of osteoarthritis rather than a cause. However, once inflammation is present within the joint, degeneration quickly progresses. This has led to ongoing research as to whether inflammation plays a more prominent role in osteoarthritis than previously thought. 

Studies have shown that the fluid within the joints (synovial fluid) of dogs with osteoarthritis has significantly increased levels of several types of proteins called cytokines. The body makes cytokines in response to inflammation. These cytokines are considered pro-inflammatory, and they activate the dog’s immune system to produce more inflammatory cells. This results in further damage within the joints and progression of osteoarthritis. In turn, dogs with arthritis experience more pain and reduced range of motion in their affected limbs (1,2,3).

Similarly, prostaglandins are a type of lipid produced in response to inflammation. When high levels of prostaglandins are found in joints, the lining of the joint (synovium) becomes inflamed in a process known as synovitis. As a result, the cartilage breaks down, causing pain. This, in turn, leads to more prostaglandin production. The affected joint is essentially stuck in a vicious cycle of inflammation and progressive deterioration (4). 

Although these studies suggest that osteoarthritis may actually be an inflammatory disease, research is still ongoing to study the exact role inflammation plays and the various immune cells that are involved in osteoarthritis and its progression in dogs.

Osteoarthritis in Dogs Treatment: Controlling Pain and Inflammation

Controlling both pain and inflammation is the main goal of osteoarthritis in dogs treatment. Treating pain relieves discomfort for dogs, while treating inflammation slows the progression of the disease. Some medications for treating osteoarthritis in dogs simply mask pain and do not target inflammation at the source. Unfortunately, this form of treatment does nothing to prevent or slow continued deterioration of the joints. 

NSAIDs are the first-line dog arthritis medicine because they target inflammation while controlling pain. Most NSAIDs work by blocking enzymes that produce prostaglandins. By inhibiting prostaglandin production within joints, pain and inflammation are reduced. 

However, a unique NSAID known as Galliprant actually controls pain and inflammation in dogs with osteoarthritis by targeting one specific prostaglandin receptor (rather than the enzyme like other NSAIDs do). Galliprant effectively targets inflammation directly at the source and slows progression of joint damage while minimizing negative effects on the dog’s body. It is widely used among veterinarians and well-tolerated among most dogs. 

Although osteoarthritis in dogs is a painful and progressive condition, controlling inflammation has substantial positive effects on a dog’s comfort while also slowing disease progression. Beginning treatment early provides the best opportunity to promote joint health and mobility. If your dog has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, closely follow your veterinarian’s instructions for using prescription medications for the best prognosis. 

References

1. Carter, S D et al. “Canine rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory cytokines.” Veterinary immunology and immunopathology vol. 69,2-4 (1999): 201-14. doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00054-9
2. de Bakker, E et al. “Detection of osteoarthritis in dogs by metabolic, pro-inflammatory and degenerative synovial fluid biomarkers and traditional radiographic screening: A pilot study.” Veterinary immunology and immunopathology vol. 237 (2021): 110252. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110252
3. Alves, J C et al. “The influence of IL-1 and C-reactive protein levels in synovial fluid of companion dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis on various clinical disease parameters.” American journal of veterinary research vol. 83,11 1-10. 13 Sep. 2022, doi:10.2460/ajvr.22.05.0079
4. Yang, Dinglong et al. “Revisiting prostaglandin E2: A promising therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.” Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) vol. 260 (2024): 109904. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2024.109904

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Read on to learn some surprising facts about canine osteoarthritis and inflammation, and how to effectively manage your dog’s condition.

Canine Osteoarthritis and Inflammation: 8 Facts You Might Not Know

Canine osteoarthritis, often referred to as OA or simply arthritis, is a chronic joint condition. It is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, the protective tissue that cushions the ends of bones. This degradation leads to pain, inflammation, and decreased mobility. While it is commonly associated with older dogs, OA can affect dogs of all ages.

Here are eight facts about canine OA and inflammation you might not know.

It’s more common than you think

Osteoarthritis is more common than many pet parents realize, affecting at least 1 in 3 dogs (1). This high prevalence underscores the importance of early detection and proactive management. Additionally, the prevalence of OA in dogs is increasing as dogs live longer and more and more dogs suffer from obesity.

It can start early in life

Although canine OA is typically considered an issue for older dogs, in actuality it often begins much earlier in life. Many dogs show canine osteoarthritis symptoms by middle age. In some cases, even younger dogs can develop OA due to genetic or developmental issues.

There is no cure

While there is no cure for OA, there are numerous strategies to manage the condition. These include canine osteoarthritis medications to control pain and inflammation, weight management, physical therapy, environmental modifications, and joint supplements. Regular veterinary checkups are crucial to tailor a management plan specific to your dog’s needs.

NSAIDs are the cornerstone of treatment

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dogs (NSAIDs), such as Galliprant, are a cornerstone of canine osteoarthritis treatment. They help reduce inflammation and manage pain, significantly improving comfort and mobility for affected dogs. Traditional NSAIDs work by blocking certain enzymes that contribute to inflammation, thereby providing relief from the painful symptoms of OA. Galliprant works differently in that it controls canine OA pain and inflammation at the source by targeting a specific receptor.

It’s usually caused by abnormal joint development or joint injuries

OA in dogs is frequently caused by developmental disorders, such as abnormal development of the hip joint (hip dysplasia) and kneecap dislocation (luxating patella). Injuries such as ligament tears or trauma can also be to blame. These conditions can lead to improper joint function, altered mobility, and increased wear and tear over time, predisposing these dogs to osteoarthritis.

Obesity can increase the risk

Carrying excess weight significantly increases a dog’s risk of developing OA. Not only does the extra weight put more stress and strain on the joints, but also body fat can increase inflammation in dogs.

The signs can be easily missed

The symptoms of OA in dogs can be subtle and easily mistaken for normal aging. These include reduced activity, reluctance to jump or climb stairs, stiffness, muscle loss, and a noticeable change in the way a dog walks (gait). Being aware of these signs can help in early diagnosis. The sooner canine OA is recognized and addressed, the better pet parents will be able to manage it.

Limping can become more frequent as arthritis progresses 

Arthritis begins gradually and steadily worsens over time. However, symptoms can suddenly worsen due to strain or stress, resulting in a notable limp (lameness). In fact, canine osteoarthritis is the number one cause of lameness in dogs.

OA in Dogs: Tips & Advice

Caring for a dog with osteoarthritis requires vigilance, understanding, and a proactive approach. Recognizing the early signs of OA and consulting with your veterinarian can lead to effective management strategies that can greatly improve your dog’s quality of life.

Maintaining a healthy weight, ensuring regular exercise, and using dog arthritis medication, such as Galliprant, as prescribed are key components of managing OA. Remember, your veterinarian is your best partner in coming up with a comprehensive dog arthritis treatment plan tailored to your pet’s specific needs. 

By staying informed and engaged, you can help your canine companion lead a more comfortable and active life despite the challenges of osteoarthritis.

Reference:

1. Canine Arthritis Resources and Education. Retrieved from https://caninearthritis.org/

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As a pet parent, hearing a diagnosis of dog spleen cancer can be extremely stressful. That’s why I’m going to explain everything you need to know about spleen cancer, so you can make the best decisions for your pet.

What is Spleen Cancer in Dogs?

The spleen is an organ in your dog’s abdomen. It stores blood, filters blood cells, and helps promote immune response by making and storing lymphocytes. Though it does an important job, the spleen is not an essential organ; it is possible to survive without a spleen. 

Cancer is when cells grow or replicate uncontrollably. When these cells form tumors that spread and interfere with normal bodily function, they are classified as malignant. Tumors that form but do not spread or metastasize are benign.  

In canine spleen cancers, it’s typically the cells lining blood vessels that replicate abnormally. These tumors can grow large and eventually pop, causing internal bleeding.

Spleen cancer can be especially dangerous because it doesn’t cause many symptoms at first. So the disease often goes undetected until it’s quite advanced. 

Sometimes, vets discover splenic cancer in dogs when investigating other health concerns. The first case of spleen cancer I diagnosed was in an eight-year-old female (spayed) chocolate Labrador Retriever. I determined the dog’s mild anemia was due to a slowly bleeding spleen tumor. In more serious cases, dogs with spleen cancer may collapse due to severe internal bleeding and require emergency surgery.

Types of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

There are several types of spleen cancer in dogs, each named for the cell type affected.  

Splenic hemangiosarcoma is the most common spleen cancer in dogs. It is a malignant cancer of the blood vessels found in about half the cases of spleen cancer in dogs. 

Vets often cite the “double two-thirds rule” when talking about the risk of this type of spleen cancer. This so-called rule estimates that roughly two-thirds of spleen cancers will be malignant, and two-thirds of those will be hemangiosarcoma. (1)

A recent review suggests the likelihood could be even higher — with 70 percent of splenic tumors found to be malignant and 83 percent of malignancies found to be hemangiosarcoma. (2)

The balance of malignant spleen cancers in dogs may include lymphomas, histiocytic sarcomas, and osteosarcomas, among others.

Non-malignant tumors can include hematomas, abscesses, nodular hyperplasia, or benign hemangiomas.

Causes of Dog Spleen Cancer

Spleen cancer in dogs is just a random mutation in the cells making up the spleen. It has no cause as such, and there’s nothing you can do to predict or prevent spleen cancer from developing. Because splenic tumors are slightly more common in German Shepherds, Cocker Spaniels and Labrador Retrievers, there may be genetic risk factors at play. (3)  But more research is needed to determine what roles genes play in canine spleen cancer.

Symptoms of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

The symptoms of spleen cancer in dogs are often hard to detect. In the early stages, a veterinarian is more likely to discover a tumor while investigating other health issues or during a regular physical exam.

But as spleen cancer progresses, if tumors grow large enough or are damaged by a knock or a fall, they can burst, causing internal bleeding.  

While you may not be able to see the bleeding, you might notice related symptoms, including:

• Pale gums
• Low body temperature
• Reluctance to move, lethargy, or weakness
• Abdominal swelling
• Increased heart rate and fast breathing

These symptoms may suddenly improve if the bleeding stops on its own, but it will always start again at some point. 

Splenic tumors can be very fragile, and eventually, the spleen will be too damaged by the tumor to stop bleeding on its own. The more blood dogs lose at this point, the more risky surgery becomes. So it’s crucial to act quickly and visit your veterinarian if you suspect your dog might have spleen cancer.

Dog Spleen Cancer Stages and Progression

Spleen tumors start microscopically small and then gradually grow larger. In the earliest phase, there’s nothing obviously wrong with the spleen. Even if a vet were able to examine it visually, nothing would appear amiss. 

In the next phase, the spleen starts to change. However, since there are no other symptoms, its abnormal appearance often goes undetected…unless, by chance, your dog requires abdominal imaging or surgery for some other reason.

In the late stages of spleen cancer, tumors on the spleen often start bleeding. This generally means the tumor is fairly large. If it’s a malignant one, there’s a high chance that the tumor has spread at this point. 

As with most cancers, early detection and treatment will give your dog the best outcome. Ideally, you’d want to remove the tumor before it starts bleeding or spreading. The problem is that it’s hard to spot spleen cancer early as there are often no signs. 

Bringing your dog in for regular checkups as they get older may help to catch a tumor, but it’s not always possible for your vet to feel a tumor on a physical exam (depending on its size and location).

Diagnosing Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs

If you suspect your dog may have spleen cancer, or if you’re simply worried because your dog’s breed faces a greater risk, talk to your veterinarian about your concerns. Your vet can conduct a thorough exam to evaluate your dog’s condition.

First, your veterinarian will perform a physical exam, paying particular attention to gum color, heart rate, and feeling the abdomen. 

Blood tests are often a good idea. They can detect the presence of concurrent issues, like kidney disease in dogs, as well as conditions that may be caused by splenic tumors, like anemia. This is an important step, but it won’t get a diagnosis on its own. 

Generally, hemangiosarcoma and other dog spleen tumors are diagnosed with imaging. Ultrasound is a good option for the spleen itself, but X-rays can also be used to diagnose spleen cancer. It’s a good idea to X-ray the chest and ultrasound the heart, as malignant tumors may already have spread to these areas, making spleen removal pointless.

If the tumor has not spread, your veterinarian will need to send a sample of it to the lab for analysis to determine if it is malignant or benign. While sampling the tumor with a needle is possible, it could also cause the tumor to bust. Instead, it may be easier to remove the spleen and send a sample of the tumor to the lab afterward.

Canine Spleen Cancer Treatment Options

In all cases of spleen cancer, the recommended treatment is a splenectomy — the surgical removal of the entire spleen. This is because even benign masses are prone to bursting and causing life-threatening internal bleeding. Removing the spleen prevents this from happening and also allows the tumor to be sent to a laboratory for identification. 

Of course, splenectomy in dogs isn’t the only option. If the tumor isn’t actively bleeding, you may decide to leave it alone. But you need to be aware that, at some point, it will start bleeding, which makes surgery more risky. 

As mentioned earlier, more often than not, lab results will indicate that the spleen tumor is malignant. In these cases, chemotherapy may help improve the life expectancy in dogs with spleen cancer. However, this dog cancer treatment can be costly, and may not be appropriate for all dogs, depending on their age and other health concerns. In some cases, pet parents may decide not to treat their dog’s spleen cancer and, instead, euthanize their dog when they show signs of internal bleeding. It’s impossible to predict when this could happen, as it depends on how early the tumor is diagnosed.

Cost to Treat Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Spleen removal in dogs is a major abdominal surgery. It can be performed by many vets (you don’t necessarily need a specialist surgeon). However, it is one of the more complicated surgeries we see in general practice. This means that it can be expensive, and pet owners should expect to pay around $800 to $1,500 for the surgery alone. 

Depending on the stage of their disease and whether they’re actively bleeding, dogs may also need blood transfusions, extended hospitalization, and chemotherapy. This could increase the cost of treatment to $4,000 or $5,000. 

Costs can also vary depending on your area. Your veterinarian will be able to give you an estimate so you can plan financially for treating your dog’s spleen cancer.

Prognosis for Spleen Cancer in Dogs

For dogs lucky enough to have benign tumors (about 30 percent of dogs), if they survive surgery (which about 95 percent of dogs do), they can look forward to a good prognosis and normal life expectancy. Unfortunately, the prognosis for dogs that have a malignant tumor is less promising. One study of over 200 dogs found that, on average, most survived only a couple of months post-splenectomy. Those treated with chemotherapy survived a bit longer. And early detection was the factor that had the greatest impact on longer survival rates. (4)

How to Prevent Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Unfortunately, canine spleen cancer can’t be prevented. The best thing that you can do as pet parents is try to catch it early, as removing malignant tumors before they have a chance to spread gives the best result.

Summary

Spleen cancer in dogs is relatively common. There are several types, depending on the cells involved. About 30 percent of dogs have the benign type, and 70 percent have malignant types, with most of those being hemangiosarcoma. 

Unfortunately, even with treatment, the prognosis for dogs with malignant spleen cancer is poor. Early detection (before the tumor spreads) is the best defense we have against this condition.

References

1. Spangler, W L, and P H Kass. “Pathologic factors affecting postsplenectomy survival in dogs.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine vol. 11,3 (1997): 166-71, doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00085.x.
2. Schick, Ashley R and Janet A Grimes. “Evaluation of the validity of the double two-thirds rule for diagnosing hemangiosarcoma in dogs with nontraumatic hemoperitoneum due to a ruptured splenic mass: a systematic review.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022): 1-5, doi:10.2460/javma.22.08.0389.
3. Corvera, Gloria, et al. “Pathological characterization and risk factors of splenic nodular lesions in dogs (canis lupus familiaris).” Animals, vol. 14, no. 5, 5 Mar. 2024, p. 802, doi: 10.3390/ani14050802. 
4. Wendelburg, Kristin M., et al. “Survival time of dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma treated by splenectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy: 208 cases (2001–2012).” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 247, no. 4, 15 Aug. 2015, pp. 393–403, doi: 10.2460/javma.247.4.393.

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While not always, white specks in dog poop can indicate that your dog has intestinal worms. 

Never fear! This article will help you figure out what those white specks are and more importantly, what to do if you see white stuff in dog poop.

White Stuff in Dog Poop: What to Watch For

Even though it seems gross, it is important to pay attention to the contents of your dog’s poop. If you notice weird white things, it’s time to summon the courage to take a closer look. First, note the size and shape of the white stuff. Then, consider the following:

• Are the white specks moving or not moving?
• Do the white specks look like rice or spaghetti? 
• Do the white specks look like chewed up foreign material or food?

In addition to the white specks, pay attention to whether your dog has any other signs of sickness or an upset stomach. These symptoms can include vomiting, diarrhea, low energy, pot belly, and low appetite, and all indicate the need for veterinary attention.

Why Are There White Specks in My Dog’s Poop?

White stuff in dog poop can be a variety of things, ranging from harmless to infectious, including:

• Undigested bits of food or bones
• Chewed up, undigested foreign objects, such as plastic, fabric or rocks
• Intestinal worms or worm eggs

Intestinal parasites in dogs are very common, and some types of worms are contagious to people as well. The most common types of intestinal worms in dogs are:

• Hookworms
• Roundworms
• Whipworms
• Tapeworms

Dogs typically pick these worms up from the environment: an infected animal leaves feces containing parasite eggs that contaminate the soil. When a dog comes into contact with parasite eggs, they become infected. These dogs can pass infectious eggs in their feces, as well. In addition, dogs can get certain worms by eating infected animal carcasses or ingesting an infected flea. Some worms can also pass from a mother to her unborn puppies. 

Worms in dog poop that look like rice are likely tapeworm segments, whereas spaghetti-like worms in dog poop are likely roundworms. Whipworms and hookworms are rarely noticed outside the body. 

You can protect your dog against most intestinal worms by giving them a broad-spectrum dewormer every month, such as Interceptor Plus. This chicken-flavored chew protects against five of the most common types of worms that infect dogs.

What to Do If Your Dog’s Poop Has White Spots

If you notice white specks in dog poop that may be worms, don’t panic. It’s not an emergency, but you really should get veterinary attention for your dog as soon as possible. Call your veterinarian and make an appointment. Explain to the receptionist what you noticed, when you noticed it, and any other symptoms your dog may be experiencing.

If you notice white specks in your dog’s poop but think they may be undigested food or chewed up material, and if your dog is acting otherwise normal, it is acceptable to monitor your dog to see if the problem continues. If the problem continues, or if your dog is acting sick in any way or is losing weight, see your veterinarian.

The day of your dog’s veterinary appointment, collect a fresh sample of poop from your dog and bring it with you in a sealed container. It is important that the sample is fresh because vital clues in your dog’s poop may disappear if the feces sits out too long. It is very helpful if you can actually collect the white specks or strings and bring those as well. Make sure to wear gloves and wash your hands after! If you have a compromised immune system, ask someone else to collect the sample for you. If you can’t collect the white stuff, take a picture or video and show it to your vet.

During the appointment, the veterinary care team will weigh your dog, take vitals, ask you questions about your dog’s health history, and conduct a complete physical examination. The veterinary technician will test your dog’s feces for parasite eggs, abnormal bacteria, blood, or other abnormalities.

If it turns out that your dog has worms, then deworming medication will be prescribed to eliminate the worms from your dog’s gut. Fortunately, intestinal parasites are easily treatable and there are multiple deworming medications available. The type of deworming medication required is dependent upon the type of intestinal parasites present. Your veterinarian will be your best resource to determine the right type of medication that is necessary to treat your dog. 

Treatment for intestinal parasites should eliminate the problem and also resolve any other symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss. Pet parents may notice white specks in dog poop after deworming: if you see this don’t worry, this is a part of the normal process of expelling worms. You may also not notice any worms after deworming. This is also normal — trust the process.

If your dog still has diarrhea, upset stomach, low energy or appetite, or is acting sick in any way after treatment, call your veterinarian for advice.

White Worms in Dog Poop: Prevention

The best way to deal with white specks in dog poop is to avoid them in the first place. The following are recommendations for keeping worms out of your dog:

• Pick up dog (and cat) poop regularly.
• Cover children’s sandboxes to prevent them from becoming contaminated by passing animals.
• Regularly deworm your dog. Most heartworm preventatives also protect dogs against intestinal parasites year-round. Interceptor Plus prevents heartworm disease and treats and controls adult hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and whipworm infections in dogs. 

For 360-degree parasite protection inside and out, ask your vet about using a monthly tick and flea control medication for dogs, such as Credelio. 

Although tiny white worms in dog poop are gross, with common sense and the right parasite protection, you can keep them out of your dog and out of your life. 

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Read on to learn more about nausea in dogs and how to help your nauseous dog.

Signs of Dog Nausea

Unfortunately, your dog can’t tell you that they’re nauseous. Instead, you have to rely on their body language, vocalizations, and other dog nausea symptoms to figure out that they’re not feeling their best. 

Signs of nausea in dogs include:

• Excessive lip-licking
• General restlessness
• Excessive drooling
• Whining
• Vomiting
• Pain when pressure is applied to the abdomen
• Loss of appetite or disinterest in food
• Licking the floor or other abnormal objects

Common Causes of Nausea in Dogs

Nausea in dogs has an array of potential causes, and teasing out what’s causing a dog’s nausea can sometimes be tricky. Pet parents should consult their veterinarians if they notice any symptoms of nausea in their dog. 

Causes of nausea in dogs include:

• Dietary indiscretion, which is when the dog eats something they shouldn’t
• Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract due to consumption of a foreign object, like a sock or toy
• Changing foods too quickly without a proper transition period
• Food intolerance or food allergy
• Motion sickness
• Anxiety
• Stomach ulcers
• Viral disease like parvovirus 
• Bacterial disease like salmonellosis
• Fungal disease like histoplasmosis
• Parasites like roundworms, especially in puppies
• Gastric dilatation and volvulus or GDV, which is a twisting of the stomach
• Toxin consumption, such as alcohol or antifreeze
• Pancreatitis
• Reaction to drugs like NSAIDs or chemotherapy medications
• Vaccine reaction
• Anaphylactic allergic reaction
• Kidney, liver, or gallbladder disease
• A tumor in the abdomen or within the gastrointestinal tract
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Pyometra (pus-filled uterus)

This list of dog nausea causes is by no means all-inclusive. As you can see, some of the causes would require emergency attention (like anaphylaxis or GDV) while others may not (motion sickness or changing foods too quickly). 

If your nauseous dog is vomiting multiple times, unproductively retching, lethargic, not eating, or also having diarrhea, you should contact a veterinarian right away.

At-Home Treatment for Dog Nausea

If your dog has a mild case of nausea with no other concerning symptoms, your veterinarian may speak with you about how to treat dog nausea at home. Remember to always check with your veterinarian before managing your pet at home. 

The following tips may help for at-home dog nausea treatment:

• Withhold food from your pet for around 12 hours, but do not withhold water.
• Feed a bland diet for a few days. The bland diet can be two parts boiled white rice to one part boiled chicken. Do not add any salt or seasonings and prepare in water only. Your veterinarian may provide you with a different bland diet recipe or allow you to pick up a prescription bland diet. After several days and symptom resolution, slowly transition back to your pet’s regular diet.
• When you reintroduce food, make sure to give a small meal every few hours instead of one or two large meals per day. 
• Do not give your dog any anti-nausea medications unless recommended by your veterinarian.

Anti-Nausea Medications for Dogs

Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription anti-nausea medication for dogs after ensuring your pet is well-hydrated.

Medications that provide dog nausea relief include:

Maropitant (Cerenia): This medication is one of the most common anti-nausea drugs used in dogs. It’s also commonly used for pets with motion sickness. 

Ondansetron (Zofran): This medication is used to treat vomiting and nausea in dogs.

Metoclopramide (Reglan): This medication is an antiemetic and is used to help increase motility in the intestines.

Omeprazole (Prilosec): This medication helps reduce stomach acid and may be useful for dogs who have stomach ulcers.

Famotidine (Pepcid): This medication helps reduce stomach acid more rapidly than omeprazole. It is used for more immediate relief than omeprazole.

Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine): This medication helps reduce vomiting and motion sickness. The drug meclizine has a similar function.

If your pet is experiencing an emergency, they may need specialized surgery and/or treatment in the veterinary hospital. Keep in mind that some nauseous dogs may not be willing to take medications by mouth or may vomit their medications back up. If this is the case, you may need to see your veterinarian for injectable anti-nausea drugs.

When Is Dog Nausea an Emergency

Dog nausea can be a sign of a medical or surgical emergency. If you suspect an emergency, contact your veterinarian or seek emergency medical attention right away.  

The following are signs that your dog is experiencing an emergency:

• Uncontrolled vomiting and/or diarrhea
• Unproductive retching
• Lethargy and dumpiness
• Extreme abdominal pain (yelping or attempting to bite when touched)
• Bloated abdomen
• Complete disinterest in food
• Unable to keep water down
• Collapse
• Swelling of the face or limbs
• Hives

How to Prevent Nausea in Dogs

To prevent your pet from experiencing nausea, follow these tips:

• Avoid feeding table scraps
• Get pet-proof garbage cans and cupboards
• Keep medications, cleaning supplies, and other chemicals out of your dog’s reach
• Keep your pet up to date on their vaccines and parasite preventives
• Keep mealtimes regular and feed the same food consistently
• If changing diets, do so slowly over the course of a week
• Try probiotics designed for gastrointestinal health
• Have your pet’s blood and urine testing completed at annual wellness visits to detect systemic health issues early
• Only give your pet access to toys when they’re monitored
• If your dog eats objects when outside, consider training them to tolerate a basket muzzle
• Keep tempting objects like socks or underwear off the ground
• Spay your non-breeding female dogs

Remember to contact your veterinarian first before attempting any at-home management of nausea in dogs. If you are at all concerned that your pet is experiencing an emergency, get them evaluated right away.

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Once cataracts have started, they generally can’t be stopped. Apart from blindness, cataracts can also cause other problems in the eye, including glaucoma and lens luxation, which are both painful. While medications can make these side effects of cataracts less likely, they won’t be able to prevent them entirely. 

Cataract surgery is another option for treating your dog’s cataracts. While it’s more expensive in the short term, it does save your dog’s sight — and considerably reduces the risk of these side effects from happening.

Let’s take a look at cataract surgery for dogs, what it is, and what to expect if your vet recommends your dog has their cataracts operated on.

What Is Cataract Surgery for Dogs?

Cataract surgery is a type of eye operation that removes your dog’s cataracts. We’ll delve more into what it involves in a moment. For now, let’s just say that your dog’s eyeball is opened, and the cloudy lens is removed. Some dogs will have an artificial lens inserted instead, but even without this step, their vision is improved. 

Cataract surgery restores your dog’s vision, although they may still have some visual deficits, such as long-sightedness. 

Vets usually recommend cataract surgery in dogs who are young, with a long life expectancy. Cataracts need to be recent to have the lowest chance of side effects — hyper-mature cataracts aren’t good candidates for surgery. 

Dogs need to have a reasonable temperament for cataract surgery too, thanks to an extended stay in hospital and the need to have eye drops multiple times a day for several weeks after their operation.

Alternatives to Cataract Surgery for Dogs

As mentioned earlier, cataracts can be managed, rather than treated with surgery. In canine cataract management, the eyes are monitored with regular appointments. One study showed that nearly half of canine cataracts had complications, such as uveitis or glaucoma (1). Medication is usually prescribed to treat any side effects of cataracts. 

This is a common way of dealing with canine cataracts, but it won’t treat the problem, and your dog will eventually lose their sight. Dogs can adapt really well to being blind, so this is still a commonly chosen option, especially if dogs are elderly, their diabetes isn’t stable, or they have other illnesses that mean cataract surgery is too risky. 

What Does Cataract Surgery for Dogs Involve?

The first thing to do is to make sure your dog is a candidate for cataract surgery. Your veterinarian will do a series of tests for general health and on the eyes.

Once your dog is given the go-ahead, they’ll be booked for the cataract surgery procedure. This will involve a general anesthetic, so you won’t be able to stay with them. Instead, you’ll usually drop them off in the morning, often without having had breakfast (but let your vet guide you on this, especially in diabetic patients).

Once your dog is fully asleep under the anesthetic, the eye area will be carefully cleaned to reduce the chance of infection. Your vet will then make small cuts in the cornea (the outer layer of the eye) over the lens. The lens is then broken up using high-frequency vibrations (a process called phacoemulsification) and the mushy lens is removed using suction. If your dog is receiving an artificial lens, this will be inserted next. Lastly, the cornea is sewn back together again.

Pros and Cons of Cataract Surgery for Dogs

Cataract surgery can be life-changing, especially in congenital or hereditary cataracts, since these dogs often get cataracts at a young age while otherwise healthy. Their vision will be improved, and if an artificial lens is placed, it can be almost normal, allowing them to live a normal life. 

Compared to medications, dogs who have cataract surgery are also less likely to have complications and painful secondary conditions. One study suggests medicating cataracts is four times more likely to result in failure (e.g., painful secondary diseases or euthanasia) than doing surgery (2). 

However, cataract surgery is expensive (more on this next), and not all dogs are good candidates. It’s also a specialist procedure, meaning you may have to travel to find a vet who can perform the operation. A 90 percent success rate may sound good, but it still means 1 in 10 dogs will have complications, which may mean the loss of their sight anyway. Complications can happen months or years down the road, which means your dog will need ongoing monitoring for their eyes (although this is also the case in dogs who have their cataracts managed rather than treated). Recovery from cataract surgery is also long, with dogs needing their activity restricted for four weeks, having to wear a hard plastic cone, and requiring regular medication, including eye drops multiple times a day.

Cataract Surgery for Dogs Cost

Cataract surgery is a specialist procedure, requiring highly trained vets and expensive equipment that isn’t available in all hospitals. This, coupled with the several days in hospital post-op, with trained staff applying medications several times a day, means the costs of cataract surgery in dogs are quite high. 

Pet parents can expect to spend $2,000-$5,000 for cataract surgery, with the cost varying depending on location, post-op care, follow-ups, and any complications. In some cases, both eyes can be operated on at once, reducing overall cost (compared to doing both separately) but still costing more due to increased surgical time and aftercare.

Cataract Surgery for Dogs Recovery Time

Different vets do things differently, but most will hospitalize your dog for a few days post-surgery. This allows them to carefully monitor your dog as well as give them intravenous pain relief drugs to keep them comfortable. At this point, your dog will be on a cocktail of topical eye drops, each of which will need to be applied 4-6 times a day and never at the same time as the others. By hospitalizing their patients, the vet can ensure your pup gets the right drug at the right time, and make any changes to the regimen depending on how your dog responds.

Once your dog is considered stable, it’s time to bring them home. Dogs will be discharged with careful instructions you should follow, but here’s the general gist. 

Eye drops: 2-3 medications given every 4-6 hours, usually for at least a month

Pain relief: Oral pain relief, usually given once daily

E-collar: A hard plastic collar, bigger than usual, that prevents them from walking into anything and damaging their eye as it heals

Activity restriction: For four weeks, dogs shouldn’t exercise off-leash or be allowed to jump onto the sofa, etc. 

Harness: Your dog will need a harness rather than a collar or leash that attaches to their neck. This is to avoid increased ocular pressure from neck compressions

Follow-up visits: At a minimum, your dog will need to re-visit the vet a week or so after going home, then a few weeks later. You’ll also need to visit a couple more times over the next year to check for slow-to-develop complications.

For at least a year after the operation, you’ll need to monitor your dog’s eyes for signs of complications. Redness, appearing sore, and loss of vision should all be reported to your vet immediately.

Before the surgery, it’s a good idea to put some work into training your dog with cues to help them post-op (such as “steps!” to let them know there are steps coming). You can also get them used to having their face held and eyes touched, giving them treats whenever they let you do what you need to do.

Conclusion

Cataract surgery for dogs can make a huge difference to their quality of life. However, not all dogs are suitable candidates for the surgery. As a specialist procedure, it is expensive and potentially inaccessible for many. 

If your dog develops cataracts and you’re interested in cataract surgery, talk to your vet and they can guide you.

Reference

1. Fischer, M C, and A Meyer-Lindenberg. “Progression and complications of canine cataracts for different stages of development and aetiologies.” The Journal of small animal practice, 10.1111/jsap.12910. 22 Aug. 2018, doi:10.1111/jsap.12910
2. Lim, Christine C et al. “Cataracts in 44 dogs (77 eyes): A comparison of outcomes for no treatment, topical medical management, or phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation.” The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne vol. 52,3 (2011): 283-8.

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As you swat a mosquito biting your arm or wave away a mosquito buzzing in your ear, you may find yourself wondering: do mosquitoes bite dogs? Let’s find out!

Do Mosquitoes Bite Dogs?

Yes, mosquitoes bite dogs on a regular basis. Female mosquitoes must consume blood to produce eggs. While there are some species that prefer to feed on reptiles and birds, many mosquitoes feed on mammals. Their preferred food source can include people, dogs, and other animals.   

Mosquitoes locate their animal hosts in a variety of ways. The most well-known method by which mosquitoes find their hosts is the detection of carbon dioxide, which all animals release when breathing (1). However, mosquitoes can also use other odors and oils produced by their animal hosts to locate their next meal.

Unfortunately, a thick coat does little to protect dogs against mosquitoes. Even double-coated dogs tend to have unhaired areas around their belly and groin. Therefore, these dogs are also susceptible to mosquito bites and mosquito-borne disease.

Do Dogs Get Itchy From Mosquito Bites?

Mosquito bites are notoriously itchy in people, and they can also cause itching for dogs. 

Many dogs are allergic to proteins that are found within mosquito saliva. When mosquitoes feed, they inject a small amount of this saliva to help the blood flow freely. This exposure to mosquito saliva proteins can trigger itching and inflammation in dogs who are bit by mosquitoes. 

What Do Mosquito Bites Look Like on Dogs?

Like their human companions, dogs often experience redness, swelling, and itching at the site of a mosquito bite. However, these lesions can be subtle; they may be less obvious than human mosquito bites. Bites that occur on haired areas may be especially difficult to see.

Mosquito Bites on Dogs: Risks to Know

While itching and swelling are unpleasant consequences of a mosquito bite, they pale in comparison to the risk posed by heartworm disease. 

Heartworm disease is a parasitic infection that spreads through the bite of mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites a dog, microscopic heartworm larvae are injected into the dog’s tissues. These larvae migrate through the tissues and enter the bloodstream, gradually maturing into spaghetti-like adult heartworms. Adult heartworms lodge in the vessels surrounding the heart and lungs, causing inflammation and interfering with blood circulation. Without treatment, heartworm disease can be fatal in dogs. 

Mosquitoes can also transmit other diseases, such as tularemia and West Nile virus. Fortunately, these infections are rare in dogs. However, they can be serious when they occur.  

In a dog allergic to mosquito bites, these bites can trigger a significant reaction. Affected dogs may develop hives, generalized itching, and inflammation of the skin. In some cases, dogs may scratch themselves until they damage their skin barrier, allowing a secondary bacterial infection to develop.

How to Treat Mosquito Bites on Dogs

The biggest risk associated with mosquito bites is heartworm disease. Therefore, the most important treatment for mosquito bites is to ensure that your dog is on an effective, year-round heartworm prevention. Talk to your veterinarian about the best heartworm prevention option for your dog. 
If your dog has skin inflammation caused by mosquito bites, reach out to your veterinarian for guidance. Your veterinarian may prescribe a short course of oral medication or medicated shampoo to alleviate itching. Your veterinarian may also recommend a physical exam, to check for a skin infection and other problems that may be causing skin itching and inflammation. Your veterinarian can also help you distinguish between flea bites vs. mosquito bites on dogs.

How to Prevent Mosquito Bites on Dogs

Human insect repellants, which often contain DEET, should not be used on dogs and cats. However, mosquito repellant for dogs may be helpful.  

Permethrin is an insect repellant that is safe for use in dogs. Some topical parasite control products contain permethrin, which can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites on dogs. However, permethrin is highly toxic to cats. If you have cats in your home, talk to your veterinarian before using a preventative that contains permethrin. 

The best way to prevent mosquito bites is to limit the number of mosquitoes around your home. Remove standing water that mosquitoes use for breeding, overturning pots or dishes that may collect rainwater. Use citronella candles when spending time outdoors on your patio but avoid citronella plants (which may be toxic to dogs). Essential oils can also help ward off mosquitoes, but they should not be applied directly to pets due to the risk of toxicity.   

While dawn and dusk often mean pleasant weather for dog-walking, they are also the most popular feeding time for many mosquito species. Limiting your dog’s outdoor time at dawn and dusk can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites. 

Finally, ensure that your dog is receiving year-round heartworm prevention. Heartworm disease is the most significant risk associated with dogs and mosquito bites, and it only takes a single bite for a dog to become infected. No amount of environmental control or carefully timed dog walking can completely eliminate the risk of mosquito bites, but heartworm prevention can at least eliminate the risk of heartworm disease.

Reference

Reference

1. Torgan, Carol. “How Mosquitoes Detect People.” National Institutes of Health. Dec. 2013. Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-mosquitoes-detect-people

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This scenario, while not uncommon, is enough to send a wave of panic through the heart of any pet parent. But there’s no need to fret. You’ll find the answers you need right here. We’ll explain what silica packets are if they’re toxic to your pup, what to do if your dog eats a silica packet, and more!

Are Silica Packets Toxic to Dogs

If you’re worried about silica packets, it’s not surprising. After all, they come emblazoned with the stern warning: “DO NOT EAT,” which seems a bit ominous. But the truth about their contents is less alarming than you might think. 

Silica packets contain silica gel, a chemical compound that absorbs moisture from the environment (also known as a desiccant). Silica gel can look like small beads, pellets, or crystals inside a small pouch or packet. Manufacturers include silica packets in packaging to absorb moisture that could damage their products.

In its pure form, silica gel is non-toxic to dogs. While the beads or granules absorb moisture, they do so without expanding. So if your dog were to ingest only the silica gel, they’d barely register it.   Still, this doesn’t mean silica packets pose no risk to dogs. Though it’s rare, if a dog swallows an entire silica packet (or several), they could choke. Even worse, ingesting silica packets could cause intestinal blockage, especially in smaller dogs.

Dog Ate Silica Packet: Symptoms to Watch Out For

In most cases, if your dog eats a single silica packet, they aren’t likely to have any symptoms at all. 

However, some dogs may show signs associated with airway obstruction or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation may be mild and typically include vomiting and diarrhea. 

In more serious cases, signs of airway or throat obstruction in dogs include gagging, choking, difficulty breathing, and the inability to keep food or water down. 

If a silica packet causes an intestinal blockage, symptoms would include vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and lethargy. 

If you observe any of these symptoms, it’s crucial to seek veterinary care immediately, especially if they persist or worsen.

My Dog Ate a Silica Packet: What to Do

Discovering your dog has eaten a silica packet can trigger a moment of panic. So here’s some guidance to help you create a game plan. 

Start by taking a deep breath, then calmly check your dog’s mouth to see if you can find the packet. A safe way to do this is to grasp just behind the sharp, pointy canines on the top and bottom of their mouth and gently pry them apart. This can help prevent a distressed dog from chomping on your fingers by accident. 

If you can’t find the silica packet, it’s best to assume your dog may have eaten it. 

For larger dogs who have swallowed one or two silica packets, you can start by monitoring their condition at home. Keep an eye out for any changes in their behavior or any signs of discomfort. If your dog starts showing any abnormal symptoms, give your veterinarian a call for advice on what to do next.

If you have a tiny dog, like a Yorkie or Chihuahua, and you suspect they swallowed a silica packet, take them to your veterinarian immediately for an examination. If they have, their smaller size puts them at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal obstruction. 

For dogs of any size, if you think they’ve eaten several silica packets, it’s best to bring them to your veterinarian right away. Your vet can conduct a thorough exam to assess their condition.

How to Treat a Dog That Eats a Silica Packet

Treatment recommendations for dogs who ingest silica gel packets vary depending on their size, health, and how many packets they ate. 

Many dogs will naturally pass a silica packet without any issue. In these cases, you just need to observe them to make sure they don’t show any other symptoms or signs of distress. Since silica gel and the exterior packaging aren’t toxic, there’s no need to induce vomiting. 

For dogs showing signs of mild gastrointestinal distress, veterinarians may recommend monitoring your dog at home and feeding them a bland diet. This could include boneless, skinless chicken breast and white rice prepared without any seasonings. 

If your dog has more severe symptoms, treatment may include an examination, anti-nausea medication, and anti-diarrheal medications. Your vet may recommend subcutaneous fluids (IV fluids) if your dog becomes dehydrated. 

In the rare event that a silica packet causes a gastrointestinal blockage, your dog would need surgery or endoscopy to retrieve the silica packet. 

Silica Packets and Dogs: Other Tips and Advice

No pet parent wants to deal with the stress of a sick pet. Here are some helpful strategies you can use to prevent your dog from accidentally ingesting a silica gel packet:

• Stay vigilant – Silica gel packets often hide where you least expect them. Many manufacturers package them with clothing, household goods, electronics, vitamins, medication, and even food. So keep an eye out for silica packets hiding in places that could attract a curious dog. For example, silica packets in beef jerky packaging could be dangerous because they may smell and taste just like a treat!  
• Dispose of silica packets properly – Throw silica gel packets away as soon as you find them to reduce the risk of accidental ingestion. Be sure to use pet-proof trash cans with secure lids to prevent your pup from ransacking them. 
• Spread the word – Make sure everyone in your household knows about the dangers of silica gel packets. Regularly inspect your home for hazards, much like you would for a curious puppy or toddler.

While the sight of your dog eating a silica packet can be alarming, if you understand the risks and know how to respond, you can keep your dog safe. Remember, silica gel itself isn’t toxic, but the packets can still endanger your pet’s health. 

Stay vigilant, educate your family, and keep dangerous items out of reach to prevent your dog from eating silica packets. If you ever have questions about your dog’s health or concerns about their safety, be sure to reach out to your veterinarian for guidance. 

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To make separation anxiety a bit easier to understand and hopefully correct, we will explore the nuances of separation anxiety in dogs, including its definition, causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment options. We’ll also delve into related aspects, such as prevention, home remedies, costs, and additional measures for training and managing dogs with separation anxiety.

What Is Separation Anxiety in Dogs?

Separation anxiety is a behavioral disorder where dogs experience extreme distress and fear when left alone. Dogs with separation anxiety often exhibit undesirable behaviors as a result of their emotional distress. In contrast to generalized anxiety or stress, which may occur in a variety of conditions, separation anxiety specifically manifests when a dog is away from their pet parent or a close housemate.

Separation anxiety is a relatively common behavioral condition in dogs. Some studies suggest that around 20-40 percent of dogs may experience some form of separation anxiety (1).

What Causes Separation Anxiety in Dogs?

Dogs of all breeds and ages can suffer from separation anxiety. Certain breeds are thought to be predisposed to the condition, such as the:

• Labrador Retriever
• German Shepherd
• Border Collie
• Vizsla
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
• Jack Russell Terrier
• Australian Shepherd 

The prevalence may vary among individual dogs and is influenced by factors such as the dog’s temperament, other pets in the household, and their owner’s lifestyle. Other factors such as a history of abandonment, changes in routine, or traumatic experiences can contribute to the development of this condition. Additionally, younger dogs, especially puppies, may be more susceptible to separation anxiety as they form strong attachments to their pet parents.

Signs of Separation Anxiety in Dogs

Signs of separation anxiety in dogs can vary, and each dog may exhibit a unique combination of behaviors. Some common signs include:

• Excessive vocalization: Excessive barking, whining, or howling when left alone.
• Destructive behavior: Chewing furniture, doors, or belongings, often near exits like doors or windows.
• House soiling: Accidents in the house, even if the dog is typically house-trained.
• Pacing and restlessness: Constant movement or restlessness, often observed through pacing or circling.
• Attempts to escape: Trying to escape from the home or a confined area, sometimes resulting in self-injury.
• Excessive salivation and panting: Physical signs of stress, such as drooling and heavy panting.
• Following their owner: Shadowing the pet parent around the house, unwilling to be separated.
• Refusal to eat: Lack of interest in food, especially when the owner is not present.
• Excessive greeting behavior: Overly excited and anxious behavior when the owner returns, including jumping or extreme excitement.
• Droopy ears and tucked tail: Physical signs of anxiety, such as ears pinned back or a tucked tail.

Diagnosing Dogs with Separation Anxiety

Veterinarians and professional dog behaviorists typically diagnose separation anxiety in dogs by gathering information from pet parents and ruling out other potential causes. Details used to help guide the veterinary team toward a diagnosis include:   

• The dog’s lifestyle and daily routine
• The dog’s full medical and historical background
• Descriptions of the dog’s behavior when left alone vs when others are around
• Documentation of what pet parents find upon returning home

The most valuable asset in diagnosing separation anxiety is video footage. This offers valuable insights into the dog’s reactions and behaviors in the absence of the pet parent, and helps veterinarians make a more accurate diagnosis and tailor a suitable treatment plan.

How to Treat Separation Anxiety in Dogs

Treatment for separation anxiety in dogs typically involves a multifaceted approach aimed at addressing the underlying behavioral issues and promoting a sense of comfort and security. 

Behavioral modification techniques, such as desensitization and counterconditioning, are commonly used to gradually acclimate the dog to short periods of alone time while associating positive experiences, like treats or toys, with these intervals. 

Environmental changes play a crucial role, with pet parents creating a designated safe space for their dogs equipped with familiar items and engaging toys or puzzle feeders for mental stimulation. 

Consistent positive reinforcement training and the establishment of a predictable routine contribute to reducing anxiety.

Dog Separation Anxiety Medication

In some cases, veterinarians may recommend medications to assist in managing separation anxiety. Reconcile, an FDA-approved selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and Clomicalm, a tricyclic antidepressant, are examples of medications that may be prescribed to address anxiety-related symptoms in dogs. Additionally, dietary supplements like Solliquin, containing ingredients such as L-theanine, magnolia, and phellodendron, are designed to support balanced behavior and relaxation in dogs.

Home Remedies for Separation Anxiety in Dogs

Home remedies complement professional treatment and include creating a designated safe space within the home, establishing a consistent routine, providing interactive toys for mental stimulation, and incorporating calming scents, such as lavender. It’s crucial for pet parents to work closely with their veterinarians to tailor a comprehensive treatment plan based on the specific needs of their dogs. 

Cost to Treat

While the costs associated with treating separation anxiety can vary, ranging from $200 to $1,000 or more, the investment is significant for the long-term well-being and improved quality of life for dogs experiencing this challenging condition.

Dog Separation Anxiety: Training and Management

Beyond medication, pet parents can take various proactive steps to effectively manage their dog’s separation anxiety. Implementing a combination of training, environmental adjustments, and supportive measures can significantly contribute to a more positive experience for the dog.  Some ideas include:

Separation Anxiety Training

Desensitization: Gradually expose the dog to short periods of alone time, starting with brief intervals and progressively extending them to build tolerance.

Counterconditioning: Associate positive experiences with being home alone, such as providing treats or engaging toys, to create a positive association with solitude.

Identify and Remove Anxiety Triggers

Analyze departure cues: Dogs may associate specific actions (putting on shoes, grabbing keys) with their pet parent leaving, so varying these cues can help reduce anticipatory anxiety.

Modify departure routine: Changing the routine before leaving can help make departures less predictable and, consequently, less anxiety-inducing.

Create a Safe and Comfortable Space

Designated safe zone: Set up a specific area in the home where the dog feels secure, equipped with familiar items like their bed, toys, and comforting blankets.

Calming scents: Use soothing scents, such as lavender, in the designated space to promote relaxation, or consider an Adaptil diffuser, which releases dog-appeasing pheromones that help dogs feel calm and relaxed.

Special Dog Crates or Playpens

Cozy crates: Provide a comfortable crate with soft bedding, making it a secure and inviting space for the dog, and consider a crate cover to give it a “den-like” atmosphere.

Playpens: Use playpens to give the dog a confined yet spacious area, reducing the feeling of isolation.

Interactive Toys and Puzzles

Mental stimulation: Engage the dog with interactive toys or puzzle feeders to keep them mentally stimulated and distracted during periods of separation.

Consistent Routine

Establish predictability: Dogs thrive on routine, so maintaining a consistent daily schedule can help alleviate anxiety. This includes regular feeding times, walks, and play sessions.

Positive Reinforcement

Reward calm behavior: Reinforce calm behavior by praising and rewarding the dog when they remain relaxed during departures and arrivals.

Seek Professional Guidance

Consult with a professional trainer or behaviorist: Enlist the help of a professional dog trainer or behaviorist to develop a customized training plan based on the specific needs of the dog.

By combining these strategies, pet parents can create a supportive environment that promotes a sense of security and comfort for their dogs. It’s essential to approach separation anxiety management holistically and be patient and consistent in implementing these measures over time.

Conclusion

Understanding separation anxiety in dogs, its causes, and effective management strategies empowers pet parents to provide the support and care their canine companions need. Early intervention and a holistic approach contribute to the overall well-being of dogs dealing with this challenging condition.

Related Conditions

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Noise phobias
• Aggression issues

Reference

1. Horowitz D. Separation-related behaviours in dogs and cats. In: Horowitz D., Mills D., editors. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine. BSAVA; Gloucester, UK: 2017. pp. 211–222.

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Even if your dog develops Cushing’s, there’s hope. Depending on the cause, there are surgical treatments and medications, like Vetoryl, to help manage the disease.

In this article, we will identify which dog breeds are more likely to develop Cushing’s disease. Plus, we’ll cover symptoms to watch out for and tips on how to manage the disease in your dog. 

Cushing’s Disease: What Exactly Is It?

Cushing’s disease is a hormonal imbalance also known as Cushing’s syndrome and hyperadrenocorticism. It develops when a dog’s body overproduces the hormone cortisol. 

This can happen when:

• Dogs develop a tumor on the pituitary or adrenal gland (known as “natural” Cushing’s disease) 
• Dogs experience long-term exposure to steroid medications (known as iatrogenic Cushing’s disease)

Common symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased appetite
• Weight gain
• Increased panting
• Potbellied appearance
• Recurrent skin or urinary tract infections
• Haircoat changes

Dogs Prone to Cushing’s Disease

Any dog can develop Cushing’s disease, but studies show that some dog breeds are diagnosed more frequently than others. Dog breeds prone to Cushing’s disease diagnosis include: [2, 3, 4]

• Dachshunds
• Poodles
• Bichon Frises
• Border Terriers
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Beagles
• Lhasa Apsos
• Yorkshire Terriers
• Staffordshire Bull Terriers
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Conversely, the same research shows that Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, French bulldogs, Rottweilers, and Great Danes have a lower incidence of Cushing’s disease. 

No genetic testing exists yet that can reveal whether a dog is likely to develop Cushing’s disease. But if you know your dog’s breed has a higher risk of hyperadrenocorticism, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for early warning signs or symptoms.

Can You Prevent Cushing’s Disease in Dogs?

While you may be able to prevent the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs, most cases of the disease are not preventable.

Currently, there’s no way to stop “naturally occurring” cases of Cushing’s disease, which are the most common. 

Scientists can’t tell what causes the pituitary or adrenal tumors in dogs that boost cortisol levels and lead to Cushing’s disease. The fact that certain breeds are prone to develop the disease suggests that there’s a genetic component, but not one we can control. 

However, pet parents can prevent cases of iatrogenic Cushing’s disease by limiting exposure to steroids. 

If your dog is prescribed any type of steroid medication, be sure to follow your veterinarian’s prescribing instructions closely to avoid overdosage. Use caution when administering over-the-counter steroid medications. And avoid giving your dog any type of steroid medication repeatedly or long-term, unless prescribed by a licensed veterinarian.

Additional research suggests that dogs who are middle-aged, obese, female, spayed, or neutered also face an increased risk of developing natural Cushing’s disease. [4] While you cannot prevent glandular tumors from developing in your dog, you may be able to minimize your dog’s risk of developing Cushing’s disease by:

• Feeding your dog a complete and balanced dog food
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Exercising your dog daily
• Visiting your veterinarian annually for a physical examination and routine bloodwork to detect problems early
• Talking with your vet about the right time to spay or neuter your dog

Tips for Managing Cushing’s Disease in Dogs

Though you may not be able to prevent most cases of Cushing’s disease, there’s good news for parents of at-risk breeds. You can treat Cushing’s disease, and the treatment options are generally very successful in managing or curing the condition.

If you suspect that your dog has Cushing’s disease, please consult with your veterinarian and follow their testing recommendations. These can include lab work and imaging studies to determine if your dog has the disease and what type. Your treatment options may vary depending on your dog’s diagnosis. 

In dogs with iatrogenic Cushing’s disease, symptoms tend to resolve once you discontinue the steroid medication.

For dogs with natural Cushing’s disease, pet parents can choose from two treatment options.

If your dog has adrenal tumors, a veterinary surgeon can perform an adrenalectomy to remove them. If successful, the procedure eliminates any sign of Cushing’s disease. 

In cases of pituitary-dependant Cushing’s syndrome, or when surgery is not an option, there are medications like Vetadyl that block your dog’s ability to produce cortisol. Vetadyl is the first drug approved to treat both pituitary- and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s in dogs.

Dogs who take medication for Cushing’s disease typically continue the treatment for the rest of their lives. Most dogs respond well to therapy for years after diagnosis. 

If your pet is a dog breed prone to Cushing’s syndrome, knowing about the disease and its impact can help you provide the best care for your pup. Be sure to talk with your veterinarian about any concerns at your regular checkups. And don’t hesitate to ask about testing if you recognize symptoms of Cushing’s disease in your dog — whether it’s prevalent in their breed or not!

References

1. Carotenuto, Gaia, et al. “Cushing’s syndrome-an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs.” Open veterinary journal vol. 9,1 (2019): 27-32. doi:10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5
2. Ling, G V et al. “Canine hyperadrenocorticism: pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 117 cases.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 174,11 (1979): 1211-5.
3. Reusch, Claudia E. “New Treatment Options in Canine Cushing’s Syndrome .” Veterinary Information Network, Inc, WSAVA 2002 Congress, 2002, www.vin.com/doc/?id=3846172.
4. Schofield, I., et al. “Frequency and Risk Factors for Naturally Occurring Cushing’s Syndrome in Dogs Attending UK Primary-care Practices.” Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 63, no. 4, 2022, pp. 265-274, https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13450. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024.

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In contrast, dogs are not as prone to developing cavities as we are. And flossing (something we practice for good dental health) isn’t something veterinarians recommend for dogs. These similarities and differences prompt the question: are dogs’ mouths cleaner than humans’ mouths?

To provide a clear answer, we asked veterinarians to weigh in — because understanding how our dogs’ mouths work can ultimately help us provide them with optimal dental care.

In addition to reading this article, we recommend initiating a conversation with your veterinarian about your dog’s specific oral hygiene needs.

Origins of “A Dog’s Mouth is Cleaner Than a Human’s”

Although it’s not entirely clear how this idea originated, a look back to ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations provides a clue. These societies believed in the healing properties of dog saliva, so much so that they would let dogs lick their wounds. [1]

There’s a sliver of truth to this belief. Dog saliva does indeed have antibacterial properties that fight Escherichia coli and Streptococcus canis. [2] However, it is a fact that has been exaggerated with time, says Dr. Jeremy Kimmelstiel, medical director at Bond Vet, based in New York City. “While dog saliva does contain some enzymes with potential antibacterial properties, it is not a cure-all and should not be considered a substitute for proper medical treatment.”

Dog saliva can, in fact, cause harm to humans. “Letting a dog lick your wound can lead to infection. And the bacteria in their mouth could be harmful to the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised,” [3] explains Dr. Don LeHoullier, owner of Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Jefferson, Oregon. Dogs can transmit a number of viral and bacterial diseases to humans through infected saliva, such as norovirus, Salmonella, and staph (Staphylococcus) [4].

There may be a more recent explanation for the interest in dog mouth bacteria. “I suspect that part of that belief [that dog mouths are cleaner] is from dental care not being prioritized in dog healthcare 30 to 40 years ago,” shares Dr. Amber Karwacki, a partner doctor at Heart + Paw’s Callowhill location in Philadelphia. “More recently, dental care has become a priority during annual exams, and our recommendations have changed for dental care.” (More on this in a bit!)

Facing Off: Dog Mouth vs Human Mouth 

So, let’s get into it: are dogs’ mouths cleaner than humans’ mouths? The following comparisons and contrasts provide some clarity.  

Bacteria in the Mouth

Both the human mouth and dog mouth contain roughly 600 types of bacteria each. Although the levels of bacteria are similar, scientists estimate that we share just 16.4 percent of them in common with our dogs. [5]

One we both share in common is Porphyromonas, the bacterium most linked to periodontal disease. “The difference is humans have the species P. gingivalis and dogs have the species P. gulae,” explains Dr. Karwacki.

Cavity Frequency

Did you know that dogs are less prone to cavities than humans? Given that dogs don’t get their teeth brushed as often as we do, this may seem counterintuitive. Dog saliva, however, is much less acidic than ours. Acid erodes tooth enamel (the thin, protective layer that defends against cavities and decay).

Additionally, dog teeth are spaced farther apart than ours, providing fewer opportunities for food and debris to become trapped. They also have more conical teeth with fewer pits when compared to our teeth. It also helps, of course, that dogs don’t consume as many sugary foods as we do.

Oral Hygiene

Dentists recommend that we brush and floss every day to remove plaque and debris. Similarly, veterinarians also advise pet parents to brush their dogs’ teeth daily. That’s where the similarities end, though.

Veterinarians say that flossing dog teeth — at least the way we floss using a thin string — is not a recommended practice. It’s not just that attempting to floss a dog’s teeth would likely be an exercise in futility. Dental floss can also contain xylitol (a toxin for dogs) and result in intestinal blockage if ingested.

Though it’s not a replacement for proper brushing and flossing, gargling with certain types of mouthwash can help reduce plaque in our own teeth. [6] While dogs obviously can’t gargle, “A water additive can be used in their water bowl that can help slow down tartar,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Water additives formulated for dogs help prevent (and slow) plaque accumulation with enzymes that alter the pH of dog saliva. Some of these rinses don’t have scent or taste, so your dog doesn’t even have to know. An added benefit of water additives? Fresher dog breath.

Professional Teeth Cleaning Procedures

Professional dog dental care cleanings are performed much like the ones we get at the dentist. In both procedures, similar tools (including polishers, scrapers, and scalers) are used. Additionally, “During the cleaning, radiographs are taken of the teeth to examine the tooth roots just like what would happen at a human dental office,” explains Dr. Karwacki.

The difference in procedures is that dogs need to be sedated. Anesthesia alleviates the stress and pain resulting from all that poking and prodding. It also allows the veterinary team to perform the procedure effectively without having to constantly restrain the dog.

Chewing

Research shows that in humans, chewing sugarless gum for 20 minutes after eating can help prevent decay. [7] Similarly, “for dogs, chewing on appropriate items like dental chews or hard toys can help reduce plaque and tartar buildup,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel.

Products like ORAVET® Dental Hygiene Chews provide dual protection. Manual chewing dislodges plaque, while the added delmopinol forms a barrier around the teeth to prevent plaque and tartar accumulation.

Chewing isn’t a substitute for proper oral hygiene though, veterinarians say. Proper dog dental care still consists of regular brushing and professional dental cleanings.

Avoiding Foods with Sugar

There’s a reason human dentists advise against overuse of sugary foods and beverages. [8] As we consume sugar, the bacteria in our mouths produce an acid that becomes plaque when combined with saliva. Plaque erodes the enamel that protects our teeth, which can lead to cavities.

Because sugar can also cause cavities and tooth decay in dogs, veterinarians recommend not feeding them sugary human foods, or dog foods and snacks containing too much sugar.

Are Dogs’ Mouths Cleaner Than Humans’? The Verdict from Vets

Keeping all of this in mind, what’s the final verdict?

It’s a tough comparison to make, namely because we’re different species — one of which is not actually in charge of their oral hygiene. “Each has its own unique bacteria and hygiene considerations,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel. And with an estimated 84 percent contrast in mouth bacteria, we’re susceptible to developing different types of diseases and health concerns.

This doesn’t even take into consideration novel micro-organisms that individual dogs may contract. “Dogs like to put things in their mouth, such as animal feces, which can introduce new bacteria to their mouths,” says Dr. Karwacki.

Another factor to consider is that more than 80 percent of dogs are afflicted by some degree of periodontal disease. If their mouths were truly cleaner than ours, this number would likely not be as high as it is.

So, while it’s not 100 percent proven, we suspect that a dog’s mouth is likely not cleaner than a human’s mouth.

How to Keep Your Dog’s Mouth Clean

Tending to your dog’s oral hygiene needs goes a long way in preventing dental disease and promoting overall health. Our veterinary-recommended tips can help you navigate this important aspect of your dog’s wellness plan. 

Brush Your Dog’s Teeth Regularly

Brushing a dog’s teeth is essential for removing the plaque that can eventually lead to serious dental issues. How often should you be brushing your furry friend’s teeth, though? “Daily is best, but if not possible, several times a week can be helpful,” recommends Dr. LeHoullier.

Veterinarians say it’s best to start getting your dog accustomed to a toothbrush at a young age. Because this isn’t always possible, we’ve designed a simple step-by-step guide to brushing a dog’s teeth that will help you become a pro in no time.

Though veterinarians recommend using a toothbrush designed for dogs, you may be able to get away with one designed for human babies. One thing that’s non-negotiable? The type of toothpaste you use: it should be formulated specifically for pets. Human toothpaste contains ingredients known to be toxic to dogs. 

Keep Your Dog’s Dental Cleaning and Veterinary Wellness Appointments

Schedule regular professional dental cleanings with your veterinarian to remove tartar buildup and address any underlying issues, recommends Dr. Kimmelstiel.

A test called OraStripdx detects periodontal disease in dogs (and cats) in just 10 seconds without the need for sedation. [9] The technology was introduced very recently, however, so it may not be widely used yet.

Routine veterinary wellness checkups are also important. They “allow the veterinarian to assess your dog’s oral health and address any emerging problems,” says Dr. Kimmelstiel.

Ask Your Veterinarian About Alternative Dental Cleaners

If you’ve tried everything and your dog is still unreceptive to brushing, Dr. Karwacki says dental chews can help slow down tartar buildup. “Dental water additives can also be used if the other two methods do not work.”

Though alternatives can provide some benefit, veterinarians stress that they don’t take the place of regular brushing and veterinary cleanings.

Feed Your Dog a Healthy Diet

Provide your dog with a balanced diet that promotes overall health, including dental health, recommends Dr. Kimmelstiel. “Consult with a veterinarian to determine the best diet for your dog’s specific needs.”

If needed, veterinary-prescribed dental diets are available that work to reduce buildup and improve overall dental health. Hill’s, Purina, and Royal Canin each have their own versions.

Budget for Dog Dental Care

Don’t forget to plan ahead for your dog’s dental care needs, whether through pet insurance plans, wellness plans, or financing.

References

1. “Does Dog Saliva Have Healing Powers?” (2015, October). SiOWfa15: “Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy.” Penn State. Retrieved from: https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/10/21/does-dog-saliva-have-healing-powers/
2. Hart, B., Powell, K. (1990, September). “Antibacterial Properties of Saliva: Role in Maternal Periparturient Grooming and in Licking Wounds.” Physiology & Behavior. ScienceDirect. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003193849090332X
3. Hasan, J., Hug, M. (2023, May). Pasteurella Multocida. StatPearls. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/
4. Ghasemzadeh I, Namazi SH. “Review of Bacterial and Viral Zoonotic Infections Transmitted by Dogs.” (2015) J Med Life. (Spec Iss 4):1-5. PMID: 28316698; PMCID: PMC5319273. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430685/
5. Dewhirst, F., Klein, E., etal. (2012, April). “The Canine Oral Microbiome.” PLoS One. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338629/
6. Mouth Rinse (Mouthwash). (n.d.). American Dental Association. Retrieved from https://www.ada.org/en/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse-mouthwash
7. Chewing Gum. (n.d.). MouthHealthy by the American Dental Association. Retrieved from: https://www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/chewing-gum
8. Nutrition and Oral Health (n.d.). American Dental Association. Retrieved from: https://www.ada.org/en/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/nutrition-and-oral-health
9. “New Test for Early Detection of Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats is Launched.” (2023, March). Fetch DVM360. Retrieved from: https://www.dvm360.com/view/new-test-for-early-detection-of-periodontal-disease-in-dogs-and-cats-is-launched

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You might be wondering, what color should dog pee be, anyway? Read on for more info about different dog urine colors (including a helpful dog urine color chart), and find out what’s normal – and what’s not – when it comes to dog pee.

Normal Dog Pee: What Does It Look Like?

How often do you really look at your dog’s pee? Unless your dog is having accidents in the house, you might not pay close attention. But knowing what is normal and abnormal for your dog can help you intervene sooner if your dog develops a health condition.

“By being attentive to your dog’s urine, you can potentially detect early signs of urinary tract infections, kidney problems, bladder issues, or other medical conditions,” says Dr. Nicole Savageau, a veterinarian at The Vets. “Normal dog urine is typically light yellow to amber in color.”

Erik Olstad, DVM, health sciences assistant professor at William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, adds that: “It varies for each pet, and normal dog urine, just like human urine, can vary throughout the day. That first morning urine, I’d be expecting that dog’s urine to be darker yellow than normal because it’s going to be more concentrated [since] they haven’t been drinking water throughout the night.”

The next time you take your dog for a walk, try to peek at their urine. If your dog usually goes on grass or a tree, but you’re very curious, you can try to catch a sample by carrying a small plastic food container with you and sticking it in the stream when your dog goes.

Dog Urine Color Chart

Normal and abnormal dog urine can vary in color. It can sometimes be difficult to discern the exact color of abnormal urine, but in general, any dark or cloudy color is a reason to see a veterinarian.

Changes in Dog Urine Color

Your dog’s water intake affects the color of their pee. The urine might look darker yellow than normal if your dog is dehydrated, or it may look very pale yellow or even clear if your dog had had a lot of water.

“It’s important to remember that individual factors, such as diet and medications, can influence urine color,” Dr. Savageau says. “If you notice any significant or persistent changes in urine color, it’s best to consult with a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment if necessary.”

Many of these colors can also be caused by certain dyes and medications. Contact your veterinarian for advice if you’re noticing a change in urine color but your pet is otherwise acting normal.

Light Yellow Urine

According to Dr. Savageau, normal urine color can vary slightly in healthy dogs, but it is typically a light yellow to amber color. “Adequately hydrated dogs tend to have lighter urine,” she says, adding that, “occasional color variations within the normal range are generally not a cause for concern.”

Dark Yellow Urine

Dark yellow urine in dogs is usually a sign of dehydration. When a dog is not drinking enough water, the urine becomes more concentrated and darker in color. If you notice dark yellow urine and your dog is otherwise acting normal, try offering more water to see if the urine goes back to normal. If it remains consistently dark yellow, or if your dog is acting sick, schedule a visit with your veterinarian.

Bright Yellow Urine

Bright yellow dog urine could be from certain foods or supplements. Dr. Savageau says it’s not generally cause for concern, but if you’re worried, visit your veterinarian to have your dog checked out.

Clear Urine

Clear pee is urine that has no discernable color. If this happens when your dog drinks a huge bowl of water, it could just mean that they are temporarily extra-hydrated. However, clear urine in dogs could be a sign of kidney failure, diabetes, or Cushing’s disease. Drinking too much water and peeing more than normal (polydipsia/polyuria) are common symptoms of these three conditions. If you consistently see that your dog’s urine is clear, call your veterinarian.

Black or Brown Urine

Brownish urine in dogs, or urine that is so dark that it looks black, is a sign your dog needs urgent veterinary attention. It might be caused by hemolysis (red blood cells breaking down) or rhabdomyolysis, which occurs when dogs experience profound muscle damage. The dark color in the urine is pigment from the breakdown of muscle. In addition to occurring after a prolonged seizure, “[Rhabdomyolysis] can happen in cases of heat stroke,” says Dr. Olstad. “Any time your dog’s urine doesn’t look like urine, that’s when you need to go see your vet.”

Green Urine

Green urine in dogs is rare to see. Medical conditions which could cause green urine include severe liver disease or a Pseudomonas urinary tract infection. To be safe, contact your veterinarian for an exam.

Orange Urine

Orange pee can sometimes be difficult to discern from dark yellow pee (a sign of dehydration). If your dog’s pee is orange, it could indicate “a high concentration of bilirubin, which may be a sign of liver or gallbladder problems,” Dr. Savageau says. Orange urine can also develop if your dog’s red blood cells are getting destroyed, which can occur with an autoimmune disease called immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Either way, call your veterinarian.

Red Urine

Red or pink urine might be due to a condition called hematuria, or blood in the urine. “[In dogs,] that most frequently happens in the case of UTIs or urinary stones,” according to Dr. Olstad. “In rare cases, if a dog got into an anticoagulant rat bait, the dog could bleed into their bladder.” Dark red blood in dog urine is somewhat obvious, but lighter red or pink could potentially be pigment from another problem. Male dogs may have red or pink urine if they have a prostate infection or other prostate condition. You may see blood in the urine of female dogs in estrus (heat). Although not nearly as common as UTIs or bladder stones, urinary tract cancers like transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder can cause blood in the urine, as well. Your veterinarian can perform a urinalysis to confirm the presence of red blood cells and look for other issues.

Cloudy Urine

Murky or foamy dog urine is always abnormal. “Normal dog urine should be transparent,” Dr. Savageau notes. “Cloudy or murky urine can indicate the presence of bacteria, crystals, or other substances, suggesting an infection or urinary tract issue.”

Dog Pee Colors: When to See a Veterinarian 

Pay attention to changes in your dog’s urine, including its color, clarity, volume, frequency, and smell. Contact your veterinarian if the color of your dog’s urine changes, if the urine looks cloudy or milky, if you notice an unusually overpowering or foul odor, or if your dog is going more frequently, straining to urinate, or urinating in small amounts.

If your dog’s pee is dark yellow, but they are otherwise acting normal, you can try encouraging them to drink more water. Contact your veterinarian if the pee doesn’t change to a normal light yellow.

If your dog’s urine is clear, and they are also drinking more water than usual, it could indicate impaired kidney function or an endocrine issue like diabetes or Cushing’s disease. Consult your veterinarian for a full workup, including a physical exam, urinalysis, blood work, and possibly other tests.

If you see dark urine that is any color other than yellow, seek urgent veterinary attention. Some of the causes of dark urine in dogs are extremely serious, so time is of the essence.

Dr. Olstad points out that it can be difficult to discern dark-yellow urine from other dark urine colors like brown, orange, black, or green, so err on the side of caution and get your dog to a veterinarian as quickly as you can. His rule of thumb? “If in doubt, get the pee checked out!”

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In this article, we’ll cover what a pup’s normal thirst level should be, how to tell when they’re drinking excessively, and the main causes of excessive drinking in dogs. 

Normal vs. Excessive Thirst in Dogs 

Since what’s “normal” is different for different dogs, it can be hard to tell if a dog is drinking too much. Generally, normal “maintenance” water requirements are about 50 ml of water per kilogram of body weight per day – dogs should be getting that as a minimum, although moisture in food should also be taken into account. [1] It’s also important to note that some dogs will drink more than this, which isn’t necessarily a problem.

Some of the things that influence how much a dog normally drinks include:

• Diet (amount of moisture in food and intake of salts)
• Environmental temperature and humidity (a hot day, heating, air conditioning, etc.)
• Exercise and activity level (a working dog vs. a sedentary dog)
• Size of dog (large dogs drink a higher volume than small dogs)
• Hormones (in unneutered dogs, especially females in heat)
• Nursing pups 

While larger dogs drink more water than smaller dogs in terms of volume, this is proportionate to their size. There’s no association between age, gender, or breed when it comes to the amount drunk over the course of a day, once you take the dog’s activity level and lifestyle into account.

In general, most dogs (like most humans) will drink consistently throughout the day, having a little more after a walk, when it’s hot, after they eat, or first thing in the morning. In other words, if they have free access, most dogs will visit their water bowl several times during the day, drinking “little and often;” however, it can be normal for dogs to drink less frequently if they’re sleeping or busy.

What Is Polydipsia in Dogs? 

Polydipsia in dogs simply means “excessive thirst” or “excessive drinking.” It usually goes hand-in-hand with polyuria (excessive urination), either because the dog is drinking more and peeing out the excess, or because the dog is peeing more and drinking more to keep up. 

Officially, polydipsia has a cutoff point of 100 ml per kilogram of bodyweight per day – any higher than this and a dog is definitely polydipsic and there’s something wrong. However, there’s a large “gray zone” where a dog’s water intake may be below 100 ml, yet they’re still polydipsic.

Why Is My Dog So Thirsty? 12 Causes to Consider   

Once you know what’s normal for your dog, you can be tuned in to abnormal drinking or excessive thirst. If you’ve noticed your dog drinking more, you’ll be wondering why they’re so thirsty. There are a number of serious conditions that can cause excessive thirst in dogs. Let’s look at why your dog is so thirsty in more detail.

Pyometra

Pyometra is a serious infection of the uterus in unspayed females. It causes excessive thirst, excessive urination, and vomiting. Without prompt treatment, it can be fatal. 

Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease is a complex condition where a dog produces too much cortisol (a stress hormone), usually due to a benign tumor on their adrenal gland. In addition to excessive thirst, dogs with Cushing’s will urinate more than normal, eat more than normal, and gain weight, alongside developing a pot belly. It’s managed with medication but is not curable.

Kidney Disease

In older dogs, kidney disease can develop after lots of small kidney injuries add up throughout their lives. Kidney damage can also happen quickly after exposure to toxins. Either way, the kidneys become less efficient, meaning affected dogs pass more urine than they should. They then drink more to remain hydrated. It’s not curable, but diet, medication, and lifestyle changes can support the kidneys.

Liver Disease

Dogs with liver disease may also experience excessive thirst, alongside yellow eyes and gums (jaundice), vomiting and diarrhea, or appetite changes. Unlike the kidneys, the liver can heal if given enough support and time. Medication may be needed to protect and help the healing process once the cause has been treated.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (often just called “diabetes”) in dogs happens when dogs stop producing sufficient insulin – the molecule that helps carry glucose out of the blood and into storage. This then causes a build-up of glucose in the blood, and the kidneys try to remove the excess. Sugar in the urine “draws out” the water, meaning dogs with diabetes urinate more – and they then need to drink more to keep up. Excessive thirst is one of the key symptoms of diabetes in dogs, alongside excessive urination, weight loss, and hunger. Diabetes can be managed with insulin injections.

Diabetes Insipidus

Not to be confused with diabetes mellitus, this is a very different disease. Diabetes insipidus is caused by the lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps the kidneys to concentrate urine. Without this, the kidneys produce very dilute urine, which means dogs need to drink more to keep hydrated. The main symptoms of diabetes insipidus are polydipsia and polyuria, and it’s usually diagnosed after other more common causes are ruled out. The condition can be managed but not treated.

Vomiting and/or Diarrhea

Increased fluid loss through vomiting and diarrhea will also cause excessive thirst, as dogs drink to replace what they’ve lost. The underlying cause will need to be investigated and treated.

Cancer

Some cancers cause increased thirst, usually due to changes in biochemistry in the body. This is a rare cause of polydipsia, though, so your vet will rule out the more common causes first.

Diet

A change to a dry diet may cause increased water intake, as dogs will be getting less moisture from their food. This isn’t concerning and will eventually settle down to a new normal level.

Climate

Hotter and drier climates cause increased water intake, as dogs lose water by panting. This doesn’t just relate to outdoor conditions, however: artificial heating and air conditioning can change temperatures and humidity indoors, leading to changes in water intake.

Medication

Some medications cause thirst, most notably steroids (like prednisone) or diuretics (like furosemide). If your dog has recently started new medication and is now thirsty, you can talk to your vet about whether the medication is the cause and whether there are changes that can be made to reduce this side effect.

Exercise

Exercising increases water loss, so dogs need to drink more water to rehydrate. This is coupled with the fact that most dogs don’t get the opportunity to drink while exercising. It’s normal for dogs to drink more if they’ve been exercising, whether it’s a long hike or a quick run around. 

Increased Thirst in Dogs: When to Worry

Generally, temporary increased thirst is not a concern, especially if there’s an obvious cause. If your dog drinks more because they ran out of water and you’ve just filled it up, they have been for a run, or it’s a hot day and they fell asleep in the sun, that’s okay. But if the thirst lasts more than a day or two, it’s time to consider a vet visit. 

If there’s no emergency (see below), it can be helpful to measure their water intake over a 24-hour period. You can do this by filling a large bowl with a known amount of water, then measuring what’s left 24 hours later. This is useful information for your veterinarian as it can help to work out whether a dog is definitely polydipsic or just drinking a bit more.

You should book a vet visit if you notice other symptoms such as:

• Urinating more, or having accidents in the house
• Vomiting or diarrhea (especially if they aren’t keeping food down)
• Weight changes

In addition, you should find an emergency clinic if your dog is:

• Panting or struggling to breathe
• Overheated (heat exhaustion)
• Collapsed
• Unneutered and had a season in the last couple of months
• Passing blood or pus

How to Prevent Excessive Thirst in Dogs

Remember: like us, dogs need to stay hydrated. That means they should have access to water at all times. Restricting their water is not a good way to prevent dogs from drinking too much or peeing in the house, and you should instead find a veterinarian to get to the bottom of the problem. If your dog is on medication, talk to your veterinarian before restricting water.

While you’re waiting for an assessment, make sure your dog is getting plenty of water. Switching to wet food (or adding water to their dry food), providing several large water bowls around the house, or trying a water fountain may be good options. 

Dog Drinking Too Much Water? What to Do

It’s possible for dogs to drink so much water in a short space of time that they get “‘water poisoning” or “water intoxication,” which is rare but can be fatal. This is usually the case for dogs who play with garden hoses or in wading pools or open water as a way to stay cool – especially if they’re smaller breeds and spend longer than 15 minutes in the water at a time. Symptoms include appearing drunk, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and glazed eyes. This is an emergency, so you’ll need to get to your nearest veterinary clinic immediately. 

Excepting this scenario, dogs don’t tend to drink too much water and will urinate out anything extra. Some people worry that their dog is drinking excessive water and urinating in the house, but remember, drinking too much is a symptom, not the cause of the excessive urination. This is why it’s important that you don’t restrict water in dogs, even if it seems to be going straight through them.

Dog Drinking a Lot of Water: FAQs

Why does my dog throw up after drinking water?

Some dogs will drink a lot of water in one go, then throw up – possibly because of the sheer volume of water in their stomach. This isn’t too concerning as long as it’s occasional, but you should ensure that your dog can keep down water – if they’re unable to do so, you need to visit the vet urgently. 

If you find your dog vomiting after drinking water only occasionally, you can try to encourage them to drink more frequently so they don’t take in as much in one go – multiple bowls around the house and wetter food are two good options.

Why is my dog drinking more water than usual in winter?

If it’s winter and you notice your dog drinking lots of water suddenly, there are a couple of possible causes. If there’s been no recent change to diet, exercise, or indoor heating, you should consider measuring their water intake and calling your vet for advice. Many of the diseases that cause excessive thirst are treated more easily if caught early.

Do dogs drink a lot of water before they die?

Drinking water isn’t a sign of impending death, but many of the causes of excessive thirst can be fatal if not treated. It’s best to get excessive drinking checked out by your vet as soon as you see symptoms so your pet can get the treatment they need.

Reference:
Schoeman, Johan P. “Approach to Polyuria and Polydipsia in the Dog.” (2008) Veterinary Information Network. Retrieved from: https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3866513&pid=11268

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What Is a Seroma?

In dogs, a seroma is a fluid-filled lump that most commonly forms at or near the site of a surgical incision. These swellings contain serous fluid, which is a clear to yellow fluid that is slightly thicker than water. Serous fluid is made of blood plasma and inflammatory cells but doesn’t include actual blood.

It’s normal for healing wounds to have a small amount of serous discharge. When there is dead space (open space between tissue planes) or pocketing in a surgical wound, the serous fluid can accumulate and form a seroma.

Depending on how fluid-filled they are, seromas can feel soft to firm. Squeezing or poking a seroma sometimes feels like squeezing or poking a water balloon. Other fluid-filled lumps like hematomas or abscesses often feel similar, but hematomas contain blood and abscesses contain pus.

Causes of Seromas in Dogs

Formation of a seroma in dogs post surgery is relatively common. Reports vary, but one study showed that 18 percent of dogs developed a seroma after placement of closed suction drains in clean surgical wounds. [1] 

Most post-surgery seromas in dogs appear typically within about seven to 10 days after. Surgical factors can contribute to seroma formation, such as if the surgeon leaves dead space when closing the incision or excessive dissection between tissue planes during the surgery. The dead space or pocketing can lead to serous fluid accumulation. 

Seromas often develop when incisions are in high-motion areas of the body or on the underside of your pet. Seromas can also develop in dogs who aren’t adequately rested after surgery. Dogs with surgical incisions should usually have activity restriction for at least 10 days, which means no roughhousing, jumping around, or running. Your dog should be leash-walked after surgery. 

Because spay surgery is common, with an incision on the dog’s belly, formation of a seroma after this type of surgery is one of the most common seroma presentations at veterinary clinics. 

Seromas can also develop with non-surgical wounds. Examples include traumatic wounds (like from getting hit by a car) or puncture wounds. Like surgical wounds, dead space within these wounds may result in fluid accumulation, causing a seroma.

A dog of any breed or age group can develop a seroma. Highly active dogs, dogs with large incisions, dogs who have incisions in high motion areas, and recently spayed female dogs are more likely to develop seromas.

Symptoms of Seromas in Dogs

A visible, fluid-filled lump near a recent incision is the main symptom, but other symptoms to be aware of can include:

• No pain when touched
• Serous drainage from the associated incision or wound
• Slight skin redness (Seromas don’t usually cause the level of inflammation seen with abscesses or bruising sometimes seen with hematomas.)

Diagnosing Seromas in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has developed a seroma after spay surgery or another procedure, it’s a good idea to have the surgery site checked out by your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian will usually be highly suspicious of a seroma just by knowing your dog had a recent surgery or injury and feeling the lump. Their suspicions can be confirmed by placing a needle into the lump and removing fluid. If serous fluid is removed, it’s likely to be diagnosed as a seroma.

In some cases, the veterinarian may look at the fluid under a microscope to rule out infection. If the veterinarian is concerned that there may be a hernia, they may recommend an X-ray of the area or an ultrasound of the bump prior to placing a needle in to ensure that the swelling is just fluid and not organs. 

How to Treat Seromas in Dogs

In many cases, seroma treatment in dogs simply requires patience and monitoring on your part. A lot of seromas resolve on their own over time. The body’s resorption of the seroma may take several weeks. 

If you and your veterinarian determine that waiting to see if the body handles the seroma on its own is the best option, your veterinarian may recommend placing a heat pack on the seroma for 10 to 15 minutes several times per day. The heat will encourage the vessels to dilate, which can encourage fluid resorption. 

Your pet should be activity restricted while you’re monitoring the seroma. Again, activity restriction in dogs generally means no rough play, no jumping or running, and short leash-walks only, though your veterinarian may have additional activity restriction recommendations.

If the seroma is particularly large or bothersome to your pet, the veterinarian may recommend draining the fluid. Unfortunately, a lot of seromas will refill after a one-time draining.

For particularly pesky seromas that don’t want to resolve, the veterinarian may recommend placing a temporary drain that removes fluid or undergoing a revision surgery to tack down dead space. 

Some seromas can become infected and lead to abscess development, so your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics, such as cephalexin, to prevent infection.

How to Prevent Seromas in Dogs

Preventing surgical seromas is a joint effort. Your veterinarian works to prevent seromas in tacking down dead space during your pet’s surgery, and you work to prevent seromas by following your veterinarian’s activity restriction recommendations. 

However, in some cases, despite everyone’s best efforts, a seroma still develops. Very rarely are seromas dangerous in dogs, and luckily, they’re usually easy to manage with time and patience. 

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Not only are nail injuries quite painful for dogs, but bleeding nails can also cause a mess in your home. Let’s review common causes of dog nail bleeding, what pet parents can do to stop the bleeding, when veterinary care is necessary, and how to prevent it.

Causes of Dog Nail Bleeding

There are several accidents and injuries that can cause nail bleeding in dogs.

The most common causes include:

Trimming too short

Accidently cutting your dog’s nails too short can cause major bleeding. That’s because the meaty inside of the nail, known as the quick, houses the nail’s nerves and blood supply. Due to its vast nerve and blood flow, the quick is incredibly painful when cut, and it bleeds quite a bit.

Torn, cracked, or broken nails

Dog nails can easily become snagged during play or exercise. Therefore, torn, cracked, or broken nails are common in highly active dogs. Dogs with overgrown nails are also at a higher risk of torn, cracked, or broken nails. When a dog nail is damaged, the quick of the nail is often left exposed, again resulting in bleeding and pain.  

Ingrown nails

When dog nails become overgrown, they can begin to grow into the flesh of the toe due to their natural curvature. This is most often seen in dogs with long coats, which can hide overgrown nails. As the nail grows into the pad, it can cause pain, bleeding, and infection. 

Infected nails

A dog nail infection can be common in canines who chew at their feet regularly. These are usually bacterial infections, but they can sometimes be fungal. Pet parents might notice their dog is licking the area more than normal, smell a foul odor near their pet, or even see pus in the hair around the affected toe. Infected dog nails can bleed due to the inflammation occurring secondary to the infection.

Autoimmune disorders

Certain canine autoimmune disorders, like pemphigus, can cause a dog’s nails to be weakened. Weakened or brittle nails are more likely to split or crack and leave the quick exposed and bleeding. 

How to Stop Dog Nail Bleeding

Fortunately, most nail bleeding is minor and can be easily treated at home by following these steps:

Step 1: Remain calm

The first thing to do is relax and soothe your dog, who is likely startled, especially if you trimmed the nail too short. Calming yourself and your dog down will make treatment easier for both of you and help prevent a bloody mess. 

Step 2: Recruit help

If possible, have somebody help you restrain your dog, as your dog likely doesn’t want you near their painful toe, which can make tending to the wound difficult. 

Step 3: Apply pressure

Grab a clean cloth, wrap it around the nail, and apply pressure to the wound for at least 60 consecutive seconds. This will help slow the bleeding, if not stop it altogether.

Step 4: Use styptic powder

Gently remove the cloth and quickly apply styptic powder or a styptic pen to the bleeding part of the nail. This powder, which can be found at most pet stores, constricts the blood vessels to stop bleeding and also has a pain-relieving component. If you don’t have styptic powder at home, cornstarch or baking flour can also be used to stop dog nail bleeding.

Step 5: Repeat

If the powder did not stop the bleeding, repeat steps 3 and 4 a few more times.

Step 6: Clean the nail

Once the bleeding has stopped, use gentle antibacterial soap and warm water to clean away the dried blood and help prevent infection. 

Step 7: Bandage

If the bleeding continues, a temporary bandage can be applied at home, but it should not be left on for longer than a few hours. Improperly placed bandages can result in severe loss of blood flow to the limb, causing extreme tissue and nerve damage. 

Step 8: Reduce activity

Limit your dog’s activity for the next 12 to 24 hours. Exercise can increase blood pressure and disturb the clot, causing the bleeding to restart.

Dog Nail Injuries: When to See a Vet

Dog nail bleeding should stop within a few minutes. If it persists or requires a bandage to control, a veterinary visit is necessary. Other signs your dog should see the veterinarian after a bleeding nail incident include:

• Limping
• Excessive licking
• Swelling or warmth around the toe
• Yellow, green, or white discharge from the nail
• Yelping or flinching when you touch the affected limb

How to Prevent Dog Nail Bleeding

The best way to prevent nail bleeding is to regularly trim the nails. Some dogs will need their nails trimmed more frequently than others, depending on how quickly their nails grow. When the nails are kept short, they are far less likely to become broken, cracked, and torn. Additionally, regular nail trimming will keep your dog’s quicks short, which will help prevent you from accidentally cutting them. 

Using a dremel (electric nail file) to shorten your dog’s nails is a great way to prevent dog nail bleeding. You’re less likely to damage the quick using a dremel since it is essentially filing the nail, as opposed to cutting it.

Some dogs are very frightened of having their nails trimmed, likely because they’ve had their quick cut in the past, and it can be painful and traumatic. If your dog is very wiggly or fearful when you try to cut their nails, it’s best to take them to a professional groomer or a veterinary clinic.

Unfortunately, your dog may wind up with a bleeding nail no matter what you do. Luckily, using what you’ve learned in this article, you will be prepared to handle the situation efficiently and effectively.

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While these symptoms should be taken seriously and always prompt a visit to your veterinarian, it’s also important not to panic, as there are a variety of causes that are readily treatable. Read on for everything you need to know if your dog is straining to pee.

Urinary Frequency in Dogs: What’s Normal?

The urinary system’s role is to filter and remove things that the body doesn’t need, and these are all excreted in the form of urine. 

The body parts involved include:

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra

The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder, and the urethra connects the bladder to the outside world. When a dog is straining to urinate and going in small and frequent amounts, it most commonly involves a problem in the lower part of the urinary system like the bladder or urethra.

Normal urinary frequency in dogs varies a bit based on their age, size, and how much water they drink. There are also behavioral differences, such as marking behavior in dogs who are not neutered. It’s important to know an individual dog’s baseline level of urination so that deviations from their “normal” can be recognized. 

Adult dogs who are potty trained will typically urinate three to four times per day. [1] They typically urinate first thing in the morning, then every four to eight hours thereafter, and they can often hold it overnight. 

Puppies take time to develop this level of bladder control and also to learn potty training. As such, they can’t hold their pee very long at first. By the time puppies are old enough to come home with their new family and are weaned, they typically will urinate eight to 10 times daily. [1] This will gradually decrease in frequency as they age. 

It is also helpful to understand how much urine an average dog makes to have a better understanding of how much urine should be coming out each time. The normal amount of urine made is 1 to 2 milliliters per kilogram of body weight, per hour. That means that for every 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) of a dog’s body weight, they will make about 4.5 to 9 milliliters of urine per hour, which roughly equals 1 to 2 teaspoons. 

The amount that a dog urinates at any given time will depend on how long they have been holding it. For example, a 10-pound dog should urinate approximately 6 to 12 teaspoons every six hours. 

Dog Straining to Pee: What Does it Look Like?

Pet owners often report that their dogs are urinating more frequently (pollakiuria), dribbling small amounts of urine in multiple spots, and spending a longer time trying to get the urine out. The stream of urine may appear slower or thinner than normal, and sometimes even drop by drop if their bladder is already empty. 

Straining to urinate slowly and painfully is called stranguria, while difficult and painful urination is called dysuria. Sometimes pet owners mistake these symptoms as a pet appearing constipated because of the visible straining they observe. Dogs with these symptoms often seem uncomfortable, and it is not uncommon to see small amounts of blood in the urine (pink or red-tinged pee) because of inflammation or irritation along the urinary tract. Dogs may also have accidents in the house, despite being potty trained, because they have the urge to pee much more frequently. 

When a more serious structural cause is present, such as a bladder stone or tumor, symptoms may progress to the point that no urine can pass (urinary obstruction or blockage). This can come on gradually or be a very sudden change, and these dogs will often be repeatedly straining without any pee coming out. 

Partial blockages where very little urine can pass are also serious and may be harder to distinguish from a simple bladder infection. The key difference is that with a bladder infection, dogs are still passing normal amounts of urine collectively — it’s just split up into smaller, more frequent amounts. As such, you may observe only drops of urine at times if your dog has recently already urinated. With a partial or complete blockage, little to no urine is passed each time the dog tries to urinate, despite not having urinated anything recently. 

Dogs with a urinary obstruction will also often progress to developing serious systemic symptoms within a day if left untreated. These symptoms can include: 

• Increasing pain and distress
• Very lethargic
• Not eating
• Vomiting

This is due to the effects of urine and toxins building up in the body causing problems with the kidneys and electrolytes. The belly may even start to become distended as the bladder enlarges. 

Causes of a Dog Straining to Pee

A variety of different causes that range in severity can produce similar symptoms: straining to urinate, urinating in small and frequent amounts, and blood in the urine. As such, it is not possible to definitively know the cause from symptoms alone. Below are examples of some conditions that can cause these symptoms in dogs: 

Urinary tract infection (UTI)/bladder infection 

A UTI is a result of bacteria growing along the urinary tract (typically the bladder or urethra). This is the most common cause of these symptoms in dogs. 

Urinary crystals and/or bladder stones (uroliths)

Accumulation of minerals in the urine can form crystals or bladder stones. What may have started out as microscopic crystals or mild sand-like debris can develop into quite large rock-like stones that can fill up the entire bladder. There are different types of crystals and bladder stones and various causes that contribute to them. This can include chronic urinary tract infections, genetics, and diet, among others. Struvite and calcium oxalate are the most common types of bladder stones in dogs. 

Prostate enlargement (male dogs only)

All male dogs have a prostate gland near the bladder. If the prostate becomes enlarged, it can put pressure on the urethra and cause straining to urinate. Inflammation of the prostate can be due to hormones in a dog who is not neutered. Less commonly, it can stem from an infection or tumor in the prostate in any male dog, regardless of if they are neutered. 

Tumor or growth along the urinary tract

A growth can be a non-cancerous polyp in the bladder, or it can be a cancerous tumor anywhere along the urinary tract (most common in the bladder). If a cancerous growth is present, the most likely cause is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Luckily, this is less common than urinary tract infections and bladder stones. 

What to Do if Your Dog Is Straining to Pee

All dogs who are straining to pee should see a veterinarian. While many of these cases are due to a simple bladder infection that is easily treatable, others are more serious and require emergency care. As long as a dog is still passing urine and is feeling well otherwise, they can often wait to see their regular veterinarian during normal business hours. In the meantime, ensure they have access to plenty of fresh water to encourage them to stay well hydrated. 

You may be wondering when you should be concerned about a more serious cause. The biggest thing to monitor for are signs of a dangerous urinary blockage, which means that a dog cannot pee because something is physically blocking the flow of urine. 

To recap, the biggest red flag for a urinary blockage is when a dog keeps trying to pee and little to nothing comes out. These dogs may also have systemic symptoms such as lethargy, vomiting, or not eating. This scenario should prompt an immediate visit to a veterinarian or 24-hour emergency hospital. 

Treating a Dog Who Is Straining to Pee

When discussing treatment options for a dog who is straining to pee, it’s important to remember that straining to pee is merely a symptom of an underlying problem. As such, finding out the cause and treatment specific to that condition will help to alleviate the symptoms. 

A veterinarian will likely use a combination of reviewing the dog’s medical history, a thorough physical examination (including feeling the bladder size), and testing to help determine the cause. Testing often includes analyzing a urine sample for abnormalities. 

If an infection is suspected, a urine culture may be recommended to know the type of bacteria and best antibiotic to treat it. X-rays or an ultrasound of the bladder may be recommended in cases where bladder stones or tumors should be ruled out. Blood testing is sometimes also recommended to look at the dog’s kidney health and electrolytes. 

Finding the cause will help determine the best treatment specific to that condition. The treatment plan depends on a dog’s specific underlying cause of urinary trouble and may include:

• Antibiotics for a UTI
• Prescription urinary diets to dissolve bladder stones
• Surgery to remove bladder stones
• Laser lithotripsy to break up bladder stones (uncommon)
• A procedure to push the stones from the urethra back into the bladder (retrograde urohydropropulsion)
• Urinary catheter to bypass a blockage (like a tumor) while other treatments are being explored
• Medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Piroxicam, to help control pain and inflammation from bladder/urinary tract cancer
• Surgery and chemotherapy to treat cancer 
• Targeted treatment for prostate inflammation

The prognosis will also vary depending on the cause, the severity, and whether your dog has other medical issues.

Preventing Strained Urination in Dogs

While it’s not always possible to prevent the issues that can cause strained urination in dogs, there are things that you can do to help lower the risk. 

Here are some proactive steps to take:

• Keeping your dog at a healthy weight
• Ensuring your dog has access to clean, fresh water
• Going on regular walks so your dog can empty their bladder
• Feeding a therapeutic diet if your dog has a history of urinary crystals or bladder stones

References: 

1. Youngerman, C, “House-training your puppy.” UC Davis Veterinary Medicine. (2019 April) Retrieved from: https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/canine/house-training-your-puppy

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Dog Pinched Nerve: What is it?

So, what is a pinched nerve? Well, the name is a little misleading, as “pinched nerves” in dogs are not quite the same as “pinched nerves” in humans. In humans, a pinched nerve refers to inflammation or pressure on the nerve root as it leaves the spine. This doesn’t often happen in dogs, but dogs get very similar symptoms from pressure on the spinal cord itself, leading to the common name being applied, even though it’s not quite correct.

What’s usually happening when a dog gets a pinched nerve is that something is pressing on the spinal cord. The cord runs inside the spine, protected on all sides by each spine bone (vertebra). But between each vertebra is a disc of cartilage (vertebral discs) that cushions the bones and helps them move together comfortably. This cartilage is a weak spot, and the most common cause of dog pinched nerves is this cartilage bulging or bursting, therefore bruising or squashing the spinal cord. Other causes of pinched nerves include tumors in the spine or blood clots affecting the spinal cord, but these are relatively rare. 

What Causes a Pinched Nerve in Dogs?

As discussed, a pinched nerve is a non-specific name, not a diagnosis, so it can mean several things to different pet parents. 

We’ve listed the most common causes of pinched nerve symptoms in dogs here:

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

The most common cause of a pinched nerve in a dog’s back is intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), which accounts for 74% of sudden back pain in dogs, although it can also occur in the neck. [1] While all breeds can be affected by IVDD, this disease is more common in certain breeds, such as Dachshunds and Basset Hounds. This is because they have genes that cause poor cartilage (chondrodystrophy), which helps form their petite stature. Unfortunately, it makes them more prone to IVDD. 

As it’s a degenerative condition, IVDD is more likely to occur as a dog gets older. It’s rare for dogs under 2 to have this condition. Excess weight can exacerbate the condition, and certain types of exercise (like jumping) are thought to make it more likely. The lower back is the most common site for this issue.

There are two main types of IVDD, called Hansen Type I and Hansen Type II. Hansen Type I is when your dog’s discs bulge, causing a “slipped disc,” while Hansen Type II happens when the disc bursts, ejecting the thick inner jelly into the spinal canal. The symptoms are very similar with both types, and either can look like a pinched nerve.

Fibrocartilaginous embolism

In fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), blood flow to part of the spine is prevented due to a blockage in the blood vessels. This blockage is “fibrocartilaginous” – it’s made of material similar to that of the intervertebral discs. FCE is acutely painful and can look like a dog has a pinched nerve. Unlike IVDD, it’s more likely in large or giant breeds who do not have chondrodystrophy. 

Spinal tumors

Tumors of the spinal cord or spinal bones can cause dog pinched nerve symptoms. These are thankfully very rare. The symptoms are exactly like those of IVDD and other causes of spinal pain, so tumors would only be diagnosed with advanced imaging.

7 Symptoms of a Pinched Nerve in Dogs

If your dog develops signs of a pinched nerve, it’s essential you take them straight to the veterinarian. Here are some of the symptoms of a pinched nerve in dogs you should be on the lookout for:

Crouching or appearing stiff

Depending on whether the problem is in your dog’s neck or back will change exactly what this looks like, but dogs with nerve pain have a very stiff posture and will be hunched, trying to protect the painful area.

Unwilling to sit down or lift head

With a pinched nerve in a dog’s neck, symptoms can include holding their head low and being unwilling to lift it. If it’s in their back, they’ll be unwilling to do the stairs or sit down and may have difficulty pooping as they can’t hold the position comfortably.

Unsteady “drunken” walking or stumbling on feet

Unsteady walking, as though drunk, is a sign that dogs don’t have full control of their legs and can be a sign of a pinched nerve. Dogs may also be seen stumbling over their feet.

Weakness in limbs/dragging

When the disc problem or FCE affects the lower spine, you’ll see signs of nerve damage in your dog’s back legs. These symptoms may include weakness, their feet folding over (“knuckling”), or dragging one or both limbs due to the dog’s back legs not working. The worse the paralysis, the more urgent the problem; complete non-weight-bearing on the hind limbs is a severe sign and will usually require urgent surgery to correct.

Extreme pain

Owners often report hearing a yelp when a dog gets an FCE or IVDD. However, if you don’t witness the incident, you may not detect a yelp, so don’t rule out a dog pinched nerve if you don’t hear anything. Dogs will also show other signs of pain like panting or being aggressive when the area is touched.

Dribbling urine or unable to urinate

Being unable to urinate is another severe sign of pinched nerves in dogs. Some dogs will have an “overflow dribble,” which isn’t in their control. This is usually coupled with complete paralysis of the back legs and suggests that urgent intervention is needed.

Panting, shivering, hiding, or clinginess

Dogs with pinched nerve symptoms caused by IVDD or FCE are often anxious, as they’re in pain and nervous about being debilitated. Signs of stress and anxiety, along with any of the symptoms above, should be taken seriously.

When to See a Veterinarian

When a dog has pinched nerve symptoms, you should schedule a same-day visit with your veterinarian (the sooner, the better). If you can’t get an urgent appointment with your usual veterinarian, you should call the nearest open emergency clinic and see whether you can get an appointment there. Your dog will need pain relief and an examination; in some cases, they may also need a referral for advanced imaging (such as an MRI) and surgery to reduce the compression on the spinal cord.

Dogs with pinched nerve symptoms should see a veterinarian as soon as possible, as they are extremely painful. Some problems, especially IVDD, can also get worse if not treated. While dogs that are treated quickly can make a long-term recovery, those that are ignored can have lasting nerve damage resulting in euthanasia. 

Dog Pinched Nerve Relief: How to Help

Again, the most important thing you can do for your dog with a pinched nerve is take them straight to a veterinarian. Because dog pinched nerve symptoms can have a few causes, you’ll need to get a diagnosis before you can attempt any home treatment for dog pinched nerves. 

When your veterinarian gives you the go ahead to take your dog home, they’ll also give you home care advice. This may include keeping them confined to a crate for days to weeks to allow a full recovery or helping them urinate by expressing their bladder if they can’t do this themselves.

You’ll also need to give pain relief medications as directed. Most dogs will have several medications to help with pain. These may include sedatives like gabapentin and trazodone or different NSAIDs for dogs.

Additionally, you can ask your vet about whether the following will help:

• Hydrotherapy, physiotherapy
• Heat or cold therapy (i.e ice packs or warmed packs)
• A diet to help reduce weight

Home Remedies Are Not Recommended

There are no specific home remedies that are safe to recommend for dog pinched nerve signs, as the exact cause and severity make each case unique. Instead, you should follow your veterinarian’s advice carefully and discuss your dog’s case with them.

A lot of people ask about massage for dogs with pinched nerves. You shouldn’t try massaging as relief for pinched nerves in a dog. This is because these dogs are usually in major pain, so touching the area may cause them to lash out. In addition, it’s unlikely to work since dogs don’t get the same “pinched nerves” as humans do. Their problem is usually right inside their spine, where your massage can’t reach.

Because there’s no way to tell the exact cause of your dog’s spinal pain without imaging, and they’re usually in severe pain, don’t try any remedies at home before calling the vet. Urgent veterinary care is the best way to ensure your dog’s nerves recover so they can get back to being their usual crazy selves!

Reference:

Olby, Natasha J et al. “Prognostic Factors in Canine Acute Intervertebral Disc Disease.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Vol. 7 596059. 26 Nov. 2020, doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.596059

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Dogs with sepsis quickly become very ill, needing immediate and intense veterinary care.

If your dog is showing any signs of sepsis, act quickly to get them the care they urgently need and give them the best possible chance of survival and recovery.

What Is Sepsis?

Sepsis, also known as septicemia or blood poisoning, is a blood infection. It is part of a spectrum of medical conditions that develop when a microorganism – usually bacteria – enters the bloodstream. 

The spectrum begins with bacteremia, the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Under normal circumstances, the bacteria are removed from the blood when the blood passes through the liver, and no illness occurs.

Bacteremia progresses to sepsis if the liver cannot remove the bacteria from the blood. These bacteria remain in the blood and release toxins, triggering a severe inflammatory response (sepsis).

Without immediate and aggressive treatment, sepsis can progress to septic shock. Septic shock in dogs leads to multi-organ failure, and survival is unlikely.

Causes of Sepsis in Dogs

Bacteria most commonly cause sepsis, but any microorganism, such as viruses and parasites, can enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis. 

Bacteria or other microorganisms can enter the blood from a skin wound or another site in the body. Here are the most common sites of initial infection for sepsis in dogs, along with some examples of diseases in these locations that can lead to sepsis:

• Skin wounds
• Gastrointestinal tract: parvovirus, colitis (inflammation of the colon)
• Respiratory tract: pneumonia
• Oral cavity: periodontal disease
• Urinary tract: bladder infection, pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys)
• Reproductive tract: pyometra (infection of the uterus)

Dogs with weak immune systems – such as very young or old dogs – have an increased risk of sepsis because their immune systems are not strong enough to fight off infections. Dogs receiving cancer treatment or taking steroids may also have weak immune systems.

Symptoms of Sepsis in Dogs

Sepsis makes dogs seriously ill. Symptoms of sepsis can vary according to the site of initial infection. Here are some symptoms to look for:

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Shaking
• Chills
• Weakness
• Confusion
• Anorexia
• Collapse
• Lethargy
• Rapid, difficult breathing

Diagnosing Dog Sepsis

Diagnosing sepsis in dogs should be done soon after the onset of symptoms so treatment can begin as quickly as possible. 

Diagnosis begins with a thorough history and physical examination. Your veterinarian will ask you about your dog’s medication history and any recent experiences with trauma or surgery, among other questions.

Your veterinarian will assess your dog from head to toe during the physical exam. Low blood pressure, a sudden high fever, and a rapid heartbeat are common physical exam findings in dogs with sepsis. 

Diagnostic testing for sepsis can be extensive, given that sepsis is so widespread. Your veterinarian will perform basic laboratory work, including bloodwork and a urinalysis. Blood work reveals an increased white blood cell count, indicating infection. A high white blood cell count in the urine indicates an infection in the urinary tract.

Imaging tests, such as X-rays and ultrasound, can provide additional clues regarding where the initial infection started.

An electrocardiogram may be performed to evaluate your dog’s heart for abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

Blood cultures look for bacteria in the blood. However, bacteria may not grow in culture, and results take at least several days. Because sepsis is a medical emergency, your veterinarian will begin treating your dog before blood culture results are available.

How to Treat Sepsis in Dogs

Treatment for sepsis must be immediate and aggressive to eliminate the initial infection and prevent septic shock. Dogs with sepsis are hospitalized for at least several days.

Antibiotic treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics begins immediately. Broad-spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria. When the blood culture results are available, your veterinarian may need to adjust the antibiotic regimen to target the specific bacteria identified in the blood culture.

Other treatments for sepsis in dogs are listed below:

• Intravenous fluids
• Nutritional support
• Oxygen supplementation
• Medications to improve blood pressure
• Medications to relieve nausea and vomiting
• Surgery

Surgery may be needed to eliminate the source of infection. For example, if your dog’s intestines have ruptured, surgery would be necessary to remove the section of damaged intestines.

Dogs with sepsis do not have a good prognosis. Despite treatment, the survival rate for sepsis in dogs is about 50%. [1] That percentage is even lower for dogs in septic shock.

Dogs that survive sepsis and are discharged from the hospital may have permanent organ damage and require lifelong therapy for continued survival.

How to Prevent Sepsis in Dogs

Routine veterinary care, early treatment of infection, and proper wound care help prevent sepsis in dogs. Routine veterinary care will help your veterinarian detect an infection early and begin the appropriate treatment to prevent progression to sepsis.

Proper wound care will help prevent bacteria from overwhelming your dog’s body. Basic first aid can treat minor and superficial wounds at home, but deep and severe wounds require veterinary treatment.

Reference:

1. de Laforcade AM, Freeman LM, Shaw SP, Brooks MB, Rozanski EA, Rush JE. “Hemostatic Changes in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Sepsis.” J Vet Intern Med. 2003 Sep-Oct;17(5):674-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02499.x. PMID: 14529134. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14529134/ 

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What Is Ichthyosis in Dogs?

Ichthyosis is a severe skin condition that affects dogs and humans alike, causing their skin to become dry, scaly, and thickened. The name “ichthyosis” is derived from the Greek word “ichthys,” meaning fish, and references the fish-like appearance of the affected skin. 

Causes of Ichthyosis in Dogs

Ichthyosis is primarily caused by genetic mutations that affect the skin’s ability to shed skin cells properly and retain its moisture. What scientists have found is that these mutations keep the body from creating a natural lipid that is present in the skin. Thus, the skin is unable to form the components of the natural and protective barrier. 

Fish scale disease is present from birth and will typically worsen with age. Being an inherited disorder, it’s passed down from parent dogs to their puppies. Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the likelihood of passing on this condition.

Because it is a genetic condition, some dog breeds are more predisposed than others, including:

• West Highland White Terriers
• Golden Retrievers
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
• Doberman Pinschers
• Yorkshire Terriers
• Jack Russell Terriers

However, ichthyosis can affect any breed or mixed breed. Affected dogs and their genetic relatives should not be used for breeding to prevent future generations from suffering from the disease. 

Symptoms of Ichthyosis in Dogs

Dogs with ichthyosis often display symptoms that are easy to spot. The outer layer of  skin flakes away in larger pieces that resemble fish scales or large dandruff. This scaly skin can appear white or grayish, and it might cover large areas of the body. 

The skin may feel rough with thick, greasy flakes that stick to both the skin and hair. In some cases, the skin of the face might be spared, but the skin on the rest of the body and the paw pads are visibly affected. You may also notice large cornflake-like flakes on the hair coat or crinkly, rice paper-like skin on the belly.  

A more specific breakdown of symptoms includes:

• Dry, flaky skin that resembles fish scales 
• Thickened, rough or darkened skin
• Redness
• Itching
• Odor from coat
• Hair loss
• Thickening of footpads

Diagnosing Ichthyosis in Dogs

If you suspect your dog has ichthyosis, it’s important to consult a veterinarian. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of physical examination, a detailed medical history, and several dermatologic tests including skin biopsies. 

A skin biopsy involves a veterinarian removing a small amount of skin and submitting it to a pathologist for microscopic examination. These tests help rule out other skin conditions and confirm the presence of ichthyosis. Genetic testing may also be available, and your dog might be referred to a veterinary dermatologist for a more specialized diagnosis and treatment. 

Ichthyosis in Dogs Treatment

While there is no cure for ichthyosis, managing the condition can greatly improve a dog’s quality of life. Treatment for ichthyosis in dogs focuses on keeping the skin moisturized, protecting the skin’s natural barrier, and managing the discomfort of the itching and dryness. Treatment also includes management and prevention of any secondary bacterial or yeast infections. 

Your veterinarian may recommend regular bathing using medicated shampoos, followed by the application of creams or lotions. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can also help improve the skin’s condition. Topical treatments tend to be the most common form of treatment, but your veterinarian might prescribe oral medications to reduce inflammation and itching.

It’s also important to remember that this chronic, congenital disorder is present at birth and will require lifelong management. Regular checkups with your veterinarian or veterinary dermatologist will be required and can cost a couple hundred dollars per visit.

How to Prevent Ichthyosis in Dogs

There is no way to prevent canine ichthyosis; however, responsible breeding practices and awareness can help reduce the prevalence of this condition within certain dog breeds, promoting better health and well-being for our beloved furry friends.

Ichthyosis might be a challenging condition to manage, but with proper veterinary care, affected dogs can lead comfortable lives. If you suspect your dog has ichthyosis, seek professional advice promptly to ensure an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.

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According to pet insurance data, dental disease in dogs ranks among the top 10 most common reasons dogs visit the veterinarian. [1] And between 80 to 90 percent of dogs age three or older have active periodontal disease. [2] 

Even if you’re feeling confident in your dog’s dental health, tooth extraction may still be in your future, as canines’ canines often become more fragile with age.

Here’s what you need to know about dog tooth extraction, including what the procedure entails, what it could cost you, and how to help your pet recover.

Reasons Dogs Need Their Teeth Removed

We all know how important tooth brushing is for our own dental health. And dog teeth are no different…except for the fact that dogs can’t break out the toothbrush and toothpaste to do the task themselves. That means it’s up to us to brush their teeth daily.

While that can be a challenge — especially if your dog isn’t the biggest fan of toothbrushing — slacking off could eventually lead to even bigger, costlier challenges. 

That’s because daily brushing helps remove soft plaque from your dog’s teeth. If that builds up, hardened tartar below the gumline can produce bacteria, causing gingivitis (gum inflammation) and periodontitis (erosion of the bone and structure that hold teeth in place).

This cycle of inflammation, infection, and bone loss is called periodontal disease. As it progresses, it can lead to dental pain, tooth abscesses, and loss of bone support around the tooth roots. No amount of brushing can reverse the damage, and the best option to relieve pain and prevent further complications is to extract the tooth.

Progression of dental disease is the most common reason dogs need teeth extracted. However, it’s not the only one. Here are several other causes pet parents should know about.

Fractured or broken teeth – In dogs, fractured teeth are most often caused by chewing on inappropriately hard objects, such as elk antlers, marrow bones, or even the metal wires of their crate. Though less common, dental trauma can also cause teeth to break. This can happen if your pet bites a moving object or experiences blunt force trauma to the face or jaw. 

In either case, if the pulp of the tooth is exposed by the fracture or breakage, extraction might be necessary to prevent infection. 

Deciduous teeth – A dog’s baby teeth normally fall out by the time they are 6 months old. However, in some dogs (normally smaller breed dogs) these teeth do not fall out on their own. This can lead to tooth crowding and misalignment, known as dental or skeletal malocclusion, which can cause trauma to both gums and teeth. To prevent such damage and the potential for premature dental disease, these retained deciduous teeth often need to be extracted. 

Oral tumors – A number of oral tumors are common in dogs. These oral tumors can arise from several different cell types. Epithelial (or skin) cells, bone cells, fibrous cells, and others can become cancerous. Surgical removal of the tumor is usually the first part of treatment for these tumors, with some tumors requiring radiation or further chemotherapy for local control. The teeth within or surrounding the tumor must inevitably be extracted.

Orthodontic abnormalities – Just like humans, sometimes dogs have teeth where they don’t belong. This can be caused by retained deciduous teeth, as described above. Or it can be a function of breed. For example, brachycephalic dogs often do not have enough room in their mouths for all their teeth. 

These abnormalities can cause pain when pets bite down if their errant teeth hit soft tissue. Extraction may be required to remove the specific teeth causing the issues.

Dog Tooth Extraction Procedure: What to Expect

It’s easy to get stressed out if your veterinarian recommends a tooth extraction for your dog. However, extraction is often preferable to the alternative. If broken or diseased teeth go untreated, your dog could be in for increased pain, more severe infection, or even systemic complications from dental bacteria entering the bloodstream and impacting other organs. 

So, to help ease any concerns you have about dog tooth extractions, here’s a helpful overview outlining what to expect from the procedure. 

Dog tooth extractions typically begin the same way that a routine dog dental cleaning would — with your pet placed under general anesthesia.

Note, though some providers advertise “anesthesia-free” or “non-anesthesia” cleanings for pets, veterinary dental specialist Dr. Brook Niemiec, DVM, advises against them. Not only is the practice less effective than anesthetized dental cleanings, but Dr. Niemiec says it could also be considered inhumane. Humans can understand what’s going on at the dentist’s office and psychologically cope with the pain, but dogs cannot.

Once safely under anesthesia, the veterinarian will clean your dog’s teeth with an ultrasonic scaler and then take dental radiographs (X-rays) to help determine which teeth, if any, need extracting. 

This is based on a number of factors, including evaluating the depth of any periodontal pockets with a dental probe, as well as X-ray imagery.

Proper veterinary dentistry cannot be performed without dental radiographs. Because most of the tooth structure is hidden beneath the gumline, radiographs are necessary to “see” and evaluate the root and bone structure underneath.

If the radiographs reveal anything concerning, such as bone loss surrounding the teeth, root tip abscesses, or abnormalities in the crown or root of a tooth, your veterinarian is likely to extract the affected tooth.

To do this, your vet may inject a local anesthetic such as lidocaine or ropivacaine into the oral cavity to help temporarily block pain and sensation. Then they’ll lift the gum away from the affected tooth using a periosteal elevator to provide access to the roots. 

Your veterinarian may then use a high-speed dental drill to remove bone, then separate the affected tooth from the tissue, and extract it using luxating dental elevators. To close the gum incision, vets typically use absorbable sutures which dissolve within a few weeks. 

From beginning to end, dental extractions can last anywhere from a few minutes to a half hour. The length of the procedure depends on the location of the affected tooth, the amount of bone loss, and the severity of the dental disease. 

Generally, this process is an outpatient procedure. However, in some cases, the veterinarian might suggest overnight observation.

Cost of Dog Tooth Extraction

Dog tooth extraction costs can certainly vary. The extraction costs will be in addition to the cost of a regular dental cleaning, which is necessary prior to extraction. Factors include the number of teeth extracted, which teeth are extracted, dog breed, and geographic location. 

On average, the additional costs can range from $100 to upwards of $2,000 in some areas.

Pet parents seeking help with the costs of dog tooth extraction may want to consider a CareCredit health and pet care credit card, which allows you to pay over time with flexible financing options* so you’re always ready to get the care your pet needs.

You can also consider applying for financial assistance from funds that provide financial aid to help pet parents cover the cost of veterinary care. Many of these organizations require proof that you have applied and been denied other financing options.

Pet insurance is also a great option that some owners may already have in place for their pets. Check with your specific insurance company to see which parts of the dental procedure are covered. Some may only cover the cleaning, while others may cover part or all of the extraction costs. 

Alternatives to Dog Tooth Extraction

In some cases, if your veterinarian believes the function of the tooth could be preserved, they may recommend an alternative to dog tooth extraction.

For example, in cases of tooth fracture, if the tooth’s structure is not too damaged and the treatment can happen very soon after the trauma, a root canal may be an appropriate alternative to a full tooth extraction.

Though less invasive than an extraction, a root canal would require a visit to a dental specialist. The procedure would likely cost more than an extraction, but the benefit for the pet would be that the tooth is saved. 

Tooth capping is another alternative to extraction that a veterinary dentist might suggest in certain situations. If your dog has a broken tooth but no internal decay or damage, capping can protect and preserve the tooth. 

Doing nothing is never a viable alternative If your vet recommends a dog tooth extraction for your pet. Inaction can only lead to increased pain and suffering for your dog and may even cause them to stop eating, which could prove fatal.  

Dog Tooth Removal Recovery

Recovery and Pain Management

After any procedure requiring general anesthesia, including a tooth extraction, dogs may appear groggy for 24 to 48 hours. Rest is crucial during this time. Your veterinarian will prescribe a pain management medication, such as NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), to ensure comfort. In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe an antibiotic post-procedure, depending on their preference. 

Pet parents don’t need to do anything to care for the extraction site during recovery. Your main responsibility is to make sure your dog takes any medications prescribed and gets rest so they can heal quickly.

What Can a Dog Eat After a Tooth Extraction?

It’s normal for dogs to show little (if any) interest in food following their anesthetic procedure. To encourage their appetite, offer several small meals throughout the day and only soft foods in the days following the extraction.

Canned foods are a good choice, or you could soak your pet’s dry food in a small amount of water. You can also feed them something bland like boiled chicken and rice. 

Always consult with your veterinarian for specific recommendations. Soft food should be fed for a minimum of 1 week if not 14 days. This will give the extraction site plenty of time to heal. 

Healing Time for a Dog Tooth Extraction

The initial recovery can take a few days, but complete healing — especially in the case of senior dog tooth extractions — may take a couple of weeks. 

Monitor your pet’s eating and drinking. If you see any facial swelling, pawing at the mouth, or excessive amounts of blood in their water bowl, you should contact your veterinarian immediately for further instructions. 

FAQs About Dog Dental Extraction

Do dogs need antibiotics after a tooth extraction?

Normally, antibiotics aren’t needed after extraction, as the infected site is either left open to heal or is flushed prior to suturing. However, depending on the veterinarian’s preference, antibiotics may be prescribed for your pet. 

Are dogs in pain after a tooth extraction?

Just like any surgical procedure, tooth extractions do temporarily cause pain for your pet. However, pre-operative local oral blocks, post-operative pain injections, and NSAIDs after surgery can help to decrease your pet’s pain. With appropriate pain management, your pet should be back to feeling normal within 2 to 3 days. 

Can dogs eat after a tooth extraction?

Yes, but soft food is recommended for several days following the procedure. Consider canned foot, soaking dry food in a small amount of water, or feeding something bland and soft, like boiled chicken and rice.

Does dog insurance cover tooth extractions?

Some pet insurance policies might cover extractions. Check with your provider for specific information about your pet’s policy.

Tooth extraction in dogs plays a pivotal role in promoting their overall health and well-being. Just like in humans, a compromised tooth can lead to severe pain, infection, and systemic health issues in our canine companions. Untreated dental problems can spread bacteria to vital organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys, thereby endangering their life. 

By proceeding with tooth extraction when recommended by a veterinarian and providing appropriate after-care, pet parents not only help alleviate immediate discomfort and pain for their pets but also thwart potential long-term health complications. 

As part of a comprehensive veterinary care regimen, timely dental interventions, including extractions, ensure our furry friends lead comfortable, healthier, and happier lives.

*Subject to credit approval. See carecredit.com for details.

References

1. “Dermatitis, Otitis Externa Continue to Top Common Conditions That Prompt Veterinary Visits.” Nationwide Newsroom, Nationwide Mutual Insurance, 13 Apr. 2023, https://news.nationwide.com/dermatitis-otitis-externa-top-common-conditions-vet-visits/ 
2. “Periodontal Disease.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Belvoir Media Group, 16 Oct. 2023, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/periodontal-disease

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But dogs can develop heart problems that lead to heart failure. While dogs don’t tend to have heart attacks like people do, other heart conditions which can lead to heart failure are relatively common in dogs.

Heart failure in dogs rarely just happens out of nowhere. Your dog may have signs of heart disease ahead of actual heart failure. Paying attention to those signs and taking good care of your dog’s heart health — with regular checkups and measures to promote cardiovascular function — play an important role in managing the risk factors. Here’s what pet parents need to know about heart disease and heart failure in dogs to help protect their health.

What Is Heart Failure in Dogs?

To better understand signs of heart failure in a dog, let’s take a moment to learn the difference between heart disease and heart failure.

“Heart disease encompasses many types of impaired heart function,” says Dr. Hanie Elfenbein, a veterinarian based in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “It may be diagnosed as a heart murmur during a routine physical exam or may be diagnosed because of a change in behavior such as exercise intolerance, lethargy, or collapse.” 

If unchecked, heart disease symptoms in dogs can lead to congestive heart failure, or CHF. 

“Congestive heart failure is when the muscles of the heart can no longer circulate blood adequately,” says Dr. Elfenbein. “Fluid (congestion) then builds up either in the lungs (left-sided heart failure) or in the abdomen (right-sided heart failure).”

The symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs are more obvious than signs associated with heart disease. Labored or rapid breathing is the main outward sign of heart failure in dogs.

“CHF is diagnosed when a dog has trouble breathing,” explains Dr. Elfenbein. “It often requires a visit to an emergency veterinarian because it can happen suddenly and a dog’s distress can be severe.”

4 General Signs of Heart Problems in Dogs

It’s critical to keep in mind that “heart failure is the end stage of heart disease” in dogs, says Dr. Weihow Hseuh, assistant professor of cardiology at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. So learning to spot the signs of heart disease in dogs and getting them in for regular veterinary exams goes a long way toward slowing the progression from heart disease to heart failure.

Here are possible signs of heart problems in dogs to watch for:

Heart Murmur

Not all heart murmurs in dogs are equal. Many puppies have an “innocent” heart murmur, which is a very quiet murmur that goes away as the puppy matures. These murmurs aren’t related to actual heart disease. However, murmurs which are associated with a heart disease are called “pathologic” heart murmurs.

But other murmurs can signal trouble. Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a heart condition which commonly causes a pathologic heart murmur in dogs. MVD is often genetic. Dr. Hseuh says small breeds — especially King Charles Spaniels — tend to be more prone to MVD. Toy Poodles, Cocker Spaniels, Pomeranians, and Yorkshire Terriers are also susceptible, although MVD-related murmurs can show up in large breeds too.

Veterinarians are trained to detect heart murmurs during their routine physical exams, which is why Dr. Hseuh says regular veterinary checkups are vital.

Lethargy or Malaise

These are two of the easiest-to-miss symptoms, especially as dogs age, says Dr. Michael Aherne, a clinical professor of cardiology at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine.

“These can be tough to see with some animals,” Dr. Aherne says. “We might think it’s just an old dog.”

But lethargy, malaise, or exercise intolerance can be a sign of canine dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM. DCM is a condition in which the muscles of the heart become abnormally thin, and the chambers of the heart enlarge. A heart affected by DCM isn’t effective at pumping blood through the body.

While a little laziness isn’t necessarily a sign of trouble, Dr. Aherne says, an obvious disinterest in playing, walking, or a marked decrease in energy is a good reason to see the vet.

Coughing

Another symptom of developing heart trouble that can be easy to misinterpret is coughing. Dogs may cough when they have respiratory illnesses, like kennel cough, or because of irritation from pollen or dust.

But a persistent cough, or especially one that follows exercise or a period of excited activity, might be a sign of heart disease. Dogs with heart disease sometimes cough excessively at night, as well.

“We tend to see a cardiac cough with large breeds,” says Dr. Aherne. “Coughing is their tell.” He adds that a “soft, insidious cough,” more than a hacking cough, is more likely a sign of heart trouble than a sign of something else.

Fainting

Dr. Elfenbein explains that fainting (also known as syncope) can be a symptom of some types of heart disease in dogs. “This type of fainting happens if the heart skips enough beats that not enough blood reaches the brain. The heart starts beating again on its own and usually the dog recovers within a few seconds and acts like nothing happened,” she says. “Dogs with fainting should be seen by a veterinarian immediately and started on medications to regulate their heart beat. Some dogs with syncope require a pacemaker.”

4 Signs of Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs

Symptoms of congestive heart failure in dogs include those listed above, but there are also symptoms that signal that heart disease has likely progressed to CHF. They include:

Rapid Breathing 

As previously mentioned, the most obvious sign of heart failure in dogs is rapid breathing. “Seeing how fast they’re breathing when they’re at rest,” says Dr. Aherne, “is the most sensitive indicator we have.”

He says a dog should be breathing less than 35 or 40 times per minute at rest and might only be drawing 15 to 20 breaths per minute while sleeping. If your dog can’t seem to catch their breath after they’ve been inactive for several minutes, it’s time to call a vet.

​​Moist Cough

The cough of a dog with heart disease is usually soft and dry. If the dog has progressed to heart failure, they usually have fluid build-up within the lungs. You may notice that their cough now sounds moist. In some cases, they may cough up foamy fluid. Keep in mind that other conditions, like kennel cough, can sometimes cause a productive cough, as well.

Swollen Belly or Swelling in the Legs

Because CHF occurs when a dog’s heart can’t pump enough blood to the body, fluid might collect in a dog’s belly, causing it to swell. “This is known as ascites,” says Dr. Elfenbein. 

If you see a bloated belly in addition to more obvious signs like labored breathing, it’s important to have your dog evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. You may also notice swelling (edema) in the dog’s legs, especially their hind legs.

Collapse and Fainting

We’ve established that dogs with certain heart conditions faint due to changes in how often their heart beats, such as skipped beats. However, dogs in heart failure usually faint and/or collapse because their heart, despite its best efforts, isn’t effective at pumping blood. As a result, the dog isn’t getting enough oxygenated blood to their brain. A dog collapsing or fainting due to heart failure will often have a bluish tint to their gums and tongue.

Dog Heart Failure Symptoms: Next Steps

The good news about heart disease in dogs is that with regular veterinary checkups, usually easy to spot before it progresses to heart failure. 

And while emergencies happen, they almost always happen when pet parents are not paying attention to the warning signs of heart disease and impending heart failure. 

“It’s pretty rare to be surprised by heart failure,” Dr. Hseuh says. “[It mostly happens] if you don’t go to the vet regularly.”

The surest signs of heart failure in dogs are labored, rapid breathing and edema in the limbs (especially the rear limbs) or belly. Ignoring these warning signs is dangerous. 

If you spot any of the signs mentioned above, call a vet immediately. Depending on the condition, your dog might get a prescription for medication, such as Vetmedin (pimobendam), which can help manage the symptom of congestive heart failure in dogs Your veterinarian may also recommend an ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram) and/or a Holter monitor to keep track of the heart’s rhythm.

If your dog is diagnosed with heart disease or heart failure, regular veterinary follow ups will be important for maintaining your dog’s health and quality of life. But promoting your dog’s heart health isn’t something you need to wait for a diagnosis to do, especially if you have a breed of dog that is predisposed to cardiovascular stress. Ask your vet if your dog could benefit from a nutritional supplement designed to support their heart function. These come in a wide array of options, including chews, capsules, and liquids, so they’re easy to add to your dog’s daily diet, depending on their needs and preferences.

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Whether your pet was recently diagnosed with pannus or you are simply taking preventative measures to protect them, this article covers everything you need to know about pannus in dogs. That way, can recognize the symptoms and understand how dog pannus is treated and managed if your pet is affected by the troublesome disease.

What Is Pannus?

Pannus is a disease where blood vessels and scar tissue progressively invade the cornea. This change usually begins at the outer and lower aspect of the eye, and occasionally, the third eyelid will also be affected. Over time, the entire cornea will become affected, resulting in cloudiness and then darkening known as pigmentation. As the once-clear cornea becomes pigmented and black, light can no longer pass through the cornea and vision is lost. 

The disease affects both eyes, although not always symmetrically, meaning that one eye might begin earlier than the other. 

Causes of Pannus in Dogs

Pannus in dogs is believed to be a genetic, immune-mediated condition. Increased exposure to ultraviolet light, high altitudes, and smoke are considered predisposing factors for the development of pannus. These factors can also exacerbate pannus and make it harder to treat. 

German Shepherds and German Shepherd mixes are the most commonly affected breed. Other breeds that are prone to pannus include Greyhounds, Rottweilers, Belgian Tervurens, and Border Collies. Any breed, however, can develop pannus. 

In most cases, pannus develops in dogs between 4 and 7 years of age. Generally, the earlier a dog develops pannus, the more severe the case tends to be. Cases of pannus that develop after dogs are 5 or 6 tend to be more responsive to treatment and easier to manage. 

Symptoms of Pannus in Dogs

Dogs with pannus often display one or more of the following symptoms:

• A raised red lump on the eye
• A grayish-pink film on the eye
• Visible blood vessels on the eye
• Dark brown pigmentation of the eye
• Excess tearing of the eye
• Pawing or rubbing at the affected eye
• Poor vision (running into walls, reluctant to jump or play, etc.)

It’s important to keep in mind that blindness is an end-stage result of untreated pannus. Early pannus in dogs does not typically result in signs of blindness. 

Diagnosing Pannus in Dogs

Pannus in dogs is usually diagnosed by a thorough history and veterinary physical exam. However, your veterinarian will need to perform a series of tests on the eye, such as a fluorescein stain, a Schirmer Tear Test, and measurement of intraocular pressures. These tests are mainly to rule out other common dog eye diseases and help guide your veterinarian in creating the best treatment plan for your pet. 

How to Treat Pannus in Dogs

While pannus in dogs cannot be cured, it can be well managed with topical medications. The goal of treatment is to stop the progression of the corneal pigmentation and preserve vision. 

An anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive steroid, such as dexamethasone, is often prescribed either alone or with an immune-modulating drug, such as cyclosporine. These are administered directly to the affected eye(s) either as drops or as ointment. Initially, the drops will be given frequently throughout the day. As the pannus improves, the medications can be tapered down to twice daily. 

In severe cases of pannus, or those that fail to respond to topical medications, steroid injections can be made directly into the eye. This is usually reserved for extreme cases and should only be done by a skilled veterinarian or veterinary ophthalmologist.

How to Prevent Pannus in Dogs

Whether you’re trying to prevent a flare up of pannus in your dog, or trying to prevent your dog from developing pannus, there are a few cautionary measures you can take. Since ultraviolet light, high altitudes, and smoke can exacerbate or induce pannus in dogs, pet owners should try to avoid exposing their dog to these elements, especially in German Shepherds or other breeds predisposed to pannus. 

Dogs can be kept indoors during the sunniest part of the day, and when they are outside, they should have adequate shelter and shade. Shaded walking trails and parks with trees are good options for exercise.

You should never smoke cigarettes around your dog, especially in areas with poor ventilation, and dogs should be kept a safe distance away from campfires or fire pits. 

Lastly, trying a specialty pair of canine sunglasses, such as RexSpecs or Doggles, can help prevent light exposure and protect your dog’s eyes from developing pannus or a relapse of pannus. 

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The inquisitive and sometimes mischievous nature of our furry friends commonly leads them to ingest things they shouldn’t. Many toxins/poisons even smell or taste attractive to dogs, which further entices them. Additionally, even over-the-counter medications that are safe for children may be toxic to dogs and can lead to life-threatening conditions.

In 2022 alone, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center assisted with over 400,000 exposures in animals in the United States. Pet Poison Helpline, another 24/7 veterinary poison control group, also assisted in many potential exposures, and nearly 90 percent of these calls were from dog owners.

In this article, we will cover the most common toxins/poisons that dogs are exposed to, common symptoms to watch for, and what to do if you think your dog has been exposed. As pet parents, you play an essential role in avoiding toxin exposures in your dog and in recognizing when to seek veterinary care for a potential exposure. The safest way to prevent exposures is to avoid having known toxins in or around the house whenever possible, and to lock away unavoidable things in a pet-proof container.

Signs of Poisoning in Dogs

Signs of poisoning in dogs will greatly depend on what they were exposed to, when they were exposed, and the amount of exposure.

Below are examples of common signs of dog poisoning, broken down by category. It is important to recognize that many of these symptoms (especially the gastrointestinal ones) are also seen with a wide range of other conditions. Seeing these symptoms without a known exposure doesn’t mean your dog was poisoned.

A dog who has been exposed to toxins/poisons will often experience symptoms in more than one of the following categories:

Gastrointestinal

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Excessive drooling
• Stomach pain
• Poor appetite

Neurologic

• Hyperactive, agitated, or vocalizing erratically
• Sedate or altered consciousness
• Sensitive to noise/sound
• Leaking urine
• Wobbly gait/uncoordinated
• Seizures, tremors, or twitching
• Sudden vision loss and/or pupil size change (dilated or pinpoint)
• Breathing changes (very slow vs fast and erratic)

Bleeding problems

• Unusual bleeding and bruising (i.e., nosebleeds, bleeding around teeth, pinpoint red/purple spots on belly/inner ear/gums)
• Bloody vomit or blood in feces
• Coughing up blood
• Fast breathing
• Pale white gums

Cardiovascular and Respiratory

• Heart rate that is too slow or too fast
• Irregular heartbeat
• Weakness or collapse
• Gums that are bright red, pale/white, or blue/purple
• Difficulty breathing
• Rapid breathing rate, even at rest
• Coughing or wheezing

Kidney and/or Liver  

• Excessive thirst
• Excessive urination or not making any urine
• Blood in urine
• Dark orange/brown urine
• Yellowing of skin (especially inner ear) or the whites of the eyes

Skin and Mouth

• Sores, blisters, burns
• Swelling of the skin or mouth
• Excessive drooling
• Swelling or pawing at the face
• Difficulty eating due to swelling or pain

General signs you may also notice if your dog has ingested a toxin include:

• Lethargy
• Excessive sleepiness
• Weakness or reluctance to get up
• Dehydration

What Is Toxic to Dogs?

The severity of poisoning in dogs usually depends on how much of a poisonous substance the dog consumed. However, many of the items on this list can lead to problems with even a small amount.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of some common ingested toxicities in dogs:

• Certain human foods, such as chocolate, grapes and raisins, onions and garlic, and macadamia nuts
• Products containing xylitol (a sugar substitute), such as sugar-free gum, peanut butter, or protein bars
• Over-the-counter and prescription medications (either human or veterinary)
• Marijuana and other recreational drugs
• Alcohol, tobacco, and nicotine products
• Household items like glue, paint, batteries, and pennies
• Outdoor items like pest control baits, fertilizers, insecticides, and antifreeze
• Certain indoor and outdoor plants (e.g., sago palm, oleander) and some wild mushrooms

What to Do If You Suspect Your Dog Was Poisoned

If you suspect your dog has been exposed to a toxin/poison, you should contact a veterinary poison control group and/or a veterinarian immediately. They will determine whether you need to pursue further care for your dog. For true toxicities, both a phone consultation with a veterinary poison control group and in-person care with a veterinarian are often needed to ensure your dog receives the very best care.

If your dog is already exhibiting symptoms of toxin exposure or they ingest something you know is toxic, seek care immediately with a veterinarian (i.e. emergency veterinary hospital). If you don’t know what your dog ate, provide a list of all potential exposures.

Having your dog treated with a veterinarian before signs develop is always safest, as there are often ways to decrease the amount your dog absorbs. If your veterinarian or the toxicology expert recommends that you bring your dog in for care, promptly seek veterinary attention.

For potential toxin exposures with some of the more serious toxins (e.g., rat bait, antifreeze, medications, xylitol, etc.), heading to your local veterinary emergency hospital ASAP and calling them en route can save valuable time.

You can call one of the following veterinary poison control groups (available 24/7):

• ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center: 888-426-4435 
• Pet Poison Helpline: 855-764-7661 

Both groups have a vast database of information on many different toxins and medications, and they have a team of veterinary experts and toxicologists who specialize in exposures in animals. There is a fee associated with their phone consultation that will cover recommendations specific to your dog and follow-up calls with your veterinarian if treatment is recommended.

During the call, they will gather information about your dog and the toxin they ingested, such as the type, strength, and amount your dog may have been exposed to. Try to be as specific as possible. For example, count the number of pills left in an open bottle of medicine so you can estimate how much your dog ingested.

When treatment is recommended, the veterinary poison control group will work closely with your veterinarian to share the specific testing and treatment plan. All you have to do is provide your veterinarian with the case number and they will take it from there.

In situations where the toxin or exposure amount is not expected to cause serious problems, you will be guided on how to manage your pet’s care at home. In these cases, a phone toxicology consultation may help you avoid unnecessary trips to your veterinarian.

How Vets Treat Poisoning in Dogs

If you promptly seek veterinary care before your dog develops symptoms of toxicity, this often allows your veterinarian to take steps to decrease the amount of toxin that is absorbed. This is safer for your dog and often results in less hospital time and overall cost.

Treatment will vary significantly depending on the type of toxin/poison, the amount of exposure, how long ago the exposure occurred, and any signs your dog may already be exhibiting. Your dog’s specific treatment will be determined by your veterinarian and/or toxicology consult.

The following are some example treatments your veterinarian may recommend:

• Bathing for topical exposures
• Medications to make a dog vomit
• Activated charcoal to help minimize absorption of certain toxins
• Pumping the stomach (gastric lavage) under anesthesia for certain toxins/large exposures
• Administering an antidote, if available, to counteract or reverse the effects of the toxin/poison
• Medications to treat symptoms of toxicity until the toxin is out of the dog’s system (i.e. medications to control seizures, bleeding, gastrointestinal signs, or heart rate/rhythm abnormalities)
• Supportive care, such as fluid therapy, oxygen support, or blood/plasma transfusions

Hydrogen peroxide (3%) is sometimes recommended by veterinarians or veterinary poison control for at-home use in dogs (never for cats) to induce vomiting, but you should never use it without professional guidance. It is considered less effective than the medications veterinarians use to make a dog vomit, requires precise dosing, and has an increased risk for complications. DO NOT use other home remedies to make a dog throw up.

How to Prevent Dog Poisoning

To help protect your dog from poisons, it helps to know the 4 Ps:

Pet-Proofing

Create a safe space for your pets to roam that is free of any potential exposures. Keep all food, medicines, plants, and potential toxins out of reach of your pets. Avoid Ziplock bags of medications. Instead, keep medications in their original child-proof containers and up high and out of reach. Don’t forget to pet proof garages, sheds, backyard, and trash cans.

Proactive Prevention

Know the most common toxins for dogs. Avoid having them altogether, whenever possible. At minimum, keep toxins out of reach of pets. Other proactive steps you can take include:

Don’t give your dog medications unless they are directly prescribed by your veterinarian. Many over-the-counter and prescription human medications are toxic to pets.

Check food or drug labels to identify potential risks before bringing them home. Choose safer substitutes when possible. For example, check the ingredients list of gum, foods, and supplements to ensure they do not contain xylitol, bake with milk chocolate instead of semi-sweet chocolate, or buy trail mix without raisins. Supervise children eating grapes and raisins, and ideally keep your pets in another room, in case any food gets dropped.

Remove unsafe plants from your yard and home. Research new plants before bringing them home. There are varying degrees of toxicity among many plants. Some plants, like sago palm and oleander, can be life-threatening, even when very small amounts are ingested.

Always be aware of your dog’s environment. Exposures are common when changes disrupt your pet-proofing, such as traveling with your dog, going on walks/hikes, or having visitors in your home. If you have visitors over, keep their luggage or purses in a safe space out of reach of your dog. Ask your guests to keep gum, food, medications, and recreational drugs away from your pets.

Be Prepared

Save phone numbers (in phone, on fridge) for veterinary poison control groups, your dog’s veterinarian, and the closest 24/7 emergency veterinary hospital. Consider pet insurance to help with future pet care costs, as toxin exposures can be costly. Know what you have in and around your home so you can notify your veterinarian of possible exposures if your pet is unwell.

Promptly Seek Care

Call poison control with any potential exposures (keep packaging/detailed information on the toxin), and promptly seek care with a veterinarian. Don’t wait until signs develop before seeking help, as this can lead to irreversible damage. With signs of poisoning and no known exposure, have someone inspect the home for evidence of what your dog may have ingested (e.g., chewed up pill bottle).

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Many people who love and cherish their pets simply don’t know the answer to that question. Some people are unaware of how crucial preventative care is to the long-term health of their dog. Others may have a difficult time bringing their pup into the veterinary office for various reasons, from transportation difficulties to owning a fearful dog. 

Let’s discuss how often you should take your dog to the vet and ways to make it easier on yourself and your dog.

How Often Should I Take My Dog to the Vet?

So, let’s get down to it: how often should you take a dog to the vet? The answer really depends on several factors, including the age of your dog, if they have any pre-existing medical conditions, and if they are currently sick.

Puppies

Veterinarians typically want to see puppies shortly after adoption to perform an exam and check for any early problems like a heart murmur or hernia. The veterinarian will get a stool sample, deworm them, start them on heartworm prevention and get them their first round of shots. You should bring any paperwork to your appointment from the shelter or breeder so that your veterinarian knows what has already been done. 

Puppies should return for vaccine boosters every three to four weeks until they are 16 weeks of age, or until your veterinarian deems them fully vaccinated and protected. Not returning or skipping boosters can put your puppy at risk for many life-threatening infectious diseases. It can also necessitate restarting the entire vaccine series, which would cost more money.

Adult Dogs 

Healthy adult dogs can go see the veterinarian once a year for annual vaccines, a preventative exam, and deworming. 

Senior Dogs and Dogs With Medical Conditions

Senior dogs and dogs with chronic medical conditions, like heart disease or kidney dysfunction, should see the vet at least every six months. Dogs are considered senior at different ages depending on their breed. Large and giant breed dogs are considered seniors at 6 to 7 years of age. Medium-sized dogs reach senior status at 8 to 9 years, while small breed dogs are considered seniors at 10 to 12 years old.

Signs That Your Dog Should Go to the Vet

While age and certain conditions do factor into when to take your dog to the vet, it really boils down to this: anytime you are concerned about your dog’s health, you should make an appointment. 

Listen to your gut. If you feel that something is off, take them into the veterinary clinic. If you’re unsure if a problem is urgent or can wait, call the veterinary hospital and speak with one of the receptionists. They will guide you and tell you what the appropriate next steps are for your pet. You (the pet parent) are the front line of monitoring your dog’s health.

Some signs that your dog needs to go to the vet sooner rather than later include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Vomiting/diarrhea
• Blood in stool
• Change in eating habits
• Increased drinking
• Lethargy or exercise intolerance
• Difficulty walking
• Red, watery or painful eye +/- excessive blinking
• Change in coat or hairless/red patches of skin
• Crying/whining
• Aggressive or unusual behavior

Why It’s Important to Take Your Dog to the Vet

Benjamin Franklin’s quote, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is just as true today as it was back then. There are many benefits to taking your dog in for annual preventative exams. 

Preventative care is less expensive than treating an advanced disease. Plus, catching a problem early can increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. The veterinarian can advise you additionally on a proper diet for your pet’s age and weight, needed dental care, current vaccine protocols, risks of any emerging disease in your area (like canine flu), and bloodwork to catch potential problems early. They can also supply you with heartworm and flea/tick prevention for the following year. All of these are necessary things to optimize your dog’s health.

In addition to the health benefits of preventative care, it is important to maintain a veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR), so that when you do have questions or concerns, you can easily get the necessary answers. A VCPR is basically an agreement between a veterinarian and client to take care of an animal or group of animals. This relationship needs to be maintained on a regular basis for the veterinarian to provide care and support to you and your pet.  

How Often Do Dogs Get Shots?

Vaccines are another integral part of preventative care. The rabies vaccine is required by law in most states. Rabies vaccines are available in one-year and three-year shots. The first time a dog gets a rabies vaccine, they must receive a one-year shot. 

After the initial puppy vaccines, dogs should receive additional vaccines every one to three years, depending on the type. For instance, a Lyme or leptospirosis vaccine needs to be boostered yearly, whereas a distemper or parvo vaccine could potentially be given every three years, taking your dog’s risk into consideration, of course.

Tips for Bringing Your Dog to the Vet

We know that it can be difficult to drag your dog into the vet every year. However, you don’t have to dread this annual trip to the clinic. Here are some tips you to make it easier for you and your pet:

Burn off that energy. Take your dog for a walk, or play with them to get some extra energy out before the appointment.

Try a carrier. Consider taking small dogs in a carrier to keep them contained.

Make sure they’re comfortable. Bring a favorite toy or blanket for a familiar smell and emotional support.

Exit the waiting room. If your dog is having a hard time in the lobby, ask to wait outside or in the car until the doctor is ready.

Shorten the leash. Use a short, non-retractable leash while in the clinic for the safety of your dog and the other dogs at the clinic.

Practice, practice, practice. Make “practice runs” to the clinic. Drive your dog to the vet, have the staff give him lots of love and treats, and then leave on a positive note.

Check in early. If you have a reactive dog, call ahead and let the staff know that you are on your way; they may be able to get a private room ready for your arrival.

Consider medication. Talk to your veterinarian before the appointment to see if your pet would benefit from a calming medication or supplement. There’s a wide range of prescription and over-the-counter options that help provide short-term anxiety relief. Ask your veterinarian which one would be the best fit for your frazzled pup.

Schedule in advance. Make your next appointment before you leave the clinic. That way you won’t forget to call and schedule in a year.

Plan ahead. The veterinary community is making strides to increase access to care. For those with transportation or financial difficulties, more low-cost clinics and mobile veterinarians are available than ever before. Research pet-friendly taxi services or know which family members that you can call to help your pet get to the hospital. It also may help to set aside a little money each month in a “rainy day pet fund” for unexpected illnesses or injuries. 

Most of all, be patient. The veterinarian team is doing their best to get your dog taken care of in a timely manner. Emergencies and unforeseen circumstances occur on a daily basis, making it easy to get behind. The busiest times at a veterinary hospital are early mornings and early evenings. If possible, try to make an appointment in the middle of the day.

Remember, your veterinarian is there for the good times and bad. Find a vet that is knowledgeable, compassionate and provides a high level of care, and you will have a relationship that will be beneficial for all.

Reference

1. American Veterinary Medical Association Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook (2022). Retrieved from: https://ebusiness.avma.org/files/ProductDownloads/eco-pet-demographic-report-22-low-res.pdf

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Regardless, most veterinarians see umbilical hernias pretty regularly. While the majority of dog umbilical hernias are mild in severity, some can be more serious or even life-threatening, so it’s important that all puppy parents are aware of them. 

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at umbilical hernias in puppies, how serious they can be, and how to treat them.

What Is an Umbilical Hernia in Puppies?

An umbilical hernia in puppies looks and feels like a small, soft lump right in the center of their tummy, where their umbilical cord attaches. Because it’s a lump, some people mistake a puppy hernia for a dog belly button, but it isn’t: a belly button is the scar from an umbilical cord healing, and a hernia is a pouch filled with fat or intestines. 

Dogs with an umbilical hernia have a defect in the muscles of their abdomen. Instead of the muscles meeting in the middle, there’s a hole. When the hole is very small, it may not even be noticeable. When it’s bigger, bits of fat can slip through the hole and even get stuck there, forming a small lump. If it’s a large enough hole, bits of gut can also fall through. This is dangerous, especially if the gut loop becomes stuck and loses blood flow. 

The seriousness of an umbilical hernia in a puppy depends on the size of that hole. It’s rare, but umbilical hernias that are large enough to allow guts to fall through can cause death in a young puppy, so getting a veterinary opinion early on is a good idea.

What Causes a Puppy Umbilical Hernia? 

Umbilical hernias in puppies are usually congenital, which means they are present at birth. Most umbilical hernias in dogs happen because the umbilical ring (where the umbilical cord feeds through) fails to close. 

The exact cause for this failure to close isn’t clear, but the suspicion is that most causes are genetic, as umbilical hernias are more common in certain lineages. Therefore, it is recommended that breeders don’t breed with affected puppies. 

Umbilical hernias may also be more common when dogs are indiscriminately bred. However, not all puppies in a litter will have the problem, and it’s not yet clear which gene is at fault, so it’s likely that the root cause is complex.

An umbilical hernia is usually present from birth and can be corrected even when it’s very small, but if it goes unnoticed (or is not corrected), it can impact an adult dog as well. 

Generally, umbilical hernias are less serious as dogs get older, as their guts grow too big to fall through the hole. The exception is when a dog herniates after surgery, which is not technically an umbilical hernia but may look like one.

Symptoms of Umbilical Hernia in Puppies

The most common symptom of an umbilical hernia in puppies is the soft swelling in the area of the umbilical cord. Puppies don’t have a protruding “belly button,” so if you feel a soft lump on your puppy’s tummy, it’s probably a hernia. This lump may come and go as fat slips in and out, and may be more visible when your dog is defecating or coughing. Most dogs show no other symptoms of their umbilical hernia, and it’s not uncommon for it to go unnoticed until dogs are at the vet for their health checks.

In more serious cases, dogs will show more symptoms of an umbilical hernia. In addition to the physical swelling (which may become larger or harder), these might include:

• Biting, scratching, kicking, or nudging the area due to pain or discomfort
• Pain in the area when touched, which might show as a squeal or aggression when being picked up or stroked
• Pain in the area after eating, which may show as paying the area attention, reluctance to move, or guarding themselves 
• Vomiting
• Inappetence

In all cases, these symptoms are a sign that the umbilical hernia is more serious, so your puppy should be examined by a veterinarian urgently. 

Diagnosing Umbilical Hernias in Dogs

Umbilical hernias are typically diagnosed at a puppy’s first examination, or during their first vaccinations. In fact, they are so common that checking for them is routine at early puppy appointments.

An umbilical hernia is diagnosed with a physical exam; the location and feel of the lump in a dog of the right age is usually enough to diagnose a hernia. Your veterinarian will then offer an opinion as to how large and how serious the hernia is.

In some cases, your veterinarian might recommend more tests. For a large hernia, checking the lump with an ultrasound can help determine whether the gut has fallen through the hole.

Types of Umbilical Hernias in Puppies

Your veterinarian may refer to your dog’s hernia as “reducible” or “non-reducible.” If the hernia can be “reduced” by pushing the fat back through the hole, it’s “reducible.” If it can’t because the fat is stuck, it’s “‘non-reducible.” This can help indicate the size of the hole, whether it’s easy to correct, and whether it’s likely to cause a problem. In general, reducible hernias are less of a concern, but that doesn’t automatically mean that a non-reducible hernia needs urgent surgery.

Umbilical Hernia: Puppy Treatment Options

When necessary, umbilical hernias in puppies are treated with surgery. However, not all umbilical hernias need treating, and even those that do require surgery may not need it immediately. Many times, a veterinarian will treat an umbilical hernia when the dog is being neutered.

Your vet will take your dog’s size and age, the hernia size, and the hernia contents (i.e fat vs gut) into account, as well as whether the hernia is reducible. 

No Treatment

A small, reducible hernia in a young dog can usually be left alone. Dogs will sometimes outgrow the condition, as the hole tends not to grow with the dog. You’ll be advised how to monitor the hernia at home and encouraged to return to your vet if there are any concerns about the hernia in future.

Surgery

If your veterinarian determines that the hernia is potentially going to cause a problem, it could mean surgery at some point, whether on its own or while your dog is being neutered. Again, you will be given instructions on monitoring your dog in the meantime, and if you aren’t planning to have your dog neutered, or will be neutering them later in life, you may decide to go ahead and get the surgery done sooner.

Immediate Surgery

Lastly, some puppies will need urgent surgery if the umbilical hernia is large enough that the dog’s guts can slip in. This type of hernia will be operated on within a few days to prevent problems. If the gut is already trapped, the surgery should be done as soon as possible to save it. Surgery is a lot more risky at this stage, and recovery is longer.

Are There Home Remedies for Dog Hernias?

There are no home remedies for hernias in dogs, but most cases can be monitored at home and may never need surgery. It’s a good idea to check with your vet at the earliest opportunity if you suspect a hernia so you know exactly how likely the hernia is to cause a problem and what warning signs you should be on the lookout for.

Cost of Umbilical Hernia Surgery for Dogs

The cost of umbilical hernia surgery will depend on when the hernia is repaired, and whether it’s an emergency. A standard repair, done at the time of neutering, will usually be an “add-on” cost and likely under $100. 

If your dog isn’t being neutered at the same time, additional anesthetic will be required, in which case the costs are likely to go up — although you can still expect them to be under $400 in most cases.

In serious cases, where emergency surgery is required, costs will go up again. This is because your puppy will need more medication, more specialist care, and more surgical skill. In the worst cases, your dog will lose a portion of their gut, which is a complex and risky surgery that will require several days of hospitalization. Costs could be in the range of $1,000 to $3,000, depending on the severity and the geographic region.

The sooner hernias are treated, the cheaper and easier the surgery is likely to be. If costs are a concern, explain this to your veterinarian — they will help you find the most cost-effective solution so your puppy can have the surgery ASAP.

Umbilical Hernia: Puppy Care Post Surgery

The most important thing after umbilical hernia surgery in puppies is to limit their exercise, including play and jumping. The hernia is usually repaired by cutting the muscle and then stitching it back together again, just like an incision would be repaired after a neuter surgery or other abdominal surgery. But excessive exercise can cause swelling, and jumping could even cause a stitch to break, opening the hernia back up again. 

You’ll also need to prevent your puppy from interfering with (licking, chewing, scratching, or biting) the wound, as this can cause infection or break the stitches. Recovery from this sort of surgery is usually seven to 10 days, but it will vary with the seriousness of the hernia and whether the dog was neutered at the same time. Of course, your veterinarian will give you detailed post-surgical advice for your dog, and you should contact them if you have any questions.

How to Prevent Umbilical Hernias in Puppies

It’s not possible to prevent umbilical hernias after a puppy has been born. If you are purchasing a puppy, you can ask whether hernias have been found in previous litters from the same mother, or whether the mother herself had a hernia, but this isn’t a guarantee. Most people won’t remember or don’t know whether their dog had a hernia as a puppy, and hernias can still occur even if the dam didn’t have one herself. 

If you are thinking about breeding your dog and you want to prevent umbilical hernias, be sure to look at your dog and their siblings, as well as the potential father and their siblings. The fewer hernias are seen in the dog’s family history, the better the chance of preventing them in the pups. Do not breed dogs with umbilical hernias, or whose close relations had umbilical hernias.

Reference:

Gonzales, K.L., Famula, T.R., Feng, L.C., Power, H.M.N. and Bullis, J.M. (2021), “Folic Acid Supplementation Does Not Decrease Stillbirths and Congenital Malformations in a Guide Dog Colony.” J Small Anim Pract, 62: 286-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13292

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Luckily, most causes of dog epilepsy can be managed – even if they can’t be cured. The good news is that most dogs who have epilepsy live a normal, happy life.

What is Epilepsy in Dogs?

Epilepsy is the name of a syndrome of recurrent seizures. Seizures are abnormal electrical signals in the brain that typically cause uncontrolled muscle movements and loss of consciousness. They may also cause stiffness and abnormal behaviors.

Seizure disorders in dogs are common enough that your veterinarian likely cares for dogs with epilepsy. However, most pet parents will never have a pet with epilepsy. 

Causes of Epilepsy in Dogs

There are many causes of seizures and epilepsy in dogs. One of the biggest distinctions between causes is whether the seizure is the result of something inside the skull (intracranial) or something outside the skull (extracranial). 

Extracranial causes of seizures include low blood sugar, liver failure, toxins (chocolate, medications, etc), high fever, heat stroke, changes in electrolyte concentration in blood, low platelets, distemper virus, and others. 

Intracranial seizures can be the result of high intracranial pressure, masses or cancer, trauma, infection, congenital defects, and idiopathic epilepsy. 

Idiopathic epilepsy means there is no identifiable cause for the seizures. This is also known as primary epilepsy or primary seizures. While there is a genetic component to some cases of primary epilepsy it is not as simple as one or two genetic mutations causing seizures. Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two breeds with a genetic risk for primary epilepsy. Breeds including Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers also have increased risk.

Types of Dog Epilepsy

Epilepsy in dogs can be characterized by the different types of seizures your dog has – and not all of them are the same.

When people hear the word seizure they often think of full body spasms where the arms and legs flail in wild, uncoordinated movements. These are called grand mal seizures. 

However there are other types of seizures that affect dogs as well. Partial seizures or focal seizures may only affect a limb or one side of the face. Other seizures are just a brief pause in activity during which the dog may be unresponsive.

Brief changes in behavior can also be the only external sign of a seizure known as psychomotor seizures. For example a very friendly dog who suddenly bites her owner could be having a seizure.

Symptoms of Epilepsy in Dogs

Dogs with epilepsy may have seizure symptoms that include full body convulsions and loss of consciousness. But the symptoms of other types of seizures may be less obvious. 

Here are some other signs and symptoms to watch for if you suspect your dog has epilepsy:

Symptoms of partial seizures include abnormal movements of just one part of the body such as the face or one limb.

Signs of absence seizures include a temporary lapse of consciousness without physical movements. 

Symptoms of psychomotor seizures in dogs include changes in behavior that may manifest as repetitive movements, a moment of aggression, or another behavior that is abnormal for your dog.  

After a dog has a seizure there is typically a period of time where they still behave abnormally. This is known as a postictal phase. It could be that your dog is tired, panting, pacing, or otherwise not themselves. This is a normal part of a seizure and typically resolves in 5-30 minutes. 

Some dogs may be aware that a seizure is about to happen, called an aura. They may get anxious, become clingy, or hide if they know a seizure is about to happen. Auras are common in humans with epilepsy, but since dogs can’t tell us what is wrong it is unknown how common auras are in dogs.

Diagnosing Epilepsy in Dogs

While it may seem that the diagnosis of epilepsy is straightforward, it isn’t always that easy. Not all seizures are the grand mal type that is readily identifiable. 

Partial or absence seizures can be mistaken for fainting. Seizures can be easily confused with other types of collapse events such as fainting due to impaired cardiovascular function (syncope). Similarly, some toxins such as organophosphates, a type of pesticide, can cause trembling of the whole body. Tremors can look remarkably like a seizure and may only be differentiated based on response to medications dosed by a veterinarian. 

This is why it is very helpful to your veterinarian that you track seizure type, location, frequency, situation, and length. If you are able to do so safely, record a video of the event on your phone so that you can show it to your veterinarian. Make note of anything that may have preceded the seizure such as the delivery person dropping off a package or your dog eating dinner. 

Once it has been established that the event was a seizure, your veterinarian will want to check for extracranial causes by performing a comprehensive physical exam and blood work. Diagnosing epilepsy based on intracranial causes of seizures may require advanced diagnostic testing including sampling cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap) and an MRI. Generally these tests are performed by a neurologist.

How to Treat Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy in dogs is treated with oral medication at home. These medications are typically given 2-3 times per day. It is very important to give each dose on time. Forgetting doses or giving them inconsistently can actually make epilepsy worse. 

There are three main medications that veterinarians use to manage epilepsy in dogs: levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and zonisamide. 

The seizure medication that your veterinarian chooses for your dog will depend on several factors including your dog’s size, age, and other health conditions. Sometimes your dog will need to take more than one medication to manage their epilepsy. 

Your veterinarian may also prescribe a medication to stop a seizure if it happens. These are strong medications called benzodiazepines. Your veterinarian will likely only prescribe one to two doses since they are for emergency use only. 

Treatment of epilepsy in dogs is relatively inexpensive. The medication may cost anywhere from $20 – $100 per month depending on your dog’s size and how many medications they are on. If your dog is on phenobarbital, blood levels and liver values should be checked periodically (every 3-6 months) and these tests may cost $100 – $300 each time. 

There are no proven home remedies to reduce the likelihood of seizures. However, Purina makes a prescription dog food called NeuroCare that may be helpful in reducing seizure risk in dogs with epilepsy. 

Purina NC Neurocare

• Formulated with medium chain triglyceride oil to support cognitive health

• Includes EPA+DHA and omega-3 fatty acids to help support brain health

• Contains antioxidant vitamins E & C to support a healthy immune system

Additionally there is some evidence that raw, unprocessed coconut oil which is high in medium chain triglycerides may also have neuroprotective effects. Talk to your veterinarian before adding or changing anything about your dog’s treatment plan. 

When is an Epileptic Seizure an Emergency?  

A seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes is an emergency known as status epilepticus. If your dog’s seizure reaches the 2 minute mark, you should get prepared to take your dog to the closest emergency veterinary clinic. 

Similarly, if your dog has more than 2 seizures in a 24 hour period, that is an emergency because the likelihood of another seizure happening soon is very high. These are known as cluster seizures. 

A single seizure lasting less than 2 minutes is not an emergency. If it happens during normal business hours, call your veterinarian and ask if your pet can be seen the same day or next. If it happens in the middle of the night or on the weekend, schedule a visit with your veterinarian for the next day they are open. 

If you are unsure what to do, call your local emergency veterinary clinic. They will advise you about whether your dog needs to be seen as an emergency based on the information you provide. 

How to Prevent or Manage Epilepsy in Dogs

If your dog does not already have epilepsy, there is nothing you can do to prevent epilepsy from developing apart from routine care to keep your dog healthy. 

If your dog has epilepsy, then it may be possible to reduce the frequency of your dog’s seizures. Make notes about each time a seizure happens – where, when, what else was going on. You can then use this information by trying to prevent those situations from happening again. 

For example, if your dog has a seizure when they get very excited because you are having a house party, then ask a friend or neighbor to watch your dog if you are having people over. 

Apart from these types of situationally-induced seizures, there is nothing you can do to prevent seizures from happening. The best thing you can do is give your dog their seizure medication as prescribed and follow up with your veterinarian if you have concerns.

FAQs About Epilepsy in Dogs

Can dogs be cured of epilepsy?

No, dogs cannot be cured of epilepsy. However, most forms of epilepsy in dogs can be managed with medications and lifestyle changes. Your veterinarian can recommend the best seizure medication for your dog based on size, age, and other health conditions.

How long can dogs live with epilepsy?

Dogs with epilepsy can live relatively normal lives with average lifespans if their seizures are well controlled with medication. If seizures are not well controlled or dogs experience regular episodes of cluster seizures, they may have shorter lifespans due to quality of life issues.

Does anything trigger seizures in dogs?

There are a variety of things that may trigger seizures in epileptic dogs. In one study, pet owners were able to link seizures in their dogs to triggers related to stress, excitement, and food. These included things like fireworks, loud noises, cleaning products and air fresheners, and lack of sleep. Keeping track of when your dog’s seizures are happening and identifying possible triggers can help you avoid those triggers in the future.

What dogs are most prone to epilepsy?

Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers are two dog breeds with a genetic risk for idiopathic or primary epilepsy. Other breeds prone to epilepsy include Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Basset Hounds, and Schnauzers.

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In this article, you will learn why a dog’s back legs might begin giving out, and if that happens, what you can do to help your dog regain strength and stability, or at least stay as comfortable and pain-free as possible.

Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out: What It Looks Like

What does a dog’s back legs giving out look like? An obvious manifestation of this is when a dog is dragging their hindlimbs. Other signs a dog’s back legs are giving out include:

• Difficulty getting up (uses front legs to pull self up)
• Shaking back legs
• Stiff back legs
• Falling or tripping
• Wobbly hindlimb gait
• Dragging back toenails
• Avoiding stairs or jumping
• Increased irritability
• Limping
• Bunny hopping hind limbs 

Why Are My Dog’s Back Legs Giving Out? 19 Reasons 

A dog’s back legs give out due to several broad reasons: 

• Lack of strength
• Lack of function (inability to move muscles/bones)
• Instability in the legs
• Pain

More specifically, there are many diseases and conditions that can affect the back legs of a dog. Here’s a partial list, broken down into categories:

Joint Pain/Injury

• Osteoarthritis (OA) in hip, knee, ankle, toe, or spine (causes pain, lack of strength; seen in older dogs)
• Acute injury to muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, etc. anywhere on the back legs (causes pain, lack of function, instability; seen in any age)
• Excessive weight (causes joint pain from osteoarthritis; seen in any age)

Spinal Problems 

• Intervertebral spinal disc disease (causes pain, weakness, lack of function; seen in any age; common in long back breeds)
• Degenerative myelopathy (degenerative condition of the spinal cord; causes loss of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Lumbosacral stenosis (narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal pain; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)
• Wobbler’s syndrome (narrowing of the cervical spinal canal that pinches nerves; causes instability, lack of function and strength; seen in any age)
• Spinal tumors (cause pain, lack of function and strength; seen in older dogs)

Neurological Issues

• Neuromuscular disease, like myasthenia gravis (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Seizures (neurological disease; causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Vestibular disease (causes loss of balance due to inner ear or brain problems, instability; seen in older dogs)

Other Conditions

• Heart disease (causes lack of strength; seen in any age)
• Debilitation from advanced age (causes lack of function and strength, pain)
• Exercise-induced collapse (causes lack of strength and collapse after hard exercise; seen mostly in Retrievers, any age)
• Hormonal conditions, including hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease, and uncontrolled diabetes (impacts nerves and muscles; causes lack of strength and function; seen in older dogs)

External Factors

• Poisoning or bite/sting from a venomous animal (causes lack of function; seen in any age)
• Tick paralysis (from bites of infected ticks; causes paralysis, lack of function; seen in any age)
• Botulism (from food poisoning; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)
• Rabies (from a virus; causes paralysis lack of function; seen in any age)

Treatment Options for Leg Weakness in Dogs

As you can see, there are many reasons why a dog’s back legs are weak, and it should make sense that treatment for this really depends on what is causing the problem. For example, you wouldn’t give pain medication to a dog whose legs are giving out as a result of heart disease or botulism because it wouldn’t help.

If you don’t know why your dog’s legs are giving out, you need the assistance of a veterinarian to give you a diagnosis, as treatment will depend on what’s causing the issue in the first place.

Once the cause of your dog’s legs giving out is determined, your veterinarian can walk you through treatment options. Sometimes, the treatment is to cure the underlying cause, which then cures the issue with the back legs. This can occur with several conditions, including:

• Injuries
• Intervertebral disc disease
• Poisoning and envenomation
• Tick paralysis
• Vestibular disease
• Spinal tumors
• Excessive weight

Sometimes the problem can be mitigated by managing the underlying cause, as in chronic hormonal conditions and heart disease that require medication. Other conditions, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative myelopathy, are slowly progressive diseases that cannot be cured. In these cases, the goal is managing pain and maintaining the best quality of life possible.

If your dog’s back legs are giving out because of osteoarthritis in their hips or knees, for example, then there are many options available to you to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of symptoms. 

These options can include:

• Weight loss (If your dog is overweight, it can help improve symptoms of OA in most dogs) [1]
• Anti-inflammatory pain medication
• Muscle relaxants
• Joint supplements that reduce inflammation and promote healthy joints
• Joint fusion surgeries
• Joint injections of anti-inflammatory medication
• Cold laser therapy (photobiomodulation)
• Massage
• Acupuncture
• Monoclonal antibody injection
• Doggie joint braces and wheelchairs

Physical Therapy 

Another important treatment for leg weakness can be low-impact cardio exercise, strength building, and physical therapy. Physical therapists will tell you motion is lotion for your joints — the same is true for dogs! Exercise also preserves and builds muscles, which are important for overall metabolism and support of bones and joints. Working with a veterinarian certified in canine rehabilitation is extremely helpful to learn the most beneficial exercises for your dog.

Conditions like osteoarthritis are best managed with a combination of therapies that veterinarians call “multimodal therapy.” The right combination of treatments varies with each dog, but when you work with a veterinarian, they can guide you on the most effective treatment combination so that your dog feels better faster and you waste less time and money. 

Comfort Measures and How to Help Your Dog Cope

If your dog is suffering from a condition that can only be managed not cured, take heart! There are also a number of easy things you can do at home to help your dog be more comfortable and get around more easily. These include:

• Getting your dog a high-quality orthopedic mattress
• Using non-slip tread on stairs and non-slip rugs or mats on slippery hard floor surfaces
• Using ramps or pet stairs for your dog to climb stairs, into cars, and onto furniture
• Giving your dog a high-quality CBD oil for pain [2]
• Giving your dog high-quality fish oil daily. (Ask your veterinarian for the right dosage)
• Walking your dog twice daily (after managing pain. Remember, motion is lotion!)
• Keeping your dog’s nails trimmed regularly
• Using baby gates to fence off stairs or slippery floors

Related Conditions

• Osteoarthritis
• Intervertebral spinal disc disease
• Degenerative Myelopathy
• Cushing’s Disease
• Obesity
• Heart Disease

References

1. Marshall W, Bockstahler B, Hulse D, Carmichael S. “A review of osteoarthritis and obesity: current understanding of the relationship and benefit of obesity treatment and prevention in the dog.” Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2009;22(5):339-45. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-08-08-0069. Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19750285. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750285/ 
2. “Cornell University Study Says Hemp Oil Works For Dogs.” Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine Retrieved from: https://www.ellevetsciences.com/news/cornell-university-study-says-hemp-oil-works-for-dogs-in-pain/

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In dogs, obesity is not a cosmetic issue—it results in decreased quality of life for pets and it can lead to a breakdown of the human-animal bond. In fact, being overweight or obese is so harmful to dogs that nearly one-quarter of all claims submitted to one of the largest pet insurance companies were for obesity-related illnesses (2). 

A study, now over 20 years old and repeatedly confirmed, found that lean dogs live longer (3). And they live better—less arthritis and fewer mobility issues as they age. Research has continued to show the advantages of lean body condition in dogs, including healing from illness or surgery, response to medications, and even health of the gut microflora. 

We know maintaining a healthy weight is important for our dogs, but how can we get them there safely? Can exercise help a dog lose weight? The best way to achieve weight loss in dogs is through a combination of moderated calorie intake and appropriate, consistent exercise. 

Ready to get moving? We’ve rounded up some of the best types of exercise for dog weight loss.

10 Best Exercises for Weight Loss in Dogs

When choosing the best exercise for dog weight loss, consider activities that you and your dog will consistently enjoy. If you dislike the dog park, for example, you are less likely to take your dog there regularly. Here are 10 simple ways to exercise your dog:

Walking

This one may seem obvious, but walking is one of the safest physical activities to start with for dogs who are overweight. Start with short walks in flat areas and slowly increase until your walks are longer and/or include hills. 

Walking for exercise is different from walking for a potty break. Exercise walking might include breaks for sniffing but otherwise, keep momentum going to keep your dog’s heart rate up. 

If you want to mix things up, explore different ways to keep dog walks interesting, such as going on a “buddy walk” with a furry friend and their pet parent.

If your schedule prohibits you from taking walks, maybe a dog walker can help. There are apps to connect you to professional walkers, and don’t forget about the teenager down the street who wants some spending money.

Hiking

If you enjoy hiking, there are plenty of places to explore the great outdoors with your canine companion. Always follow posted leash laws and respect your dog’s ability for difficulty and length of trail. For dogs who aren’t used to hiking, start with shorter, easier hikes and work your way up to longer and more challenging routes.

Consider the weather conditions before you go, pack plenty of water, and take breaks along the way. Be mindful of jagged, hot, or icy surfaces that can injure your dog’s paws. 

Swimming

Swimming is a wonderful type of exercise for any dog, but it’s one of the best options for dogs with arthritis or heat-sensitive breeds. It is an ultra-low-impact activity: Dogs float so their joints are weightless while their muscles do all the work. 

If your dog won’t go all the way into the water, walking through ankle-, knee- or hip-deep water is very strengthening, even at a slow pace. (Note: Always practice water safety around fast-moving water and watercraft.)

If you are concerned about your dog swimming in open water or prefer a more controlled environment, you can research indoor swimming pools for dogs. Depending on the facility, there might be group play or private exercise options, as well as swimming for physical therapy (more on this next).

Physical therapy

Physical therapy isn’t just for recovery from injury or surgery. It can be like hiring a personal trainer, but for your dog! A canine physical rehabilitation specialist will evaluate your dog’s movement and help them build muscle where it is needed most. The specialist can help minimize the impact of chronic injuries and allow even the oldest, least active dogs to move around more easily. In turn, this permits other types of exercise and maybe even a longer life. If your dog struggles with mobility, a joint support supplement may be a helpful addition to their physical therapy routine.  

Physical therapy techniques you can use include treadmill therapy, underwater treadmill therapy, passive range-of-motion exercises, and therapeutic exercises to improve strength, balance, and coordination. Your veterinarian can recommend local physical rehabilitation centers. 

Interactive playtime

It may sound simple, but all of those fun activities you used to do with your dog when they were a puppy can be reintroduced. Whether playing fetch, hide-and-seek, or tug-of-war, any form of playtime with your dog is active and can be included in a dog weight loss exercise plan. You might even find that your dog returns to playing with toys on their own after you start playing with those toys, too.  

Scavenger hunt

A classic game of chase is sure to burn calories, but if you are spending time indoors or have limited space, a scavenger hunt can be a fun option to consider. Rather than hiding small treats (those calories can add up fast!), try a few rounds of “hide the toy” to provide both mental and physical stimulation. Start out by hiding a favorite toy in plain sight and telling your dog to “find it,” and then gradually work your way up to more challenging hiding spots, like under a blanket or pillow.

Dog park visit

Many dogs like dog parks because they get to be independent—they can choose where to go and which other dogs to play with. Whether your pup prefers to amble around sniffing or enjoys chasing other dogs, all of those minutes of activity add up. During the colder months, see if your area has an indoor dog park where your pet can expend some energy.
When spending time at the dog park, avoid overdoing it—too much activity or rough play can lead to injuries.

Social outing

If your dog isn’t a fan of the dog park or you find them too unpredictable, don’t underestimate the value of playtime with friends’ or neighbors’ dogs. Scheduling a play session after work a couple of times a week gives your dog a change of pace while also letting you include your dog in your own leisure activities. Whether in a private backyard or that secret dog-safe area in your neighborhood, spending time with friends can translate into easy exercise.

Classes

Enroll your dog in activity classes, such as agility training, retrieving, scent-tracking, dog diving, or whatever your dog’s genetics make them excited to do. Bonus points for practicing those skills outside of class as additional exercise. For example, if your dog really enjoys agility training, consider making a homemade agility course in your backyard as an enriching activity.

Dog daycare

Now that the dog daycare industry has exploded, busy pet parents have even more options to turn to when their schedules are jam-packed. Most daycare facilities separate dogs by size and activity level, and you can discuss dog weight loss goals with the caretakers. Adding one or two days per week gives your dog a boost of exercise while taking the burden off of you.

Dog Exercise Safety Tips

Dog weight loss should be slow. Aim for no more than 0.5 to 2 pounds of weight loss per month, depending on the size of your dog. 

For dogs who are obese or have additional medical issues, it is best to consult your veterinarian before beginning a weight loss program, as prescription diets and modified exercises may be recommended. 

Most importantly, know your dog’s limits. Any activity that includes your dog must be designed around their physical limitations. This is especially important with regard to weather. If your dog struggles with joint pain, consider adding a fish oil supplement to help them comfortably adjust to the increased activity. Fish oil supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory. These supplements can help to reduce swelling, pain, and stiffness in joints. 

Never exercise overweight dogs and short-faced dogs (e.g., French Bulldogs) when the temperature is high, because they can have difficulty breathing. Be careful of hot pavement, and conversely, protect your dog’s feet when the roads are salted during winter months. 

Consult your veterinarian before trying to turn a couch potato into an Iditarod contender. Your veterinarian will be very excited to learn about your dog’s weight loss plan and will have extra insight into how to safely start an exercise program for your dog. 

Exercise should build up slowly as your dog’s endurance increases. For example, multiple 10-minute walks might be best for a dog just starting out. Over the course of six months, that can increase to 30-minute walks. 

Always have plenty of fresh water available for your dog during and after the activity. It is safe for a dog to have a few licks of water even during strenuous activity, but they should be given a cool-down period before having a full water bowl. 

For any activity that involves other dogs, don’t push your pup. Let the dogs get to know each other slowly (like on a leash walk) before putting them together in a backyard. 

Exercise isn’t just about helping your dog lose weight. It will also help your dog have more energy to love you with. And, since most exercises for dogs also include you, it will strengthen the bond you share. Plus, you may find a new hobby. After all, the best activities are the ones you can do with your dog!

References

1. 2022 State of U.S. Pet Obesity Report. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6425ec5d33eaaa634113b2d4/t/6454f61c0cad164860799c8f/1683289630779/2022+State+of+US+Pet+Obesity+Report.pdf
2. Resolve to start the new year on a healthier foot – or paw – with your pets. Nationwide. Jan 2021. Retrieved from https://news.nationwide.com/resolve-to-start-the-new-year-on-a-healthier-foot/
3. Kealy, Richard D et al. “Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association vol. 220,9 (2002): 1315-20. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.1315

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Can dogs have muscle spasms? Yes, they can. Fortunately, painful muscle spasms do not seem to be very common in dogs. Still, on the off chance your pup suffers a muscle spasm, you’re going to want to know all about them…including what causes them and how you can help your dog cope with muscle spasms. 

What Are Dog Muscle Spasms?

In both humans and dogs, the term “muscle spasm” refers to a spontaneous, uncontrolled contraction of a muscle. 

Muscle contractions are a standard part of everyday life. Without them, your dog could not walk, run, or do almost anything. Usually, your dog is in control of their skeletal muscles, so the muscles work in normal, predictable ways. However, during a muscle spasm, powerful muscle contractions occur outside of your dog’s control.

And, just like the muscle spasms that plague people, muscle spasms in dogs can be very painful. Therefore, it’s worth taking canine muscle spasms seriously, because they can significantly impact your dog’s quality of life. 

Additionally, while muscle spasms themselves are rarely serious or fatal, the underlying conditions that cause them can be.  

What Causes Muscle Spasms in Dogs?

Muscle spasms have two potential causes. In some cases, a nerve fires abnormally, signaling the muscle to contract. In other cases, muscle spasms can be caused by abnormally excitable muscle cells. 

That means any condition that affects the nerves or the muscles can potentially cause muscle spasms. In dogs, that list of conditions includes: 

• Intervertebral disk disease or other diseases affecting the spine 
• Trauma that causes nerve irritation/entrapment
• Nerve tumor
• Neuromuscular disease
• Hypercalcemia 
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Dehydration
• Overexertion 
• Toxins
• Tetanus
• Canine distemper virus 
• Rabies 

Because muscle spasms have many different underlying causes, it’s difficult to predict an individual dog’s risk of experiencing a muscle spasm. Some causes of muscle spasms have an underlying genetic component and tend to affect certain breeds. Intervertebral disk disease, for example, is common in Dachshunds. Other underlying causes, like trauma, infectious diseases, and dehydration/overexertion, are relatively unpredictable and can affect any breed of dog. 

Dog Muscle Spasm Symptoms

Muscle spasms can affect any muscle in your dog’s body. However, they most commonly occur in the neck, legs, and muscles that run along both sides of a dog’s back. So symptoms are often concentrated in one or more of these areas.

Signs of muscle spasms include: 

• Pain
• Limping
• Visible muscle stiffness or trembling
• Reluctance to move the affected body part
• Irritability

It’s important to note that muscle spasms may be short-lived or they may persist for a longer period of time. Some symptoms may be obvious. For instance, if your dog is mid-spasm, you might notice obvious stiffness, pain, and trembling at the site of the muscle spasm.

However, some signs of a muscle spasm can be subtle and may persist long after the spasm has ended. For example, dogs with muscle spasms in their neck may only show a reluctance to eat from their food bowl, because the pain makes it more difficult to lower their heads.

Dog Muscle Spasms vs. Seizures

Pet parents should know that sometimes seizures in dogs can look a lot like muscle spasms. It’s important to know how to differentiate these conditions because seizures typically require more urgent treatment than muscle spasms. 

The difference between a muscle spasm and a generalized seizure is easier to recognize. That’s because, in addition to abnormal muscle movements, seizing dogs also tend to lose consciousness, lose control of their bladder and bowel, and act disoriented post-seizure. 

However, some dogs have partial seizures, which can be harder to recognize. During a partial seizure, a dog may remain conscious and only experience abnormal muscle movements in one part of their body. 

Distinguishing partial seizures from muscle spasms can be challenging, and will likely require the help of your veterinarian. So it’s best to consult your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your dog’s symptoms.

Diagnosing Dog Muscle Spasms

If you suspect your dog may be experiencing muscle spasms, a thorough veterinary exam is required to evaluate your dog’s symptoms and correctly diagnose the condition. An accurate diagnosis is the first step in determining the most effective treatment. 

Your veterinarian will begin by collecting your dog’s medical history. They will ask you questions about your dog’s overall health, as well as specific questions about your dog’s muscle spasms and symptoms. For example, when do the muscle spasms occur, how frequently, and have you noticed any factors that appear to trigger the muscle spasms? 

Be prepared to describe your dog’s muscle spasms and, if possible, to show your vet a video of the symptoms causing you concern.

Next, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam. Many muscle spasms are caused by an irritated nerve, and this irritation may be associated with an injury. Your veterinarian will carefully palpate your dog’s spine and the parts of their body where muscle spasms have occurred to identify abnormalities that may cause nerve damage. 

If the cause of your dog’s muscle spasm isn’t apparent upon exam, your veterinarian may recommend further diagnostics. Blood tests can identify hypercalcemia and electrolyte imbalances that may contribute to muscle spasms, while X-ray imaging can be used to look for injuries that may affect the spine. 

In some cases, your veterinarian may refer you to a specialist for further testing. For example, veterinary neurologists often perform an electromyogram (EMG) or nerve conduction study to better characterize neuromuscular disease.

Dog Muscle Spasms Treatment

Not all muscle spasms require treatment. If your dog has an isolated, one-time muscle spasm that resolves quickly and doesn’t recur, your veterinarian may forgo treatment. However, any dog with recurrent muscle spasms should receive veterinary care.

Natural Remedies for Muscle Spasms in Dogs

The only home treatment that may help some muscle spasms is rest. If your dog has a muscle spasm and it resolves on its own, it’s reasonable to monitor your dog at home. Limit your dog’s activity to allow time for any swelling or inflammation to resolve, then wait to see if the problem recurs. If your dog’s muscle spasms persist for more than a day, it’s time to seek veterinary care. 

Do not give any over-the-counter medications to your dog. Over-the-counter pain medications designed for humans can cause serious harm to dogs. 

Veterinary Treatments for Muscle Spasms in Dogs

The treatment of muscle spasms usually depends on their underlying cause. For example, if your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by intervertebral disk disease, your veterinarian will likely prescribe anti-inflammatory medication and strict rest to address the inflammation in your dog’s spine. If your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by hypercalcemia, your veterinarian will need to find and treat the underlying cause of the hypercalcemia. 

Muscle relaxants also play a role in the treatment of muscle spasms. Methocarbamol is a commonly used muscle relaxant in dogs. Methocarmabol is often combined with other treatments, which are intended to address the underlying cause of your dog’s muscle spasms. 

Your veterinarian may also prescribe pain medication to treat the pain that often accompanies muscle spasms. 

General Cost to Treat Dog Muscle Spasms 

The cost to treat muscle spasms will depend on their underlying cause. When muscle spasms are caused by an injury or inflammation, a physical exam and anti-inflammatory medication may cost just $100 – 200. If your dog’s muscle spasms are caused by hypercalcemia associated with malignant cancer, however, the cost of diagnostics and cancer treatment may reach several thousand dollars.

After performing a thorough physical exam, the veterinarian will give you an estimated cost for diagnosing and treating your dog’s muscle spasms. 

How to Prevent Muscle Spasms in Dogs

Most muscle spasms cannot be prevented. However, you can reduce your dog’s risk by ensuring that they eat a well-balanced diet. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to reduce their risk of injury, especially if your dog is a breed that is prone to intervertebral disk disease.

While there is no way to prevent all canine muscle spasms, prompt veterinary care can allow for the timely treatment of conditions that cause muscle spasms. 

Related Conditions

• Intervertebral disk disease
• Hypercalcemia
• Tetanus
• Canine distemper virus
• Rabies

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Read on to understand how a torn ACL in dogs can happen, is diagnosed, and is treated.

Do Dogs Have An ACL?

First things first: is there a difference between an ACL and a CCL?

ACL stands for anterior cruciate ligament, and while in veterinary medicine, we typically use the term CCL (cranial cruciate ligament), the terms and function are similar. 

The cranial cruciate ligament is one of the ligaments (a fibrous piece of connective tissue) in a dog’s knee (stifle) that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia). Cranial means the front of the knee, and cruciate refers to the fact that it is one of two ligaments that forms a cross in the knee. The CCL acts to stabilize the knee joint by limiting forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur.

Causes of Cruciate Ligament Tears in Dogs

The cranial cruciate ligament is known to rupture due to sudden trauma or through degeneration over time. Owners who witness a sudden presentation of limping caused by a CCL tear usually report that their dog was running and jumping in the backyard or dog park, or perhaps they were playing frisbee or flyball. Any activity that causes a fast, twisting motion of the knee (including high-impact sport) could potentially result in a torn cruciate ligament. 

The most common dogs seen in the veterinary clinic with torn CCLs are young, active, large-breed dogs. Another risk factor includes being overweight, and it has also been shown that genetics plays a part in the strength of the cruciate ligament. Some breeds are more prone to tears, such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Newfoundlands, Rottweilers, and Staffordshire Terriers.

Symptoms of CCL Tears in Dogs

Pet parents may be concerned that their pet has a torn CCL if they see any of the following signs:

• Limping, including not wanting to put weight on the affected back leg
• Vocalizing, including crying or whining
• Trembling and sensitivity to touch of the leg
• Unwillingness to rise from a sitting position
• Difficulty climbing stairs
• Sitting with the affected limb out to the side of the body
• Decreased muscle mass of the bad leg
• Variable lameness with exercise that may resolve with rest
• Increased thickness of the joint capsule, especially on the inside of the leg

Diagnosing Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Dogs

Properly diagnosing a torn cruciate ligament in dogs requires a trip to your veterinarian, where they will: 

• Get a history of your pet’s lameness 
• Perform a physical exam
• Touch and feel (palpate) the leg for instability, pain, and abnormal popping of the joint. 

Your veterinarian will also perform one or two tests: a cranial drawer test or a tibial compression test. Both of these tests check for abnormal movement of the tibia forward in relation to the femur. It may be very difficult to perform this test on an animal who’s awake and in pain, so sedation may be necessary to adequately diagnose your pet’s lameness. 

Your veterinarian will also want to perform X-rays of both rear limbs. They’ll look for signs of swelling in the knee that is suggestive of a CCL tear. X-rays will also help to rule out other causes of lameness, including infection, cancer, arthritis, and patellar luxation (when the knee is not in the proper location). In some cases, your veterinary hospital may recommend an MRI or joint taps (collecting fluid from the joint).

How to Treat Torn Cruciate Ligaments in Dogs

Cruciate Ligament Surgery for Dogs

Surgery is generally recommended for your dog to regain optimal function of the knee. TPLO surgery is a common choice for this type of injury, but there are other surgical options as well. The best procedure for your pet depends on multiple factors, including the type of dog, the surgeon’s preference, and any compounding conditions (like a secondary meniscal tear). 

The purpose of the surgical correction is to recreate the function of the cranial cruciate ligament and to improve stability of the joint. Even though some arthritis will occur regardless of the treatment method, less arthritic changes will occur following surgical correction. All knee surgeries are done under general anesthesia, where your dog is asleep and given pain medication.

Surgery on the knee is more complicated than an average surgical procedure (like a spay or neuter) and needs to be performed by an experienced veterinary surgeon. Many veterinarians don’t feel comfortable performing this surgery in their practice due to the complexity and specialized equipment necessary. 

Non-Surgical Treatment for a CCL Tear

There are some non-surgical options out there, including pain medication and leg splints; however, they tend to be less successful than surgical intervention. This is because these treatments do not resolve the underlying instability present in the joint, and this instability causes more damage and arthritis over time. You may notice that lameness will initially improve, but the animal will never return to their pre-injury activity without recurring lameness.

Cost to Treat CCL Tears in Dogs

The cost of treatment can range anywhere from $2,000 all the way up to $8,000 or more. This number depends on the type of surgery performed, the size of the dog, the severity of the injury, and where the surgery is performed.

Dog CCL Tear Recovery

Recovery is just as crucial as the surgery itself. Your veterinary hospital will give you anti-inflammatory pain medication and strict post-operative instructions, including physical therapy and exercise restrictions that are necessary to improve future weight-bearing and usage of the limb. 

It’s very important to follow these exercise restrictions and to only allow your pet to go outside on a leash to prevent failure of the surgical correction and further injury. Typically recommended to start 24 to 48 hours post-op, physical rehab can range from icing and massage with passive range of motion exercises at home, to laser therapy and underwater treadmill. Post-op healing typically takes six to eight weeks before restrictions can be lifted.

How to Prevent Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Dogs

This is definitely a case where prevention is the best medicine. No one wants to put their beloved pet through this type of surgery and recovery, especially since research shows that approximately half of dogs with a cranial cruciate rupture end up experiencing a similar issue in the other knee. [1]

The best prevention for a cranial cruciate tear is to keep your pup at a healthy weight. If they are overweight, please speak with your veterinarian about ways to decrease their weight. Keeping your pet fit with regular walks and a nutritious diet is also important.

Reference

1. Harasen G. Latest research in orthopedics – more highlights from the 35th Annual meeting of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society. Can Vet J. 2009 Feb;50(2):194. PMID: 19412401; PMCID: PMC2629425.

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When a dog has a contagious respiratory infection but the underlying cause is unknown, the diagnosis may be referred to as “canine infectious respiratory disease complex” or CIRDC, also known as kennel cough. The infection could be caused by multiple viruses and bacteria at the same time.

So far the illness has been reported in a handful of states, including Oregon, Colorado, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

Dogs who spend time in dog daycare centers, boarding facilities, or dog parks seem to be at greater risk of contracting the mysterious dog sickness.

“There is no singular pathogen that has been isolated at this time—just your typical garden variety respiratory germs,” states Dr. Sarah Wooten, DVM, a veterinarian based in Colorado. “In addition, any infectious respiratory disease is going to be harder on shelter dogs than owned dogs because shelter dogs are crowded and stressed.”

How to Protect Your Dog from Getting Sick

While the source of the mystery illness is yet unknown, you can still take precautions to help reduce the spread of germs and keep your pup safe.

“Veterinary researchers are still investigating the cause of this new sickness, but it’s currently suspected to be bacterial,” says Dr. Rhiannon Koehler, DVM, MPH. So it’s a good idea to maintain good hygiene to minimize risks.

Here are some veterinarian-approved tips to follow:

• “Avoid contact with unfamiliar dogs,” Dr. Koehler suggests. Wash your hands after interacting with them and try to prevent your dog from nose-to-nose contact.
• “Consider keeping your pet home for the holidays while this outbreak is ongoing,” Dr. Koehler says. 
• If you need to board your dog, Dr. Wooten recommends vaccinating your pet with the intranasal kennel cough vaccine at least two weeks prior to boarding and making sure they are up to date with the DHPP vaccine (also referred to as DA2PP vaccine).
• You may also want to ask the boarding facility what steps they’re taking to prevent the spread of the respiratory disease, Dr. Koehler adds.
• If you have an older or immunosuppressed dog, consider hiring a pet sitter and keeping your dog at home, Dr. Wooten suggests.
• If your dog has been in a high-risk environment, consider a quarantine period before exposing them to other dogs.
• Keep your dog from drinking or eating out of communal bowls.
• Avoid stressful situations like boarding kennels, dog parks, or grooming facilities. “As we all know, stress suppresses the immune system,” Dr. Wooten says.
• Keep your dog healthy with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and proper grooming. A strong immune system is better equipped to fight off infections.

Finally, If you suspect your dog is ill, consult with your veterinarian at the first sign of symptoms, which can include sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, and discharge from the nose or eyes, says Dr. Koehler. Early detection and treatment can help manage the illness and prevent its spread to other dogs.

While a small percentage of fatal cases have been reported, most dogs recover with appropriate supportive care over the course of 1-2 months, Dr. Koehler says.

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Read on to learn more about diagnosing and treating eye infections in dogs. 

What Is a Dog Eye Infection?

Eye infections are a common cause of conjunctivitis (pinkeye) in dogs. Infections cause inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane that covers the surface of the eye and the inside surface of the eyelids), leading to redness, squinting, and pain. Conjunctivitis can have a variety of other causes, however, such as allergies, physical or chemical irritation, eyelid abnormalities, and other conditions.

Eye infections can also affect other parts of the eye. The cornea (surface of the eye) can become infected if it has been weakened by a scratch or ulcer. The interior of the eye can also be affected by infections, leading to a condition known as uveitis.

What Causes Eye Infections in Dogs?

Bacteria

Eye infections are often caused by bacteria that live in the environment and on your dog’s skin. The bacteria are typically kept in check by your dog’s defenses, but these defenses can be overcome if the eye is damaged or diseased.

Some eye infections are associated with serious internal infections, like leptospirosis and brucellosis. These bacteria have systemic (body-wide) effects, including on the eye, and may be contracted from other dogs or from wildlife.

Viruses and Fungi

While viral eye infections are very common in humans, they are not quite as common in dogs. However, viruses like distemper virus, herpes virus, and canine influenza virus can lead to conjunctivitis. 

Fungal infections (like blastomycosis) are rare, but they can occur in some areas of the country. Fungal infections may be spread by inhaling fungal spores or contact with contaminated soil.

Dog Eye Infection Symptoms

The most common signs of eye infection include:

• Swelling
• Redness
• Squinting of one or both eyes
• Clear watery discharge (with viral infections)
• Thick green/yellow discharge (with bacterial infections)
• Frequent blinking
• Holding one or both eyes closed
• Sensitivity to light
• Pawing at and/or rubbing the eye on the carpet or furniture, as if they are uncomfortable or trying to remove something

However, it’s important to note that these signs are relatively non-specific indicators of eye inflammation and can be caused by a variety of eye conditions. Therefore, a thorough veterinary workup is needed to determine whether your dog’s eye issues are a result of an infection or another problem. 

Diagnosing Dog Eye Infections

If your dog shows signs of an eye problem, seek veterinary care as soon as possible. Injuries and infections of the eye can cause blindness if they are left untreated, so this isn’t a situation where you want to adopt a “wait and see” approach. 

Your veterinarian will begin by performing a thorough physical exam, paying special attention to your dog’s eyes. Next, your veterinarian will likely recommend diagnostic tests.

The most common tests used to assess the eyes include: 

• Fluorescein stain. This brightly-colored stain is used to diagnose defects in the cornea, including scratches and ulcers
• Schirmer tear test. This test measures your dog’s tear production and is used to rule out dry eye (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) 
• Tonometry. Measuring your dog’s intraocular pressure (eye pressure) can rule out glaucoma

Based on physical exam findings and the results of diagnostic tests, your veterinarian will be able to arrive at a diagnosis and determine the best treatment for your dog.

Dog Eye Infection Treatment

Treatment of an eye infection depends on the type of eye infection that is present, and the severity of the infection. 

Bacterial Eye Infection

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics for a dog eye infection are often given as drops or ointment, applied to the surface of your dog’s eye(s) every four to eight hours or as directed by your veterinarian.

Viral Eye Infection

Viral infections generally resolve on their own, as the dog’s immune system fights off the virus. However, your veterinarian may prescribe topical eye medication to soothe any inflammation and discomfort. Give these medications as directed.

Fungal Eye Infection

Fungal eye infections (and some serious internal bacterial infections) are treated with oral medications. Oral antifungal medications and oral antibiotics can be beneficial in the case of systemic infections.

Other Infections

Other causes of conjunctivitis, such as allergies and mechanical irritation, require different treatments. This is why it’s essential to have your dog’s eye condition diagnosed by a veterinarian, so you can ensure your dog receives the right treatment.  

Home remedies are not recommended for eye infections. Saline flush might be helpful if your dog has dust or dirt in their eye, but other human eye medications should be avoided in dogs. If your dog’s eye inflammation persists for more than a couple of hours, visit your veterinarian. 

How to Prevent Dog Eye Infections

While there is no way to prevent all eye infections, these steps can help reduce the risk: 

Schedule consistent examinations. Have your dog examined by a veterinarian regularly. Early detection of eye abnormalities can reduce the risk that these abnormalities lead to an infection.

Stay on top of vaccines. Keep your dog up to date on recommended vaccines, which can help prevent viral infections of the eye. 

Keep an eye on your dog’s eyes. Check your dog’s eyes regularly at home, and contact your veterinarian at the first sign of a problem. A small scratch on the surface of your dog’s eye can easily become infected, leading to more serious problems. 

Don’t forget about grooming. If your dog has long hair, keep the hair on their face trimmed away from their eyes.

Stay away from dust and debris. Avoid letting your dog put their head out of the car window to reduce the risk of dust and other materials damaging their eyes. 

Related Conditions

• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• Uveitis

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The bottom line—choosing supplements for dogs with cancer shouldn’t be a guessing game. With some help from vet experts, we’ve picked the best supplements for dogs with cancer. Of course, your pup’s specific needs are based on their diagnosis and chemical profile. 

So, take a look at this round-up of cancer supplements for dogs, then ask your veterinarian if these supplements could support your dog’s health.

Our Top Picks

All featured products are chosen at the discretion of the Great Pet Care editorial team and do not reflect a direct endorsement by the author.

• Mushroom Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: NOW Pets Immune Support Chewable Tablets
• Supplement for Dogs with Inflammation: Ayush Herbs Inflammation Support 
• Calming Aid for Dogs with Cancer: ThunderWunders Calming Chews
• Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Soft Gels for Pets
• Gut Health Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Rx Biotic Powder
• Liver Support Supplement for Dogs with Cancer: Integrative Therapeutics Super Milk Thistle X

Benefits of Supplements for Dogs with Cancer

Supplements can be a great addition to your dog’s diet, but not all supplements belong in your pet’s dish. “In recent days, it seems almost every second owner has their pet on supplements, whether veterinarian-recommended or not,” says London-based locum veterinary surgeon Dr. Linda Simon, DVM. 

She notes that supplements aren’t always the answer—and they’re not always necessary. Typically, pets meet their nutritional needs when eating a complete and balanced dog food. “For most animals, supplements are only needed when they have a diagnosed medical issue, such as cancer,” she says.

When it comes to dog cancer patients, common symptoms include inflammation, nausea, anxiety, and decreased energy—symptoms that could benefit from the addition of supplements made for pets. Types of supplements to consider include:

• Omega 3 fatty acids and turmeric (curcumin) for decreasing inflammation. 
• Pre- and probiotics for improving gut health, boosting the immune system, and reducing inflammation of the digestive tract.   
• Medicinal mushrooms for anti-cancer activity, relief of chemotherapy side effects, and longevity [1]. 
• Milk thistle for protecting the liver and other organs from harmful toxins. 
• CBD, chamomile, and melatonin for calming pre-veterinary visit jitters. 

But grabbing supplements off the shelf based on a blanket cancer diagnosis might not provide the results you’re looking for. For a targeted approach, work with your veterinarian to select the best supplement(s).

6 Vet-Approved Supplements for Dogs with Cancer

There are many options available when it comes to choosing supplements for dogs with cancer. And the best treatment depends on the age, diagnosis, and needs of your dog. Here are a few to ask your vet about:

Mushroom Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: NOW Pets Immune Support Chewable Tablets

Your dog’s diagnosis and the target area will determine which mushroom provides the biggest benefit. Now Pets’ veterinarian-formulated mushroom supplement features a proprietary blend of eight mushrooms that benefit everything from liver and kidney function to the immune system. 

Mushrooms have two parts—the top which is the flowering body and the mycelium which is the root. The component giving your pet the biggest nutritional boost is a compound called beta-glucan, which is found in the top or fruiting body of the mushroom [2]. 

Other active ingredients include milk thistle extract, turmeric root extract, burdock root, licorice root, red clover, ashwagandha root extract, and selenium.

Highlights

• Veterinarian-formulated by Dr. Barbara Royal, DVM, CVA, founder of the Royal Treatment Veterinary Center
• Made with natural botanicals
• Improved flavor
• Carries the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) Quality Seal
• 90 chewable tablets per bottle

Things to Consider

Based on where the cancer is located, what treatment a dog is undergoing, and their medical history—there are potentially different mushroom supplements that you want to reach for. So, ask your veterinarian if this combination of medicinal mushrooms is the right one for your pup. 

The label says to use with caution in animals on steroids. Long-term use may cause or contribute to water retention, hypertension, and other cortisone-like side effects.

Supplement for Dogs with Inflammation

Our pick: Ayush Herbs Inflammation Support 

When it’s general inflammation you want to tackle, consider a turmeric supplement. This option from Ayush Herbs features 97 percent pure curcuminoids and is formulated to help support a healthy inflammatory and metabolic response (already within a normal range). The product has earned a quality and safety certification from Emerson Ecologic’s Emerson Quality Program (EQP), which means it meets or exceeds current Good Manufacturing Processes (cGMP). 

Highlights

• 97 percent pure curcuminoids
• Quality and safety certification from Emerson Ecologic’s Emerson Quality Program (EQP)
• Contains no milk, soy, egg, or wheat
• 90 tablets per bottle

Things to Consider

Turmeric supplements for dogs can be beneficial for general inflammation. However, gastrointestinal side effects may occur in some dogs. When targeting inflammation in a particular area, talk with your veterinarian about the right supplement for the job. 

Calming Aid for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: ThunderWunders Calming Chews

ThunderWunders calming chews for dogs can help promote rest and relaxation and alleviate stress. Made with naturally calming ingredients, including chamomile, melatonin, and L-tryptophan, your pup can feel at ease for the day ahead. These chews also contain ginger to help settle sensitive stomachs in stressful situations. 

Highlights

• Ingredients include chamomile, thiamine, passion flower, ginger, L-tryptophan, and melatonin
• Made in the USA
• 100 percent satisfaction guarantee
• For dogs 12 weeks of age and older 
• Comes in a 60-count bag

Things to Consider

Similar to some other supplements for pets, there haven’t been many studies of chamomile in animals. So, the evidence that it works is mostly anecdotal. L-tryptophan is an amino acid that increases serotonin levels in the brain. Before starting this supplement, ask your board-certified oncologist if your dog’s treatment works by creating free radicals and if this amino acid could interfere with treatment.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Soft Gels for Pets

The best source of omega-3 fatty acids is small, cold-water fish (such as sardines and anchovies) that are less likely to bioaccumulate harmful toxins [3]. Sustainably caught, cold-water sardine and anchovy oils are exactly what you’ll find in every soft gel capsule of Nordic Naturals omega-3 supplement for pets. Formulated especially for furry friends, this fish oil is 90 percent triglyceride molecular form, meaning better absorption and easier digestion than similar products. Plus, this brand excels when it comes to rigorous testing and quality standards. That means fresh ingredients that meet purity standards. 

Highlights

• 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acids in every capsule, including EPA and DHA
• Third-party tested and guaranteed purity
• Wild-caught ingredients
• Friend of the Sea certified
• GMO-free 
• 90 soft gels per bottle

Things to Consider

Some pups aren’t fans of the soft gel form. But pet parents say the capsules make correct dosing a breeze—even if that means puncturing and squeezing the contents onto food. 

Gut Health Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Rx Biotic Powder

Clinical research shows that the gut is its healthiest when pre- and probiotics work together [4]. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that normally live in your dog’s intestines, but stress, a bout of illness, or antibiotics can disrupt the balance of good and bad bacteria. Once established, the good bacteria will need something to consume so that they may continue thriving. That’s where prebiotics (fermentable fibers) come in. 

“Fermentable fibers are known to have health benefits across many species,” Dr. Sarah Machell, DVM, medical director of Vetster says. “Some of these identified benefits include better bowel movements, enhancement of gut bacterial flora, and an increased generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).” Dr. Machell notes that SCFAs are particularly important to gut health for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. 

Rx Biotic Powder for Dogs and Cats features four major probiotic bacterial strains and two prebiotics to help support healthy digestive and immune systems.

With almost 70 percent of a dog’s immune system tied to the gastrointestinal tract, the gut is an important aspect of overall health and well-being [5]. So, don’t miss chatting with your veterinarian about this powder supplement. 

Highlights

• Balanced probiotic and enzyme support supplement 
• Highly palatable, high potency, hypo-allergenic powder with no flavorings or additives
• Carries NASC Quality Seal
• Comes in a 60-gram or 35-gram bottle

Things to Consider

For therapeutic use, you may need to give 2-4 scoops daily with food. Refrigeration is recommended after opening. 

Some popular probiotics for dogs contain beta carotene or vitamin E. While these compounds are healthy antioxidants for most dogs, they could interfere with some cancer treatments. So, check labels carefully, then chat with your veterinarian before starting your dog on any probiotic and prebiotic—or any other supplement. 

Liver Support Supplement for Dogs with Cancer

Our pick: Integrative Therapeutics Super Milk Thistle X

Silymarin—a chemical found in milk thistle—is a powerful protectant that can reduce the toxic effects that chemotherapy and other treatments may have on the liver and kidneys. Integrative Therapeutics combines a highly absorbable form of milk thistle with other supportive herbs, including artichoke leaf, dandelion root, licorice root, and rhizome extracts, for this well-rounded liver support supplement.

Highlights

• No sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, dairy products, or ingredients of animal origin
• No artificial coloring, flavoring, or preservatives
• Adheres to the highest manufacturing standards
• 120 capsules per bottle

Things to Consider

While milk thistle is generally safe for therapeutic use in dogs, this particular supplement is formulated for humans, so you’ll need to check with your veterinarian first to see if it’s appropriate for your individual pet. If your vet approves, use caution and follow their dosing recommendations and instructions. 

Supplements for Dogs with Cancer: Buyer’s Guide

The number of supplements to choose from can be overwhelming. To narrow down the best choices, it’s important to keep a few things in mind:

Your dog’s diagnosis and treatment plan. Dogs can develop different types of cancer with different symptoms. Just like in humans, cancer can affect different parts of the body and require varying treatment or management plans. That means that there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to supplements for canine cancer. 

Veterinary approval. Always consult your veterinarian, board-certified oncologist, or board-certified veterinary nutritionist before adding a new supplement to your dog’s diet. 

Supplement form. Supplements for dogs with cancer come in many forms, such as powders, capsules, chews, and liquid drops. Your dog could lose their appetite or sense of smell, making supplementing difficult. So, consider your individual dog’s preferences and temperament when choosing a form and prepare to be flexible as their treatment or management progresses. 

Active ingredients. Read the packaging to see the product’s active ingredients and potential health benefits. Some active ingredients could interfere with medications or other treatments. So, always discuss any changes to your dog’s diet with your pet’s medical team before starting a new supplement. 

Quality. Third-party testing, GMP-certified, NSF-certified, and a seal of the NASC all tell you that you’re buying a quality supplement. When requested, reputable companies can provide a certificate of analysis. 

Dog Cancer Supplements: Precautions and Tips

As a general rule, it’s always best to check with your veterinary team before adding any additional foods or supplements to your pet’s diet. It might surprise you to find that some minerals and nutrients could interfere with your dog’s cancer treatment. 

For example, avoiding antioxidants such as beta carotene and vitamin E is the safest bet for dogs receiving radiation treatment or chemotherapy that works by creating free radicals [6].  

Dr. Joseph Impellizeri, DVM, DACVIM, MRCVS, is a board-certified oncologist at URvet Care and heads the Barrymore Center for Advanced Cancer Therapeutics. He’s a proponent of using supplements for dogs with cancer but heeds one last and very important warning:

“Never let the use of supplements override the standard of care.” Supplements are complementary to conventional care and treatment, he says. “Nutrition is just one pillar of health stability.”

References

1. Vetvicka, Vaclav, et al. “Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression.” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 4, Mar. 2021, p. 250. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040250.
2. Vetvicka, Vaclav. Unrestricted Educational Grant from Nutramax Laboratories Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 2019, Effects & Benefits of Beta-Glucan, https://files.brief.vet/2019-02/CN_2019_Nutramax_March_F_SF%20(1).pdf. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
3. Bioaccumulative Persistent Chemicals. https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Folder2/Folder27/Folder1/Folder127/Bioaccumulative__Persistent_Chemicals_FINAL.pdf?rev=17c45be4398546268a90de04f50f25e4. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
4. Wortinger, Ann. “Prebiotics and Probiotics for Dogs and Cats.” Today’s Veterinary Nurse, 28 Feb. 2019, todaysveterinarynurse.com/nutrition/prebiotics-and-probiotics-for-dogs-and-cats/. 
5. “The Power of Probiotics.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/health-info/power-probiotics. Accessed 10 Nov. 2023. 
6. Moss, Ralph W. “Do Antioxidants Interfere with Radiation Therapy for Cancer?” Antioxidants and Radiation Therapy, Cancer Communications, 2007, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1534735407305655. 

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What Is an Enlarged Liver in Dogs? 

An enlarged liver in dogs is often a sign of an underlying condition. In veterinary medicine, an enlarged liver is referred to as hepatomegaly.

The liver rests just behind the diaphragm, which is the thin muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. The bottom of the liver usually has sharp margins and doesn’t extend far past the ribs.

Most commonly, your veterinarian can monitor the size of your pet’s liver through abdominal palpation and X-rays of the abdomen. If the veterinarian sees that the margins of the liver appear rounded and that the bottom of the liver is extending into the abdomen past the edge of the ribs, they may determine the liver is enlarged.

Causes of Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Some causes of enlarged liver in dogs are harmless. Others may indicate a manageable underlying disorder. In some cases, hepatomegaly in dogs indicates a life-threatening condition.

Causes of liver enlargement in dogs include:

• Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
• Chronic hepatitis
• Nodular hyperplasia (a benign, age-related change)
• Breed-related or inherited conditions, such as inherited amyloidosis in the Chinese Shar-Pei or copper accumulation in the livers of some Bedlington Terriers
• Drugs or toxins, such as phenobarbital or blue-green algae, which cause liver damage in dogs
• Infectious diseases, such as leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus type 1), or histoplasmosis (fungal disease), which can cause liver failure in dogs
• Diabetes mellitus
• Right-sided heart failure
• Liver cancer

Symptoms Associated with Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most symptoms are actually related to the condition that is causing hepatomegaly rather than the enlarged liver itself. Symptoms may include:

• Abdominal distention or pot-bellied appearance
• Excessive urination and thirst (polyuria and polydipsia)
• Excessive panting
• Appetite and weight changes
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Changes to coat, such as loss of hair on sides
• Jaundice
• Lethargy
• Neurologic signs like pressing the head into the wall and acting mentally unaware (hepatic encephalopathy) 

Diagnosing Hepatomegaly in Dogs

Dogs with enlarged livers typically come to the veterinarian for other symptoms or for their routine wellness check.

Determining if the liver is enlarged is usually pretty simple. Some veterinarians may be able to tell if your pet has an enlarged liver by looking at them and palpating their abdomen, but if there’s doubt, an X-ray or ultrasound of the abdomen typically shows hepatomegaly. Mild cases may be more difficult to detect.

Determining the reason for liver enlargement in dogs is a bit more complicated. When your veterinarian is trying to figure out what’s causing the liver to enlarge, they’ll almost certainly perform routine bloodwork, an analysis of the pet’s urine, and imaging (X-rays and/or abdominal ultrasound).

Other tests may include:

• Confirmatory blood testing for Cushing’s disease
• Chest X-rays and echocardiogram (if heart disease is suspected)
• Testing bile acids to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Ammonia testing to determine how well the liver is functioning
• Assessment of abdominal fluid if present
• Coagulation testing to see how well the blood clots
• Hepatic cytology, in which liver cells are examined under a microscope
• Liver biopsy, in which a small section of liver is removed for examination under a microscope
• Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen (this may be recommended if cancer is known or suspected)

How to Treat an Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Treatment of liver enlargement is geared toward the underlying cause. In some cases, such as an infection, the liver may return to its normal size after treatment. In other cases, such as chronic hepatitis or liver cancer, the liver may not fully return to its normal size.

During routine wellness visits, the veterinarian palpates the abdomen and checks liver function with routine bloodwork. In younger dogs, these appointments should occur at least annually. In older dogs, usually at least every six months. If your dog has an active condition that’s impacting their liver, monitoring may initially be more frequent. Once your pet is stable, your veterinarian can help you decide how regularly to do check-ups.

Treatment for Specific Causes of Liver Enlargement

Liver Injury

In dogs who are experiencing liver injury that requires hospitalization, supportive care will be initiated. This can include:

• Intravenous fluids
• Anti-inflammatories
• Nutritional management
• Medications to prevent vomiting and treat nausea
• Blood transfusions or anticoagulants
• Pain medication

Infections

Antimicrobials are usually administered for infectious causes of liver enlargement, in addition to supportive care.

For bacterial infections, common antibiotics include:

• Penicillins
• Cephalexin
• Enrofloxacin
• Metronidazole 

Doxycycline is commonly used for leptospirosis, and for fungal infections, antifungals like itraconazole are recommended. Viral infections are managed with supportive care.

Inflammatory and Endocrine Disorders

For inflammatory disorders like chronic hepatitis, which often has an autoimmune component, treatment may include steroids and medications that suppress the immune system.

For endocrine disorders like Cushing’s disease or diabetes, medications are given to manage the hormonal disorder. For Cushing’s disease, this is typically trilostane, while diabetes is managed with insulin and dietary changes.

Liver protectants may also be recommended, including SAM-e (S-adenosylmethionine), silybin, and ursodiol. These typically come in the form of supplements.

Cancer

When cancer is suspected, treatment options depend on the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread. Treatment may include surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Liver Cirrhosis 

When liver disease in dogs is chronic or uncontrollable, it will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis, which can make the liver small and nodular and have devastating effects on liver function. This is not reversible and is the end stage for liver disease. 

How to Prevent Enlarged Liver in Dogs

Most causes of liver enlargement can not be prevented. Discussion of your pet’s risk can help you determine the appropriate steps to reduce the risk of infectious diseases, such as vaccination against leptospirosis.

Although most causes aren’t necessarily preventable, paying close attention to your pet’s behavior and regular veterinary exams can help catch disorders that cause liver enlargement early.

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But how do you know the difference between healthy dog gums vs. unhealthy gums? What do healthy dog gums look like? 

In this article you will learn what healthy dog gums look like and how to recognize warning signs that could indicate problems.

Healthy Dog Gums: What to Look For

In order to make sure that your dog’s gums are healthy, you first have to know what normal dog gums look like. If your dog is comfortable with you touching their mouth and in a relaxed, happy mood, then go ahead and lift their lips and take a look. 

Make sure to look on both sides of the mouth, top and bottom. Normal dog gums should be pink or pale pink, moist, with no bleeding or sensitive areas. If your dog is very excited, hot, or was just exercising, their gums will be darker pink. 

If you see black spots on a dog’s gums, don’t panic! Many dogs have black pigmentation on their gums and tongue. However, dogs can get melanoma on their gums, so if the black spot is new to you, be sure to have your veterinarian take a look to make sure it is nothing to worry about. 

It is best to check your dog’s gums at least once a week.

Warning Signs to Watch Out For

Signs of gum disease in dogs include:

• Red gums
• Bleeding gums
• Foul breath
• White buildup and brown staining on teeth (plaque and tartar)
• Abnormal growths or swollen gums
• Mobile teeth and tooth loss
• Gum sensitivity
• Trouble chewing, drooling, or dropping food
• Gums that look like they are growing over teeth

Dog Gum Color Chart 

When checking your dog’s gums, it’s important to know what to keep an eye out for. The following chart can identify potential problems, so that you can discuss gum changes with your veterinarian.

What Causes Unhealthy Dog Gums?

Dog gum health is mostly a function of oral hygiene, but genetics also play a role. While small and toy breed dogs have more problems with gingivitis and poor gum health than large breed dogs, any dog can develop gum disease. 

In general, gum disease in dogs is usually due to poor oral hygiene leading to plaque and tartar build up on the teeth. Bacteria multiply on the surface of the teeth and eat away at gums and bone, causing gum recession, loose teeth, pain, and tooth loss. 

The Importance of Healthy Dog Gums

Gum disease not only creates bad breath and leads to bone and tooth loss, it is also painful and can negatively impact internal organ function. Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream through inflamed gums. This bacteria circulates throughout the body, landing in the liver, heart, and kidneys and causing extra wear and tear in these internal organs. 

What to Do If Your Dog Has Unhealthy Gums

If your dog has unhealthy gums, then it is time to get a veterinarian involved. Do not try to brush your dog’s teeth if they have evidence of gum disease because it will hurt and may make the problem worse. 

If your dog’s gums are an odd color that you know isn’t normal, then you need to get your dog to the veterinarian as soon as possible. Many times, abnormal gum color can indicate a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care. 

If you are noticing the signs of inflamed gums due to gum disease, then veterinary intervention is also required. While this isn’t a life-threatening emergency, it is uncomfortable, can lead to tooth loss, and is causing stress on your dog’s body, so it is best to get it addressed as soon as you can. Schedule an appointment with your local veterinarian. 

During the appointment, your vet will take your dog’s vitals and conduct a full physical examination, including examining the teeth and gums. If your vet notices gum disease, they will likely recommend a full dental cleaning, x-rays, and full dental evaluation under anesthesia. Your dog will need to come back for this procedure and stay at the hospital during the day to have the procedure and recover. 

During the procedure, if your vet notices any diseased teeth that need to be removed or other issues, they will need your approval to remove those teeth. Always be available by phone when your dog is undergoing a veterinary dental cleaning. 

How to Maintain Healthy Dog Gums

The best way to maintain healthy dog gums at home is to brush your dog’s teeth regularly. Brushing every 2-3 days is best because it takes approximately 72 hours for plaque (white, soft build up that can be brushed away) to harden into tartar (must be scaled or scraped off). 

In addition to brushing, the following products can be helpful for some dogs:

• Wiping the teeth with dental wipes
• Long-lasting dental chews (keep your dog chewing for 10-15 minutes)
• Water additives that reduce plaque build up
• Therapeutic dental dog foods formulated to reduce plaque build up

Look for products that have the Veterinary Oral Health Council seal of approval on them. 

It is also important to have your dog’s teeth checked once a year by your local veterinarian. Your vet can tell you if your dog needs professional dental cleaning and give you more advice on how to keep your dog’s teeth and gums healthy. Even though a dental procedure is pricey, consider it an investment in your dog’s overall health, longevity, and quality of life. You can offset the cost of veterinary dental care with pet insurance, wellness plans, pet care credit cards, or payment plans offered by your vet.

While gum disease is common in dogs, with increased awareness and proactive measures, you can help your dog have a healthy mouth. You may also save your dog’s life or the life of another dog by understanding how gum color reveals health problems, so share this article with other dog lovers in your life!

References:

1. Wallis, C. and Holcombe, L.J. (2020), A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 61: 529-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13218 

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When the kidneys become damaged, dogs can become very sick. Once diagnosed, dogs with kidney disease must be closely monitored and managed with an appropriate treatment plan. 

Treating Kidney Disease in Dogs: Overview

It can be overwhelming for pet parents to learn that their dog has been diagnosed with kidney disease. Navigating initial treatments and long-term management of this condition may be daunting at first, but with the help of a veterinarian, pet parents can become educated and better equipped to care for their canine companions.  

Treatment for kidney disease in dogs will depend on the type and severity of disease. There are two main types of canine kidney disease:

• Acute kidney disease
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Acute kidney disease typically develops rapidly and can occur in dogs of any age. It is most commonly due to the ingestion of some type of toxin, and it usually requires hospitalization and intensive treatment. Chronic kidney disease is a common condition among older dogs, and it is considered an irreversible, progressive condition. It can be present for an extended period of time without noticeable symptoms

Dogs with acute kidney disease usually need to receive treatment specific to the underlying cause of the condition. If a toxin was ingested, an appropriate treatment plan would be developed to counteract the toxin and provide supportive care. Typically, this treatment is only needed in the short-term, but it is possible for acute kidney disease to become chronic in some dogs, which would require additional treatment.  

Dogs who have chronic kidney disease require long-term management through medications, fluid therapy, and a prescription diet. These dogs will need to see a veterinarian on a regular basis. Veterinary visits are at least every six months but may be more frequent depending on the severity of the disease and how the dog is responding to treatment. 

Kidney Disease Dog Diet: What to Feed

Veterinarians typically recommend switching to a prescription diet specially formulated for kidney disease. These diets have lower amounts of protein, phosphorus, and sodium. Many contain antioxidants to support kidney function as well. 

Since dogs with kidney disease have an increased risk of urinary tract infections, some diets are also formulated to promote bladder health. 

Homemade dog food is not recommended for dogs with kidney disease because it is difficult to regulate the amounts of ingredients within them and ensure proper support for the kidneys. 

Dogs with kidney disease typically pass large amounts of dilute urine so they must have access to fresh, clean water at all times to compensate for this. Dehydration can exacerbate kidney disease, so it is important to keep these dogs well-hydrated at all times. 

Pet parents must also be cautious about the type of dog treat they are giving their dogs. Many treats contain ingredients that may not support optimal kidney function. Fortunately, there are several prescription treat options available.

Below are some vet-recommended prescription dog foods to help kidney function:

Dog Kidney Disease Medications

Various medications can be given to help dogs with kidney disease. Some common medications prescribed by your veterinarian may include the following: 

Phosphate Binders

Dogs with kidney disease are prone to developing high levels of phosphorus in the blood. High levels of phosphorus in the bloodstream can also increase calcium levels, which can have serious side effects. Phosphate binders are given by mouth, and they bind phosphorus in the intestines. This blocks phosphorus absorption, helping to control phosphorus levels in the blood.

Popular phosphate binders for dogs include:

ACE Inhibitors

Because hypertension can be a consequence of kidney disease, these medications are used to reduce high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can negatively impact various other organs, such as the brain and eyes, so it is important to manage this condition. In turn, these medications also reduce the amount of protein found in the urine. They are given orally. 

Common ACE inhibitors prescribed for dog kidney disease include benezepril and enalapril. Buy them from your veterinarian here:

Antibiotics

These medications are given to treat bacterial infections. They are only given if a concurrent infection, such as a UTI, is present in a dog with kidney disease to eliminate the bacteria. They are most commonly given orally, but some antibiotics may be given intravenously at the veterinary clinic if needed.

Common antibiotics used to treat infections associated with kidney disease in dogs include clavamox, amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, and cephalexin. These medications can be purchased from your veterinarian.

Proton Pump Inhibitors or H2 Antagonists

These medications are given to reduce acid within the stomach. Dogs with kidney disease often have increased acid production which can lead to stomach ulcers and mouth sores. Too much acid can also cause nausea, which can further decrease appetite. Pet parents usually give these medications orally, but H2 antagonists may also be administered via injection by a veterinarian.

Medications in this category include omeprazole and famotidine.

Appetite Stimulants

Many dogs with kidney disease have poor appetites because they feel nauseous and unwell. Providing an appetite stimulant by mouth can help increase their desire to eat and give them more energy. Some common veterinary-prescribed appetite stimulants include Entyce and Mirtazapine.

Fluid Therapy

Dogs with kidney disease benefit from additional fluid intake to ensure adequate hydration and perfusion of the kidneys. Fluid therapy can also treat electrolyte imbalance. Fluid therapy can be administered into a vein at the veterinary office, or trained pet parents can administer the fluids underneath the pet’s skin at home.

Erythropoietin

Because kidneys play a role in red blood cell production, dogs with kidneys that do not function well are at risk for anemia. If this occurs, this medication may be used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and counteract anemia. It is given via injection underneath the skin. 

Additional medications may be prescribed by the veterinarian depending on the unique needs of the patient, including any concurrent health conditions that are present and the underlying cause for the kidney disease. 

Tips for Managing Kidney Disease Pain in Dogs 

Many dogs with kidney disease experience pain as a result of their condition. This pain can be alleviated using certain oral pain medications or through a holistic approach. 

An oral pain medication that can be used in dogs with kidney disease is acetaminophen, which is non-acidic and better tolerated than other types of NSAIDs. The frequency and dose of this medication is dependent on the pet’s condition [1]. Acetominophen should only be given under the guidance of your dog’s veterinarian.

Holistic treatment for kidney disease in dogs may include acupuncture and various types of herbal supplements to reduce pain and support the kidneys.

Kidney Disease in Dogs Treatment: Additional Tips and Advice 

Treating kidney disease in dogs often requires lifelong management, but many dogs with kidney disease can live long, happy lives with proper treatment and care. 

Monthly costs will vary, but pet parents can expect to spend $75 or more on veterinary visits, medications, supportive care, and a prescription diet. 

Once a dog’s kidney disease is well-managed, some of the first signs pet parents notice are reduced thirst and urination. Most dogs have more energy and are more playful once they feel better too. They may also start to have better appetites and as a result, gain a little weight. 

If a dog becomes lethargic or starts drinking and urinating more frequently while kidney disease is being managed, you should contact your veterinarian for guidance. This could indicate an underlying issue and may require a medication adjustment or additional treatment. 

References

1. Lascelles, D., & Epstein, M. (2016). Canine and feline pain management: expert insight into practitioners’ top questions. Today’s Veterinary Practice, 6(6), 36-40. 

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IBD in dogs is often confused with IBS. However, that doesn’t mean IBS in dogs isn’t a thing! 

What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Dogs?

Irritable bowel syndrome or IBS in dogs is generally caused by stress and anxiety rather than an actual intestinal condition. When psychological activity causes physical ailments, we call those ailments “psychosomatic.” 

Think of how stressful situations can cause intestinal problems in people. Similarly, chronic anxiety in dogs can lead to chronic diarrhea. This is sometimes referred to as “irritable bowel syndrome” in dogs.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs, on the other hand, is an actual disease of the intestines. With IBD, white blood cells infiltrate the lining of the intestines and affect the intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in chronic and severe diarrhea.

IBS doesn’t lead to IBD. In fact, they’re completely different conditions.

No specific breeds are considered predisposed to IBS. However, dogs with anxiety are at a greater risk for experiencing IBS.

What Causes IBS in Dogs?

IBS in dogs is generally caused by chronic anxiety. Anxiety affects how the muscles of the intestines contract, resulting in diarrhea and constipation. The intestines themselves are not generally diseased in dogs with IBS.

IBS in Dogs Symptoms

The main symptoms of IBS in dogs include:

• Bouts of watery diarrhea, often with mucus in the diarrhea
• Straining to poop
• Urgency to poop, which may result in accidents
• Occasional constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting

Although blood is common in the diarrhea of dogs who have conditions of their large intestine causing diarrhea, blood isn’t common in the diarrhea of dogs with IBS. 

Diagnosing Dogs with IBS

The first step in diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome in dogs is to get a physical examination with a veterinarian. 

The veterinarian will want to ensure your pet isn’t losing excessive amounts of weight. They’ll also press on the dog’s abdomen to see if they can feel any abnormalities. Pressing on the abdomen will also key the veterinarian into your pet’s pain level. 

Another important part of the physical examination is a rectal examination. The veterinarian will ensure there aren’t any obvious masses in the anal region that are contributing to straining and urgency to defecate.

Assuming no obvious explanation for your dog’s clinical signs is found on the physical examination, your veterinarian will move on to diagnostics. Diagnosing dogs with IBS involves ruling out other causes. Common testing would include:

• Routine bloodwork and urinalysis: The veterinarian performs these tests to check on your pet’s overall systemic health, including major organ function. 
• X-rays or ultrasound of the abdomen: Imaging of the abdomen may help detect abnormalities, such as a mass, an intestinal blockage, or thickening of intestinal lining.
• Fecal testing: Testing to rule out parasites and other infectious causes of diarrhea should be performed in dogs with diarrhea.
• Dietary trials: Diarrhea also occurs in dogs with food allergies. Your veterinarian may recommend switching your dog to a diet with novel proteins or proteins that have been altered to make them more tolerable. 
• Intestinal biopsy: Intestinal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing IBD. Because IBD is an important rule-out for a dog with IBS, the veterinarian may recommend biopsies. These can be obtained surgically through a midline incision or via a colonoscopy. Colonoscopies are usually performed at a specialty center. In dogs with IBS, intestinal biopsies will usually be normal.

Treatment for IBS in Dogs

To manage loose stools, veterinarians recommend increasing the fiber in your pet’s diet. Options for increasing the fiber in your dog’s diet include:

• Dog food for IBS, usually a prescription high fiber diet
• Commercial fiber supplements
• Adding fibrous foods, such as canned pumpkin, to your pet’s diet